1

Filed 8/11/ 21 CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION *

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Amador)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. GREGORY MICHAEL WILSON,

Defendant and Appellant. C083772 (Super. Ct. No. 14CR22366 )

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Amador County, Susan C. Harlan, Judge. Affirmed as modified. Hassan Gorguinpour and Deanna Lamb , under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defend ant and Appellant. Kamala D. Harris and Xavier Becerra, Attorney s General, Gerald A. Engler and Lance E. Winters , Chief Assistant Attorney s General, Michael P. Farrell, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Carlos A. Martinez Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Caely E. Fallini, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105 and 8.1110, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of Parts I, III, IV, V, VI, VII.2

A jury found defendant Gregory Michael Wilson guilty o f second degree murder.
He was sentenced to 17 years to life. On appea l he contends the trial court erred in failing to (1) instruct the jury sua sponte on defenses arising from the use of deadly force to protect against common law felonies ; (2) instruct sua sponte on the Home Protection Bill of Rights presumption ; and (3) provide the jury with verdict form s for voluntary manslaughter. He also contends (4) the errors cumulatively require reversal ; (5) his prior prison term enhancement must be struck in light of Senate Bill No. 136; and (6) the imposition of certain fine s and fees were unlawful in light of People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th 1157 ( Dueñas )

. We will strike the prior prison term enhancement and otherwise affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The victim was stabbed to deat h after an argument erupted a t a home gathering. At the house that night were three couples: the husband and wife , who lived in the house;
defendant and defendant’s girlfriend, who were staying at the house ; and the victim and his girlfriend

. Also there was a teenager , who had come to smoke marijuana , and four young children

. At trial, the adults and the teenager testif ied

. The victim’s girlfriend , defendant’s girlfriend, and the teenager testified for the prosecution . T he married couple and
defendant testif

ied for the defen se. With few exceptions, the witnesses ’ testimony largely agreed as to the events surrounding the stabbing. But they parted ways regarding the actual stabbing

.

The P arty and t he Subsequent Events
A ccording to witnesses , the victim and his girlfriend cam e to the married couple’s
house the day before the murder

. Also at the house were defendant and defendant’s girlfriend , who the married couple let stay at their home

. A teenager, who was friends
with the husband’s son , was th e re too ( though the son was not)

. Rounding out the group3

were the two young children of the married couple and two others who were the victim’s girlfriend ’s

. At the house, t he adults drank, smoked marijuana, and hung out. As it grew dark, the young children were put to bed. N ext, defendant and his girlfriend went to bed, followed by the teenager. Thereafter, the married couple, and the victim and his girlfriend retreated to the
master bedroom. M ethamphetamine w as consumed and at some point, a fight broke out

. 1
E ventually the married couple told the victim and girlfriend to leave. The quartet then moved to the living room , still fighting

. At some point, defendant woke up and confronted the victim outside at a gate between the stairs to the porch and the porch

. There defendant stabbed the victim five
times: once in the chest, once in the arm, and thrice in the back. Four of the wounds, the one to the chest and three to the back, were each fatal

. After the stabbing, defendant, his girlfriend, the married couple , their kids, and the teenager got in a van and left . Before leaving , the husband moved the victim out of the van’s way. They drove to the husband’s mother’s house. There, the married couple , defendant , and his girlfriend concocted a story to tell polic e , assigning blame to a fictional “Mike Wright

. ”
Later , the husband, the wife, and d efendant’s girlfriend each pled guilty to felony accessory after the fact. At defendant’s trial, t he jury heard five separate accounts of the murder

. But o nly
the wife and defendant claimed to remember the actual stabbing.

1 The fight’s origin is disputed: the victim’s girlfriend testified it started when she f e ll
o ff the bed and her hand accidently caught the wife’s face. The husband testified it started when the victim’s girlfriend punched the victim and then the wife. The wife testified it started when group sex was proposed, the victim signaled his willingness, and his girlfriend punched him in the face followed by the wife.4 The Prosecution Witnesses Accounts
The V ictim’s G irlfriend The victim’s girlfriend

— who drank at least eight shots with beer , smoked marijuana , and was on medication

— testified that after leaving the master bedroom , the fight continued in the living room

. The wife threatened her , while she and the victim
tried to deescalate. Defendant and the husband joined the fray 2 , with everyone telling the
victim to leave and the girlfriend to stay because she was too intoxicated to drive

. The victim’s girlfriend took her kids down to her car , but it was locked, so she
waited by the car with her kids

. When t he victim arrived , s he told him she didn’t have her keys. The victim returned to the house and was told the keys weren’t in side

. When
the victim relayed the response , t he girlfriend told him to go back

. He did but never came back.
It was too dark to see , and the girlfriend hear d no yelling or commotion. Instead, she saw the married couple, defendant , and his girlfriend run down the stairs and pile into
the van in the driveway . She then saw the van headlights illuminate the victim’ s body.
The T eenager The teenager testified that w hen he went to bed , the noise kept him from sleeping

. He heard the commotion in the master bedroom , along with the victim and girlfriend being told to leave , and the victim asking for his car keys. He then heard the group o n the porch. This was followed by the sound of defendant being told that the victim and
g irlfriend were messing up the porch and not wanting to leave . He then heard defendant and defendant’s girlfriend on the porch , along with the wife’s yelling

.

