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1990 CPH-R-1A

1990 Census of

Population and Housing

Guide

Part A. Text

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
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The Decennial Planning Division, Susan M. Miskura, Chief, coordinated

and directed all census operations. Patricia A. Berman, Assistant Division

Chief for Content and Data Products, directed the development and

implementation of the 1990 Census Tabulation and Publication Program.

Other assistant division chiefs were Robert R. Bair, Rachel F. Brown,

James L. Dinwiddie, Allan A. Stephenson, and Edwin B. Wagner, Jr.

The following branch chiefs made significant contributions: Cheryl R.

Landman, Adolfo L. Paez, A. Edward Pike, and William A. Starr. Other

important contributors were Linda S. Brudvig, Cindy S. Easton, Avis L.

Foote, Carolyn R. Hay, Douglas M. Lee, Gloria J. Porter, and A. Nishea

Quash.

The Decennial Operations Division, Arnold A. Jackson, Chief, was

responsible for processing and tabulating census data. Assistant division

chiefs were: Donald R. Dalzell, Kenneth A. Riccini, Billy E. Stark, and

James E. Steed. Processing offices were managed by Alfred Cruz, Jr.,

Earle B. Knapp, Jr., Judith N. Petty, Mark M. Taylor, Russell L.

Valentine, Jr., Carol A. Van Horn, and C. Kemble Worley. The following

branch chiefs made significant contributions: Jonathan G. Ankers,

Sharron S. Baucom, Catharine W. Burt, Vickie L. Cotton, Robert J.

Hemmig, George H. McLaughlin, Carol M. Miller, Lorraine D. Neece,

Peggy S. Payne, William L. Peil, Cotty A. Smith, Dennis W. Stoudt, and

Richard R. Warren. Other important contributors were Eleanor I. Banks,

Miriam R. Barton, Danny L. Burkhead, J. Kenneth Butler, Jr., Albert A.

Csellar, Donald H. Danbury, Judith A. Dawson, Donald R. Dwyer,

Beverly B. Fransen, Katherine H. Gilbert, Lynn A. Hollabaugh, Ellen B.

Katzoff, Randy M. Klear, Norman W. Larsen, Peter J. Long, Sue Love,

Patricia O. Madson, Mark J. Matsko, John R. Murphy, Dan E. Philipp,

Eugene M. Rashlich, Willie T. Robertson, Barbara A. Rosen, Sharon A.

Schoch, Imelda B. Severdia, Diane J. Simmons, Emmett F. Spiers,

Johanne M. Stovall, M. Lisa Sylla, and Jess D. Thompson.

The Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division, Daniel H.

Weinberg, Chief, developed the questionnaire content, designed the data

tabulations, and reviewed the data for the economic and housing characteristics. Gordon W. Green, Jr., Assistant Division Chief for Economic

Characteristics, and Leonard J. Norry, Assistant Division Chief for Housing Characteristics, directed the development of this work. The following

branch chiefs made significant contributions: William A. Downs, Peter J.

Fronczek, Patricia A. Johnson, Enrique J. Lamas, Charles T. Nelson,

and Thomas S. Scopp. Other important contributors were Eleanor

F. Baugher, Jeanne C. Benetti, Robert L. Bennefield, Robert W.

Bonnette, William S. Chapin, Higinio Feliciano, Timothy S. Grall,

Cynthia J. Harpine, Selwyn Jones, Mary C. Kirk, Richard G. Kreinsen,

Gordon H. Lester, Mark S. Littman, Wilfred T. Masumura, John M.

McNeil, Diane C. Murphy, George F. Patterson, Thomas J. Palumbo,

Kirby G. Posey, John Priebe, Anne D. Smoler, and Carmina F. Young.

The Population Division, Paula J. Schneider, Chief, developed the

questionnaire content, designed the data tabulations, and reviewed the

data for the demographic and social characteristics of the population.

Philip N. Fulton, Assistant Division Chief for Census Programs, directed

the development of this work. Other assistant division chiefs were

Nampeo R. McKenney and Arthur J. Norton. The following branch and

staff chiefs made significant contributions: Jorge H. del Pinal, Campbell J.

Gibson, Roderick J. Harrison, Donald J. Hernandez, Jane H. Ingold,

Martin T. O’Connell, Marie Pees, J. Gregory Robinson, Phillip A.

Salopek, Paul M. Siegel, Robert C. Speaker, Gregory K. Spencer, and

Cynthia M. Taeuber. Other important contributors were Celia G. Boertlein,

Rosalind R. Bruno, Janice A. Costanzo, Rosemarie C. Cowan, Arthur

R. Cresce, Larry G. Curran, Carmen DeNavas, Robert O. Grymes,

Kristin A. Hansen, Mary C. Hawkins, Rodger V. Johnson, Michael J.

Levin, Edna L. Paisano, Sherry B. Pollock, Stanley J. Rolark, A. Dianne

Schmidley, Denise I. Smith, and Nancy L. Sweet.

The Data User Services Division, Gerard C. Iannelli, then Chief,

directed the development of data product dissemination and information to

increase awareness, understanding, and use of census data. Marie G.

Argana, Assistant Chief for Data User Services, directed preparation of

electronic data products and their dissemination. Alfonso E. Mirabal,

Assistant Chief for Group Information and Advisory Services, directed

activities related to the National Services Program, State Data Centers, and

preparation of training materials. The following branch chiefs made significant contributions: Deborah D. Barrett, Frederick G. Bohme, Larry W.

Carbaugh, James P. Curry, Samuel H. Johnson, John C. Kavaliunas,

and Forrest B. Williams. Other important contributors were Molly

Abramowitz, Celestin J. Aguigui, Barbara J. Aldrich, Delores A.

Baldwin, Albert R. Barros, Geneva A. Burns, Carmen D. Campbell,

James R. Clark, Virginia L. Collins, George H. Dailey, Jr., Barbara L.

Hatchl, Theresa C. Johnson, Paul T. Manka, John D. McCall, Jo Ann

Norris, David M. Pemberton, Sarabeth Rodriguez, Charles J. Wade,

Joyce J. Ware, and Gary M. Young.

The Geography Division, Robert W. Marx, Chief, directed and coordinated the census mapping and geographic activities. Jack R. George,

Assistant Division Chief for Geoprocessing, directed the planning and

development of the TIGER System and related software. Robert A.

LaMacchia, Assistant Division Chief for Planning, directed the planning

and implementation of processes for defining 1990 census geographic

areas. Silla G. Tomasi, Assistant Division Chief for Operations, managed

the planning and implementation of 1990 census mapping applications

using the TIGER System. The following branch chiefs made significant

contributions: Frederick R. Broome, Charles E. Dingman, Linda M.

Franz, David E. Galdi, Dan N. Harding, Donald I. Hirschfeld, David B.

Meixler, Peter Rosenson, Joel Sobel, Brian Swanhart, and Richard

Trois. Other important contributors were Gerard Boudriault,

Desmond J. Carron, Anthony W. Costanzo, Paul W. Daisey,

Beverly A. Davis, Carl S. Hantman, Christine J. Kinnear, Terence D.

McDowell, Linda M. Pike, Rose J. A. Quarato, Lourdes Ramirez,

Gavin H. Shaw, Daniel L. Sweeney, Timothy F. Trainor, Phyllis S.

Willette, and Walter E. Yergen.

The Statistical Support Division, John H. Thompson, Chief, directed

the application of mathematical statistical techniques in the design and

conduct of the census. John S. Linebarger, Assistant Division Chief for

Quality Assurance, directed the development and implementation of

operational and software quality assurance. Henry F. Woltman, Assistant Division Chief for Census Design, directed the development and

implementation of sample design, disclosure avoidance, weighting, and

variance estimation. Howard Hogan and David V. Bateman were

contributing assistant division chiefs. The following branch chiefs made

significant contributions: Florence H. Abramson, Deborah H. Griffin,

Richard A. Griffin, Lawrence I. Iskow, and Michael L. Mersch. Other

important contributors were Linda A. Flores-Baez, Larry M. Bates,

Somonica L. Green, James E. Hartman, Steven D. Jarvis, Alfredo

Navarro, Eric L. Schindler, Carolyn T. Swan, and Glenn D. White.

The 1990 Census Redistricting Data Office, Marshall L. Turner, Jr.,

Chief, assisted by Cathy L. Talbert, directed the development and

implementation of the 1990 Census Redistricting Data Program.

The Administrative and Publications Services Division, Walter C.

Odom, Chief, provided direction for the census administrative services,

publications, printing, and graphics functions. Michael G. Garland was a

contributing assistant division chief. The following branch and staff chiefs

made significant contributions: Bernard E. Baymler, Albert W. Cosner,

Gary J. Lauffer, Gerald A. Mann, Clement B. Nettles, Russell Price,

and Barbara J. Stanard. Other important contributors were Cynthia G.

Brooks, Robert J. Brown, David M. Coontz, and John T. Overby.

The Data Preparation Division, Joseph S. Harris, Chief, provided

management of a multi-operational facility including kit preparation,

procurement, warehousing and supply, and census processing activities.

Plummer Alston, Jr., and Patricia M. Clark were assistant division

chiefs.

The Field Division, Stanley D. Matchett, Chief, directed the census

data collection and associated field operations. Richard L. Bitzer,

Richard F. Blass, Karl K. Kindel, and John W. Marshall were assistant

division chiefs. Regional office directors were William F. Adams, John E.

Bell, LaVerne Collins, Dwight P. Dean, Arthur G. Dukakis, Sheila H.

Grimm, William F. Hill, James F. Holmes, Stanley D. Moore, Marvin L.

Postma, John E. Reeder, and Leo C. Schilling.

The Personnel Division, David P. Warner, Chief, provided management direction and guidance to the staffing, planning pay systems, and

employee relations programs for the census. Colleen A. Woodard was

the assistant chief.

The Technical Services Division, C. Thomas DiNenna, Chief, designed,

developed, deployed, and produced automated technology for census

data processing.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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1990 CPH-R-1A

1990 Census of

Population and Housing

Guide

Part A. Text

U.S. Department of Commerce

Barbara Hackman Franklin, Secretary

Rockwell A. Schnabel, Deputy Secretary

Economics and Statistics Administration

J. Antonio Villamil, Acting Under Secretary

for Economic Affairs and Administrator

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Barbara Everitt Bryant, Director
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BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Barbara Everitt Bryant, Director

C.L. Kincannon, Deputy Director

Charles D. Jones, Associate Director for

Decennial Census

William P. Butz, Associate Director for

Demographic Programs

Bryant Benton, Associate Director for

Field Operations

Bryant Benton, Acting Associate Director for

Management Services

Peter A. Bounpane, Assistant Director for

Decennial Census

Economics and Statistics

Administration

J. Antonio Villamil, Acting Under Secretary

for Economic Affairs and Administrator

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC 20402.
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THE GUIDE AND HOW TO USE IT

WHAT THE GUIDE COVERS

Through the 1990 Census of Population and Housing

Guide, the Census Bureau seeks to provide a thorough

and helpful reference for the users of 1990 data. The

agency is issuing the Guide in three parts. This one—Part

A. Text—deals with such topics as questions asked in the

census, data products available to users, and assistance

offered by the Census Bureau and other organizations. It

furnishes the information a user needs to determine the

types of data presented and areas for which statistics are

reported. It also discusses basic technical considerations

relating to machine-readable products and provides the

user with a practical understanding of the data.

The other parts of the Guide, being issued following Part

A, will be:

• Part B. Glossary—A comprehensive listing of the definitions of population, housing, geographic, and technical

terms associated with the census.

• Part C. Index to Summary Tape Files 1 to 4—An

integrated, alphabetical index to the data found in the

four 1990 census summary tape files.

The Guide, with its three parts, is similar in design and

content to the 1980 Census of Population and Housing

Users’ Guide. The Census Bureau retained the 1980

approach because of the high proportion of favorable

comments from users during the 1980’s. For information

about the status of Parts B and C, contact the Data Access

and Use Branch, Data User Services Division (DUSD),

Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233-8300; 301-

763-1584.

The Census Bureau also is issuing related publications

to meet additional needs. For users of data on tape and

CD-ROM, Customer Services (address and phone number

below) offers technical documentation for the machinereadable files. Instructional materials for classroom use in

elementary and secondary schools are available from the

Training, Education, and Marketing Staff (TEAMS) of DUSD.

The phone number is 301-763-1510.

Census and You, the Bureau’s monthly newsletter,

covers new developments in the 1990 census, other

censuses and surveys, software, user services, and related

activities. The Government Printing Office handles the sale

of Census and You, and a subscription form is found at the

end of this volume. Users can also obtain the Monthly

Product Announcement, which lists all new reports, tapes,

CD-ROM’s, maps, and other products issued by the Census Bureau. To subscribe to this free publication, contact

Customer Services, Bureau of the Census, Washington,

DC 20233-8300; 301-763-4100.

The Census Bureau welcomes questions and comments on the Guide, the programs and procedures it

describes, and other aspects of the 1990 census. Letters

may be directed to the Chief, Data User Services Division,

Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233-8300.

HOW TO USE THE GUIDE

To Understand the Census

To proceed easily from an overview to details of the

census, readers should understand the structure of Part A

of the Guide. After introducing the census in chapter 1, the

Guide examines the questionnaire—its population and

housing contents (ch. 2), as well as its distribution, collection, and processing (ch. 3). The Guide then defines the

geographic areas reported in the census and describes

such products as maps and geographic code schemes (ch.

4). The Guide also discusses the data products—publications, computer tapes, CD-ROM’s, microfiche, and

others—and shows how to obtain them (ch. 5). The final

chapters describe important considerations in using statistics (ch. 6) and explain where to turn for assistance and

additional information (ch. 7).

For Reference

Since the index cites subjects in considerable detail,

begin each search with the most specific term.

For definitions, a glossary of population, housing, geographic, and technical terms will be issued as Part B of this

Guide. The appendixes of 1990 census reports and technical documentation also are convenient sources of many

of these definitions.

In addition, this volume often provides brief definitions

and sometimes information that supplements the glossary.

For example, chapter 2 clarifies population and housing

terms with its discussion of the questions asked and its

facsimile of the questionnaire and instruction booklet.

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE PREFACE III
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PREFACE: The Guide and How to Use It ----------------------------------------------------------------------- III

CHAPTER 1.

Fundamentals—Census history, objectives, data delivery -------------------------------------------- 1

CHAPTER 2

Questions Asked—Selection, organization, background, and meaning of the questions----------- 7

Instructions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

Questionnaire------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

CHAPTER 3

Procedures—Questionnaire design, public cooperation, data collection, and processing ---------- 37

CHAPTER 4

Geography—Areas, maps, geographic codes, and files ---------------------------------------------- 53

CHAPTER 5

Data Products—Reports, tapes, CD-ROM’s, microfiche, other products, how to order ------------ 73

CHAPTER 6

Understanding the Statistics—Corrections, use of estimates, sources of errors, confidential

data ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97

CHAPTER 7

Further Assistance—Sources, services, reference publications ------------------------------------- 113

APPENDIX: Sources of Assistance------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A–1

INDEX------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Index–1

Please Note

Some of the data products and maps described in this Guide are planned, not prepared, at the time of publication. Any

changes will be reported in Census and You, the Census Bureau’s newsletter.

CONTENTS

Page

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CHAPTER 1.

Fundamentals

Page

The Census Since 1790 ----------------------------------- 1

Two Centuries See Census Changes ----------------------- 1

Important Continuing Objectives --------------------------- 3

Factfinding and Data Delivery ----------------------------- 4

‘‘The Other 9 Years’’--------------------------------------- 5

THE CENSUS SINCE 1790

The U.S. decennial census is almost as old as the

Nation itself. The 1990 census marks the bicentennial of

national census taking in our country. Federal marshals

began taking the first national census in August 1790, a

little over a year after final ratification of the Constitution.

Not much more than a year before, George Washington

had been inaugurated President, and Congress had assembled for the first time under the Constitution. Thomas

Jefferson, who as Secretary of State was responsible for

the census, arrived in the new capital (New York City)

barely in time to issue instructions to the marshals.

The first census produced only separate counts for

White males aged 16 years and over, White males under

16, free White females, all other free persons (including

any Indians who paid taxes), and slaves. Compared with

modern censuses, the census of 1790 was a crude

operation; data collection took 18 months. The law required

that the returns be made in a specified form, but the

enumerators (U.S. marshals and their assistants) had to

furnish their own pens and paper. They used paper of all

sorts and sizes to record the information.

Why has there been a census every decade for 200

years? The answer to this question is entwined with the

representative nature of our Government. A compromise

between large and small States at the Constitutional

Convention gave the States equal representation in the

Senate but linked representation in the House to population size. To apportion representatives fairly among the

States, article I, section 2 of the Constitution calls for an

enumeration of the population at least every 10 years. This

is the origin of the census. Even in the first census, though,

there was interest in the data for other purposes—the age

categories noted above were associated with assessing

the Nation’s industrial and military potential.

Today the country has additional important requirements for census data. The ‘‘one person, one vote’’

Supreme Court decisions of the 1960’s and later, which

require the congressional districts within a State (as well as

the State and local legislative districts) to be of nearly

equal population, added a new demand for small-area

census data. The allocation of Federal and State funds

among the 39,000 local governments also depends, to a

certain extent, on census figures. In addition, social and

economic statistics assist marketing studies; academic

research; Federal, State, and local planning; affirmative

action programs; and many other activities. Finally, the

people of the United States need information from the

census about their community, State, and Nation.

The Bureau of the Census, an agency within the Department of Commerce, carries out the decennial census of

population and housing. Title 13 of the United States Code

authorizes the decennial census, outlines its timing and

scope, makes compliance mandatory, and sets the penalties for disclosing confidential information.

The 1990 Census of Population and Housing was the

21st decennial census. It encompassed the United States,

Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United States, and

the Pacific territories over which the United States had

jurisdiction. The design and content of the questionnaires

and the collection methods were tailored to meet the

requirements of these diverse areas.

The Census Bureau attempted to count all persons who

were residents, including Americans temporarily traveling

abroad. The census did not include citizens of other

countries temporarily visiting in the United States and

persons living on the grounds of foreign embassies, chancelleries, and other such facilities considered to be legally

on foreign soil.

Also, the Census Bureau reported counts of persons

living abroad who were civilian Federal employees, U.S.

military personnel, and their dependents; the counts were

obtained from U.S. Government administrative records.

TWO CENTURIES SEE CENSUS CHANGES

For 200 years, then, the Nation has been counting its

people and recording their characteristics. The resident

population has increased dramatically from 3.9 million in

1790 to 248.7 million in 1990. During this period, the

decennial census, with its roots in the U.S. Constitution,

has changed dramatically also. No two censuses have

been exactly alike, and the decade-to-decade changes in

their content reflect changes in our society, economy, and

technology.

If we could first know where we are, and whither

we are tending, we could better judge

what to do, and how to do it.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

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Over the years, census-taking has changed

in almost every aspect: who conducts the

census, types and number of questions asked,

methods of enumeration, techniques for processing the data, policies regarding the confidentiality of information about individuals, and

channels for disseminating the results. There

has not always been an ongoing Census Bureau

with responsibility for the census. Early counts

were accomplished by staffs set up for each

census and disbanded after completing the

enumeration and publishing the results. Some

observers in the latter part of the 19th century

noted that, because of their ad hoc nature,

early censuses were inadequate in several

respects. There was a lack of continuity and

experience in census work. The enumerations

also had to be organized in great haste. The

accuracy of the statistics was impaired.

The State Department and the Interior Department were responsible for the census during

the periods 1790-1840 and 1850-1900, respectively. Based on recommendations resulting

from studies by governmental and professional associations, pressure for the creation

of a permanent organization mounted during

the 1880’s and 1890’s. In 1902, Congress

established a permanent census organization

in the Department of the Interior. From 1903 to

1913, the Census Bureau was in the Department of Labor and Commerce. Since 1913, it

has been part of the Department of Commerce.

The questions asked in the census also

have changed over the years. Simple head

counts of free persons and slaves would have

met the constitutional requirement for apportionment data,

but even the first census went beyond that. It asked for the

name of the ‘‘head of the family’’ and certain individual

characteristics, as noted earlier.

During the 19th century, in response to the growth of the

Nation and the developing need for statistics for planning

and legislative decisionmaking, the number of questions

asked in the decennial census steadily increased. In 1870,

the census asked 15 questions on topics such as literacy,

value of real estate owned, and occupation.

In addition to the new population questions added

during the 19th century, the censuses also asked, at

various times, for information on manufactures, agriculture,

mining, and fisheries. Eventually, these and other economic subjects were addressed in censuses and surveys

separate from the population census.

Census subjects have been added or deleted according

to the country’s needs. For example, the Census Bureau

replaced a question on literacy, first asked in 1840, with

one on educational attainment in 1940 because illiteracy

had substantially declined. In the 20th century, major

additions have included questions on personal income and

housing.

The ways of conducting and processing the census also

have changed over the years. In 1880, supervisors and

enumerators hired specifically for the census replaced the

Federal marshals. In 1890, the Census Bureau first used

punchcards and mechanical tabulating machines. Designed

by Herman Hollerith, who had been a ‘‘special agent’’ in

the 1880 census, these machines foreshadowed the electronic computer, tallying results far more quickly than could

be done by hand.

Sampling was first used in the 1940 census. Sampling

techniques allowed the Census Bureau to reduce the

burden on respondents and to hold down costs while

continuing to ask a broad array of social and economic

questions. By 1960, most questions were asked of a

sample of households. Only a limited set of population and

housing questions continued to be asked on a 100-percent

basis. Those questions were ones needed to meet the

constitutional mandate of an enumeration of all persons

and to provide key data for very small areas, such as small

governmental units and census blocks.

The development of the computer also has been of

great importance for the census. In the 1940’s, the Census

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Bureau helped sponsor the construction of the first computer designed for large-scale data processing; that computer helped tabulate the 1950 census. But it was not until

the late 1950’s that an optical-scanning system was developed that could transfer information rapidly and accurately

from the questionnaires to computer tape. After that

development, the computer could be used much more

effectively in census processing. The 1960 census was the

first to be tabulated completely by computer.

Other major improvements in census-taking include the

use of self-enumeration methods in 1960 and of a mailenumeration system for three-fifths of the population in

1970. Using mail enumeration, the Census Bureau sends

preaddressed questionnaires directly to housing units, and

residents are asked to complete them and mail them back.

Tests during the 1970 census proved it was practical to

extend the mailout/ mailback method, and in 1980 and

1990 this method was used as the basic procedure for

enumerating 95 percent of the population. In some areas

that primarily had seasonal housing or were sparsely

settled, the U.S. Postal Service delivered unaddressed

census questionnaires to households, and census workers

picked them up. In some rural sections, census enumerators delivered the forms, and

residents were asked to complete them and

mail them back.

An important advance for the 1990 census

was the creation of the automated geographic

data base, known as the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing

(TIGER) System, which allows the Census

Bureau to computer-generate various geographic products to support the 1990 census.

The TIGER System has significantly improved

the accuracy, consistency, and timeliness of

1990 census maps and geographic reference

products, compared with those of the 1980

census. Among its accomplishments, the TIGER

System has been used to generate individual

maps for over 300,000 separate enumerator

assignment areas and 39,000 governmental

units, displaying the names and boundaries of

most data collection and tabulation areas.

IMPORTANT CONTINUING

OBJECTIVES

Though census techniques change, the Census Bureau’s aims are far from new—

• To prepare accurate statistics in response

to the Nation’s changing needs;

• To keep information about individuals confidential;

• To balance the Government’s and public’s

need for facts against the burden of responding;

• To tabulate and publish census results as soon as

possible.

Accuracy of the Count

A principal objective of the Census Bureau is the

accuracy of the final product of the census—the data—a

public concern since 1790. President Washington thought

that the first enumeration undercounted the Nation’s population, and complaints have persisted over the decades.

Public interest in census accuracy has grown since the

1960’s, largely due to the Supreme Court’s one-person/

one-vote rulings and the allocation of increased Federal

funding based in part on census data.

For the 1990 census, the Census Bureau took a number

of steps aimed at improving the accuracy of the 1990

census. These included earlier planning; increased and

more targeted promotion; greater cooperation with local

governments; efforts to increase the mail response; revised

census procedures; improved enumerator training, pay,

and management; and greater automation. It also conducted the largest evaluation program ever undertaken by

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the Census Bureau to measure the coverage of the census

and to evaluate the coverage-measurement program.

Keeping Records Confidential

Maintaining the confidentiality of census information, an

important issue since the late 1800’s, was a high priority for

the 1990 census. In the early censuses, Federal marshals

were instructed to post enumeration sheets containing

information about individuals in public places so that the

people could make sure they had been counted correctly.

By the latter part of the 19th century, the Government had

halted this practice and prescribed penalties for enumerators who revealed information about individuals, their

households, or their places of residence. Beginning in

1910, Presidential proclamations announcing the census

stated that facts about individuals would be kept confidential, a promise that was made part of the census law in

1929. In 1954, Congress brought all the laws governing the

Census Bureau’s operations together in Title 13, United

States Code.

Census officials today are more aware than ever of the

importance of confidentiality in taking the census. A census in a democracy that values personal privacy requires

special steps to gain cooperation; the Census Bureau must

ensure that confidentiality is not breached. Any Census

Bureau employee who reveals information to unauthorized

people is subject to fines and imprisonment. After a

72-year period of confidentiality has passed, the National

Archives and Records Administration makes the records

available for genealogical and other research.

The Census Bureau microfilms the decennial census

questionnaires and processes them by optical-scanning

machines and, for some of the information, keyboard entry.

The information is then fed into the Census Bureau’s

computers and stored on magnetic tape. The optical

scanners cannot ‘‘read’’ names or addresses; they read

only coded geographic information and responses to questions answered by darkening circles, so the records on

computer tape do not include names and addresses.

The statistics prepared from the questionnaire responses

are carefully reviewed, primarily by computer. Statistics

from the 1990 census that could reveal information about

individuals or their households and homes undergo a

‘‘confidentiality edit’’ (described in ch. 6) to ensure that

confidentiality is preserved.

After processing is completed, the original questionnaires are destroyed. Microfilm copies with names are

stored under tight security. The Census Bureau keeps

these records (organized by geographic area and not

alphabetized by name). Individuals, their heirs, or their

legal representatives may obtain transcripts of past census

returns where the individual’s responses are recorded. The

individual’s census information cannot be used to the

detriment of the individual or for purposes of taxation,

investigation, or regulation. Many individuals use transcripts, providing information about themselves from previous censuses, to qualify for Social Security or retirement

benefits, obtain passports, prove family relationships, or

resolve other situations when a birth certificate may be

needed but is not available.

The Burden of Responding

Another question related to confidentiality comes up

before every census: What does the Federal Government

need to know? This question received increased attention

during the late 1800’s as the content of the census grew,

and discussions continue with each census. For the 1990

census , the Census Bureau worked hard to avoid increasing the response burden for any household. Overall, the

number of questions the average household had to answer

in 1990 was about the same as in 1980.

The Census Bureau must select carefully from those

questions used in the last census and the hundreds

suggested since then, mainly to limit the burden on respondents. It also must consider processing complexities, the

cost of collecting the data, the ability to meet the legal

requirements for data used for apportionment and redistricting, and so forth. The questions selected must be

submitted to Congress for review and approval.

Timely Dissemination

Another goal of the 1990 census is to provide the data

as quickly as possible. The Census Bureau does extensive

editing and review to help ensure accuracy. At the same

time, it has consistently released 1990 census data files

and other products earlier than comparable 1980 census

products were released.

FACTFINDING AND DATA DELIVERY

Counting the population still is the primary purpose of

the decennial census. Population figures and other data

are the end product of the years of planning, the millions of

dollars spent, and the public cooperation that go into a

census. These data provide information for achieving

representative government; for government, community,

and business planning; and for the many other needs of an

ever-growing number of data users.

The Census Bureau is delivering more data than ever

before, in terms of both cross tabulations and geographic

detail. It also is making the data available through a greater

variety of media, giving users more flexibility and, for many,

access to data not readily available to them from previous

censuses. It also directly assists users and actively supports assistance efforts by others.

The growth in the number of pages in population and

housing publications for the decennial census reflects the

increasing interest in census facts. A slender volume of 56

pages summed up the results of the census of 1790. The

printed reports from the 1980 census contained about

380,000 pages, and plans are to publish more in 1990

census reports.

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Print has been a major method of presenting census

data since 1790 and will continue to be so for 1990. User

comments at local public meetings and other gatherings

indicated that most census data needs are best met by

printed reports.

Decennial census data have been available on computer tapes since the 1960 census and on microform since

the 1970 census. The Census Bureau tabulates much

more data than it includes in printed reports, and all the

tabulated figures, whether in print or not, are available on

computer tapes. In addition, some of the 1990 census data

files on tape also are available on CD-ROM laser disc and

microfiche. See chapter 5 for a complete discussion of

census data products.

Over the years, the Census Bureau has increased its

efforts to help people obtain and use census statistics. The

Census Bureau publishes guides describing the collection,

processing, content, and use of the data from its censuses

and surveys. It conducts conferences, seminars, and workshops for data users. Staff members are available to

answer inquiries and provide consultation on data products

and services. Information services specialists in each of

the Census Bureau’s 12 regional offices play an important

role in training and consultation.

The Census Bureau also helps users obtain data and

assistance from sources outside the Federal Government.

A major development since the mid-1970’s is the State

Data Center (SDC) program. Through it, the Census Bureau

and State governmental and academic organizations assist

data users in all States, the District of Columbia, Guam,

Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.

The Census Bureau furnishes the SDC participants (approximately 1,400 organizations) with training, technical assistance, and data products. They, in turn, offer data and

assistance to community leaders, business people, local

government officials, and others.

The Business/ Industry Data Center (BIDC) program,

begun in 1988, is an outgrowth of the SDC program. Many

States are participating. The centers receive economic

data from the Census Bureau and other Federal agencies

for use in furthering economic development and assisting

business people and other data users.

In 1990, the Census Bureau launched the Census

Information Centers program to provide nonprofit organizations with a focus on minority concerns better access to

census data. A pilot project involving several organizations

is underway.

The Census Bureau maintains a list of public and private

organizations that offer data processing and other services

related to census data and associated products. This

program is called the National Clearinghouse for Census

Data Services.

See chapter 7 for a complete discussion of sources,

services, and reference publications.

‘‘THE OTHER 9 YEARS’’

People often ask what the Census Bureau does ‘‘the

other 9 years’’ when it is not taking the decennial census

of population and housing. The Census Bureau is responsible for numerous additional statistical activities, many of

which continue throughout the decennial census year as

well as the remainder of the decade.

One responsibility is preparation for the next census of

population and housing. Planning for the 1990 census, for

instance, began in 1983 and included a wide range of

research, field testing, and consultation. Planning for the

2000 census has already begun.

Through other censuses, surveys, and estimates programs, the Census Bureau compiles and issues (in reports,

computer tape, CD-ROM’s, and other media) data on

subjects as diverse as appliance sales, neighborhood

conditions, and exports to other countries. Here are examples of the information published about—

• People: Age, race, sex, income, poverty, child care,

child support, fertility, noncash benefits, education, commuting habits, pension coverage, unemployment, and

ancestry

• Business and industry: Number of employees, total

payroll, sales and receipts, and products manufactured

or sold

• Housing and construction: Value of new construction,

numbers of owners and renters, property value or rent

paid, housing starts, fuels used, and mortgage costs

• Farms: Number, acreage, livestock, and crop sales

• Governments: Revenues and expenditures, taxes, employment, and pension funds

• Foreign trade: Exports and imports, origin and destination, and units shipped

• Other nations: Population, birth rates, death rates, literacy, and fertility

The other censuses, such as agriculture, retail trade,

manufactures, and governments, are collected for years

ending in ‘‘2’’ and ‘‘7.’’ Surveys and estimates programs

generate data as often as every month concerning the

population, retail trade, foreign trade, and other subjects.

Many of the monthly ‘‘economic indicators’’ that measure how the Nation is doing come directly or indirectly

from the Census Bureau. Examples are: employment and

unemployment; housing starts; wholesale trade and retail

trade; manufacturers’ shipments, inventories, and orders;

export and import trade; and sales of single-family homes.

The other statistical activities of the Census Bureau are

described in chapter 7 in the section titled ‘‘Other Census

Bureau Resources.’’

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CHAPTER 2.

Questions Asked

Page

Introduction ---------------------------------------------- 7

Population Questions-------------------------------------- 10

Housing Questions ---------------------------------------- 16

Summary ------------------------------------------------- 20

Addendum: Facsimilies of Respondent Instructions and

Questionnaire Pages ------------------------------------- 21

INTRODUCTION

Choosing the Questions

No part of census planning is more important than

selecting the questions that will produce the data people

need. The census is taken because it is constitutionally

mandated. In addition, Federal agencies, State and local

governments, business groups, demographers, community

organizations, and others have demonstrated important

requirements for information on the population and housing characteristics of the country.

The content of the 1990 census questionnaire can be

viewed as a continuation of the census experience of

recent decades, since most questions remained essentially the same. The relative stability of the content stems

from the continued relevance and usefulness of many

basic items and the need to measure how the country

has changed over time. Figure 2-1 compares the 1990

census content with that of the 1980 census. It also shows

whether the questions were asked on a 100-percent

or sample basis. (Sampling rates varied depending on

the type and population size of areas. For 1990, the

national average was approximately 17 percent; for 1980,

19 percent.)

In planning for the 1990 census, the Census Bureau

consulted thousands of people to help ensure that it would

ask the most useful questions. Local Public Meetings,

cosponsored by the Census Bureau and State and local

organizations, were a primary source of information about

what data the user community needed at the State and

local levels. At least one meeting was held in every State,

the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands

of the United States. The first of the 65 meetings was held

in April 1984; the last in October 1985. The Census Bureau

also consulted government officials in the Pacific Outlying

Areas (American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the

Northern Mariana Islands, and the Republic of Palau)

about the content of the questionnaires for their areas.

Conferences were held with representatives of public

and private organizations and minority and ethnic groups

to obtain information about their special data needs.

