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Cover photos: Top photo: organic cow-calf operation in Iowa; bottom left: NRCS planner and 

producer walking by organic soybeans; bottom right: organic tomatoes. Photos by Ron Nichols, 

USDA NRCS.

The USDA prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for 

employment on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, 

religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental 

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assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program or 

activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all 

programs and/or employment activities.)

If you wish to file a Civil Rights Program complaint of discrimination, complete the USDA 

Program Discrimination Complaint Form (PDF), found online at http://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/

default/files/docs/2012/Complain_combined_6_8_12.pdf, or at any USDA office, or call (866) 632-

9992 to request the form. You may also write a letter containing all of the information requested 

in the form. Send your completed complaint form or letter to us by mail at U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Director, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 

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Individuals who are deaf, hard of hearing or have speech disabilities and you wish to file either 

an EEO or program complaint please contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 

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Persons with disabilities who wish to file a program complaint, please see information 

above on how to contact us by mail directly or by email. If you require alternative means of 

communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) please contact 

USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). 
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Acknowledgments

NRCS Team Members

Glen Abney, Area Resource Conservationist, Kentucky

Thomas Akin, Conservation Agronomist, Massachusetts 

Alice Begin, Resource Conservationist, Maine 

Lindsay Haines, Conservation Program Specialist, National Headquarters 

James Howard, District Conservationist, California 

David Lamm, National Soil Health Team Leader, East National Technology Support Center

Pat Murphy, State Resource Conservationist, Wisconsin 

Todd Peplin, Farm Bill Specialist, Oregon 

Susan Samson-Liebig, Soil Quality Specialist, North Dakota 

Ruth Shaffer, Water Quality Specialist, Michigan 

Cheryl Simmons, Natural Resources Specialist, Central National Technology Support Center

Ben Smallwood, Conservation Specialist, National Headquarters 

Sudie Thomas, Wildlife Biologist, South Carolina 

Pedro Torres, Tribal Liaison, California 

Kalven Trice, Senior Economist, National Headquarters

Rafael Vega, District Conservationist, Indiana 

Partner Team Members

Lillian “Ebonie” Alexander, Executive Director, Black Family Land Trust, North Carolina

Keith Baldwin, Farm Services Coordinator, Carolina Farm Stewardship Association, North Carolina 

Jo Ann Baumgartner, Director, Wild Farm Alliance, California

Harriet Behar, Organic Specialist, Midwest Organic & Sustainable Education Service, Wisconsin

Ben Bowell, Organic Education Specialist, Oregon Tilth, Oregon 

Sarah Brown, Education Director, Oregon Tilth, Oregon 

Traci Bruckner, Senior Associate for Agriculture and Conservation Policy, Center for Rural Affairs, 

Nebraska

Rex Dufour, Manager, California Office, National Center for Appropriate Technology, California

Greg Fogel, Senior Policy Specialist, National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, District of Columbia

Jennifer Miller, Director, Healthy Food and Farms Program, Northwest Center for Alternative to 

Pesticides, Idaho

Jose Perez, Florida Organic Growers, Florida

Jeff Schahczenski, Program Specialist, National Center for Appropriate Technology, Montana

Mark Schonbeck, Newsletter Editor and Policy Liaison, Virginia Biological Farming Association, Virginia

The NRCS Organic Farming Handbook was developed to support NRCS conservation planners and 

other agricultural professionals as they work with organic producers. The handbook describes organic 

systems and identifies key resources to guide conservation planning and implementation on organic farms. 

Producers and other audiences may also find the handbook useful, particularly the resources listed in 

various sections. 

This handbook was developed by a team comprised of NRCS staff and partner organizations from across the 

country and from a range of disciplines. 

Coordinator for the handbook was Ben Bowell, Organic Education Specialist, Oregon Tilth, Oregon. 

Contact Lindsay Haines (lindsay.haines@wdc.usda.gov) for comments or suggested revisions to this 

handbook.
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Table of Contents

A. Overview of Organic Agriculture ............................................................................A-1

1. Organic Farming System Principles............................................................................................ A-3

2. Resource Conservation Needs, Opportunities, and Challenges in Organic Agriculture .......... A-3

B. National Organic Program (NOP) ...........................................................................B-1

1. USDA Organic Regulations and Roles......................................................................................... B-1

2. Overview of Organic Certification Process Through NOP......................................................... B-4

C. Conservation Planning With Existing Organic/Transitional Producers .......C-1

1. Nine Steps of Conservation Planning in Organic Systems ........................................................ C-1

2. Technical Service Providers ......................................................................................................... C-3

3. CAP Supporting Organic Transition (CAP 138) ......................................................................... C-4

4. Conservation Compliance............................................................................................................. C-4

D. Integral Conservation Activities for Organic Production Systems ............... D-1

1. Nutrient Management..................................................................................................................D-3

2. Cover Crops ...................................................................................................................................D-4

3. Compost.........................................................................................................................................D-6

4. Crop rotations ...............................................................................................................................D-6

5. Tillage and Residue Management................................................................................................ D-7

6. Integrated Pest Management.......................................................................................................D-8

7. Buffers and Natural Areas .........................................................................................................D-10

8. Organic Grazing..........................................................................................................................D-12

9. Livestock Living Conditions, Facilities, and Structures........................................................... D-13

Appendix 1

USDA Organic Regulatory Production Requirements Related to Resource Conservation .....App1-1

Appendix 2

Additional Resources .................................................................................................................. App2-1
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A. Overview of Organic Agriculture

1. Organic Farming System Principles

Organic farming systems reflect several fundamental principles that early innovators established through 

careful observation of soils, crops, livestock, and life processes in natural and agricultural systems. 

Practitioners have refined, updated, and expressed these principles in different ways over the past 75 

years, yet the foundational principles of organic agriculture remain relatively constant.1 In addition to over 

12,000 USDA-certified organic producers2, many other U.S. producers implement “sustainable,” “ecological,” 

“biological,” or “natural” methods derived from these same principles. While many producers may follow 

similar principals, all certified organic producers must comply with the USDA’s Agricultural Marketing 

Service (AMS) National Organic Program (NOP) regulations – commonly known as the USDA organic 

regulations. Only those producers following the USDA organic regulations may market their products as 

organic.

Use Natural Materials 

In general, the USDA organic regulations allow the use of natural fertilizers and materials, and exclude 

synthetic substances. However, organic systems are more complex than this general standard and include 

broader principles described below. In the words of author and sustainable farming advocate Wendell Berry,

“An organic farm, properly speaking, is not one that uses certain methods and substances and avoids 

others; it is a farm whose structure is formed in imitation of the structure of a natural system that has the 

integrity, the independence and the benign dependence of an organism.”3

Protect the Health of the Soil and Natural Resources

Organic practitioners and researchers emphasize healthy, living, nutritionally balanced soil as the 

foundation of crop, livestock, and human health, and of sustainable and successful farming.4 To maintain 

healthy soil, organic farmers control erosion, feed and protect the soil life, and replenish organic matter as 

well as plant nutrients. They adopt diverse crop rotations to balance nutrient demands on the soil, protect 

and enhance soil life, and control erosion by maintaining good tilth, planting cover crops, and adopting other 

conservation practices. More recently, research findings on the benefits of an active and diverse soil food 

web have refined this principle and established its importance throughout modern agriculture.

Early leaders of the organic farming movement emphasized that, over the long term, successful farming 

depends on the health of all natural resources on the farm and in its surroundings. All farming inevitably 

alters the natural condition of soil and other resources within production areas to some degree, often with 

some decrease in biodiversity. To sustain biodiversity, organic farmers strive to protect water, wildlife, 

native plant communities, and other resources from agricultural impacts. In organic crop and livestock 

production pest, weed, and disease management emphasize cultural and preventative practices before the 

use of approved organic crop protection products. Producers support biodiversity by providing habitat for 

wildlife, pollinators and other organisms in cultivated and uncultivated areas of the farming system.

1 Schonbeck, Mark W. 2014. A Brief History and Philosophy of Organic Farming. Handout (2 pp) originally developed and used for SARE PDP 

agricultural professional trainings offered by Southern Sustainable Agriculture Working Group, 2011 – 2013; revised June 2014.

2 USDA National Organic Program. This does not include all certified operations (i.e. handling operations). Does not include farms exempt from 

certification. http://apps.ams.usda.gov/nop/.

3 Berry, Wendell. 1981. The Gift of Good Land: Further Essays Cultural and Agricultural. San Francisco: North Point, 1981.

4 Howard, Sir Albert. 1947. The Soil and Health: a Study of Organic Agriculture. Republished with a foreword by Wendell Berry in 2006, 

University Press of Kentucky, 307 pp.
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Early leaders of the organic farming movement emphasized that, over the long term, successful farming 

depends on the health of all natural resources on the farm and in its surroundings. All farming inevitably 

alters the natural condition of soil and other resources within production areas to some degree, often with 

some decrease in biodiversity. To sustain biodiversity, organic farmers strive to protect water, wildlife, 

native plant communities, and other resources from agricultural impacts. In organic crop and livestock 

production, pest, weed, and disease management emphasize cultural and preventative practices before the 

use of approved organic crop protection products. Producers support biodiversity by providing habitat for 

wildlife, pollinators, and other organisms in cultivated and uncultivated areas of the farming system.

Simulate Nature in Farming Practices

Organic producers strive to develop farming systems that mimic nature and utilize natural processes and 

materials to provide for crop and livestock nutrition, manage pests and weeds, and attain production goals, 

while conserving the biological diversity on which their farm depends.

Crop and nutrient management

Living plants in a natural ecosystem, such as a forest or prairie, derive essential nutrients from the 

breakdown of plant and animal residues that fall on or are deposited into the soil. As soil organisms 

decompose organic residues, they release plant-available nutrients to support the next season’s growth, and 

form humus that sustains soil quality. Mimicking this natural cycle, producers replenish soil organic matter 

and nutrients by returning animal and green manures, crop residues, and other organic sources to the soil, 

thereby maintaining soil fertility and crop yields. These practices feed the soil, and the soil feeds the crop.

When crops need additional nutrients, organic producers choose plant, animal, and natural mineral-based 

fertilizers, most of which release nutrients gradually through the action of soil organisms. Synthetic 

fertilizers are prohibited in organic production systems.

Pest management

In natural ecosystems, insects, rodents, and 

other herbivorous organisms feed on vegetation; 

however, predators and parasites feed on the 

herbivores, thus helping to limit damage to the 

plant community. Native plants can fall prey to 

pathogenic fungi and other microorganisms, but 

most soil microorganisms play important roles in 

plant vigor, including disease suppression. The 

web of relationships among diverse organisms 

in a healthy, mature forest or prairie creates 

a balance that generally controls a particular 

pest from destroying other species. Organic 

farmers simulate and utilize these natural checks 

and balances to limit crop damage from pests. 

Producers establish beneficial habitat plantings 

to harbor predators of crop pests, build soil health 

to suppress soil-borne pathogens, diversify crop 

rotations to disrupt pest cycles, and plant cover 

crops to suppress weeds.

Resource cycling

Some organic proponents focus on cycling of 

resources within the farm and minimizing 

dependence on off-farm inputs. Crop rotations 

that include cover crops and a mix of deep and 

shallow-rooted crops may enhance nutrient and 

water utilization and cycling within the soil 

Figure 1 Examining organically managing soil under 

alfalfa
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profile. Practices that increase soil organic matter and structure, and hence water and nutrient retention, 

further improve resource cycling and reduce dependence on off-farm inputs. Integration of crop and 

livestock production can enhance nutrient cycling, as livestock consume on-farm forages and crop residues, 

and provide nutrient-rich manure for subsequent crop production.

Biodiversity

Organic systems attempt to mirror nature by maintaining biodiversity on the farm. Producers diversify 

and rotate crops, and plant field edges with flowering plants to support pollinators and other beneficial 

organisms. Fields may include hedge and tree rows of varied species, providing wildlife habitat and 

structural biodiversity above and below ground. Wildlife corridors and wildlife-friendly fences maintain 

connectivity for wide-ranging wildlife such as deer and predators.

Tillage and weed management

Without access to many herbicides, organic producers often use tillage in annual crop production as a tool 

to manage weeds and cover crops without herbicides. Recent advances in organic no-till and conservationtillage systems, such as the roller-crimper, and the use of flame weeders and mulches, have helped organic 

producers reduce the intensity of soil disturbance in annual crop rotations. In addition, planting “subsoiling” 

cover crops (deep-rooted plants that can break up a hard pan in the soil) such as tillage radish, sorghumsudangrass hybrids, and clovers allow producers to accomplish biologically what has traditionally been done 

with mechanical subsoilers and other deep tillage implements. While it is recognized that tillage to control 

weeds reduces soil organic carbon, the rotation, cover crop, and manure management practices employed 

generally increase soil carbon levels in organic production systems.

Adapt to Local Conditions 

Selection of crop varieties and crop seed for organic production reflects the organic principles of working with 

nature (i.e., plant what will grow well locally in an organic system). Organic farmers seek out and plant 

varieties that tolerate locally prevalent pests and diseases with minimum intervention, and that perform 

well in the farm’s climate and soils. Many prefer locally or regionally produced seed, which may show 

enhanced adaptation to local conditions.

2. Resource Conservation Needs, Opportunities, and Challenges in Organic Agriculture

As described below, the NOP’s definition of organic production codifies the organic movement’s historical 

emphasis on ecologically sound practices and resource conservation: organic production is a system managed 

to “foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.” To achieve these 

objectives, organic producers commonly implement a number of conservation practices that align well 

with NRCS conservation activities. For example, the 2008 USDA Organic Production Survey identified 

frequently used conservation practices such as using green manures and animal manures as nutrient 

sources (65 percent of respondents), buffer strips (58 percent), water management practices (51 percent), notill or minimum-till (38 percent), beneficial insect habitat (32 percent), and rotational grazing (21 percent).