2 The victim’s girlfriend testified defendant and defendant’s girlfriend never went to bed but remained in the living room.5

For several minutes, defendant repeatedly told the victim to leave. Defendant then said: “ You have five seconds to get off the porch or I’m going to stab you.” 3 The order was followed by a “ ruffling, commotion,” and then he heard someone (he thought it was defendant) say , “I stabbed him

. ” S omeone else scream ed , “You stabbed him?” The teenager subsequently got in the van and left with the others

. Defendant’s G irlfriend Defendant’s girlfriend of 11 years testified that she and defendant went to be d

a fter a day where “everybody drank and did drugs, smoked weed.” She woke to the
sound of fighting and screaming. The victim was “ hollering obscenities and asking for his keys. ” She also heard the front door being kicked multiple times

. She went t o the living room and saw the wife screaming that the victim’s girlfriend had punched her. The husband was also there, trying to get the victim , who was then outside, to leave. The married couple went out on the porch, to confront the victim who was try ing to come back up the stairs to the porch : “[the wife] was climbing over the top of [the husband] to hit [the victim] and pull his hair and screaming obscenities, and [the husband] was standing between them, just trying to get them to stop.” At some p oint, the husband asked defendant’s girlfriend to get defendant. She

went to the bedroom , woke him , and told him the victim wasn’t leaving the house and the married couple were fighting with him . D efendant said he would, “ F

- ing kill him. ” Defendant’s gi rlfriend , however, did not take the comment seriously ; d efendant just
seemed m ad at being woken up

. A lso , she and defendant had always gotten along with
the victim , and she didn ’ t think defendant had smoked or drank enough to be impaired.

3 The teenager was later recalled by the defense during its case and he testified he never said this. He claimed what he heard defendant say was “You have five seconds to leave or something else is going to happen.”6

Defendant dressed and went out on the porch . T he victim was still trying to come up the porch stairs, and the married couple were still on the porch. Defendant’s girlfriend
went into the room with the teenager and waited. Less t han 10 minutes later, she heard the wife come into the house screaming, “We got to go, we got to go, we got to go.” They all got in the van and left

. Defendant’s girlfriend testified she never heard the victim make a threat , she only heard him repeatedly ask for his keys.
The Defense Witness es Accounts
The H usband
T he husband explained that he had known defendant for 10 to 15 years. As to his memory of the night , he admitted : “My timeline, it was horrible

. . . it’s been years and I was drinking heav ily.”
After defendant and his girlfriend went to bed, t he husband and his wife, along
with the victim and the victim’s girlfriend drank and used methamphetamine. A n altercation led to the victim and girlfriend being asked to leave.
The group migrated to the living room, and the victim and girlfriend ended up
outside. When the security door locked behind them, the victim scream ed, yell ed , banged a window, and “started kicking on the doors

. . . trying to break into the house.” The husband testified the victim’s demeanor w as violent , explain ing , “I was concerned for everyone’s safety.” He added, “I d idn’t know what would happen if he
made it into the house

. . . . He was extremely belligerent and drunk and, you know, making thr eats

. ” He also said : “I guess the big hangup with them leaving was their keys were missing, and to try and keep everyone separated I wasn’t able to look for these keys and I didn’t feel safe letting him inside to look for the keys.”
A sked about waking d efendant , the husband answered: “I don’t remember who woke him up or asking anyone anything. I mean, honestly, I was just really drunk. I was, you know, falling

- down, blackout drunk almost.”7

At some point the victim came to the front door and was tryin g to get inside. The husband worried he would assault someone. With defendant in earshot, the victim said his brother kills people and is in prison for killing someone. He also said he had a gun in
the truck , claimed to be unafraid of killing , and issued several threats to , “kick your ass,” “stab you guys,” and “kill you.” At one point defendant went outside , and the husband could not clearly see what happened. “He was on the porch. That’s all I know.” 4 The victim was either on the porch o r on the steps. D efendant tried to calm the victim , who continued yelling, screaming, and making threats. The husband vaguely recalled the victim turn ing and leaving : “that’s what I remembered. And so it’s foggy what happened right before he left, but yeah, I just saw him leave. He just walked down the steps and walked away

. ”
S ometime after , defendant returned to the house , and the husband “possibly” heard
defendant say, “I stabbed him.”
On cross

- examination , the husband was asked about telling an investi gating
officer that defendant pushed past him at the security door and went out to the victim on the porch , the husband said, “I don’t remember specifically.” Asked about saying there was almost instantly a fight, he said, “I do remember something about a fight.” Asked about defendant “bro

- hugg [ ing ] ” the victim, the husband said, “Maybe. I think.” 5 The husband denied any memory of telling the officer the victim never made any threats to the husband or his family, nor did he threaten to arm himself.