Regional meetings were held with American Indian tribal

and Alaska Native government officials. Every State legislature was invited to meet with Census Bureau officials,

and 40 States participated. The Census Bureau also

consulted with its public advisory committees.

To determine Federal data needs, the Census Bureau

sought guidance from other agencies through the Federal

Agency Council on the 1990 census. The agencies were

asked to identify all legal mandates and programs requiring

census data. Ten interagency working groups, chaired by

Census Bureau staff and with participants from 35 Federal

departments and agencies, also provided guidance.

These consultations resulted in some additions, deletions, and changes between the 1980 and 1990 census

questionnaires. The additions and deletions are noted

here; changes in the wording of questions are described

later. The question on access to living quarters (for example, from a common hall or through someone else’s

quarters) was dropped; it was used in the 1980 census to

help define a housing unit. The Census Bureau replaced

the 1980 short-form question on ‘‘number of units at

address’’ with a question on ‘‘number of units in structure,’’

which had been included on the long form in 1980. (Shortand long-form questionnaires are discussed at length later

in this chapter.)

A new item identifying congregate housing was added

to the contract rent question. Congregate housing refers to

housing in which the cost of meals is included in the rent or

obtained on a contractual basis. A growing number of

elderly people live in such housing. This addition reflects

the broad interest of public policy planners in the aging and

disabled populations. The question asks, ‘‘Does the monthly

rent include any meals?’’

The questions on disability were changed, at the request

of data users, by replacing an inquiry on ability to use

public transportation with one on ability to go outside of the

home alone (for example, to shop) and to take care of

personal needs (for example, to dress oneself). Three

sample population subjects were dropped because users

had only limited uses for the items: carpooling arrangements, weeks looking for work in the previous year, and

activity 5 years ago (that is, whether in a job, college, or the

Armed Forces). Another sample population subject, marital history, also was dropped because other questions had

greater priority and to help reduce respondent burden.

Several sample housing subjects were eliminated: the

number of stories and presence of an elevator in the

structure, the type of cooking fuel and water-heating fuel,

the presence of air conditioning, the number of bathrooms,

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE QUESTIONS ASKED 7
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Question

number

Topic or item

100 percent or

sample (S)1

1990 1980

POPULATION

1 Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

2 Household relation/ ship . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

3 Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

4 Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

5 Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

6 Marital status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

7 Spanish/ Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

8 Place of birth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

9 Citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

S S

10 Year of immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

11 School enrollment and type. . . . . . . S S

12 Schooling completed. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

S S

13 Ancestry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

14 Residence 5 years ago........... S S

15 Current language and ability to speak

English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

16 Age screening question (items 17-33

are limited to persons 15 years old

and over) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

17a, b Veteran status and period of service 2S S

17c Total years of military service . . . . . S –

18 Work disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

19 Mobility and self-care limitations. . . S S

20 Children ever born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

21a, 25,

26 Employment status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

21b Hours worked last week . . . . . . . . . . S S

22 Place of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

23a Means of transportation to work. . . S S

23b Private vehicle occupancy . . . . . . . . S S

24a Departure time for work . . . . . . . . . . S –

24b Travel time to work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

27 Year last worked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

28 Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

29 Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

30 Class of worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

31a, b Weeks worked last year . . . . . . . . . . S S

31c Hours usually worked per week last

year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

32, 33 Income, by type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

S S

Derived3 Family size and household size . . . 100 100

Derived Family type and household type. . . 100 100

Derived Poverty status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

Derived Type of group quarters . . . . . . . . . . . S S

Activity 5 years ago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – S

Carpooling arrangements . . . . . . . . . – S

Marital history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – S

Public transportation disability. . . . . – S

Weeks unemployed last year . . . . . – S

Question

number

Topic or item

100 percent or

sample (S)1

1990 1980

HOUSING

H1 Coverage questions4. . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

H2 Units in structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 S

H3 Number of rooms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

H4 Tenure (owned or rented) . . . . . . . . 100 100

H5 Screening questions for value and rent

(acreage and commercial establishments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

H6 Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

H7a Contract rent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

H7b Congregate housing (meals included

in rent). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 –

C1 Vacancy status5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

C2 Boarded-up status5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

D Duration of vacancy5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

H8 Year householder moved into unit . S S

H9 Bedrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

H10 Complete plumbing facilities . . . . . . 2

S 100

H11 Complete kitchen facilities . . . . . . . . S S

H12 Telephone ...................... S S

H13 Automobiles, vans, or light trucks

available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S –

H14 Fuels used for house heating . . . . . S S

H15, H16 Source of water and method of

sewage disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

H17 Year structure built . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

H18 Condominium identification . . . . . . . S 100

H19 Farm residence status ........... 2

S S

H20 Cost of utilities and fuels (component

of gross rent and selected monthly

owner costs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

H21 to

H26 Selected shelter costs for homeowners 2

S S

Derived3 Persons in unit (household size). . . 100 100

Derived Persons per room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100

Derived Gross rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S

Derived Selected monthly owner costs . . . . 2

S S

Access to unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 100

Air-conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – S

Automobiles available . . . . . . . . . . . . (See H13) S

Bathrooms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – S

Fuels used for water heating and

cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – S

Heating equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – S

Number of living quarters at address – 100

Stories in structure and presence of

elevator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – S

Vans or light trucks available. . . . . . (See H13) S

1 ‘‘S’’ indicates sample subject covered only on the long-form questionnaire. 2 Significantly changed from 1980 version in concept or amount of detail. 3 ‘‘Derived’’ refers to items which do not appear on the questionnaire but are calculated by combining information from other items. For example, while

no question specifically asks family size, family size can be determined from responses to the household relationship question. 4 These questions help ensure that the coverage of household members is complete. 5 Determined by the enumerators. See ‘‘For Census Use’’ section of the questionnaire, page 31.

8 QUESTIONS ASKED 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE

Figure 2–1. Comparison of Question Topics on the 1990 and 1980 Questionnaires
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and the type of heating equipment. The 1980 short-form

questions on plumbing facilities and whether the unit is a

condominium were transferred to the long form.

Although the Census Bureau has the responsibility for

determining the content of the census questionnaires, the

proposed questions are subject to outside review. The

Census Bureau’s authorizing legislation, Title 13, United

States Code, directs that the Secretary of Commerce

‘‘shall prepare questionnaires, and shall determine the

inquiries, and the number, form, and subdivisions thereof,

for the statistics, surveys, and censuses provided for in this

title.’’ The Secretary delegates this responsibility to the

Director of the Census Bureau. The Federal Reports Act of

1942, however, requires the Census Bureau to submit

census questionnaires to the Office of Management and

Budget for review. In addition, title 13 requires the Census

Bureau, 3 years before Census Day, to advise Congress of

the proposed subject coverage in the census. Two years

before Census Day, the Census Bureau must transmit to

Congress the specific questions it plans to include.

Testing Question Wording

The Census Bureau began testing proposed 1990 census questionnaire content in test censuses in 1985. Several tests took place during the years 1985-89; however,

the 1986 National Content Test (NCT) was the most

significant for content testing. It was designed to provide

information on the accuracy of the data collected and the

ability and willingness of people to answer the questions.

Approximately 48,000 households received questionnaires.

The NCT used seven different questionnaire versions,

three short and four long forms.

The Census Bureau conducted several special-purpose

tests of the race and Hispanic-origin questions. For example, in 1987, the Special Urban Survey tested refinements

of the race and Hispanic-origin questions that results of the

NCT and other tests suggested were needed. This survey

consisted of a sample of about 27,000 households in

selected sites throughout the country. The Census Bureau

also conducted focus group sessions of selected population groups in different areas of the country to determine

how well the questions and instructions were understood

by respondents.

A dress rehearsal census in 1988 tested most of the

proposed 1990 census questions and procedures. The

dress rehearsal was aimed at implementing the 1990

census procedures under as near census-like conditions

as possible. The Census Bureau employed the full array of

methods, techniques, workflows, equipment applications,

and promotion and outreach programs intended for use in

the national census.

The dress rehearsal took place at three sites:

1. St. Louis city, MO, which was part of a major metropolitan area and contained an inner-city area considered hard to enumerate

2. East Central Missouri, which contained several types

of enumeration areas: rural territory, seasonal housing

areas, and a city (Columbia) that was not expected to

be difficult to enumerate

3. A sparsely populated rural area (except for the city of

Pasco) in eastern Washington that contained the

Colville and Spokane American Indian reservations

The three sites were chosen because they possessed

characteristics in terms of population density, mail delivery

schemes, rural and ethnic diversity, and terrain that approximated much of the 1990 census environment.

Facts About Whom?

The 1990 Census of Population and Housing was the

21st Decennial Census and marked the bicentennial of

census-taking in our country. The Census Bureau sought

to enumerate every person in the United States as of

April 1, 1990, except residents of embassies and foreign

nationals visiting this country temporarily. The U.S. Constitution (Amendment 14, Section 2) mandates that ‘‘Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States

according to their respective numbers, counting the

whole number of persons in each State . . ..’’ Consequently, the Census Bureau counts all persons —‘‘the

whole number’’—who live in the United States.

In accordance with census practice dating back to 1790,

each person enumerated in the census is counted as an

inhabitant of his or her ‘‘usual place of residence.’’ This is

the place where the person lives and sleeps most of the

time; it is not necessarily the same as the legal residence,

voting residence, or domicile. Persons who have no usual

place of residence are recorded as living in the area where

they were found at the time of the census.

The 1990 Census of Population and Housing covered

the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Censuses also

were taken in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United

States, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of

the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Republic of Palau.

Outside of the United States, the questionnaires and

procedures varied to accommodate local requirements.

The census included military personnel and members of

the Coast Guard, their dependents, and civilians living on

military installations in the United States, Puerto Rico, and

outlying areas. The Department of Defense (DOD), its

branches, and the Coast Guard assisted in the count. Both

land-based personnel and the crews of military and Coast

Guard vessels were enumerated. (See ch. 3 for information on procedures.)

The DOD also provided a count of DOD employees

abroad, both military and civilian, and their dependents.

Counts of other Federal employees and their dependents

abroad were furnished by other Federal agencies. (See ch.

3.) These counts of Federally employed Americans and

their dependents living overseas were combined with the

U.S. resident population as determined by the census for

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purposes of calculating the 1990 congressional apportionment. This was only the second time (1970 was the first)

that the ‘‘overseas’’ military and Federal civilian population

was included in the congressional apportionment population.

The basic enumeration unit in the census is the housing

unit—a house, an apartment, or a single room or group of

rooms occupied or intended for occupancy as a separate

living quarters. Population questions are asked about

every person in a housing unit, and housing questions are

asked about the housing unit. There are special procedures designed to enumerate persons living in group

quarters, such as college dormitories, military barracks,

and prisons. Because questions on rent, value of property,

and similar topics would often be inappropriate, no housing

information is collected for group quarters. There also are

special procedures designed to enumerate persons living

in transient situations (on streets, in railway stations and

bus depots, in emergency shelters, etc.).

The Questionnaires

Short Form and Long Form—There are two principal

types of questionnaires: the short form and the long form.

About 83 percent of households were enumerated on

short forms, and the remainder—approximately one in

every six households—was enumerated on long forms

(also referred to as sample forms). Sampling allows the

Census Bureau to collect accurate information on additional topics while minimizing costs and respondent burden.

On the short form, seven population questions were

asked about each household member, and six housing

questions were asked about each housing unit. There also

was a two-part question on who was listed on the questionnaire. For the average household, the form took approximately 14 minutes to complete.

The questions on the short form also appeared on the

long form. Data derived from these questions are referred

to as 100-percent data.

Additional questions (many with two or more parts) on

26 population and 19 housing subjects appeared only on

the long form. For the average household, the long form

took approximately 43 minutes to complete.

The 100-percent data, prepared from responses to

the questions that appear on both the short and long

forms, are more precise than sample data. In addition,

100-percent data are processed first and are available

sooner.

Questionnaire Design—Facsimiles of the respondent

instructions and long-form questionnaire pages appear at

the end of this chapter. The instructions, ‘‘Your Guide for

the 1990 U.S. Census Form,’’ were furnished with the long

form and, in an abbreviated version, with the short form in

areas where the census was conducted by mail.

Since the questionnaires included space for up to seven

persons, pages with questions 8 through 33 were repeated

seven times in an actual long form. If there were more than

seven persons in a household, respondents were instructed

to list all household members on the form and to answer

the questions for seven household members. Then an

enumerator called or visited the housing unit to collect

information on the other household members.

The questionnaires for 1990 required approximately the

same length of time for respondents to complete as those

used in the 1980 census. Although more topics were

eliminated than were added, some topics, such as education and disability, were changed or expanded. The questionnaires reflected a balancing of data needs against the

length of time it took householders to fill out the questionnaires.

(For more information on questionnaire design and

sampling technique, see the section on questionnaires in

ch. 3. The effect of sampling on data reliability is discussed

under ‘‘Sampling Variability’’ in ch. 6.)

POPULATION QUESTIONS

100 Percent

1. Name—Space was provided on page 1 of the questionnaire for respondents to list the names of persons who

usually lived in the household or who had no other home;

guidelines described whom to list and whom not to list. The

respondents also were instructed to write their names at

the tops of the ‘‘person’’ columns on the 100-percent

population pages inside the questionnaire and, on the long

form, at the beginning of the appropriate set of sample

population pages. (See the questionnaire reproduced at

the end of this chapter.)

Names of individuals have been collected in each

census since 1850. From 1790 to 1840, only the names of

family ‘‘heads’’ were gathered. Having the names on the

questionnaires helps Census Bureau staff to keep track of

the forms and guards against missing or double counting a

person. Like other individual information, names are kept

strictly confidential. They are not entered into the confidential machine-readable files where individual information

is recorded for purposes of preparing statistical tabulations.

2. Household Relationship—Questions on the relationship of household members have been standard census

items since 1880. The 1990 question on household relationship, as in 1980, asked how each household member

was related to a reference person—the person named in

column 1. Respondents were instructed to identify in

column 1 that household member (or one of the members)

in whose name the housing unit was owned or rented. If

there was no such person, the name of any adult household member who was not a roomer, boarder, or paid

employee could be entered.

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The reference person is called a ‘‘householder’’ in

tabulations. Other family categories, such as ‘‘husband/

wife,’’ ‘‘natural-born or adopted son/ daughter,’’ ‘‘stepson/

stepdaughter,’’ and ‘‘grandchild,’’ indicate the relationship

to the householder. Other relationships, such as ‘‘uncle,’’

could be written in, but they were assigned codes for

specific categories only during the processing of sample

questionnaires.

User groups recommended that the Census Bureau add

the stepchildren and grandchildren categories for 1990.

The recommendation was a response to the growing

demand for more descriptive data reflecting family life and

its changes, among which are reductions in the proportion

of children who live with both natural parents and increases

in the proportion of children who live with one natural

parent and one stepparent, and with one or more stepsiblings.

Persons not related to the reference person were

recorded in one of these categories: ‘‘roomer, boarder, or

foster child’’; ‘‘housemate, roommate’’; ‘‘unmarried partner’’; or ‘‘other nonrelative.’’ These categories are somewhat different from 1980—‘‘foster child’’ is included in

connection with the ‘‘roomer, boarder’’ category, rather

than mentioned just in an instruction booklet; ‘‘unmarried

partner’’ is a separate category.

Enumerators visiting group quarters determined, in lieu

of ‘‘relationship,’’ whether residents were ‘‘institutionalized’’ or ‘‘noninstitutionalized’’ persons and coded these in

a box at the bottom of the form.

Much analysis of the population’s social and economic

characteristics is based on what the household relationship item reveals about living arrangements. The Census

Bureau characterizes households as either ‘‘family’’ or

‘‘nonfamily.’’ (Consequently, households substantially

outnumber families.) Family households are those with at

least one person related to the householder by blood,

marriage, or adoption. The family consists of the householder and all the household members related to him or

her. Other persons in the household (like all persons in

‘‘nonfamily’’ households) are termed ‘‘unrelated individuals.’’

Families are further classified as (1) ‘‘married couple

families’’ when a household member is listed as

‘‘husband/ wife’’ of the householder, (2) ‘‘families with

male householder, no wife present,’’ or (3) ‘‘families with

female householder, no husband present.’’

3. Sex—The questionnaire included a question on the

sex of individuals. Questions relating to gender have been

included in all censuses.

4. Race—Information has been requested on ‘‘race’’ or

‘‘color’’ in each census since 1790. The concept of race

used by the Census Bureau is not intended to provide any

clear-cut, scientific definition of biological stock. Rather, it

reflects the self-identification of the respondents.

For 1990, the question included the following response

categories:

• White

• Black or Negro

• Indian (Amer.) (respondents also were asked to print the

name of the enrolled or principal tribe)

• Eskimo

• Aleut

• Chinese

• Filipino

• Hawaiian

• Korean

• Vietnamese

• Japanese

• Asian Indian

• Samoan

• Guamanian

• Other API (other Asian or Pacific Islander; a write-in

category for those persons who identify as Burmese,

Cambodian, Fijian, Hmong, Indonesian, Laotian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Tongan, Thai, Cambodian, Sri Lankan, etc.)

• Other race (respondents were asked to write in the race)

All the written entries under ‘‘Indian (Amer.)’’ and ‘‘Other

API’’ were reviewed and coded during 100-percent processing of the 1990 census questionnaires, so that tabulations of the data could be provided in the data products

presenting 100-percent data. A substantial portion of the

entries for the ‘‘Other race’’ category also were reviewed,

edited, and coded during the 100-percent processing. The

remaining entries under ‘‘Other race’’ underwent review

and coding during sample processing, and most indicated

Hispanic origin, such as Mexican, Cuban, or Puerto Rican.

Their race classification was left as ‘‘Other race.’’ In the

1980 census, there was only a limited clerical review of the

race responses on the 100-percent forms; coding was

done only on the sample questionnaires for race and

American Indian tribe.

The Census Bureau publishes a full range of race

categories. However, in some data products, the data are

shown for the following groups: White; Black; American

Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut; Asian or Pacific Islander; and

Other race. (In some tables, where ‘‘Other race’’ is not

shown, an aggregate figure for this group can be derived

by subtracting the identified groups from the total.) Other

data products present more detailed categories, such

as Cambodian, Chinese, Eskimo, and Tongan. Spanish/

Hispanic origin is an ethnic category and is not considered

a race category; see item 7, below.

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5. Age—Age has been covered in each census since

1790. For the 1990 census, respondents entered both

their age at last birthday and year of birth. Month of birth

was not asked, a change for 1990. Review of preliminary

1990 data indicated that respondents tended to provide

their age as of the date of completion of the questionnaire

instead of April 1, 1990.

6. Marital Status—Information on marital status has been

collected in every census since 1880. Although the 1990

census asked the marital status of every person, the

responses are tabulated only for persons 15 years old and

over, as in 1980. This was a change from the period

1950–1970 when they were tabulated for persons 14 years

old and over. Those persons whose only marriage had

been annulled were instructed to mark ‘‘never married,’’ as

in previous censuses. In the past two censuses, there was

a sample question on marital history. It was not included in

the 1990 census questionnaire.

7. Spanish/ Hispanic Origin—This question was designed

to obtain counts of the Nation’s Hispanic-origin population by major Hispanic-origin groups. It was asked on a

100-percent basis for the first time in 1980; a similar

question appeared on the 1970 5-percent sample questionnaire.

As in the 1980 census question, the category ‘‘No (not

Spanish/ Hispanic)’’ appeared first to emphasize that the

question pertained to all respondents; in tests, this approach

reduced nonresponse and errors. Hispanic respondents

were asked to fill in one circle to further identify their origin

as ‘‘Mexican, Mexican-Am., Chicano’’; ‘‘Puerto Rican’’;

‘‘Cuban’’;or‘‘otherSpanish/ Hispanic.’’ Persons who responded

‘‘yes’’ to any of the categories are collectively referred to

as ‘‘persons of Hispanic origin.’’ The last category asked

the respondent to write in a group and gave these examples: ‘‘Argentinean, Colombian, Dominican, Nicaraguan,

Salvadoran, Spaniard, and so on.’’ The write-in responses

on only the sample questionnaires were reviewed and

coded, and some sample data products present tabulations for the various write-in categories.

Sample

8. Place of Birth—For the 1990 census, the instruction

to report the person’s birth as occurring in the mother’s

State of residence was revised to report the person’s birth

in the State where it occurred. Data on place (that is, State

or country) of birth have been collected in each census

since 1850. Answers to this question and the citizenship

question are used to classify the population as either

‘‘native’’ or ‘‘foreign born.’’ The ‘‘native’’ population includes

those persons born in the United States, Puerto Rico, the

Virgin Islands of the United States, American Samoa,

Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands; and persons born at sea or in a foreign country

who have at least one native American parent.

Data from this item provide information on lifetime

migration between time of birth and the census date. More

recent migration is measured by answers to question 14

(residence 5 years ago).

9 and 10. Citizenship and Year of Entry Into the

United States—The citizenship question was asked of all

long-form respondents. (In 1980, the citizenship question

was asked only of foreign-born persons; U.S. born persons

were assumed to be U.S. citizens.) Citizens were asked if

they were born in the United States; born in Puerto Rico,

Guam, the Virgin Islands of the United States, or the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; born

abroad of American parent(s); or naturalized.

The census question on citizenship did not attempt to

determine the legal status of noncitizens. Persons not born

in the United States were asked to report their year of entry

in a separate question (item 10). The question formerly

was not asked of persons born in Puerto Rico, Guam, the

Virgin Islands of the United States, or the Commonwealth

of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Information on citizenship is used to classify the Nation’s

population into two major categories: ‘‘citizens’’ and ‘‘noncitizens.’’ Some tabulations show data for citizens (by

whether native or naturalized) and for noncitizens.

There also were questions on citizenship in the censuses of 1820, 1830, 1870, 1890, 1950, and 1970. Yearof-immigration questions were asked of foreign-born persons in censuses from 1890-1930 and from 1970 through

1990.

11 and 12. Education—Question 11 was intended to

determine whether the person was enrolled in regular

school or college at the time of the census and, if so, what

type of school. The categories were reworded: the 1980

response ‘‘Yes, private, church-related’’ was dropped because

there were no major requirements for the information; the

1990 census responses listed were ‘‘Yes, public school,

public college’’ and ‘‘Yes, private school, private college.’’

The instructions stated that enrollment in nursery school,

kindergarten, elementary, high school, or college was to be

counted as regular school enrollment. Not to be counted

were enrollment in a trade or business school, company

training, or tutoring which was not to be accepted for credit

at a regular elementary school, high school, or college.

Question 12 established the highest grade completed in

school or highest degree received, rather than the highest

grade or academic year attended as in the 1980 census. If

the person was in school on Census Day, this item

reflected the level of the previous grade in which the

person was enrolled or the highest degree received. The

item on ‘‘educational attainment’’ is generally tabulated for

persons 16 to 19 years, 18 years and over, and 25 years

and over.

School enrollment data for individuals have been collected in each census since 1850. Questions on years of

school completed have been asked in censuses since

1940, replacing the literacy question that had been asked

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from 1840 to 1930. An item on vocational training, included

in the 1970 census, has not been used subsequently

because tests showed that a single item on vocational

training did not elicit reliable responses.

13. Ancestry (Ethnic Origin)—A person was asked to

report ancestry based on his or her nationality group,

lineage, or country in which the person or the person’s

parents or ancestors were born before their arrival in the

United States. Respondents were asked to fill in their

ancestry or ethnic origin; examples were given, such as

German, Italian, Afro-American, Croatian, Cajun, Jamaican, Korean, Mexican, Nigerian, Slovak, and Ukrainian.

The ancestry question asked the ancestry of all longform respondents, regardless of how many generations

their ancestors had been in the United States. Persons

with more than one ancestry (origin) who could not indicate

a single specific ancestry group were able to report a

multiple ancestry; for example, German-Irish. Instructions

for the ancestry question specified that a religious group

was not to be reported as a person’s ancestry.

The 1980 census was the first census that included a

self-identification question on ancestry. It replaced questions in the 1970 and earlier censuses on the country of

birth of the person’s parents which were used in combination with the person’s place-of-birth question to identify

first- and second-generation Americans (the ‘‘foreign stock’’

population).

14. Residence 5 Years Ago—This question, for persons

born at least 5 years ago, asked if they were living in the

same house 5 years ago. If the answer was no, the

question asked for the State (or foreign country), county,

and place of residence at that time, and whether the

location was inside or outside the city/ town limits.

In most tabulations, the data are reported for residence

in the same house, different house within the same county,

different county within the same State, or the region of

residence if a different State.

Questions on prior residence have been asked in each

census since 1940, and all but the 1950 question referred

to 5 years earlier. The 1950 question asked about residence in the preceding year.

15. Current Language and Ability to Speak English—

The focus of the three-part 1990 census question on

language, introduced in the 1980 census, was current

language usage. The question identified the language

currently spoken in the home and, for persons who spoke

a language other than English, how well they spoke

English. The specific languages are coded into detailed

categories and reported in some tabulations for the United

States, regions, and other large areas. Only from 10 to 16

languages or language groups are shown in the tabulations for small areas. Similar questions about language or

‘‘mother tongue’’ have been asked in each census since

1910.

16. Age Screening—Persons under 15 years old were

instructed not to answer the remaining population questions (items 17 to 33), which covered such subjects as

veteran status, employment, occupation, and income.

17. Veteran Status and Period of Service—Veteran

status, collected in part a of the question, is tabulated only

for persons 16 years old and over. For 1990, a category for

Reserves or National Guard was added to part a. In part b,

veterans specified the period in which they served in any of

eight categories (for example, Vietnam era—August 1964-

April 1975); they were instructed to darken a circle for each

applicable period. A new response category was added to

the question on period of military service to identify separately persons whose active-duty military service was

September 1980 or later. A fill-in question (part c) was

added that asked how many years of active-duty military

service the respondent had.

The Department of Veterans Affairs uses veteran status

data to measure and evaluate the impact of veterans’

programs. In addition, it uses census data as baseline

figures in preparing its intercensal estimates of the number

of veterans by county.

A question on military pensioners was asked in 1840,

questions on Civil War veterans appeared in 1890 and

1910, and a veteran status item has been included in every

census since 1930. Before 1960, however, statistics on

veterans were tabulated for governmental use and were

not always included in census reports. The 1980 questions

on veteran status and period of service were to be

answered by women for the first time.

18 and 19. Disability—The questions on disability were

included on the questionnaire to meet the need for small

area data on the characteristics of disabled persons.

Question 18 concerned work disability status, and question

19 was a two-part question on (1) limitations in the ability to

go outside the home alone, for example, to shop or visit a

doctor’s office, and (2) limitations in self-care activities,

such as bathing, dressing, or getting around inside the

house.

Respondents were asked to report these disabilities

only if they resulted from physical, mental, or other health

conditions that had lasted for 6 or more months. Tabulations of work disability are limited to persons 16 to 64 years

old.

The 1970 census household questionnaire was the first

in this century to contain questions on disability; previously

such questions were included in the censuses of 1880 and

1890 and in special supplementary schedules in 1900-

1930. Questions on work disability and public transportation disability were asked in the 1980 census.

20. Children Ever Born—The question on the number

of children each woman has ever borne is an important

source of data for assessing population growth trends. The

question is tabulated for all women regardless of marital

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status. A similar question has been asked in each census

since 1890 except those in 1920 and 1930; prior to 1970,

the question was restricted to women who had ever been

married.

21, 25, and 26. Employment Status—The census is the

only source of comprehensive and detailed employment

data for small areas such as counties, cities, and census

tracts. The questions on labor force in the 1990 census

were basically the same as those used in the 1980 census.

In both censuses, the items were carried on the sample

questionnaires.

Beginning with 1980, employment data were published

for persons 16 years old and over who were employed,

unemployed, or members of the Armed Forces, to conform

with the official definition of the labor force.

Employed persons were defined as civilians 16 years

old and over who were either: ‘‘at work’’ at a job or

business last week (item 21a), or temporarily absent from

work due to illness, vacation, strike, or other personal

reasons (item 25).

Persons whose activity consisted of their own housework, school work, or volunteer work for a religious,

charitable, or similar organization were not classified as

employed.

Unemployed persons were defined as civilians 16 years

old and over not at work (and not otherwise with a job) who

were actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks and

were available to accept a job if offered (item 26). Included

also as unemployed were persons who were not at work

and were waiting to be called back to a job from which they

had been laid off (item 25). People who were out of work

but were not looking for work, including those sometimes

called ‘‘discouraged workers,’’ were not considered unemployed—since they were not looking for work, they were

not in the labor force.

The question on hours worked (item 21b), a write-in

entry, was used primarily to differentiate full-time workers

(those working 35 or more hours during the reference

week) from part-time workers.

Employment status questions were asked on a supplemental questionnaire on unemployment in 1930 and have

appeared on the regular census questionnaires in each

census since 1940.

22, 23, and 24. Place of Work and Journey to Work—

Data on place of work and journey to work are needed for

planning highways, road improvements, and public transportation facilities, and for designing programs to reduce

energy consumption. As in 1980, the questionnaire asked

for the specific place of work last week (item 22); the

number of minutes usually spent getting from home to

work (item 24b); the usual means of transportation to work

last week (item 23a); and, if in a car, truck, or van, the

number of persons who usually rode (item 23b). The 1980

item on carpool (driving or riding) arrangements was

dropped. New for 1990, item 24a asked what time the

respondent usually left for work last week. This item

provides information on peak hours of travel to work, which

is important for transportation planning.

Respondents were asked to give the exact address of

their place of work. This information makes it possible for

the Census Bureau to produce more detailed tabulations

for smaller geographic areas. While most of the census

place-of-work tabulations use cities or counties as the

place of work, tabulations offering more geographic detail

(for example, at the census tract level) can be prepared at

the data user’s request and expense. The place-of-work

question was first asked in 1960, when only city, county,

and State data were obtained.

Data on means of transportation to work also have been

collected since 1960. Beginning in the 1980 census, this

item was expanded to include trucks, vans, motorcycles,

and bicycles as separate categories. For 1990, several

adjustments were made in categories; for example, the

separate categories for ‘‘car,’’ ‘‘truck,’’ and ‘‘van’’ were

combined into a single category. The items on travel time

to work and vehicle occupancy were introduced in 1980.

27. Year Last Worked—Item 27 asked for the year the

person last worked. It is similar to the question asked in

1980. It served as a screening question for questions 28

through 30 about industry, occupation, and type of employment—questions which persons who had never worked or

who last worked more than 5 years ago did not have to

answer. It also provides counts of persons by year last

worked, information that is relevant to the study of work

experience. (See item 31.) Similar questions have been

asked since 1960.

28, 29, and 30. Industry, Occupation, and Class of

Worker—Industry, occupation, and class of worker are

important in describing the work activity of the Nation’s

labor force. Industry is the ‘‘kind of business’’ in which a

person works. Occupation is the ‘‘kind of work’’ the person

does. Class of worker (item 30) refers to the classification

of workers according to the type of ownership of the

employing organization. Industry and occupation required

write-in responses.

The question on industry contained three parts, which

together collected the information used to code the person

into a particular industry category. The first part (item 28a)

asked for the name of the company or organization for

which the person worked. This item was revised for 1990

to permit active-duty Armed Forces personnel to write in

their branch of service, and by changing the 1980 instruction, to allow them for the first time to report their military

occupations in item 29. Responses to item 28a were

checked against an employer name and code list developed mainly from the Census Bureau’s economic censuses.

The second part of the industry question (item 28b)

asked for a description of the kind of business, specifically

the activity at the person’s place of employment. The third

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part (item 28c) asked the respondent to classify the

business or industry as manufacturing, wholesale trade,

retail trade, or other.

The responses are coded to about 230 industry categories, with the coding scheme generally based on the

1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. In

some cases, the code was selected based on the response

to 28a. More often, the code was assigned based on the

response to 28b. Information from 28c was used to

supplement that provided in 28b.

For most industries, data from the 1990 census are

compatible with categories from the 1980 and 1970 censuses, although there have been a number of minor

adjustments to the SIC system.

The occupation question (number 29) asked the respondent to describe his or her kind of work (for example,

registered nurse or personnel manager) and most important activities or duties (for example, caring for patients or

directing hiring policies). Both responses help the Census

Bureau assign the correct occupation category. There are

about 500 occupation categories to which these responses

are coded, with the coding scheme generally based on the

1980 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System.

Class of worker (item 30) distinguishes among employees of private companies; employees of Federal, State, or

local government, separately; persons working without pay

in a family business or farm; and self-employed persons. A

self-employed person whose business is incorporated is

counted as an employee of a private company. The 1980

response category ‘‘Employee of private company, business, or individual, for wages, salary, or commissions’’ was

split in 1990 into two categories: one for employees of

private for-profit employers and the other for employees of

private not-for-profit employers, such as charitable organizations.

Questions on industry, occupation, and class of worker

applied to the person’s job activity or business last week,

or, if not at work, the person’s most recent job. If the

person had not worked in the last 5 years, these questions

were skipped. If the person held more than one job, the

questions applied to the one at which the person worked

the most hours last week.

Most tabulations of these variables pertain to employed

persons, although some figures are also reported for the

experienced civilian labor force, which includes both employed

and unemployed persons with previous work experience.

Data on occupation have been collected in each census

since 1850. Industry data were collected in 1820, 1840,

and in each census since 1910. A class-of-worker question

has been asked in each census since 1910.

31. Work Experience—Question 31 determined if the

respondent worked at all during the preceding calendar

year (31a), the number of weeks worked (31b), and the

number of hours usually worked per week (31c). These

items are especially important for putting the earnings data

from item 32 in perspective. Since all income-related

information refers to the preceding year, the information on

work experience for that year is necessary to calculate

hourly and weekly earnings and to take into account

differences in work input when making income comparisons among various groups. (See also the discussion of

item 27, ‘‘year last worked.’’)

The questions on hours usually worked and weeks

unemployed in the year prior to the census were asked for

the first time in the 1980 census. Questions on weeks

worked have appeared in each census since 1880. The

question on weeks unemployed was dropped from the

1990 census questionnaire.

