PERSONNEL 

RECOVERY

OPERATIONS

Air Force Doctrine Document 3-50

1 June 2005

Interim Change 2 (Last Review), 1 November 2011

This document complements related discussion found in Joint Publication 3-50

series.
BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE DOCTRINE DOCUMENT 3-50

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE 1 JUNE 2005

INCORPORATING INTERIM CHANGE 2, 1 NOVEMBER 2011

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

The Air Force Doctrine Working Group has reviewed this document and 

recommended that it remains valid and will again be reviewed no later than April 2013.

This Interim change to Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 2-1.6 changes the cover to

AFDD 3-50, Personnel Recovery Operations to reflect revised AFI 10-1301, Air Force 

Doctrine (9 August 2010). AFDD numbering has changed to correspond with the joint 

doctrine publication numbering architecture. AFDD titles and content remain 

unchanged until updated in the next full revision. A margin bar indicates newly revised 

material.

Supersedes: AFDD 2-1.6, 15 July 2000

OPR: LeMay Center/DD

Certified by: LeMay Center/DD

Pages: 41

Accessibility: Available on the e-publishing website at www.e-publishing.af.mil for

 downloading

Releasability: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication

Approved by: LeMay Center/CC, Maj Gen Thomas K. Andersen, USAF

 Commander, LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education

Old Number New Number Title

AFDD 2-1 changed to AFDD 3-1 Air Warfare

AFDD 2-1.1 changed to AFDD 3-01 Counterair Operations

AFDD 2-1.2 changed to AFDD 3-70 Strategic Attack

AFDD 2-1.3 changed to AFDD 3-03 Counterland Operations

AFDD 2-1.4 changed to AFDD 3-04 Countersea Operations

AFDD 2-1.6 changed to AFDD 3-50 Personnel Recovery Operations

AFDD 2-1.7 changed to AFDD 3-52 Airspace Control

AFDD 2-1.8 changed to AFDD 3-40 Counter-CBRN

AFDD 2-1.9 changed to AFDD 3-60 Targeting

AFDD 2-10 changed to AFDD 3-27 Homeland Operations

AFDD 2-12 changed to AFDD 3-72 Nuclear Operations

AFDD 2-2 changed to AFDD 3-14 Space Operations

AFDD 2-2.1 changed to AFDD 3-14.1 Counterspace Operations

AFDD 2-3 changed to AFDD 3-24 Irregular Warfare

AFDD 2-3.1 changed to AFDD 3-22 Foreign Internal Defense

AFDD 2-4 changed to AFDD 4-0 Combat Support

AFDD 2-4.1 changed to AFDD 3-10 Force Protection

AFDD 2-4.2 changed to AFDD 4-02 Health Services

AFDD 2-4.4 changed to AFDD 4-11 Bases, Infrastructure... [Rescinded]

AFDD 2-4.5 changed to AFDD 1-04 Legal Support

AFDD 2-5 changed to AFDD 3-13 Information Operations

AFDD 2-5.1 changed to AFDD 3-13.1 Electronic Warfare

AFDD 2-5.3 changed to AFDD 3-61 Public Affairs Operations

AFDD 2-6 changed to AFDD 3-17 Air Mobility Operations

AFDD 2-7 changed to AFDD 3-05 Special Operations

AFDD 2-8 changed to AFDD 6-0 Command and Control

AFDD 2-9 changed to AFDD 2-0 ISR Operations

AFDD 2-9.1 changed to AFDD 3-59 Weather Operations
iii

FOREWORD 

 Throughout their history, America’s armed forces have maintained a commitment to 

recover any isolated personnel from hostile or uncertain environments, and denied areas. But 

until recently, each Service tackled the personnel recovery conundrum unilaterally. For 

example, the last edition of this document focused on combat search and rescue—the Air Force’s 

mechanism for the recovery of Airmen. 

 Experiences during Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM, as well 

as lessons learned and relearned since the demise of the Soviet Union suggest that each Service 

must do a better job of integrating doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures. In order to 

clarify each Service’s responsibilities, with regard to personnel recovery, the Chairman of the 

Joint Chiefs of Staff established a new directive in July 2004. 

 With Joint Publication 3-50, Joint Doctrine for Personnel Recovery, still in draft form, 

the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 3270.01A outlines the Department of 

Defense’s personnel recovery concept and serves as a starting point for this document. Based on 

this and other guidance, each Service has had to reconsider the doctrine that outlines how each 

organizes, trains, and equips forces capable of providing an integrated joint capability to 

Combatant Commanders. 

 Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 2-1.6, Personnel Recovery Operations, 

establishes the Air Force’s perspective on the joint PR construct. It shifts focus from the rescue 

of aircrews to the recovery of any isolated personnel. Although the Air Force has always been 

committed to the recovery of any isolated personnel, previous AFDDs have overly focused on 

the rescue of aircrews. While the Air Force will continue to maintain its natural emphasis on the 

recovery of Airmen, this AFDD refines our doctrinal sight picture and affirms that Air Force 

personnel recovery forces remain committed to the recovery of any isolated personnel. 

BENTLEY B. RAYBURN 

Major General, USAF 

Commander, Headquarters 

Air Force Doctrine Center 
iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... vi 

FOUNDATIONAL DOCTRINE STATEMENTS......................................................................viii 

CHAPTER ONE—Overview ......................................................................................................... 1 

Historical Perspective ................................................................................................................. 2 

Missions...................................................................................................................................... 3 

Combat Search and Rescue......................................................................................................... 3 

PRO Philosophy and Benefits..................................................................................................... 3 

CHAPTER TWO—Personnel Recovery Essential Tasks .............................................................. 5 

Overview of the Joint Personnel Recovery System.................................................................... 5 

Joint Personnel Recovery Center................................................................................................ 6 

The Five Personnel Recovery Operations (PRO) Essential Tasks ................................................. 6 

Report...................................................................................................................................... 6 

Locate...................................................................................................................................... 7 

Support.................................................................................................................................... 7 

Recover ................................................................................................................................... 7 

Reintegrate .............................................................................................................................. 8 

CHAPTER THREE—Air Force Combat Search And Rescue (CSAR): The Recovery 

Mechanism................................................................................................................................ ...10 

CSAR Components................................................................................................................... 11 

Command, Control, and Coordination...................................................................................... 11 

Personnel Recovery Coordination Cell (PRCC)................................................................... 11 

Director, Personnel Recovery Coordination Cell ............................................................. 12 

Personnel Recovery Plans Officer .................................................................................... 12 

Personnel Recovery Duty Officer..................................................................................... 12 

Recovery Forces ....................................................................................................................... 12 

PRO Dedicated Forces.......................................................................................................... 13 

Additional Augmenting Assets............................................................................................. 15 

Isolated Personnel ................................................................................................................. 16 

CHAPTER FOUR—PRO Planning and Mobility Support Considerations ................................. 17 

Planning Support Considerations ............................................................................................. 17 

General Planning Considerations.......................................................................................... 17 

Communications ................................................................................................................... 18 

Intelligence............................................................................................................................ 18 

Security ................................................................................................................................. 19 

Information Operations......................................................................................................... 19 

Medical ................................................................................................................................. 20 

Space Requirements.............................................................................................................. 20 

Weather, Illumination, and Topological Considerations...................................................... 20 

Mobility Support Considerations.............................................................................................. 20

Deployment........................................................................................................................... 21 

Operating Locations.............................................................................................................. 21 
v

CHAPTER FIVE—Training and Education................................................................................. 23 

General...................................................................................................................................... 23 

Commanders and Staff.............................................................................................................. 23 

PRO Forces............................................................................................................................... 23 

Isolated Personnel..................................................................................................................... 23 

Personnel Recovery Coordination Cell Personnel.................................................................... 24 

Exercises ................................................................................................................................... 24 

Suggested Readings ...................................................................................................................... 25 

Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 28 
vi

INTRODUCTION 

PURPOSE 

 Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 2-1.6, Personnel Recovery Operations (PRO), 

contains the operational-level Air Force views on the Department of Defense’s personnel 

recovery (PR) system. It expounds on AFDD 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine, and basic air warfare 

doctrine contained in AFDD 2-1, Air Warfare. Additionally, it establishes the Air Force’s 

viewpoint of the joint PR system. It supersedes AFDD 2-1.6, dated 15 July 2000.

APPLICATION 

 This AFDD applies to all Airmen. Collectively, the term Airman refers to all active duty, 

Air Force Reserve, Air National Guard, and civilian Air Force personnel. 

 The doctrine in this document is authoritative, but not directive. Therefore, commanders 

need to consider the contents of this AFDD and the particular situation when accomplishing their 

missions. Airmen should read it, discuss it, and practice it. 

SCOPE 

 This document establishes the roles and responsibilities of Air Force personnel 

supporting personnel recovery operations and outlines the principles for planning and executing 

such missions in support of theater campaign objectives. It describes the mission, command 

relationships, force composition, and planning considerations necessary to conduct operations. It 

covers basic PRO organization, capabilities, procedures, and the Airman’s perspective on joint 

PR responsibilities. It also discusses the relationship between the Air Force PRO organizations, 

under the operational control of the commander, Air Force forces (COMAFFOR), and the joint 

PR agencies. 

 Ultimately, the JFC and component commanders (Service and functional components) 

must know and understand their PR duties/responsibilities within the military option of PR. 

Additionally, they must be able to integrate the military option of PR with the diplomatic and 

civil options of PR so as to maximize the synergy of an integrated and coordinated PR plan. 

Commanders must assess each situation independently, consider all PR alternatives, and 

determine the option best suited to respond to the isolating incident. Due to the vast scope of 

PR, this document will focus on the Air Force’s contribution to the military option of PR. 

Those who are possessed of a definitive body of doctrine and of 

deeply rooted convictions upon it will be in a much better position to deal 

with the shifts and surprises of daily affairs than those who are merely 

taking short views... 