4 T he husband testified that he did not know if he and his wife were on the porch when defendant went outside with the victim.

5 On redirect, he testified, “I really don’t remember,” when asked if he had seen the “bro

- hug” or simply heard about it.8

The W ife
The wife testified that after the blowup in the bedroom, they went to the living

room. She and her husband continue d to tell the victim and girlfriend to leave , while t he victim’s girlfriend was attacking everybody and screaming.
The victim and girlfriend gather ed their things and made a couple o f trips to their

car. The wife testified, “ it was brought to our attention that keys were missing

. . . . ” At some point, the victim and girlfriend left the house and the door was shut and locked
behind them : “it didn’t feel safe having them in the home.” She told them to wait while they looked for the keys. After 20 minutes of looking , she woke defendant and his girlfriend

. She told defendant’s girlfriend “everything’s out of control,” and she needed help finding the keys. She also asked defendant to help her husband diffuse the situation. She
could hear banging and kicking on the window and door. “It felt like they were trying to break into my house.” 6
D efendant went with the husband to the door. At some point, defendant’s girlfriend and the wife told the victim and his girlfriend that their key s couldn’t be found , and they wouldn’t be let back in. The victim and girlfriend “freaked out , ” and were “actively, like, trying to break my window and trying to break

. . . my screen door” to get
in. The victim said he h ad a brother who was in prison for murder , a dding he was “ not afraid to fucking kill you

. ”
D efendant and the married couple ended up on the porch. The wife did not
remember who opened the door. The victim was standing on the stairs on one side of the gate separat ing the porch from the porch stairs ; the married couple, defendant and his

6 Called on rebuttal, an officer testified to seeing no boot mark or indentation on the security gate; the gate was merely “worn” and “weathered.”9

girlfriend were on the other side , standing on the porch

. The wife denied trying to crawl over her husband to get at the victim.
The victim kept refus ing to leave without the keys , threat ing , “you’re going to have to fight me if you want me to leave , ” “I’ll fuck you up , ” and , “I’m not afraid to fucking kill you.” The wife testified, “I was scared. I mean, he was freaked out,” She added, “He
wanted in to get his keys. And

. . . he had stated several times that he was going to get them, and so I was worried that yeah, he could hurt somebody. I didn’t feel like he was going to hurt me.”
After 10 minutes or so , while the victim was on the top steps of the stairs , leaning
over the “ railing, ” the victim lunged at defendant. D efendant and the victim then got “ in some sort of, like, scuffle, like a little kind of fight, like a punchy kind of thing, kind of like not super intense, ” and d efendant put his ar m around the victim as though he was giving a hug

. T he victim then w alked away. The wife asked defendant what he had said to the victim. Defendant held up a knife and said, “I fucking stabbed him.”
On cross

- examination, the wife was a sked if she told an officer that defendant had
said to her: “I fucking told him, I fucking told him you don’t come here and fuck with us like that,” she responded : “I don’t recall saying that, but again, if it’s in my statement, then I’m sure that I said that.” She conceded t e l ling an officer, her husband w as very strong, and the victim could n o t have gotten through the gate with him holding it shut

. She also agreed she was not in fear of her life, and the victim never brought the safety of
her kids into the situation

. Defendant ’s Testimony
D efendant testified that before going to bed, around 10 :00 p

. m

. , he was smoking
concentrated cannabis and taking a “few shots

. ” “Everybody was drinking excessively.”10

The wife woke him, saying the victim wouldn’t leave. Defendant went to the victim in the front room and told him to go. He hugged the victim and led him outside. Defendant had known the victim for around 18 months and had never had any arguments
with him

. But after shutting the door, the victim “got really, really just amp ed up and he got violent.”
The victim started kicking the door , sa y ing , “I need my F

- ing keys .” He grew more aggressive, demanding to get in. The wife yelled back at the victim through the window. The married couple and defendant joined the victim on t he porch. The victim was shouting, “Fuck you motherfuckers , ” as he was told to leave.
T he victim st ood on the top of the stairs by the gate , and wanted in. He continued
to make threats , saying that either he or his brother w as in prison for murder. The victim said he wasn’t afraid to kill , and defendant believed it

. The married couple were at the gate, and the wife continu ed to yell at the victim. For 10 to 15 minutes defendant tried to reason with the victim. According to defendant,
the victim said , “ ‘ I’m going to kill you motherfuckers and [the wife] and the kids. ’ ” Defendant thought the victim was “going to try to hurt somebody.” However, he did not see any weapons in the victim’s possession. And the wife had a flashlight, while the
husband had a bat. Defendant testified the victim lunged toward him, and he responded by grabbing
his knife from his pocket and stabbing the victim. 7 He descr ibed grabbing the knife as “a reaction,” adding it “just happened so damn fast.” The victim then veered to the left, and
defendant stabbed him. He added, “and then he’s going around and I stab, and then I stab, stab, stab. It just happened so fast. It was in a second.” Defendant testified that when the victim veered past him, he thought the victim was going toward the married