32. and 33. Income by Type—Item 32 asked for separate money income amounts from each of eight different

sources:

• Wages, salary, bonuses, or tips from all jobs

• Self-employment income (net) from nonfarm business

• Farm self-employment income (net)

• Interest, dividends, net rental or royalty income, or

income from estates and trusts

• Social Security or Railroad Retirement

• Public assistance or welfare

• Retirement, survivor, or disability pensions

• All other (including veterans’ payments, unemployment

compensation, child support, alimony, and other regular

payments)

This approach encouraged complete reporting of income

and permitted the tabulation of more meaningful income

statistics. As a doublecheck on accuracy and completeness, the respondent was asked to add up the amounts

received from each source and report the total 1989

income in item 33.

In certain tabulations, the first three sources of

income—wages and salaries, net business income, and

farm self-employment income—are added together and

designated as ‘‘earnings.’’ Interest, dividends, and net

rental and royalty income are grouped together and differentiated from other income types.

The income items referred explicitly to income received

during all of the previous calendar year. However, the

characteristics of each person, such as age and labor

force status, and the composition of households and

families referred to the time of the census. For example,

the income of the family does not include amounts received

by persons who were members of the family during all or

part of the income year if these persons did not reside with

the family at the time of enumeration. On the other hand,

family income includes amounts reported by any related

persons who did not reside with the family during the

income year but who were members of the family on

Census Day.

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Question 32 was similar to the 1980 question, with a few

changes. Pension income was distinguished from ‘‘other

sources’’ for the first time, and income from estates and

trusts was combined with the income from interest, dividends, net rental income, and net royalties.

Although some tables show earnings or other types of

income, most deal with total income. Most common are

figures on household income, derived by adding up the

income of each person 15 years old and over in the

household. Family income data also are presented

frequently. Family income differs from household income

because it excludes income received by any household

members not related to the householder and omits persons living alone or in nonfamily households. A few

summary statistics are also presented for persons 15

years old and over.

Income statistics generally are tabulated for income

ranges (for example, the number of households with

income in 1989 less than $5,000, $5,000 to $9,999, and so

on), with ranges becoming broader at higher income

levels. In 1990 reports, the upper ranges are $50,000 to

$74,999, $75,000 to $99,999, and $100,000 or more. In

machine-readable products, they extend to $100,000 to

$124,999, $125,000 to $149,999, and $150,000 or more.

The same ranges are used in presenting data for households, families, and nonfamily households. Median income

figures are shown by selected characteristics, such as

family type; and some mean and per capita figures are

shown.

Poverty status is a derived measure that is determined

by comparing the income of a family (or unrelated individual) with the appropriate figure in a series of income

thresholds. (See fig. 2-2.) If the particular income is below

its threshold, the family (or unrelated individual) is classified as below the poverty level. The thresholds, which vary

according to the size of the family, the number of related

children, and the age of the householder (for 1- and 2-

person households only), have been established as the

standard Federal definition of poverty for statistical purposes. The poverty thresholds are adjusted every year in

accordance with changes in the Consumer Price Index so

that comparisons of poverty statistics between censuses

are valid, even though both incomes and prices have been

affected by inflation.

The poverty status of unrelated individuals (persons

living alone or who are unrelated to the householder) is

determined independently on the basis of his or her own

income. Poverty status is not determined for unrelated

individuals under 15 years old or for persons living in

college dormitories, military barracks, or institutions.

Income questions have been asked in each census

since 1940. Limited data on poverty status were prepared

from the 1960 census. Poverty data appeared in regular

census report series for the first time with the 1970 census.

HOUSING QUESTIONS

Housing Unit

A housing unit can be a house, an apartment, a group of

rooms, a single room, a mobile home, a boat, or other

accommodations occupied as a separate living quarters

or, if vacant, intended for occupancy as separate living

quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the

occupants live and eat separately from any other person in

the building and which have direct access from outside the

building through a common hall. The occupants may be a

single family, one person living alone, two or more unrelated persons who share living arrangements, and so forth.

Both occupied and vacant housing units are included in

the housing inventory, except boats, tents, vans, mobile

homes on sales lots, and the like are included only if they

are occupied. Vacant units still under construction, burned

out or otherwise open to the elements, and nonresidential

buildings are not considered to be housing units.

Living quarters containing nine or more persons unrelated to the person in charge are not counted in the

housing inventory. They are considered group quarters.

Figure 2–2. Poverty Thresholds in 1989 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years

Size of Family Unit

Weighted

average

thresholds

Related children under 18 years

None One Two Three Four Five Six Seven

Eight or

more

One person (unrelated individual). $6,310

Under 65 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 451 $6,451

65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,947 5,947

Two persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,076

Householder under 65 years . . . 8,343 8,303 $8,547

Householder 65 years and

over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,501 7,495 8,515

Three persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,885 9,699 9,981 $9,990

Four persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,674 12,790 12,999 12,575 $12,619

Five persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,990 15,424 15,648 15,169 14,798 $14,572

Six persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,921 17,740 17,811 17,444 17,092 16,569 $16,259

Seven persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,162 20,412 20,540 20,101 19,794 19,224 18,558 $17,828

Eight persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,328 22,830 23,031 22,617 22,253 21,738 21,084 20,403 $20,230

Nine or more persons . . . . . . . . . . 25,480 27,463 27,596 27,229 26,921 26,415 25,719 25,089 24,933 $23,973

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College dormitories, homes for the aged, and military

barracks are examples of group quarters. The census does

not produce any information about the housing characteristics of group quarters.

Persons who live in group quarters, however, are counted

in most tabulations of the population questions. Figures

are published on the number of persons in seven different

types of group quarters, including four types of institutions

(mental hospitals, homes for the aged, correctional institutions, and other—orphanages, chronic disease hospitals, training schools for juvenile delinquents, and so forth),

and three types of noninstitutional group quarters (military

barracks, college dormitories, and other—rooming houses,

communes, and so forth).

Several housing questions were dropped for 1990: the

number of dwelling units at a single address, whether the

entrance to the living quarters was through someone

else’s living quarters, number of stories in the building and

presence of an elevator, type of cooking fuel and water

heating fuel, presence of air-conditioning, type of heating

equipment, and number of bathrooms.

100 Percent

H1. Coverage—The coverage question helped ensure

that all appropriate persons were listed. This item is not

tabulated.

H2. Units in Structure—The question on units in structure, previously a sample question, was moved to the short

form, replacing a units-at-address question. The units-instructure item asked the respondent to pick the category

that best described the building in which he or she lived,

such as a mobile home or trailer, a detached one-family

home, or a building with three or four apartments.

The question does not collect data on the number of

residential buildings or structures—only on the number of

housing units in various types of buildings.

Data on units in structure have been collected in each

census since 1940, and on mobile homes since 1950. The

units-at-address question, which had been on the 1970

and 1980 short forms, was not repeated.

H3. Number of Rooms—A traditional measure of housingunit size, the number of rooms includes only whole rooms

used for living purposes and excludes bathrooms, open

porches, balconies, halls, etc. Information on number of

rooms has been collected in each census since 1940. The

measure ‘‘persons per room’’ is derived for each household by dividing the number of persons in the unit by the

number of rooms. A ratio of more than 1.00 means that

there are more persons than separate rooms, and this is

frequently taken to indicate crowding.

H4. Tenure (Owned or Rented)—One of the most

important housing variables is tenure. Owner-occupied

units are those that are owned or being bought by someone who lives in the unit. ‘‘Renter-occupied’’ covers all

other occupied units, including those for which no cash

rent is paid, such as a parsonage. Many statistics on the

housing subjects in the census are tabulated separately for

owner-occupied and renter-occupied units.

For 1990, the question on ownership included a mortgaged/ not mortgaged category. Home ownership ‘‘free

and clear’’ was listed separately from ownership with a

mortgage or loan. Those two choices were combined in

1980 and earlier censuses.

H5. Acreage and Commercial Establishment—Data

on acreage were obtained from item H5a, which was

asked for all occupied and vacant one-family houses and

mobile homes. This question is used to exclude owneroccupied and renter-occupied one-family houses and mobile

homes on 10 or more acres from certain statistics on

financial characteristics. The question on acreage is the

same in 1970 and 1980 and was asked for the first time of

mobile home occupants in the 1990 census.

Data for business on property were obtained from item

H5b, which was asked for all occupied and vacant onefamily houses and mobile homes. This question is used to

exclude owner-occupied one-family and mobile home units

with businesses or medical offices from certain statistics

on financial characteristics. Data on business on property

have been collected since 1940.

H6. Value—Value is a homeowner’s estimate of what the

property (house and lot or condominium unit) would sell for

if it were for sale. Value data were obtained only for

owner-occupied units and for vacant units that were for

sale (in which case the asking price was recorded). Mobile

homes, units on 10 acres or more, units with commercial

use, and noncondominium units in multiunit buildings are

excluded from specified owner-occupied value tabulations.

Value data were collected in 1890 in a supplemental

questionnaire, in 1920 for mortgaged nonfarm homes only,

and in every census since 1930; the 1980 census was the

first in which value was recorded for condominium units.

Value categories on the 1990 questionnaire reflected

increased housing prices—the highest category was $500,000

or more; whereas, in 1980, $200,000 or more was the

highest category.

H7. Contract Rent—Contract rent is the monthly dollar

rent agreed to or contracted for, regardless of whether any

furnishings, utilities, or services are included. It was obtained

for units occupied by renters and for vacant units that were

for rent (in which case the figures reflect rent asked).

One-family houses on a property of 10 acres or more were

excluded. There were 26 response categories for rent. The

highest category for the 1990 census was ‘‘$1,000 or

more’’; in 1980, it was ‘‘$500 or more.’’ The lower limit in

1990 was ‘‘Less than $80’’; in 1980 it was ‘‘Less than

$50.’’

The rent question has been asked in each census since

1930.

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A second part of the question—new for 1990—concerned congregate housing, that is, housing in which the

cost of meals is included in the rent or obtained on a

contractual basis. This item was intended to gather information on special housing for the elderly.

Sample

H8. Year Householder Moved Into Unit—This question

measures housing turnover and neighborhood stability.

The question uses the year the householder moved in to

establish how long the present occupants have lived in this

house or apartment. It differs from population item 14,

which focuses on place of residence 5 years ago.

The question also was asked in the 1980 census. For

the 1990 census, categories were revised to include detail

on the 1980’s and exclude detail before 1959. The category ‘‘always lived here’’ was dropped. In 1970, a similar

question was asked of each member of the household.

Data on this subject are available from each census since

1960.

H9. Bedrooms—The number of bedrooms is an indicator of the size of a housing unit. When cross-classified with

rent or value, it provides a standard basis for evaluating the

cost of shelter. Response categories range from no bedrooms to five or more bedrooms. The question for 1990

asked for the count of bedrooms that would be used if the

unit were for sale or rent. This is a change from the 1980

census, which asked for rooms used mainly for sleeping

even if also used for other purposes. Similar data have

been collected since 1960.

H10. Complete Plumbing Facilities—The presence of

hot and cold running water, a flush toilet, and a bathtub or

shower were combined into a complete plumbing facilities

question, as they were in the 1980 census. However,

unlike in the 1980 census, the 1990 question did not seek

to determine if the facilities were also used by another

household. The question was asked on a sample basis in

the 1990 census, rather than of all households as in earlier

censuses.

Obtained in every census since 1940, plumbing information is used in combination with other data, such as

overcrowding, as an indicator of housing deficiency. Only

two plumbing categories now appear in tabulations: units

with complete facilities and units lacking complete plumbing.

H11. Complete Kitchen Facilities—As for 1980, the

1990 question defined complete kitchen facilities as a sink

with piped water, a range or cookstove, and a refrigerator.

The 1970 counterpart of this question was asked of

housing units on a 100-percent basis, and it distinguished

between kitchen facilities used by a single household and

those also used by another household. The 1940 and 1950

censuses asked about the presence of a refrigerator and

kitchen sink, and the 1960 census added cooking facilities.

The separate items were combined into one in 1970.

Data from this sample question are useful for preparing

tabulations of the characteristics of units lacking complete

kitchen facilities and for planning community nutrition

programs such as ‘‘meals on wheels.’’

H12. Telephone in Unit—As in the 1980 census, the

telephone question focused on the presence of a telephone within the particular housing unit. (Separate from

this question, respondents were asked to write their telephone numbers on the back of the questionnaire as an aid

to followup enumeration.)

Data on the presence of telephones in housing units

have been collected since 1960 and can be a useful

housing indicator and a guide in designing surveys that rely

primarily on telephone interviewing. Data on telephones

also are used in planning community programs, particularly

for the elderly.

H13. Vehicles Available—For 1990, a single question

was asked about the availability of automobiles, vans, and

light trucks. For 1980, there were two separate items: one

on the availability of automobiles and one on the availability of vans or light trucks.

Because the question was asked about vehicles kept at

home for use by members of the household, rather than

about vehicle ownership, it includes company cars or vans

kept at home but not personal vehicles permanently out of

working order or kept elsewhere.

Data on the number of vehicles available for personal

use have been collected since 1960 and are important for

developing transportation policies, studying energy consumption and air pollution, and planning parking facilities.

H14. Fuel Used for House Heating—This item provides

information on the type of fuel used to heat the house or

apartment and includes solar energy as a separate response

category for the first time. Only one question was asked on

fuel use in the 1990 census. All the other fuel-related

questions asked in 1980 and earlier on water heating,

cooking fuel, heating equipment, and air-conditioning were

deleted.

Questions on heating fuel have been asked in each

census since 1940. Data on type of fuel used have many

applications, such as in preparing projections concerning

the need for new power plants, pipelines, electricity transmission lines, and pollution controls.

H15 and H16. Source of Water and Sewage Disposal—Information on source of water and sewage disposal is of interest to public health officials and others

concerned about the need for water treatment or sewage

facilities. Units without a septic tank, cesspool, or hookup

to a public sewer also may represent problems in terms of

housing adequacy. The distinction between drilled and dug

wells was new for 1980; otherwise, similar data are available since 1960.

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H17. Year Structure Built—The question on the year a

structure was built provides data on the age of the housing

stock. This information is useful in such activities as city

planning and product marketing. Corresponding questions

have been asked in each census since 1940.

For 1990, respondents were provided with a ‘‘Don’t

know’’ category, permitting those who did not know the

year the structure was built to indicate that rather than

guess at the year.

H18. Condominiums—In a condominium, a person owns

a specific apartment in a building—or a house in a development—along with a share in such common areas as

hallways, lobbies, and grounds. Each owner has an individual deed and, possibly, a mortgage as well.

Condominiums were identified in a separate question so

that a count of renter-occupied and vacant condominium

units could be prepared. This also was the approach in the

1980 census in a question asked on a 100-percent basis.

In 1970 a question on tenure identified condominiums

together with cooperatives as a subcategory of owneroccupied units. This approach was discontinued because

tests showed that respondents frequently misinterpreted

the concept of a cooperative building, so statistics are not

separately reported for units in cooperative buildings.

H19. Farm Residence Status—The farm status items

on acreage of property and sales of farm products are

used to classify the population by farm or nonfarm residence. The current Federal definition of a farm is a place

that had, or would normally expect to have had, $1,000 or

more in sale of crops, livestock, or other farm products

during the preceding calendar year. For census purposes,

a farm residence also must be located in rural territory. The

farm residence question is structured to exclude units on a

city or suburban lot or on a place of less than 1 acre.

During the preparation of tabulations, any other housing

units in urban areas are automatically excluded from the

classification ‘‘farm residence.’’

The farm status question was similar in 1980. The 1990

question did not ask respondents to differentiate between

buildings on 1 to 9 acres and those on 10 acres or more.

Item H19b expanded the categories for sale of agricultural

goods from the property. The top end in 1980 was $2,500

or more; for 1990 it was $10,000 or more.

The 1920 census was the beginning of the modern

series on farm population. In the censuses from 1920 to

1950, farm residence was determined essentially by selfidentification; that is, respondents were asked whether

they lived on a farm. Determination of farm residence—

based on acreage and sales of farm products—began in

1960.

H20. Cost of Utilities and Fuels—Costs of utilities and

fuels were obtained primarily to serve as components of

gross rent and selected monthly costs for owners (discussed under H21 to H26 below).

The respondent was requested to indicate annual costs

for electricity; gas; water; and oil, coal, kerosene, wood,

etc.; or to indicate either that the cost was included in rent

or in the condominium fee, or that there was no charge or

the fuel was not used. In 1980, the question asked average

monthly costs for electricity and gas, and annual costs for

water and for oil, coal, etc.

H21 to H26. Selected Shelter Costs for Homeowners—The questions on shelter costs for 1990 covered

such costs more completely than those asked in 1980.

Before the 1980 census, information on shelter costs was

available only for renters in gross rent and had been

collected in censuses beginning in 1940. A new set of

questions to determine major components of shelter costs

for homeowners was first asked in 1980 in response to the

growing demand for such information.

Separate questions were asked on the costs of annual

real estate taxes (item H21); annual fire and hazard

insurance premiums, expanded for 1990 to include flood

insurance payments (item H22); and monthly mortgage

payments (item H23b). For 1990, the instructions for H23b

asked the respondent to include only the payments on the

first mortgage or contract to purchase. In 1980, respondents were asked to include second or junior mortgage

payments here.

Additional questions determined whether the figure reported

for the mortgage payment in H23b included taxes and

insurance. The responses to the additional questions

determined whether H21 and H22 should be disregarded

when computing aggregate cost figures or whether they

needed to be recomputed to a monthly basis and added to

H23b.

Finally, average monthly utility and fuel costs from H20

were added to derive the total for selected monthly owner

costs for each owner-occupied unit. The term ‘‘selected’’

is used because the figures do not include some types of

homeowner expenses, such as those for repairs and

maintenance. Nonetheless, selected monthly owner costs

are reasonably comparable to gross-rent figures obtained

for renters, and both can be compared to household

income. Two useful derived variables are selected monthly

owner costs as a percentage of household income, and its

counterpart, gross rent as a percentage of household

income.

For the first time, shelter-cost questions for 1990 covered home equity loans, flood insurance, condominium

monthly fees, and mobile home costs. In particular, H24a

was revised to include home equity loans. In 1980, only

second or junior mortgages were asked about. Question

H24b asked for regular monthly payment on junior mortgage or home equity loans. Respondents in 1980 were

asked if they had a second or junior mortgage, but they

were not to list the amount of this payment separately.

Question H25, a new question, asked for a monthly

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condominium fee. Another new question, H26, focused on

monthly mobile home fees, including personal property

taxes, site rent, and registration and license fees, but

excluding real estate taxes.

As with value figures, selected monthly owner costs

were not obtained for houses on 10 or more acres, and

houses with a commercial establishment or medical office

on the property. The universe for selected monthly owner

costs is labeled ‘‘specified owner-occupied units’’ in reports

and tape documentation, and is further defined in a

footnote. Some tabulations of selected monthly owner

costs separate units with a mortgage from units without a

mortgage.

SUMMARY

The Census Bureau consulted many Federal agencies,

State and local governments, demographers, community

organizations, business groups, and other data users

concerning the subject content and the wording of questions.

Every household enumerated in the 1990 census was

asked to answer seven population and six housing questions (100-percent questions). The remaining 26 population and 19 housing questions (sample questions) were

asked of a national sample of about 17 percent of the

households. This chapter discussed the questions asked,

the reasons for their inclusion, and comparable questions

in past censuses.

The content of the questionnaire cannot be understood

fully without a knowledge of the means by which the data

are collected and processed. These procedures are discussed in chapter 3.

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Facsimiles of Respondent Instructions and

Questionnaire Pages

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CHAPTER 3.

Procedures

Page

Introduction ---------------------------------------------- 37

Questionnaire Design and Use ----------------------------- 37

Obtaining Public Cooperation ----------------------------- 39

Local Review Program------------------------------------- 42

Collecting the Data --------------------------------------- 43

Processing the Data -------------------------------------- 49

Summary ------------------------------------------------- 51

INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the two primary types of questionnaires that were used in the 1990 census: the short

form with a limited number of population and housing

questions and a longer form that included all the questions

on the short form plus additional questions about the

housing unit and members of the household. The long form

was filled out by a ‘‘sample’’ of the population.

It also describes the efforts made to enlist public

cooperation in answering the census, including extensive

advertising programs to encourage minority participation

and assistance in filling out the questionnaires.

The chapter then covers the key data collection procedures used in the 1990 census, from

compiling address lists to following up

on questionnaires not returned. The

more traditional methods of data collection are covered (mailout/ mailback,

list/ enumerate) in addition to special

counts of people living in group quarters, those aboard ships or living abroad,

and a new update/ leave procedure.

For the 1990 census, expanded efforts

were made to enumerate selected shelters and street locations where homeless people could be found, and a

parolee/ probationer coverage improvement program was instituted for the

first time.

Also covered are the procedures for

processing the returns (a process made

more efficient by the establishment of

seven processing offices, four more

than for the 1980 census, and the use

of bar code technology to accelerate

and improve control of the questionnaire check-in operation).

QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN AND USE

The Census Bureau designed two primary types of

questionnaires for the 1990 census:

1. The short form with a limited number of basic population and housing questions (‘‘100-percent’’ questions)

2. The long form (shown at the end of chapter 2)

containing the 100-percent questions plus additional

questions on population and housing (‘‘sample’’ questions)

The questionnaires were designed to be understood

and completed without enumerator assistance. They were

printed with a machine-readable bar code that identified

the basic geographic codes related to the location of the

housing unit. Space was provided for up to seven respondents.

Both questionnaires were printed in English for general

distribution and in Spanish for distribution upon request. In

addition, instruction sheets in English or Spanish accompanied the questionnaires. The Census Bureau also prepared language guides containing translations of the basic

A few rolls of 1990 questionnaires—before cutting, folding, and stapling

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population and housing questions in 32 languages for use

by enumerators at households where English was not

spoken.

Special questionnaires, such as the Military, Shipboard,

and Individual Census Reports, were used for the enumeration of persons in the Armed Forces, on board ship, or

living in institutions, college dormitories, etc.

The questionnaires were sent for printing beginning in

the spring of 1989, though Census Day was not until

April 1, 1990. The long lead time was necessary, in part,

because of the large number of questionnaires to be

printed (274 million, along with instruction guides, motivational inserts, and return envelopes that were included in

the mailing packet) and the exacting standards necessary

to produce copies suitable for machine-readable processing. These packets were delivered to local post offices in

March 1990 for delivery. The following sections describe

the questionnaires and related sampling schemes.

Types of Questionnaires

Short Form—About 83 percent of all housing units were

enumerated on this type of form. Completing this 14-question

form (some questions had multiple parts) took about 15

minutes for the members of an average-size household.

Long Form—Approximately 17.7 million housing units

(about 17 percent) out of a total of 102.3 million housing

units, or 1-in-6 housing units, received a long form. In 1980,

19 percent of housing units received a long form. The long

form (also called the sample questionnaire) contained all

14 questions found on the short form plus additional

questions about each member of the household and the

housing unit for a total of 59 questions (some with multiple

parts). Because some persons, as instructed, skipped

some questions not appropriate for them, no individual

answered all the questions. For the average household,

completing this form took about 43 minutes. The long form

results were weighted to provide data approximating those

that would have resulted if every household had completed

the long form.

Tabulations of 100-Percent and Sample Data

100-Percent Data—These data are prepared by tabulating responses to the 14 basic questions that appear on

both the short and long forms. Their preparation, therefore,

involves the processing of all short-form questionnaires

and the 100-percent questions found on the long forms.

Data are needed on a 100-percent basis for several

reasons:

• A complete count of the population is necessary to

determine apportionment of congressional seats among

States and for redistricting within States to assure equal

representation.

• Accurate statistics for small areas, such as blocks, are

possible only from 100-percent data.

• Figures from the 100-percent tabulation serve as control

figures when sample data are inflated to represent the

total population.

Sample Data—Sample data are prepared by tabulating

responses to the questions that appear on the long forms,

including both the 100-percent questions and the additional sample questions. This allows responses to the

100-percent questions to be cross tabulated with responses

to the sample questions, which appear only on the long

form. For example, this permits preparation of tabulations

of race (a 100-percent item) by income (a sample item), or

age (a 100-percent item) by educational attainment (a

sample item).

Sample data prepared from the long forms are statistically weighted or inflated to produce estimates of what a

complete enumeration would have produced. The amount

of error present between a weighted figure, based on a

sample, and the corresponding figure if the items were

collected on a 100-percent basis varies depending upon

the size of the sample and the population size of the area.

In printed reports presenting sample data, there usually is

a headnote under each table title to remind users that the

data are based on a sample. (See ch. 6 for more information on sample weighting.)

Sampling Techniques

The percentage of households receiving the long form

depended upon the population size of the governmental

unit. The sampling arrangement was as follows:

• 1-in-2—A sample questionnaire was furnished to every

other housing unit (a 1-in-2 sampling rate) located in

small governmental units; namely, those having an

estimated 1988 population of fewer than 2,500 people.

These included approximately 19,000 incorporated places,

counties, and related minor civil divisions (MCD’s). (Note:

This may have included some housing units in adjacent

territory. Also, for this purpose, MCD’s selected are

those that tend to have a wide array of governmental

functions in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New

York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. See ch. 4 for a full discussion of census geography.)

• 1-in-6—In governmental units with more than 2,500

people, a sample questionnaire was furnished to one of

every six housing units in census tracts and block

numbering areas with estimated housing-unit counts

under 2,000. A 1-in-6 rate was used for all of Puerto Rico

as well as all group quarters.

• 1-in-8—For the remainder of the country, except for the

special cases noted below, sample questionnaires were

sent to one of every eight housing units.

• Special Cases—American Indian reservations (including off-reservation trust lands), tribal jurisdiction statistical areas, and Alaska Native village statistical areas

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were sampled like all other governmental units, except

that the sampling rates varied according to the size of

the American Indian and Alaska Native populations

based on 1980 census data. (There were no intercensal

estimates for these areas.) Trust lands were sampled

according to the guidelines set for their associated

American Indian reservations. Consequently, most

American Indian and Alaska Native areas were designated for the 1-in-2 sample.

Because the Census Bureau recognized no incorporated places in Hawaii, census designated places in

Hawaii were sampled at the same rate as governmental

units. All questions in the Virgin

Islands and the Pacific Outlying

Areas were asked of all people

and housing units; i.e., there were

no sample questions.

Through this sample design, the

Census Bureau reduced the total

burden on respondents. It also maintained the levels of reliability for

sample estimates as closely as possible to the 1980 census levels,

particularly for the small areas provided for in the sample design and

subpopulation groups of largersampledesign areas.

OBTAINING PUBLIC

COOPERATION

The basic objective of the census is to achieve as complete a

count of the population as possible. A key factor in reaching this

goal is obtaining public cooperation. In preparation for the 1990

census, a number of programs

and activities were implemented

to encourage public awareness

of the census, build public support, motivate people to fill out

and return their forms, and educate people on how to complete

the forms. Several of the programs were tried for the first time;

others were improved or expanded

versions of programs used in

previous censuses. The programs

ranged from designing public service announcements for national

television audiences to establishing personal contact between local

community leaders and the staff

of the Census Bureau. These programsaresummarizedhere.

Extensive Use of the Media

As with each census beginning with 1950, the Census

Bureau contracted with the national Advertising Council to

launch a public service advertising campaign. The Ad

Council regularly handles major mass-media advertising

campaigns for government and other nonprofit organizations.

One innovation for the 1990 census was to have the Ad

Council arrange for the services of minority ad agencies to

supplement the main advertising campaign and to appeal

more directly to minority audiences. The Census Bureau

A variety of posters encouraged minorities to participate in the census

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enlisted these agencies to design campaigns for Blacks,

Hispanics, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and people living

in Puerto Rico as well as a campaign for the general

audience.

A cooperative agreement to encourage American Indians and Alaska Natives to participate in the 1990 census

was entered into by the Census Bureau and the Institute of

American Indian Arts (IAIA). The IAIA assisted the Census

Bureau in developing a promotional campaign that included

communications strategies and themes for use in promotional materials.

In the private sector,corporations and businesses responded

to Census Bureau requests for use of corporate resources,

such as running notices in employee newsletters and

through monetary support, such as sponsoring openings,

receptions, kickoffs, and other events. Radio stations were

furnished census public service announcements and encouraged to air them. Free public service announcements,

valued at $68 million, were run on television, radio, and

cable outlets and carried in newspapers nationwide between

February and May 1990 to promote participation in the

census. During this period, the average adult reached was

exposed to 68 messages. Local television and radio

stations accounted for nearly 70 percent of the total media

value; and ethnic media, such as Black, Spanish language,

and Asian/ Pacific Islander, accounted for 21 percent.

Special Efforts to Encourage Minority

Participation

In addition to the minority media campaigns, there were

several other programs specially designed to encourage

minority participation in the census. These programs also

gave minority communities additional opportunities to participate in planning the census and furnished them with

information on the availability and use of census statistics

to help meet their needs.

The census advisory committee program has proven

effective in past censuses. For 1990, there were four

minority advisory committees representing the Black, Hispanic, Asian and Pacific Islander, and American Indian and

Alaska Native Committee members. Committee members

and conference attendees gave the Census Bureau advice

and recommendations regarding 1990 census content and

procedures and aided the Census Bureau in developing

working relationships with minority organizations. They

also helped acquaint their communities with the importance of being counted and contributed to community

understanding of the census.

Through its National Services Program (NSP), the Census Bureau had extensive contact with national organizations that represent minorities or other segments of the

population that historically have been undercounted in

decennial censuses. More than 100 social service, business, professional, civil rights, educational, and religious

groups participated in endorsing the census. NSP staff

coordinated or conducted activities for these organizations

to increase awareness of the importance of the census

and to assist them in obtaining and using census data.

Many of these activities are continuing after the census,

including briefings, periodic mailings of information about

census data products and services, and an extensive

program of census presentations, workshops, and exhibits

at the national conferences of participating organizations.

The Census Awareness and Products Program (CAPP)

was a special activity with a minority community focus.

Through this program, the Census Bureau extended to the

local level the type of contact accomplished at the national

level through the NSP. The CAPP implemented a variety of

outreach and promotional activities at the local level,

particularly in hard-to-enumerate areas.

CAPP specialists were located in the 13 regional census

centers and in other cities with large, hard-to-enumerate

populations. At its peak in 1990, the staff numbered about

280 persons. They were people already familiar with the

minority communities in which they worked. They received

training about census procedures, the importance of accurate counts to minority communities, and how community

organizations can use census statistics. Their activities

included outreach to community groups, census booth

staffing at local events, media relations, and similar efforts.

In an effort to obtain a complete count of American

Indians and Alaska Natives, the Census Bureau established a tribal liaison program and an Alaska Native village

liaison program. These programs encouraged tribal and

Native village government officials to appoint individuals to

work with the Census Bureau in developing outreach

activities to encourage participation in the census. The

Census Bureau also held 12 regional American Indian and

Alaska Native meetings throughout the country from May

1985 to September 1986. A second round of meetings was

held from October 1988 to the spring of 1989. They were

attended by liaisons and others appointed by tribes and

villages.

Special promotional materials also were prepared to

reach minority population groups. These materials took the

form of brochures, booklets, fliers, and posters available in

eight languages. Subjects covered included employment

opportunities, motivational material, assistance in filling out

race and ancestry questions, and the confidentiality of

responses.

Other Approaches to Increasing Public

Cooperation

The Census Bureau carried out several other efforts to

increase public cooperation, all of which were aimed at

both minority populations and the general population. The

following were among the most important:

• Complete Count Committees—The mayors of about 350

cities met with Census Bureau officials in one-on-one

meetings to discuss mutual concerns about the 1990

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census and possible joint efforts, including efforts aimed

specifically at minority communities, for encouraging the

cities’ populations to be counted in 1990. To assure

ongoing contact between the cities and Census Bureau

staff, mayors were asked to appoint high-level liaisons.

Communities also were encouraged to form ‘‘Complete Count Committees,’’ headed by local leaders, to

stress the importance of the census. They promoted the

census to residents through local government departments, particularly those agencies with extensive public

contacts, and augmented media programs, publicity,

and promotions conducted by the Census Bureau. They

also supported recruitment of employees to conduct the

census.

• Census Education Project—The Census Bureau designed

a curriculum promoting census awareness that it sent to

every school district in 1989. The 1990 Census Education Project teaching kit was aimed at students in

kindergarten through the 12th grade in approximately

106,000 public and private schools. Early distribution of

the kits allowed schools to offer census lessons and

activities in the 1989-90 school year. Each kit contained

an Educator’s Guide with information about the 1990

census, the history of census-taking in the United States,

and a glossary of terms. It included classroom lessons

designed to introduce students to the purpose of the

decennial census and how the data are collected,

analyzed, and used in everyday life, as well as suggested activities to help promote census participation in

the students’ communities.

• Head Start Agencies—The Census Bureau worked closely

with the national Head Start agency in a new effort for

1990 designed to reach low-income populations. The

local Head Start agencies were asked to display a

‘‘Count Us In’’ poster, send flyers home with children,

conduct workshops to help parents fill out questionnaires, telephone parents to encourage them to answer

the census, and publicize the availability of census jobs.

• Religious Organizations Project—The Census Bureau

contacted national church leaders and organizations, as

well as individual local churches, to take advantage of

their extensive network and outreach capabilities. The

organizations were encouraged to promote community

awareness by publicizing the goals of the census and

the impact of an accurate census on their communities.

They also provided use of their facilities for recruiting

and testing purposes.

Fliers, buttons, and bumper stickers heightened census awareness

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The preceding sections highlight the principal efforts of

the Census Bureau to promote public willingness to respond

to the census. The programs to reduce the undercount

also resulted in improvements to the census-taking

process, described in the following sections on collection

procedures and count improvement efforts.

Efforts to Encourage Mail Returns

Over several decades, the Census Bureau expanded its

use of the mail in census-taking for several reasons:

1. The quality of responses to census questions improved

because enumerators’ biases were avoided, and respondents could complete the form at a convenient time

and at their own pace

2. The mail census procedures involved multiple checks

of address lists, which reduced the possibility of

housing units being missed

3. The selection of housing units to receive sample

questionnaires was better controlled, thereby ensuring

a proper, unbiased sample

4. The computer assignment of geographic codes in TAR

areas helped improve the accuracy of assignment of

data to geographic areas

5. The mail census required fewer enumerators, resulting

in a more efficient, economical census operation

In test censuses conducted prior to the 1990 census,

the mail return rate was lower than for comparable tests

prior to 1980. Several efforts were instituted to improve the

anticipated response rates. In spite of these efforts, only

63 percent of the housing units to which questionnaires

were mailed returned questionnaires, compared to 75 percent for the 1980 census.

