IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS

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No. 15-0944

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THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS, PETITIONER,

v.

C.W.H., RESPONDENT

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE

COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TWELFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

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Argued September 12, 2017

JUSTICE BOYD delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is an appeal from a Title IV-D associate judge’s order modifying conservatorship and 

child support for three children. The primary issue is whether the Title IV-D associate judge had 

authority to enter an order modifying conservatorship. The Legislature recently amended the 

Family Code to expressly grant Title IV-D associate judges such authority. The court of appeals 

held that Title IV-D judges had no such authority before the recent amendments. We hold that the 

Code’s prior version granted Title IV-D associate judges authority to modify conservatorship 

when, as here, the modification related to the establishment, enforcement, or modification of a 

child-support obligation. We thus disagree with the court of appeals’ decision to reverse the 

associate judge’s order on that ground. However, the court of appeals also reversed on the 

independent ground that the associate judge erred by failing to consider the children’s father’s 
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request to participate in the hearing remotely from prison. We agree with that holding and affirm 

the court of appeals’ judgment solely on that ground.

I.

Background

C.W.H. (Father) and J.S. (Mother) have three children. In 2010, a Nacogdoches County 

district court entered a final order naming Father as the children’s sole managing conservator, 

having primary possession of the children and the right and duty to care for them. The same order 

named Mother a possessory conservator with limited visitation rights and ordered her to pay child 

support to Father. Later that year, Father left the children with Mother’s parents (Grandparents) 

and gave them a power of attorney so that they could take care of the children. Mother soon moved 

in with Grandparents and began sharing that responsibility. In July 2011, Grandparents filed a 

motion to modify the 2010 order to name themselves as the children’s managing conservators, 

alleging that Father had voluntarily relinquished possession and control of the children. 

Grandparents apparently never pursued a hearing or sought any court action on their motion. 

Three years later, in 2014, the Office of the Attorney General of Texas (OAG) filed a 

“Notice of Change of Status and Motion for Further Orders” in the same case. The OAG asserted 

that the children lived with Mother and that Father had voluntarily relinquished custody. The OAG 

requested that the court modify the 2010 order to make “appropriate provisions for the 

conservatorship of the children” and modify the child-support obligations accordingly.1 

 

1 The OAG was apparently not aware when it filed its notice and motion that Grandparents had previously 

filed a motion to modify the 2010 order. After discovering Grandparents’ motion, the Attorney General filed an 

amended notice and motion in which it expressly noted that “there is still apparently a legal action pending in this 

cause brought by” Grandparents. 
3

After the OAG filed its motion, the case was referred to the Title IV-D associate judge 

appointed to hear Title IV-D cases in Nacogdoches County. Father, who was then incarcerated, 

filed a pro-se answer objecting to modification of the 2010 order. Father asserted that he was 

indigent and requested that the court appoint an attorney to represent him. He also requested that 

the court issue a bench warrant so that he could attend any hearing in person, and alternatively 

asked that the court either delay any hearing until after he was released from prison or permit him 

to participate from prison via video, telephone, or another alternative means. Father supported his 

answer with an affidavit in which he admitted he had left the children with Grandparents but 

explained that he intended that arrangement to be temporary and never intended to relinquish 

custody of the children. 

The Title IV-D associate judge held a hearing on the OAG’s motion on November 25, 

2014. Father did not attend or participate in the hearing. Following the hearing, the associate judge 

entered an order appointing Mother and Grandparents as joint managing conservators. The order 

expressly denied Father’s request for a bench warrant, found that Father, “although duly notified, 

did not appear” and was currently incarcerated, and ordered Father to have no contact with the 

children “at this time.” Although the new order deleted the 2010 order’s requirement that Mother 

pay child support to Father, it did not require Father to pay child support because he was 

incarcerated and had no income.