—Winston Churchill
vii

COMAFFOR / JFACC / CFACC 

A note on terminology

One of the cornerstones of Air Force doctrine is “the US Air Force 

prefers—and in fact, plans and trains—to employ through a 

COMAFFOR who is also dual-hatted as a JFACC.” (AFDD 1) 

To simplify the use of nomenclature, Air Force doctrine documents 

will assume the above case unless specifically stated otherwise. The 

term “commander, Air Force forces” (COMAFFOR) refers to the Title 

10 Service responsibilities while the term “joint force air and space 

component commander” (JFACC) refers to the joint operational 

responsibilities. 

While both joint and Air Force doctrine state that one individual will 

normally be dual-hatted as COMAFFOR and JFACC, the two 

responsibilities are different, and are typically executed through 

different staffs. 

Normally, the COMAFFOR function executes operational 

control/administrative control of Air Force forces through a Service AStaff while the JFACC function executes tactical control of all joint air 

and space component forces through an air and space operations center. 

When multinational operations are involved the JFACC becomes a 

combined forces air and space component commander (CFACC). 

Likewise, though commonly referred to as an air and space operations 

center (AOC), in joint or combined operations the correct title is joint 

air and space operations center (JAOC) or combined air operations 

center (CAOC). 
viii

FOUNDATIONAL DOCTRINE STATEMENTS 

 Foundational doctrine statements are the basic principles and beliefs upon which AFDDs 

are built. Other information in the AFDDs expands on or supports these statements. 

 Air Force personnel recovery operations (PRO) reflect a number of specific tasks performed 

by Air Force units to recover isolated personnel throughout the entire spectrum of conflict. 

(Page 1) 

 Although traditionally PRO assets have focused on the recovery of downed aircrews, recent 

experiences suggest that Air Force PRO forces are responsible for the recovery of any 

isolated personnel. (Page 1) 

 The primary mission of Air Force PRO is to utilize a combination of specially trained 

Airmen and unique equipment to recover any isolated personnel. (Page 3) 

 Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) is how the Air Force accomplishes the PR recovery task. 

It is the Air Force’s preferred mechanism for personnel recovery in uncertain or hostile 

environments and denied areas. (Page 3) 

 Although Airmen may place natural emphasis on the recovery of fellow Airmen, Air Force 

PRO philosophy is based on the assumption that PRO forces must be prepared to recover any 

isolated personnel anytime, anyplace. (Page 3) 

 PRO represents the Air Force’s coordinated actions and efforts that support the joint PR 

system, while CSAR is the Air Force’s method of choice for accomplishing the recovery task 

in uncertain, denied, or hostile environments. (Page 10) 

 There are three CSAR components: the command, control, and coordination node, the 

recovery forces, and the isolated personnel. (Page 11) 

 The objective of the CSAR task force is the successful recovery of isolated personnel with no 

additional loss of friendly assets. (Page 12) 

 In order to improve mission planning effectiveness, it is optimal to co-locate all dedicated 

PRO forces. (Page 17) 

 The COMAFFOR/JFACC should consider the capabilities of the host nation, other 

Service/functional components, and multinational forces during all phases of PR mission 

planning. (Page 17) 

 Early identification of requirements, inclusion in the force enhancement/flexible deterrent 

option, appropriate PRO priority in the flow of time phased force and deployment data, and 

frequent reevaluations are keys to sustaining PRO support. (Page 21) 

 The success of PRO is dependent upon comprehensive education and rigorous training at all 

levels. (Page 23) 
1

CHAPTER ONE 

OVERVIEW 

 Before describing the Air Force position on Personnel Recovery Operations (PRO), the 

reader must understand the joint term “Personnel Recovery” (PR). With Joint Publication 3-50 

Joint Doctrine for Personnel Recovery, in draft form, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 

Instruction (CJCSI) 3270.01A, dated July 2004, outlines the most up to date definition of PR. 

CJCSI 3270.01A defines PR as "the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to effect the 

recovery and return of US Military, DOD civilians, and DOD contractor personnel who are 

isolated or missing while participating in a US government-sanctioned military activity or 

missions in an uncertain or hostile environment, or as determined by the Secretary of Defense." 

 CJCSI 3270.01A also defines another key term that must be explained up front. 

According to CJCSI 3270.01A, isolated personnel (IP) are “US military, DOD civilians, or DOD 

contractor personnel, or other personnel designated by the President or Secretary of Defense, 

who have become separated from their unit or organization in an uncertain or hostile 

environment or denied area, requiring them to survive, evade, or escape.” Throughout the rest of 

this document, the terms PR and isolated personnel are utilized in accordance with CJCSI 

3270.01A. 

Air Force PRO reflect a number of specific tasks performed by Air Force units to 

recover isolated personnel throughout the entire spectrum of conflict. The term Airmen 

refers to all active duty, Air Force Reserve, Air National Guard, and civilian Air Force 

Personnel. Civilian contractors who work for the Air Force in a combat environment are not 

considered “Airmen.” But they are covered, in terms of PR, under the umbrella term of “isolated 

personnel.” 

 

 The Air Force organizes, trains, and equips personnel to conduct PRO using the fastest 

and most effective means, across the range of military operations. Air Force PRO forces deploy 

to recover personnel or equipment with specially outfitted aircraft/vehicles, specially trained 

aircrews and ground recovery teams in response to geographic combatant commander taskings. 

Although traditionally PRO assets have focused on the recovery of downed aircrews, recent 

...the creed of the enemy. It is a mindset that rejoices in suicide, 

incites murder, and celebrates every death we mourn. And we who stand on 

the other side of the line must be equally clear and certain of our 

convictions. We do love life, the life given to us and to all. We believe in the 

values that uphold the dignity of life, tolerance, and freedom, and the right 

of conscience. And we know that this way of life is worth defending. 

—President George W. Bush
2

experiences suggest that Air Force PRO forces are responsible for the recovery of any 

isolated personnel. 

 The United States government has three options available for recovery of isolated 

personnel: military, diplomatic, and civil. This doctrine document focuses on the military 

option. Specifically, it codifies the Air Force’s operational level doctrine on PRO and how Air 

Force PRO complements joint PR concepts.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 

 The Air Force has a rich history in the recovery of isolated personnel dating back to the 

World War II era Army Air Corps (AAC). Heavy combat losses in the European Theater 

prompted AAC leaders to join efforts with the Royal Air 

Force Air-Sea Rescue Organization in demonstrating the 

first US aviation rescue capability. In the Pacific 

Theater, each unit developed its own rescue capability to 

meet unique requirements. By 1946, the Army Air Force 

had consolidated search and rescue operations and 

training under the Air Rescue Service (ARS). The ARS 

was re-designated as the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery 

Service (ARRS) in 1964. During the Vietnam conflict, 

the ARRS was the most effective combat aircrew 

recovery force ever, rescuing over 3,800 personnel. 

After Vietnam, the ARRS established the Air Force 

Rescue Coordination Center to coordinate inland search 

and rescue (SAR) in the continental US and began 

providing missile site support to Strategic Air Command 

and logistic support to remote Air Force sites. In 1983, 

ARRS merged with Air Force special operations forces 

(AFSOF) to form the 23d Air Force under Military Airlift 

Command (MAC). In 1989, Headquarters Air Rescue 

Code of an Air Rescue Man

It is my duty, as a member of the Air Rescue Service, to save life and aid the injured. 

I will be prepared at all times to perform my assigned duties quickly and efficiently, placing 

these duties before personal desires and comforts. 

These things I do THAT OTHERS MAY LIVE 

—Brig Gen Richard Kight

Commander Air Rescue Service, 1 Dec 1946 – 8 Jul 1952

Personnel and machine: Air 

Force CSAR during Operation 

Iraqi Freedom 
3

Service was reactivated under MAC. In 1993, the Air Force inactivated the ARS and transferred 

the air rescue forces to the Air Combat Command (ACC). In 2003, Air Force Special Operations 

Command (AFSOC) became the lead command for the PRO mission and gained administrative 

control of continental US (CONUS)-based PRO forces. 

MISSIONS 

 The Air Force organizes, trains, and equips its PRO force to provide unique PR 

capabilities to combatant commanders. The primary mission of Air Force PRO is to utilize a 

combination of specially trained Airmen and unique equipment to recover any isolated 

personnel. By virtue of the inherent capabilities of PRO forces, they can accomplish other 

collateral missions. Historically, these collateral missions have included: casualty evacuation, 

civil SAR, counter-drug activities, emergency aeromedical evacuation, homeland security, 

humanitarian relief, international aid, non-combatant evacuation operations, support for National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration flight operations, infiltration and exfiltration of personnel 

in support of air component commander missions, and special operations missions, including PR 

of special operations forces. 

COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE 

Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) is how the Air Force accomplishes the PR 

recovery task. It is the Air Force’s preferred mechanism for personnel recovery in 

uncertain or hostile environments and denied areas. Under the PRO construct, CSAR is the 

way that PRO forces execute the recovery task. Chapter three describes this recovery method in 

detail. Air Force PRO is only part of the joint PR system. Chapter two briefly explains how PRO 

fits within the joint architecture. 

