MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN 

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AND 

THE NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 

CONSULTATION AND FINALITY ON DECOMMISSIONING AND DECONTAMINATION OF 

CONTAMINATED SITES 

I. Introduction 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), in 

recognition of their mutual commitment to protect the public health and safety and the 

environment, are entering into this Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in order to establish a 

basic framework for the relationship of the agencies in the radiological decommissioning and 

decontamination of NRC-licensed sites. Each Agency is entering into this MOU in order to 

facilitate decision-making. It does not establish any new requirements or rights on parties not 

subject to this agreement. 

II. Purpose 

The purpose of this MOU is to identify the interactions of the two agencies for the 

decommissioning and decontamination of NRC-licensed sites and to indicate the way in which 

those interactions will take place Except for Section VI, addressing corrective action under the 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), this MOU is limited to the coordination 

between EPA, when acting under its Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation 

and Liability Act (CERCLA) authority, and NRC, when a facility licensed by the NRC is 

undergoing decommissioning, or when a facility has completed decommissioning, and the NRC 

has terminated its license. It continues a basic policy of EPA deferral to NRC decision-making in 

the decommissioning of NRC-licensed sites except in certain circumstances, and establishes 

the procedures to govern the relationship between the agencies in connection with the 

decommissioning of sites at which those circumstances arise. 

II1. Background 

An August 3, 1999, report (106-286) from the House Committee on Appropriations to 

accompany the bill covering EPA's FY1 999 Appropriations/FY 2000 budget request states: 

Once again the Committee notes that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

(NRC) has and will continue to remediate sites under its jurisdiction to a level that 

fully protects public health and safety, and believes that any reversal of the 

long-standing policy of the Agency to defer to the NRC for cleanup of NRC's 

licensed sites is not a good use of public or private funds. The interaction of the 

EPA with the NRC, NRC licensees, and others, with regard to sites being 

remediated under NRC regulatory requirements--when not specifically requested 

by the NRC-has created stakeholder concerns regarding the authority and finality 

of NRC licensing decisions, the duration and costs of site cleanup, and the 

potential future liability of parties associated with affected sites. However, the 

Committee recognizes that there may be circumstances at specific NRC 

licensed sites where the Agency's expertise may be of critical use to the NRC. In

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the interest of ensuring that sites do not face dual regulation, the Committee 

strongly encourages both agencies to enter into an MOU which clarifies the 

circumstances for EPA's involvement at NRC sites when requested by the NRC. 

The EPA and NRC are directed to report to the Committee on Appropriations no 

later than May 1, 2000, on the status of the development of such an MOU. 

Since September 8, 1983, EPA has generally deferred listing on the CERCLA National Priorities 

List (NPL) those sites that are subject to NRC's licensing authority, in recognition that NRC's 

actions are believed to be consistent with the CERCLA requirement to protect human health and 

the environment. However, as EPA indicated in the Federal Register notice announcing the 

policy of CERCLA deferral to NRC, if EPA "determines that sites which it has not listed as a 

matter of policy are not being properly responded to, the Agency will consider listing those sites 

on the NPL" (see 48 FR 40658). 

EPA reaffirms its previous 1983 deferral policy. EPA expects that any need for EPA CERCLA 

involvement in the decommissioning of NRC licensed sites should continue to occur very 

infrequently because EPA expects that the vast majority of facilities decommissioned under 

NRC authority will be decommissioned in a manner that is fully protective of human health and 

the environment. By this MOU, EPA agrees to a deferral policy regarding NRC decision-making 

without the need for consultation except in certain limited circumstances as specified in 

paragraphs V.C.2 and V.C.3. 

One set of circumstances in which continued consultation should occur, pursuant to the 

procedures defined herein, relates to sites at which the NRC determines during the license 

termination process that there is radioactive ground-water contamination above certain limits. 

Pursuant to its License Termination rule, NRC applies a dose criterion that encompasses all 

pathways, including ground water. In its cleanup of sites pursuant to CERCLA, by contrast, EPA 

customarily establishes a separate ground-water cleanup standard in which it applies certain 

Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs, found at 40 CFR 141) promulgated for radionuclides and 

other substances pursuant to the Safe Drinking Water Act. NRC has agreed in this MOU to 

consult with EPA on the appropriate approach in responding to the circumstances at particular 

sites with ground-water contamination at the time of license termination in excess of EPA's 

MCLs or those sites for which NRC contemplates either restricted release or the use of alternate 

criteria for license termination, or radioactive contamination at the time of license termination 

exceeds the corresponding levels in Table 1 as provided in Section V.C.2. 

IV. Principles 

In carrying out their respective responsibilities, the EPA and the NRC will strive to: 

1. Establish a stable and predictable regulatory environment with respect to EPA's 

CERCLA authority in and NRC's decommissioning of contaminated sites. 

2. Ensure, to the extent practicable, that the responsibilities of the NRC under the AEA and 

the responsibilities of EPA under CERCLA are implemented in a coordinated and 

consistent manner.