• Mail Reminder Cards— A card proved effective in a test

census in reminding householders to return their census

questionnaires. Therefore, on March 30, 1990, a mail

reminder card was sent to all residential addresses in

the mailout/ mailback and update/ leave areas.

• Motivational Inserts—Research conducted after the 1980

census showed that the arrival of the census mailing

package was the first some people had heard about the

census. Thus, the census mailing package itself was a

public information vehicle. In the test censuses, the

effects of including a ‘‘motivational’’ insert in some of the

questionnaire mailing packages was evaluated. The

insert included colorful graphics and listed reasons ‘‘to

count yourself in on the census.’’ The test results

showed that the motivational insert could improve mailreturn rates. A similar motivational insert was included in

the mailing package for the 1990 census.

• Special Motivational Mailing in Multilingual Areas— In

areas where it was anticipated that language and related

barriers such as immigrant status might make enumeration difficult, a multilingual ‘‘early alert’’ brochure was

mailed prior to the questionnaire. This was a new effort

for the 1990 census. The brochure had messages in

English, Spanish, and six Asian languages (Vietnamese,

Korean, Chinese, Cambodian, Laotian, and Thai). It told

residents that a questionnaire was coming in the mail,

asked them to fill it out and send it back, and told them

how to get help in completing the questionnaire. It also

contained messages stressing the importance and confidentiality of the census and a toll-free telephone number to receive assistance in their language.

• Expanded Questionnaire Assistance Efforts— Persons

needing help in completing the questionnaire, or who did

not receive a questionnaire, could call a toll-free telephone number or, in some areas, could visit a questionnaire assistance center. These centers were set up in

densely settled communities where the Census Bureau

felt assistance would be necessary. Both the telephone

lines and the assistance centers were staffed with

bilingual personnel. In addition, Spanish speaking persons were able to request a questionnaire in Spanish. (A

message in Spanish appeared on all questionnaires

explaining how to obtain one in Spanish.) Some enumerators were also bilingual and spoke the prevailing language in their assignment areas.

• Early Delivery of Questionnaires— In 1990, questionnaires were delivered up to 9 days before Census Day,

instead of 4 days before as in 1980. Although this was

done primarily to facilitate earlier processing, the early

delivery (in conjunction with motivational mailings, reminder

cards, and advertising concentrated in the week or so

before Census Day), it was hoped, would encourage

mail returns and promote improved data accuracy by

giving residents more time to complete their questionnaires. It also allowed census staff more time to prepare

complete lists of nonresponse housing units by using the

automated address list to record which questionnaires

had been returned and to determine households where

enumerators had to make followup visits to gather

missing or incomplete information. (See discussion of

‘‘Processing the Data’’ later in this chapter.)

LOCAL REVIEW PROGRAM

The purpose of this program was to improve the accuracy of the census through the assistance of local governments in pinpointing such problems as clusters of housing

units assigned to the wrong block or missed entirely, as

well as incorrectly displayed jurisdictional boundaries.

The program was designed to give local officials an

opportunity to—

1. Review the housing unit and special place counts that

were compiled from address lists for governments in

TAR and 1988 prelist areas in advance of the census.

2. Review the housing unit and group quarters population

counts for all areas after most of the census collection

effort was completed, yet before the counts became

final and while the census district offices were still

open.

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In the summer of 1987, in preparation for this effort, the

Census Bureau sent information about the program to the

highest elected official of each of the 39,000 generalpurpose local governmental jurisdictions. The officials were

asked to appoint someone to work in a liaison capacity

with the Census Bureau on this program. It was suggested

that the person have technical knowledge of housing unit

estimates or be familiar with the housing unit inventory of

the jurisdiction. Contacts with local, tribal, and Alaska

Native village officials began earlier than for the 1980

census so that the local officials would have more time to

prepare. Two series of local review training workshops for

local officials were conducted by the Census Bureau prior

to the census. In the summer of 1989, appropriate blocknumbered maps and a technical guide were mailed to the

local governments.

For the 1990 census, the local review program included

two phases of review (one precensus and one postcensus)

for jurisdictions in mailout/ mailback areas, instead of just

the postcensus review as in 1980. All other areas were

limited to a postcensus local review.

All governments, whether or not they were to be participants in the precensus local review, received maps in the

spring through the fall of 1989—maps showing the 1990

census block numbers so that they could begin preparing

documentation of their data on a block-by-block basis. In

October 1989, the 25,000 local and American Indian tribal

governments that agreed to participate in the precensus

local review received the precensus housing unit and

special place counts by block. (The Census Bureau is

forbidden by law from turning over address lists or any

other individual information to anyone outside the Census

Bureau.) For the 1980 census, the local review counts

were made available only after the census, and by enumeration district—an area that usually contained many

blocks, which made it difficult to pinpoint potential errors.

In addition to traditional residential units, the counts included

the total number of ‘‘special places,’’ such as jails, universities, and long-term health care facilities.

The local governments were instructed to compare the

Census Bureau’s counts with local estimates at the block

level. If the local officials found discrepancies and provided

suitable documentation, census workers conducted an

office review and/ or a field check of the blocks involved.

The Census Bureau revised its address file and, for the

postcensus operation, enumerated the missed housing

units as necessary.

Throughout the local review program, the State Data

Center (SDC) organizations served as important points of

contact between local governments and the Census Bureau.

(The SDC program is described in ch. 7.) These centers

handled inquiries, responded to technical questions, and

offered general assistance to local governments preparing

estimates for local review.

COLLECTING THE DATA

The field operations for collecting 1990 census data

were similar to those used in 1980. The mailout/ mailback

procedure was used again for most of the country’s

housing units. The traditional door-to-door method (now

called ‘‘list/ enumerate’’) was used for about 5 percent of

the housing units. In addition, a new procedure called

‘‘update/ leave’’ was introduced, following successful precensus tests. This section describes the preparation of

address lists, 1990 collection procedures, methods used

to increase mail returns, pre- and postcensus local review

and special enumerations.

Size and Scope of the 1990 Census

• Cost $2.5 billion for the 10-year program, over $1 billion

in 1990 alone

• Recruited and tested 1.6 million people

• Hired about 551,000 people; about 300,000 working at

census peak

• Opened 502 field offices, 13 regional census centers, 7

processing offices

• Printed 274 million questionnaires

• Linked all census offices with a system of about 530

minicomputers and dismantled it 1 year later

• Received about 63 million mail returns within 3 weeks of

Census Day

• Counted nearly 250 million people and over 102 million

housing units in the United States

A census enumerator visits a housing unit to collect a

questionnaire during the list/ enumerate operation

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Procedures for Address List Preparation

To date, no single source of residential addresses has

been sufficient to meet the needs of complete census

enumeration. An address list also becomes outdated quickly.

In preparing for the 1990 census, the following approaches

were used to develop address lists and keep them up-todate.

• Address Acquisition—A variety of procedures were

employed to obtain the addresses used in the mailout/

mailback and the update/ leave distribution of census

questionnaires.

Tape Address Register (TAR)—The TAR (a computerized, geographically coded address list) was prepared

for large urban and suburban areas with city delivery

postal service and for which the Census Bureau had

available files that related address ranges to census

geographic codes. For these areas, the Census Bureau

purchased computerized commercial mailing lists of

about 56 million residential addresses from vendors in

1988. Each address was assigned census geographic

codes, such as district office, address register area, and

block number, by computer or, if necessary, clerically.

1988 Prelist—This method was used to build the

mailing address file mainly in small cities, suburban

areas, and rural areas where address information was

not sufficient for automatic geocoding or a coding file

did not exist, but each mailing address uniquely identified a specific housing unit. The Census Bureau hired

35,000 temporary employees in 1988 to go door to door,

compiling lists of about 27 million addresses of housing

units and special places. In developing the list, census

enumerators entered in an address register the mailing

address of each housing unit and special place, the

number of the census block in which it was located, and

related information. They also marked its location on a

census map. Enumerators simultaneously updated the

maps with new streets and their names and corrected

the existing street information.

1989 Prelist—Another prelist was conducted in mid1989 in closely settled rural areas and selected seasonal housing areas. Most addresses in these areas

were identified only by a rural route number or a post

office box number rather than the house-number-andstreet-name address that identifies a specific housing

unit. Enumerators visited housing units and special

places in these areas, listed their addresses, and recorded

location and related information for them. Maps also

were updated and corrected. They compiled addresses

for about 10 million housing units.

• Advance Post Office Check (APOC)—The address

lists purchased from vendors and the addresses collected in the 1988 prelist operation were compiled and

edited by computer to identify and omit from a print file

the unusable addresses from the ‘‘address control file,’’

the computerized record of all addresses. A print file of

deliverable addresses was sent to a contractor who

printed the addresses on 3" x 8" cards and sent them to

the appropriate U.S. Postal Service (USPS) facilities.

During the APOC, the USPS reviewed the address

cards and identified addresses that were deliverable,

undeliverable, and duplicates of other address cards. It

also corrected the mailing addresses as appropriate and

provided ‘‘add cards’’ with addresses for housing units

and special places for which there were no cards. The

USPS returned all the address cards and add cards to

the processing centers for check-in and address file

updating.

The APOC was divided into three waves. The APOC 1

was a check on the TAR addresses and was conducted

in the fall of 1988. The APOC for the 1988 prelist areas

consisted of APOC 2 in February and March 1989 and

APOC 3 from March to May 1989. There was no APOC

for 1989 prelist areas because the USPS was not

involved in questionnaire delivery; enumerators checked

the addresses when they delivered the questionnaires.

• Precanvass—This operation took place in TAR areas in

May and June 1989. Enumerators verified the accuracy

and completeness of the address list that had previously

been updated during the APOC. Enumerators were

given address registers that separately listed each known

residential address, including special places and apartment designations in multiunit buildings. (By contrast, for

the 1980 census, enumerators were given an address

register that contained listings of only basic street addresses;

i.e., house or building number and street name, but no

apartment designations. The listing showed the number

of units at an address, and if different from what actually

existed, the enumerator listed all the apartment designations.) The enumerators were instructed to verify the

accuracy and completeness of the addresses of all

housing units and special places, including apartments

in multiunit buildings they identified.

Keyers update the address control file in one of the processing

offices.

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Enumerators visited every third address in blocks

consisting primarily of single-unit structures. In addition

to verifying the address information, they inquired about

additional living quarters at the contacted and neighboring units. Enumerators made contact at every address

that appeared to be a multiunit building, but did not

personally visit each unit; they needed only to contact a

knowledgeable respondent at the structure to confirm

apartment designations.

The corrected address registers were sent to the

processing office for keying to update the address

control file.

• APOC Reconciliation—In this operation, enumerators,

through on-site visits, reconciled addresses from the

1988 prelist that the USPS reported as added, duplicated, or undeliverable. If an address was added by the

USPS, it was visited by an enumerator, verified, and

given a geographic code. The enumerator also added

the address and related information to an address

register and marked its location on a census map.

Special procedures were applied to resolve addresses

reported as duplicates and undeliverables.

• Precensus Local Review—This process occurred after

precanvass, from November 1989 to February 1990.

Local officials, as part of the Local Review Program,

alerted the Census Bureau to blocks where the precensus housing and/ or special place counts (based on the

number of addresses) appeared to be inaccurate. (See

discussion below of the Local Review Program.)

• Special Place Prelist—Special places are residences

other than the usual house or apartment where people

live or stay. They include colleges and universities,

boarding and rooming houses, hotels and motels, marinas, hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, and military

installations. In January 1990, each known special place

received a letter notifying the contact person of the

upcoming visit by an enumerator. The enumerator verified the existence and address of each special place

and listed any individual group quarters and housing

units associated with it. For example, dormitories on a

college campus were classified as group quarters, but a

separate house provided for the president of the college

was classified as a housing unit. All revised addresses

were keyed by the Baltimore Processing Office into a

computer file that later generated lists of group quarters

for the enumeration process.

• Casing Check—In this operation, the USPS checked

the addresses for the mailout/ mailback areas once

again before delivering the census forms in March 1990.

The casing operation was a sorting process carriers

used to put mail in the proper sequence for delivery.

Each housing unit receiving mail has a designated slot at

the carrier’s work station. The carriers placed or ‘‘cased’’

address cards in the appropriate slot. This enabled

undeliverable, duplicate, and missing addresses to be

identified.

Figure 3–1. Key Activities and Dates in Preparing a

Comprehensive Address List

TAR creation ---------------- First half of 1988 through

March 1989

1988 Prelist ------------------ July 1988 to January 1989

1989 Prelist ------------------ June 1989 to September

1989

APOC ------------------------ In three phases, from Sept.

1988 through May 1989

Precanvass ------------------ May and June 1989

APOC Reconciliation-------- June to August 1989

Precensus

Local Review ------------- November 1989 to

February 1990

Casing check ---------------- March 1990

Mailout ----------------------- March 1990

General Collection Activities

Principal Collection Methods—Questionnaires were delivered to all housing units in March 1990, with the exception

of the remote or outlying areas of Alaska where enumeration began in mid-February 1990. Households were instructed

A postal worker sorts questionnaires into the appropriate slots

prior to delivery.

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to complete the questionnaires as of April 1 and return

them by mail or, in some areas, hold them for enumerators

to pick up. The Census Bureau used three basic data

collection methods to take the census:

• Mailout/ Mailback—The Census Bureau again used selfenumeration as the primary means of census-taking. To

accomplish this, a mailout/ mailback (MO/ MB) system

was used to distribute and return the questionnaires for

most of the Nation’s population. Cities, towns, suburban

areas, and rural areas where good mailing addresses

existed comprise the mailout/ mailback areas (TAR and

1988 prelist areas). The USPS delivered the questionnaires to housing units in late March, and residents were

asked to return them by mail. About 84 million housing

units (84 percent) were in mailout/ mailback areas.

• Update/ Leave—For 10 million housing units (10 percent), mainly in the South, Midwest, and in large urban

public housing projects, the Census Bureau used the

update/ leave method of questionnaire distribution. Shortly

before Census Day, April 1, census enumerators recanvassed the areas that had been prelisted in 1989,

updating the existing address list and map and leaving a

questionnaire at each residence. The residents were

asked to mail the questionnaires to the Census Bureau.

• List/ Enumerate—A third type of questionnaire distribution method was list/ enumerate (formerly called conventional or door-to-door enumeration). This method was

used in very remote and sparsely populated areas,

selected seasonal housing areas, many American Indian

reservations, and the remote areas and smaller cities of

Alaska. In these areas (except remote Alaska), the post

office delivered unaddressed mailing pieces (advance

census forms having only 100-percent questions).

Beginning on March 26, 1990, enumerators canvassed specific assignment areas, listed the address

and related information for each housing unit, and

marked its location on a map. They also updated and

corrected the maps. As they canvassed their assigned

areas, the enumerators visited each housing unit and

picked up the completed census questionnaire. If residents had not already filled it in or if the housing unit was

vacant, the enumerators conducted interviews to complete questionnaires for the housing units. In addition,

the enumerators obtained long-form information from a

sample of the units. About 6.5 million (6 percent) of the

Nation’s housing units, mainly in Alaska and the western

and northern parts of the United States, were enumerated this way.

• Nonresponse Followup—By April 23, 1990, approximately 65 percent of the questionnaires had been

mailed back. To complete the collection effort and verify

the status of housing units visited during earlier census

operations, nonresponse followup was conducted

at the end of April and lasted about 8 weeks. Enumerators began visiting each housing unit in the mailout/

mailback and update/ leave areas for which the Census

Bureau had not checked in a questionnaire. As

of July 30, 1990, 34,278,233 housing units had been

visited.

Special Counts

Standard census procedures were not appropriate for

counting persons in unique living arrangements, such as

college students in dormitories, inmates of institutions, and

persons in shelters or on the streets. Instead, the Census

Bureau designed specialized procedures for these types of

situations.

Selected Components of the Homeless Population—

The program to count these groups was expanded for the

1990 census compared with efforts to reach the transient

population for the 1980 census. The Census Bureau

counted selected components of the homeless population

during ‘‘Shelter and Street Night’’ which was conducted in

two separate operations at pre-identified shelters and at

street locations where people were known to congregate.

Before the shelter enumeration, the Census Bureau

sent a letter to each local chief executive/ highest elected

official throughout the country requesting pre-identification

of all shelters, hotels and motels charging less than $12

per night, and other locations including street locations

where persons were known to stay. Census employees

also worked directly with local officials, persons who

worked with the visible street and shelter populations, and

the groups themselves to identify the shelter and street

locations to be visited during the operation.

Shelter enumeration was conducted nationwide 2 weeks

prior to the census, from 6:00 p.m. to midnight on

Figure 3–2. Collection Activities

Local census offices

opened--------------------- March 1989-January 1990

Update/ leave --------------- March-April 1990

Postal delivery of

questionnaires------------- March 1990

List/ enumerate ------------- March-May 1990

Nonresponse followup ----- April-July 1990

Field followup--------------- July-August 1990

‘‘Were You Counted?’’

campaign ------------------ June-September 1990

Data capture---------------- March-December 1990

Mailout of postcensus

local review count--------- August-September 1990

Postcensus local review

recanvass------------------ September-October 1990

Local census offices

closed---------------------- August-November 1990

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March 20, 1990. (In a few areas, the Census Bureau had

to continue the effort the next night to complete the job.)

The Census Bureau counted persons who were found in

pre-identified hotels, motels, family shelters, and other

emergency shelters.

Individual Census Reports (ICR’s) were used to enumerate shelter populations. Both the long- and short-form

ICR’s were similar to the regular questionnaires, except

they did not ask any questions about housing and were

answered by only one person. Only a small number of

shelter operators refused to cooperate. In those cases,

enumerators stood outside and counted people as they left

in the morning.

Street enumeration occurred from 2:00 a.m. to 4:00 a.m.

on March 21. All visible persons at pre-identified locations

were counted, except persons in uniform or persons

engaged in obvious money-making activities other than

begging or panhandling. The locations included such places

as parks, bus terminals, and streets where persons were

known to congregate.

From 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m., enumerators were stationed at abandoned and boarded-up buildings. They

waited outside the buildings until someone came out. They

attempted to get the number and characteristics of anyone

who might be living inside the building from the first person

who came out of the building. If unsuccessful, the enumerators waited for another person.

Only short forms were used in street enumeration. In

some instances, enumerators were able to fill in by observation only the person’s age, race, and sex. Persons

counted in this operation were considered residents of the

jurisdiction in which they were actually located. The Census Bureau also attempted to count the number of adults

with children residing in S-Night locations. Approximately

11,000 shelters and 24,000 street sites were visited. The

safety of the enumerator and the respondent was balanced with the mission of counting people. For example,

enumerators did not enter abandoned buildings, climb

onto rooftops, or check trash dumpsters.

Other potential components of a count of persons

without homes were covered during the regular census

operations. These included persons or entire families who

were doubled up in housing units with friends or relatives,

shelters for abused women, persons with no usual home

living in tents at commercial campgrounds, and institutions, such as local jails, that might have offered temporary

shelter. In such situations, enumerators would have had

difficulty determining who had a usual home, and consequently, such people could not be classified with certainty

as not having a home. Persons or entire families who were

doubled up in housing units with friends or relatives were

considered ‘‘homeless’’ by some and ‘‘precariously housed’’

by others, but were not accounted for separately by the

Census Bureau.

Data will be tabulated on the number and characteristics

of the population in each of the settings in which the visible

street and shelter populations lived. Data, therefore, will be

available for persons and families living in shelters and

low-cost hotels and motels, in nonsheltered locations, in

shelters for abused women, and so forth.

There will be no separate tabulations that combine

these population groups; users can add the components

they think are appropriate to arrive at their own totals.

Statistics on one or more of these components can be

found in all four of the 1990 census Summary Tape Files

and in General Population Characteristics (series 1990

CP-1) and Social and Economic Characteristics (series

1990 CP-2). (See ch. 5, ‘‘Data Products,’’ for more information on these products.)

The Census Bureau conducted a substantial research

program to assess the adequacy of S-Night procedures. It

involved evaluating the completeness of lists of shelters,

observing and debriefing enumerators at work at street

locations, and, after S-Night, interviewing visible street and

shelter populations regarding their awareness of and

participation in the census. Research results are being

published.

General Group Quarters—To enumerate most group

quarters, enumerators visited each facility identified during

special place prelist. They obtained a list of persons’

names and rooms, and distributed Individual Census Reports

(ICR’s) to all residents. A sample of the residents received

long-form ICR’s. The enumerators returned within a few

days to collect the forms and to follow up with persons who

did not respond. When followup was not possible, usually

in prisons or long-term care facilities, as much information

as possible was obtained from records or staff members.

Military Personnel—To count the Nation’s military personnel, their dependents, and civilians living on military

installations, the Census Bureau teamed up with the

Department of Defense, its branches, and the Coast

Guard. The crews of military vessels were counted as well

as land-based military personnel.

In order to collect population data from land-based

military personnel, each base was divided into manageable units for enumeration purposes. A project officer at

each installation was responsible for distributing Military

Census Reports (MCR’s) to and collecting them from all

military personnel regardless of whether they lived in

barracks or in on-base or off-base housing units. For each

military unit at an installation, there was a unit representative who was in charge of making sure that everyone in the

unit completed a report. Unit representatives reported to

the project officer.

Military personnel living in group quarters, such as

barracks, were counted as residents there. Those living in

housing on or off base received a regular census questionnaire in the mail or by a visit from an enumerator and

were to be included on that questionnaire (unless they

were away from home for an extended period), as well as

on the MCR. Later, the Military Census Reports completed

at the base by persons who provided addresses for

housing units were used as a check to ensure that they

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had been included on the questionnaire from their housing

unit. Those who were not included were added by the

Census Bureau using the information from the Military

Census Reports, which then were destroyed.

Crews of military and Coast Guard vessels were asked

to complete Shipboard Census Reports. These forms were

mailed directly to the commanding officers of all ships. A

project officer from among the crew was assigned to

distribute and collect the reports. If the person’s usual

residence was the ship, the Census Bureau counted the

person at the homeport location. If the homeport included

more than one jurisdiction and the ship was at homeport

on Census Day, the crew was counted at the jurisdiction

where the ship was actually docked. Crew members could

elect to report a usual residence ashore. The Census

Bureau matched the person to the appropriate household

on shore to avoid duplication and to ensure inclusion on

the onshore questionnaire. Crews of vessels deployed to

the U.S. Navy’s 6th and 7th Fleets on Census Day were

counted as part of the overseas population.

As a result of bipartisan congressional support and for

only the second time in U.S. census history (the first being

for the 1970 census), overseas members of the Armed

Forces, Federal civilian employees, and their dependents

living with them were included in the 1990 census State

counts used for congressional reapportionment. Stateside

residence for those groups living overseas generally was

determined by the employee’s ‘‘home of record.’’

Crews of Merchant Vessels—Lists of U.S. flag merchant

vessels were obtained from the Maritime Administration,

and Shipboard Census Reports were mailed to their crews

through each ship’s owner or operator. The crews had the

option of claiming a usual residence other than the assigned

vessel and then were treated the same as military crews;

that is, they were counted at their off-ship residence.

Those who did not were counted as residents of the ship

and were attributed as follows:

1. The port where the ship was docked on Census Day,

if that port was in the United States or its territories.

2. The port of departure if the ship was at sea, provided

that the port was in the United States or its territories.

3. The port of destination in the United States or its

territories, if the port of departure of a ship at sea was

a foreign port.

4. The overseas population if the ship was docked at a

foreign port or at sea between foreign ports. (These

persons were not included in the overseas population

for apportionment purposes.)

Persons Living Abroad—Counts of civilians working for

the Federal Government, military personnel, and their

dependents living abroad generally were obtained from

U.S. Government administrative records and a survey of

Department of Defense civilians and were included in the

apportionment population. U.S. citizens abroad temporarily

on Census Day (on private business, travel, and so forth)

were enumerated at their households upon their return, if

not included on the return by a resident; they either filled

out their own questionnaire or were visited by enumerators

during nonresponse followup.

Students—College students were counted at the place

where they lived while attending school. Students below

the college level and living away from home were counted

at their parents’ homes.

Count Improvement Efforts

Field Followup—Housing units identified as ‘‘vacant’’

or ‘‘delete’’ during regular enumeration activities and residual nonresponse cases were revisited beginning in late

June to verify their status. Also visited were failed-edit

cases that could not be resolved by phone. Approximately

14,946,513 housing units were revisited during the field

followup operation.

‘‘Were You Counted?’’ Campaign—During the summer

of 1990, persons who believed they were not included in

the census were given an opportunity to be counted. They

could call a toll-free number to provide basic household

information, or they could obtain a ‘‘Were You Counted?’’

form from a wide range of sources, including their local

newspapers. The responses were checked against the

census records to eliminate duplications.

Parolee/ Probationer Coverage Improvement Program—

This program was designed to provide State governments

the opportunity to work with the Census Bureau in ensuring

the enumeration of the estimated 2.6 million persons

involved in parole and probation programs nationwide.

With the exception of Maine, all States and the District of

Columbia elected to participate in the program.

There were two phases to the program. The first phase

consisted of providing State liaisons (designated by the

head of each State’s correctional department) with forms

to be distributed to the parolees/ probationers under their

jurisdictions. The State liaisons were to collect the completed forms and mail them to the appropriate processing

office. Due to the low response rate resulting from this

operation, a second phase was initiated. In this phase

Census Bureau enumerators completed forms for parolees/ probationers using information obtained from State and

local records.

Information obtained about the parolees/ probationers

included their names, addresses as of April 1, 1990, and

basic demographic characteristics. The processing offices

then conducted a search/ match operation to see if any

parolee/ probationer had been listed on a census questionnaire obtained through regular enumeration activities. Only

those persons with geocodable address information and

not listed on a matched address questionnaire were added

to the count.

Postcensus Local Review—In the postcensus phase of

the local review program, all 39,000 local and tribal governments were sent new sets of maps from May to July of

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1990. The postcensus maps included the local governments’ official boundaries as of January 1, 1990, based on

the response to the Census Bureau’s 1990 Boundary and

Annexation Survey. Housing unit counts and group quarters population totals from the actual census for a second

block-by-block check were sent in late August. Following

this second local review, the Census Bureau received

acceptable challenges from approximately 7,000 governmental units. Enumerators again conducted office checks

and/ or recanvassed selected blocks to check well-documented

differences. The Census Bureau corrected its records

accordingly.

Recanvass—This operation was designed to improve

coverage in areas where count review and other research

indicated evidence of deficient housing unit counts. The

Census Bureau looked at its data on areas of new construction for possible missed new subdivisions, reviewed

the ‘‘Were You Counted?’’ forms, and checked local media

reports or local complaints of missed buildings or blocks.

The target blocks were recanvassed, missing addresses

were listed, and interviews were obtained from August

through October 1991.

PROCESSING THE DATA

An Overview

Census questionnaires that were returned by mail went

directly to 1 of over 450 local district offices or to 1 of 7

processing offices. Processing of the questionnaires occurred

on a flow basis in both the district offices and the processing centers, unlike 1980, when processing did not begin

until all questionnaires for a particular area had been

received. This approach helped speed up production of the

data products.

At the processing offices, questionnaires were scanned

by high-speed laser sorters. In the district offices, bar code

wands were used to read the questionnaire identification

code. This binary-coded decimal (BCD) code reduced the

amount of clerical assistance needed during the check-in

procedure. With the exception of the scanning procedures,

the check-in and editing operations were the same in both

the processing offices and the district offices.

Lists of addresses from which questionnaires had not

been returned were generated and were contacted again

by enumerators in the appropriate district office.

Each questionnaire was examined for completeness

and internal consistency. Computer and clerical editing

programs also helped uncover inaccuracies. Selected questionnaires with problems were followed up. For example, a

household that failed to report the ages of any of its

members was contacted by an enumerator, usually by

telephone. After completion, the questionnaires were transmitted back to the appropriate processing office.

Processing centers were located in Albany, NY; Austin,

TX; Baltimore, MD; Jacksonville, FL; Kansas City, MO; San

Diego, CA; and the permanent Census Bureau processing

facility in Jeffersonville, IN. For the 1980 census, there

were three processing centers.

Census personnel at these sites were responsible for

the following data-capture activities:

1. Receiving, sorting, and storing questionnaires.

2. Microfilming all questionnaires.

3. Computer editing the questionnaires returned directly

to a processing center to check for completeness and

consistency.

4. Transmitting the information to Census Bureau headquarters, or back to the district office if additional

followup was required.

5. Clerically reviewing the computer-edited data to determine whether responses met required standards in

initial computer processing.

The principal data processing operations performed at

Census Bureau headquarters were:

1. Computer editing and related operations needed to

prepare the files with the records for all households

and individuals (basic record tapes).

2. Tabulation of information from the basic record tapes.

3. Review of the resulting statistics by professional staff.

4. Preparation of data products, such as reports and

public-use computer tapes.

These and other processing activities are described in

greater detail below.

The processing of the census data occurred in two

separate but overlapping phases. The first phase involved

the 100-percent questions on the short forms and those

same questions found on the long forms. The second

phase involved the long-form questionnaires. A facsimile

of the long form is included at the end of chapter 2.

A bar code scanner is used to check in a questionnaire at a

district office.

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Preparation of the 100-percent data was given priority

because the Census Bureau was required by law to

provide the President with the final, official State population counts for the reapportionment of the House of

Representatives by December 31, 1990. In addition, the

Census Bureau was also required to provide each State

with geographically detailed population counts for

redistricting purposes by April 1, 1991. In addition, the

100-percent data are used in establishing weighting controls for inflating sample responses to reflect the total

population.

Within each processing phase, the preparation of statistics generally occurred on a flow basis by State. As the

data for the geographic levels within a State were tabulated, they were reviewed by computer and by the Census

Bureau staff to ensure that the confidentiality of individual

information had not been violated and that the data had

been accurately tabulated. Following this review, data

products could be prepared and issued.

Details of Census Processing

The 1990 census processing procedures changed considerably from those used for the 1980 census. The

principal changes involved the use of improved control

procedures and more advanced automation equipment.

Two objectives in planning for the 1990 census were to

automate many of the time-consuming and labor-intensive

clerical tasks and to begin converting data on the questionnaires into machine-readable format several months

earlier than for the 1980 census. Traditionally, census data

collection and much of the data processing had been

paper- and people-intensive tasks. The use of automated

equipment greatly helped with the mountains of paper and

the thousands of clerical tasks and made it possible to

achieve greater accuracy and control.

Address Control File (ACF)—The ACF is a computerized

file of the census address list. With this automated control

file, the Census Bureau could more easily determine if

specific addresses were included in the file, update the file

with addresses missed in earlier operations, and improve

collection and processing management control. For the

1980 census, the changes were penciled onto paper

copies of the address list.

In addition to reducing errors in the address list by

eliminating many of the clerical activities, the address

control file gave more control over the entire census

process and allowed census personnel to better evaluate

coverage improvement operations. Also, with an automated address list, the Census Bureau was able to take

advantage of bar code technology for automated check-in.

Concurrent Processing—For the 1980 census, the processing of questionnaires for a district office did not begin

until all the collection work of the district office had been

completed. For the 1990 census, automation advances

made it possible to process questionnaires on a flow basis

and, thus, to begin the conversion of questionnaire data

into machine-readable form concurrently with data collection. This approach also allowed for earlier review of data

and more time for detection and correction of problems in

the data.

Concurrent processing helped meet the Census Bureau’s

legal mandates for delivering apportionment counts to the

President by December 31, 1990, and for delivering redistricting counts to the States by April 1, 1991. It helped meet

the goal of disseminating other data products in a more

timely fashion.

FOSDIC—A key item of equipment in the processing

activities was FOSDIC (Film Optical Sensing Device for

Input to Computers), which has been improved for use in

each census since its introduction in 1960.

The questionnaires were specially designed for FOSDIC

processing. The short forms, together with the 100-percent

portion of the long-form or sample questionnaires, were

microfilmed for FOSDIC processing with a minimum of

handling. A microfilming camera photographs each page

of a questionnaire. A FOSDIC reader takes the developed

microfilm and scans the darkened circles, and transmits

the data to computers at Census Bureau Headquarters.

For 1990, FOSDIC machines were redesigned to enhance

pattern recognition and answer analysis. For example,

FOSDIC compensated for smudges or erased marks on

the questionnaire. Each filled-in circle on a census questionnaire was read in 7 millionths of a second. This allowed

FOSDIC to scan 960 questionnaire pages per minute.

Written responses, such as respondents’ names, could not

be ‘‘read’’ by FOSDIC and were not recorded on the

magnetic tape. Each processing office was equipped with

3 FOSDIC scanners, for a total of 21.

For a number of the sample questions, such as those on

income, occupation, place of work, and ancestry, highly

detailed data classifications were needed. So, instead of

A questionnaire is photographed onto microfilm, which will be

scanned by FOSDIC.

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listing a limited number of possible responses, the questionnaire asked that the exact answer be written in, which

meant they had to be captured by some method other than

FOSDIC. A maximum of approximately 25 written responses

for an individual and 7 for a housing unit could be involved.

For 1990, there was very little clerical coding of written

responses. Handwritten answers to write-ins on questionnaires were keyed into the computer. Then specially

designed software assigned the appropriate machinereadable codes to those responses which required coding,

such as place of work, place of residence 5 years ago, and

occupation.

Once the data were in machine-readable form, the

computer put the records for each person and housing unit

through various editing and weighting processes.

Computer Editing—This process included a check to

make sure that the information recorded for a questionnaire was complete and consistent. Each response or

record was reviewed and, if necessary, edited to eliminate

inconsistent information. For example, if the householder

was a married male and the current marital status of the

female reported as wife of the householder was ‘‘divorced,’’

then the records were inconsistent. In this case, marital

status on the wife’s record was changed to married.