The parties’ subsequent pleadings are somewhat confusing. Father refiled his original 

answer and affidavit on December 2, 2014. The district court then appointed counsel to represent 

Father. Father’s new counsel filed a motion for new trial, arguing that the Title IV-D associate 

judge erred by failing to grant a bench warrant or continuance or otherwise permit Father to 
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participate in the hearing. On January 9, 2015, the OAG filed an “Original Answer” generally 

denying all of Father’s pleadings. On February 23, Father filed a notice of appeal from the Title 

IV-D associate judge’s November 25 order. 

On appeal, Father argued that the associate judge abused his discretion by failing to 

consider Father’s request to participate in the trial remotely from prison. The OAG filed a letter 

conceding that the associate judge had erred in that manner. The court of appeals reversed and 

remanded the case, stating two independent reasons: (1) the Title IV-D associate judge had no 

authority to hear a motion to modify a conservatorship order and (2) the Title IV-D associate judge 

erred by failing to consider Father’s request to participate in the hearing. — S.W.3d —.

The OAG requested our review. It agrees we should affirm the court of appeals’ judgment 

because the Title IV-D associate judge failed to consider Father’s request to participate in the 

hearing. But the OAG contends that the court of appeals erred by holding that the Title IV-D 

associate judge lacked authority to modify conservatorship. According to the OAG, this erroneous 

holding could undermine thousands of existing orders that Title IV-D associate judges issued in 

other cases before the recent statutory amendments. In light of the OAG’s concession, we will 

affirm the court of appeals’ judgment on the ground that the Title IV-D associate judge failed to 

consider Father’s request to participate in the hearing. But we will address the court’s alternative 

holding that the Title IV-D associate judge lacked authority to modify conservatorship.

II.

Title IV-D Associate Judge

Subchapter IV, Part D of the federal Social Security Act creates a child-supportenforcement program through which the federal government provides matching funds to 

encourage and enable states and U.S. territories to locate noncustodial parents, establish paternity, 
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enforce child-support obligations, recover and distribute child-support payments, and ensure “that 

assistance in obtaining support will be available under this part to all children . . . for whom such 

assistance is requested.” 42 U.S.C. § 651. The program is designed to “help strengthen families by 

securing financial support for children from their noncustodial parent on a consistent and 

continuing basis, and by helping some families to remain self-sufficient and off public assistance 

by providing the requisite [child-support-enforcement] services.” Carmen Solomon-Fears, Child 

Support: An Overview of Census Bureau Data on Recipients 1 (Congressional Research Service, 

2016), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS22499.pdf.

The federal statute requires each participating state to adopt a “state plan” and designate 

an agency responsible for administering the plan. 42 U.S.C. § 654. The Texas Legislature 

designated the OAG as the Texas Title IV-D agency and required the OAG to “develop and 

implement a statewide integrated system” for child-support enforcement. TEX. FAM. CODE

§§ 231.001, .0011(a). In 2015, the OAG collected and distributed nearly $3.9 billion in childsupport payments to benefit more than 1.7 million Texas children. OFFICE OF CHILD SUPPORT 

ENFORCEMENT, ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2015 111–12 (2015), 

https://www.acf.hhs.gov/css/resource/fy-2015-annual-report-to-congress. Nationwide, the Child 

Support Program collected over $28.6 billion for the benefit of about 16 million children. Id. at iii. 

Participating states also collected nearly $4 billion through income-withholding orders, making 

the total of all collections approximately $32.4 billion. Id.

The Family Code defines a “Title IV-D case” as any case in which the OAG provides Title 

IV-D services “relating to the location of an absent parent, determination of parentage, or 

establishment, modification, or enforcement of a child support . . . obligation.” TEX. FAM. CODE
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§ 101.034. The Code requires courts to give Title IV-D cases priority over all other cases. Id.

§ 201.110(b). More specifically, courts must “complete” at least seventy-five percent of all Title 

IV-D cases within six months and at least ninety percent within one year. Id. § 201.110(a). To 

assist the courts in meeting these deadlines, chapter 201 subchapter B authorizes the presiding 

judge of each judicial administrative region to appoint an “associate judge” for any court that 

“require[s] the appointment of a part-time or full-time associate judge to complete each Title IVD case” within the time limits. Id. § 201.101(a), (b). 