7 Defendant testified that he normally carrie s a knife in his left pocket and he “use[s] it as a tool when [he] work [ s ] on cars

. ”11

couple. The first stab was to the neck or chest area , the next was to the arm , and then he
stabbed the victim in the back becau se he kept going past defendant

. Defendant admitted to stabbing the victim five times. 8 He explained, “I just reacted. I was scared. I thought he was going to come after me and after them. He was threatening to kill People. I didn’t know. I believe d him.” After the last stab to the back , the victim turned around
and left. Defendant denied there was a scuffle or “punchy fight” between him and the
victim. And he admitted that w hen he was interviewed by law enforcement after his
arrest, he told them he did not remember how the stabbing happened . He told them, “I don’t know what the F happened, I really don’t. I don’t know exactly how it went
down

. ” 9
Verdict and Sentencing The jury found defendant guilty of second degree murder ( Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)) 10 , and found he had used a deadly weapon (§ 12022, subd (b)(1) )

. The trial court
found defendant had sustained a prior prison term for felon in possession of a firearm (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). The trial court imposed a sentence of 15 years to life for second degree murder along with two consecutive one

- year terms for the deadly weapon enhancement and the prior prison term.

8 Law enforcement found blood drops on the stair hand railing, the steps and the walkway leading away from the steps. A single drop of blood was found on the porch

. The paths of the stab wound to the chest and two stab wounds to the back were downward

.
9 A psychologist testified that defendant suffered from Post

- Traumatic Stress Disorder. (PTSD) He testified that when a person with PTSD goes through a traumatic event, “they
can ’ t remember a lot of things” if interviewed “right after an event” but over time the person might “start to randomly remember” and fill in the “gaps.”

10 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.12 DISCUSSION
I. I nstruction s on Defense Against Commission of Common Law Felonies
D efendant raises three con tentions , each challeng ing the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury , sua sponte, on defense s arising from defendant’s fear that the victim
would enter the house to take the car keys. He specifically challenges the court’s failure
to include optional bracketed portions of CALCRIM Nos. 505 and 506, a s well as the
failure to include similar language in CALCRIM No. 571. We find no error.
A. Pertinent Instructions Given
Before closing arguments , t he trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 505, “ J ustifiable H omicide : S elf

- D efense or D efense of A n other

. ” T he jury was told , in pertinent part, that a defendant is not guilty of murder where he “reasonably believed that he or someone was in imminent danger of being killed or suffering great bodily injury;” and “the defendant reasonably believed that the imminent use of deadly force was necessary to defend against that danger. ” The jury was als o instructed with CALCRIM No. 506, “ J ustifiable H omicide : D efending A gainst H arm to P erson W ithin H ome or on P roperty.” It was told a defendant is not guilty of murder if he “reasonably believed that he was defending a home against [the victim] who viole ntly or riotously or tumultuously tried to enter the home intending to commit an act of violence against someone inside ;

. . . the defendant reasonably believed that the danger was imminent ;

. . . [and] reasonably believed that the use of deadly force was necessary to defend against the danger

. . . . ” The jury was also instructed with CALCRIM No. 571, “ Voluntary Manslaughter: Imperfect Self

- Defense or Imperfect Defense of Another .” It was told, “ [a] killing that
would otherwise be murder is reduced to v oluntary manslaughter if the defendant killed a person because he acted in imperfect self

- defense or imperfect defense of another.” This requires that “ the defendant actually believed that he or someone else was in imminent danger of being killed or suffe ring great bodily injury, and

. . . believed that the13

immediate use of deadly force was necessary to defend against the danger, but

. . . at least one of those beliefs was unreasonable.”
B. Defendant’s C ontentions Defendant maintains that the jury should have been told that deadly force is also justified whe n defending against certain common law felonies, including robbery or burglary

. Defendant points to the optional bracketed language in CALCRIM Nos. 505 alluding to the use of force to defen d against “imminent danger o f being

. . . robbe d

. . . [or the victim of an] other forcible and atrocious crime , ” and to similar language in
CALCRIM No. 506 regarding the defense against an intruder bent on committing a

“ forcib le and atrocious crime

. . . . ” He argues that t he bracketed language should have
been included and similar language should have been appended to the CALCRIM No. 571 instruction on imperfect self

- defense

. Defendant reasons that in his case , the victim’s conduct constituted robbery and burglary a (“ ‘ forcible and atrocious crime ’ ”) under a common law d efinition of robbery. In support he cites a treatise from 1894 and argues the property subject to the robbery need not belong to the victim , it need only be in the victim’s possession. Therefore, the
trial court should have instructed on defense against a felony arising from defendant’s fear that the victim was attempting to enter the home at night to take property by force , namely the keys