When missing or inconsistent information could not be

supplied or corrected from within the record, an allocation

procedure was called into the processing stream. For

example, if the record for the year a person moved into a

house was given as ‘‘1980 to 1984’’ and the year the

house was built was given as ‘‘1985 to 1988’’, there was

no way the answer could be supplied from other information on the record. However, the computer stores a set

number of previously processed records which were classified by various housing characteristics. Where missing or

inconsistent information was encountered in a record, the

computer searched for a housing unit which was the same

for other selected characteristics. Then the information for

the particular item from the stored record was inserted into

the record with missing or inconsistent information.

A similar procedure was used for population characteristics. For example, the computer stored wage or salary

income entries classified by age, sex, race, ethnicity,

relationship to householder, educational attainment, major

occupation group, class of worker, and number of weeks

and usual hours worked in 1989, for persons 16 years old

or over who worked in 1989. When it encountered a record

from which the wage and salary income was missing, it

matched that record to one with the same values on the

categories listed above. The income from the stored

record was then assigned to the record being processed.

Substitution, which was another form of imputation,

sometimes was used. For example, a substitution occurred

when a person or household was known to be present but

for which there was no information. In this case, data from

a previously processed household were selected as a

substitute, and the full set of characteristics for each

person was duplicated. The necessity for a substitution

could arise from either a ‘‘noninterview’’ or a mechanical

failure. (Additional information on allocation and substitution, and guidance on where to find statistics on the

numbers of allocations and substitutions are found in

ch. 6.)

These imputation procedures made the statistics produced from census records more accurate in their description of the population and housing and more useful than if

‘‘not reported’’ categories were added to each tabulation.

Following edit and imputation, the sample data went

through a sample weighting procedure. This procedure

determines weights (multipliers) which, when applied to

the sample data for any given small area, produced figures

which matched or were very close to the 100-percent

figures for total population, race, sex, age, family size, and

certain housing characteristics. (See the section on sample weighting in ch. 6.)

Once the above processes were completed, edited data

about individuals and housing units, together with associated geographic information, were stored on computer

tapes known as basic record tapes (BRT’s). All

100-percent and sample tabulations are made from these

tapes. Although the BRT’s do not contain names or

addresses, they have information about individuals and

detailed geographic codes. The BRT’s are confidential and

may be used only by Census Bureau employees in preparing statistical products.

Data summaries are prepared on computer tapes from

the BRT’s for many geographic areas, such as blocks,

census tracts, places, and counties. They are the source

for the tabulations that appear in the various summary data

products.

The BRT’s also are used to prepare public-use microdata samples, and both BRT’s and summary tapes may be

used to prepare special tabulations. The microdata samples are standard Census Bureau products; the special

tabulations are prepared at user request and expense.

Some specialized data needs can be met by the UserDefined Area Program for a lower cost than a special

tabulation. (See ch. 5 for more information on data products.)

Census data are refined through many processes, but

no tabulations are released without a final check. All data

products, whether standard or custom, pass through a

variety of analyses to ensure that the statistics are tabulated properly and that no confidential information is

revealed.

SUMMARY

Aiming to increase coverage of the population, the

Census Bureau planned comprehensive procedures

to enlist public support for the 1990 census. Encouraging a

high response rate among all racial and ethnic groups

was a primary objective. The Census Bureau used many

approaches, including minority census advisory committees, community service specialists, and massive public

service advertising.

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Data collection procedures also were improved by

earlier and more extensive efforts to reach people living on

the street and in emergency shelters. The expansion of the

local review program helped to improve the coverage and

accuracy of the data collected by allowing local governments to review counts of housing unit and special places

or the group quarters population counts before they became

final.

Processing procedures were improved through better

control, the use of the bar code along with more advanced

automation equipment, and additional processing sites.

The success of the census depends not only on the

proper procedures and equipment, but also on accurate

geography. Chapter 4 identifies the entities for which 1990

census data were collected, explains how boundaries are

established, describes the different types of census maps,

and discusses the TIGER System and related products.

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CHAPTER 4.

Geography

Page

Introduction ---------------------------------------------- 53

1990 Census Geographic Entities -------------------------- 53

Hierarchical Relationships --------------------------------- 59

Establishing Geographic Entity Boundaries ----------------- 61

Historical Comparability of Geographic Entities ------------- 62

TIGER Files and Related Products ------------------------- 62

1990 Census Maps ---------------------------------------- 67

Geographic Code Schemes ------------------------------- 70

Ordering Geographic Products ---------------------------- 71

Summary ------------------------------------------------- 71

INTRODUCTION

Geographic considerations are important to all users of

1990 census data. This chapter describes the principal

legal/ administrative and statistical entities for which the

Census Bureau provides data and examines some of the

hierarchical relationships among them. For users interested in comparing 1990 census data for particular entities

with the data from past censuses, the chapter describes

how boundaries are determined and the changes that

occur.

Also discussed are the different types of maps the

Census Bureau provides for use in conjunction with the

1990 census data. For the first time, a computer-readable

geographic data base was created to automate the map

production and related geographic activities required to

support the decennial census. Known as the TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) System, it contains an automated description of

physical and boundary features throughout the United

States and its territories.

In order to conduct the census, the Census Bureau must

determine the boundaries of legal/ administrative and statistical entities, prepare appropriate maps, assign all addresses

to their correct geographic locations, and accomplish other

massive geographic operations. As a result, the Census

Bureau produces many geographic products that are helpful to data users. These products, including maps, geographic code schemes, and TIGER data base extracts, are

described in this chapter.

The 1990 census provides statistics for more types of

geographic entities than any other data source. In addition

to furnishing data for such familiar governmental units as

States, counties, and cities, the Census Bureau releases

data for geographic entities defined specifically for statistical purposes; for example, metropolitan areas, census

tracts, and census blocks.

1990 CENSUS GEOGRAPHIC ENTITIES

This section defines the principal types of geographic

entities for which the 1990 census provides data and

highlights significant changes since the 1980 census. More

detailed information about these and other geographic

entities can be found in the 1990 Census Glossary and in

appendix A of the 1990 census reports and technical

documentation.

Most census products present predefined sets of data

for standard geographic entities designed to meet the

needs of the majority of data users. However, it is possible

to arrange for custom tabulations through the Special

Tabulations Program, which allows users to ‘‘split’’ the

tabulated census blocks, and the User-Defined Areas

Program, which provides data for user predefined geographic units that do not split census blocks. Both of these

programs are described in chapter 5.

In the following discussion, the types of geographic

entities are divided into two categories: Legal/ Administrative Geographic Entities and Statistical Geographic Entities.

Legal/ Administrative Geographic Entities

The following are the legally or administratively defined

geographic entities for which the Census Bureau reports

data from the 1990 census:

United States, States, the District of Columbia, Puerto

Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United States, and the

Pacific Outlying Areas—The outlying areas are American

Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Republic of Palau. The 1980 census

included the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, of which

Palau and the Northern Mariana Islands were a part.

Counties—Data also are reported for the statistical equivalents of counties, including parishes in Louisiana; boroughs and census areas in Alaska; independent cities in

Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, and Virginia; that part of

Yellowstone National Park in Montana; municipios in Puerto

Rico; the individual islands in the Virgin Islands of the

United States; and a variety of entities in the outlying

areas. The District of Columbia and Guam do not have

corresponding governmental units; therefore, these entities also serve as the statistical equivalents of counties.

The 1990 census included 3,248 counties and statistically

equivalent areas compared with 3,231 for the 1980 census.

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County Subdivisions—The 30,386 minor civil divisions

(MCD’s) are legally defined subcounty entities such as

towns, townships, and districts. See figure 4-1. In 21

States, some or all incorporated places are not part of any

MCD, and they are treated as the statistical equivalents of

MCD’s as well as being included in the data tabulations as

places. For the 1990 census, MCD’s occur in 28 States

(compared to 29 in 1980), Puerto Rico, and the outlying

areas. MCD’s in several States had changes that affected

their numbers, names, and boundaries. In addition, the

census provides data for subdivisions of MCD’s (subMCD’s called subbarrios) in Puerto Rico.

Incorporated Places—These governmental units are incorporated under the laws of each State. In addition to

presenting data for an inventory of all or selected places,

the Census Bureau presents data for them or their parts as

entities subordinate to county subdivisions in the summary

tape files and some published reports. They are known as

cities, towns (excluding the New England States, New

York, and Wisconsin, where the Census Bureau treats

towns as MCD’s), boroughs (excluding Alaska and New

York, where the Census Bureau treats boroughs as counties and MCD’s, respectively), and villages. Many incorporated places had changes (incorporation, disincorporation,

merger, annexation, or detachment) that affected their

numbers, names, and boundaries since the 1980 census.

The 1990 census included 19,365 incorporated places,

compared with 19,176 in the 1980 census. The Census

Bureau identifies some incorporated places as extended

cities if they contain substantial territory with population

density of fewer than 100 people per square mile; the

low-density territory and its populations are defined as rural

areas. In previous censuses, extended cities were identified only in urbanized areas (see page 62).

Consolidated Cities—For the 1990 census, the Census

Bureau recognized six cities that have consolidated their

governmental function with a county

or MCD but continue to contain

governmentally active incorporated

places within and as part of those

cities. They are Milford, CT; Jacksonville, FL; Columbus, GA; Indianapolis, IN; Butte-Silver Bow, MT;

and Nashville-Davidson, TN. The

Census Bureau did not provide

data for consolidated cities prior

to the 1990 census. The tabulations for places show only the

portion of the consolidated city

not in any other place; e.g., ‘‘Jacksonville city (remainder).’’

American Indian Reservations/

Trust Lands—The Census Bureau

recognized 311 Federal and State

reservations for the 1990 census,

including 3 jointly administered areas

that the Census Bureau treats as

if they were reservations. Reservation boundaries are

established by treaty, statute, and/ or executive or court

order. The reservations and their boundaries were identified by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and State governments. The boundaries of reservations may cross State,

county, county subdivision, and place boundaries as well

as the boundaries of statistical entities. Trust lands recognized by the Census Bureau are areas with specific

boundaries outside a reservation, identified by the Bureau

of Indian Affairs and held in trust for American Indians. For

the 1990 census, the Bureau of Indian Affairs identified

both tribal and individual trust lands; whereas, only tribal

trust lands were included for the 1980 census.

Alaska Native Regional Corporations (ANRC’s)—These

13 corporate entities were established by the Alaska

Native Claims Settlement Act to carry out business and

nonprofit activities by and for Alaska Natives. The census

provides data for 12 ANRC’s that have specific boundaries

and cover the State of Alaska (except for the Annette

Islands Reserve). The 13th serves Alaska Natives not

resident in Alaska who do not belong to any of the other 12

corporations and is not included in the census.

Congressional Districts (CD’s)—The number of CD’s

remains at 435. After each decennial census, State officials and the courts draw new CD boundaries for States

with two or more Representatives, to reflect changes in a

State’s population.

Voting Districts—A total of 147,266 voting districts was

identified for the 1990 census by State governments for

the purpose of elections. They include election districts,

precincts, legislative districts, and wards. For census purposes, each State participating in Phase 2 of the 1990

Census Redistricting Data Program received maps from

Figure 4–1. Decennial Census Small-Area Geography

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the Census Bureau to outline the boundaries of voting

districts around groups of whole census blocks. In addition, a special program permitted Puerto Rico to identify

1,606 voting districts. The entities identified as voting

districts are not necessarily those legally or currently

established, may have had their legal boundaries adjusted

to meet Census Bureau requirements regarding visible

boundaries, and were not necessarily identified for every

county in a participating State or for the entirety of each

county. (Four States chose not to participate in the program.) For the 1980 census, voting districts were called

election precincts.

ZIP Codes—These are established by the U.S. Postal

Service to expedite mail delivery. The Postal Service

changes codes occasionally and their geographic coverage frequently to better meet mail delivery needs. The

Census Bureau does not collect data by ZIP Code, but

publishes limited statistics by summarizing the data for

residential ZIP Codes.

Statistical Geographic Entities

Data from the 1990 census are reported for the following types of geographic entities, developed primarily by the

Bureau of the Census for statistical purposes:

Regions and Divisions—The United States is divided into

four regions for the purpose of reporting census data:

Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. (In 1980, the Midwest Region was known as the North Central Region.)

Each region is divided into two or more divisions, for a total

of nine. See figure 4-2.

Metropolitan Areas (MA’s)—These areas, shown in figure 4-3, are designated and defined by the Office of

Management and Budget (OMB) following a set of published standards. To meet the needs of various groups of

users, the standards provide for the establishment of three

types of areas: metropolitan statistical areas (MSA’s),

consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (CMSA’s), and

primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSA’s). Collectively, these three types of areas are designated ‘‘metropolitan areas.’’

MA’s are defined in terms of entire counties, except in

the six New England States where cities and towns are

used. MA’s must contain either a city with at least 50,000

inhabitants or an urbanized area delineated by the Census

Bureau; in the latter case, the MA must contain at least

100,000 people (75,000 in New England). The OMB also

has established New England county metropolitan areas

Figure 4–2. Regions and Census Divisions of the United States

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Figure 4–3. Metropolitan Areas of the United States: 1990

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(NECMA’s) to provide county-based metropolitan areas in

New England, but 1990 census data are not provided for

NECMA’s.

An MSA with a population of 1 million or more may be

divided into component areas called PMSA’s. A PMSA

consists of one or more counties (cities and towns in New

England) that demonstrate, based on specific criteria,

strong internal economic and social links separate from

the ties to other portions of the MSA. An MSA is redesignated as a CMSA if the OMB establishes PMSA’s within

the MSA. Every MSA and CMSA has one or more core

places called ‘‘central cities’’

Until June 30, 1983, MA’s were referred to as ‘‘standard

metropolitan statistical areas’’ (SMSA’s) and ‘‘standard

consolidated statistical areas’’ (SCSA’s). The 1980 census

included 323 SMSA’s and 17 SCSA’s. After the definition

change in 1983, there were 257 MSA’s and 23 CMSA’s

containing 78 PMSA’s. As of June 30, 1990, there were

268 MSA’s and 21 CMSA’s containing 73 PMSA’s. The

OMB will redefine these areas late in 1992 based on the

1990 census data.

Urbanized Areas (UA’s)—A UA comprises one or more

places and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territory (urban fringe) that together have a minimum of 50,000

persons. The urban fringe generally consists of contiguous

territory having a population density of at least 1,000

persons per square mile, but also may include similarly

populated outlying territory that is within a specified number of miles from the boundary of the core of the UA. One

or more central places function as the dominant centers of

each UA. Unlike the 1980 census, a UA may have more

than three central places, which includes each place that is

a central city of a metropolitan area and lies within the UA.

If the UA does not contain a metropolitan area central city,

the central place(s) is determined by population size. The

term ‘‘central place’’ is new for the 1990 census, primarily

to avoid confusion with the MA ‘‘central city.’’

A UA generally is smaller than the MA with which it is

associated, because UA’s exclude rural territory and any

urban places that are separated significantly from the UA

by rural territory. Some UA’s extend beyond the MA limits,

and a few UA’s comprise urbanized territory in two or more

adjacent MA’s. Some MA’s also contain all or parts of two

or more UA’s. A few UA’s are not in any MA. There were

373 UA’s for the 1980 census and 405 for the 1990

census.

Alaska Native Village Statistical Areas (ANVSA’s)—Alaska

Native villages (ANV’s) consist of tribes, bands, clans,

villages, communities, or associations established pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Because

these areas do not have legal boundaries, the Census

Bureau established 217 ANVSA’s (compared to 209 ANV’s

for the 1980 census) in cooperation with officials of each

participating Alaska Native Regional Corporation (ANRC).

ANSVA’s replace the Alaska Native Villages recognized in

the 1980 census. They do not cross ANRC boundaries.

Tribal Jurisdiction Statistical Areas (TJSA’s)—The Census Bureau permitted officials of Federally-recognized

tribes in Oklahoma that do not have legally established

reservations to delineate TJSA’s for purposes of data

presentation. A TJSA contains the American Indian population over which one or more tribal governments have

jurisdiction. There are 17 TJSA’s, including two overlap

areas claimed by two sets of tribal officials. These entities

replace the Historic Areas of Oklahoma used in the 1980

census.

Tribal Designated Statistical Areas (TDSA’s)—Officials

of Federally- and State-recognized tribes (outside Oklahoma) that do not have legally established reservations

delineated TDSA’s containing the American Indian population over which they have jurisdiction. There are 19

TDSA’s. These entities, identified for purposes of data

presentation, are new for the 1990 census.

Census Subareas—These subdivisions of the boroughs

and census areas (county equivalents) in Alaska were

delineated cooperatively by the State of Alaska and the

Census Bureau.

Census County Divisions (CCD’s)—These subdivisions

of counties have been established by the Census Bureau,

in cooperation with State and local officials, in 22 States

that do not have MCD’s or where the MCD’s are not

adequate for reporting subcounty statistics. For the 1990

census, CCD’s replace MCD’s in Nevada. During the

1980’s there were a small number of changes in the

numbers, names, and boundaries of existing CCD’s. There

are 5,581 CCD’s for the 1990 census, compared to 5,512

for the 1980 census.

Unorganized Territories (UT’s)—In nine States in which

the Census Bureau recognizes MCD’s as county subdivisions for the purpose of decennial census data presentation, a UT is the portion of a county that is not included in

any MCD or incorporated place. The Census Bureau

identifies each separate area of unorganized territory as

one or more county subdivisions for purposes of data

presentation, with each UT given a unique name. There

are 282 UT’s for the 1990 census; the 1980 census

reported data for 274 UT’s.

Census Designated Places (CDP’s)—These statistical

areas are designed to identify significant population concentrations that are not in incorporated places, but have

characteristics similar to incorporated places, such as

community identity and high population density. In Puerto

Rico, CDP’s are referred to as zonas urbanas and comunidades (the latter were called aldeas in 1980). For the

1980 census, a CDP was required to have at least 5,000

persons if it was located in an urbanized area with a central

city of at least 50,000 persons, and 1,000 persons in most

other parts of the country. For the 1990 census, the

minimum population size for a CDP was changed to 2,500

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persons if the CDP was located within a 1980 urbanized

area (except Hawaii and Puerto Rico). Elsewhere, settlements still must have at least 1,000 persons to qualify, with

the following exceptions: Hawaii and the outlying areas:

minimum of 300 persons; Alaska: minimum of 25 persons;

American Indian reservations: minimum of 250 persons;

and Puerto Rico zona urbana or the capital of an outlying

area: no minimum. (CDP’s for the 1990 census were

qualified based on postcensus local review counts, not

final counts, so some CDP’s might be included that contain

less than the minimum.) Changes in population distribution, new incorporations, and alterations in the boundaries

of adjacent incorporated places affect the numbers, names,

and boundaries of CDP’s. The number of CDP’s increased

from 3,733 in 1980 to 4,423 in 1990.

Census Tracts—Census tracts are small areas with generally stable boundaries, defined within counties and statistically equivalent entities, usually in metropolitan areas

and other highly populated counties. They are designed by

local committees of data users to be relatively homogeneous with respect to population characteristics, economic

status, and living conditions at the time they are established. Census tracts average 4,000 persons, but the

number of inhabitants generally ranges from 2,500 to

8,000 persons. Census tract boundaries are established

with the intention that they remain fixed so that statistical

comparisons can be made from one census to another.

However, mergers, splits, and revisions may affect their

codes and boundaries. The number of census tracts

increased from 43,691 for the 1980 census to 50,690 for

the 1990 census.

Block Numbering Areas (BNA’s)—BNA’s are small statistical subdivisions of a county. They are used for grouping

and numbering blocks in all counties and statistically

equivalent entities without census tracts. BNA’s are delineated by State agencies and the Census Bureau, following

Census Bureau guidelines. The 1990 census includes

11,586 BNA’s, compared to 3,423 for the 1980 census.

Block Groups (BG’s)—BG’s are combinations of census

blocks within census tracts and BNA’s. All the blocks in a

BG have the same first digit in their identifying numbers;

e.g., BG 4 contains all blocks numbered from 401 to 499 in

a census tract or BNA. The number of block groups is

229,192 for the 1990 census; data are provided, however,

for each of the more than 360,000 portions of BG’s split by

place, MCD, and other boundaries. Because the entire

Nation and its territories are subdivided into blocks for the

first time for the 1990 census, BG’s now blanket all areas,

replacing the enumeration districts (ED’s) for which the

Census Bureau reported data in many areas (mainly rural)

for the 1980 census.

Blocks—These are the smallest geographic units for

which the Census Bureau tabulates data. For the 1990

census, the Census Bureau numbered blocks throughout

the Nation and its territories for the first time. Many 1980

census blocks were revised and renumbered to meet the

requirement that their boundaries follow visible features

such as streets, streams, and railroad tracks, as well as to

reflect new and corrected street patterns. Unlike the 1980

census, blocks are not split between geographic entities;

rather, a unique three-digit block number, sometimes with

an alphabetic suffix, applies to each entity. For example,

the 1980 census reported data for the place and nonplace

portions of block 101; in the 1990 census, there are data

for two specific block numbers: 101A inside the place and

101B outside. For the 1990 census, the entire United

States and its territories were divided into more than 7

million blocks. For the 1980 census, data were tabulated

for only 2.5 million blocks; in nonblock-numbered areas,

the ED, usually covering a much larger area than a block,

was the smallest area for which the Census Bureau

tabulated data.

HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIPS

The Census Bureau organizes geographic entities into

hierarchies for tabulating and reporting statistics. The

entities included in these hierarchies range from census

blocks (the smallest and most numerous type of entity) to

the United States. The relationships among the most

common units of census geography and the way they

overlap are illustrated in figure 4-4.

States are combined to form divisions and regions, and

are subdivided into counties and statistically equivalent

Figure 4–4. Basic 1990 Census Geographic Hierarchy

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Figure 4–5. Number of Counties, and Number and Type of County Subdivisions and Places: 1990

State or Other Area

Counties

County subdivision Places

Type Number

Incorporated

Places

Census Designated

Places

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 CCD 390 439 34

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Census Subarea 40 152 165

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 CCD 78 86 93

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 MCD/ UT 1,335 487 14

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 CCD 386 456 420

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 CCD 208 267 42

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 MCD 169 31 86

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CCD 27 57 15

District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 City 1 1 0

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 CCD 293 390 365

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 CCD 581 535 64

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CCD 44 - 125

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 CCD 170 200 3

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 MCD 1,679 1,279 29

Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 MCD 1,008 566 24

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 MCD/ UT 1,656 953 2

Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 MCD/ UT 1,543 627 4

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 CCD 475 438 33

Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 MCD/ UT 627 301 90

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 MCD/ UT 530 22 84

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 MCD 298 155 174

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 MCD 351 39 192

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 MCD 1,525 534 86

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 MCD/ UT 2,742 854 9

Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 MCD 410 295 29

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 MCD 1,368 942 19

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 CCD 193 128 34

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 MCD 1,255 535 4

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CCD 67 18 38

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 MCD 259 13 47

New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 MCD 567 320 179

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 CCD 131 98 76

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 MCD 1,013 619 350

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 MCD/ UT 1,040 511 100

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 MCD/ UT 1,806 366 10

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 MCD 1,553 941 111

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 CCD 302 592 6

Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 CCD 211 241 43

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 MCD 2,584 1,022 275

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 MCD 39 8 19

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CCD 294 270 72

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 MCD/ UT 1,389 310 24

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 CCD 462 336 37

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 CCD 863 1,171 105

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 CCD 90 228 27

Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 MCD 255 51 18

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 MCD 500 229 116

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 CCD 245 266 160

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 MCD 277 230 47

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 MCD 1,894 583 35

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 CCD 71 97 12

TOTAL, U.S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,141 35,298 19,289 4,146

American Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 MCD 16 73 0

Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Guam 19 - 32

Northern Mariana Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MCD 18 - 16

Palau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 MCD 19 - 3

Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 MCD 899 - 220

Virgin Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 MCD 20 3 6

TOTAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,248 36,289 19,365 4,423

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entities, which are further subdivided into legal entities

(minor civil divisions) and statistical entities (primarily census county divisions). Figure 4-5 shows the number of

counties and the number and types of county subdivisions

and places within each State.

In many States, incorporated places are part of the

MCD’s in which they are located; for example, a village

within and legally part of a township. In some States,

incorporated places are independent of the adjacent county

subdivisions and, therefore, the Census Bureau also treats

them as the statistical equivalents of county subdivisions.

In a few States, the pattern is mixed. CDP’s always are part

of the county subdivisions in which they are located, and

places in CCD States always are part of the CCD’s. Many

places cross county subdivision boundaries and some

cross county boundaries—but places never cross State

boundaries.

In the statistical tables of most reports and in the

summary tape files, places are presented in alphabetical

order within the State. In some tape series and a few

tables, the presentation is hierarchical, as shown in an

example from a 1990 Summary Population and Housing

Characteristics State report (fig. 4-6). In this example, parts

of Columbia city, an incorporated place, are found in four

MCD’s: Cedar township, Columbia township, Missouri township, and Rocky Fork township. In the report, data are

given for that part of Columbia city that exists in each MCD.

To find the total population for Columbia city (69,101), add

215; 29,871; and 39,015; or look at the comparable table

with places listed alphabetically within the State.

Most counties in metropolitan areas are divided into

census tracts; nonmetropolitan counties generally are divided

into block numbering areas (BNA’s), but highly populated

and some other counties that took the initiative to form a

local committee do have census tracts. Both census tracts

and BNA’s are further divided into block groups (BG’s).

Census tract and BNA boundaries may cross place, county

subdivision, and other boundaries, but they never cross

State or county lines. The presentation of census tracts

and BNA’s varies, depending on the data product. In some

summary tape files, separate summaries recognize all

higher-level boundaries; for example, if a census tract or

BNA falls in two or more MCD’s, data summaries are

presented for the parts of the census tract or BNA in each

MCD as well as the entire census tract/ BNA. In other tape

files and in 1990 CPH-3, Population and Housing Characteristics for Census Tracts and Block Numbering Areas,

data summaries for the census tract or BNA components

are given only when the census tract or BNA contains the

part of a place with a population of 10,000 or more.

BG’s never cross census tract or BNA boundaries (and

therefore, never cross county boundaries), but may cross

the boundaries of other entities. The census files provide

separate data for each portion of a BG that lies in more

than one entity. For example, statistical summaries recognize the component parts of a BG when it is split by the

boundaries of American Indian/ Alaska Native areas, county

subdivisions, or places.

At the bottom of the hierarchy, census blocks are

numbered uniquely within each census tract or BNA, and

are combined to form BG’s.

Geographic entities also can be divided into urban and

rural categories. This classification cuts across other hierarchies; for example, there generally are both urban and

rural territory within metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas.

‘‘Urban’’ comprises all territory, population, and housing

units in urbanized areas and in non-UA places of 2,500 or

more persons; however, it excludes persons living in the

rural portions of ‘‘extended cities’’—a concept that the

Census Bureau applied not only to places within UA’s, but,

for the first time, to other incorporated places that contained large areas of sparsely settled territory.

Territory, population, and housing units not classified as

urban constitute ‘‘rural.’’ Rural population and housing

units are subdivided into ‘‘rural farm’’ and ‘‘rural nonfarm.’’

‘‘Rural farm’’ includes all rural households and housing

units on farms from which $1,000 or more of agricultural

products were sold in 1989; the remaining rural population

and housing units are termed ‘‘rural nonfarm.’’

ESTABLISHING GEOGRAPHIC ENTITY

BOUNDARIES

State and local authorities establish the boundaries for

most legal and administrative areas. For tabulating the

Figure 4–6. Excerpt From a 1990 Summary Population

and Housing Characteristics Report

(CPH-1-27)

Table 1. Age: 1990—Con.

[For definitions of terms and meanings of symbols, see text]

State

County

County Subdivision

Place All persons

Boone County ............................. 12 379

Bourbon township ...................... 2 140

Sturgeon city ......................... 838

Cedar township ......................... 9 233

Ashland city........................... 1 252

Columbia city (pt)................... 215

Hartsburg town ....................... 131

Centralia township ...................... 4 143

Centralia city (pt) ..................... 3 414

Columbia township ..................... 38 240

Columbia city (pt.) .................. 29 871

Missouri township....................... 49 428

Columbia city (pt.) .................. 39 015

Rocheport city .......................... 255

Perche township ........................ 3 475

Harrrisburg town...................... 169

Rocky Fork township ................... 5 720

Columbia city (pt.) .................. –

Hallsville city ............................ 917

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1990 census data, the Census Bureau recognized the

boundaries legally in effect on January 1, 1990, as reported

by State and local officials in response to the Census

Bureau’s annual Boundary and Annexation Survey. The

Office of Management and Budget establishes MSA’s,

CMSA’s, and PMSA’s. The Census Bureau is responsible

for establishing the guidelines used to delineate the boundaries of most other statistical entities, although it considers

recommendations and information from State and local

officials based on specific criteria or guidelines. Urbanized

areas, however, are delineated by the Census Bureau

based strictly on the application of the UA criteria to the

census counts; there is no local input in their delineation.

Census statistical areas committees (CSAC’s) are important in the delineation of local statistical areas. Members

typically include representatives from city and county

government agencies, tribal councils, chambers of commerce, councils of government, neighborhood associations, universities, citizens’ groups, newspapers, and local

business firms. Each committee knows its communities,

their interrelationships, and other facts needed to select

useful boundaries. Following Census Bureau guidelines,

the CSAC’s recommend revisions to existing boundaries

and help to identify and delineate boundaries for newly

established statistical entities, especially census tracts,

BG’s, and CDP’s.

In areas without CSAC’s, the Census Bureau designated a State agency—usually the State Data Center—to

coordinate participation in the Block Numbering Areas

Program to delineate BNA’s and BG’s. For American

Indian reservations with at least 1,000 persons, the tribal

governments also were given the opportunity to delineate

BNA’s and BG’s. State and tribal officials were offered the

chance to delineate CDP’s.

HISTORICAL COMPARABILITY OF

GEOGRAPHIC ENTITIES

Data users comparing 1990 census data with the data

from previous censuses need to be aware of boundary

changes. State and county boundaries rarely change, but

the boundaries of virtually all other legal and statistical

entities may change over the decades. Such boundary

changes may affect the data user’s ability to make accurate comparisons of data from census to census.

During the 1980’s—as was true for all recent decades—

almost half the incorporated places had boundary changes,

and many CDP’s were redefined. Although MCD’s are less

likely to change, annexations by adjoining places, mergers,

and dissolutions affect their boundaries in some States.

Data users dealing with statistics for a particular county,

county subdivision, place, or American Indian/ Alaska Native

areas may refer to the User Notes published in the 1990

CPH-2, Population and Housing Unit Counts, for each

State to determine if boundary and other changes have

taken place between the 1980 and 1990 censuses.

Census tracts are defined with an overall goal of censusto-census comparability, but some divisions, combinations,

and boundary adjustments are made for each census. In

addition, for the 1990 census, some very small census

tracts were created during data collection activities. Such

tracts, suffixed .80 through .98, may be summarized with

an adjacent census tract for purposes of data comparability and analysis. Also, census tracts that previously ‘‘nested’’

to coincide with MCD’s or places might no longer do so for

the 1990 census. Boundary comparisons between 1980

and 1990 census tracts can be made using record types 1

and 3 of the 1990 Census TIGER/ LineTM file or the

TIGER/ Census Tract ComparabilityTM file, both of which

are discussed below.

Metropolitan areas are redefined after each decennial

census, and additional ones may be established between

censuses based on the Census Bureau’s official population estimates and special censuses. The OMB created

nine new MSA’s since it redefined MA’s in 1983: Naples,

FL; Santa Fe, NM; Cheyenne, WY; Jackson, TN; Rapid

City, SD; Merced, CA; Decatur, AL; Jamestown-Dunkirk,

NY; and Yuma, AZ. Two MSA’s gained an additional

county and one gained a portion of a county. A new central

city was designated in each of eight MSA’s.

TIGER FILES AND RELATED PRODUCTS

For the 1990 census, the Census Bureau, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), developed

the TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding

and Referencing) System, which allows all relevant geographic information about an area to be entered into a

computer-readable data base. The geographic activities

required to support the census included assigning each

address to its correct geographic location (census block

and other entities) and classifying that location within the

other tabulation units represented in the census (census

tract/ BNA, place, county subdivision, etc.), generating

maps at various scales for any part of the United States

and its territories, and updating boundary information to

reflect corrections reported during census field operations

and by the Local Review Program. The TIGER System

automated these activities.

In the past, geographic preparations were performed in

separate, complex clerical operations. The GBF/ DIMEFiles used for the 1980 census contained computerized

representations of detailed street maps, but were limited to

the less than two percent of the United States included in

the densely settled core of the Nation’s metropolitan

areas. They also contained nonstreet features such as

railroads, rivers, and legal and statistical boundaries; feature name and attribute information; geographic coordinates for segment end points; and geographic codes and

address ranges for both sides of each street segment or

other feature. The GBF/ DIME-Files were merged into the

TIGER data base.

The TIGER data base contains information about streets

and roads, such as their names, geographic coordinates

pinpointing their intersections and defining their paths,

and, primarily in the areas covered by the 1980 GBF/ DIMEFiles, the range of address numbers located along each

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side of a street. It also contains railroads, hydrographic

features and their associated names, and the boundaries,

names (where applicable), and numeric codes for all the

geographic entities for which the Census Bureau tabulates

data for the 1990 census. However, it does not contain any

1990 census data.

The master reference file (MRF) provided the Census

Bureau with a 1980 census geographic base, documenting

the geographic codes and the relationship among the

tabulation units recognized for the census. This function is

now included in both the TIGER data base and the

geographic portion of each record in all 1990 summary

tape files, eliminating the need for the MRF.

Some maps for the 1980 census were difficult to read

and inconsistent with the GBF/ DIME-Files and/ or the

MRF; especially the published block-numbered maps did

not always reflect the published data. There was little

flexibility in altering map size and scale. In addition to

greatly expanding the Census Bureau’s map production

capabilities, the TIGER System permits the convenient,

ongoing entry of map corrections to the data base.