PRO PHILOSOPHY AND BENEFITS 

 The Department of Defense has mandated that each Service must maintain a unilateral 

PR capability in support of its own operations. This responsibility is codified in joint doctrine 

through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Joint Publication (JP) 3-50, Joint Personnel 

Recovery (Draft). Although Airmen may place natural emphasis on the recovery of fellow 

Airmen, Air Force PRO philosophy is based on the assumption that PRO forces must be 

prepared to recover any isolated personnel anytime, anyplace. The successful recovery of 

isolated personnel is an intangible force multiplier that transcends the tactical to the operational 

and strategic levels of war. Additionally, PRO is an integral part of US combat operations and 

must be considered across the range of military operations. It is a key element in sustaining the 

morale, cohesion, and fighting capability of friendly forces. It preserves critical combat 

resources and influences the course of national and international politics by denying adversaries 

the opportunity to exploit the intelligence and propaganda value of captured personnel.
4

Intentionally Blank 

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Title 10, Section 8742, U.S.C., 

awards the Air Force Cross to Senior Airman Jason D. Cunningham for extraordinary heroism in 

military operations against an opposing armed force while serving as a pararescueman near the 

village of Marzak in the Paktia Province of Afghanistan on 4 March 2002. On that proud day, 

Airman Cunningham was the primary Air Force Combat Search and Rescue medic assigned to a 

Quick Reaction Force tasked to recover two American servicemen evading capture in austere 

terrain occupied by massed Al Qaida and Taliban forces. Shortly before landing, his MH-47E 

helicopter received accurate rocket-propelled grenade and small arms fire, severely disabling the 

aircraft and causing it to crash land. The assault force formed a hasty defense and immediately 

suffered three fatalities and five critical casualties. Despite effective enemy fire, and at great risk 

to his own life, Airman Cunningham remained in the burning fuselage of the aircraft in order to 

treat the wounded. As he moved his patients to a more secure location, mortar rounds began to 

impact within fifty feet of his position. Disregarding this extreme danger, he continued the 

movement and exposed himself to enemy fire on seven separate occasions. When the second 

casualty collection point was also compromised, in a display of uncommon valor and gallantry, 

Airman Cunningham braved an intense small arms and rocket-propelled grenade attack while 

repositioning the critically wounded to a third collection point. Even after he was mortally 

wounded and quickly deteriorating, he continued to direct patient movement and transferred care 

to another medic. In the end, his distinct efforts led to the successful delivery of ten gravely 

wounded Americans to life-saving medical treatment. Through his extraordinary heroism, superb 

airmanship, aggressiveness in the face of the enemy, and in the dedication of his service to his 

country, Senior Airman Cunningham reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United 

States Air Force.

CITATION TO ACCOMPANY THE AWARD OF 

THE AIR FORCE CROSS 

(POSTHUMOUS) 

TO 

JASON D. CUNNINGHAM 
5

CHAPTER TWO 

PERSONNEL RECOVERY ESSENTIAL TASKS 

OVERVIEW OF THE JOINT PERSONNEL RECOVERY SYSTEM1

 While Air Force PRO can collaterally recover isolated personnel (IP) from any Service, 

DOD Directive 2310.2, Personnel Recovery, and legacy JP 3-50 series publications codify that 

each Service is primarily responsible for the PR coverage of their own operations. Until 

recently, according to these DOD directives, the Air Force’s Service responsibility was to 

provide for the recovery of Airmen. In short, new directives have expanded the joint PR 

mission construct greatly. CJCSI 3270.01A commits each Service to the recovery of any 

captured, missing, or isolated personnel from uncertain or hostile environments and denied areas. 

According to CJCSI 3270.01A, DOD personnel recovery systems exist to ensure a 

complete and coordinated effort to recover US military, DOD civilians and DOD contractor 

personnel, and other personnel directed by the President of the United States or Secretary of 

Defense. Air Force PRO capabilities, tactics, techniques, and procedures represent an integral 

part of the joint PR system. This system consists of the preparation, planning, execution and 

adaptation functions. Although the activities within these functions can happen consecutively, 

they generally occur concurrently or, at a minimum, they overlap in their execution. 

Preparation entails activities that commanders, their staffs, PR forces, and Airmen 

accomplish in order to get ready for a situation that requires PRO. Properly organized, trained, 

and equipped forces enhance chances of successful recovery. Planning includes the collective 

efforts of commanders and staffs, PR forces, and isolated personnel to integrate and employ Air 

Force PRO elements in an effective manner. Adaptation reflects the process of continuous 

improvement. Lessons learned, assessments, requirements determination, concept development 

and experimentation, etc., enable forces to adapt to new ideas and concepts in order to 

accomplish successful PRO. This chapter concentrates on the planning and execution functions. 

Under the joint PR construct, vital to proper planning and PR execution is familiarity with the 

joint personnel recovery center (JPRC) concept, and a good understanding of the five essential 

 

1

 Information based on JP 3-50, Joint Personnel Recovery, draft copy. This section reflects approved concepts 

regarding the JPRC produced in coordination with the Joint Personnel Recovery Agency (JPRA), the lead 

proponent for joint PR issues. Also note that JP 3-50 explains JPRC responsibilities in great detail. Since it will be 

in draft form long after AFDD 2-1.6 is published, this document purposely stays away from JPRC TTP discussions. 

The brave men and women who serve today ... can do so with the full 

confidence that if they are captured, become missing or fall in battle, this nation 

will spare no effort to bring them home. This our solemn pledge: however long it 

takes, whatever it takes, whatever the cost. 

—Paul Wolfowitz, Deputy Secretary of Defense, September 2004
6

PR tasks.2 Like the joint PR construct, the Air Force PRO concept is centered on five essential 

tasks: report, locate, support, recover and reintegrate. 

JOINT PERSONNEL RECOVERY CENTER 

 By direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, geographic combatant 

commanders should establish a standing JPRC or functional equivalent. Joint force commanders 

(JFCs), who may be combatant commanders, subunified commanders, or joint task force (JTF) 

commanders, normally designate the responsibility for the joint PR mission area to the joint 

operations directorate (J-3) or to a component commander. The JPRC is integrated into the 

appropriate operations center. 

 If the JFC chooses to coordinate joint PR through a component commander, the JFC 

should also designate them as supported commander for the joint PR mission area. This way, 

the JFC delegates to the supported commander the necessary authority to successfully 

accomplish the five PR tasks. This relationship should be evaluated as operations progress 

through the different campaign phases. For example, while the joint force air component 

commander (JFACC) may be designated the supported commander for joint PR during major 

combat operations (often referred to as “Phase III”), but the JFC should reevaluate the 

support/supporting relationship when the campaign shifts to other phases (e.g., counterinsurgency operations). 

 At the same time, component commanders have primary authority and responsibility to 

plan and conduct PR in support of their own operations. In other words, whether the JFC elects 

to coordinate PR through the J-3 or a component commander, all Service components should 

maintain a personnel recovery coordination cell (PRCC) capability in order to execute 

component PR responsibilities. For example, the COMAFFOR should establish a PRCC to 

coordinate air component PR activities, including coordination with the JPRC and other 

component PRCCs, as appropriate. The air component PRCC should be collocated with the joint 

air and space operations center (JAOC) and manned with personnel specifically trained to 

effectively coordinate joint PR activities. 

THE FIVE PERSONNEL RECOVERY OPERATIONS ESSENTIAL TASKS 

Report 

 Awareness and notification initiate the PRO process. Rapid and accurate notification is 

essential for a successful recovery. Threat conditions permitting, IP should attempt to establish 

contact with friendly forces IAW notification procedures as outlined in the PR special 

instructions (SPINS) portion of the air tasking order (ATO). 

 Initial Response: once an actual or potential PR incident or potential isolating event is 

observed, the JPRC should be notified immediately through PR communications architecture. In 

most cases, the JPRC is established at the joint or combined air operations center. Upon 

 

2

 Note that the term JPRC replaces the term joint search recovery center (JSRC). Similarly, the term PRCC replaces 

the legacy rescue coordination center (RCC) term. 
7

notification, the JPRC coordinates with the Air Force PRCC. The PRCC may assume PR 

mission coordinator responsibilities for missions involving Airmen, but should synchronize the 

use of PRO forces and other supporting assets through the JPRC. The PRCC or JPRC will notify 

responding units and brief pertinent aspects of the mission. The response time and operations 

concept will depend on the enemy threat en route or near the survivor’s location, environmental 

conditions, available assets, and other factors. 

Locate 

 Some of the methods used to locate IP include: theater electronic surveillance, 

reconnaissance, command and control (C2) aircraft, global satellites, wingman reports, and 

visual search by PRO forces. PRO forces will most likely employ based on near real time 

information on the IP’s position. Even with precise coordinates that can pinpoint the isolated 

person’s location, PRO forces still have to authenticate the isolated person’s identity prior to 

facilitating successful support and recovery operations. 

 An effective authentication system is essential to prevent the compromise of vital 

information and minimize risk to isolated personnel and the recovery force. This holds true 

because PRO assets are extremely vulnerable during the execution phase and need exact and 

reliable authentication information. Accordingly, IP and rescue forces should take extreme care 

not to compromise authentication information and allow its use over an extended period. Some 

of the ways that PRO forces authenticate isolated personnel in hostile environments, including 

CSAR/PR code words, letters, numbers, and visual signals, as well as isolated personnel report 

(ISOPREP) data. Of these, the CSAR/PR codes are the most common means of authentication. 

Authentication procedures are detailed in the JP 3-50 series publications. Ordinarily, theater or 

AOR-specific additional procedures are published in appropriate directives, operations plans 

(OPLANs), and/or PR special instructions (SPINS). 

Support 

 Support is the planned effort necessary to ensure the physical and psychological 

sustainment of IP. This may include establishing two-way communications, providing moralebuilding support, aerial resupply, or aerial escort to a cache. Support may also encompass the 

suppression of enemy threats to the IP. This may preclude capture for the isolated person and 

disrupt the adversary’s response to PRO efforts. When necessary, combat rescue 

officers/pararescue specialists (CRO/PJs) and/or equipment may be pre-positioned to support the 

IP until the recovery phase. Besides support to the IP, this task includes physical and 

psychological assistance to the IP’s family. 

 Support measures begin before and after an individual becomes isolated. This support is 

manifested in the theater PR SPINS, home-station arrangements and training prior to entry in to 

a specific theater, theater PR regulations, and the establishment of the theater PR architecture. 

All of these are component responsibilities that frame the support mechanism. 