As the organic farming sector continues to expand in the United States, both new and established organic 

farmers will seek NRCS assistance to clarify and meet their resource stewardship goals. The high diversity 

and emphasis on specialty crops characteristic of many organic farms create both opportunities and 

challenges for the conservation professional.

Environmental Benefits of Organic Farming Systems

While the environmental benefits vary by farm, in general organic systems can benefit environmental 

quality in several ways:

• Soil.—Soil-building practices such as crop rotations, cover crops, organic fertilizers, residue

management, and minimum tillage are central to organic practices. These practices replenish soil

organic matter, feed soil life, reduce erosion, improve soil structure, and enhance nutrient cycling and

water retention.
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• Water.—Well-managed organic systems rely mainly on slow-release forms of nutrients, which reduce

the risk of nutrient runoff and leaching. Enhanced soil structure, water infiltration, and better

nutrient retention also reduce the risk of water quality impairment.

• Air and Climate Change.—Organic farming practices increase the return of carbon to the soil, thus

removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and mitigating global warming.

• Biodiversity.—Organic systems enhance biodiversity at several levels. A variety of seeds and breeds

are preferred for their greater resistance to diseases, climate, and pests. Producers employ diverse

combinations and rotations of plants and animals. The maintenance and planting of natural areas

within and around organic fields and the minimal use of synthetic inputs create suitable habitats for

wildlife.5

Environmental Challenges of Organic Farming Systems

Organic farming systems also present some distinct environmental challenges:

• Nutrients.—Organic nutrient sources release slowly, and it is difficult to calibrate application rates for

optimum production. A reliance on manure and compost to provide adequate nitrogen (N) for organic

crops can lead to nutrient imbalances, especially a buildup of excessive soil phosphorus (P). Inadequate

crop-available N, especially in early spring when the soil is cool, is a common production constraint for

organic farms. Legume cover crops can address this constraint without adding P or other nutrients.

• Tillage.—Without broad-spectrum herbicides, organic annual crop production is more reliant on

tillage and cultivation for weed management and seedbed preparation. This can lead to soil erosion,

compaction, and organic matter loss. Integrated, ecological weed management strategies, including

cover crops and crop rotation, can reduce reliance on cultivation, and additions of organic matter to the

soil can mitigate negative impacts of tillage. Awareness of this issue has led an increasing number of

organic farmers to implement flame weeding, mulches, reduced-till, and sometimes no-till systems.

• Residues.—Some specialty crop rotations may not provide sufficient crop residues to replenish soil

organic carbon or control erosion. Farmers producing high-value crops on limited acreage may find it

difficult to implement a crop rotation with substantial residue return because of financial or logistical

constraints.

• Transition.—The required 3 years free of NOP-prohibited materials can create an incentive for a

farmer to break sod if existing cropland has had recent use of NOP-prohibited materials, while areas in

sod have not (see appendix 2 of this handbook, for information about converting Conservation Reserve

Program (CRP) land to production). Breaking sod located on sloping land, highly erodible land (HEL),

or high conservation value (HCV) land, such as native grassland or prairie, especially raises concerns

about resource degradation.

Resources

Describing Organic Agricultural Production in Virginia: Results of the 2004 Farm Survey (Virginia Tech 

Rural Economic Analysis Program) http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/agsvpturp/14844.htm.

USDA 2008 Organic Production Survey: 

http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Organics/.

5 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “What are the environmental benefits of organic agriculture.” 

http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq6/en/.
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B. National Organic Program (NOP)

1. USDA Organic Regulations and Roles

Establishment of the NOP

Consumer demand for assurances regarding products marketed as organic led to the establishment of 

organic certification programs in the 1970s. These programs were administered by private nonprofit 

organizations and State departments of agriculture, which developed rules or standards for organic 

production and handling. Although certification programs shared a common theme of allowing natural 

materials and methods and largely excluding synthetics, differences among programs caused confusion for 

producers and consumers. A widely recognized need for a consistent nationwide definition and standards for 

organic agriculture led to the establishment of the USDA’s Organic Program. In addition to regulations, the 

NOP Handbook provides guidance and instructions to help operations comply with the regulations.

Organic Food Production Act of 1990

Part of the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 (1990 Farm Bill), the Organic Food 

Production Act created the NOP within the USDA AMS. After considerable public input, the USDA 

published a final rule in December 2000. The rule went into effect in April 2001, and was fully implemented 

in October 2002 after a waiting period to allow time for producers to comply with the new regulations. 

Since October 2002, the word organic is regulated and all agricultural products labeled organic must be 

in compliance with USDA organic regulations. Operations with $5,000 or more in gross sales of organic 

products must be certified.6

According to the 2008 USDA Organic Production Survey, 10,903 USDA-certified organic farms and 3,637 

exempt organic farms (annual gross sales <$5,000) managed 4.1 million acres and generated $3.16 billion 

in annual gross sales. In that survey, 37 percent of organic farmers planned to increase organic production, 

41 percent planned to maintain current levels, only 8 percent planned to reduce or discontinue organic 

production, and 14 percent were undecided. As of 2014, the number of USDA-certified organic producers 

had increased to approximately 12,000.7

NOP Requirements and Conservation

Organic producers and conservation professionals share a commitment to resource protection and 

environmental stewardship. USDA organic regulations and NRCS technical and program implementation 

guidelines reflect these commonly shared principles. Organic producers, not NRCS staff, are responsible 

for ensuring they comply with organic regulations. However, numerous NRCS conservation practices can 

help producers meet USDA organic regulations. Section D of this handbook for organic production systems 

includes a table that lists Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) and Environmental Quality Incentive 

Program (EQIP) practices that can help producers meet USDA organic regulations.

For reference, the full USDA National Organic Program Regulations (7 CFR part 205) can be viewed at 

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=3f34f4c22f9aa8e6d9864cc2683cea02&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/

Title07/7cfr205_main_02.tpl.

It provides specific definitions and information for implementing the organic program. Selected excerpts 

from the USDA organic regulations are provided in appendix 1 of this handbook.

Guidance and Instruction

The NOP periodically publishes guidance and instructions on the interpretation of standards to help certified 

operations comply with regulations. For example, the NOP has published guidance on the regulation 

covering the use of seeds and planting stock in organic production. The guidance describes practices for 

certified operations to demonstrate their efforts to procure all organic seeds; clarifies “equivalent variety”; 

and describes the form, quality, or quantity criteria that need to be met before organic seeds or planting 

6 Organic Trade Association. “US Organic Standards” http://ota.com/.

7 USDA National Organic Program. This does not include all certified operations (i.e,. handling operations). http://apps.ams.usda.gov/nop/.
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stock for a desired crop or variety can be considered commercially unavailable. Other guidance includes 

details on recordkeeping procedures and pesticide testing.

New guidance is first published in draft form for public comment. After reviewing all public comments, NOP 

publishes finalized guidance in the NOP Handbook and in the Federal Register.8

National Organic Standards Board 

The Organic Foods Production Act established a 15-member National Organic Standards Board (NOSB). 

Members are appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture to serve a 5-year term. The NOSB must represent 

the organic community as follows:

• Four farmers or growers

• Three environmentalists or resource conservationists

• Three consumer or public interest advocates

• Two handlers or processors

• One retailer

• One scientist (toxicology, ecology, or biochemistry)

• One USDA-accredited certifying agent

NOSB members also serve on standing subcommittees that develop recommendations for the full NOSB. 

Subcommittees include: Compliance, Accreditation, and Certification; Crops; Handling; Livestock; 

Materials; and Policy Development.9

NOSB roles

The NOSB’s main roles are to make recommendations about whether a substance should be allowed or 

prohibited in organic production or handling, to assist in the development of standards for substances to 

be used in organic production, and to advise the Secretary on other aspects of Organic Foods Production 

Act (OFPA) implementation. In addition to the authority to make recommendations concerning additions 

to the National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances (National List), the NOSB must also review 

each substance on the National List every 5 years to confirm that it continues to meet all required criteria. 

This is referred to as the “sunset” review. If USDA agrees with the NOSB’s recommendation to remove a 

substance, then it may remove the substance from the National List. Changing the National List requires 

USDA to complete rulemaking, a process that includes another public comment opportunity. The NOSB 

makes recommendations on a wide variety of topics such as unannounced inspections at certified operations 

or criteria for commercial availability when searching for organic seeds.10

Accreditation of Organic Certifiers and Organic Certification of Operations

The NOP itself does not certify farms and other operations as organic; rather a USDA-accredited certifying 

agent, or certifier, provides the certification. Certifiers, which may be private, State, or foreign entities, 

are responsible for certification. To become a certifier, an entity must submit a fee and application which 

includes information relevant to the entity’s capacity to conduct organic certification. Once approved, 

organizations are accredited for 5 years. An additional onsite assessment is conducted halfway through the 

5 years and at the end of that period for entities that renew.11

8 National Organic Program. “NOP Guidance”

http://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/organic/draft-guidance.

9 National Organic Program. “National Organic Standards Board New Member Guide 2013.”

www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/NOP-NOSB-NewMemberGuide.pdf.

10 National Organic Program. “National Organic Standards Board.”

http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOSBHome.

11 National Organic Program. “FAQ: Becoming a Certifying Agent.”

http://www.ams.usda.gov/services/organic-certification/faq-becoming-certifying-agent.
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Most farms and businesses that grow, handle, or process products that are sold as organic must be certified 

to verify that they comply with the USDA organic regulations. If an operation’s gross agricultural income 

from organic sales does not exceed $5,000 per year, it is considered an “exempt” operation. These operations 

do not need to be certified in order to sell, label, or represent products as organic, but they must follow USDA 

organic regulations and cannot use the USDA organic seal.

Operations that are interested in certification can work with any certifier to become certified in one or 

more of four categories of organic products: crops, livestock, processed products, and wild crops. To become 

certified, operations must complete an organic system plan (OSP) that describes their practices and 

substances used. An inspector conducts an onsite inspection to determine if the operation complies with 

USDA organic regulations. The producer must provide an update annually to maintain organic certification, 

and inspections are conducted annually.12

International markets

Several other countries have separate organic standards and labels such as Canada, the European Union, 

Japan, Korea, Switzerland, and Taiwan. Through trade agreements, organic products grown in the 

United States may be sold in these countries as organic. There are only a few additional regulations that 

producers should be aware of if they are interested in these markets; an operation’s certifier can help ensure 

compliance with these regulations. For example, Canada requires livestock (except ruminants) be produced 

according to specified stocking rates.13

Compliance and Enforcement 

To ensure the integrity of the organic standards and use of the term “organic,” USDA enforces the OFPA 

and standards in a number of ways. Certifiers verify compliance annually with an on-site inspection which 

may be either announced or unannounced. Additionally, at least 5 percent of certified organic operations’ 

products are tested for residues of prohibited substances (such as synthetic pesticides) every year. Certifiers 

and the public also may submit complaints of alleged regulatory violations to the NOP. If the violation is 

confirmed through investigation, enforcement action may include (depending on the nature and severity of 

the violation) product label changes, financial penalties of up to $11,000 per violation, and suspension or 

revocation of the operation’s organic certificate.14

A certifier can take any of several steps to address instances of noncompliance by USDA certified organic 

operations. The certifier may issue a notice of noncompliance for minor issues, such as inadequate 

recordkeeping, or major issues, such as application of a prohibited substance. If necessary, a certifier may 

issue a notice of proposed suspension to give the operation some time to work on the noncompliance, achieve 

compliance, and be reinstated. If the noncompliance is deemed egregious, willful, or not correctable, a Notice 

of Proposed Revocation may be sent. A certified operation may appeal a notice of proposed suspension 

or revocation of certification directly to the USDA through the AMS Administrator.15 Finally, a written 

notification of suspension or revocation may be sent when a certified operation fails to respond to the 

previous notices.

Resources

The following resources provide additional information about USDA organic regulations including the use of 

organic seeds and allowed materials.

12 National Organic Program. “Becoming a Certified Operation.”

http://www.ams.usda.gov/services/organic-certification/faq-becoming-certified.

13 National Organic Program. “Information for International Trade Partners.”

http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOPInternationalAgreements.

14 National Organic Program. “Compliance and Enforcement.”

http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOPComplianceandEnforcement.

15 National Organic Program. “Instruction: National Organic Program Enforcement.”

www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/4002.pdf.
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Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA). http://www.organicseedfinder.org/.

Organic Seed Finder (Web site) lists sources of organic seeds and indicates when no organic source of crop 

varieties with selected characteristics can be found.

Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) http://www.omri.org.

OMRI reviews and maintains listings of generic and brand names of fertilizers, soil amendments, pest 

controls, and other inputs that are allowed, restricted, or prohibited for certified organic production.

USDA AMS National Organic Program http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop.

USDA AMS NOP Program Handbook http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOPProgramHandbook.

Handbook provides supplemental information to facilitate understanding and implementation of the 

Standards, including Guidance Documents, Instruction Documents, and Policy Memos.

USDA NOP Guidance 5029: Seeds, Annual Seedlings, and Planting Stock in Organic Crop Production

http://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/5029.pdf.

Clarifies the Seeds and Planting Stock Standard (NOP 205.204) and its interpretation.

2. Overview of Organic Certification Process Through NOP

Transition to Organic

While production activities and documentation required by the organic regulations must be followed for 

36 months prior to the first sale of an organic crop, producers are not required to be certified during this 

transition period. Producers can, however, discuss organic requirements, including whether specific 

inputs are allowed, restricted, or prohibited, with an organic certification agency during this transition. 

In addition, there are numerous organizations that support producers during the transition and provide 

assistance concerning what activities are required in order to achieve organic certification (see resources in 

this section).