A Title IV-D associate judge appointed under subchapter B “may render and sign any order 

that is not a final order on the merits of the case” and “may recommend to the referring court any 

order after a trial on the merits.” Id. § 201.104(b), (c). Any party who is dissatisfied with the 

associate judge’s order or judgment may request a de novo hearing before the referring court by 

filing a notice of that request “not later than the third working day after the date the associate judge 

signs the proposed order or judgment.” Id. § 201.1042(b). If a party timely requests a de novo 

hearing, the provisions of subchapter A generally govern that request. Id. § 201.1042(a). The

referring court must conduct the de novo hearing within thirty days. Id. § 201.015(f). The parties 

may present witnesses at the de novo hearing, and the referring court “may also consider the record 

from the hearing before the associate judge, including the charge to and verdict returned by a jury.” 

Id. § 201.015(c). If the associate judge conducted a jury trial before issuing the proposed order or 

judgment, the parties may not demand a second jury. Id. § 201.015(i). 

If the parties waive or fail to timely request a de novo hearing, the Title IV-D associate 

judge’s proposed order or judgment automatically becomes the referring court’s order or judgment 
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“by operation of law without ratification by the referring court,” unless the order provides for 

enforcement by contempt or by immediate incarceration of a party. Id. § 201.1041(a), (b). 

If a regional presiding judge appoints an associate judge under section 201.101, “all Title 

IV-D cases shall be referred to the associate judge by a general order for each county,” issued by 

either the regional presiding judge or the judge of the court for which the associate judge is 

appointed. Id. § 201.101(d). Before the OAG’s filing of its motion in this case, the presiding judge 

of the First Administrative Judicial Region entered general orders finding that the region’s courts 

require an associate judge to timely complete Title IV-D cases, appointing Title IV-D associate 

judges, and referring all the region’s Title IV-D cases to those associate judges. When the OAG 

filed its motion in this case, the case was automatically referred to the Title IV-D associate judge 

pursuant to these general orders.

III.

Title IV-D Case

Before addressing the primary issue of whether the Title IV-D associate judge had authority 

to hear conservatorship issues, we must first address the preliminary issue of whether this case 

properly belonged before the Title IV-D associate judge. See id. In the court of appeals, Father 

argued that the associate judge had no jurisdiction at all because this is not a “Title IV-D case.” 

The court of appeals rejected that argument, concluding that the OAG “instituted a Title IV-D 

case” when it filed its motion to modify the district court’s 2010 order. — S.W.3d at —. 

We agree with the court of appeals. This is a Title IV-D case because the OAG is providing 

services in this case relating to the modification of a child-support obligation. TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 101.034. The OAG requested in its motion that the court modify the 2010 order to change both 

the conservatorship provisions and the child-support obligations to reflect the fact that—according 
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to the OAG—Father had voluntarily relinquished custody of the children. Once the OAG filed that 

motion seeking to modify the child-support obligations, the presiding judge’s general order 

automatically referred the case to the Title IV-D associate judge. 

Father argues that the OAG cannot “transform” a pending suit into a Title IV-D case simply 

by “intervening” in the case. Father complains that reading the statute to allow the OAG to 

transform a private suit into a Title IV-D case deprives the parties of their “right” to litigate their 

dispute before an elected judge and forces them into a “more informal forum” before an unelected 

judge. Although that may be true, Father overlooks that the Code grants the parties the right to a 

de novo hearing before the elected judge. See id. § 201.1042(b). The associate judge’s proposed 

order or judgment becomes the referring court’s order or judgment only if the parties waive or fail 

to timely request a de novo hearing. Id. § 201.1041(a), (b). We assume that the Legislature believed 

that the efficiencies that Title IV-D associate judges provide for the collection and disbursement 

of child support in all cases outweigh any burden that appearing first before a Title IV-D associate 

judge may create in any particular case.