Recover 

 This task reflects activities by commanders, staff, recovery force, and IP to physically 

recover the IP. This includes the planning as well as execution phases. CSAR is the Air Force’s 
8

preferred recovery mechanism. As information of a potential PR incident becomes available, the 

PRCC should assess the situation quickly, determine mission feasibility, and disseminate data to 

units that may participate in the rescue mission. Once mission execution appears feasible, units 

may be tasked to initiate/continue planning or launch from alert. If they launch, the recovery 

force will include PRO and all the necessary supporting forces required to execute a recovery 

operation. 

 Only the JFC or his/her designated supported commander for PR can issue the “execution 

order.” Based on the JFC’s guidance, the JFACC will direct PRO assets to conduct the recovery 

of the IP. The execution authority is granted in accordance with theater PR concept of 

operations/standard operating procedures/SPINS and may be pre-arranged in some situations and 

for certain missions. Once the JFACC gives the launch authority, the recovery and rescue forces 

proceed to the isolated personnel location and execute the recovery. Although the tactical level 

issues are beyond the scope of this document, at the operational level, the JFC or his designated 

supported commander for PR normally retains execution authority at that level. 

 By their very nature, PROs are time-sensitive undertakings. According to numerous 

historical studies, after four or more hours on the ground, the chance that a survivor in combat 

will be successfully rescued is historically less than twenty percent. Ideally, PRO will be able to 

bring the isolated personnel under the control of the recovery force in less than two hours; this is 

a goal, not a strict requirement. 

 Although the Air Force’s preferred PR mechanism is described in detail in chapter three, 

generally there are two types of PR response postures: from alert and deliberate. 

Alert 

 Immediate response missions commence from a dedicated ground or airborne alert 

posture. In order to decrease flight time to the anticipated recovery area and reduce air refueling 

requirements, rescue forces may be located on the ground at a forward location or loitering in 

anticipation of an execution order. Additionally, these forces may be embedded in existing 

airborne missions to further reduce response time. 

Deliberate 

 Like the launch from alert, this recovery posture requires knowledge of the location of 

the isolated personnel. But unlike alert launches, commanders choose this method when an 

immediate response may not be possible due to environmental, political, or threat considerations. 

Deliberately planned missions give planners the flexibility to utilize all necessary assets to 

complete the recovery. 

Reintegrate 

 The reintegration task begins when the recovery force relinquishes physical control of 

previously isolated personnel to a designated team member or organization in the theater 

reintegration process. As part of reintegration, PRO forces collect perishable essential 

intelligence and survival, evasion, resistance, escape (SERE) information, while at the same time 

tending to the physical and psychological welfare of recovered isolated personnel. The welfare 

portion of the reintegration process may be a long-term endeavor with no specific end date. 
9

Ultimately, theater reintegration procedures are based on DOD Instruction 2310.4, Repatriation 

of Prisoners of War (POW) Hostages, Peacetime Governmental Detainees and Other Missing or 

Isolated Personnel, and reflect the combatant commanders’ commitment to return isolated 

personnel to duty or their unit in the most expeditious and healthiest manner possible. 

 
10

CHAPTER THREE 

AIR FORCE COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE (CSAR): THE 

RECOVERY MECHANISM 

 PRO represents the Air Force’s coordinated actions and efforts that support the 

joint PR system, while CSAR is the Air Force’s method of choice for accomplishing the 

recovery task in uncertain, denied, or hostile environments. The Air Force organizes, trains, 

and equips unique forces that focus specifically on PRO. When PRO assets cannot avoid the 

threat on their own, a myriad of other assets can be employed to protect the recovery forces 

thereby permitting the PRO to proceed with the best chance of success. 

Figure 3.1. CSAR represents the Air Force’s method of choice for PR in denied or hostile 

environment. 
11

CSAR COMPONENTS 

There are three CSAR components: the command, control, and coordination node; 

the recovery forces; and the isolated personnel. The PRCC allows the JFACC to 

command/control and coordinate PRO force activities with the JPRC and other components. 

The second component represents the dedicated Air Force assets that organize, train, and 

perform personnel recovery operations and are the most likely assets that often augment PRO 

forces. The Air Force normally employs recovery forces under the CSAR task force (CSARTF) 

concept, explained later in this chapter. Although the CSARTF is not limited to the Air Force 

assets only, this publication’s scope is authoritative only to Air Force personnel. The final 

component of CSAR is the most vital element of the PR construct: the isolated personnel. 

 In short, the following sections describe the CSAR capabilities, the Air Force’s preferred 

mechanism for PRO. Again, Air Force PRO is a key element of the greater PR concept. CSAR 

is the recovery mechanism employed by the Air Force to accomplish the "Recover" task of the 

five joint PR tasks. Combining properly organized, trained, and equipped rotary-/fixed-wing 

forces and PRO ground elements, the Air Force is well postured to recover any isolated 

personnel in a variety of environments. 

COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COORDINATION 

Personnel Recovery Coordination Cell (PRCC) 

 The Air Force component’s PRCC is the hub of Air Force PRO activities and is typically 

located in the JAOC. Air Force units will report all isolating incidents to the PRCC. Even if the 

JFACC is designated the supported commander for PR, the JFACC should maintain a PRCC 

capability in order to tend to air component PR responsibilities. The PRCC responsibilities 

include: 

 Initiating and monitoring PRO planning. 

 Maintaining real time intelligence information on systems posing threats to PROs. 

 Designating ISOPREP control points. 

 Obtaining ISOPREP data and evasion plans of action (EPAs) from units. 

 Coordinating tasking among Air Force PRO-capable forces. 

 Informing the JPRC if JFACC forces are capable of executing the mission. 

 Requesting additional recovery forces through the JPRC if Air Force PRO forces are unable 

to execute the PR mission unilaterally. 

 Coordinating PRO activities with the JPRC, supporting agencies, medical representatives, a 

variety of other government and non-government agencies, and the requesting unit. 
12

 Distributing PR SPINS to the JFACC’s subordinate units. Note that the PRCC is still 

responsible for coordination of PR SPINS with other component commands and the JPRC. 

 The PRCC is also responsible for reviewing and developing PR appendices to Annex C 

(Operations) for air component supporting OPLANs, concept plans, and operational orders. Key 

duty positions inside the PRCC are explained below. 

Director, Personnel Recovery Coordination Cell 

The JFACC directs Air Force CSAR operations through the PRCC director who is 

responsible for the day-to-day operations of the PRCC. If the JFACC is designated the 

supported commander responsible for joint PR operations, the PRCC director will normally be 

dual-hatted as the PRCC and JPRC director. 

Personnel Recovery Plans Officer 

The personnel recovery operations plans officer (PRPO) ordinarily works in the AOC’s 

combat plans division, participates in the master air attack plan (MAAP) development, and 

carefully integrates PRO assets into the MAAP in order to minimize potential recovery time of 

IP. Once PRO is incorporated in the MAAP, the PRPO provides PRO planning inputs for the 

ATO production. 

Personnel Recovery Duty Officer 

The personnel recovery operations duty officer (PRDO) ordinarily works in the AOC’s 

combat operations division and coordinates real-time support for PRO. The PRDO monitors 

ATO changes and is responsible for PRO specific ATO matters until the ATO is “pushed” to the 

combat operations floor. Since PRO assets normally require support from other forces to 

conduct recovery operations, the PRDO coordinates this real-time support with the other duty 

officers on the combat operations floor of the AOC (i.e., senior operations duty officer [SODO] 

and fighter duty officer [FODO]). 

RECOVERY FORCES 

 Since the Vietnam War, Air Force personnel recovery efforts have been combined into a 

tailored CSARTF – a proven mechanism that has significantly enhanced CSAR operations. The 

size and complexity of the CSARTF has depended on the mission requirements and the threat. 

 A CSARTF is a mutually supporting package of assets tailored to meet a specific CSAR 

requirement. The objective of the CSARTF is the successful recovery of isolated personnel 

with no additional loss of friendly assets. The exact composition of the CSARTF varies with 

the threats en route to, from, and in the vicinity of the isolated personnel. With proper planning, 

the CSARTF will be able to defeat or degrade the threat to an acceptable level of risk and enable 

the successful recovery of the IP. 

 

 Due to changing threat conditions and/or IP status en route to the objective, the CSARTF 

may require numerous adjustments and further augmentation during recovery operations. As 

such, all of the JFACC’s aircraft should be prepared to be re-tasked to assist recovery operations. 
13

Additionally, the PRCC must be prepared to request augmentation and support from the other 

functional/service components through the JPRC. 

 The CSARTF had two distinct elements: PRO dedicated assets and other augmenting 

assets. Dedicated forces include rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft, specially trained “battlefield 

Airmen,” and specific duty positions crucial in the PRO execution. 

PRO Dedicated Forces 

Vertical-lift Aircraft 

PRO helicopters are utilized for long range, low level, day/night marginal weather 

operations into hostile environments to recover distressed or isolated personnel. Missions may 

be flown in single-ship or multi-ship formations. Similarly, they may be employed as part of a 

large composite force (e.g., embedded in a large strike air package) or launched in response to a 

PR situation. The HH-60G is the premier PRO helicopter. Note, however, that vertical-lift assets 

would include both helicopters and tilt-rotor aircraft. As tilt-rotor aircraft are introduced into the 

Air Force inventory, some of the lines between traditional rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft may be 

blurred as technological advancements create leaps in PRO capabilities. AFSOF vertical-lift 

aircraft maintain comparable PR capabilities. Capabilities wise, AFSOF and PRO forces 

complement each other well. 

Fixed-Wing Rescue Aircraft 

 Fixed-wing rescue assets are another key element of PRO. Their primary role is to 

extend the operational range of PRO helicopters. The depth of the battlespace and isolated 

personnel’s location may require that helicopter refueling be conducted in a non-permissive 

environment. Besides aerial refueling, these assets are capable of airdropping or airlanding 

recovery teams and/or equipment to assist and/or recover isolated personnel. Additionally, fixedwing rescue aircraft have an expanded communications capability, making them a natural 

communication relay platform, and their extended range allows movement of recovered IP over 

longer distances. The HC-130P is the premier PRO fixed-wing platform. AFSOF fixed-wing 

aircraft maintain comparable PR capabilities. Again, from a capabilities perspective, AFSOF 

and PRO forces complement each other well. 