TIGER/ LineTM Files

Selected geographic and cartographic information from

the TIGER data base has been released in the form of the

1990 Census TIGER/ LineTM files—available by county

and statistically equivalent entity. These files cover the

entire United States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the

United States, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Republic of

Palau, and the remainder of the former Trust Territory of

the Pacific Islands (the Federated States

of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands).

The first version issued was the Prototype TIGER/ LineTM file. This file was

replaced by the precensus TIGER/ LineTM

file, which contained updates of legal/

administrative boundaries to January 1,

1988; permanent record numbers; Federal Information Processing Standard

(FIPS) Publication 55 codes for places,

county subdivisions, and AI/ ANA’s; and

minor modifications to the record format.

A third version of the TIGER/ LineTM

file was the Initial Voting District Codes,

released in late 1990 to replace the

precensus version. It updated the

precensus file with the initial set of

January 1, 1990, legal boundaries, the

initial assignment of voting district codes,

and many of the precensus local review

and enumerator updates of map features. This version also related an internal point (latitude/ longitude) to every

polygon, and added point and area

landmark information.

The 1990 Census TIGER/ LineTM file

replaces the Initial Voting District Codes

file. It contains geographic information

for the final AI/ ANA’s, county subdivisions, places, census tracts/ BNA’s, tabulation blocks, and voting district codes.

Address range information was extended

beyond what appeared in the 1980

GBF/ DIME-File for 20 MA’s; also, files

were prepared in 1983 for 66 additional

areas, and similar information was inserted

in 1990 for 7 areas. This version added

record types A and R. The information

is organized into the 12 record types

described below:

Figure 4–7. TIGER/ LineTM File Record Type 1—1990 Census Version

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Record type 1 contains a single record for each unique

line segment ‘‘chain’’ in the TIGER/ LineTM file. The information in a record is illustrated in figure 4-7. The latitude

and longitude coordinates are shown for the beginning and

end points of each line segment. The permanent record

number, which is unique to each line segment within the

entire set of TIGER/ LineTM files, is used to link information

among record types 1 through 4, 6, and I.

Record type 2 contains the shape points (latitude and

longitude coordinates) that describe the shape of each line

segment that is not straight. Figure 4-8 illustrates the

importance of an accurate description of a road’s shape. A

record type 2 exists for each line segment in record type 1

unless the line segment is straight. Both record types 1

and 2 are needed to construct a map or perform related

calculations.

Record type 3 contains the 1980 FIPS codes for State

and county; the 1980 Census Bureau and FIPS 55 codes

for county subdivision and place; the 1980 census tract

numbers; the 1980 block numbers in GBF/ DIME-File

areas; and the 1990 Census Bureau codes for AI/ ANA,

county subdivision, sub-MCD, place, and voting district.

Record type 4 provides an index to alternate feature

names associated with the basic line segments in record

type 1. For example, a line segment in record type 1

named Main Street may be known by one or more other

names, such as State Highway 12. Record type 4 provides

a temporary feature identification (ID) number for each

alternate name, and record type 5 lists the actual names by

feature ID code. Figure 4-9 shows the layout for record

types 4 and 5. If a line segment shown in record type 1 has

only one name, there will not be a record type 4 entry

for it.

Record type 5 lists all the line segment feature names in

the TIGER/ LineTM file by their temporary feature identification number. See figure 4–9.

Record type 6 contains additional ZIP Codes and address

ranges associated with record type 1. This record would be

needed, for example, where an address is not consistent

with the rest of the block; e.g., an odd-numbered house on

the even-numbered side of a street. Any ZIP Codes and

address ranges that do not fall within the normal ranges,

for whatever reason, are included in this record. Users

must use all the information in record type 6, the address

range information in record type 1, and any alternate

names in record type 4 to have compete address information for each side of a street segment.

Record type 7 contains landmark names and the coordinates for point landmark features such as cemeteries,

churches, and schools. It also contains the names of

double-line rivers, water bodies, and military installations.

Record type 8 contains the polygon identifiers for area

landmarks such as golf courses, parks, and military installations, double-line drainage features, and bodies of water.

Record type I associates each record type 1 with the

polygons on either side of each line segment.

Record type P contains the latitude and longitude of an

internal point for every enclosed area (polygon) in the file.

Record type A provides a summary of the geographic

codes for every polygon in the TIGER data base, including

the 101st Congressional Districts. Also provided are the

basic census geographic entity codes: State, county, county

subdivision, place, AI/ ANA, census tract/ BNA, and block.

Record type R provides the minimum, maximum, and

current high values for the permanent record number

within each TIGER/ LineTM file partition (county or statistically equivalent area).

In the TIGER/ LineTM files, record types 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and

I are linked by the record number; record types 4 and 5 are

linked by the permanent feature identification code; record

type 5 is linked to record type 4 by the temporary feature

identification code; record types 7 and 8 are linked by the

temporary landmark identification code; and record types

8, A, I, and P are linked by the temporary polygon identifier.

Figure 4–8. Coordinate Values for Feature End Points

and Shape Points

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The geographic codes found in record types 1, 3, and A

can be used in matching the 1990 census statistical data

to their geographical entities.

Using TIGER/ LineTM Files

The geographic and cartographic information in a TIGER/

LineTM file can be combined with statistical data such as

population, housing, income, or any other type of data,

using a mainframe computer, workstation, minicomputer,

or personal computer. Computer mapping, using the TIGER/

LineTM files supplemented by other information and capabilities, is an invaluable tool for interpreting data. State and

local governments can use TIGER/ LineTM files for resource

allocations, site analysis, and emergency vehicle routing.

Businesses such as utility companies, banks, insurance

companies, oil companies, and delivery companies can

use the files as the basis for market studies, determination

of delivery routes, and service equipment location. Network analysis allows users to find the ideal route between

two points whether it be the fastest (directing emergency

vehicles) or the safest (movement of hazardous materials).

Geocoding allows users with local address files to relate

them to particular geographic areas and then to the census

and local data associated with these areas. By adding a

geographic code, such as a census tract number, to

records containing addresses, the data can be tabulated or

displayed on a map, or compared with other information at

the same geographic level.

The Census Bureau does not provide the applications

software necessary to use the TIGER/ LineTM files. A list of

commercial software vendors who have notified the Census Bureau of their ability to work with the TIGER/ LineTM

files is available from Customer Services. (See the ‘‘Ordering Geographic Products’’ section.)

Other TIGER Extract Files

Additional extracts from the TIGER data base are listed

below:

TIGER/ SDTSTM files—These county files will contain all

the information from the TIGER data base that appears in

the TIGER/ LineTM files. The files will be in the FIPS Spatial

Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) format, require extensive

working knowledge of the file format and structure, and

require substantial computer programming experience. A

number of commercial software vendors are likely to offer

the capability to use the TIGER/ SDTSTM files.

TIGER/ BoundaryTM files—These files will contain coordinate values for specific 1990 census tabulation-entity

boundary sets. Six files are planned for release in 1993:

State and county boundaries; census tract/ BNA and BG

boundaries; county subdivision and place boundaries; urban

area boundaries; AI/ ANA boundaries; and the 103rd Congressional District boundaries. Each file will be released in

two versions: one with a full set of coordinates and one

with a reduced set suitable for use on personal computers.

TIGER/ Census Tract ComparabilityTM file—This National

file contains records that compare 1980 and 1990 census

tract numbers and geographic changes. It is available in a

single National file.

TIGER/ GICSTM file—This computer file will be similar to

the Geographic Identification Code Scheme for the United

States and its territories, described in the ‘‘Geographic

Code Schemes’’ section. It provides the names and related

geographic codes of the high-level legal and statistical

entities for which the Census Bureau tabulates 1990

census data, as well as selected geographic data items,

including area measurements, internal point coordinates,

and population and housing counts.

Figure 4–9. Description of Record Types 4 and 5

Contents

Record Type 4 Illustration:

40003 2000657792 1............................................................3

The first number (4) stands for record type 4; the next four

digits are reserved for the version number (1990 census

version); 2000657792 is the 10-digit permanent record number. The ‘‘1’’ refers to the record sequence number, meaning

that there is only one record type 4 for this permanent record

number. In this example, a line segment, identified by record

number 2000657792, is known by one alternate name,

identified by ‘‘3’’. Space is provided (represented by dots) for

up to five alternate names. To determine what that name is,

refer to feature identification number 3 in record type 5

illustrated below. In this case, the alternate name is StHwy

38.

Record Type 5 Illustration:

546035 1 James

546035 2 Dry

546035 3 StHwy 38

546035 4 Rock

546035 5 Firesteel

546035 6 Enemy

546035 7 South Dakota State

546035 8 I-90

546035 9 C and NW Railway Abnd

546035 10 2nd

546035 11 1st

546035 12 Walnut St

546035 13 Main St

546035 14 Airport Road

The first number (5) stands for record type 5. The next two

digits are the FIPS State code (46), and 035 is the FIPS

county code. The next column contains the feature identification number (3), and the last two columns are the feature

name (StHwy 38) and type, if applicable.

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Figure 4–10. 1990 Census Data Product Maps

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TIGER/ GRF-NTM files (Geographic Reference File–Names)—These are State

files of geographic names and codes for

1990 census geographic entities, presented in entity name sort.

TIGER/ Census Tract Street IndexTM

(CTSI) —This index allows assignment

of census tract numbers to street addresses

in the urban core areas covered by the

GBF/ DIME-Files. A subsequent version will be expanded to contain address

ranges in all areas for which the 1990

censusrecordscontainhouse-number/ streetname information, ZIP Codes, and 103rd

Congressional District codes. This index

is available on computer tape and printouts from the tape.

TIGER/ Map Sheet Corner Point CoordinateTM file—Though not an actual extract

from the TIGER data base, this computerreadable file was prepared based on

maps that were created for the 1990

census from the TIGER System. It provides the latitude and longitude coordinates of the four corner points for each

map sheet of the Census Bureau’s County

Block Maps (1990) and P.L. 94-171 County

Block Maps (1990). It allows users who

want to digitize their own map corrections, updates, and additions to quickly

register the map, or to produce their own

map sheet for the area covered by each

Census Bureau map.

1990 CENSUS MAPS

The census of population and housing

provides statistics for more types of geographic entities than any other data source.

Maps developed for use in the 1990

census were produced from the TIGER System, as are all

the 1990 census geographic products. They are designed

for use with the data the Census Bureau tabulates. They

are produced to appear in or accompany printed data

reports, data microfiche, and summary tape files.

The maps are produced in two ways: electrostatically

plotted (computer-generated) and printed. Electrostaticallyplotted map sheets are sold separately from the printed

reports, microfiche, computer tapes, or CD-ROM’s. They

include the County Block Maps, Entity-Based Block maps,

County Subdivision Outline Maps, Voting District Outline

Maps, Census Tract/ BNA Outline Maps, and Urbanized

Area Boundary Maps.

Other maps are produced through a regular printing

process and either appear in the Census Bureau reports

sold by the Government Printing Office (GPO) or are sold

separately by the GPO.

All maps fall into one of three size categories: page size

(8 1/ 2" x 11" ), two-page size (11" x 17" ), and full size (36"

x 42" ). Figure 4-10 summarizes the types of maps and the

reports in which they appear.

County Block Maps (1990) and P.L. 94-171 County

Block Maps (1990)—These large-scale, county-based

maps are electrostatically plotted and show the greatest

detail and the most complete set of geographic information. (See fig. 4-11.) Census blocks and their identifying

numbers are shown along with other tabulation entity

boundaries and ground features. Each map consists of

one or more parent sheets at 1 of 11 standard scales,

depending on the areal size and shape of the county, the

number of blocks, and the density of the block pattern.

Insets at a larger scale are used for densely settled areas

and may require multiple sheets. An index map showing

Figure 4–11. County Block Map Sample

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mapsheet and inset coverage is included. The maps are

36" x 42" .

The P.L. 94-171 County Block Maps differ from the

other County Block Maps by also depicting the voting

district boundaries and codes in counties or portions of

counties for which States provided that information for

Phase 2 of the 1990 Census Redistricting Data Program.

They cover only the areas with defined voting districts. The

other 1990 census County Block Maps do not display

voting districts and cover the entire county.

Entity-Based Block Maps—These maps will be produced

in three series: American Indian Area Block Maps (1990),

Alaska Native Area Block Maps (1990), and Place Block

Maps (1990) (for places that straddle a county boundary). The content is the same as the County

Block Maps, but scales are designed

to focus coverage on selected governmental units and statistically equivalent entities other than counties.

County Subdivision Outline Maps

(1990)—These State-based maps

show the names and boundaries of

allcounties,countysubdivisions,places,

and AI/ ANA’s in each State and

statistically equivalent entity for which

the Census Bureau tabulates data

for the 1990 census. (See fig. 4-12.)

Maps are both electrostatically plotted and printed. Page-size, sectionalized versions appear in various

reports. Scales vary from State to

State. An index map is provided for

States that require multiple sheets

in the report.

Census Tract/ Block Numbering

Area (BNA) Outline Maps

(1990)—These county-based maps

depict the boundaries and codes of

census tracts and BNA’s; the features and feature names underlying

the boundaries; and the boundaries

and names of counties, county subdivisions, places, and AI/ ANA’s. (See

fig. 4-13.) Map scales vary to minimize the number of sheets. The

maps may include one or more

inset maps for densely settled areas;

in figure 4-13, the shaded section is

an area for which there is an inset

map. The maps are electrostatically

plotted. A printed version will be

sold by the GPO in late 1992.

Voting District Outline Maps

(1990)—These electrostatically plotted maps are available for each county for which State

officials submitted boundaries during Phase 2 of the 1990

Census Redistricting Data Program. They depict voting

district boundaries, names, and codes; the features and

feature names underlying the boundaries; and the boundaries and names of counties, county subdivisions, places,

and AI/ ANA’s. Map scales vary to minimize the number of

sheets. The maps may include one or more insets for

densely settled areas.

Regions and Divisions of the United States—This pagesize map of the United States shows the States, regions,

and divisions.

Figure 4–12. County Subdivision Outline Map Sample

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State and County Outline Maps—This page-size, Statebased, map series shows State and county boundaries

and names.

State and Metropolitan Area Outline Maps—This pagesize, State-based map series shows county boundaries

and names along with the coverage and names of MSA’s,

CMSA’s, and PMSA’s, including any portion of an MSA or

PMSA that extends into an adjoining State(s). It also

identifies the State capital and selected places in each

State.

Metropolitan Areas of the United States—This twopage map shows the names and coverage of MSA’s,

CMSA’s, and PMSA’s for the United States. The map also

displays the State boundaries and the county boundaries

within MA’s.

Urbanized Area Outline and Urbanized Area Boundary Maps—The

outline maps appear in the reports

and show the UA’s extent and

component entities (States, counties, county subdivisions, places,

and AI/ ANA’s). Smaller UA’s are

grouped on one page; larger UA’s

may require an entire page or multiple pages.

The boundary maps are available in an electrostatic plotter version for each 1990 urbanized area.

They show the specific features

underlying the UA boundaries and

the names of the features, along

with the boundaries and names of

States, counties, county subdivisions, places, and AI/ ANA’s. Scales

vary by area.

American Indian and Alaska

Native Areas: 1990—This twopage map (with insets) shows the

locations and names of AI/ ANA’s,

along with State and county boundaries.

Congressional District Outline

for the 103rd Congress— One

map will be available for each

State, showing the CD’s drawn on

the basis of the results of the 1990

census. Larger scale inset maps

show boundary features of CD’s in

multidistrict counties. A Congressional District Atlas will combine

the maps in a single publication

which will include tables showing

the relationship of CD’s to counties, places, and county subdivisions (in 12 States).

Congressional Districts of the 103rd Congress—This

wall-size map of the United States shows boundaries and

numbers of reapportioned Congressional districts of the

103rd Congress. State and county boundaries and county

names are also shown.

Thematic Maps—In addition to the thematic maps included

in the printed reports (see fig. 4-10), a number of wall-size

(46" x 30" ) maps displaying various characteristics from

the 1990 census are planned for release during 1992-95.

The first of this GE-90 map series to be available is Black

Persons as a Percent of Total Population: 1990. Among

the other titles in this series are Persons of Hispanic Origin

as a Percent of Total Population: 1990; American Indian,

Figure 4–13. Census Tract/ Block Numbering Area Outline Maps Sample

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Eskimo, and Aleut Population as a Percent of Total Population: 1990; and Asian or Pacific Islander Persons as a

Percent of Total Population: 1990.

GEOGRAPHIC CODE SCHEMES

Sometimes codes may be more convenient to use than

names for geographic entities, especially when processing

data for the areas by computer. Geographic code schemes,

providing codes and the corresponding names for selected

census geographic entities, are found in the Federal

Information Processing Standards (FIPS) publications and

the Census Bureau’s Geographic Identification Code Scheme

(GICS) described below.

Federal Information Processing Standards

Publications

Many of the geographic codes included in the Census

Bureau’s computer tape files are the standard codes used

by all Federal agencies. The National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce,

publishes these codes in a series known as the Federal

Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUB’s).

Publications for geographic entities listed below are sold

by the Commerce Department’s National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161. (703-487-

4650)

FIPS PUB 5-2—Codes for the Identification of the States,

the District of Columbia and the Outlying Areas of the

United States, and Associated Areas

(hard copy, $12.50; microfiche, $9)

FIPS PUB 6-4—Counties and Equivalent Entities of the

United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas

(hard copy, $17; microfiche, $9)

FIPS PUB 8-5 —Metropolitan Statistical Areas (Including

CMSA’s, PMSA’s, and NECMA’s)

(hard copy, $19; microfiche, $9)

FIPS PUB 9-1—Congressional Districts of the United

States.

(hard copy, $12.50; microfiche, $9)

FIPS PUB 55DC-4—Guideline: Codes for Named Populated Places, Primary County Divisions, and Other Locational Entities of the United States and Outlying Areas

(hard copy, $140; magnetic tape, $590)

Geographic Identification Code Scheme

The Geographic Identification Code Scheme (GICS) is a

set of tables presenting the names and codes of the

high-level legal and statistical entities for which the Census

Bureau tabulates data. Geographic codes contained in the

GICS correspond to those used in all 1990 census data

files, TIGER extract files, and census maps.

The tables are organized by State (including the District

of Columbia), Puerto Rico, and the outlying areas. One

Figure 4–14. 1980 Geographic Identification Code Scheme (PHC80-R5)

[Table similar to planned 1990 GICS]

Alphabetic List of Place Names

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table (arranged by counties and statistically equivalent

entities within a State) lists counties, county subdivisions,

and places, with the appropriate census and/ or FIPS

codes, as follows: State, county, county subdivision, place,

place description, MA, and UA; it also identifies an entity’s

urban/ rural classification, whether it has census tracts or

BNA’s, and provides its population, housing counts, and

land area. Other tables present all the places alphabetically within each State with their corresponding county,

county subdivision, and place codes; all the county subdivisions alphabetically in each of 12 States; codes for

regions, divisions, States, MA’s, UA’s, AI/ ANA’s, and

sub-MCD’s (in Puerto Rico); and notes regarding changes

and corrections since the 1980 census and for the 1990

census. Figure 4-14 illustrates a table from the 1980 GICS.

Most of this information also is available on magnetic

tape and CD-ROM as an extract of the TIGER data base,

called the TIGER/ GICSTM file (discussed earlier), and

includes other information such as area measurements,

internal points, population density, and population and

housing counts.

ORDERING GEOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS

Information about any geographic product may be obtained

by contacting Customer Services, Bureau of the Census,

Washington, DC 20233; 301-763-4100; fax, 301-763-4794.

The Census Bureau will announce future geographic

products through:

• Articles in Census and You

• Comprehensive lists in the Monthly Product Announcement

SUMMARY

Attention to geographic detail is important to all users of

1990 census data from understanding geographic entities

and their relationships to selecting the appropriate maps

and data to meet individual needs.

The TIGER System is responsible for a significant

improvement in map products over those used for the

1980 census. The flexibility of the TIGER System has not

only allowed the Census Bureau to produce maps more

quickly and at a wider variety of scales, but also has

improved their accuracy, timeliness, and readability. With

the entire country divided into blocks, data from the 1990

census are reported in greater geographic detail than ever

before.

By discussing the various kinds of geographic entities

and their hierarchical relationships, the methods of identifying the entities and delineating their boundaries, the

different kinds of maps, and the TIGER System, this

chapter has examined important geographic concepts and

introduced some of the data products described in

chapter 5.

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE GEOGRAPHY 71
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CHAPTER 5.

Data Products

Page

Introduction ---------------------------------------------- 73

Report Series --------------------------------------------- 75

Data Files for Computer ----------------------------------- 82

Microfiche From Selected Summary Tape Files ------------- 92

User-Defined Areas Tabulations---------------------------- 92

Special Tabulations---------------------------------------- 94

Guidelines for Obtaining Data Products -------------------- 95

Summary ------------------------------------------------- 96

INTRODUCTION

Planning the 1990 Census Products

The value of a census depends largely upon the dissemination of its results. For the 1990 Census of Population and Housing, the Census Bureau prepared an array of

data products to meet the needs of most users. This

chapter describes the 1990 census data products and

provides information on how to obtain them.

Planning the 1990 data products began early in the

decade. It included these major components:

• Evaluation by Census Bureau staff of the 1980 census

products and new dissemination media.

• An examination of Federal legislation to pinpoint requirements for decennial census information, and consultation with other Federal agencies, both directly and

through the Federal Agency Council, to identify any

other Federal requirements.

• Recommendations from 65 Local Public Meetings, held

in State capitals and other major cities, at which the

Census Bureau sought advice from the public on planning the 1990 census. The meetings were jointly sponsored with the State Data Centers. Over 5,000 people

attended.

• Recommendations received through other conferences,

minority organizations, professional organizations, census public advisory committees, correspondence, and

so forth. Among the groups providing recommendations

were the National Urban League, National Council of La

Raza, Population Association of America, State Data

Center Steering Committee, Association of Public Data

Users, American Statistical Association, and Council of

Professional Associations on Federal Statistics.

• Recommendations from data users at 10 regional 1990

Census Product Meetings regarding data product plans

developed based on the Local Public Meetings and

other sources. Later, the Census Bureau held a National

Conference on Data Products to refine the proposals

discussed at the regional meetings.

Census Bureau staff continued to consult with data

users to work out details of product design following the

national conference. For example, articles in Census and

You, the Census Bureau’s monthly newsletter, invited

persons interested in commenting on publication and

summary tape file plans to review preliminary specifications. Also, the Association of Public Data Users established a working group to review the specifications. Suggestions reviewers furnished were considered carefully,

and, in many instances, the Census Bureau modified its

product plans.

Media for Data Products

Printed reports, microfiche, and computer tape are

important means for distributing 1990 census data. Newer

media are used as well: some data files on tape also are

being offered on CD-ROM’s (compact disc—read-only

memory, a type of laser disc), and selected data are

accessible online on CENDATATM, the Census Bureau’s

online system. In addition, the Census Bureau offers

printouts of data from Public Law (P.L.) 94-171 Data Files

and paperprints (‘‘blowbacks’’) from microfiche. It uses

press releases and similar fliers to get key data for large

areas out quickly. The Census Bureau is offering on

diskette only the 1990 census files for the Virgin Islands of

the United States and the Pacific Outlying Areas. The

limited storage capacity of diskettes (‘‘floppies’’) make

them unsuitable for large data files.

Following are brief descriptions of the product media;

more detailed information appears later in this chapter.

Printed Publications—Since the first census in 1790,

printed reports have been the most widely available source

of census data. They provide basic data and, in recent

censuses, outline maps for many geographic areas. Most

1990 census reports are similar in geographic coverage

and data content to those of the 1980 census.

For the P.L. 94-171 Data Files and certain other files,

the Census Bureau offers paper listings generated from

computer tape. They present the data in a tabular format.

Paperprints also can be prepared from microfiche (discussed below). Also, press releases offer selected data

from many 1990 census products.

Computer Tape—The Census Bureau has offered data

on computer tape since the 1960’s. For the 1990 census,

it offers the tape on reels and cartridges.

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Two types of data are on tape: summary statistics and

microdata. Summary tape files offer statistics (data that

are summed or totaled to various levels of geography)

such as figures in printed reports. Public-use microdata

files present population and housing characteristics from a

sample of individual census records from which identifying

information has been removed. They permit users to

design and prepare their own tabulations.

Microfiche—Microform products (microfilm and microfiche) have been issued from several censuses. The

Census Bureau began using microfiche, instead of microfilm, for disseminating decennial census results for the

1980 census. Microfiche is a fairly inexpensive way to

provide a great deal of data.

Microfiche provides the data shown on selected

1990 census summary tape files. The printed reports

are available on microfiche from the Census Bureau

soon after the reports are published. The Census

Bureau also offers paperprints, similar to photocopies, made from the microfiche.

CD-ROM’s—These laser discs have a large storage

capacity, making them well suited for census data

files. One 4 3/ 4-inch CD-ROM can hold the contents of 1,600 diskettes or 4 high-density tape reels.

CD-ROM’s can be used, with a suitable reader, in

conjunction with many personal computers and

larger machines. For the 1990 census, the Census

Bureau offers these files on CD-ROM: the P.L.

94-171 Data File; Summary Tape Files (STF’s) 1A,

1B (extract), 1C, 3A, 3B, and 3C; 1990 Census/

EEO File; County-to-County Migration File; Public

Use Microdata; and subject summary tape files.

Online Information System—The Census Bureau

began its own online information system, called

CENDATATM, in 1984. CENDATATM offers a number of Census Bureau reports, in whole or in part,

online. It provides up-to-date information about the

availability of data products and carries selections

of data from the P.L. 94-171 Data File and STF’s 1

and 3 for various geographic areas. CENDATATM is

available through two vendors, CompuServe and

DIALOG.

The information on product availability is particularly important because most census products are

issued on a flow basis, State-by-State, as the processing of each State’s data is finished. That means

the data released today for one State may not be

available for another State for several weeks. CENDATATM alerts users about the availability of specific products and provides ordering information.

(There are other sources for this information, such

as the Daily List and Monthly Product Announcement. See the ‘‘Guidelines for Obtaining Data Products’’ section at the end of this chapter.)

Maps—Users generally need maps showing area boundaries to use census data effectively. See chapter 4 for a

discussion of maps and how to obtain them.

Selecting the Right Product Medium

Users of Census Bureau data should consider a number

of factors in deciding the most suitable product medium

among those presenting the data and geographic detail

they need.

• Ease of access may be essential. Printed reports generally are the most widely available source of census

data. Also, except for census tracts/ block numbering

area (BNA) reports, the reports include maps of the

Summary page from the first census report

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areas reported. For tract/ BNA reports and other products, users generally need to purchase maps separately

from the Census Bureau or the Government Printing

Office.

• For ease of access and reduced storage space, microfiche may be the best choice. However, microfiche are

not issued until after the comparable products (printed

reports or computer tape) have been issued.

• Suitability for extensive use may be important. A user of

large amounts of 1990 census data may find working

with data on computer tape or CD-ROM to be the most

efficient approach because large quantities of data can

be processed and analyzed quickly. These products

generally offer more detailed data than either printed

reports or microfiche.

• Timing could be crucial. If so, users should note that

data are available on computer tape first. Selected data

from some files are available quickly through CENDATATM as well.

Selecting the best approach can be complicated. Reports

and microfiche are less expensive than computer tapes

and CD-ROM’s, but they may include less data. Printed

reports require no special equipment to use, in contrast to

other products. Working with computer files may be expensive, but doing comparable work by hand using the reports

or microfiche also may be expensive—as well as more

time-consuming and error-prone.

These and other factors will be discussed further in the

following sections to help data users choose the best

delivery media and data products for their purposes.

Also, knowing the following basic principles about the

availability of data for various geographic entities included

in the 1990 census can save time and trouble in using the

data and help avoid misinterpretation.

• As a general rule, the higher an entity is in the geographic hierarchy, the greater the number of published

data tables and the amount of detail the Census Bureau

provides for it. (See ch. 4 for information on the geographic hierarchy.)

• More data are available in a computer-readable form

than appear in print, especially for geographic entities

below the State level.

• Sample data for geographic entities containing relatively

few people are more subject to certain kinds of statistical error than are similar data for geographic entities

containing larger numbers of people. (See ch. 6.)

• Boundary changes from one census to another will

affect historical comparisons.

Protecting Confidential Information

The Census Bureau releases no data that violate the

confidentiality of individual information. The Census Bureau

edits the files to avoid revealing information that could

identify individuals, households, or housing units. (For

procedures used to assure data confidentiality, see ch. 6.)

Major Developments and Changes in the

1990 Census Data Products

• STF’s include area measurements and geographic

coordinates (for an ‘‘internal point’’) on most

records. The files contain summary records for

geographic entities that are split by higher-level

geography in addition to the data for each part.

• The 1980 Neighborhood Statistics Program has

been expanded to become the User-Defined Areas

Program (UDAP) for the 1990 census. UDAP

provides data, paid for by the requester, for

geographic areas defined by the requester.

• Early reports and computer tape files present more

data than did early 1980 census products.

• Extensive data are available on CD-ROM’s.

• Data summaries for American Indian and Alaska

Native areas, metropolitan areas, and urbanized

areas are included in separate U.S. summary

products or in compendia reports for such areas.

• Historic data are limited to population and housing

unit counts. These data and notes on geographic

area changes appear only in the 1990 CPH-2

report series.

• Several 1980 data products are not being produced

for the 1990 census. These include the following:

1. STF 5 and its associated report series, Detailed

Population Characteristics and Metropolitan Housing Characteristics. These products contained

very detailed cross-tabulations for large geographic entities such as States and metropolitan areas. Most data users found STF 5 too

large and detailed for their needs. The Census

Bureau is including the most widely used data

from these products in 1990 census subject

reports and subject STF’s.

2. The report series, Preliminary Population and Housing Unit Counts and Advance Final Population

and Housing Unit Counts, as well as the report,

Provisional Estimates of Social, Economic, and

Housing Characteristics.

3. The 1-percent public use microdata sample (PUMS)

for selected urbanized areas, other large areas,

and urban and rural components for large States

and groups of smaller States. (The 1-percent

PUMS for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan

areas will be produced.)

REPORT SERIES

Introduction

Reports presenting data from the 1990 census are

issued in several series, some paralleling the 1980 series.

The 1990 report series, in print and on microfiche, are

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA PRODUCTS 75
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Figure 5-1. 1990 Census Printed Reports

Series Title

Report(s)

issued for Description Geographic areas

Comparable

1980 series

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING (1990 CPH)

100-Percent Data

1990

CPH-1

Summary

Population

and Housing

Characteristics

U.S., States,

DC, Puerto

Rico, and U.S.

Virgin Islands

Population and housing

unit counts, and summary statistics on age,

sex, race, Hispanic origin, household relationship, units in structure,

value and rent, number

of rooms, tenure, and

vacancy characteristics

Local governmental units

(i.e., counties, places, and

towns and townships), other

county subdivisions, and

American Indian and Alaska

Native areas

PHC80-3

Summary

Characteristics

for Governmental Units

and Standard

Metropolitan

Statistical

Areas (100-

percent portion)

1990

CPH-2

Population

and Housing

Unit Counts

U.S., States,

DC, Puerto

Rico, and U.S.

Virgin Islands

Total population and

housing unit counts for

1990 and previous censuses

States, counties, county subdivisions, places, State component parts of metropolitan

areas (MA’s) and urbanized

areas (UA’s), and summary

geographic areas (for example, urban and rural)

PC80-1-A,

Number of

Inhabitants

100-Percent and Sample Data

1990

CPH-3

Population

and Housing

Characteristics for Census Tracts

and Block

Numbering

Areas

MA’s, and the

nonmetropolitan balance

of each State,

Puerto Rico,

and U.S. Virgin Islands

Statistics on 100-

percent and sample

population and housing

subjects

In MA’s: census tracts/ block

numbering areas (BNA’s),

places of 10,000 or more

inhabitants, and counties. In

the remainder of each State:

census tracts/ BNA’s, places

of 10,000 or more, and counties

PHC80-2,

Census Tracts

1990

CPH-4

Population

and Housing

Characteristics for Congressional

Districts of

the 103rd

Congress

States and DC Statistics on 100-

percent and sample

population and housing

subjects

Congressional districts (CD’s)

and, within CD’s, counties,

places of 10,000 or more

inhabitants, county subdivisions of 10,000 or more

inhabitants in selected

States, and American Indian

and Alaska Native areas

PHC80-4,

Congressional

Districts of the

98th Congress

Sample Data

1990

CPH-5

Summary

Social, Economic, and

Housing

Characteristics

U.S., States,

DC, Puerto

Rico, and U.S.

Virgin Islands

Statistics generally on

sample population and

housing subjects

Local governmental units

(i.e., counties, places, and

towns and townships), other

county subdivisions, and

American Indian and Alaska

Native areas

PHC80-3,

Summary

Characteristics

for Governmental Units

and Standard

Metropolitan

Statistical

Areas (sample

portion)

100-Percent and Sample Data*

1990

CPH-6

Social, Economic, and

Housing

Characteristics

American

Samoa,

Guam, Northern Mariana

Islands, and

Palau

Detailed statistics on

population and housing

subjects

American Samoa, district,

island, county, village

Guam, election district,

place

Northern Mariana Islands,

municipality, municipal district, place

Palau, State, municipality,

place

Various series

* Data collected on a sample basis in the United States were collected on a 100-percent basis in these areas.

76 DATA PRODUCTS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Figure 5-1. 1990 Census Printed Reports—Con.

Series Title

Report(s)

issued for Description Geographic areas

Comparable

1980 series

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION (1990 CP)

100-Percent Data

1990

CP-1

General Population CharacteristicsU.S., States,

DC, Puerto

Rico, and U.S.