Father notes that the prior version of section 101.034 defined a “Title IV-D case” by 

referring only to services relating to the modification of a child-support obligation, not to the 

modification of conservatorship. See id. § 101.034. By contrast, Father notes, the Family Code 

included conservatorship-modification suits among the definition of “suits affecting the parentchild relationship.” Id. § 101.032(a). Father contends that the Legislature’s failure to expressly 

define a Title IV-D case to include a suit affecting the parent-child relationship or a 

conservatorship-modification suit precluded this case from qualifying as a Title IV-D case, despite 

the OAG’s motion seeking to modify child support.
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We disagree. Under the Family Code’s plain language, a Title IV-D case includes any 

“action” in which the OAG is providing Title IV-D services relating to the modification of a childsupport obligation. Id. § 101.034. “The term ‘action’ is generally synonymous with ‘suit,’ which 

is a demand of one’s rights in court.” Thomas v. Oldham, 895 S.W.2d 352, 356 (Tex. 1995); see 

Jaster v. Comet II Const., Inc., 438 S.W.3d 556, 563–64 (Tex. 2014) (plurality op.) (citing 

BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY at 28 (7th ed. 1999)) (“The common meaning of the term “action” 

refers to an entire lawsuit or cause or proceeding, not to discrete ‘claims’ or ‘causes of action’ 

asserted within a suit, cause, or proceeding.”). Although the applicable version of the Family Code 

did not specifically address the effect of the OAG’s decision to provide child-support modification 

services by “intervening” into an already pending action, it also did not specifically except such 

actions from its definition of a Title IV-D case. Nor did it except actions in which the OAG seeks 

to modify conservatorship as well as a child-support obligation. The Code was simply silent on 

the issue. Yet we must apply the plain language the statute actually used. Because the OAG is 

providing services in this case relating to the modification of a child-support obligation, we agree 

with the court of appeals and the OAG that this is a Title IV-D case under the statute’s former 

version.

IV.

Conservatorship Disputes

Having determined that this case became a Title IV-D case when the OAG filed its motion 

to modify the 2010 order, we now turn to the primary issue of whether the Title IV-D associate 

judge had authority to hear the OAG’s motion to modify conservatorship. The court of appeals 
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held that the Family Code, as it existed in 2014, granted the OAG no such authority.2 Father adopts 

the court of appeals’ reasoning and also argues that federal law did not authorize the OAG to seek 

to modify a conservatorship order. We conclude that the law granted the OAG authority to seek to 

modify conservatorship and authorized Title IV-D associate judges to decide that issue when it 

relates to the establishment or modification of a child-support obligation.

A. OAG’s authority

Father first contends that the OAG had no legal authority to seek to establish or modify 

conservatorship. We look to state law to determine the OAG’s authority, “because the Attorney 

General can only act within the limits of the Texas Constitution and statutes.” Perry v. Del Rio, 67 

S.W.3d 85, 92 (Tex. 2001). Here, however, the relevant state statute incorporated federal law by 

authorizing the OAG to “provide all services required or authorized to be provided by [Title IVD], including”

(1) parent locator services;

(2) paternity determination;

(3) child support and medical support establishment;

(4) review and adjustment of child support orders; 

(5) enforcement of child support and medical support orders; and

(6) collection and distribution of child support payments.

 

2 As mentioned, the Legislature has since amended the Family Code to expressly grant the OAG authority to 

seek to modify conservatorship and to expressly grant Title IV-D associate judges authority to decide conservatorship 

issues. For example, section 231.101(d) now provides that the OAG, acting as the state’s Title IV-D agency, “may 

file a petition for modification under Chapter 156,” which governs suits to “modify an order that provides for the 

conservatorship, support, or possession of and access to a child.” Act of June 8, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 963, § 2, 