Recovery Teams 

 Air Force recovery teams (RT) are part of the GUARDIAN ANGEL weapon system. 

GUARDIAN ANGEL is an Air Force human/equipment based weapon system that provides the 

ground element of the PRO forces and is designed to assist in the execution of all five tasks of 

PR (Report, Locate, Support, Recover & Reintegrate). RT may have to deploy into uncertain or 

hostile environments and denied areas prior to, during, and after combat operations in support of 

the JFC's comprehensive PR plan. 

 RT consist of CRO, PJ, and SERE specialists. These forces are specially trained to 

develop theater PR special instructions and conduct PR operations. On the one hand, 
14

CRO/SERE specialists provide specific expertise in the report, locate, support, and reintegrate 

tasks when attached to operational squadrons, component PRCC, or the theater JPRC. On the 

other hand, CRO/PJs provide the critical air to ground link between airborne rescue platforms 

and isolated personnel. 

 SERE personnel are responsible to provide theater-specific SERE information and 

develop and facilitate advanced PR training in support of unique contingency requirements. 

SERE specialists serve as the component/unit level focal point for SERE activities throughout 

the assigned area of responsibility. 

 

CRO/PJs may assist in recovery efforts as separate surface elements or as part of an 

aircrew. In other words, CRO/PJs may operate independently or in conjunction with rotary- and 

fixed-wing aircraft, watercraft, and overland vehicles. In this capacity, CRO/PJs locate, 

authenticate, provide support via ground threat suppression protection, provide medical aid, offer 

assistance during evasion, and perform CSAR operations that include transportation of IP from 

locations inaccessible to recovery vehicles. Team composition and requirements are developed 

during mission planning and are based on the best available intelligence assessment of the enemy 

and the condition/location of the IP. 

 The GUARDIAN ANGEL is the premier personnel recovery ground team. AFSOF 

special tactics teams maintain comparable capability to execute the recovery task. Again, from a 

capabilities perspective, AFSOF and PRO forces complement each other well. 

Rescue Mission Commander (RMC) 

 The RMC is a distinct qualification for Airmen specifically trained in CSAR tactics, 

techniques, and procedures (TTP). RMC responsibilities include establishing communications, 

locating and authenticating the IP, and protecting the IP until recovery assets arrive. The RMC 

controls all assets assigned to the PR effort; including, but not limited to, rescue combat air 

patrol (RESCAP), suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD), additional strike aircraft, and 

required aerial refueling. 

Rescue Escort (RESCORT) 

 Based on threats to the IP and the recovery force, rescue escort (RESCORT) is an 

integral part of CSARTF. RESCORT aircraft provide navigation assistance, route sanitization, 

and armed escort for the recovery vehicle(s). In increased threat environments, this assistance 

significantly improves the chances of a successful recovery. 

 

 Ideally, RESCORT aircraft should be tactical aircraft capable of operating in the same 

environment as recovery vehicles. RESCORT formations must be proficient in rendezvous 

procedures, escort tactics at medium and low altitudes, and defense of the rescue vehicles during 

mission execution. In the hands of CSAR-qualified pilots, the A-10 is considered the premier 

RESCORT platform, based on the unique aircraft performance and capabilities. Additionally, 

CSAR qualified F-16, F-15E, F-18, AV-8 and AC-130 aircraft may be utilized in lieu of A-10s. 

Rotary-wing escort, such as AH-64, AH-1 and MH-60L may be utilized as well. 
15

Airborne Mission Coordinator (AMC) 

 An AMC coordinates the flying mission for forces designated to support a specific CSAR 

operation. The AMC may be designated by component PRCCs or higher authority to coordinate 

the efforts of several assets. The AMC serves as an airborne communications and data relay 

between rescue forces and command elements. The E-3 Airborne Warning and Control System 

(AWACS), though heavily tasked, is the most capable AMC platform due to its extensive 

communications capability and ability to oversee the air picture. Other multi-crewed assets such 

as the Navy E-2 Hawkeye, and the E-8 joint surveillance, target attack radar system (JSTARS) 

are also acceptable AMC platforms. 

On-scene Commander (OSC) 

 The OSC is the individual who initiates rescue efforts in the objective area until rescue 

forces arrive. Initially, the OSC may be any aircraft in the vicinity, including the wingman of a 

downed aircraft. The OSC’s initial actions are to attempt to establish communication, locate and 

authenticate the IP, and pass essential elements of information to the AMC. The OSC role will 

be transferred to the RMC or lead recovery vehicle upon arrival. After transferring OSC duties 

to the RMC, the original OSC may remain on station in a supporting role. 

Additional Augmenting Assets 

Forward Air Controller (Airborne) (FAC [A]) 

 The FAC (A) controls air strikes in close proximity to the IP. A FAC (A) may be able to 

locate and authenticate the isolated personnel before the arrival of other elements of the 

CSARTF and may be able to function as the OSC until the rescue forces arrive. The FAC (A) 

may perform OSC duties until the RMC arrives on station. The FAC (A) may also provide a 

current and accurate assessment of enemy activity in and around the objective area. 

Air Refueling Aircraft 

 Multiple refuelings of both fixed- and vertical-lift aircraft may be required during 

prolonged CSAR operations. Sequencing of assets between refueling and marshalling points 

must be carefully managed in order to have all rescue elements available at mission execution 

time. For real-time CSAR execution, refueling support requirements are relayed through the 

AMC to the PRCC. The PRCC will orchestrate air refueling support with the tanker 

coordination cell. 

 

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Platforms 

 ISR platforms, whether aircraft- or space-based, possess a tremendous capability for 

supporting CSAR efforts, especially for detecting and locating isolated personnel, as well as 

monitoring threat systems in the objective area. These assets are also suited to maintaining a 

listening watch on isolated personnel frequencies when an immediate recovery is not possible. 

Ultimately, these platforms provide commanders and PRO forces with the situational awareness 

to make the necessary decisions for the successful recovery of the IP. 
16

Space Systems 

In addition to space ISR assets briefly mentioned above, other space systems provide 

vital communications between the CSARTF, PRO forces, and IP. Additionally, space systems 

enable precise navigation signals during search and recovery operations. 

Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) 

 SEAD forces minimize the surface-to-air threat to friendly forces executing a PR 

mission. The F-16CJ and the EA-6B are the premier SEAD platforms. Integrated and 

interoperable communications between SEAD forces, rescue forces, and ISR platforms are 

critical. When assigning SEAD platforms the threat environment must be defined for all rescue 

forces. 

Joint and/or Coalition PR Forces 

Other Services and/or coalition partners may assist in the PR of isolated Airmen just as 

Air Force PRO forces assist in the recovery of the joint or coalition personnel. Joint, Service, 

allied, and foreign publications govern how these forces are integrated within the PR 

architecture. Nonetheless, it is important, to keep in mind that the Air Force PRO construct is 

part of a greater PR concept and that Airmen need to work closely with joint and coalition 

partners to recover any isolated personnel from hostile or uncertain environments and denied 

areas. 

Isolated Personnel 

 The third component of the Air Force PRO capabilities are the IP who may become 

stranded in uncertain or hostile environments and denied areas. Although the first two legs of 

the triad receive extensive specialized training to perform this mission, there is no guarantee that 

the IP will be trained to PR standards. Since it is up to each Service to provide SERE training to 

their Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and civilian support personnel, the Air Force can only 

guarantee the training of Airmen. After all, isolated personnel are the most vital link of the 

recovery chain. 

 The task of supporting IP includes equipping, pre-deployment training and contingency 

planning to ensure that potential IP are fully prepared to adapt to and succeed in isolation, 

evasion, capture/detainment, recovery, and reintegration. The Air Force properly equips, trains, 

and familiarizes potential isolated Airmen with PR concepts of operations and procedures in 

order to facilitate expedient and successful recoveries. Ultimately, the potential for successful 

PR is significantly improved when IP are trained to joint PR standard. Nonetheless, because not 

all IP are trained properly, Air Force PRO forces must be ready to recover any personnel, as 

directed by the Secretary of Defense and the President, regardless of their training in PR 

procedures. 
17

CHAPTER FOUR 

PRO PLANNING AND MOBILITY SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS 

PLANNING SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS 

General Planning Considerations 

 The specific information required for premission planning and for execution/launch 

authority includes such items as the location of IP, authentication, threat/weather/terrain 

assessment, and evaluation of safe passage corridors, and air refueling capabilities. In order to 

improve mission planning effectiveness, it is optimal to co-locate all dedicated PRO forces. 

Also, direct communication with the JAOC, the JPRC, PRCCs, and wing operations centers is 

essential. This direct communication is most important when the battlefield conditions dictate 

the formation of a robust CSARTF. 

 

 Additionally, the JFACC should consider the capabilities of the host nation, other 

Service/functional components, and multinational forces during all phases of PR mission 

planning. Accordingly, PRO should be thoroughly integrated in deliberate mission planning 

and considered as early as possible in crisis action planning. 

The dynamic nature of PRO creates the need to fully integrate PR considerations in the 

MAAP in order to ensure maximum flexibility and responsiveness for PRO forces on the ATO.

PRO should be coordinated throughout the CAOC and with other component liaisons, to include: 

the battlefield coordination detachment (BCD), naval liaison element (NALE), special operations 

liaison element (SOLE), marine liaisons (MARLO), aeromedical evacuation element, combat 

operations/plans directorates, airspace, etc. 