Virgin Islands

Detailed statistics on

age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital

status, and household

relationship characteristics

States, counties, places of

1,000 or more inhabitants,

county subdivisions of 1,000

or more inhabitants in

selected States, State parts

of American Indian areas,

Alaska Native areas, and

summary geographic areas

such as urban and rural

PC80-1-B,

same title

1990

CP-1-1A

General Population Characteristics

for American

Indian and

Alaska Native

Areas

U.S. Detailed statistics on

age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital

status, and household

relationship characteristics

American Indian and Alaska

Native areas; i.e., American

Indian reservations, offreservation trust lands, tribal

jurisdiction statistical areas

(Oklahoma), tribal designated

statistical areas, Alaska

Native village statistical

areas, and Alaska Native

Regional Corporations

None

(PC80-1-B

comparable in

part)

1990

CP-1-1B

General Population Characteristics

for Metropolitan Areas

U.S. Detailed statistics on

age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital

status, and household

relationship characteristics

Individual MA’s. For MA’s

split by State boundaries,

summaries are provided both

for the parts and for the

whole MA

None

(PC80-1-B

comparable in

part)

1990

CP-1-1C

General Population Characteristics

for Urbanized

Areas

U.S. Detailed statistics on

age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital

status, and household

relationship characteristics

Individual UA’s. For UA‘s

split by State boundaries,

summaries are provided both

for the parts and for the

whole UA

None

(PC80-1-B

comparable in

part)

Sample Data

1990

CP-2

Social and

Economic

Characteristics

U.S., States,

DC, Puerto

Rico, and U.S.

Virgin Islands

Statistics generally on

sample population subjects

States (including summaries

such as urban and rural),

counties, places of 2,500 or

more inhabitants, county subdivisions of 2,500 or more

inhabitants in selected

States, Alaska Native areas,

and the State portion of

American Indian areas

PC80-1-C,

General Social

and Economic

Characteristics

1990

CP-2-1A

Social and

Economic

Characteristics for

American

Indian and

Alaska Native

Areas

U.S. Statistics generally on

sample population subjects

American Indian and Alaska

Native areas, as for CP-1-1A

None

(PC80-1-C

comparable in

part)

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA PRODUCTS 77
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Figure 5-1. 1990 Census Printed Reports—Con.

Series Title

Report(s)

issued for Description Geographic areas

Comparable

1980 series

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION (1990 CP)—Con.

100-Percent Data—Con.

1990

CP-2-1B

Social and

Economic

Characteristics for Metropolitan

Areas

U.S. Statistics generally on

sample population subjects

Individual MA’s, as for

CP-1-1B

None

(PC80-1-C

comparable in

part)

1990

CP-2-1C

Social and

Economic

Characteristics for

Urbanized

Areas

U.S. Statistics generally on

sample population subjects

Individual UA’s, as for

CP-1-1C

None

(PC80-1-C

comparable in

part)

1990

CP-3

Population

Subject

Reports

Selected subjectsApproximately 30

reports on population

census subjects such

as migration, education, income, the older

population, and racial

and ethnic groups

Generally limited to the U.S.,

regions, and divisions; for

some reports, other highly

populated areas such as

States, MA’s, counties, and

large places

PC80-2, same

title

1990 CENSUS OF HOUSING (1990 CH)

100-Percent Data

1990

CH-1

General

Housing

Characteristics

U.S., States,

DC, Puerto

Rico, and U.S.

Virgin Islands

Detailed statistics on

units in structure, value

and rent, number of

rooms, tenure, and

vacancy characteristics

States, counties, places of

1,000 or more inhabitants,

county subdivisions of 1,000

or more inhabitants in

selected States, State parts

of American Indian areas,

Alaska Native areas, and

summary geographic areas

such as urban and rural

HC80-1-A,

same title

1990

CH-1-1A

General

Housing

Characteristics for

American

Indian and

Alaska Native

Areas

U.S. Detailed statistics on

units in structure, value

and rent, number of

rooms, tenure, and

vacancy characteristics

American Indian and Alaska

Native areas; i.e., American

Indian reservations, trust

lands, tribal jurisdiction statistical areas (Oklahoma), tribal

designated statistical areas,

Alaska Native village statistical areas, and Alaska Native

Regional Corporations

None

(HC80-1-A

comparable in

part)

1990

CH-1-1B

General

Housing

Characteristics for Metropolitan

Areas

U.S. Detailed statistics on

units in structure, value

and rent, number of

rooms, tenure, and

vacancy characteristics

Individual MA’s. For MA’s

split by State boundaries,

summaries are provided both

for the parts and for the

whole MA

None

(HC80-1-A

comparable in

part)

1990

CH-1-1C

General

Housing

Characteristics for

Urbanized

Areas

U.S. Detailed statistics on

units in structure, value

and rent, number of

rooms, tenure, and

vacancy characteristics

Individual UA’s. For UA’s

split by State boundaries,

summaries are provided both

for the parts and for the

whole UA

None

(HC80-1-A

comparable in

part)

78 DATA PRODUCTS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Figure 5-1. 1990 Census Printed Reports—Con.

Series Title

Report(s)

issued for Description Geographic areas

Comparable

1980 series

1990 CENSUS OF HOUSING (1990 CH)—Con.

Sample Data

1990

CH-2

Detailed

Housing

Characteristics

U.S., States,

DC, Puerto

Rico, and U.S.

Virgin Islands

Statistics generally on

sample housing subjects

States (including summaries

such as urban and rural),

counties, places of 2,500 or

more inhabitants, county subdivisions of 2,500 or more

inhabitants in selected

States, Alaska Native areas,

and State parts of American

Indian areas

HC80-1-B,

same title

1990

CH-2-1A

Detailed

Housing

Characteristics for

American

Indian and

Alaska Native

Areas

U.S. Statistics generally on

sample housing subjects

American Indian and Alaska

Native areas, as in 1990

CH-1-1A

None

(HC80-1-B

comparable in

part)

1990

CH-2-1B

Detailed

Housing

Characteristics for Metropolitan

Areas

U.S. Statistics generally on

sample housing subjects

Individual MA’s, as in 1990

CH-1-1B

None

(HC80-1-B

comparable in

part)

1990

CH-2-1C

Detailed

Housing

Characteristics for

Urbanized

Areas

U.S. Statistics generally on

sample housing subjects

Individual UA’s, as in 1990

CH-1-1C

None

(HC80-1-B

comparable in

part)

1990

CH-3

Housing Subject ReportsSelected subjectsApproximately 10

reports on housing

census subjects such

as structural characteristics and space utilization

Generally limited to U.S.,

regions, and divisions; for

some reports, other highly

populated areas such as

States, MA’s, counties, and

large places

HC80-3, same

title

organized into three major groups according to subject

matter. The 1990 Census of Population—1990 CP—

reports present results from population questions (for

example, age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, commuting, and

employment). The 1990 Census of Housing—1990 CH—reports focus on housing (for example, rent, value, fuels,

plumbing facilities, and the number of rooms). The 1990

Census of Population and Housing—1990 CPH—reports

present both population and housing data.

Generally, the published reports present either 100-percent

tabulations (based on responses to the 100-percent

questions from both short forms and long forms) or sample

estimates (based on responses to the 100-percent

and sample questions on the long forms only). Two report

series (1990 CPH-3 and -4) have some tables with 100-percent

figures and other tables with sample estimates. The relative ease of processing 100-percent data allows the Census Bureau to prepare the 100-percent tables for the

CPH-3 and -4 reports months before the sample tables.

The Census Bureau’s Customer Services sells photocopies of the 100-percent tables for the CPH-3 reports for

census tracts/ BNA’s as soon as they are ready.

Figure 5–1 lists the 1990 report series, excluding ‘‘supplemental’’ reports discussed below, and notes the comparable 1980 reports. The entry for each 1990 series

presents key information, such as the types of geographic

entities covered and the nature of the data included.

Reports in series for States or metropolitan areas, such as

1990 CP-1 or 1990 CPH-3, are issued as they are produced. Several series may be at various stages of release

at the same time.

Printed Reports

The main body of each report is a series of statistical

tables. Figure 5–2 shows a typical example. Each report

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA PRODUCTS 79
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also includes a general introduction to the census and

appendixes, such as ones that define the geographic and

subject matter terms used in the report. The data are

organized so that many users will find the figures they need

in just one or two of the hundreds of reports produced from

the 1990 census. Decennial census reports generally do

not analyze the data or discuss their potential applications.

Within most series, reports are organized geographically. Several series consist of 54 reports—1 for each

State, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin

Islands of the United States, and a U.S. summary. The

State reports generally contain data for the State and

substate geographic entities, such as counties, county

subdivisions, and places. (Fig. 5–3 identifies in greater

detail what types of entities within the United States are

included in selected report series.) The U.S. summary

report in each series generally has data for the United

States, census regions and divisions, and States and may

contain selected data for smaller entities.

The Census Bureau also publishes data for the Pacific

Outlying Areas. The data appear in the report series Social,

Economic, and Housing Characteristics (1990 CPH-6) which

includes a separate publication for each area—American

Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Republic of Palau.

Tabulations for metropolitan areas, urbanized areas,

and American Indian and Alaska Native areas are sometimes published in separate volumes in conjunction with

these series. For example, see the reports 1990 CP-1-1A,

1B, and 1C in figure 5–1. Having such separate volumes is

new for the 1990 census. The Census Bureau adopted this

approach because many of these entities have components in more than one State; experience has shown that

including them in State reports delays the reports.

By contrast, ‘‘subject reports’’ usually cover the entire

Nation and are differentiated by the highly specific subject

matter they treat. The Census Bureau plans to publish a

variety of population and housing subject reports offering

detailed data primarily at the national level.

The Census Bureau also issues ‘‘supplementary’’ reports

presenting special compilations of census data dealing

with specific population and housing subjects and subgroups of the population. Three examples of supplementary reports for the 1990 census are Advance Estimates of

Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics; Social,

Economic, and Housing Characteristics for Redefined Metropolitan Areas (following the Office of Management and

Budget’s announcement of the redefinition of metropolitan

areas in the summer of 1992 based on 1990 census data);

and Detailed Occupation and Other Characteristics From

the Equal Employment Opportunity File for the United

States. A series of ‘‘1990 Census Profiles,’’ generally

focusing on national population trends, is being published,

as are a series (1990 CQC) highlighting results of specific

census questions and a series (1990 CH-S-1) of ‘‘1990

Census Housing Highlights’’ with issues for the United

States, States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and

the Virgin Islands of the United States. The Census Bureau

Figure 5–2. Table from 1990 CPH-1-30, Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, Nevada

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also is issuing thematic maps portraying selected 1990

census data. (See ch. 4.) Results from a mid-1991

residential finance survey, part of the decennial census

program, will be presented in a report titled Residential

Finance, scheduled for late 1993.

The Census Bureau also has issued an Alphabetical

Index of Industries and Occupations (1990 CPH-R-3) and

a Classified Index of Industries and Occupations (1990

CPH-R-4). The 1990 Census of Population and Housing

History (1990 CPH-R-2), a detailed procedural history of

the census, is being prepared.

Reports on Microfiche

Each 1990 printed report is available on microfiche from

Customer Services about 2 months after the report is

printed. Microfiche are card-shaped pieces of film, approximately 4 by 6 inches, that contain small-scale page

images arrayed in rows and columns. Each microfiche has

a title or heading across the top that can be read without

magnification. Negative page images are reduced to 1/ 24

their normal size (‘‘24x’’). One fiche contains up to 98

frames arranged in 7 rows and 14 columns.

A later section of this chapter, titled ‘‘Microfiche From

Selected Summary Tape Files,’’ specifies 1990 data files

being offered on microfiche.

Figure 5–3. Areas Summarized in Selected 1990 Census Reports

1990 CPH- 1990 CP- 1990 CH12345121 2

United States, regions, divisions . . . . X X XXXX X

States and statistical equivalents . . . X X X X X X X X

Metropolitan areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X 1

X 2X 3X 4X

Urbanized areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X 5X 6X 7X 8X

Counties and statistical equivalents . X X X X X X X X X

American Indian and Alaska Native

areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X 9X 10X 11X 12X

Congressional districts13 ........... X

Places (by population size)

Under 1,000 ................... X X X

1,000 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X X

2,500 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X XXXX X

10,000 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXXXXXX X

County subdivisions (by type)

MCD’s in 12 States14 ........... X X XXXXX X

MCD’s in 8 States15 ............ X X XX X

Subdivisions in other States and

statistical equivalents16 ......... X X X X X

County subdivisions (by population

size)

MCD’s

Under 1,000 .................. X X X X X

1,000 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X X

2,500 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X 14X X 14X

10,000 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X 14XXX 14X X 14X

CCD’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X X

Census tracts/ BNA’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

1

1990 CP-1-1B.

2

1990 CP-2-1B.

3

1990 CH-1-1B.

4

1990 CH-2-1B.

5

1990 CP-1-1C.

6

1990 CP-2-1C.

7

1990 CH-1-1C.

8

1990 CH-2-1C.

9

1990 CP-1-1A.

101990 CP-2-1A.

111990 CH-1-1A.

121990 CH-2-1A.

13Districts of the 103rd Congress.

14Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and

Wisconsin. 15Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, and South Dakota.

16MCD’s: Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia; also Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and

Palau. CCD’s: Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Kentucky, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico,

Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Census subareas: Alaska. Census subdistricts: U.S.

Virgin Islands. Guam and the District of Columbia have no county subdivisions or statistical equivalents.

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DATA FILES FOR COMPUTER

Introduction

Many users will choose to use 1990 census data in

computerized form for such reasons as:

• The need to work with a large amount of data. Extensive

calculations, sorting, and reformatting can be done more

efficiently by computer.

• An interest in using computerized statistical packages or

graphic display systems to which the data must be input

in machine-readable form.

• The need for data available only in machine-readable

data files produced and sold by the Census Bureau.

Given the high costs of printing, the Census Bureau can

print only a fraction of the machine-readable data.

Users lacking computers but in need of data in computer files often can arrange to have the data they need

prepared by State Data Centers or other organizations

discussed in chapter 7. These organizations offer such

services as generating printouts, preparing analytical reports,

and downloading file extracts to diskette.

Computer tape, on reels or cartridges, offers the most

extensive selection of census data files. As noted earlier,

there are other machine-readable products, new for the

1990 census. These are CD-ROM’s, which present the

most widely used of the data files found on tape, and

online data access through CENDATATM, which offers

excerpts from selected files. The following discussion and

charts generally concern tape and CD-ROM files; CENDATATM will be noted when appropriate. For information

on the technical characteristics of these machine-readable

products, see the discussion of tape and CD-ROM conventions in the ‘‘Summary Tape Files’’ section, below.

The following material deals with 1990 summary data

files and microdata files. Later sections of this chapter

describe microfiche with data from selected summary files,

special tabulations of summary data and microdata, and

other data resources.

Summary Data Files

The Census Bureau is offering an extensive amount of

1990 summary data in machine-readable files. These

summary data resemble the summary data in the published reports—numbers of persons, families, or housing

units by their various characteristics—but the data often

are more detailed and cover more geographic areas.

The P.L. 94-171 Data File is the first summary file

prepared from the census. As described below, it furnishes

a limited set of data designed for State legislative redistricting.

The Census Bureau releases most summary data in four

summarized ‘‘files’’ referred to as Summary Tape Files

(STF’s) 1 through 4. Some special-purpose summary files

also appear on tape.

The following sections describe the P.L. 94-171 Data

File, STF’s 1 through 4, and special-purpose files. They

also furnish information about technical documentation

and software.

Public Law (P.L.) 94-171 Data File

In December 1975, Congress passed P.L. 94-171. It

specifies that within 1 year after Census Day, the Census

Bureau must send all State legislatures and Governors the

data they need to redefine districts for the State legislature. State officials may, of course, use the same data to

delineate revised districts for the U.S. House of Representatives.

To be responsive to P.L. 94-171, the Census Bureau

established a voluntary program for those States that

wished to receive population tabulations for voting districts

or comparable geographic entities. (They were called

‘‘election precincts’’ for the 1980 census.) The Census

Bureau would furnish data for these entities, along with the

data for blocks, block groups, census tracts/ block numbering areas, places, and other entities that all States

would receive in the P.L. 94-171 file.

Under this program, those responsible for the legislative

redistricting of each State identified the special geographic

areas for which they wanted the tabulations and submitted

the information to the Census Bureau at the request of the

U.S. Secretary of Commerce. Forty-six States and the

District of Columbia participated in this program.

In 1985-1986, State officials were given the opportunity

to review preliminary large-scale maps for the 1990 census

and suggest visible features to be used as block boundaries. In 1989, the Census Bureau sent each State a set of

maps showing the numbers assigned by the Census

Bureau to the census blocks.

The State officials drew boundaries around groups of

blocks that coincided with or approximated the boundaries

of voting districts in all or portions of a State and noted the

codes for the districts. They submitted the annotated

maps, together with a list of the voting district codes and

names, to the appropriate Census Bureau regional office

for inclusion in the Topologically Integrated Geographic

Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) File (see ch. 4).

During 1989 and 1990, the Census Bureau, in cooperation with the National Conference of State Legislatures,

conducted a series of regional workshops to brief State

officials on the 1988 dress rehearsal P.L. 94-171 data,

redistricting case law, census geographic and subject

matter terminology, and other redistricting information.

The P.L. 94-171 Data Files were issued State by State,

with the files for the last States becoming available ahead

of schedule, in mid-March 1991. While designed to meet

the needs of legislative redistricting, the data presented

are of value for many other uses as well.

The file presents data for these entities: State (including

the District of Columbia), American Indian and Alaska

Native areas, county, voting district (for participating States),

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county subdivision, place, census tract/ block numbering

area, block group, and block. For each entity, the file

reports 12 data items for the total population and 11 for the

population 18 years old and over (see fig. 5–4), and a

housing unit count, land and water area measurements,

and latitude and longitude coordinates for an internal point

within each entity. The file is offered by State on tape or

groupings of States on CD-ROM. CENDATATM offers P.L.

94-171 data for counties, places, and, in 12 States, all or

some county subdivisions.

The Census Bureau also prints out and sells listings

from the tapes. The listings present all the data from the

machine-readable file except the area measurements and

coordinates. They also provide a 12th item for the population 18 years old and over: a total figure for that age

group. (Users of the machine-readable versions must sum

the race categories to get a total.)

There is a similar file for Puerto Rico: ‘‘Census of

Population and Housing, 1990: Redistricting File—Puerto

Rico.’’ It is not associated with P.L. 94-171.

Summary Tape Files (STF’s)

To prepare most of the 1990 census data products, the

Census Bureau tallies, by computer, the basic record tapes

containing individual information. This procedure produces

specified summary statistics for various types of areas

about persons, families, households, and housing units.

The tabulated data are recorded on internal-use summary

tapes which are used to generate the contents of printed

reports and STF’s.

Each STF comprises a particular set of tabulations for

specific types of geographic entities. The records for all

entities on a given STF have the same format and content,

unlike some printed reports in which data for larger areas

are presented in greater detail than for smaller areas.

As the STF’s become available, the Census Bureau’s

Customer Services offers free booklets listing their contents and providing other information. Technical documentation, discussed later, is furnished with the STF’s or may

be purchased separately. It provides information needed

to use the files, such as definitions of terms.

Figure 5–5 summarizes basic information about the four

major STF’s and specifies which are offered on CD-ROM

or microfiche as well as computer tape. Some STF 1 and

3 data also are available on CENDATATM. Figure 5–6

summarizes the geographic areas found on each file.

The Census Bureau also creates STF’s similar in scope

and structure for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands of the

United States and versions of STF’s 1 and 3 for the Pacific

Outlying Areas. The files for the Virgin Islands of the United

States and the Pacific Outlying Areas are offered on

diskettes, as well as on tape.

Highlights of STF Geography, Content, and Format—

The four STF’s are comparable in subject content and

geographic coverage to STF’s 1 through 4 from the 1980

census. The Census Bureau is not producing a file comparable to the 1980 STF 5, which had complex tabulations

for places of 50,000 or more persons and larger areas. The

1990 subject reports and related subject summary tape

files, discussed later, furnish similar data.

Each STF has three or more files (identified by a suffix;

e.g., ‘‘A’’ or ‘‘B’’) that differ in the types of geographic

entities reported. The technical documentation for each

STF includes ‘‘Summary Level Sequence Charts,’’ which

outline the coverage of geographic entities in each file.

Figure 5–7 presents an excerpt of the chart for STF 1A. As

illustrated, sometimes the entities are organized hierarchically (e.g., summary level code 080 records provide data

for census tracts or block numbering areas or their parts

within place or remainder within county subdivision within

counties) and sometimes the entities are ‘‘inventoried’’

(e.g., summary level code 160 records provide data for

places organized alphabetically within State). The indentations in the geographic descriptions in figure 5–7 indicate

hierarchical organization. For example, the entry ‘‘Place/

Remainder’’ (of county subdivision), summary level code

070, is subordinate to ‘‘county subdivision.’’ This indicates

that the file contains summary data for each place (or part

of a place) in the county subdivision and for the remainder

of the county subdivision (the portion of the county subdivision outside the place(s)).

The Census Bureau generally sells the files by State,

and the size and cost vary depending on the number of

substate entities. For STF 1B, users may purchase county

subfiles at $175 per county, if they prefer. For STF’s 2 and

Figure 5–4. Illustration of P.L. 94-171 Table on

CENDATATM

1990 Population by Race and Hispanic Origin and

Housing Unit Count:

Rantoul village, Illinois

Total

18 years

and over

Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,212 –

Race:

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,065 10,166

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,018 1,170

American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut. . . . . . . . . 73 59

Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 279

Other race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 551

Hispanic Origin (of any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 682

Not of Hispanic origin:

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,865 10,049

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,991 1,156

American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut. . . . . . . . . 68 55

Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 276

Other race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7

Housing units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,059 NA

NA = Not applicable.

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Figure 5–5. 1990 Census Summary Tape Files

Summary Tape File

(STF 1A, 1B, etc.)

and data type

(100 percent or

sample)1 Geographic areas Description

A2 3 States, counties, county subdivisions, places, census

tracts/ block numbering areas (BNA’s), block groups

(BG’s). Also, Alaska Native areas, State parts of American

Indian areas, and congressional districts of the 101st Congress

Over 900 cells/ items of 100-

percent population and housing

counts and characteristics for each

geographic area

B2 3 States, counties, county subdivisions, places, census

tracts/ BNA’s, BG’s, blocks. Also, Alaska Native areas,

State parts of American Indian areas, metropolitan areas,

and ubranized areas

STF 1 C3

(100 percent)

U.S., regions, divisions, States (including summaries such

as urban and rural), counties, places of 10,000 or more

inhabitants, county subdivisions of 10,000 or more inhabitants in selected States, metropolitan areas (MA’s), urbanized areas (UA’s), American Indian and Alaska Native

areas

D Congressional districts (CD’s) of the 103rd Congress by

State; and within each CD: counties, places of 10,000 or

more inhabitants, county subdivisions of 10,000 or more

inhabitants in selected States, Alaska Native areas, and

American Indian areas

A In MA’s: counties, places of 10,000 or more inhabitants,

and census tracts/ BNA’s. In the remainder of each State:

counties, places of 10,000 or more inhabitants, and census tracts/ BNA’s

Over 2,100 cells/ items of 100-

percent population and housing

counts and characteristics for each

geographic area. Each of the STF

2 files will include a set of tabulations for the total population and

separate presentations of tabulations by race and Hispanic origin

STF 2 B

(100 percent)

States (including summaries such as urban and rural),

counties, places of 1,000 or more inhabitants, county subdivisions, State parts of American Indian areas, and Alaska

Native areas

C U.S., regions, divisions, States (including summaries such

as urban and rural), counties, places of 10,000 or more

inhabitants, county subdivisions of 10,000 or more inhabitants in selected States, all county subdivisions in New

England MA’s, American Indian and Alaska Native areas,

MA’s, UA’s

A2 3 States, counties, county subdivisions, places, census

tracts/ BNA’s, BG’s. Also Alaska Native areas and State

parts of American Indian areas

Over 3,300 cells/ items of sample

population and housing characteristics for each geographic area

B3 Five-digit ZIP Codes

STF 3 C3

(Sample)

U.S., regions, divisions, States, counties, places of 10,000

or more inhabitants, county subdivisions of 10,000 or more

inhabitants in selected States, American Indian and Alaska

Native areas, MA’s, UA’s

D CD’s of the 103rd Congress by State; and within each CD:

counties, places of 10,000 or more inhabitants, county

subdivisions of 10,000 or more inhabitants in selected

States. Also, American Indian and Alaska Native areas

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4, the Census Bureau also offers State subfiles presenting

data for specific race and Hispanic-origin groups (e.g., STF

2A data for the Asian and Pacific Islander population in

California).

Aside from the P.L. 94-171 Data File, STF 1B is the only

standard file that provides data for blocks, the smallest

geographic units in the census. As discussed later, a

subset of block data from STF 1B is presented on microfiche and CD-ROM.

STF’s 1 and 2 have data based on questions asked of

all respondents (the 100-percent component). STF’s 3 and

4 contain sample data, which are estimates rather than

complete census counts—estimates based, on the average, on a sample of one housing unit in every six. Since

data from STF’s 3 and 4 are based on sample information

weighted to represent the total population, statistical totals

in these files often differ—usually slightly—from comparable totals in STF’s 1 and 2. (The effects of sampling

procedures on the data are described in detail in ch. 6.)

The 1990 STF’s contain records for all areas within

each type of geographic entity they present. For example,

STF 1A for a State has a record for each block group in the

State, even those with no population or housing units.

However, to simplify use of STF 1B, records for blocks with

zero population and housing units are on the STF 1B

Geographic Header file, which accompanies STF 1B. Each

record also includes land and water area measurements

and latitude and longitude coordinates for an internal point,

which may approximate the geographic center of the

entity.

Technical Conventions—Technical conventions specify

important characteristics of machine-readable products

and their presentation of data. Some key conventions

follow; others are described in the technical documentation that is available for each machine-readable product.

• General Conventions

Standardized identification—Geographic identification

codes are in the same location in data records of all

STF’s. For example, the two-digit Federal Information

Processing Standards (FIPS) State code always is in

positions 133 and 134 of a record segment.

Area names—The geographic identification portion

of the data records contains a name field.

Multiple record types—STF’s 2 and 4 have multiple

records to better accommodate the data presented for

race groups and groups of Hispanic origin or descent

identified separately. There are separate data records

for specific race and Hispanic-origin groups in an area.

(As noted earlier, users may purchase STF 2 and 4

subfiles presenting data for specific groups in a State1.

This multiple record approach is similar to the structure

of the 1980 STF 2 and 4 summary tapes, but, for the

1990 STF 4, there are no separate records for nonHispanic ancestry groups. The 1990 approach involves

these important features:

1

While STF 2 and STF 4 are similar in structure, as presented in this

discussion, they actually have a minor difference in file layout. On STF 2,

all characteristic iterations are contained on one data file. To make a

more usable product, STF 4 has a file segmentation based on the

characteristic iteration. STF 4A will have 11 such record types, and STF

4B and C will have 50.

For example, the STF 4B for California would be segmented into 50

files based on the record types. The ‘‘A’’ records are in the first file, the

‘‘B total’’ records are in the second file, the ‘‘White’’ records in the third

file, and so on. These differences should be kept in mind in the remainder

of the description.

Figure 5–5. 1990 Census Summary Tape Files—Con.

Summary Tape File

(STF 1A, 1B, etc.)

and data type

(100 percent or

sample)1 Geographic areas Description

A In MA’s: counties, places of 10,000 or more inhabitants,

and census tracts/ BNA’s. In the remainder of each State:

counties, places of 10,000 or more inhabitants, and census tracts/ BNA’s

Over 10,500 cells/ items of sample

population and housing characteristics for each geographic area.

Each of the STF 4 files will include

a set of tabulations for the total

population and separate presentations of tabulations by race and

Hispanic origin.

STF 4 B

(Sample)

State (including summaries such as urban and rural), counties, places of 2,500 or more inhabitants, county subdivisions of 2,500 or more inhabitants in selected States, all

county subdivisions in New England MA’s, State parts of

American Indian areas, and Alaska Native areas

C U.S., regions, divisions, States (including urban and rural

and metropolitan and nonmetropolitan components), counties, places of 10,000 or more inhabitants, county subdivisions of 10,000 or more inhabitants in selected States, all

county subdivisions in New England MA’s, American Indian

and Alaska Native areas, MA’s, UA’s

1

Similar STF’s will be prepared for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

2

Also available on microfiche. STF 1B microfiche provides only part of the data for blocks and other areas in the tape file. (See fig. 5-11.)

3

Also available on laser disc (CD-ROM). STF 1B CD-ROM presents the same file extract as STF 1B microfiche.

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA PRODUCTS 85
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Figure 5–6. Areas Summarized on 1990 Summary Tape Files (STF’s)

STF 1 STF 2 STF 3 STF 4

United States, regions, divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C C C C

States and statistical equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B, C, D A, B, C A, C, D A, B, C

Metropolitan areas (MA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1

,C A1,C A1,C A1, C

Urbanized areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1

,C C A1,C C

Counties and statistical equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B, C, D A, B, C A, B, C,D A, B, C

Rural population by county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

Farm population by county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

Places by population size:

Under 1,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B A

1,000 to 2,499 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B B A

2,500 to 10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B B A B

10,000 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B, C, D A, B, C A, C, D A, B, C

County subdivisions2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B B A

MCD’s in 12 States3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B, C4

, D4 B, C4 A, C4, D4 B5, C6

MCD’s in 6 States7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B, C8 B, C8 A, C8 B6, C8

Census tracts/ BNA’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B A A A

Block groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A, B A

Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

ZIP Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

Congressional districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9, D10 D10

American Indian and Alaska Native areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1, B1, C, D1 B1,C A1, C, D1 B1, C

1

If split by State boundaries, summaries are provided for State portions only.

2

Includes all county subdivisions in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Comparable areas for the Pacific

Outlying Areas (POA’s) are on the two files issued for POA’s: STF’s 1 and 3. 3

States in the Northeast Region (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and

Vermont), plus Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. 4

Only county subdivisions of 10,000 and over.

5

Only county subdivisions of 2,500 and over.

6

County subdivisions under 2,500—only if in a metropolitan area in New England.

7

States in the New England Division (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont).

8

County subdivisions under 10,000—only if in a metropolitan area in New England.

9

Contains data for districts of the 101st Congress.

10Contains data for districts of the 103rd Congress.

Figure 5–7. Excerpt From Summary Level Sequence Chart for STF 1A in Technical Documentation

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• The files include two types of records: ‘‘A’’ and

‘‘B.’’ ‘‘A’’ records are presented for the total

population of each tabulation area. ‘‘B’’ records

are presented for the total population and then

repeated for each component group.

• The STF 2 ‘‘B’’ records provide data for a larger

number of race groups than did the 1980 STF 2.

The STF 4 ‘‘B’’ records also have data for more

Hispanic categories than the 1980 STF 4.

• In both STF’s 2 and 4, record A appears first and

only once for each area.

• All records of the same type (A or B) are the

same length within any given file.

Each area on STF 2A can have up to 10 repetitions of

record B: total population; five race groups (White;

Black; American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut; Asian or

Pacific Islander; and ‘‘other race’’); Hispanic origin;

White, not of Hispanic origin; Black, not of Hispanic

origin; and other races, not of Hispanic origin. An array

of 54 tables of data is presented for each group.

Each area on STF 2B and 2C can have up to 34

repetitions of record B. These repetitions are for the

total population (‘‘All persons’’) and the race and Hispanicorigin categories shown in figure 5–8.

Repetitions of B records on STF’s 4A, 4B, and 4C are

analogous to those for STF 2. STF 4A also provides the

10 repetitions of record B noted for STF 2A. STF’s 4B

and 4C provide data for the 34 race and Hispanic origin

categories, plus 15 ‘‘Other Hispanic’’ categories (see

fig. 5–8).

Separate B records are especially useful in presenting data for groups that are represented in only a

relatively few areas. (If a group is not represented in an

area, no record appears and no space is used unnecessarily on the tape.) A disadvantage of having separate

records for each race and Hispanic-origin category is

that composite tabulations are more difficult to prepare.

For example, to construct a race-by-age matrix for an

area from STF 2, a user must extract and reformat an

age tabulation from each B record for a race. In

contrast, there is only one type of record on STF’s 1 and

3, but relatively few data cells are cross-tabulated by

race.

• Tape Conventions

Densities—The Census Bureau offers 6250 bpi (1600

bpi by special request) on 9-track tape on reels. The

IBM 3480-compatible tape cartridges offer a standard

density. They are operable with Storage Tek 4780 tape

subsystems and Digital Equipment Corporation VAX

TA90 subsystems.

Recording language—Users may choose EBCDIC or

ASCII.

Figure 5–8. Race and Hispanic-Origin Groups for Which

Characteristics Are Reported on B Records

of STF 2B, 2C, 4B, and 4C

On STF 2B, 2C, 4B, and 4C:

All persons

White

Black

American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut

American Indian

Eskimo

Aleut

Asian or Pacific Islander

Asian

Chinese

Filipino

Japanese

Asian Indian

Korean

Vietnamese

Cambodian

Hmong

Laotian

Thai

Pacific Islander

Hawaiian

Samoan

Guamanian

Other race

Hispanic origin (of any race)

Mexican

Puerto Rican

Cuban

Other Hispanic

White, not of Hispanic origin

Black, not of Hispanic origin

American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, not of Hispanic origin

Asian or Pacific Islander, not of Hispanic origin

Other race, not of Hispanic origin

Additional Hispanic Categories Under ‘‘Other

Hispanic’’ on STF 4B and 4C:

Dominican (Dominican Republic)

Central American

Costa Rican

Guatemalan

Honduran

Nicaraguan

Salvadoran

Panamanian

South American

Argentinian

Chilean

Colombian

Ecuadoran

Peruvian

Venezuelan

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Labels—The Census Bureau generally includes standard IBM ANSI labels or provides unlabeled tape on

request.

Record segmentation—Logical records on 1990 summary data files range in size from 500 to more than

60,000 characters. Each logical record is subdivided

into segments not exceeding 8,192 characters, to accommodate block-size limitations on ASCII tape. Each segment has all required geographic identifiers so that it

can be handled separately in sorting or other operations. Tape purchasers can specify a block size of up to

32,000 characters as long as it is an even multiple of the

record segment size.

• CD-ROM Conventions

The discs hold up to 650 megabytes of data and are

the standard 4 3/ 4 inch size, which is suitable for all

CD-ROM readers for use with personal computers. The

discs generally are in dBase III+ format and require an

operating system of MS-DOS 3.1 or higher. The discs

come with simple retrieval and display software, and

technical documentation. (Instructions are included for

converting the file to ACSII, should that be preferred.)