. The contention is meritless.
C

. Analysis A trial court must instruct the jury, sua sponte, on defenses relied on by the defense or that are supported by substantial evidence and not inconsistent with the defense’s theory of the case. ( People v. Rangel (2016) 62 Cal.4th 1192, 1224.) “Substantial evidence supporting sua sponte instruction on a particular defense is
evidence that is ‘ sufficient to “ deserve consideration by the jury, i.e., ‘ evidence from which a jury composed of reasonable [persons] could have concluded ’ ” ’ that the particular facts underlying the instruction did exist.” ( People v. Brooks (2017) 3 Ca l.5th14

1, 75.) Here, substantial evidence did not support an instruction on the need to defend against a robbery or burglary. First, d efendant asserts the victim “wanted to enter the home and take those keys against the wishes of everyone who lived there.” This is only partially correct. The evidence establishes that they did not want the victim to enter the home, but it does not
estab lish that they wanted to keep the keys

— the evidence establishes they would have given the victim the keys if they had found them. Second, a ssuming arguendo that the common law definition of robbery and burglary (as opposed to the current statutory defi nition of those crimes) is the appropriate definition for consideration on whether to give the instruction , there is not substantial evidence that the keys could have be en the target property underlying such crimes even at common law

. T he occupants of the home did not own the keys that were the subject of the supposed robbery and burglary. Defendant asserts the keys need not have belonged
to them , but only need have been in their possession

. In support, he relies on People v.
Edwards (1925) 72 Cal.App. 1 02. But he apparently would have us ignore what the
Edwards court said in this regard : “ The third essential element in the crime of larceny is
that the thing taken and carried away should be the property of another

. [Citation

. ] That is, someone other t han the taker must have in the thing taken a general or special property right which is invaded by the trespass committed in the taking. Considered as an element of larceny, ‘ ownership ’ and ‘ possession ’ may be regarded as synonymous terms; for one who has the right of possession as against the thief is, so far as the latter is concerned, the owner .” ( Id . at p. 116 , italics added .) Here, t here is simply no evidence
that the home occupants had a right of possession as to the keys. At oral argument, counsel for defendant argued that the mere act of possessing the keys conferred a legal right upon the residents to possess the keys against the intrusion
for the reason that the victim and his girlfriend lef t the keys in the house voluntarily

. Counsel provided no authority for that proposition and we are aware of none. As we see15

it, no evidence established that the occupants had a right to possess the keys and thus they could not be the victim of a larceny. Third, w hile witnesses testified that the victim had demanded the keys, made threats, and kicked the door ; and the witnesses feared the victim would get in

— n o witness testified that defendant ’s use of deadly force was in defen se of a n attempted robbery or burglary or any form of theft

. O nly two witnesses , the wife and defendant, testified to actually seeing the stabbing , o r having any memory of it . And both testif ied that defendant used deadly force because the victim lunged at defendant and the married couple

. Asked what he was thinking when he stabbed the victim, defendant testified : “I wasn’t. I just reacted. I was scared. I thought he was going to come after me and after them. He was threatening to kill people I didn’t know. I believed him.” He also testified that the last thing the victim said before lunging was, “I’m going to kill you motherfuckers and [the wife] and the kids.” Defendant did not testify he was trying to stop the victim from taking property, let alone the keys belong ing to the victim’s girlfriend. Indeed, as noted, the evidence established that the residents would have voluntarily given the keys to the victim if they could have found them.
With no evidence the house occupants had a possessory interest over the keys o r that defendant reasonably believed deadly force was necessary to defend against a robbery or burglary involving the theft of those keys , there was no cause to give such an
instruction. Defendant asserted he killed in self

- defense or defense of others

— a theory the jury rejected. This claim of instructional error is meritless.
I I
. Home Protection B ill of R ights
A. Section 198.5
D efendant contends the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on the H ome P rotection B ill of R ights , under section 198.5. S ection 198.5 provides: “Any person using force intended or likely to cause death or great bodily injury within his or her
residence shall be presumed to have held a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or16

great bodily injury to self, family, or a member of the household when that force is used against another person , no t member of the family or household, who unlawfully and forcibly enters or has unlawfully and forcibly entered the residence and the person using
the force knew or had reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry occurred

. ” (§ 198.5.) (Italics added) Defendant argues a section 198.5 instruction create s a presumption in his favor and failing to give it was error. As the italicized language makes clea r, the presumption applies only when the
resident uses force within the residence . That is not what happened here. Accordingly, we conclude defendant’s claim is meritless.
B . Additional Background As pertinent to this contention, the house was elevate d 10 to 15 feet above the road. The porch was elevated and had stairs leading up to it from a walkway that connected to the driveway. There was a wooden gate at the top of the stairs. The gate was secured by a latch and did not have a lock. The front d oor to the residence had a black metal security screen door with a locking lower handle and dead bolt lock. Law enforcement found no damage to the porch gate or the front door security screen door.
C . Analysis
The s ection 198.5 presumption requires that a resident’s use of force must be
within the residence , and thus an unlawful and forcible entry i nto a residence is a predicate to application of the presumption