 As part of the planning process, Air Force personnel conducting and supporting PROs 

must be thoroughly familiar with the laws of armed conflict (LOAC) and applicable rules of 

engagement (ROE). This is particularly important when addressing issues of the use of force 

during CSAR operations (to include self-defense considerations), as well as treatment and 

release of persons captured or detained. LOAC application during low-intensity operations may 

be complicated by organizational structures, responsibilities, and status of potential adversaries. 

Only extensive LOAC training can provide PRO forces the proper foundation that enables sound 

judgment in ambiguous situations. 

 

Of course, we couldn't start anything until CSAR [force] was in 

place, so let’s talk about getting the CSAR in place. 

—General Richard Myers, CJCS, to Secretary Donald Rumsfeld 

Bush At War, Bob Woodward
18

 Another key concept that enables successful recovery operations, while properly 

adhering to LOAC, is clear and consistent ROE. PRO forces must attempt to influence the ROE 

development process as early as possible, in order to gain maximum flexibility in recovering 

isolated personnel throughout the spectrum of conflict. 

Similarly, commanders must ensure that operational risk management (ORM) is 

considered early on in the planning process and integrated throughout all phases of an operation. 

This way the commander ensures that limited PRO assets are not misused. Potential hazards 

must be identified and prioritized, and mitigation options assessed so that commanders can make 

informed risk decisions at the appropriate level. During each PR incident, the ORM process 

should allow the commander to weigh the level of risk against the potential for success, thus 

ensuring the most effective and efficient use of PRO assets. 

Communications 

 Rapid, reliable, and secure flow of information is a key factor that contributes to PR 

success. The JPRC and the Air Force’s three CSAR components (PRCC, the recovery forces, 

and IP) should be able to communicate over long distances, with minimum of interference or 

intrusion, and with low probability of detection or interception. JPRCs and PRCCs should have 

access to dedicated communication systems that provide redundant capabilities for secure interand intra-theater data and voice transmission. Proper planning, coordination, and brevity 

optimize the use of communications systems. Communication planning requires integrating 

theater, component, and unit operating instructions and execution checklists. Successful contact 

procedures require thoroughly developed and coordinated planning, established contact 

procedures, and timely execution. The importance of good communications between isolated 

personnel and rescue forces cannot be overstressed. Communications-out procedures, or 

procedures for handling situations when communications are disrupted, or personnel/units are 

unexpectedly out of contact, are often warranted but should be commensurate with the enemy's 

signal intelligence capability. Brevity words and terminology can be found in Air Force Tactics, 

Techniques, and Procedures (AFTTP) 3-1, Volume 1, theater directives, and tasking orders. The 

PRO plan must provide adequate redundancy to compensate in case of equipment or 

communications failure during any phase of mission execution. 

Intelligence 

 Successful PRO require timely and accurate intelligence support. Intelligence support is 

always an integral part of PRO. As such, intelligence specialists should be assigned to, and 

deploy with, PRCCs and operational rescue units. Due to the flexible nature of PRO, the JPRC, 

PRCC, and PRO units should have dedicated intelligence specialists who have completed the 

Joint Personnel Recovery Agency’s Intelligence Support to Personnel Recovery course. 

 A thorough understanding of the geography, enemy order of battle, the local population’s 

social and political attitudes, enemy TTP, as well as friendly order of battle is imperative in all 

combat operations. But considering the dynamic nature of PR, these factors make intelligence 

products especially significant in PRO. Based on this information, the JFC, JPRC, JFACC, 
19

PRCC, and PRO units decide whether or not to commit PRO assets, consider tactics and 

recovery force composition, and coordinate support requirements. 

 Threat analysis, targeting, collection management, and order-of-battle data must be 

thoroughly integrated in PRO mission planning. Due to PROs’ rapid-response requirements 

during the recovery phase, however, the CSARTF may have to launch with incomplete threat 

information. Under these circumstances, intelligence specialists make the full use of intelligence 

assessments, automated data processing, and mission-planning systems that interface with 

intelligence databases, in order to provide the most up-to-date threat information to PRO forces. 

Security 

 Information and operations security (OPSEC) are also critical to PRO. Security of 

information is vital to PRO forces from initial planning stages through execution and even after 

mission completion. OPSEC denies the enemy information about friendly capabilities and 

intentions, including advance notice of mission unique training, joint preparations, deployment, 

and employment. PRO forces can maintain OPSEC by carefully identifying, controlling, and 

protecting indicators and actions associated with the operation. Failure to implement an 

effective OPSEC program could result in mission compromise and loss of personnel and 

resources. 

Information Operations 

As defined in AFDD 2-5, Information Operations, information operations (IO) serve to 

amplify the effects of traditional military operations. PRO can influence IO planning in four 

primary ways: First, PR operations return isolated personnel to friendly control, allowing them 

to fight again. Second, PR operations often influence the course of national and international 

politics by denying adversaries the opportunity to exploit the intelligence and propaganda value 

of captured personnel. Third, the presence of a robust and viable CSAR force increases morale, 

with a resultant increase in operational performance. Finally, PRO contributes to the IO 

campaign by countering the adversary’s deception efforts. 

For example, if enemy forces have already captured IP, they may try to deceive PRO 

forces in order to lure them into an ambush. Even if IP have not been captured, the enemy may 

try to provide false data to PRO forces and, at the same time, move additional air defense assets 

into the area in an attempt to ambush the recovery force. 

While friendly force communications discipline and adherence to PRO standard 

operating procedures may counter enemy deception operations, it is important to emphasize that 

PR operations’ success or failure can impact the JFC’s information operations (IO) campaign 

significantly. Ultimately, PRO planners must appreciate the influence of PR operations well 

beyond the actual recovery of the isolated person. Similarly, IO planners must keep in mind the 

intrinsic value of PR operations to an IO campaign. PRO and IO planners must work together to 

maximize the influence of successful PRO and minimize the impact of mission failure. 
20

Medical 

Due to the variety of injuries to IP, medical personnel should be integrated into planning, 

deployment, and support of PRO. The PRCC is the focal point for PRO force coordination with 

military medical facilities in order to provide medical advice beyond the expertise of the 

recovery team. 

Space Requirements 

Air Force PRO forces require timely, accurate, and current space products and support 

during all phases of PRO, from initial planning through deployment and execution. PRO forces 

must work closely with integrated space support to determine the most appropriate space 

products necessary to complete the mission, and forward requirements through established 

channels to space-derived information and services suppliers. Product requirements can be 

obtained via the space operations officer in the AOC’s combat operations division. 

Weather, Illumination, and Topological Considerations 

 Air Force PRO forces require timely and accurate weather support during all phases of 

planning, deployment, employment, and redeployment. This allows PRO forces to use weather 

conditions to their advantage. Temperature, barometric pressure, precipitation, humidity, ground 

and low-level flight visibility, predicted winds, fog, cloud cover, radio frequency propagation, 

sensor detection ranges, and other hazards to recovery forces and the IP greatly impact PRO 

planning and execution. 

PRO forces are capable of conducting operations in a wide range of topographical 

environments. Terrain features often determine the type of PRO capabilities required to conduct 

recovery operations. Additionally, sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moon phase, predicted ambient 

light, and hydrographic data affect PRO significantly. These conditions play an important role in 

the PRO timing and tempo and should be considered critical planning factors for PROs. 

MOBILITY SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS 

Early identification of requirements, inclusion in the force enhancement/flexible 

deterrent option (FE/FDO), appropriate PRO priority in the flow of time phased force and 

deployment data (TPFDD), and frequent reevaluation are keys to sustaining PRO support.

Historically, during contingencies, PR requirements are often an afterthought rather than a 

preplanned consideration of the joint operation planning and execution system. Similar to air 

tasking order (ATO) planners, PR action officers on a JFC’s staff and PRO officers at the 

JFACC level should consider PR requirements in conjunction with other operational 

requirements when developing OPLANs, operations orders (OPORD), FE/FDO and/or TPFDD, 

etc. For additional information on combat support requirements see AFDD 2-4, Combat 

Support. For TPFDD information, consult Air Force Policy Directive 10-4, Operations 

Planning: Air & Space Expeditionary Force Presence Policy, Capabilities Allocation Annex, 

and the Air Force Wartime Unit Type Code Summary statements.
21

Deployment 

 Air Force PRO forces should have the ability to execute time-sensitive deployments and 

to deploy as deliberately planned elements of an air and space expeditionary task force (AETF). 

PRO forces should consider the following deployment factors: 

 PRO forces should deploy in theater prior to the start of hostilities and be prepared to 

provide immediate PRO mission capability with minimal support airlift. Tailored rapid-response 

deployment packages support the intent of the AETF concept and follow-on in-theater 

contingency operations. 

 The initial deployment of PR forces in support of Operation ENDURING FREEDOM 

(OEF) represents a perfect example of the significant emphasis that combatant commanders and 

Service chiefs put on PR. Military commanders delayed decisive operations until the JFC 

established an adequate PR capability. Another way to look at this, OEF demonstrated the need 

to have PR forces in place prior to commencement of combat operations. Based on OEF and 

other historical data, the PR forces should be listed high on the combatant commander’s time 

phased force deployment list (TPFDL). 

Operating Locations 

 Air Force planners should determine beddown locations for PRO forces based on factors 

including response time, operations tempo, force protection, and other variables. Recent PROs 

suggest that support and deployment concepts should include the capability to operate from main 

operating bases, forward operating bases, forward operating locations, and afloat staging bases 

for rotary wing assets. Planners should tailor logistical support requirements based on the most 

likely operating location. To decrease response time and improve the chances of a successful 

recovery, PRO forces should be positioned as far forward as the situation allows. As an initial 

planning consideration, the JFACC should have the ability to deploy PRO assets to bare bases 

and austere environments for up to 14 days with minimum base operating support (BOS). 

Main Operating Base (MOB). A base established in friendly territory to provide sustained 

command and control, administration, and logistical support to PRO activities in designated 

areas. MOBs provide significant levels of BOS, a well-organized and extensive logistical 

support organization, and a robust communications infrastructure that enables the recovery 

forces’ access to battlefield C2 and ISR information. If the MOB is significantly removed from 

the PRO objective area, planners should consider the establishment of airborne alert PRO 

holding areas, in order to expedite recovery operations. 