Land that has had no prohibited materials applied for 36 months is eligible to be certified as organic with 

no waiting period. Documentation from landowners and operators of how that land has been used and 

managed must be provided to the organic certification agency to verify there were no prohibited materials 

applied. If the land is currently in crop production, the operator must document that any inputs, including 

seeds and seed treatments, meet the organic standards. Certified organic seed is not required during the 

transition.

Organic certification can be done on a field-by-field basis, as long as there are defined field boundaries. 

There is no requirement that the entire farm be certified organic; a farmer may choose to manage both 

organic and nonorganic fields. If a producer grows both organic and nonorganic crops of the same species, 

the certifier will closely scrutinize the management, harvest, storage, and sale of these organic and 

nonorganic crops. Buffer zones between organic and nonorganic crop fields need to be in place before the 

organic part of the operation can receive certification.

There is no nationally recognized definition, labeling category, or market for crops during the 3-year 

transition period. During this time, crops may not be represented as organic. Producers may state 

truthfully that they are transitioning when selling direct to consumers, and there are some commodity crop 

buyers that will pay a small premium for crops that are non-genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or are 

grown without synthetic inputs.

Typically the producer applies for organic certification the first year they can sell an organic crop. When 

applying for certification, producers must provide 3 years of land history to the organic certification agency 

to document that the requirements have been met. If a producer has not had control of the land for all of 

the 3 transition years, they will need to obtain a signed document from the previous operators of that land 

describing what materials had been used as well as the crops grown and seeds planted. Many certifiers 

provide a form that landowners can use to verify this compliance.
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Organic Certification Agencies

Producers may work with any certification agency and all use the same USDA organic regulations. 

Producers seeking organic certification for the first time will need to search and decide which agency meets 

their needs. Other organic farmers in their region should have knowledge of certification agencies that have 

provided satisfactory service.

Organic certification agencies are accredited by the USDA to perform organic certification activities by scope: 

crop, wild crops, livestock, and handling. Producers should discuss which scope a certifier covers to ensure 

the certifier can provide them with the services they need. Handling refers to any activity beyond raw 

agricultural production on the farm and includes activities such as grain cleaning and food processing. Some 

operations may be certified under two or more scopes.

The USDA’s AMS Web site lists organic certification agencies alphabetically by name as well as by State, at 

http://www.ams.usda.gov/services/organic-certification/certifying-agents.

OSP and Application

A producer should begin working with an organic certification agency at least 6 months prior to the planned 

sale of their first certified organic crop. The agency will send them a packet containing their fee schedules, 

the organic regulations, and an organic certification application which may also be called the OSP. This 

OSP covers all aspects of farm management and typically follows the organic regulation section by section, 

asking questions that can be answered in narrative or multiple-choice formats. The OSP is extensive, 

including a full description of inputs (ingredients, rates, and dates of use); crop rotations with 3 years of past 

field histories and projected current year’s cropping plans; weed, pest and disease management; adjoining 

land use and buffer zones; all equipment and storage used; and transportation, labeling, and sales records. 

Depending on the complexity of the operations, the first OSP may take a farmer 4 to 6 hours to complete. 

Updating OSPs in subsequent years may only take an hour to complete.

A producer sends their completed OSP along with a base payment to the certification agency. If all farm 

management information, field maps, and input ingredient information is complete, the certification agency 

reviews the OSP and then assigns the file to an inspector. If it appears the operation does not meet organic 

regulations, the certification agency will typically discuss areas of noncompliance with the operator and 

outline steps that need to be taken before the organic certification process can move forward. Once certified, 

organic producers must update their OSP throughout the year.

Organic Inspection

To renew certification, the producer must submit 

an updated OSP and have an onsite organic 

inspection each year. Many certifiers have shorter 

forms for the annual OSP update. Organic 

inspectors may be staff of the organic certification 

agency or they may be independent contractors 

that work for a variety of certifiers. Depending 

on the complexity and size of the operation, an 

organic inspection typically takes between 3 to 6 

hours. The organic inspector will verify the items 

on the OSP, both with documentation and by 

physically reviewing the fields, livestock, buildings, 

and equipment. At the end of the inspection, the 

inspector will discuss with the producer any areas 

of concern or items that need to be submitted 

before organic certification can be granted. The 

inspector is an objective observer and reporter and 

Figure 2 NRCS staff and producers discuss organically 

managed lettuce seed production
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does not make the final decision whether or not to certify an operation. Organic inspections do not always 

occur the same time of year, although they typically happen when crops are growing or the activity being 

certified (such as maple syrup production) is occurring. Organic certification agencies are also mandated by 

the USDA to perform unannounced inspections on 5 percent of certified operations annually.

Review and Certification Decision

The organic inspector submits a written report to the organic certification agency along with any further 

supporting documentation such as input labels or photographs where applicable. An employee of the 

organic certification agency reviews these items along with the OSP and determines whether the operation 

complies with USDA organic regulations. The certification agency will then communicate its findings with 

the producer through a certification determination letter. The letter may grant organic certification, request 

further information so that a determination can be made, or state a requirement that the farmer must meet 

in order to receive or retain organic certification. Finally, the letter may deny certification on one or more 

fields if a prohibited material had been used within 36 months of the planned organic harvest.

The operator may need to pay an additional fee to cover the cost of the inspection before receiving their 

organic certificate. Once issued, the organic certificate remains in effect until surrendered, suspended, 

or revoked. Operators typically use their organic certificates as documentation to prove current organic 

certification to buyers at the wholesale and retail levels. The USDA’s AMS also maintains a listing of 

certified organic operations on their Web site. This list is updated at least annually, and as of September 

2015, AMS launched a new version of the database that provides more timely and accurate information 

about certified operations. The new “Organic Integrity Database” allows users to search for any certified 

organic farm, ranch or food processor, both domestically and internationally, and to view a new series of 

summary reports.

There is an appeals process (section A-2 of this handbook) for certified organic operators and operators 

applying for organic certification if they feel the determination by the organic certifier is not correct.

Resources

List of Certified USDA Organic Operations (USDA AMS NOP) http://apps.ams.usda.gov/nop/.

Guide for Organic Crop Producers (USDA AMS and the National Sustainable Agriculture Information 

Service/ATTRA http://www.ams.usda.gov/services/organic-certification/is-it-an-option. This publication 

provides a detailed overview of the certification process for crop producers.

Guide for Organic Livestock Producers (USDA AMS and ATTRA)

http://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/GuideForOrganicLivestockProducers.pdf.

This publication provides a detailed overview of the certification process for livestock producers.

Organic Crop Production Overview (ATTRA) 

https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=66. This publication provides an overview of 

conservation practices and principles used on organic farms.

Organic Certification of Farms and Businesses Producing Agricultural Products (USDA AMS and ATTRA)

https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=152. This publication provides an overview of 

the certification process, who needs to be certified, and more.

OSP Template for Crop and/or Livestock Production (USDA AMS and ATTRA) 

https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=359. This publication provides OSP 

templates for both crop and livestock production.

Guidebook to Organic Certification (Midwest Organic and Sustainable Education Service (MOSES))

http://mosesorganic.org/publications/guidebook-for-certification/. Along with this guidebook organized 

in a question and answer format, MOSES has more than 30 fact sheets detailing organic certification 

requirements for various farming systems as well as describing a variety of organic production activities.
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How to Choose a Certification Agency & the Organic Certification Process (MOSES)

http://mosesorganic.org/wp-content/uploads/Publications/Fact_Sheets/07CertificationAgencyprocess.pdf

Organic Education Organizations

Ecological Farming Association-California http://www.eco-farm.org

California Certified Organic Farmers http://www.ccof.org/

Carolina Farm Stewardship Association http://www.carolinafarmstewards.org

Florida Organic Growers http://www.foginfo.org

Georgia Organics http://georgiaorganics.org

Illinois Organic Association http://illinoisorganicgrowers.org/

Iowa Organic Association http://iowaorganic.org

Louisiana Organic Association http://www.ibiblio.org/farmingconnection/index.html

Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association www.mofga.org

Maryland Organic Food and Farming Association http://marylandorganic.org/

Michigan Organic Food and Farm Alliance http://www.moffa.net

Midwest Organic and Sustainable Education Service www.mosesorganic.org

Missouri Organic Association http://www.missouriorganic.org

Montana Organic Association http://montanaorganicassociation.org

Northeast Organic Farming Association— 

Chapters in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont

www.nofa.org

Northern Plains Sustainable Agriculture Society-North 

Dakota 

http://www.npsas.org

Ohio Ecological Food and Farming Association http://www.oeffa.org

The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture-Oklahoma http://www.kerrcenter.com

Oregon Tilth http://tilth.org/

Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture https://www.pasafarming.org

Texas Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association http://www.tofga.org

Tilth Producers of Washington http://tilthproducers.org

Virginia Association for Biological Farming http://vabf.org

Wild Farm Alliance www.wildfarmalliance.org
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C. Conservation Planning With Existing Organic and Transitional Producers

1. Nine Steps of Conservation Planning in Organic Systems

USDA organic regulations, organic production principles, and NRCS conservation planning objectives 

align closely and include many opportunities for conservation objectives and organic regulations to be met 

simultaneously. Although organic standards regarding natural resources do not set quantitative criteria, 

they require the producer to maintain (not degrade) natural resources and encourages them to improve the 

resource condition. The NRCS conservation planning process applies to all types of agricultural operations, 

including organic farms. There are, however, a few considerations unique to organic systems that may 

impact the planning process. This section focuses only on the issues and opportunities related to organic 

systems, not the general conservation planning process.

Conservation Planning Phase I: Collecting and Analyzing Information

Step 1: Identify Problems and Opportunities

Organic farms are subject to the same resource concerns as all farming operations. However, there are some 

resource problems and opportunities that commonly occur in organic systems (some challenges described in 

section A of this handbook):

• Natural Resources.—There are a range of opportunities to work with organic producers as they are

required to maintain or improve the natural resources of the operation defined as the “physical,

hydrological, and biological features of a production operation, including soil, water, wetlands,

woodlands, and wildlife.”

• Natural Areas.—Organic producers are required to maintain or improve biodiversity and prevent

exposure of organic production areas to NOP-prohibited substances. In addition, many producers

would like to provide habitat for natural enemies (predators and parasites) of crop pests, and enhance

natural areas on the farm through the use of native plants. Conservation plantings such as field

borders, hedgerows, and riparian buffers established to protect water and soil resources and provide

wildlife and pollinator habitat, may also harbor natural enemies of pests and intercept pesticide and

GMO pollen drift from neighboring nonorganic farms.

• Nutrients.—In organic systems that exclude synthetic fertilizers, the use of plant and animal materials

for fertility can enhance soil health and biological activity. However, a reliance on manure and

compost to provide adequate N for organic crops can lead to nutrient imbalances, especially a buildup

of excessive soil P. Legume cover crops can address this constraint. Installing suitable facilities for

composting and manure storage can help organic producers meet organic regulatory requirements to

protect water quality.

• Livestock and Pasture.—Organic livestock producers must provide ruminant animals with pasture

throughout the grazing season, and prevent negative resource impacts from the livestock operation.

These requirements offer opportunities to implement livestock-related conservation practices such as

prescribed grazing, forage planting, and watering facilities.

• Tillage.—Without a cost-effective choice of allowed herbicides, organic annual crop production is more

reliant on tillage and cultivation for weed management and seedbed preparation. This can lead to

soil erosion, compaction, and organic matter loss. Integrated, ecological weed management strategies

that include cover crops and rotation can reduce reliance on cultivation. Cover crops and other inputs

of organic materials to the soil can mitigate negative impacts of tillage. In addition, more organic

producers are implementing conservation tillage, including no-till termination of high-biomass cover

crops.

• Residues.—Some specialty crop rotations (not limited to organic systems) may not provide sufficient

crop residues to replenish soil organic carbon or control erosion. Producers can integrate high residue

cover or production crops into the rotation, and can minimize bare soil periods through tight rotation

schedules and relay intercropping.
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• Transition.—The required 3 years free of NOP-prohibited materials can create an incentive for a

farmer in transition to organic production to use formerly idle land for production. Previously unused

land may be sloping, HEL, or HCV land, such as native grassland or prairie, all of which raise resource

issues.

Step 2: Determine Objectives

USDA organic regulations requires organic producers to protect a wide range of natural resources, and many 

producers seek to enhance resource conditions beyond the level of nondegradation. At a broad level, the 

objective of a producer may be to develop an organic production system that addresses all resource concerns 

and meets organic regulatory requirements. More specifically, a producer may want to develop riparian and 

other natural areas for enhanced wildlife and beneficial habitat, native plants, or improved water quality 

and aquatic habitat. Other producers may want to enhance vegetative buffers to increase the biodiversity 

of the farm by providing habitat for beneficial organisms, produce organic milk from a 100-head jersey dairy 

and address runoff issues of the farmstead, or produce both edible and feed-grade organic soybeans while 

enhancing the soil’s health.

Step 3: Inventory Resources & Step 4: Analyze Resource Data

• Soil.—Due to the complex nature of many organic cropping systems, the use of the Revised Universal

Soil Loss Equation 2 (RUSLE2) and the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) to calculate soil

loss may be challenging. Ensure that appropriate tillage operations are selected. Cover crops and

applications of compost and other organic materials can mitigate the negative impacts of tillage. See

RUSLE 2 in Organic Systems webinar for more information.

• Water.—Use of slow-release sources of crop nutrients in organic systems can reduce risks to water

quality. However, heavy reliance on compost and manure for fertility, especially when application

rates are not closely matched to plant needs, may lead to excessive P or soluble N and negative impacts

on water quality. Some organic producers use pest control substances such as pyrethrum, azadirachtin,

and spinosad, which can present a risk to water quality that should be evaluated with the assessment

tool, Windows Pesticide Screening Tool: (WIN-PST).