. ( People v. Brown (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1489, 1494

- 1495 ( Brown ); see also 1 Witk in & Epstein, Cal

. Criminal Law (4 th ed. 2020) Defenses, § 76 [“ Entry into the residence is required before the presumption applies ”] .) 11

11 There are actually four elements to the section 198.5 presumption: (1) an unlawful and forcible entry into a residence; (2) by someone who is not a member of the family or the household; (3) t he residential occupant used “deadly” force (as defined in § 198.5) against the victim within the residence ; and (4) the residential occupant knew of the unlawful and forcible entry. ( Brown , supra, 6 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1494

- 1495.) We17

H ere the victim had not forced entry into the residence ; he was on the steps to the porch
when he was stabbed.
This court held that a porch is not a residence for purposes of section 198.5 in
Brown , supra, 6 Cal.App.4th at p. 1491 . There, the defendant resident, while standing in his front doorway, shot the victim , who was standing on the defendant’s porch at the
time

. ( Ibid .) The Brown court held: “ Although there was evidence that the victim’s entry onto defendant’s front porch was unlawful and forcible, an entry onto a front porch like defendant’s does not constitute entry into a residence as required under section 198.5. ” ( Ibid

. , italics added. ) The porch in Brown was “a n unenclosed front porch, without any signs, gates or other indications that would tend to show the residential occupant did not expect intrusion i nto that area .” ( Ibid .) In holding the porch was not the “ residence ” for purpose of section 198.5, t he Brown court explained: “A reasonable person would not expect protection from unauthorized intrusion onto this kind of porch. Quite the contrary

. Soc ial convention dictates that anyone wishing to summon the occupant ’ s presence or gain entry into the home must first enter the porch.” ( Id . at p. 1497.) Similarly, here, nothing about the residence indicates the married couple expected protection from unauthorized intrusion onto the porch. The porch gate had no lock

. And

as is apparent from p hotos of the porch and gated stairs in the record , anyone wishing to summon the occupants inside the home wo uld have to first enter the porch through the gate

. Defendant attempts to distinguish Brown , pointing to its language that : “ A bsent

‘ no soliciting ’ signs or a gate or some other barrier, G irl S couts selling cookies, the person delivering the newspaper, the door

- to

- door salesperson or any stranger will likely come onto a front porch of this nature, without permission. The reasonable residential

address the third element here, whether the resident used force against the victi m within the residence.18

occupant would not react violently to this entry. ” ( Brown , supra, 6 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1497

– 1498 .) He argues t hat here , by contrast , the porch was elevated with a latching gate , and to reach the porch one had to walk from the sidewalk, up the L

- shaped driveway, and up a set of stairs. He maintains that with the porch stair gate la t c h ed, “a resident could rightly expect to be free from intrusion onto the porch.” We disagree.
While the Brown court noted the absence of a gate, its absence was not dispositive. Rather the holding turned on the absence of anything in the “ nature of struct ure ’ s composition

. . . such that a reasonable person would expect some protection from unauthorized intrusions.” ( Brown , supra , 6 Cal.App.4th at p. 1496.) While here the porch had a gate, nothing indicates it was there to protect from unauthorized intru sions. Indeed, the wife told an officer the gate was put in to keep the kids from falling off the
stairs. Nobody testified it was installed for security or keeping people off the porch. T he gate was no taller than the porch railings, it had no visible lock, and nothing on it would
indicate to someone delivering a package or selling cookie s that entering the porch to knock on the door was not permitted. And while there was a metal security gate on the
house , i t was attach ed to the front door, not the stairs leading to the porch.
Defendant also argues that we should consider how the gate was used prior to the stabbing. He notes that at the time of the stabbing, the residents were using it to keep the
victim o ut , and any permission previously given to the victim had been effectively rescinded. Thus, according to defendant, the gate marked the boundary of their residence “in their minds and in fact.” Defendant also argues th at a general consent to enter spaces can be restricted to certain purposes or certain times. At oral argument, counsel for
defendant argued that in addition to the gate, there was a trio of people trying to keep the victim from entering onto the porch and based on that testimony an instruct ion on the section 198.5 presumption should have been given

. Defendant cite s no authority supporting an expansion or contraction of what
would be considered within the residence based on the residents ’ conduct at the time19

force was used against an intrud er

. And i n our view, t his elastic approach to defining what is within a residence is untenable. It would allow the presumption to be applied
wherever a resident takes a stand against an intruder , effectively render ing the requirement that the force be used within the residence a nullity. As we have noted, the Brown holding turned on the absence of anything in the

“ nature of a structure’s composition

. . . such that a reasonable person would expect some protection from unauthorized intrusions.” ( Brown , supra , 6 Cal.App.4th at p. 1496.) In reaching that conclusion, the Brown court looked to the decisional law on burglary to determine what constitutes an entry into a residence. ( Id . at p p .1495

- 1496.) All of those cases focused on the physical part of the structure where the entry was made and none considered conduct by the residents. ( Ibid .) Consistent with that analysis , we look to the physical character of the residence to determin e whether an area is within the residence for purposes of section 19 8.5. T he activities of the residents outside a residence does not expand the area defined by the “structure’s composition” beyond that which would
otherwise be considered within the residence. Accordingly, we conclude that the porch here was not a residence for purposes of
section 198.5. T he trial court , therefore, had no duty to instruct on the Home Protection Bill of Rights

.