Forward Operating Base (FOB). An airfield used to support tactical operations without 

establishing full support facilities. Support from a MOB may be required if PRO forces operate 

out of an FOB for an extended amount of time. 

 

Forward Operating Locations (FOL). Under these conditions, PRO forces should be able to 

maintain alert status at FOLs. Almost all support for FOLs will have to come from FOB/MOBs. 
22

For vertical-lift PRO forces, an FOL may or may not be an airfield; it may be a forward arming 

and refueling point. FOL capability requires, as a minimum, organic communication packages 

to provide the necessary C2 and ISR for successful mission execution. Again, it is important to 

understand that for FOL operations, fuel, ammunition, medical supplies, and other mission 

essential material will have to come from FOBs or MOBs. 

Afloat Staging Base (AFSB) Operations. When land-based MOBs, FOBs, or FOLs are 

unavailable, AFSB operations offer a unique alternative. Although AFSB operations do not 

require extensive host nation coordination, environmental conditions and the intricacies of 

shipboard operations offer unique challenges. JP 3.04.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and 

Procedures for Shipboard Operations, details requirements for shipboard operations. 
23

CHAPTER FIVE 

TRAINING AND EDUCATION 

GENERAL 

PRO success is rooted in comprehensive education and rigorous training of 

commanders and their staff, PRO forces, and isolated personnel. These are key elements of 

the joint PR adaptation process. In the unit and at specialized schools, realistic “train as you 

fight” experiences provide the necessary skills to master the five essential tasks of PR. 

COMMANDERS AND STAFF 

 Commanders and staff should take an active role in evaluating local training programs to 

ensure aircrew training and proficiency levels meet combat readiness requirements. They should 

also ensure that unit PRO training programs support joint PR interoperability concepts, are 

integrated with other forces, and that training and exercise programs are realistic and effective. 

 Flight discipline, crew coordination, mission planning, and mutual support of 

participating PR forces are essential to effective Air Force PRO force employment. The JP 3-50 

series, this document, applicable multi-Service, and AFTTP documents provide a background for 

developing these fundamentals. Commanders should ensure PRO aircrews, planners, and 

support personnel are thoroughly familiar with the principles outlined in these documents and 

can apply them at the operational and tactical level. 

PRO FORCES 

 Training of PRO forces includes: initial qualification training, mission qualification, 

currency requirements, upgrade training, proficiency, specialized mission certification training, 

threat training and specialized training. Additionally, beyond unilateral Air Force PRO training, 

PRO personnel should conduct regularly scheduled joint exercises in order to better integrate 

with the rest of the joint PR community. 

ISOLATED PERSONNEL 

 Since each Service is responsible to provide SERE training to its own Soldiers, Sailors, 

Airmen, Marines, and civilian support personnel, the Air Force can only guarantee the training 

of its own personnel. This AFDD is authoritative for Airmen. In this sense, prior to deployment 

or immediately after entering a particular theater, Airmen should have the appropriate training 

War is not an affair of chance. A great deal of knowledge, study, and 

meditation is necessary to conduct it well. 

—Frederick the Great
24

that familiarizes them with PR/SERE TTPs, PR SPINS, SOPs, etc. Airmen and high-risk-ofisolation personnel receive additional training as outlined in DOD Directive 1300.7, Training 

and Education to Support the Code of Conduct, and DOD Instruction 1300.21, Code of Conduct 

Training and Education. Additionally, certain theater entry requirements may apply.

 The Air Force coordinates with the JPRA, the proponent for joint PR matters, to ensure 

that there is coordination between Services in terms of PR training and education, as well as a 

common DOD standard for joint PR procedures. For more information, review AFTTP 

(Interservice) 3-2.26, Survival, Evasion, and Recovery: Multi-Service Procedures for Survival, 

Evasion, and Recovery, and Air Force Manual (AFM) 36-2216, Vol I & II, SERE Mobile 

Operations.

PERSONNEL RECOVERY COORDINATION CELL PERSONNEL 

 PRCC personnel must complete the AOC initial qualification training for PR and other 

applicable JPRA PR courses, such as the joint personnel recovery coordinators course. 

Additionally, all PRCC personnel should complete local orientation training tailored to the 

specific AOC that they are being assigned to. Other courses, such as the Inland SAR and 

Maritime SAR courses taught by the Coast Guard, and the Air Force joint doctrine air campaign 

course, are strongly encouraged. In fact, any courses that teach development of air campaign 

plans and the integration of PROs under the joint and interagency PR umbrella are strongly 

encouraged. 

EXERCISES 

 To ensure interoperability, Air Force PRO staffs and forces should exercise regularly 

with augmentation personnel and forces. These training evolutions should exercise the system as 

a whole, including the JFACC, AOC, PRCC, elements of the CSARTF, AMC, OSC, RMC, and 

the IP. For example, Joint Chiefs of Staff field training exercises (FTX) and combat air forces 

(CAF) FLAG exercises facilitate the integration of joint forces in realistic scenarios that stress 

the entire joint PR system. 

 Independently, the COMAFFOR should conduct AOC exercises that emphasize 

command, control, communications, and intelligence coordination procedures. These exercises 

provide important experience for PRCC personnel, which is normally not available during FTX 

participation. The CAF exercises include both active duty and air reserve component forces. 

The Air Force PRO construct is part of a greater PR concept; Airmen need to work 

closely with joint and Coalition partners to recovery any isolated personnel from hostile or 

uncertain environments and denied areas. Therefore, joint and combined training can enable 

interoperability and improve integration between Air Force PRO forces and their joint/combined 

partners. 
25

SUGGESTED READINGS 

Air Force Publications (Note: All Air Force doctrine documents are available on the Air Force 

Doctrine Center web page at https://www.doctrine.af.mil) 

AFDD 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine

AFDD 2, Organization and Employment of Air and Space Operations 

AFDD 2-1, Air Warfare

AFDD 2-4, Combat Support

AFDD 2-5, Information Operations

AFDD 2-7, Air Force Special Operations 

Air Force Manual (AFM) 36-2216, Vol I & II, SERE Mobile Operations

AFTTP (I) 3-2.26, Survival, Evasion, and Recovery: Multi-Service Procedures for Survival, 

Evasion, and Recovery (available at https://wwwmil.alsa.mil/surv.htm)

Air Force Policy Directive 10-4, Operations Planning: Air & Space Expeditionary Force 

Presence Policy, Capabilities Allocation Annex and the Air Force Wartime UTC Summary 

statements

Joint Publications 

JP 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF) 

JP 3-50, Joint Doctrine for Personnel Recovery, (Draft) 

JP 3-50.2, Doctrine for Joint Combat Search and Rescue 

JP 3-50.21, Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Combat Search and Rescue

JP 3-50.3, Joint Doctrine for Evasion and Recovery

Other Publications 

Brehm, Jack with Pete Nelson, That Others May Live: The True Story of a PJ, a Member of 

America’s Most Daring Rescue Force (Crown Publishing). 2000. 

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction (CJCSI) 3270.01A, dated July 2004 
26

Daniels, Stephen Brewster, Rescue from the Skies: The Story of the Airborne Lifeboats (Seven 

Hills Publishing). 1996. 

DOD Directive 1300.7, Training and Education Measures Necessary to Support the Code of 

Conduct. 

DOD Instruction 1300.21, Code of Conduct Training and Education

Falzone, Joseph J., Combat Search and Rescue; CSEL Enhancements for Winning Air 

Campaigns (Air University Press). 1997. 

Franks, Norman L. R., Another Kind of Courage: Stories of the UK-based Walrus Air-Sea 

Rescue Squadrons (Sparkford Press). 1994. 

Grant, W. T., Wings of the Eagle: A Kinsmen’s Story (Ivy Books). 1994. 

Guilmartin, John F., A Very Short War: The Mayaguez and the Battle of Koh Tang (College 

Station: Texas University Press). 1995. 

Hansen, Wallace R., Greenland’s Icy Fury (Texas A & M University Press). 1994. 

Kelly, Mary Pat, “Good to Go”: The Rescue of Captain Scott O’Grady, USAF, from Bosnia

(Naval Institute Press). 1996. 

Koskinas, Ioannis, Black Hats and White Hats: the Effect of Organizational Culture and 

Institutional Identity on the 23rd Air Force (Maxwell AFB: School of Advanced Air and Space 

Studies thesis). 2004. 

McConnell, Malcolm, Into the Mouth of the Cat: The Story of Lance Sijan, Hero of Vietnam

(Replica Publishing). 1997. 

Risner, Robinson, The Passing of the Night: My Seven Years as a Prisoner of the North 

Vietnamese (Ballantine Books). 1992. 

Ryan, Paul B., The Iranian Rescue Mission: Why It Failed (Naval Institute Press). 1985. 

Taylor, L. B., That Others May Live: The Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service (Dutton 

Press). 1967. 

Tilford, Earl H., Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia, 1961-1975 (Office of Air Force History). 

1980. 

Woodward, Bob, Bush At War (Simon and Shuster). 2003. 
27

Veda Incorporated, Combat Search and Rescue Report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the 

Executive Agent for Combat Search and Rescue: Combat Search and Rescue Requirements and 

Capabilities Study (Veda Incorporated, Washington D.C.). 1997. 

Veith, George J., Code Name Brightlight: The Untold Story of US POW Rescue Efforts During 

the Vietnam War (Free Press). 1998. 