• Air.—Organic producers near conventionally managed land (farmland, residential, commercial land,

etc.) are often concerned about chemical spray drift and airborne soil particulates that could contain

prohibited substances.

• Plants.—USDA organic standards require organic growers to emphasize prevention, avoidance, and

biological controls to deal with crop pests. This approach can reduce resource impacts of organic pest

management practices.

• Animals.—Organic livestock producers are required to have ruminants on pasture for at least 120

days during the grazing season, and to provide 30 percent of dry-matter intake for ruminants during

that period. Although USDA organic standards do not specify stocking rates, producers must manage

pastures to maintain adequate forage quality and quantity, and to protect water resources.

• Energy, People, and Environmental Law Compliance.—These concerns include many considerations

that affect all agricultural producers. NRCS can support producers by providing recommendations or

designs that are compatible with USDA organic regulations.

Conservation Planning Phase II: Decision Support

Step 5: Formulate Alternatives & Step 6: Evaluate Alternatives

While developing the list of NRCS conservation practices that might be needed, consider those practices 

within the context of organic systems whose implementation can be modified for greater conservation 

benefit. For example, while many organic farmers use cover crops, they may plant only one species, 

terminate the cover crop before it achieves high biomass, or terminate it by harvest.

When formulating and evaluating alternatives, it is important to consider USDA organic regulations that 

may limit some options and affect costs of implementation. USDA organic regulations that may impact 

implementation of conservation practices include:
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• Unless specifically allowed, organic producers may not use synthetic substances for weed, insect pest,

and disease control; fertility; and seed treatment.

• During transition to organic, the last application of NOP-prohibited materials must be 3 years prior to

the harvest of an organic crop.

• Producers must use organically grown seeds and planting stock unless they are not commercially

available.

• The USDA organic regulations do not allow use of lumber treated with prohibited materials if the

lumber will contact animals, manure, compost, plants, or soil that are parts of the organic production

system.

Step 7: Make Decisions

Once a client has selected a practice to implement, encourage the producer to contact their certifying agent. 

Unless the practice is already included in their OSP, producers should obtain approval from their certifier 

prior to implementation.

Section D of this handbook, has information and resources related to many conservation activities and 

practices integral to organic systems. Please see the respective sections for details about implementing 

those practices in organic systems.

Conservation Planning Phase III: Application and Evaluation

Step 8: Implement the Plan

Many States have developed organic job sheets for a number of practices. If available, use these job 

sheets when installing practices in organic systems. Section D of this handbook ("Integral Conservation 

Activities"), also includes implementation guides and other resources to support conservation activities in 

organic production.

Producers are responsible for contacting their certifier to verify compliance of planned activities with organic 

standards. They should ensure that plans and specifications for implementation of NRCS practices align 

with USDA organic regulations.

Step 9: Evaluate the Plan

When evaluating the conservation plan and practices with the producer, assist them as they assess how 

effectively the plan has utilized opportunities to address both their conservation and USDA organic 

compliance objectives. In addition, help them look for any barriers to success that are specifically related 

to the producer’s organic certification. Let your supervisor and appropriate technical specialists know if 

practice standards, specification, designs, or job sheets conflict with organic regulations or organic practices.

Resources

The NRCS Title 180, National Planning Procedures Handbook

http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=36483.wba.

2. Technical Service Providers

In many States, NRCS technical service providers (TSPs) play an important role in conservation planning 

in organic systems. Unfortunately there is often a lack of TSPs certified to provide this assistance. If your 

State needs TSPs for conservation activity plans (CAPs) or other conservation work with organic producers 

(described below), contact EQIP organic program specialists or other NRCS organic contacts listed here: 

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/landuse/crops/organic/.

Resources

Becoming a Technical Service Provider for NRCS: An Introduction (Midwest Organic and Sustainable 

Education Service (MOSES)) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZdq5z5hAu0&feature=youtube.
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3. CAP Supporting Organic Transition (CAP 138)

CAP 138 helps farmers who are interested in transitioning from conventional to organic production by 

addressing the natural resource concerns on their operation. As with all CAPs, to receive financial and 

technical assistance from NRCS for completion, it must be prepared by NRCS certified TSPs.

CAP 138, which was revised for 2015, consists of three sections: Resource Inventory, Erosion Control 

Inventory, and Summary Record of Planned NRCS Conservation Practices. The resource inventory section 

may serve as a portion of an OSP, but it is not a replacement for the OSP. The information included in 

the resource inventory can be relevant and useful in helping the producer apply for organic certification; 

however, the producer is responsible for completing all of the OSP requirements not addressed by the 

resource inventory. The AMS NOP worked closely with NRCS to develop the 2015 CAP 138 resource 

inventory. The resource inventory, when submitted with the supplemental companion document "Resource 

Inventory Supplement," contains all of the required components of an OSP. Current USDA organic 

regulations do not require the use of a specific OSP. The use of the resource inventory and the "Resource 

Inventory Supplement" is completely optional.

Some TSPs have voluntarily provided additional information needed to meet requirements of an OSP as part 

of their deliverables for the CAP 138, however, NRCS payment rates do not include or address this extra 

work. It is important that when approving EQIP CAP agreements that the participant is informed that 

NRCS will not reimburse producers for any extra work provided by TSP beyond the CAP requirements and 

the grower will be responsible for any additional charges from the TSP.

After receiving a CAP 138, farmers can develop a full conservation plan with NRCS and apply for 

financial assistance to implement conservation practices or enhancements.

Resources

Conservation Activity Plan (CAP) 138 and OSP Supplements

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/programs/financial/eqip/?cid=stelprdb1262227.

4. Conservation Compliance

As with all producers, in order for organic producers to receive some USDA benefits (e.g., NRCS conservation 

programs, including EQIP Organic Initiative, crop insurance, and farm loans, etc.) they must be in 

compliance with conservation provisions for HEL conservation and wetland conservation as set forth by the 

Food Security Act of 1985. USDA organic regulations also align with the intention of these conservation 

provisions. As described appendix 1 of this handbook, USDA organic regulations require organic producers 

to “select and implement tillage and cultivation practices that maintain or improve the physical, chemical, 

and biological condition of soil and minimize soil erosion.” Additionally, producers must “maintain or 

improve the natural resources of the operation, including soil, water wetlands, woodlands and wildlife.”

As a component of organic certification, all fields are inspected and soil erosion concerns are documented 

by the organic certification agency in the annual inspection report. The certification agency may require 

remedial action to address a concern and any mitigating activities will be reviewed and reported in the 

following year’s organic inspection. In response to concerns regarding appropriate soil conservation practices 

on organic farms, the AMS NOP began working with certifiers in 2014 to evaluate compliance with the HEL 

provisions. The effort may result in training, tools, or potentially guidance on the topic. USDA organic 

regulations do not require the use of tools such as RUSLE2 to measure erosion. To assess this, certifiers 

typically rely on visual observations at the time of an inspection along with other indicators such as soil 

tests, and management practices including crop rotations, cover cropping, and compost applications.

Resources

Highly Erodible Land Conservation & Wetland Conservation Compliance (NRCS)

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/programs/farmbill/?cid=stelprdb1257899.
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D. Integral Conservation Activities for Organic Production Systems

Implementation of NRCS conservation activities offered through EQIP and CSP can assist organic producers 

in meeting a range of USDA organic requirements. Some conservation practices can play an integral role in 

organic systems and help transitioning organic producers bring their operations into compliance with USDA 

organic standards. CSP enhancement activities that build upon these practices provide an opportunity for 

organic producers to attain higher levels of resource stewardship.

The table below lists integral conservation practices for each of several USDA organic standards. Many 

other NRCS conservation activities can contribute to effective resource conservation on organic farms 

and ranches and nearly all offer USDA organic-compatible implementation scenarios. NRCS maintains 

an Organic Crosswalk document for EQIP and CSP that shows the correlation among USDA organic 

regulations, NRCS resource concerns, and relevant conservation activities.

Table 1 Integral NRCS Conservation Activities for Organic Systems

USDA Organic Standard Integral Conservation Practice 

Standards (CPS)

Natural Resources & Biodiversity -

• Maintain and improve soil, water,

woodlands, wetlands, wildlife

• Conserve biodiversity

• CPS 395 Stream Habitat Improvement and Management

• CPS 612 Tree/Shrub Establishment

• CPS 643 Restoration and Management of Rare and Declining Habitats

• CPS 644 Wetland Wildlife Habitat

Management

• CPS 645 Upland Wildlife Habitat

Management

• And all practices listed in the following sections

Land Requirements -

• 3 years without prohibited substances • CPS 327 Conservation Cover

• Buffers and barriers to protect organic

production areas

• CPS 362 Diversion

• CPS 380 Windbreak/Shelterbelt

• CPS 386 Field Border

• CPS 390 Riparian Herbaceous Cover

• CPS 391 Riparian Forest Buffer

• CPS 393 Filter Strip

• CPS 422 Hedgerow

Soil Fertility and Crop Nutrient Management

-

• Implement tillage practices that

improve soil condition and minimize

erosion

• Manage nutrients through rotations,

cover crops, and use of plant and animal materials

• CPS 329 No-till

• CPS 332 Contour Buffer Strips

• CPS 345 Reduced Till

• CPS 585 Stripcropping

• CPS 340 Cover Crop

• Avoid contamination of crops, soil,

water

• CPS 590 Nutrient Management
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USDA Organic Standard Integral Conservation Practice 

Standards (CPS)

Crop Rotation -

• Including sod, cover crops, green manures, catch crops

• Control erosion, increase soil organic

matter, manage nutrients and pests

• Alley cropping, intercropping, hedgerows, etc., for perennials

• CPS 328 Conservation Crop Rotation

• CPS 340 Cover Crop

• CPS 311 Alley Cropping

• CPS 422 Hedgerow

Crop Pest, Weed, & Disease Management

-

• Crop rotation, cultural practices for

crop health

• CPS 595 Integrated Pest Management

• Habitat for natural enemies of pests • CPS 327 Conservation Cover

• CPS 386 Field Border

• Mowing, mulching, grazing, cultivation

for weeds

• CPS 484 Mulching

- • CPS 649 Structures For Wildlife

Livestock Living Conditions -

• Access to outdoors, sun, shade, clean

water, shelter, pasture (ruminants)

• CPS 311 Alley Cropping (shade)

• CPS 380 Windbreak (shelter)

• CPS 516 Livestock Pipeline

• CPS 576 Livestock Shelter

• CPS 614 Watering Facility

• CPS 317 Compost Facility

• CPS 367 Roofs and Covers

• CPS 558 Roof Runoff Structure

• CPS 590 Nutrient Management

• Manage manure, outdoor areas to protect water and soil

Pasture (Ruminants) -

• 30% of dry matter intake

• Pasture quality

• Minimize diseases and parasites

• CPS 511 Forage Harvest Management

• CPS 512 Forage Planting

• CPS 550 Range Planting

• CPS 381 Silvopasture Establishment

• CPS 528 Prescribed Grazing

-

• Fencing, shade, water

• Protect soil & water quality

• Prevent erosion

• Protect wetlands and riparian areas

-

• CPS 382 Fence

• CPS 390 Riparian Herbaceous Cover

• CPS 391 Riparian Forest Buffer

• CPS 657 Wetland Restoration
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The following sections include resources that can help producers and NRCS field staff implement the 

Conservation Practice Standards (CPSs) listed in the table above in the context of organic production 

systems. The resources listed below are the most comprehensive and relevant to organic systems. In 

some topic areas, additional resources were identified to provide more information and are included in the 

appendix.

1. Nutrient Management

Organic growers rely on a healthy soil food web to release crop-available nutrients from soil organic matter 

and organic amendments. To support this ecology, they must continually replenish organic materials in the 

soil. Because synthetic fertilizers are generally not allowed in organic systems, the majority of nutrients 

must come from plant-derived or animal-derived products, in which nutrients are combined with carbon (C). 

In organic systems, the N and C cycles are closely linked and nutrients, particularly N, must be managed 

with this in mind.

Compared to conventional fertilizers, most organic fertilizers have lower concentrations of nutrients and 

act more slowly because nutrient release depends on the level of soil biological activity in order to digest 

the applied materials. As a result, some portion of the nutrients will be released in years subsequent to the 

application. In this context, implementation of CPS Code 590, Nutrient Management, may differ for organic 

versus conventional systems. NRCS can help organic and transitioning producers to understand nutrient 

cycling in their soil, develop nutrient budgets, and implement practices that support and build soil health.

Resources

Nutrient Management Plan (590) for Organic Systems: Western State Implementation Guide (Oregon Tilth, 

National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT), NRCS)

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/landuse/crops/organic/

State-specific versions of this guide are being 

developed for certain States; final versions will 

be available here: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/

portal/nrcs/main/national/landuse/crops/organic/.

This publication discusses CPS 590 as a tool for 

meeting the USDA organic regulations’ nutrient 

management requirements and minimizing 

environmental risks from applied N and P. It 

covers major and minor nutrients, and how to 

estimate N release from cover crops, past organic 

inputs, and soil organic matter.

Soil Fertility in Organic Systems: A Guide 

for Gardeners and Small Acreage Farmers 

(Washington State University)

https://pubs.wsu.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=1

5585&SeriesCode=&CategoryID=&Keyword=646.

This guide covers soil and nutrient dynamics in 

organic systems and provides nutrient management 

guidelines for wetter and drier parts of the 

Northwest that take into account N credits for cover 

crops, soil organic matter, and past inputs, and 

environmental concerns.

See appendix 1 of this handbook, USDA Organic Production Requirements Related to Resource 

Conservation, for the text of applicable regulations. In addition to regulations, the NOP Handbook 

provides guidance and instructions to help operations comply with the regulations.