III. Defendant ’s C laims of I neffective A ssistance of C ounsel
Defendant also claim s his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in fail ing to request the above discussed instructions. Having concluded th ose instruction s were unsupported by the evidence, we reject the claim of ineffective assistance. (See People v. Thompson (2010) 49 Cal.4th 79, 122 [ “Counsel is not ineffective for failing to make frivolous or futile motions” ].)
I V
. Verdict F orms D efendant next contends the trial court erred in failing to provide verdict form s for voluntary manslaughter , after the jury was told it would receive verdict forms. He claims20

prejudic e because the jury was not instructed with CALCRIM No. 640 , and the jury returned verdicts on the least culpable charge for which they were provided verdict
form s

. Again, we conclude defendant’s cla im is meritless.
A. Additional Background The jury was instructed on first and second degree murder and voluntary manslaughter. At the outset of those instructions, the jury was instructed to “decide whether the killing in this case was unlawful, and if so, what specific crime was committed.” The jury was also instructed on two theories of voluntary manslaughter, sudden quarrel

- heat of passion and imperfect self

- defense. During closing argument, the prosecutor told the jury : “If you find first degree,

. . . then there is no need to evaluate that second degree or the voluntary manslaughter. However, if you find not guilty on the first degree, then you go on to evaluate whether there’s second degree and then so forth.” She also explained: “even if you find the second degree, malice aforethought, and the additional wi llful, premeditated, and deliberate, you still have to evaluate whether there’s some type of reduction that takes it

to a voluntary manslaughter.” Defense counsel provided argument concerning voluntary manslaughter. Counsel first discussed imperfect sel f

- defense, segue ing into that theory of voluntary manslaughter from an argument about complete self

- defense. C ounsel argued: “It’s not
first

- degree; it’s not second

- degree. It’s either innocent or possibly manslaughter.” Counsel then argued sudden quar rel

- heat of passion voluntary manslaughter, stating: “So this certainly applies to that confrontation there at the top of the steps and the surrounding circumstances as [defendant] perceived them at that moment, in that place. [¶ ] So this

— this would r educe the offense to manslaughter. So please take a look at

. . . the heat

- of

passion instruction

. ” As part of the court’s concluding instructions, before deliberations, the trial court
told the jury : “If you need to communicate with me while you’re de liberating, send a21

note through the bailiff

. . . .” “Do not take anything I said or did during the trial as an
indication of what

. . . your verdict should be.” And “You will be given verdict forms.”
B. Analysis Our high court has explained , “ a ny fail ure to provide a [verdict] form, if error it is, results in no prejudice when the jury has been properly instructed on the legal issue the trial presented. ” ( People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 689

– 690 ( Osband ) .) “ W hen

‘ the jury has been properly instructed as to the different degrees of the offense, it must be presumed that if [the jurors ’ ] conclusion called for a form of verdict with which they were not furnished, they would either ask for it or write one for themselves. It certainly

co uld have no necessary tendency to preclude them from finding such verdict. ’ ” ( Id . at
p. 690 .) Here, following Osband , we conclude any error in failing to provide a manslaughter verdict form was harmless. H ad the jury wished to find defendant guilty of

t hat charge, it would have either informed the court of the missing verdict form or written
its own.
Undeterred by the precedent of our state’s high court , defendant argues that because the jury was not instructed with CALCRIM No. 640 and because the jury returned a verdict on the least culpable charge for which they were provided a form, the
error was not harmless. CALCRIM No. 640 essentially instructs th e jury on the order i t
may consider homicide counts , and that it may not return a guilty verdict on a lesser
include d offense unless it has found the defendant not guilty of the greater offense.
Defendant argues that CALCRIM No. 640 “would have clued the jury into the fact that they were missing a form to match a finding of voluntary manslaughter.” He adds that
the bench notes to CALCRIM No. 640 requires the trial court to instruct , sua sponte , with CALCRIM No. 640 or 641 in all cases charging first degre e murder along with lesser
included offenses.22

D efendant’s position is untenable. We assume jurors are intelligent, particularly when it comes to understanding jury instructions. (See People v. Sattiewhite (2014) 59 Cal.4th 446, 475 [“ ‘ “ ‘we must assume that jurors are intelligent persons and capable of understanding and correlating all jury instructions which are given’ ” ’ ”].) I t is
in conceivable that a jury