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V. Implementation

A. Scope 

This MOU is intended to address issues related to the EPA involvement under CERCLA in the 

cleanup of radiologically contaminated sites under the jurisdiction of the NRC. EPA will continue 

its CERCLA policy of September 8, 1983, which explains how EPA implements deferral 

decisions regarding listing on the NPL of any sites that are subject to NRC's licensing authority. 

The NRC's review of sites under NRC jurisdiction indicates that few of these sites have 

radioactive ground-water contamination in excess of the EPA's MCLs. At those sites at which 

NRC determines during the license termination process that there is radioactive ground-water 

contamination above the relevant EPA MCLs, NRC will consult with EPA and, if necessary, 

discuss with EPA the use of flexibility under EPA's phased approach to addressing ground-water 

contamination. NRC has agreed in this MOU to consult with EPA on the appropriate approach in 

responding to the circumstances at particular sites where ground-water contamination will 

exceed EPA's MCLs, NRC contemplates either restricted release or the use of alternate criteria 

for license termination, or radioactive contamination at the time of license termination exceeds 

the corresponding levels in Table 1 as provided in Section V.C.2. 

B. General 

Each agency will keep the other agency generally informed of its relevant plans and schedules, 

will respond to the other agency's requests for information to the extent reasonable and 

practicable, and will strive to recognize and ameliorate to the extent practicable any problems 

arising from implementation of this MOU. 

C. NRC Responsibilities 

1. NRC will continue to ensure remediation of sites under its jurisdiction to a level that fully 

protects public health and safety. 

2. For NRC-licensed sites at which NRC determines during the license termination process 

that there is radioactive ground-water contamination in excess of EPA's MCLs, or for which 

NRC contemplates either restricted release (10 CFR 20.1403) or the use of alternate 

criteria for license termination (10 CFR 20.1404), NRC will seek EPA's expertise to assist 

in NRC's review of a decommissioning or license termination plan. In addition, NRC will 

consult with EPA if either the planned level of residual radioactive soil concentrations in the 

proposed action or the actual residual level of radioactive soil concentrations found in the 

final site survey exceed the radioactive soil concentration in Table 1. With respect to all 

such sites, the NRC will consult with EPA on the application of the NRC decommissioning 

requirements and will take such action as the NRC determines to be appropriate based on 

its consultation with EPA. For example, if NRC determines during the license termination 

process that there will be radioactive ground-water contamination in excess of EPA's 

MCLs at the time of license termination, then NRC will discuss with EPA the use of 

flexibility under EPA's phased approach for addressing ground-water contamination. If 

NRC does not adopt recommendations provided by the EPA, NRC will inform EPA of the 

basis for its decision not to do so.

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3. NRC will defer to EPA regarding matters involving hazardous materials not under NRC's 

jurisdiction. 

D. EPA Responsibilities 

1. If the NRC requests EPA's consultation on a decommissioning plan or license termination 

plan, EPA will provide, within 90 days of NRC's notice to EPA, written notification of its 

views on the matter. 

2. Consistent with this MOU, EPA agrees to a policy of deferral to NRC decision making on 

decommissioning without the need for consultation on sites other than those presenting 

the circumstances described in Sections V.C.2 and V.C.3. The agencies will consult with 

each other pursuant to the provisions of this MOU with respect to those sites presenting 

the circumstances described in Sections V.C.2 and V.C.3. EPA does not expect to 

undertake CERCLA actions related to radioactive contamination at a site that has been 

decommissioned in compliance with the NRC's standards, including a site addressed 

under Section V.C.2, despite the agencies decision to engage in consultation on such 

sites. EPA's deferral policy, and its expectation of not taking CERCLA action, continues to 

apply to sites that are covered under Section V.C.2. 

3. For NRC-licensed sites presenting the circumstances described in Section V.C.2 and for 

which NRC has not adopted the EPA recommendation, EPA will consult with NRC on any 

CERCLA actions EPA expects to take if EPA does not agree with the NRC's decision. 

4. EPA will resolve any CERCLA concerns involving hazardous substances outside of NRC's 

jurisdiction at NRC licensed sites, including concerns involving hazardous constituents that 

are not under the authority of NRC. As provided in Section V.D.2, EPA under CERCLA will 

defer or consult with NRC as appropriate regarding matters involving AEA materials under 

NRC's jurisdiction. 

E. Other Provisions 

1. Nothing in this MOU shall be deemed to establish any right nor provide a basis for any 

action, either legal or equitable by any person, or class of persons challenging a 

government action or failure to act. 

2. Each agency will appoint a designated contact for implementation of this MOU. The 

designated individuals will meet at least annually or at the request of either agency to 

review NRC-licensed sites that meet the criteria for consultation pursuant to Section V.C.2. 

The NRC designated contact is the Director, Office of Nuclear Materials Safety and 

Safeguards, and the EPA designated contact is the Director Office of Emergency and 

Remedial Response, or as each designee delegates. 

3. This MOU will remain in effect until terminated by the written notice of either party 

submitted six months in advance of termination. 