Figure 3 Roots and soil under organically 

managed sudan grass cover crop
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Soil Fertility Management for Organic Crops (University of California)

http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/7249.pdf. Written specifically for California climate, soils, and production 

systems, this publication offers practical guidance on nutrient sourcing and N mineralization from soil 

organic matter, cover crops, compost, and purchased organic fertilizers.

Managing Manure Fertilizers in Organic Systems (University of Illinois, eOrganic)

http://www.extension.org/pages/18628/managing-manure-fertilizers-in-organic-system. 

This article covers USDA organic regulations regarding manure as a nutrient source in certified organic crop 

production. It addresses food safety and environmental considerations, and provides protocols for manure 

testing and determining application rates based on soil test trends.

Nutrient Management on Organic Vegetable Farms (University of Vermont) http://www.uvm.edu/

vtvegandberry/factsheets/Nutrient%20Management%20on%20Organic%20Vegetable%20Farms.pdf. 

This bulletin covers practical nutrient management for New England organic producers, including crop 

rotation, cover crops, and instructions for determining N, P, and K application rates, which consider 

nutrient credits from cover crops, manure, compost, and mineralization from soil organic matter.

Sources of Organic Fertilizers and Amendments (The National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service 

(ATTRA)) https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/org_fert/. Database listing suppliers of organic fertilizers, soil 

amendments, compost, and mycorrhizal and other inoculants for compost or soil by State.

Using Organic Nutrient Sources (Pennsylvania State University, Sustainable Agriculture Research and 

Education (SARE)) 

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/Northeast-SARE-Project-Products/WholeFarm-Nutrient-Planning-for-Organic-Farms. This resource covers how to: use a soil test report to guide 

organic nutrient management and compost application rates, account for the slower release of organic 

sources, provide balanced crop nutrition, optimize cost efficiency, protect water and other resources, and 

meet USDA organic regulatory requirements.

See appendix 2 of this handbook for additional resources.

2. Cover Crops

The purposes of cover cropping (CPS Code 340, Cover Crop) in organic systems do not differ from those in 

conventionally managed systems. However, the multiple functions of cover crops take on greater importance 

in organic systems in which synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides are generally not used. Cover crops 

can fix N (legumes); improve availability of P, K, and other soil nutrients; add organic matter and feed the 

soil food web; protect the soil from erosion and compaction; suppress weeds and disrupt pest and disease 

life cycles; and provide habitat for beneficial organisms. USDA organic standards cite cover cropping as an 

important component of organic crop rotations and a key practice for soil and nutrient management. NRCS 

staff can help producers by understanding the farmers’ goals for their cover crop, and helping them design a 

cover crop mix that is manageable, economically viable, and that meets their needs.

Resources

CPS Code 340, Cover Crop, in Organic Systems: Western State Implementation Guide (Oregon Tilth, NCAT, 

NRCS, Xerces Society)

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/landuse/crops/organic/.

State-specific versions of this guide are being developed for certain States; final versions will be available 

here: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/landuse/crops/organic/. This guide discusses 

the selection and management of cover crops for various objectives (N, organic matter, beneficial insects, 

etc.), soils and climates, cropping systems, and seasonal niches in the crop rotation. It covers seeding rates, 

planting dates, field preparation, and planting and termination methods.
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Cover Cropping in Organic Farming Systems 

(eOrganic)

http://www.extension.org/pages/59454/covercropping-in-organic-farming-systems. This Web 

site houses an extensive list of guides, videos, 

webinars, and other resources organized by cover 

crop species and cover cropping purpose.

Cover Crops for Organic Farms (Center for 

Environmental Farming Systems)

http://www.cefs.ncsu.edu/resources/

organicproductionguide/covercropsfinaljan2009.

pdf. This publication discusses cover crop species 

best suited for the Southeast and their benefits 

and drawbacks in relation to the region’s soils, 

climates, and prevalent insects, pest nematodes, 

and crop diseases. It also offers instruction 

on cover crop planting and termination, and 

estimating cover crop biomass, total and available 

N.

Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 3rd edition 

(SARE)

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/

Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition. 

This handbook describes how cover crops work 

and how to integrate them into various cropping 

systems for soil fertility, pest management, and 

other purposes. A set of charts summarizes best 

cover crops for different regions, seasons, and objectives; and advantages, drawbacks, planting rates and 

methods for each cover crop species. Detailed chapters cover 20 of the most widely used cover crops.

Midwest Cover Crop Council www.mccc.msu.edu. Resource for cover cropping in the Midwest which 

includes research, info sheets, cover crop selector tools, and farmer profiles about cover crop use in crop 

rotations, including a few on organic farms.

Northern Great Plains Cover Crop Chart (USDA, ARS) 

http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=20323. Chart organized by cover crop species which links 

to a summary of information about that species.

Cover Crops for All Seasons: expanding the cover crop tool box for organic vegetable producers (Virginia 

Association for Biological Farming (VABF))

http://vabf.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/seasonalcovercrops_sm.pdf. Information in narrative and tabular 

form on the performance, benefits, and best planting and management methods for over 30 cover crops 

evaluated for organic vegetable cropping systems in the mid-Atlantic and upper Southeast.

Reduced Tillage and Cover Cropping Systems for Organic Vegetable Production (VABF)

http://vabf.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/reducedtillage_sm.pdf. Recommendations for cover crop 

management and no-till cover crop termination and cash crop planting for organic vegetable production, 

based on research conducted at Virginia Tech as well as the mid-Atlantic and upper Southeast.

2013 Cover Crop Innovations Webinar Series (Pennsylvania State University) 

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/Northeast-SARE-Project-Products/2013-CoverCrop-Innovations-Webinar-Series.

This webinar series includes cover crops for organic no-till and reduced-till systems, interseeding, cover 

Figure 4 Organically managed buckwheat cover crop.
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crops for small dairy farms, managing beneficial and pest insects, nutrient and weed management in organic 

no-till cover crop systems, and managing N with cover crop mixtures.

NRCS Cover Crop Termination Guidelines (NRCS)

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=STELPRDB1263099&ext=pdf. This 

document describes guidelines applicable to all USDA programs that were developed by NRCS, RMA and 

FSA.

See Section 4, "Crop Rotation," of this handbook, for additional resources.

3. Compost

Compost is an important soil amendment for many organic farms because it provides an inoculum of 

beneficial soil organisms as well as humus, micronutrients, and slow-release N, P, and K. When farms or 

fields with poor soil health and low nutrient levels are first brought into organic production, heavy compost 

applications (10–20 tons per acre) can be the quickest way to improve soil fertility. Manure-based compost 

may have relatively high levels of salts, as well as P, so the producer should ask the supplier to provide 

information about levels of nutrients and salts, and conduct soil tests regularly to determine appropriate 

compost application rates.

Organic livestock producers can optimize nutrient cycling and protect water and other resources through 

proper composting of manure. NRCS can assist organic producers in constructing a suitable composting 

facility (CPS Code 317) and applying compost in a manner consistent with sound nutrient management 

(CPS Code 590).

Resources

Making and Using Compost for Organic Farming (University of Illinois, eOrganic)

http://www.extension.org/pages/18567/making-and-using-compost-for-organic-farming. This article 

discusses USDA organic regulations and guidance regarding composition, production, and use of compost on 

organic farms and briefly summarizes the composting process and farm-scale composting methods (windrow, 

aerated static pile, in-vessel) with links to other resources.

Guidance: Compost and Vermicompost in Organic Crop Production (AMS NOP)

http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOPProgramHandbook. This publication reviews USDA organic regulations and 

includes guidance about compost and vermicompost in organic systems.

4. Crop rotations

Crop rotations are required on organic farms and are used to reduce pest and disease problems, reduce 

weed pressure, reduce soil erosion, build organic matter, and support a diverse soil microbial community. 

Rotations that include several crops of different plant families support better soil health than simpler 

rotations. A diverse crop rotation that includes legumes and deep rooted crops can enhance the efficient 

cycling and utilization of crop nutrients. On sloping land, integrating a conservation crop rotation (CPS 

Code 328) with other practices such as strip cropping (CPS Code 585) or contour buffer strips (CPS Code 

332) can greatly reduce soil erosion and protect soil health.

Resources

Crop Rotation on Organic Farms: A Planning Manual (SARE, Natural Resource, Agriculture, and 

Engineering Service (NRAES)) http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Crop-Rotation-on-OrganicFarms. Utilizing input from experienced organic farmers, this manual gives detailed guidance in designing 

a crop rotation to improve soil health under different field conditions; manage pests, diseases, and weeds 

for various crops; and support the transition to organic farming. The book lists problems and opportunities 

for over 500 crop sequences, outlines pest and disease considerations for more than 60 crops and 70 weed 

species, and provides 13 examples of crop rotations from working organic farms.

Crop Rotations on Organic Farms (Center for Environmental Farming Systems)

http://www.cefs.ncsu.edu/resources/organicproductionguide/croprotationsfinaljan09.pdf. This publication 
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offers practical information on designing and implementing crop rotations to provide for soil fertility; 

enhance organic matter; and manage crop pathogens, plant-parasitic nematodes, insect pests, and weeds 

prevalent in North Carolina and elsewhere in the Southeast.

See appendix 2 of this handbook for additional resources.

5. Tillage and Residue Management

Without a cost-effective choice of allowed herbicides, organic annual crop production is more reliant on 

tillage and cultivation for weed management and seedbed preparation. However, excessive tillage is 

harmful to soil, accelerating organic matter degradation, disturbing and killing soil organisms, creating 

compaction layers, and bringing weed seeds to germination depth. Residue management is closely connected 

with tillage and there is an increasing focus on organic no-till or reduced till to support soil health. 

NRCS staff can support organic farmers by advising them on reduced till and no-till financial assistance 

opportunities (CPS Codes 345 and 329), as well as providing information on effective tillage implements.

Resources

Use of Tillage in Organic Farming Systems: The Basics (University of Illinois, eOrganic) 

http://www.extension.org/pages/18634/useof-tillage-in-organic-farming-systems:-thebasics. This article describes the benefits 

and drawbacks of different forms of tillage 

and considerations when making decisions 

about tillage and tillage implements. 

Conservation tillage and no-till are also 

discussed briefly.

Cover Crops and No-Till Management for 

Organic Systems (Rodale Institute, SARE) 

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/

Project-Products/Northeast-SAREProject-Products/Cover-Crops-and-NoTill-Management-for-Organic-Systems. 

Description of cover crop-based organic 

no-till systems developed at the Rodale 

Institute for the Northeast and mid-Atlantic 

regions including vegetable and agronomic 

crop rotations, cover crop selection, rollercrimpers for cover crop termination, notill planting equipment, and energy and 

financial budgets for no-till versus tilled 

systems.

Pursuing Conservation Tillage Systems 

for Organic Crop Production (ATTRA) 

https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/viewhtml.

php?id=107. This bulletin provides an 

overview of organic conservation tillage 

options, including mulch till, ridge till, ridge 

zone/ strip till, killed cover crop mulch for 

no-till, and living mulch systems. Examples 

of innovative farmer applications of organic 

conservation tillage are included.

See appendix 2 of this handbook for 

additional resources.

Figure 5 Diverse mixture of vegetable crops on an organic farm
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6. Integrated Pest Management

Pest management on organic or transitioning farms relies on the "PAMS" strategy: prevention, avoidance, 

monitoring and suppression, with a strong emphasis on prevention and avoidance. USDA organic 

regulations allow use of certain botanical and other natural pesticides as a last resort. NRCS conservation 

planners can help farmers protect resources, manage pests, and minimize their need for pesticides by 

supporting good soil management practices, which in turn support healthy, resilient plants. Crop rotation, 

cover crops, organic mulches, and various conservation tillage practices are all part of an ecological pest 

management system, as is supporting biodiversity above ground.

The goal of the CPS Code 595, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), is to reduce or mitigate the risks 

associated with a particular pest suppression technique to specific natural resources (e.g. water, pollinators 

and other beneficial organisms). This standard defines IPM differently than some producers, who may think 

of IPM as a long-term system that focuses on prevention of pests through a combination of strategies such 

as biological controls, cultural practices and resistant varieties. Some pesticides allowed in organic farming 

can pose significant risks to natural resources, such as pyrethrum to fish, spinosad to bees, or any botanical 

or soap-based pesticide to nontarget and beneficial arthropods. Implementation of CPS Code 595 in 

conjunction with other practices can help the organic producer eliminate or mitigate these risks. Producers 

should work closely with their organic certifier to ensure their pest suppression and mitigation practices are 

consistent with their OSP and USDA organic regulations.

The organic approach of prevention and avoidance is consistent with the definition of IPM. In addition, 

organic producers can avoid or reduce many pest and disease problems through other NRCS conservation 

activities such as CPS Codes 328, Conservation Crop Rotation; 340, Cover Crop; 386, Field Border; 422, 

Hedgerow; Water Quality Enhancement Activity (WQL21) IPM for Organic Farming; and many others.

The last purpose in CPS Code 595, IPM, addresses the risk that a cultural, mechanical, or biological 

mitigation technique used in lieu of chemical methods to protect one resource may cause an impact on 

other resources. An example would be tillage for weed control which replaces herbicide applications, but 

which could adversely impact soil health. To maintain soil health, other practices such as CPS Codes 484, 

Mulching; 328, Conservation Crop Rotation; 340, Cover Crops; or any of the residue management practices 

could be used as well.

Resources

Common NRCS Practices Related to Pest Management on Organic Farms (Oregon Tilth) 

http://tilth.org/resources/common-nrcs-practices-related-to-pest-management-on-organic-farms-2/. This 

publication outlines the application of CPS Code 595, IPM, to organic systems and describes how several 

other key NRCS practices that have primary 

resource protection benefits can also offer

significant benefits to organic producers.