— having be en instructed on voluntary manslaughter and hearing closing arguments on it

— would either forget about voluntary manslaughter or conclude it was no longer an avail able option because the verdict form s were missing

. It
is even more improbable that had such a misunderstanding occurred, CALCRIM No. 640
would have cure d it

. Finding no prejudice in the missing verdict form s for voluntary manslaughter , the
contention f

ails. 12
V. Cumulative Error
Defendant also contends the above claimed errors were cumulatively prejudicial.
H av ing rejected those claims of error , we reject this contention as well. ( See People v.
Bolin (1998) 18 Cal. 4th 297, 335.)
VI. Senate Bill No. 136 In supplemental briefin g , defendant asks that we strike his one

- year prior prison term enhancement in light of Senate Bill No. 136 (2019

- 2020 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2019, ch. 590, § 1) . Effective January 1, 2020, Senate Bill No. 136 eliminates the se ction 667.5

one

- year prior prison term enhancement for all prior convictions, except sexually violent

12 Defendant also contends his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to
ensure the jury was provided with verdict form s for voluntary manslaughter. We reject this contention for two reasons. First, as discussed, no prejudice resulted from the missing verdict form s . Second, defendant offers no reasoned grounds for holding defense counsel responsible for missing verdict form s , particularly where nothing indicat es counsel was or should be part of the forms ’ chain o f custody.23

offenses. (§ 667.5, subd. (b).) The People agree defendant is entitled to its ameliorative
benefit. 136. We agree with the parties that because defenda nt’s sentence is not yet final, and because his prior offense was not a sexually violent offense, he is entitled to the ameliorative benefit of the amendment. ( People v. Gastelum (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 757, 761, 772; People v. Winn (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 85 9, 872

- 873; People v. Lopez (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 337, 341.)
We will therefore strike the one

- year prior prison term.
V I I
. Fines and Fees In supplemental brief

ing , d efendant contends the imposed $30 conviction

assessment (G ov . C ode § 70373 ) and the $40 court security fee (§ 1465.8 ) violated his right to due process and equal proception. He also contends the statutory minimum $300 restitution fine (§ 1202.4) violated his right to due process and freedom from excessive
fines. In support, h e cites Dueñas , supra, 30 Cal.App.5th 1157, which held due process requires the trial court to stay execution of restitution fines, as well as court operation and conviction assessments, until it has held a hearing and determined the defendant has the present abi lity to pay. Defendant argues that, as a practical matter, in prison one has no meaningful earning capacity , and there is no evidence he had substantial assets. Thus , under the circumstances, the imposition of those fines and fees violated his right to d ue process and equal protection. The People respond that defendant has forfeited the claim by fail ing to raise any due process argument with the trial court , let alone express concern about ability to pay.
We decline to find forfeiture because the trial court imposed only the minimum restitution fines along with mandatory operation and conviction assessments, and therefore at the time of sentencing, which was pre

- Dueñas , defendant had no cause to object. (See People v. Jones (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 1028, 1 034 ( Jones ) [“[the defendant] could not have been expected to anticipate Dueñas , even though Dueñas applied24

principles first articulated in other contexts long ago”]; cf. People v. Frandsen (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 1126, 1154 [Pre

- Dueñas , the defendant had an obligation to object on ability to pay grounds where the trial court imposed the maximum restitution fine].)
In c onsidering the merits, w e note that Dueñas is currently being debated , and o ur Supreme Court is now poised to resolve this que stion, having granted review in People v. Kopp (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 47, review granted November 13, 2019, S257844, which
followed Dueñas in part. ( Kopp , at pp. 94

- 97.) But we need not take a position on that
debate here, because a ssuming Dueñas was corr ectly decided , any error i n failing to determine defendant’s ability to pay before imposing the minimum fines and fees was harmless. Courts applying Dueñas have held the failure to conduct an ability to pay hearing
harmless w here the imposed prison term affords sufficient time to pay the fines through prison earnings. (See Jones , supra , 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 1035 [“Given that the restitution fine is $300 and the assessments are $70, Jones will have sufficient time to earn these amounts during his sentence, even assuming Jones earns nothing more than the minimum”]; People v. Johnson (2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 134 , 139 [“The ide a that he cannot afford to pay $370 while serving an eight

- year prison sentence is unsustainable”].) And
here , defendant has challenged a total of $370 in fines and fees

. Nothing in the record
indicates his now 1 6

- year

- to

- life term will not afford him am ple opportunity to pay those

assessments

. Accordingly, any error in failing to determine defendant’s ability to pay was
harmless.

*****25 DISPOSITION The judgment is modified to strike the one

- year prior prison term enhancement imposed under Penal Code section 667.5 , subdivision (b)

. The clerk of the trial court is directed to amend the abstract of judgment accordingly and forward a copy thereof to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. As modified , t he judgment is affirmed.

/s/ MURRAY, J.

We concur:

/s/ ROBIE, Acting P. J.

/s/ HOCH, J.