2015 Tex. Gen. Laws 3407, 3408 (codified at TEX. FAM. CODE § 231.101(d)); see also TEX. FAM. CODE § 156.001. 

Section 101.034 now defines a “Title IV-D case” to include “a suit for modification filed by the Title IV-D agency 

under Section 231.101(d).” Act of May 29, 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., ch. 912, § 1.01–.02, 2017 Tex. Gen. Laws —,—

(codified at TEX. FAM. CODE § 101.034). And section 201.104 now expressly provides that a Title IV-D associate 

judge has the power to hear and render an order “on any matter necessary to be decided in connection with a Title IVD service, including . . . (5) a suit affecting the parent-child relationship; and (6) a suit for modification under Chapter 

156.” Act of May 25, 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., ch. 699, § 1, 2017 Tex. Gen. Laws —,— (codified at TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 201.104(e)). Because all of these amendments became effective after the Title IV-D associate judge received, heard, 

and decided this case, we need not consider these amendments here. Unless otherwise noted, references to the Family 

Code are to the version in effect at the time this case was pending in the trial court.
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TEX. FAM. CODE § 231.101(a). Because this list did not include establishment or modification of 

conservatorship, Father contends that the OAG was not authorized to provide such services. This 

list, however, is expressly non-exclusive: the section authorized the OAG to provide all services 

Title IV-D requires or authorizes a participating state’s IV-D agency to provide, “including” those 

listed. Id.

Section 231.101(a) requires that we look to Title IV-D to determine whether the OAG had 

authority to seek to modify conservatorship. The express purpose of the Title IV-D program is to 

ensure “that assistance in obtaining support will be available under this part to all children . . . for 

whom such assistance is requested.” 42 U.S.C. § 651. To fulfill that purpose, the statute requires 

participating states’ Title IV-D agencies to “provide services relating” not only to the 

“enforcement” or “modification” of existing child-support obligations, but also to the 

“establishment” of a child-support obligation that does not already exist. Id. § 654(4)(A). The 

statute also requires state agencies to “establish a service to locate parents” and authorizes them to 

obtain information about a parent’s location not only for “the purpose of” establishing and “setting 

the amount of” a new child-support obligation, id. §§ 653(a)(2), 653a(h)(1), but also for the 

purpose of “making or enforcing a child custody or visitation determination,” id. § 654(8) 

(emphasis added); see also id. § 663(d)(1) (defining “custody or visitation determination” to mean 

a court judgment, decree, or order “providing for the custody or visitation of a child,” including 

“initial orders and modifications”). 

In this case, the OAG sought to modify the 2010 order to reflect that Father had become 

the “noncustodial” parent and Mother had become the parent “with whom such children [were] 

living,” and that determination related to the OAG’s effort to modify the parents’ child-support 
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obligations. See id. § 654. Because the OAG’s request to modify conservatorship was a service 

that related to the establishment or modification of a child-support obligation, it constituted a 

service the federal statute authorized the OAG to provide. See id. § 654(4)(A).

Although the former version of the Texas Family Code, like the federal statute, did not 

expressly authorize the OAG to seek modification of conservatorship, it did authorize the OAG to 

provide all services that Title IV-D requires or authorizes. TEX. FAM. CODE § 231.101(a). The 

Code also granted governmental entities standing to file both an original suit to establish 

conservatorship and a suit to modify a conservatorship order. Id. §§ 102.003, 156.002. And the 

Code also expressly authorized the OAG, as the state’s Title IV-D agency, to review a support 

order at any time on a showing of a material and substantial change in circumstances, taking into 

consideration the best interests of the child. Id. § 231.101(d). We conclude that the Family Code 

authorized the OAG to seek to modify the children’s conservatorship because doing so related to 

the OAG’s effort to modify the parents’ child-support obligations in light of the change in the 

children’s circumstances.