Biorationals: Ecological Pest Management 

Database (ATTRA) https://attra.ncat.org/attrapub/biorationals/. This tool provides information 

on organic and other pesticides as well as 

preventive measures for common pests; allows 

searches by pest, trade name, or active ingredient; 

has links to labels and manufacturer information; 

and notes which materials are listed by OMRI 

(Organic Materials Review Institute). Because 

OMRI listings are frequently updated, organic 

producers should check with their certifiers 

prior to applying any materials to their crops or 

livestock.

Figure 6 Roller crimper
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Farming with Native Beneficial Insects (Xerces Society) 

http://www.xerces.org/farming-with-native-beneficial-insects/. A comprehensive guide that discusses the 

ecology of native beneficial insects and demonstrates how to create a farm or garden habitat that will attract 

beneficial insects. 

Manage Insects on Your Farm: A Guide to Ecological Strategies (SARE) 

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Manage-Insects-on-Your-Farm. This book covers ecological 

pest management practices used on organic farms such as improving soil health, building and managing 

plant and microbial biodiversity, cover cropping, beneficial habitat, hedgerows, and trap cropping. It 

includes photo illustrations of pests and their natural enemies and many farm stories of successful practical 

applications.

A Whole-Farm Approach to Managing Pests (SARE)

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Bulletins/A-Whole-Farm-Approach-to-Managing-Pests. This 

bulletin covers field border plantings and other farmscaping methods among a full range of ecological pest 

management practices such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and tillage and residue management. It 

showcases successful field applications by farmers from different regions.

Steel in the Field: a Farmer’s Guide to Weed Management Tools (SARE)

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Steel-in-the-Field. Describes a wide range of cultivation tools 

available for mechanical weed control. The book also covers cost-effective weed-management strategies that 

integrate improved cultivation tools with cover crops and crop rotations that can help organic producers get 

the most weed suppression for the least soil disturbance.

Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management, 2nd Edition (SARE)

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Project-Products/Northeast-SARE-Project-Products/Resource-Guidefor-Organic-Insect-and-Disease-Management. This manual provides in-depth information on organic 

management of vegetable crop pests and diseases in the Northeast, including cultural controls and NOPallowed materials for each major pest and pathogen; a photo section to assist identification; and material 

fact sheets for 17 classes of biological, botanical, mineral, and other NOP-approved materials.

Biointensive Integrated Pest Management ( ATTRA) https://attra.ncat.org/organic.html#pests. Includes 

biointensive or high-level IPM that utilizes ecological principles to understand and manage pests within 

the context of the whole farm, including crops, pests and their natural enemies, soil life, livestock, etc. This 

manual covers planning based on knowledge of pest and 

beneficial life cycles, cropping system design, sanitation and 

other preventive cultural practices, and physical, mechanical, 

biological, and chemical controls.

Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control (ATTRA) https://

attra.ncat.org/organic.html#pests. This bulletin gives indepth guidance on developing a beneficial insect habitat 

based on farmer objectives, crops grown, prevalent pests 

and natural enemies, and characteristics of various annual 

and perennial insectary plants. It also covers habitat 

for predatory birds and bats, and includes an annotated 

bibliography of information resources.

See appendix 2 of this handbook for additional resources 

that address mammal pest management, weed and invasive 

species control, solarization for site preparation, and 

prescribed grazing for invasive plant control.

Figure 7 Flowers from dill
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7. Buffers and Natural Areas

Conservation buffers and natural areas support compliance with USDA organic regulations concerning 

natural resources and biodiversity while aiding in production goals. Although buffers are generally 

designed for other purposes, such as erosion control, some organic producers also use them to reduce 

pesticide and pollen transport. There are several NRCS buffer practices listed in table 1 that can help 

producers meet their objectives such as CPS Codes 422, Hedgerows, and 386, Field Borders. CPS Codes 

362, Diversions, and 412, Grassed Waterways, are used to divert and convey runoff water, and are relevant 

because they can help organic growers meet USDA organic regulatory requirements to protect organic crops 

against prohibited substances or other pollutants from off-farm sources.

Natural areas are nonagricultural areas that support ecological processes and native species. Since not 

all organic growers enroll their natural areas in organic certification, the requirement to meet the USDA 

organic regulations for maintaining and improving soil, water, wetlands, woodlands, and wildlife in these 

areas depends on the certification status. Conservation of the natural areas may significantly improve food, 

shelter, and reproduction sites for wildlife, sequester carbon in woody biomass, filter pollutants, conserve 

water, dissipate floodwaters, serve as wildlife corridors, and support rare species. Several NRCS buffer 

practices listed in table 1 can help producers meet their objectives, such as CPS Codes 395, Stream Habitat 

Improvement and Management, and 612, Tree/Shrub Establishment.

A number of practices can be used to prevent or control invasive species and weeds, such as CPS Codes 314, 

Brush Management, and 315, Herbaceous Weed Control.

While buffers and natural areas do not typically produce organic food and fiber, producers must ensure 

they comply with USDA organic regulations. They should recognize the restrictions on synthetic pesticides, 

treated wood, plastic mulches, and burning under certain conditions. By first checking in with the certifier 

before planting the buffer or restoring the natural area, the producer will ensure they are in compliance.

Resources

Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management

Biodiversity Conservation: An Organic Farmer’s Guide (Wild Farm Alliance (WFA))

http://wildfarmalliance.org/resources/BD%20Guide%20Organic%20Farmers%20.pdf. Includes a range of 

farm management practices that maintain and enhance biodiversity as they relate to the USDA organic 

regulations.

How NRCS TSPs Support Biodiversity in Organic Systems (WFA, MOSES, Hedgerows Unlimited)

http://www.wildfarmalliance.org/resources/organic_BD.htm#WebinarTSPs. This webinar covers how TSPs 

can write conservation plans for practices that address the biodiversity conservation needs of the farm 

including those offered in the CAP 138 development criteria list for transitioning farmers, and others that 

support woodland, wetlands, and wildlife habitat.

Increasing Plant and Soil Biodiversity on Organic Farmscapes (University of California at Davis, eOrganic)

http://www.extension.org/pages/27049/increasing-plant-and-soil-biodiversity-on-organic-farmscapeswebinar#.U-0yukj8W58. This webinar examines research results from a case study in California on an 

organic farm with hedgerows, preservation of a riparian corridor, and tailwater ponds.

Linking Biodiversity Requirements, Organic Systems, and NRCS Conservation Practice Standards (WFA, 

University of Minnesota, Live Earth Farm)

http://wildfarmalliance.org/resources/organic_BD.htm#Webinar-1. CPSs that improve soil and water 

resources, support beneficial organisms and natural functions, and protect and restore wildlife habitat are 

covered in this webinar, and real-life examples of practices used by an organic farmer on his operations.

Promoting High Quality Conservation on the Organic Farm (WFA, MOSES)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HENSvtveY0U&feature=youtu.be. This webinar describes how NRCS 
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conservation practices and enhancements can provide high-value production and biodiversity benefits while 

at the same time aiding producers in obtaining or maintaining their USDA organic status.

Buffers

Conservation Buffers in Organic Systems (NCAT, Oregon Tilth, Xerces Society)

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/landuse/crops/organic/. This publication covers 

design, preparation and maintenance of NRCS field borders, hedgerow plantings, herbaceous wind barriers, 

windbreaks/shelterbelt establishment, riparian forest buffers, and conservation cover.

Conservation Buffers: Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways (National Agroforestry 

Center) http://nac.unl.edu/buffers/index.html. This publication provides over 80 illustrated design 

guidelines which describe how a vegetative buffer can be applied to protect soil, improve air and water 

quality, enhance fish and wildlife habitat, or meet other objectives.

Hedgerows for California Agriculture (Community Alliance with Family Farmers)

http://caff.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Hedgerow_manual.pdf. This manual helps growers choose and 

care for appropriate plants that attract beneficial insects and prevent erosion.

Protecting Riparian Areas: Farmland Management Strategies (ATTRA)

https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=115. This publication is designed to help 

farmers, watershed managers, and environmentalists understand what healthy riparian areas look like, 

how they operate, and why they are important for the environment and society. It also discusses the costs 

and benefits of riparian management, and how watershed residents can work together to protect this vital 

resource.

Co-Managing Food Safety and Conservation

A Farmer's Guide to Food Safety and 

Conservation: Facts, Tips and Frequently 

Asked Questions (WFA, CAFF) http://www.

wildfarmalliance.org/resources/FS_FactsTipsFAQ.

pdf. This publication discusses basic factors 

that affect the survival and movement of food 

borne pathogens on the farm, and how healthy 

diverse ecosystems can help to keep pathogens 

in check. A set of frequently asked questions 

addresses topics from wildlife and compost issues 

to visitors on the farm. It provides tips on how to 

have a successful food safety inspection, and the 

resources list includes links to Web pages where 

your auditor can learn about the co-management 

of food safety and conservation.

On-Farm Food Safety and Conservation (WFA)

http://www.conservationwebinars.net/webinars/

on-farm-food-safety-and-conservation. This 

webinar covers how pathogens get on the farm, 

their prevalence in animals, and environmental 

factors that influence pathogen reduction. 

A multibarrier approach is discussed where 

conservation practices and food safety good 

agricultural practices (GAPs) are used to 

minimize food safety concerns.

Figure 8 Plants in a buffer area attracting beneficial 

goldenrod soldier beetles
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Pollinator Habitat

Pollinator Habitat Assessment Form and Guide for Organic Farmers (Xerces Society)

http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/OrganicPollinatorHabitatAssessment.pdf. This guide 

assesses pollinator habitat in orchards and field crop settings.

Organic Farming for Bees Toolkit (Xerces Society)

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Alternative-Pollinators. This guide contains both fact 

sheets, as well as information about native bee biology, artificial nest management, and regional plant lists 

for pollinator habitat restoration.

Pollinator Conservation Resource Center (Xerces Society) www.xerces.org/pollinator-resource-center.

This Web site provides information on pollinator plant lists, conservation guides, pesticide protection, seed 

venders, nurseries, and more.

Managing Alternative Pollinators: a Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists (SARE) 

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Alternative-Pollinators. The book includes expert 

information on the business and biology of pollination, and color-illustrated how-to guidance on rearing 

and managing bumble bees, mason bees, leafcutter bees, and other bee species that provide pollination 

alternatives to the rapidly declining honey bee.

See appendix 2 of this handbook for additional resources including the IPM section for resources on weed 

and invasive species control, solarization for site preparation, and prescribed grazing for invasive plant 

control.

8. Organic Grazing

The USDA organic pasture standard requires the livestock producer to provide pasture of sufficient quantity 

and quality to meet 30 percent of the dry matter (DM) nutritional needs of ruminants (cattle, goats, sheep, 

etc.) for at least 120 days during the grazing season. The producer must provide, as part of the OSP, a 

detailed pasture management plan adequate to meet these criteria, prevent erosion, and protect soil and 

water resources, wetlands, and riparian areas. Implementation of CPS Code 528, Prescribed Grazing, 

can help the organic producer meet USDA organic pasture requirements. Grazing plans under CPS Code 

528 include pasture system maps, soils maps and information, typical grazing season or seasons, tools to 

ensure and document adequate herd DM intake from pasture, and contingency management measures 

such as reduced stocking rates, temporary removal from pasture due to weather, and supplemental 

feed. Other conservation practices, such as CPS Codes 512, Forage and Biomass Planting; 511, Forage 

Harvest Management; 550, Range Planting; and 381, Silvopasture Establishment, can help the grower 

meet USDA organic requirements for adequate pasture and forage. Practices such as CPS Codes 390, 

Riparian Herbaceous Cover; 391, Riparian Forest Buffer; and 382, Fence, in conjunction with CPS Code 

614, Livestock Watering Facilities, to keep animals away from streams, can help protect water quality and 

prevent streambank erosion.

Pastures, regardless of organic status, can become overgrazed, which can contribute to livestock internal 

parasite problems, nutritional deficiencies, soil compaction, erosion, degradation of forage diversity and 

vigor, spread of diseases to wildlife, and water quality problems; all of which an organic producer must 

address. USDA organic standards require the producer to maintain pasture in a state of good health 

and productivity through management strategies that promote good forage quality and quantity, weed 

control, infiltration of precipitation, and erosion control. Some conservation practices for developing and 

maintaining healthy and productive pastures include—

• Rotational grazing system and nutrient management appropriate for the climate and terrain. This is 

not particular to organic, but rotation is vital to pasture health and reduced environmental impacts, as 

required by NOP. 

• Occasional mowing or mixed-species grazing to reduce weeds and stimulate growth of desirable species. 

Avoid prescribing forage species that require burning for germination or maintenance, or allow for 

alternatives such as grazing and tillage.
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• Establishment of desirable or more productive forages as needed. Some producers may include annual 

plantings to extend the grazing season, provide forages during seasons when perennials are typically 

less productive, or have animals deposit manure on cropland.

• Use of infrastructure such as animal trails and strategic locations of watering facilities, minerals, 

shade, and supplemental feed to support pasture rotation and utilization.

• Infrastructure and management practices may also be used to meet USDA organic requirements to 

protect environmentally sensitive areas in or adjacent to the pasture.

Ideally, a grazing system includes sufficient acreage to meet the maximum DM intake needs of the herd. In 

instances where there is insufficient acreage, and where a reduction in stocking rate is not possible, daily 

supplemental feeding will be required. In addition, diligent pasture management and rotational grazing 

are essential to prevent overgrazing while maintaining as high a DM intake as practical. Animals must 

be moved frequently and in accordance with planned target grazing heights, DM estimates, and targeted 

postgrazing residuals. When circumstances beyond the producer’s control result in less than the required 

30 percent of total seasonal DM intake being obtained from pasture, the organic producer must request a 

written variance from the certifying agent.

See section 9 of this handbook for a discussion of USDA organic regulations related to fences.

Resources

Organic Standards for Livestock Production (ATTRA) 

https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=159. This collection of standards from the 

USDA AMS NOP provides the reader with key standards relevant to certified organic livestock production.