4. Within six months of the execution of this MOU, each party will revise its guidance to its 

Headquarters and Regional Offices to reflect the terms of this MOU.

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5. If differences arise that cannot be resolved by senior EPA and NRC management within 90 

days, then either senior EPA or NRC management may raise the issue to their respective 

agency head. 

Section VI. Corrective Action under RCRA 

Some NRC sites undergoing decommissioning may be subject to cleanup under RCRA 

corrective action authority. This authority, administered either by EPA or authorized states, 

requires cleanup of releases of hazardous waste or constituents at hazardous waste treatment, 

storage or disposal facilities. NRC sites subject to RCRA corrective action will be expected to 

meet RCRA cleanup standards for chemical contamination within EPA's jurisdiction. EPA 

Office of Solid Waste's policy is to encourage regional and State program implementers to 

coordinate RCRA cleanups with decommissioning, as appropriate, at those NRC sites subject 

to EPA's corrective action authority.1 

EPA will continue to support coordination of cleanups under the RCRA corrective action 

program with decommissioning at NRC sites consistent with its March 5, 1997 policy. In 

addition, under RCRA the majority of States are authorized to implement the corrective action 

requirements. States are not signatories to this MOU; however, EPA will encourage States to 

act in accordance with this policy where they have responsibility for RCRA corrective action at 

NRC sites undergoing decommissioning. 

Items 1 and 3 of the "Other Provisions" of Section V. apply to this section. 

SE 30 ~g______ _ _ 

Christine T. Whitman Date Ric ard A. Meserve Date 

Administrator Chairman 

US Environmental Protection Agency US Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

'See letter from Elizabeth Cotsworth, Acting Director, Office of Solid Waste to James R. 

Roewer, USWAG, dated March 5, 1997.

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MOU Table 1: Consultation Triggers for Residential 

and Commercial/industrial Soil Contamination 

Except for radium-226, thorium-232, or total uranium, concentrations should be 

aggregated using a sum of the fraction approach to determine site specific consultation 

trigger concentrations. This table is based on single contaminant concentrations for 

residential and commercial/industrial land use when using generally accepted exposure 

parameters. Table users should select the appropriate column based on the site's 

reasonably anticipated land use.

Residential lndustriallCommercial 

Radionuclide Soil Concentration Soil Concentration 

H-3 228 pCi/g 423 pCi/g 

C-14 46 pCi/g 123,000 pCi/g 

Na-22 9 pCi/g 14 pCi/g 

S-35 19,600 pCi/g 32,200,000 pCi/g 

CI-36 6 pCi/g 10,700 pCi/g 

Ca-45 13,500 pCi/g 3,740,000 pCi/g 

Sc-46 105 pCi/g 169 pCi/g 

Mn-54 69 pCi/g 112 pCi/g 

Fe-55 269,000 pCi/g 2,210,000 pCi/g 

Co-57 873 pCi/g 1,420 pCi/g 

Co-60 4 pCi/g 6 pCi/g 

Ni-59 20,800 pCi/g 1,230,000 pCi/g 

Ni-63 9,480 pCi/g 555,000 pCi/g 

Sr-90+D 23 pCi/g 1,070 pCi/g 

Nb-94 2 pCi/g 3 pCi/g 

Tc-99 25 pCi/g 89,400 pCi/g 

1-129 60 pCi/g 1,080 pCi/g 

Cs-134 16 pCi/g 26 pCi/g 

Cs-137+D 6 pCi/g 11 pCi/g 

Eu-152 4 pCilg 7 pCilg 

Eu-154 5 pCi/g 8 pCi/g

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MOU Table 1: Consultation Triggers for Residential 

and Commerciallindustrial Soil Contamination

Except for radium-226, thorium-232, or total uranium, concentrations should be 

aggregated using a sum of the fraction approach to determine site specific consultation 

trigger concentrations. This table is based on single contaminant concentrations for 

residential and commercial/industrial land use when using generally accepted exposure 

parameters. Table users should select the appropriate column based on the site's 

reasonably anticipated land use.

Residential Industrial/Commercial 

Radionuclide Soil Concentration Soil Concentration 

Ir-192 336 pCi/g 544 pCi/g 

Pb-210+D 15 pCi/g 123 pCi/g 

Ra-226 5 pCi/g 5 pCi/g 

Ac-227+D 10 pCi/g 21 pCi/g 

Th-228+D 15 pCi/g 25 pCi/g 

Th-232 5 pCi/g 5 pCi/g 

U-234 401 pCi/g 3,310 pCi/g 

U-235+D 20 pCi/g 39 pCi/g 

U-238+D 74 pCi/g 179 pCi/g 

total uranium 47 mg/kg 1230 mg/kg 

Pu-238 297 pCi/g 1,640 pCi/g 

Pu-239 259 pCi/g 1,430 pCi/g 

Pu-241 40,600 pCi/g 172,000 pCi/g 

Am-241 187 pCi/g 568 pCi/g 

Cm-242 32,200 pCi/g 344,000 pCi/g 

Cm-243 35 pCi/g 67 pCi/g

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