B. Title IV-D associate judge’s authority

We also conclude that subchapter B of chapter 201 authorized the Title IV-D associate 

judge to hear the OAG’s motion to modify conservatorship. Section 201.104—entitled “Powers of 

Associate Judge”—broadly authorized Title IV-D associate judges to “refer a complex case back 

to the judge for final disposition after the associate judge has recommended temporary support,”

“render and sign any order that is not a final order on the merits of the case,” and “recommend to 

the referring court any order after a trial on the merits.” Id. § 201.104(a)–(c). Subsection (d) then 

limited that authority by providing that “[o]nly the referring court may hear and render an order 
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on a motion for postjudgment relief, including a motion for a new trial or to vacate, correct, or 

reform a judgment.” Id. § 201.104(d). But “[n]otwithstanding Subsection (d),” subsection (e) 

authorized Title IV-D associate judges to “hear and render an order on”

(1) “a suit to modify or clarify an existing child support order;”

(2) “a motion to enforce a child support order or revoke a respondent’s 

community supervision and suspension of commitment;”

(3) “a respondent’s compliance with the conditions provided in the associate 

judge’s report for suspension of the respondent’s commitment;” and

(4) “a motion for postjudgment relief, including a motion for a new trial or to 

vacate, correct, or reform a judgment, if neither party has requested a de 

novo hearing before the referring court.”

Id. § 201.104(e). 

Because the list set forth in subsection 201.104(e) did not expressly authorize Title IV-D 

associate judges to hear conservatorship issues, the court of appeals concluded that associate 

judges lacked such authority. But subsection 201.104(e) did not purport to provide an exclusive 

list of a Title IV-D associate judge’s authority. Subsection (e) merely listed exceptions to 

subsection (d), which prohibited a Title IV-D associate judge from ruling on a motion for postjudgment relief. See id. § 201.104(d). The court of appeals’ holding overlooks subsections (b) and 

(c), which authorized Title IV-D associate judges to “render and sign any order that is not a final 

order on the merits of the case” and “recommend to the referring court any order after a trial on 

the merits.” Id. § 201.104(b), (c) (emphases added). 

The Code authorized Title IV-D associate judges to render and recommend such orders to 

ensure that the courts “complete each Title IV-D case” within the statutory deadlines. Id.

§ 201.101(a). Because this is a Title IV-D case, section 201.104 authorized the Title IV-D associate 

judge to render and recommend any order necessary to timely “complete” the case, including an 

order on conservatorship related to the establishment of a child-support obligation. And to the 
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extent that the OAG’s motion was a “motion for postjudgment relief,” subsection 201.104(e)(4) 

authorized the Title IV-D associate judge to hear and render an order on that motion because no 

party had “requested a de novo hearing before the referring court.” Id. § 201.104(e)(4). We 

conclude that the previous version of chapter 201 subchapter B authorized the Title IV-D associate 

judge to hear and decide the OAG’s motion to modify conservatorship and child support in this 

case.3

V.

Conclusion

We hold that the former version of the Texas Family Code authorized the OAG to seek to 

modify the conservatorship provisions of the 2010 order because that service related to the 

establishment, modification, or enforcement of a child-support obligation. Once the OAG filed its 

motion to modify conservatorship and the child-support obligations, this became a Title IV-D case 

and the Title IV-D associate judge was authorized to render or recommend “any” order to 

“complete” the case. We thus disagree with the court of appeals’ holding that the Title IV-D 

associate judge lacked authority to enter the order modifying conservatorship and child support in 

this case. We affirm the court of appeals’ judgment reversing the associate judge’s order and 

remanding the case, however, solely on the independent ground that the associate judge failed to 

consider Father’s request to participate in the hearing by alternative means.

 

3 Having concluded that subchapter B authorized the Title IV-D associate judge to enter the order, we need 

not consider the parties’ arguments addressing whether the broader provisions of subchapter A also granted the 

associate judge such authority. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.102 (providing that subchapter A’s provisions apply to a 

Title IV-D associate judge “except that, to the extent of any conflict between” subchapter B and subchapter A, 

subchapter B prevails).
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_____________________

Jeffrey S. Boyd

Justice

Opinion delivered: October 20, 2017