Pastures: Going Organic (ATTRA): https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=179. This 

guide discusses relevant USDA organic regulations, including recordkeeping; and fertility, weed, and insect 

pest management.

Pasture for Organic Ruminant Livestock – Understanding and Implementing the USDA Organic Pasture 

Rule (NCAT, USDA AMS NOP):

http://prod.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/NOP-UnderstandingOrganicPastureRule.pdf. This 

publication explains the pasture rule and includes information on determining available DM on both pasture 

and rangeland.

Calculating Dry Matter Intake from Pasture (USDA AMS NOP):

http://prod.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/5017-1.pdf. This publication describes DM intake and a 

method to estimate it.

Grazing Management on Organic Farms (eOrganic):

https://www.extension.org/pages/59464/grazing-management-on-organic-farms. This Web site provides an 

extensive library of fact sheets and webinars on organic grazing.

Guide for Organic Livestock Producers (NCAT, USDA AMS NOP): http://www.ams.usda.gov/organicinfo. 

This extensive publication includes discussions about hay, silage, and haylage harvest; seeds and planting 

stock; the USDA organic pasture rule; organic soil and weed management for pasture and hayland; and 

grazing for parasite management.

9. Livestock Living Conditions, Facilities, and Structures

The USDA organic standard for livestock living conditions requires producers to provide all livestock and 

poultry with year-round access to the outdoors, sunlight, shade, shelter, fresh air, exercise areas, clean 

water, and adequate nutrition. Temporary confinement is allowed under certain circumstances such as 

severe weather. Producers can implement practices such as CPS Codes 614, Livestock Watering Facility; 

516, Livestock Pipeline; 380, Windbreak Planting; 381, Silvopasture Establishment; and 576, Livestock 

Shelter Structure, as part of their plan to meet USDA organic requirements regarding water, shade, and 

shelter.
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Organic livestock producers must manage animal wastes and outdoor access areas in a way that protects 

soil and water quality. In some locations at certain times of the year, it can be a challenge to provide 

livestock outdoor access “in a manner that does not put soil or water quality at risk.” Outdoor feeding and 

confinement areas may require CPS Code 561, Heavy Use Area Protection, and other practices to protect 

groundwater and surface water, and to allow for removal and management of wastes. A suitable composting 

facility (CPS Code 317) can provide improved waste management and stabilize manure nutrients.

Some sites may not have sufficient separation from groundwater and surface water to provide treatment 

of contaminated runoff from these facilities. In such cases, a roof (CPS Code 367, Roofs and Covers), or 

CPS Code 588, Roof Runoff Structure, may be needed to prevent runoff from transporting contaminants 

into nearby streams or lakes. In the event that site conditions demand a roofed heavy-use area to prevent 

environmental impacts from a livestock confinement area, it is very important to work with the certifying 

agency to ensure that the design does not conflict with the agent’s interpretation of livestock access to the 

outdoors or to direct sunlight. In some cases, the producer may need to consider moving the livestock to 

another site where they can be managed in a manner that will meet USDA organic requirements for both 

livestock outdoor access and protection of water resources.

The USDA organic crop pest, weed, and disease management practice standard does not allow the use of 

lumber treated with prohibited materials if the lumber will contact animals, manure, compost, plants, or soil 

that are parts of the organic production system. New or replacement fence posts for pastures, and building 

materials for animal shade, shelter or confinement structures, and composting and waste storage facilities 

must be comprised of materials such as naturally rot-resistant wood, wood treated with NOP-allowed 

materials, metal, concrete, fiberglass, composite, or other accepted materials. At the time of this printing, 

raw linseed oil is the only NOP-approved wood preservative, but other products could become available in 

the future.

When chromated copper arsenate (CCA) pressure-treated lumber or other treated materials must be used 

for structures, the producer must provide a protective sheathing or setback to prevent livestock, feed, 

hay, manure, or compost from coming into direct contact with the materials. When planning a structural 

conservation practice on an organic livestock operation, it is very important to communicate with the 

certifying agency to ensure that the design and materials will not place the producer in conflict with USDA 

organic regulations.

Resources

Guide for Organic Livestock Producers (NCAT, USDA AMS NOP): http://www.ams.usda.gov/organicinfo. 

This extensive publication includes discussions about hay, silage, and haylage harvest; seeds and planting 

stock; the USDA organic pasture rule; 

organic soil and weed management for 

pasture and hayland; and grazing for parasite

management.

Treated Wood on Organic Farms (University 

of Tennessee):

https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/

Documents/W235-H.pdf. This publication 

discusses the USDA organic rule, alternative 

materials, and other topics.

Treated Lumber and Wood (Ohio Ecological 

Food and Farm Association):

http://certification.oeffa.org/certfiles/facts/

Treated%20Wood.pdf. This fact sheet 

discusses common issues, alternatives, and 

other topics.

Figure 9 Cows in sudan grass on an organic farm
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Appendix 1

USDA Organic Regulatory Production Requirements 

Related to Resource Conservation 

The following excerpts from the USDA organic regulations highlight those that relate to resource 

conservation. Organic producers, not NRCS staff, are responsible for ensuring they comply with organic 

regulations. The regulations listed below are for reference to illustrate opportunities to work with organic 

producers and help NRCS staff better understand the regulations organic producers follow.

The full USDA organic regulations (7 CFR Part 205) can be viewed at http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SI

D=cbc7174c2bae4dac67b0935617cfa740&mc=true&node=pt7.3.205&rgn=div5.

NATURAL RESOURCES AND BIODIVERSITY

205.200—Production practices “must maintain or improve the natural resources of the operation, including 

soil and water quality.”

205.2—Natural resources are defined as “the physical, hydrological, and biological features of a production 

operation, including soil, water, wetlands, woodlands, and wildlife.”

205.2—Organic production is a “system that is managed in accordance with...regulations...to respond to 

site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of 

resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.”

LAND AND BUFFERS

205.202—“Any field or farm parcel from which harvested crops are intended to be sold, labeled, or 

represented as 'organic,' must: Have had no prohibited substances ... applied to it for a period of 3 years 

immediately preceding harvest of the crop; and Have distinct, defined boundaries and buffer zones such as 

runoff diversions to prevent the unintended application of a prohibited substance to the crop or contact with 

a prohibited substance applied to adjoining land that is not under organic management.”

SOIL AND CROP FERTILITY MANAGEMENT

205.203—The producer must: “select and implement tillage and cultivation practices that maintain or 

improve the physical, chemical, and biological condition of soil and minimize soil erosion”; “manage crop 

nutrients and soil fertility through rotations, cover crops, and the application of plant and animal materials”; 

and “manage plant and animal materials to maintain or improve soil organic matter content in a manner 

that does not contribute to contamination of crops, soil, or water.”

Raw animal manure must be “incorporated into the soil not less than 120 days prior to the harvest of a 

product whose edible portion has direct contact with the soil surface or soil particles; or incorporated into the 

soil not less than 90 days prior to the harvest of a product whose edible portion does not have direct contact 

with the soil surface or soil particles.”

Animal manure may be applied at any time if it is composted through a process that “established an initial 

C:N ratio of between 25:1 and 40:1; and maintained a temperature of between 131 °F and 170 °F for 3 days 

using an in-vessel or static aerated pile system; or maintained a temperature of between 131 °F and 170 

°F for 15 days using a windrow composting system, during which period, the materials must be turned a 

minimum of five times.” Producers must not use “sewage sludge (biosolids)."
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SEEDS AND PLANTING STOCK

205.204—“The producer must use organically grown seeds, annual seedlings, and planting stock.” However, 

when “an equivalent organically produced variety is not commercially available,” producers may use 

nonorganically produced seeds. However, “organically produced seed must be used for the production of 

edible sprouts.”

CROP ROTATION

205.205—“The producer must implement a crop rotation including but not limited to sod, cover crops, green 

manure crops, and catch crops that provide the following functions that are applicable to the operation: 

maintain or improve soil organic matter content; provide for pest management in annual and perennial 

crops; manage deficient or excess plant nutrients; and provide erosion control.”

205.2—Crop rotation is defined as the “practice of alternating the annual crops grown on a specific field in 

a planned pattern or sequence in successive crop years so that crops of the same species or family are not 

grown repeatedly without interruption on the same field. Perennial cropping systems employ means such as 

alley cropping, intercropping, and hedgerows to introduce biological diversity in lieu of crop rotation.”

CROP PEST, WEED, AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

205.206—“The producer must use management practices to prevent crop pests, weeds, and diseases 

including but not limited to: crop rotation and soil and crop nutrient management practices...sanitation 

measures to remove disease vectors, weed seeds, and habitat for pest organisms; and cultural practices that 

enhance crop health, including selection of plant species and varieties with regard to suitability to sitespecific conditions and resistance to prevalent pests, weeds, and diseases.”

Pests, weeds and diseases may be controlled through mechanical or physical methods, such as development 

of habitat for natural enemies of pests, mowing, and livestock grazing. If these methods are “insufficient 

to prevent or control crop pests, weeds, and diseases, a biological or botanical substance or a substance 

included on the National List of synthetic substances allowed for use in organic crop production may be 

applied to prevent, suppress, or control pests, weeds, or diseases.”

WILD CROP

205.207—A wild crop “represented as organic must be harvested from a designated area that has had no 

prohibited substance...for a period of 3 years immediately preceding the harvest.” A wild crop must be 

harvested in a manner is not “destructive to the environment and will sustain the growth and production of 

the wild crop.”

LIVESTOCK ORIGIN

205.236—Livestock products that are “represented as organic must be from livestock under continuous 

organic management from the last third of gestation or hatching.” Except, “poultry or edible poultry 

products must be from poultry that has been under continuous organic management beginning no later than 

the second day of life,” and “milk or milk products must be from animals that have been under continuous 

organic management beginning no later than 1 year prior to the production of the milk or milk products.”

LIVESTOCK FEED AND PASTURE

205.237:—The producer “must provide livestock with a total feed ration composed of agricultural products, 

including pasture and forage, that are organically produced and handled by operations certified to the NOP.” 

“The producer of an organic operation must not: use animal drugs, including hormones, to promote growth; 

provide feed supplements or additives in amounts above those needed for adequate nutrition and health.”

“Ruminant animals must be grazed throughout the entire grazing season for the geographical region, which 

shall be not less than 120 days per calendar year.” Producers must “provide pasture of a sufficient quality 

and quantity to graze” and to provide ruminants “with an average of not less than 30 percent of their dry 

matter intake from grazing throughout the grazing season.”
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PASTURE MANAGEMENT

205.240—The producer must have “a functioning management plan for pasture.” The plan must include a 

description of the “cultural and management practices to be used to ensure pasture of a sufficient quality 

and quantity is available to graze throughout the grazing season...; the types of grazing methods to be used 

in the pasture system; location and types of fences”; location and source of shade and water; “soil fertility 

and seeding systems; erosion control and protection of natural wetlands and riparian areas practices.” 

Pasture must be managed “to refrain from putting soil or water quality at risk.”

LIVESTOCK HEALTH CARE

205.238—“The producer must establish and maintain preventive livestock health care practices, including: 

selection of species and types of livestock with regard to suitability for site-specific conditions and resistance 

to prevalent diseases and parasites; provision of a feed ration sufficient to meet nutritional requirements”; 

“appropriate housing, pasture conditions, and sanitation practices to minimize the occurrence and spread of 

diseases and parasites”; “vaccines and other veterinary biologics.”

“When preventive practices and veterinary biologics are inadequate to prevent sickness, a producer may 

administer synthetic medications.” However, a producer may not use any antibiotics, any substance that 

contains a synthetic substance not allowed on the National List, any animal drug “in the absence of illness, 

hormones for growth promotion...or withhold medical treatment from a sick animal in an effort to preserve 

its organic status. All appropriate medications must be used to restore an animal to health when methods 

acceptable to organic production fail. Livestock treated with a prohibited substance must be clearly 

identified and shall not be sold, labeled, or represented as organically produced.”

LIVESTOCK LIVING CONDITIONS

205.239—The producer of an organic livestock operation must establish and maintain year-round livestock 

living conditions which accommodate the health and natural behavior of animals suitable to the species, 

its stage of life, the climate, and the environment. Including, but not limited to, year-round access for all 

animals to the outdoors, shade, shelter, exercise areas, fresh air, clean water for drinking, direct sunlight, 

and appropriate clean, dry bedding. Roughages used as bedding must be organically produced. The 

producer of an organic livestock operation may provide temporary confinement or shelter for an animal due 

to inclement weather; the animal's stage of life; to protect the health, safety, or well-being of the animal; to 

protect soil or water quality; breeding; shipping; or youth projects.

“The producer of an organic livestock operation must manage manure in a manner that does not contribute 

to contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant nutrients, heavy metals, or pathogenic organisms and 

optimizes recycling of nutrients, and must manage pastures and other outdoor access areas in a manner that 

does not put soil or water quality at risk.”

Additional USDA Organic Regulations and Guidance

The following paragraphs describe several other aspects of the USDA organic regulations that may have a 

bearing on implementation of NRCS conservation programs and practices on organic farms.

COMMINGLING

205.272—“The handler of an organic handling operation must implement measures necessary to prevent the 

commingling of organic and nonorganic products and protect organic products from contact with prohibited 

substances.”

RECORD KEEPING

205.103—“A certified operation must maintain records concerning the production, harvesting, and handling 

of agricultural products that are or that are intended to be sold, labeled, or represented as...'organic’.” 