Whitcomb, Darrel D., The Rescue of BAT 21 (Naval Institute Press). 1998. 
28

GLOSSARY 

Abbreviations and Acronyms 

AAF Army Air Force 

ACC Air Combat Command 

AFDD Air Force doctrine document 

AFSB afloat staging base 

AFSOF Air Force special operations forces 

AFTTP Air Force tactics, techniques, and procedures 

AMC airborne mission commander 

ANG Air National Guard 

AOC air and space operations center 

ARRS Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service 

ARS Air Rescue Service 

ATO air tasking order 

AWACS airborne warning and control system 

C2 command and control 

C2ISR command, control, intelligence, surveillance, and 

reconnaissance 

CAF combat air forces 

COMAFFOR commander, Air Force forces 

COMJSOTF commander, joint special operations task force 

CRO combat rescue officers 

CSAR combat search and rescue 

CSARTF combat search and rescue task force 

DOD Department of Defense 

DODI Department of Defense instruction 

FAC forward air controller 

FAC(A) forward air controller (airborne) 

FE/FDO force enhancement/flexible deterrent option 

FOB forward operating base 

FOL forward operating locations 

IAW in accordance with 

IP Isolated personnel 

ISOPREP isolated personnel report 

ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance 

JAOC joint air operations center (JP 1-02); joint air and space 

operations center {USAF} 

JFACC joint force air component commander (JP 1-02); joint 
29

force air and space component commander {USAF} 

JFC joint force commander 

JFSOCC joint force special operations component commander 

JP joint publication 

JPRC joint personnel recovery center 

JSOTF joint special operations task force 

JTF joint task force 

JTTP joint tactics, techniques, and procedures 

LO low-observable 

LOAC laws of armed conflict

MAC Military Airlift Command 

MAJCOM major command 

MARLO Marine liaison officer 

MOB main operating base 

NALE naval liaison element 

OIF Operation IRAQI FREEDOM 

OEF Operation ENDURING FREEDOM 

OPCON operational control 

OPLAN operation plan 

OPORD operation order 

OPSEC operations security 

OSC on-scene commander 

PJ pararescuemen (replaced pararescue jumper specialists) 

PR personnel recovery 

PRCC personnel recovery coordination cell 

PRO personnel recovery operations 

PRDO personnel recovery duty officer 

PRPO personnel recovery plans officer 

RESCAP rescue combat air patrol 

RESCORT rescue escort 

RMC rescue mission commander 

ROE rules of engagement 

RT recovery team 

SAR search and rescue 

SEAD/DEAD suppression/destruction of enemy air defenses 

SecDef Secretary of Defense 

SERE survival, evasion, resistance, escape 

SOLE special operations liaison element 

SPINS special instructions 

STT special tactic teams 
30

TACON tactical control 

TPFDD time-phased force and deployment data 

TPFDL time phased force deployment list 

US United States 

USAF United States Air Force 

USJCOM United States Joint Forces Command 

USSOCOM United States Special Operations Command 

UTC unit type code 

Definitions 

airborne mission coordinator. The coordinator who serves as an extension of the 

executing component’s personnel recovery coordination cell (PRCC) and coordinates the 

recovery effort between the combat search and rescue task force (CSARTF) and the 

PRCC (or joint personnel recovery center) by monitoring the status of all CSARTF 

elements, requesting additional assets when needed, and ensuring the recovery and 

supporting forces arrive at their designated areas to accomplish the PR mission. The 

component PRCC or higher authority may designate the AMC. The AMC appoints, as 

necessary, an on-scene commander. Also called AMC. (AFDD 2-1.6) 

combat search and rescue. Combat search and rescue is how the Air Force 

accomplishes the personnel recovery task. It is the Air Force’s preferred mechanism for 

personnel recovery execution in uncertain or hostile environments and denied areas. Also 

called CSAR. (AFDD 2-1.6) 

combat search and rescue mission coordinator. The designated person or organization 

selected to direct and coordinate support for a specific combat search and rescue mission. 

Also called CSAR mission coordinator. (JP 1-02) 

evasion and escape. The procedures and operations whereby military personnel and 

other selected individuals are enabled to emerge from an enemy-held or hostile area to 

areas under friendly control. Also called E&E. (JP 1-02)

evasion and recovery. The full spectrum of coordinated actions carried out by evaders, 

recovery forces, and operational recovery planners to effect the successful return of 

personnel isolated in hostile territory to friendly control. (JP 1-02)

isolated personnel. Military or civilian personnel separated from their unit or 

organization in an environment requiring them to survive, evade, or escape while 

awaiting rescue or recovery. Also called IP (JP 1-02)

isolated personnel report. A Department of Defense Form (DD 1833) containing 

information designed to facilitate the identification and authentication of an evader by a 

recovery force. Also called ISOPREP. (JP 1-02)
31

joint force air component commander. The commander within a unified command, 

subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing 

commander for making recommendations on the proper employment of assigned, 

attached, and/or made available for tasking air forces; planning and coordinating air 

operations; or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The joint 

force air component commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions 

and tasks assigned by the establishing commander. Also called JFACC. See also joint 

force commander. (JP 1-02) [The joint air and space component commander (JFACC) 

uses the joint air and space operations center to command and control the integrated air 

and space effort to meet the joint force commander’s objectives. This title emphasizes the 

Air Force position that air power and space power together create effects that cannot be 

achieved through air or space power alone.] (AFDD 2) {Words in brackets apply only to 

the Air Force and are offered for clarity.}

joint personnel recovery center. A primary joint personnel recovery (PR) node. The 

center is suitably staffed by supervisory personnel and equipped for planning, 

coordinating, and executing joint PR within the geographical area assigned to the joint 

force. The facility is operated jointly by personnel from two or more Service or 

functional components or it may have a multinational staff of personnel from two or more 

allied or coalition nations. Also called JPRC. (AFDD 2-1.6)

military deception. Actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary military 

decision makers as to friendly military capabilities, intentions, and operations, thereby 

causing the adversary to take specific actions (or inactions) that will contribute to the 

accomplishment of the friendly mission. The five categories of military deception are: a. 

strategic military deception—Military deception planned and executed by and in support 

of senior military commanders to result in adversary military policies and actions that 

support the originator's strategic military objectives, policies, and operations. b. 

operational military deception—Military deception planned and executed by and in 

support of operational-level commanders to result in adversary actions that are favorable 

to the originator's objectives and operations. Operational military deception is planned 

and conducted in a theater of war to support campaigns and major operations. c. tactical 

military deception—Military deception planned and executed by and in support of 

tactical commanders to result in adversary actions that are favorable to the originator's 

objectives and operations. Tactical military deception is planned and conducted to 

support battles and engagements. d. Service military deception—Military deception 

planned and executed by the Services that pertain to Service support to joint operations. 

Service military deception is designed to protect and enhance the combat capabilities of 

Service forces and systems. e. military deception in support of operations security 

(OPSEC)—Military deception planned and executed by and in support of all levels of 

command to support the prevention of the inadvertent compromise of sensitive or 

classified activities, capabilities, or intentions. Deceptive OPSEC measures are designed 

to distract foreign intelligence away from, or provide cover for, military operations and 

activities. (JP 1-02)
32

on-scene commander. The person designated to coordinate the personnel recovery 

efforts at the recovery site. Also called OSC. (AFDD 2-1.6)

operational control. Transferable command authority that may be exercised by 

commanders at any echelon at or below the level of combatant command. Operational 

control is inherent in combatant command (command authority). Operational control may 

be delegated and is the authority to perform those functions of command over 

subordinate forces involving organizing and employing commands and forces, assigning 

tasks, designating objectives, and giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish 

the mission. Operational control includes authoritative direction over all aspects of 

military operations and joint training necessary to accomplish missions assigned to the 

command. Operational control should be exercised through the commanders of 

subordinate organizations. Normally this authority is exercised through subordinate joint 

force commanders and Service and/or functional component commanders. Operational 

control normally provides full authority to organize commands and forces and to employ 

those forces as the commander in operational control considers necessary to accomplish 

assigned missions. Operational control does not, in and of itself, include authoritative 

direction for logistics or matters of administration, discipline, internal organization, or 

unit training. Also called OPCON. (JP 1-02)

pararescue team. Specially trained personnel qualified to penetrate to the site of an 

incident by land or parachute, render medical aid, accomplish survival methods, and 

rescue survivors. (JP 1-02)

personnel recovery. The sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to effect the 

recovery and return of US Military, DOD civilians, and DOD contractor personnel who 

are isolated or missing while participating in a US government-sanctioned military 

activity or missions in an uncertain or hostile environment, or as determined by the 

Secretary of Defense. Also called PR. (CJCSI 3270.01A and AFDD 2-1.6) 

personnel recovery coordination cell. A primary personnel recovery facility suitably 

staffed by supervisory personnel and equipped for coordinating and controlling personnel 

recovery operations. The facility is operated unilaterally by personnel of a single Service 

or jointly by functional component. For Navy component operations, this facility may be 

called a rescue coordination team. Also called PRCC (or RCT for Navy component). 

(AFDD 2-1.6)

recovery teams. Designated Air Force teams specifically trained to operate 

independently or in conjunction with rotary wing / fixed wing aircraft, watercraft and 

overland vehicles. Combat rescue officers (CRO), pararescue specialists and survival, 

evasion, resistance, escape specialists, provide this capability. Also called RT (AFDD 2-

1.6) 

special tactics team. An Air Force team composed primarily of special operations 

combat control and pararescue personnel. The team supports joint special operations by 

selecting, surveying, and establishing assault zones; providing assault zone terminal 
33

guidance and air traffic control; conducting direct action missions; providing medical 

care and evacuation; and, coordinating, planning, and conducting air, ground, and naval 

fire support operations. Also called STTs. (JP 1-02)

tactical control. Command authority over assigned or attached forces or commands, or 

military capability or forces made available for tasking, that is limited to the detailed and, 

usually, local direction and control of movements or maneuvers necessary to accomplish 

missions or tasks assigned. Tactical control is inherent in operational control. Tactical 

control may be delegated to, and exercised at any level at or below the level of combatant 

command. Also called TACON. (JP 1-02)