Records must “be maintained for not less than 5 years beyond their creation;” and “be sufficient to 

demonstrate compliance with the...regulations.”
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THE NATIONAL LIST OF ALLOWED AND PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES

205.601–604—Nonsynthetic or “natural” substances are allowed in organic crop and livestock production 

unless they are specifically prohibited on the National List. Synthetic substances are prohibited unless 

they are specifically allowed. The National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances identifies these two 

groups of exceptions to the rule that synthetic substances are prohibited and nonsynthetic materials are 

allowed. For example, arsenic is a natural or nonsynthetic substance, but it is prohibited and thus on the 

National List. Aspirin is included on the National List as a synthetic substance allowed in organic livestock 

production to reduce inflammation. Some substances on the National List may only be used in specific 

situations or up to a maximum amount. For example, when used as an algicide in aquatic rice production, 

copper sulfate is limited to one application per field during any 24-month period.16

EXCLUDED METHODS: GENETICALLY ENGINEERED SEEDS AND INPUTS

205.2—In addition to being free from prohibited substances, products sold as organic must be produced and 

processed without the use of “excluded methods.” Excluded methods include genetically engineered crop 

seeds, seedlings, and planting stock, and biopesticides and other agricultural inputs based on or derived 

from genetically modified organisms (or GMOs). 

16 National Organic Program. “About the National List.” http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/ams.fetchTemplateData.do?template=Templat

eJ&leftNav=NationalOrganicProgram&page=NOPNationalList&description=National%20List%20of%20Allowed%20and%20Prohibited%20Substances&acct=nopgeninfo.
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Appendix 2 

Additional Resources

Webinars on multiple relevant topics can be found at the NRCS Science and Technology Training Library 

located at ConservationWebinars.net.

The following additional resources are also available on the topics listed below.

Section A. Overview of Organic Agriculture:

Resources concerning the conversion of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) into production: Conservation 

Reserve Program: Alternatives and Options (NRCS): 

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_019293.pdf.

Factors to Consider when Bringing Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Land or Idle Land Back into 

Production (University of Kentucky): http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id124/id124.htm.

Converting CRP Land to Cropland or Pasture/Hayland: Agronomic and Weed Control Consideration (Ohio 

State University): http://ohioline.osu.edu/agf-fact/0024.html.

Converting CRP Fields to Grain Crop Production (University of Missouri)

http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G1651.

Options for Expiring Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Land (Oklahoma State University):

http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-7247/NREM%209016web.pdf.

Section D. Integral Conservation Activities for Organic Production Systems

1. Nutrient Management

Managing Soil Fertility and Organic Matter (MOSES):

https://mosesorganic.org/wp-content/uploads/Publications/Fact_Sheets/08ImportanceOrganicMatterToFertili

ty.pdf. Succinct summary of organic soil and nutrient management practices.

Manures for Organic Production (ATTRA):

https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=182. This publication discusses the use of 

raw and composted manures in organic vegetable production, including, environmental and human health 

considerations, USDA organic regulations, and nutrient management for optimum, cost effective crop 

nutrition.

Interpreting Soil Health Tests in New Hampshire (NRCS):

http://soilhealth.cals.cornell.edu/extension/pdfs/NH_NRCS_SoilHealthManagementOptionsTable.pdf. This 

two-page table lists various soil-related physical, biological and chemical concerns, and short- and long-term 

management practices including NRCS cost-share practices to address each concern.

4. Crop Rotations

Northern Great Plains Crop Sequence Calculator (USDA, ARS):

http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=10791. Program that includes information on crop 

production, economics, plant diseases, weeds, water use, and surface soil properties to evaluate management 

risks associated with different crop sequences.
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5. Tillage & Residue Management

Manitoba – North Dakota Zero Tillage Farmers Association: http://mandakzerotill.org/. Extensive Web 

site with a strong focus on soil health, but not specific to organic systems. The Web site includes a link to 

proceedings of annual conferences.

6. Integrated Pest Management

Agronomy Technical Note 5 (NRCS):

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1043138.pdf. This note discusses practices 

to reduce risks including measures to reduce the need for pesticide applications.

Agronomy Technical Note 9 (NRCS):

http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=32935.wba. This note provides 

additional information on pollinators and pollinator conservation.

A Quick Guide to Establishing Wildflower Plantings for the Conservation of Beneficial Insects (SARE):

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/North-Central-SARE-Project-Products/VideoA-Quick-Guide-to-Establishing-Wildflower-Plantings-for-the-Conservation-of-Beneficial-Insects. This video 

is an introductory guide to help establish wildflower plantings for the conservation of beneficial insects.

Ecological Farm Design for Pest Management in Organic Vegetable Production: Successes and Challenges 

on Two Farms (eOrganic):

http://www.extension.org/pages/61953/ecological-farm-design-for-pest-management-in-organic-vegetableproduction:-successes-and-challenges#.U_KlpUj8X6R. This webinar describes how two farms increased 

plant diversity though practices such as planting insectaries and hedgerows, and employed reduced tillage, 

pest thresholds and crop planting timing to manage pests in vegetable crops with minimal or no spraying.

Ecological Understanding of Insects in Organic Farming Systems: Insects in Communities (Pennsylvania 

State University, eOrganic):

https://www.extension.org/pages/18908/ecological-understanding-of-insects-in-organic-farming-systems:-

insects-in-communities#.U_Jm0kj8W58. This article describes ecological principles and community 

interactions of insects.

Farmscaping to Manage Insect Pests (Michigan State University, SARE):

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Conference-Materials/The-New-American-Farm-Conference/BreakoutSessions/Farmscaping-to-Manage-Insects. This PowerPoint presentation describes how to control insect 

pests by arranging fields, forests and borders into an insect-managing “farmscape” that helps grow healthier, 

more productive crops.

Farmscaping: Making Use of Nature’s Pest Management Services (Clemson University, eOrganic):

http://www.extension.org/pages/18573/farmscaping:-making-use-of-natures-pest-management-services#.U01rUj8W58. This publication covers farmscaping methods including the use of insectary plants, hedgerows, 

cover crops, and water reservoirs to attract and support populations of beneficial organisms such as insects, 

spiders, amphibians, reptiles, bats, and birds that parasitize or prey upon insect pests.

Managing the Soil to Reduce Insect Pests (Clemson University, eOrganic):

https://www.extension.org/pages/18574/managing-the-soil-to-reduce-insect-pests. This article addresses 

some of the main elements of soil management that can help to reduce insect pest problems, including soil 

and fertility management, below-ground biodiversity (enhancing the soil food web), use of mulches, and 

sanitation.

Mammal Pest Management

How to Manage Pests (University of California)

• Pocket gopher: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=vpc14.
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• Deer Mouse: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74161.html.

• Vole: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7439.html.

• Rabbit: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7447.html.

• Ground Squirrel: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7438.html.

Exclusionary Methods and Materials to Protect Plants from Pest Mammals—A Review (University of 

Nebraska): http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=vpc14. This paper 

covers pest mammal management methods for organic and sustainable agriculture. It includes various 

materials wrapped or tied directly on tree trunks; the larger loose-fitting protective cylinders or other 

individual exclosures, shields, or bands to prevent access to the upper tree portions via the trunk; mounding 

soil; or other materials around the base of trees to restrict feeding or to make the habitat less favorable to 

pest species.

How can I control rodents organically? (ATTRA):

https://attra.ncat.org/calendar/question.php/2007/03/12/how_can_i_control_rodents_organically. This article 

discusses trapping, habitat modification, predator control, and approved organically rodenticide materials.

Wildlife Compatible Fencing (Arizona Game and Fish Department:

http://www.azgfd.gov/hgis/documents/110125_AGFD_fencing_guidelines.pdf. Describes fence design for 

landowners.

Wildlife Friendly Fencing (Montanans for Safe Wildlife Passage):

http://www.montanans4wildlife.org/wildlife-friendly-fencing/. This Web site has many publications on the 

topic of wildlife friendly fencing and its role in maintaining habitat connectivity.

Weed and Invasive Species Control

A Management Guide for Invasive Plants in Southern Forests (US Forest Service): 

http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs131.pdf. This publication contains thorough discussion of all 

methods for controlling invasive plants, including mulching and other nonchemical methods.

Policy Memorandum: Biodegradable Biobased Mulch Film (USDA AMS NOP):

http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOPProgramHandbook. This 2015 policy memo describes how the USDA organic 

regulations were amended to allow the use of biodegradable biobased mulch film in organic crop production.

Solarization for Site Preparation

Introduction to Soil Solarization (University of Florida): http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in856. This publication 

includes steps, photos and frequently asked questions.

Soil solarization (University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources):

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/TOOLS/TURF/SITEPREP/soilsolar.html. This site includes a listing of weeds 

commonly controlled through solarization.

Soil Solarization, an Alternative to Soil Fumigants (Colorado State University):

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/TOOLS/TURF/SITEPREP/soilsolar.html. This publication described the 

method and includes a discussion of the impacts on weed, nutrients, and microbes.

Prescribed Grazing for Invasive Plant Control

Targeted Grazing: A Natural Approach to Vegetation Management and Landscape Enhancement (University 

of Idaho): http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/rx-grazing/Handbook.htm. A handbook on grazing as a new 

ecological service.

Goat-powered Invasive Removal (Clemson University): http://www.clemson.edu/public/hunnicutt/goats.

html. Features ongoing research.
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Prescribed Grazing in Practice (US Fish and Wildlife Service):

http://www.fws.gov/invasives/stafftrainingmodule/methods/grazing/practice.html. This site includes foraging 

behavior, dietary preferences, and management for grazing animals.

7. Buffers and Natural Areas

Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management

Biodiversity and Natural Resources Conservation Guidance (USDA AMS NOP):

http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOP. New guidance expected in 2015.

Biodiversity and Organic Agriculture (University of Nebraska, eOrganic):

http://www.extension.org/pages/67368/organic-farming-systems-research-at-the-university-ofnebraska#part%205. Brief webinar on research related to the topic; part of series on organic farming.

Biodiversity Compliance Assessment in Organic Agricultural Systems (WFA):

http://www.wildfarmalliance.org/resources/Biodiversity%20Compliance.pdf. Publication that summarizes 

major biodiversity noncompliance (with USDA organic regulations) indicators and details guidance outlining 

positive compliance approaches.

Biodiversity Principles (BC Agricultural Council):

http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/resmgmt/EnviroFarmPlanning/EFP_Biodiversity_Guide/2010_Web_PDF_

Documents/BiodiversityGuide2010_Chapter2_BiodiversityPrinciples.pdf. This document describes eight 

agricultural biodiversity principles including importance of location and connections.

Incorporating Prairies into Multifunctional Landscapes (SARE):

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/North-Central-SARE-Project-Products/

Incorporating-Prairies-into-Multifunctional-Landscapes. This publication describes how prairies can be 

incorporated into farms and how they affect nearby crops. Necessary steps and resources to establish and 

manage prairies are covered, as are the various uses for prairies: livestock grazing, hay production, biomass 

feedstocks, and carbon sequestering.

Agroforestry Planning, Practices, and Design (SARE):

http://www.extension.org/pages/67368/organic-farming-systems-research-at-the-university-ofnebraska#part%205. Resource includes a Handbook for Agroforestry Practices and Design, and a Training 

Manual for Applied Agroforestry Practices.

Biodiversity for Climate Resilience (California Climate& Agriculture Network, CalCAN):

http://vimeo.com/90807898. This webinar discusses the climate benefits and additional environmental and 

economic benefits of on-farm biological diversity in farm products and in the landscape, as well as some tools 

and practical considerations.

Climate Change Benefits of Farmscaping in Yolo County (University of California at Davis):

http://agadapt.ucdavis.edu/farmscaping/. This Web page covers many specific ways in which farmscaping 

can enhance system resilience to climate change, including carbon storage and greenhouse gas mitigation; 

biodiversity, resilience, and adaptation; and practical constraints to successful farmscaping.

Effects of Climate Change on Insect Communities in Organic Farming Systems (Washington State 

University, eOrganic):

http://www.extension.org/pages/66899/effects-of-climate-change-on-insect-communities-in-organic-farmingsystems-webinar#.U-00KUj8W58. This webinar outlines the potential for climate change to affect insect 

communities, and their interactions with plants, in cropping systems. Topics covered include the effects 

of climate change on biodiversity and the functioning of agricultural ecosystems, and the role of organic 

farming practices in mitigating negative effects of climate change.
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Farming for Success in the 21st Century: Increasing Biodiversity (CalCAN):

http://calclimateag.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/BIodiversity-Fact-Sheet.pdf. This fact sheet covers crop, 

landscape and species diversity practices related to climate change adaption and mitigation.

Buffers 

Planting Habitat on Farms: Design, Techniques and Issues (Community Alliance for Family Farmers):

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4YwpkOSVTA&feature=youtu.be&noredirect=1. This webinar shows a 

diversity of projects, focusing on established practices and lessons learned from 20 years of planting habitat 

on farms.

Pollinator Habitat

Xerces Society Pollinator Short Course (SARE):

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/Southern-SARE-Project-Products/XercesSociety-Pollinator-Short-Course. This presentation (PowerPoint slides) provides training on topics such 

as principles of pollinator biology, the economics of insect pollination, basic bee field identification, and 

pollinator conservation through land management practices, habitat restoration, and plant selection.

Maintenance of Natural Sustainable Riparian Communities Fact Sheet Series (SARE):

http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/North-Central-SARE-Project-Products/

Maintenance-of-Natural-Sustainable-Riparian-Communities-Fact-Sheets-Series. Five extension fact sheets 

based on a study of riparian ecosystems along the Middle Sheyenne River of North Dakota. Four of them 

relate to proper grazing management of these ecosystems.

Establishing Native Pollinator Habitat Organically: Tips from our Experience at Kerr Center (Kerr Center 

for Sustainable Agriculture):

http://kerrcenter.com/publication/establishing-native-pollinator-habitat-organically-tips-from-our-experienceat-kerr-center/. The Kerr Center faced many challenges and learned many lessons. They summarize their 

work and recommendations based on their experience.