TechnicalDocumentation—Documentation provides detailed

information about the computer files. It includes such

features as an abstract of the file, guidelines on how to use

the file, table outlines, a data dictionary (discussed below),

a questionnaire facsimile, and definitions of geographic

and data subject terms. Technical documentation also

contains a statement on accuracy of the data. For files

presenting sample summary data, the statement includes

estimates of sampling errors and a detailed description of

the sample design and weighting procedures.

The data dictionary in the technical documentation

describes the location, length, and the number of implied

decimal places for each data field in the data record. It also

includes descriptive labels for each data item. Figure 5-9

shows an excerpt from the data dictionary for STF 3.

The Census Bureau provides machine-readable versions of the data dictionary with each file. Users find them

convenient for supplying identifying labels for data items.

The dictionaries also can be used to communicate the

format of the data file directly into a computer program or

generalized software package, a feature that reduces the

amount of programming or input-file specification required.

The Census Bureau furnishes one copy of the technical

documentation with each data file. Users also can purchase technical documentation separately.

Software—Census data are stored on computer tape and

other machine-readable products as strings of digits, with

the data grouped into logical records. If they were printed

onto paper just as they are stored, the result would be a

mass of unlabeled digits. Software can enable the computer to perform such tasks as displaying the data in an

understandable form, rearranging the data, and analyzing

the data. Users who choose to work directly with census

files may design their own software or purchase software

from others. (Ch. 7 has information on sources of various

kinds of assistance, including software.) The Census Bureau

Figure 5–9. STF 3 Data Dictionary Excerpt From Technical Documentation

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does not offer a software-preparation service and generally does not provide software with machine-readable files.

However, it does include simple retrieval/ display software

on the 1990 census CD-ROM’s.

Subject Summary Tape Files (SSTF’s)

The Census Bureau also prepares a number of subject

files. Each is the source of one or two subject reports

(described earlier) and also is available to the public on

computer tape and CD-ROM’s. The SSTF’s provide the

data for more geographic areas than the subject reports.

The reports generally present data for only the United

States, regions, and divisions; the SSTF’s usually report

data for States, metropolitan areas, and large counties and

places as well. The files also are designed to help meet the

data needs fulfilled in the 1980 census by Detailed Population Characteristics (PC80-1-D), Metropolitan Housing

Characteristics (HC80-2), and STF 5.

Other Summary Files

The Census Bureau prepares several specialized files,

released in the Summary Tape File—Supplementary (STF-S)

series. The files described below are among those in the

series. (See the ‘‘Special Tabulations’’ section, later in this

chapter, for information on files sponsored by other Federal agencies.)

Population and Housing Counts File (STF-S-1)—This

supplementary file, released early in 1991, provides counts

of total housing units, vacant housing units, total population, and group quarters population. The entities covered

are States, counties, county subdivisions, places, and

American Indian and Alaska Native areas. The record for

any particular entity also includes related codes and the

entity name.

1990 Census/ Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)

File—This supplementary file, available on computer tape,

CD-ROM’s, and microfiche, has sample census data to

support planning to help assure equal employment opportunity. A supplemental report based on the file also is

available, as noted earlier in the ‘‘Printed Reports’’ section.

The file contains tabulations showing detailed occupations,

and educational attainment data by age. These data are

cross-tabulated by sex, Hispanic origin, and race. There

are tables for all States, counties, metropolitan areas, and

places of 50,000 or more persons.

County-to-County Migration File—This supplementary

file, available on computer tape and CD-ROM’s, is issued

by State and provides summary records for all intrastate

county-to-county migration streams and significant interstate county-to-county migration streams. Each record

includes codes for the geographic area of origin, codes for

the geographic area of destination, and selected characteristics of the persons who made up the migration stream.

Public-Use Microdata Samples (PUMS)

Public-use microdata samples (PUMS) are data files on

tape or CD-ROM’s that contain records for a sample of all

housing units, with information on the characteristics of

each unit and the people in occupied housing units and

group quarters. The Census Bureau offers a PUMS that

provides a 1-percent sample and another with a 5-percent

sample. (In addition, there are 1- and 5-percent PUMS for

Puerto Rico, a 5-percent for the Virgin Islands of the United

States, and a 10-percent for Guam.)

The sample records are drawn from households that

responded to the long-form. To protect the confidentiality

of respondents, the Census Bureau excludes identifying

information from the records. Within the limits of the

sample size and geographic detail provided, these files

permit users with special needs to prepare virtually any

tabulations of the data they may desire.

Comparison of Summary Data and Microdata—Figure

5–10 illustrates the basic distinctions between summary

data and microdata. Summary data are the type found in

census printed reports, summary tape files, microfiche,

and most special tabulations. In summary data, the basic

unit of analysis is a specific geographic entity (for example,

a census tract, county, or State) for which counts of

persons, families, households, or housing units in particular categories are provided. In microdata, the basic unit is

an individual housing unit and the persons who live in it.

The user determines the structure of the tabulation and the

characteristics to be tabulated. Geographic detail is limited

to the large areas identified on microdata records. Microdata records for public use are presented in a manner that

avoids disclosure of information about any specific household or individual. The records contain no names or

addresses. The Census Bureau also limits the detail on

place of residence, place of work, high and low incomes,

and selected other items to further protect the confidentiality of the respondents. Only geographic areas with more

than 100,000 inhabitants are identified. In addition, microdata samples include only a small fraction of the population, further limiting the chance that the record of a given

individual is even contained in the file, much less identifiable.

Uses of PUMS—The microdata samples make possible

do-it-yourself special tabulations. The 1990 census files

furnish much of the richness of detail recorded in the

census. Microdata users frequently are interested in relationships among census variables not shown in existing

census tabulations or in the characteristics of certain

specially defined populations, such as unemployed homeowners or families with four or more children. Since the

samples provide data for all persons living in a samplehousehold, users can study how characteristics of household members are interrelated (for example, income and

educational attainment of husbands and wives).

Subject to the limitations on sample size and geographic identification, it is possible for the user to generate

tabulations interrelating any desired set of variables. Users

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA PRODUCTS 89
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Figure 5–10. Comparison of Summary Data With Information on Microdata Files

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have the same freedom to manipulate the data that they

would have if they had collected the data in their own

sample survey, but with the thoroughness of census data

collection techniques and with sample sizes larger than

feasible in an independent survey.

To summarize, microdata samples are useful in doing

research or analysis that does not require the identification

of specific small geographic areas.

Subject Content—Microdata files generally contain the

full range of population and housing information collected

in the 1990 census: all occupation categories, age by

single years, reported income, and so forth. Users can

learn about the contents of the microdata files in a general

way by reviewing the long-form questionnaire located at

the end of chapter 2. Where the detail on microdata files is

not apparent from the item on the questionnaire, guidance

is provided in the PUMS technical documentation.

Sample Size—The Census Bureau prepares two nonoverlapping samples, the 5-percent and the 1-percent, each

featuring a different geographic scheme, as discussed

below. Each record in these files contains a variable that

permits selection of scientifically designated subsamples

or extracts (for example, a 1-in-1,000 sample).

The Census Bureau also may produce a 3-percent

microdata sample, sponsored by other Federal agencies,

that focuses on the older population. It would include only

households with at least one person age 60 or older, to

provide a large enough sample for even the oldest age

groups to permit preparing reliable detailed cross tabulations by age, sex, race, and other characteristics. Records

in this sample would include a State public service area

(PSA) code whenever the PSA has the same boundaries

as the public use microdata area (PUMA) already identified

in the record.

In preparing PUMS files, the Census Bureau generates

up to 17 1-percent samples. Those samples not used in

creating the files just discussed are available to fill special

requests for other microdata files.

Geographic Identification—The 5-percent and 1-percent

samples will each feature a different geographic scheme.

The PUMS technical documentation includes maps and

equivalency files identifying all PUMA’s.

In the 5-percent sample of housing units, each household record has codes to let the user know in which

PUMA—such as a group of counties, a single county, or a

place—the household is located. Each area identified must

have a 1990 census population of at least 100,000 and

may not cross State lines.

In the 1-percent sample of housing units, each household record includes codes associating it with a metropolitan area and/ or other large areas, the boundaries of which

may cross State lines. (For the 1980 census, there were

two 1-percent sample files. The 1-percent sample showing

data for selected urbanized areas and other large areas is

not being produced for the 1990 census.)

Selecting the Right PUMS—Reliability increases with

sample size, so the choice of sample size must represent

a balance between the level of precision desired and the

resources available for working with microdata files. Using

tables in PUMS technical documentation, one can estimate how much sampling error will affect any specific

number prepared from a microdata file of a particular

sample size. In many instances, users will find the 1-percent

sample or an extract from it large enough to provide

sufficiently reliable estimates. But if users contemplate

extremely detailed tabulations or are concerned with small

segments of the population (for example, males 65 years

old and over of Polish ancestry), the 5-percent sample

would be the best choice.

Technical documentation accompanies PUMS files sold

by the Census Bureau’s Customer Services and also may

be purchased separately.

Software Considerations—The 1990 public-use microdata files are a special type of nonrectangular file. They are

hierarchical; a file contains two record types, each with

different variables, rather than one gigantic rectangular

record with all the variables. The file is sorted to maintain

the relationship between both record types. The Census

Bureau releases the PUMS in this format because of the

tremendous amount of data contained in one record.

Although these records are extremely large they can be

handled by most statistical or report writing software.

There are two basic record types: the housing unit record

and the persons record. For 1990, each of the records

contains a serial number that links the persons in the

housing unit to the proper housing unit record, so a user

does not need to worry about keeping the original record

sequence.

Most standard statistical software packages now are

capable of handling the file in either hierarchical or rectangular format. Most software packages, such as SAS,

SPSS, BMDP, and some relational data base systems, will

in fact rectangularize hierarchical files. Further, the manuals accompanying most packages contain samples of

code showing how to process the files. Several of the

packages also have extract procedures already coded into

the software.

The 1990 PUMS will be accompanied by machinereadable data dictionaries in a format which will allow the

user to read in ASCII characters and prepare statements

transforming the variables and their corresponding descriptions and values to the proper statements required by the

software package of choice.

The files will be in ASCII to be compatible with most

software packages. But the technical documentation will

include a section on ‘‘how to use this file,’’ where software

concerns will be addressed. The user must be familiar with

the processing system’s limitations and the efficiency of

the various procedures within the software packages.

Users may also write their own code enabling them to

perform custom tabulations on their system of choice.

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA PRODUCTS 91
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Corresponding Microdata From Earlier Censuses—PUMS

files also are available from the censuses of population

and housing of 1940 through 1980. The sample sizes,

geographic areas reported, and file formats vary, but

because many subjects are the same or similar from

census to census, these files represent a rich resource for

the analysis of trends. For more information, contact the

National Archives (202-501-5579) regarding the 1940 through

1970 files, and Customer Services, Bureau of the Census,

(301-763-4100) regarding the 1980 file.

MICROFICHE FROM SELECTED SUMMARY

TAPE FILES

As described earlier in this chapter, the 1990 census

report series are available on microfiche as well as in print.

Microfiche presenting data from selected STF’s also are

offered by the Census Bureau.

The Census Bureau generates microfiche of data on

tape directly from selected STF’s using ‘‘computer output

microform’’ (COM) equipment. The microfiche products

present files that cover, among other areas, those geographic entities without data in printed reports, including

blocks and block groups (BG’s). Microfiche present data

from the following files: STF 1A, STF 1B extract (a subset

of the tabulations for blocks available on tape), and STF

3A. (See fig. 5–5.) The Census/ EEO File, discussed earlier, also is offered on microfiche. Figure 5–11 shows the

data subset for blocks from STF 1B that is carried on

microfiche. The same data subset also is available on

CD-ROM.

The frames or images on each microfiche present the

data in tabular form, with header and stub entries identifying each data item. These page images are designed to be

magnified at a 42x ratio. There are up to 208 page images

per microfiche.

The Population and Housing Characteristics microfiche

of STF 1A present data hierarchically for the basic summary levels—States (and entities equivalent for statistical

purposes), counties (and statistically equivalent entities),

county subdivisions, places, census tracts/ BNA’s, and

BG’s. They also include data for congressional districts of

the 101st Congress. (See fig. 5–7 for a graphic representation of a portion of STF 1A geography.) All data found on

tape or CD-ROM versions of STF 1A are included—about

1,000 items of 100-percent data. Many users of small-area

data should find the microfiche of value because of its

coverage of BG’s, for which no printed data will be

available from the Census Bureau. In addition, the 100-

percent data on microfiche for county subdivisions and

less-populated places provide more detail than the data in

printed reports.

The data for each geographic entity on STF 1A microfiche require several frames. One frame on each microfiche contains an index to the entities covered on that

microfiche. The STF 1A microfiche can be purchased

either by State or by county.

STF 1B extract microfiche, titled Population and Housing Characteristics for Blocks, offers a limited selection

(see fig. 5–11) of the STF 1B data for blocks. The data also

are summarized for BG’s, census tracts/ BNA’s, and larger

areas. The microfiche present the same data as the STF

1B-extract CD-ROM’s. They are sold by State or county.

STF 3A microfiche, titled Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics, present data for the same geographic

entities as STF 1A. The microfiche contain the same data

as found on tape or CD-ROM versions of STF 3A—about

3,300 items of sample population and housing data. They

are sold by State or county.

USER-DEFINED AREAS TABULATIONS

The Bureau of the Census introduced a new product

service in conjunction with the 1990 census—the UserDefined Areas Program (UDAP). Through this program, the

Census Bureau offers, for a fee, a set of tables showing

sample data on demographic, social, economic, and housing characteristics from the 1990 census for geographic

Census Bureau data come

in many forms: in printed

reports, on microfiche,

computer tape, floppy diskette, and compact disc.

92 DATA PRODUCTS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Figure 5–11. 1990 Census Block Statistics Format on Microfiche

[Illustrative]

Census Tract and Block Numbering Areas

Block Group

Block

All persons

Total

Race

Hispanic

orgin (of

any race)

Age

White Black

American

Indian,

Eskimo,

Aluet

Asian or

Islander

Under 18

years

65 years

and over

Smithfield township: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Surfside (CDP): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tract 6017 ...........................

BG 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Block 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Block 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Block 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Block 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Block 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Block 106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Block 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Block 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

—Continued—

All housing units Occupied housing units

Total

1 unit,

detached

or

attached

10 or

more

units

Mean

number

of rooms

Owner occupied Renter occupied

With 1.01

or more

persons

per room

Family

householder,

no

spouse,

1 or

more

persons

under 18

years

1-person

households

Persons

in occupied housTotal ing units

Mean

value (in

dollars)

specified

owner Total

With 1.01

or more

persons

per room

Mean

contract

rent

areas defined by the users—such as neighborhoods, marketing territories, school attendance areas, State legislative districts, American Indian subreservation areas or

service areas, and business zones.

The Census Bureau provides customers with 1990

census block-numbered maps on which to delineate and

identify their areas. Alternatively, customers may submit

block equivalency files in computer-readable form, or they

may submit boundary information electronically if the submissions are based on the 1990 Census TIGER/ LineTM

files.

To participate in the UDAP, users must: (1) delineate

areas in terms of whole census blocks or higher-level

census geography following one of the procedures above;

(2) provide a set of names and/ or codes for the areas; (3)

make sure the areas do not have overlapping boundaries;

and (4) in cases where organizations are planning a

combined order, resolve any boundary disagreements

before submitting the geographic materials.

Later, the Census Bureau provides purchasers with

maps that display the final boundaries and with printed

data tables. Narrative profiles are available as an option for

an additional fee. These profiles are descriptive observations focusing on key population and housing characteristics of each user-defined area. The Census Bureau also

will offer UDAP data on computer tape and flexible diskettes for an additional fee.

A nonrefundable $25 deposit must be paid when a

preliminary order is submitted to cover order preparation

costs. The Census Bureau will calculate the total cost of

the order and return the order form to the customer for final

payment. In general, the larger the area, the greater the

cost. As a cost-savings measure, two or more groups

requiring data for the same areas may place a single order.

Since sample census data are involved, the Census

Bureau will not begin processing UDAP data until the fall of

1992. Delays or unforeseen problems with standard products may result in a later start.

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General questions about the UDAP and inquiries regarding the number of map sheets or blocks that comprise an

area of interest may be directed to the UDAP staff,

Decennial Management Division (301-763-4282). Write or

call Customer Services (301-763-4100) for an information

packet and a UDAP order form. The address is: Customer

Services, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233-

8300.

SPECIAL TABULATIONS

Despite the tremendous amount of data available to

users through regular 1990 census products and UDAP

tabulations, some users have specialized needs not met by

these products. In view of this, the Census Bureau prepares special 1990 census tabulations on a cost-reimbursable

basis.

The Census Bureau concentrates its resources on

special tabulations that only it can perform, such as those

requiring use of its confidential data files. As in all Census

Bureau products, these tabulations exclude any information that could identify a specific individual, household, or

housing unit.

The Census Bureau generally does not prepare rearrangements or reaggregations of data from 1990 census

summary tape files or microdata files released for public

use. Users normally will find it less costly and more timely

to obtain such tabulations from State Data Centers or data

processors listed with the National Clearinghouse for

Census Data Services. (See ch. 7.)

The special tabulation output may be on printouts,

computer tapes, diskettes, CD-ROM’s, or microfiche, depending on the user’s needs.

The Census Bureau also has a program for determining

the population count, as of the last decennial census or a

Federal special census, for new governmental units, municipal intercensal annexations, and other special boundary

situations. The Census Bureau provides the counts to the

requesting municipality or organization and appropriate

State agencies.

Illustrations of Special Tabulations

Special tabulations vary greatly in terms of size, complexity, and cost. The following discussion suggests the

wide range of possibilities.

Tabulations from the Census Bureau’s internal summary files might accommodate some users who need

detailed race or Hispanic-origin characteristics for census

tracts or certain other small areas. For example, a researcher

might wish to study the characteristics of the Vietnamese

population by census tract in a community with a high

concentration of that race. STF’s 2A and 4A, which provide

detailed data for census tracts, do not present data

separately for the Vietnamese population. However, because

the Census Bureau’s internal files have such detail already

tabulated, the Census Bureau could generate the desired

data for a relatively low cost.

A somewhat more expensive category of special tabulations uses a standardized output format but requires

manipulation of the Census Bureau’s confidential basic

record tapes. For example, the Census Bureau could

produce sample data such as those presented in STF 4 for

specially defined universes, such as particular ancestry

groups, condominium residents in a city, or all persons who

immigrated into the United States between 1980 and 1990

for specified counties.

The special tabulation also can yield data tailored to

highly specialized content or format requirements. This

kind of special tabulation is far more expensive than one

involving standardized output because of the staff time

required for specification, programming, review, and documentation of the data. One major special tabulation from

a past census called for a massive cross tabulation of

occupation by industry by class of worker by sex for States

and large metropolitan areas. The purchaser could have

produced this kind of data from a PUMS file, but because

the tabulation involved many small cells, a special tabulation of the full census sample was needed to produce

sufficiently accurate data.

Other special tabulations may involve subject matter or

geographic detail not available on the public-use microdata

samples. Characteristics of persons with very high incomes,

persons identifying themselves as belonging to selected

American Indian tribes, or persons who lived in selected

counties 5 years ago fit in this category. As an example of

special geographic detail, a city’s chamber of commerce

might request a tabulation of the income and other characteristics of workers by place of work (the city’s business

districts and industrial areas, in this case), so that the

chamber could provide merchants and other business

people with data helpful in selecting product lines and

planning services for this segment of their weekday customer base.

Arrangements for Special Tabulations

The price of a special tabulation depends on such

factors as the quantity of data to be processed and the

complexity of programming required. Special tabulations

for the entire United States or tabulations requiring custom

programming generally cost many thousands of dollars.

From the time a customer’s funds are received, a project

may take from several weeks to a year or more, depending

on the scope of the tabulation and the Census Bureau’s

workload.

For the more complex special tabulations, working out

detailed specifications is usually a time consuming process. Users may start out with just a general notion of

wanting, for example, age by income by family type for

specified census tracts or counties. Work cannot begin—

indeed, a good cost estimate cannot be provided—until

these ideas are worked out in terms of specific categories

desired and, in some cases, the specific table formats

required. If age and income are to be cross tabulated by

family type, is it the age of each person or the age of the

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householder that is to be taken into account? Is income to

be tabulated in terms of individual income, family income,

or household income? Are persons not in families to be

excluded or tabulated separately alongside the family-type

categories?

The Census Bureau provides free cost and delivery date

estimates for special tabulations. The request must be

specific as to the proposed table content and geographic

areas to be tabulated. Users interested in discussing a

special tabulation should contact either the Population

Division (301-763-5476) or the Housing and Household

Economic Statistics Division (301-763-8553), depending

on the basic type of data needed. Users interested in

obtaining census counts for new governmental units, municipal annexations, or other special boundary situations

should contact the Geography Division (301-763-3827).

Special Tabulations Sponsored by Other

Federal Agencies

Other Federal agencies sometimes sponsor special

tabulations that result in data of interest to users outside of

the agency. Two such tabulations, already being planned,

are described here.

School District Data File—The Census Bureau plans

tabulations, with subject-matter content similar to STF 3,

for the Nation’s school districts. The States have provided

the necessary boundary information. The National Center

for Education Statistics (NCES), part of the U.S. Department of Education, is funding the project and will receive

the data files from the Census Bureau beginning late in

1992. The NCES will distribute a copy of the file for each

State to the education agency of the State and sell copies

to other interested users. For further information, contact

the Census Bureau’s Population Division (301-763-5476).

Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP)—The

Census Bureau is preparing this special tabulation of

transportation-related data for transportation analysis zones

and larger areas. It includes data by place of residence, by

place of work, and from a cross tabulation of place of

residence by place of work for use in studying commuting

patterns. The CTPP expands on its predecessor, the 1980

Urban Transportation Planning Package, by providing, in

addition to metropolitan area data, a set of statewide

tabulations showing data on the characteristics of workers

presented by place of residence cross-tabulated by place

of work for places with a population of 2,500 or more within

each State. Distribution of the statewide CTPP tabulations

to State transportation agencies is expected to begin

during the last half of 1992, followed by distribution of the

metropolitan area tabulations. The CTPP is sponsored by

the U.S. Department of Transportation and other organizations. Additional information may be obtained by contacting the Journey-to-Work and Migration Statistics Branch,

Population Division, Bureau of the Census, Washington,

DC 20233; 301-763-3850.

GUIDELINES FOR OBTAINING DATA

PRODUCTS

Users have several options for obtaining the 1990

census data they need. This section spells out what they

are for each type of product. First, though, users generally

need to check on whether the data products of interest to

them have been issued, determine prices, and get directions for ordering. Here is how to get such information.

• Call or write Customer Services, Bureau of the Census,

Washington, DC 20233; 301-763-4100; fax, 301-763-

4794. Customer Services usually can furnish more information about a product than is provided in this chapter.

Often such material is free; sometimes, as in the case of

technical documentation, there is a charge.

• Access by modem the Census Bureau’s free electronic

bulletin board (301-763-1568), which, in addition to

product-ordering information such as price and GPO

stock number, includes information on any problems

with the 1990 census products and related corrections.

• Subscribe to the Daily List ($300 per year; payment

should be made to ‘‘Commerce-Census’’) or Monthly

Product Announcement (free). Both are available through

Customer Services. They also carry information about

products from other censuses, surveys, and estimates

programs.

• Access by modem CENDATATM, the Census Bureau’s

online information system, available for a fee through

CompuServe (800-848-8199) and DIALOG (800-334-

2564). In addition to product status information, CENDATATM presents selected data from the 1990 census

and other statistical products.

• The U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) can tell

callers if particular reports are in stock and how much

they cost. It helps to have a report’s GPO stock number,

found in the Monthly Product Announcement and other

sources noted above, when calling. The phone number

is 202-783-3238; fax, 202-512-2250.

For more information about these information resources,

see chapter 7.

Published Data

For Sale—The Superintendent of Documents (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402) handles

the sale of most Census Bureau publications. If the GPO

exhausts its supply of a report, the Census Bureau may

have some copies on hand to sell. The GPO accepts

payment in several forms: check or money order made

payable to ‘‘Superintendent of Documents,’’ charge to a

GPO deposit account, or charge to a VISA or MasterCard

account. Charged orders may be made by telephone or fax

(see numbers above). In general, users cannot order

reports from the GPO in advance of their publication.

However, if one is ordering an entire series of reports (for

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example, 1990 CP-1 for the United States, all States, the

District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands of

the United States), the GPO will accept a standing order,

provided that the publications are being charged to a GPO

deposit account, or to a VISA or MasterCard account. To

initiate a standing order, a customer must submit GPO

Form No. 3468, ‘‘Authorization for Standing Order Service.’’ (A separate form is required for each series desired.)

Users can get forms by contacting Department 40, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC 20402; 202-512-2315.

The Census Bureau’s Customer Services sells photocopies of 100-percent tables from these reports: Population and Housing Characteristics for Census Tracts and

Block Numbering Areas (1990 CPH-3). These tables are

prepared in advance of the printed reports, which also

contain sample tables.

When ordering table photocopies or the other products

cited below from Customer Services, users may pay by

sending a check or money order made payable to ‘‘CommerceCensus,’’ charging to a Census deposit account, or charging to VISA or MasterCard accounts. The address is

Customer Services, Bureau of the Census, Washington DC

20233-8300; telephone, 301-763-4100; fax 301-763-4794.

For Reference—People who do not wish to purchase

every 1990 census report they may need often will be able

to find reports for reference use at a library, State Data

Center affiliate, Census Bureau regional office, or other

organization. Some Census and Federal depository libraries receive all Census Bureau publications. Others will

have selected reports; for example, they may have only

those for their State or region of the country. For more

information and the addresses of some of these organizations, see chapter 7.

Microfiche

For Sale—The Census Bureau, through Customer Services, sells microfiche of the 1990 census reports and

certain STF’s, as noted earlier.The price depends on the

number of microfiche involved. In general, the price per

microfiche decreases as the quantity ordered increases.

Customer Services can furnish more information.

For Reference or Paper Copy—Users may have access

to microfiche data at a local library, State Data Center

affiliate, or other organization. Also, they may be able to

purchase the information they need from a State Data

Center or other organization.

Machine-Readable Files and Support Materials

For Sale—Users may buy summary tape files, microdata

files, technical documentation, and other files and materials from Customer Services. Also, State Data Centers,

Business/ Industry Data Centers, and organizations on the

roster of the Census Bureau’s National Clearinghouse for

Census Data Services often sell tapes, software, and

related materials. In addition, they may sell printouts

prepared from the tapes, special reports, area profiles, and

computer-generated statistical maps. (For a more complete discussion of the services of these organizations, see

ch. 7.)

For Reference—Some State Data Centers and other

organizations may maintain a collection of special reports

and printouts from STF’s for reference use.

Other Products

As noted earlier, for an information packet on the

user-defined areas tabulations, write or call Customer

Services. For special tabulations of decennial data, contact either the Population Division (301-763-5476) or Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division (301-763-

8553). Maps and other geographic products are discussed

in chapter 4.

SUMMARY

Data products from the 1990 census vary in terms of the

data they present and the type or medium of the product.

They include summary data in printed reports and machinereadable files, microfiche of reports and some data files,

microdata on tape and CD-ROM, and special products

created for specific users.

The type of product the user selects depends on many

considerations, such as cost, convenience, timing, and

data detail. For any particular product, users generally

have a choice of ways to obtain it, ranging from buying it

from the GPO or Census Bureau to using a copy at a

nearby library or State Data Center organization.

For a better understanding of 1990 census products,

users should be aware of the limitations of the data.

Chapter 6 discusses such areas as sampling variability and

nonsampling errors.

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CHAPTER 6.

Understanding the Statistics

Page

How to Get the Most Out of the Data----------------------- 97

How to Keep Up With Corrections ------------------------- 98

How a Definition Can Be Crucial --------------------------- 98

How to Use Estimates ------------------------------------- 100

How Samples Vary ---------------------------------------- 101

How ‘‘Nonsampling’’ Errors Affect the Data----------------- 107

When Answers Are Missing-------------------------------- 108

How a New Procedure Protects Confidential Information

and Yields More Data------------------------------------- 109

Research and Evaluation for Continuing Improvement ------ 109

Summary ------------------------------------------------- 109

HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF THE DATA

How does one get the most out of the 1990 census

data? The answer depends on many things—for instance,

choosing appropriate subjects, defining suitable geographic

areas, and finding a convenient format. This means putting

to work the information found in the other chapters of this

Guide.

Getting the most out of the data also depends on an

understanding of the statistics—the focus of this chapter.

Although this chapter cannot supply an academic knowledge of statistical theory, it is designed to offer practical

insights or ‘‘tips’’ geared to a data user with a particular

project in mind. It offers these thoughts in plain language,

avoiding, where possible, undefined technical terms that

could cause confusion. In fact, for census geography, this

chapter occasionally uses popular terms at some cost in

precision.1 By contrast, it aims to present statistical ideas

with enough precision and detail to help people use

specific data tables or formulas to best advantage.

In presenting statistical ideas, this chapter often looks

behind the surface of apparent contradictions—among

different sets of data, for instance. In this way, the chapter

answers questions that may occur to, and possibly concern, the reader in the course of preparing data for a

project. These questions probe three major areas—census

terms and explanations, sampling techniques, and other

procedures that can affect the data. How does this chapter

address these areas of interest?

First, the chapter shows how users can check census

notes and definitions. Some definitions are new or revised

for this census.

Second, this chapter covers estimates based on samples. The collection of sample data affords a much greater

variety of information than the 100-percent count. However, users should treat with special caution data based on

samples of areas or groups that have very few people or

housing units. That caution would be needed with sample

estimates from the Census Bureau or from any other

statistical source. Here is an example of a possible problem in using estimates. Tables with estimates show only

one number for each item (e.g., 350 households with an

income from $10,000 to $12,444), but each number implies

a probable count within a range of numbers (e.g., 340 to

360 households). When a range is too wide, the estimate

can be quite inaccurate.2

This chapter shows how to determine the significance

of estimates. It explains, step-by-step, how to use estimates with accuracy, understanding, and assurance.

Third, this chapter describes considerations other than

sampling that could affect the data in a particular table.

One consideration is the Census Bureau’s pledge to

everyone who answers the questionnaire to keep the

information confidential. Using a statistical method described

later in this chapter, the Census Bureau is able to honor

that pledge and also release more data faster than in

earlier censuses.

Another consideration is the accuracy of the statistics.

Accuracy is measured for various characteristics of the

population and for the census count. Data projects in some

instances could be affected by the undercount if they focus

mainly on minorities, such as the Black and Hispanic

populations. For most situations, the effect of the undercount would be smaller. Analysis of the Post Enumeration

Survey (PES), as of August 1992, estimates that the 1990

census counted 98.4 percent of the population. 1

For example, this chapter may refer to townships when, in fact, the

census covers all subdivisions of counties, both those that function as

governments and those established for statistical purposes. Similarly, it

may refer to cities or towns, when technically the census reports on every

incorporated place and other (‘‘census designated’’) places of 2,500

persons or more. Again, many of the generalizations that apply to cities

and towns also apply to county subdivisions in some States. They also

may apply to Alaska Native and American Indian areas, including tribal

jurisdiction statistical areas in Oklahoma, tribal designated statistical

areas, and trust lands. Chapter 4 includes details about geographic

entities. (The general term geographic ‘‘entities’’ is often used instead of

‘‘areas’’ in view of the variety of items covered by census geography and

to avoid confusion with area measurements or territorial coverage.)

2

This can happen, for instance, when two areas are compared. The

areas may appear to have different rates of poverty, for example—say,

10 percent versus 15 percent. However, one should not automatically

conclude that there is a 5-percent difference. For sample data, one must

always allow for the possibility of error. The range of error depends on

many things and might be any percentage. Suppose, for a very small

population, a highly probable estimate is 7.6 percent over or under 5—in

other words, from –2.6 to + 12.6 percent. That range is too wide because

it includes zero. That means the apparent difference between estimates

may have no significance.

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That rate of accuracy in a census that enumerates a

quarter of a billion people has lead to a broad reliance on

census data. Examples of the uses range from State

health plans to metropolitan transportation programs. These

uses cover studies of migration to the Southwest—and a

housing analysis for a single ZIP Code. They include aging

trends for the Nation and the need for meals-on-wheels in

a specific neighborhood. A small business trying to grow

may even need data about particular city blocks. Census

data affect a myriad of society’s decisions.

Moreover, the Census Bureau’s concern for accuracy

continues after the census. Statisticans document any

inconsistencies with care.

HOW TO KEEP UP WITH CORRECTIONS

The Census Bureau strives to maintain high quality and

accurate data. Chapter 3 describes the wide array of

methods used in designing the questionnaires and samples, in getting public cooperation, and in collecting and

processing the data. Even so, some errors slip through.

The agency reports on accuracy problems and tries to

correct them as effectively as possible. For any corrections

or other changes that might be needed, the staff issues a

variety of notes.

What Kinds of Notes Are Issued?

The notes are issued as part of the 1990 census

products. These products include computer tapes, compact disc–read only memory (CD-ROM), and microfiche.

Technical documentation accompanies each product. Notes

also may apply to printed reports.

The Census Bureau issues User Notes and Technical

Notes.

User Notes supplement information in the tables and

explain problems with the data. They could refer to specific

or general topics—a particular code misunderstood or a

general characteristic misreported, for example. In addition, these notes would describe problems, if any, with

geographic summaries.

User Notes appear as additions or as replacement

pages for technical documentation. They also may correct

or clarify appendixes in both technical documentation

(before the appendixes) and printed reports (before the

statistical tables). These notes may appear in products

described in chapter 5, beginning with Summary Tape File

(STF) 1 and 1990 CPH-1.

Other notes also are issued.

Technical Notes explain problems that apply only to

computer tape files, including the header record content.

Problems that apply to both reports and files appear in

User Notes.

Geographic Change Notes report names and boundaries changed since the 1980 census or new for the 1990

census.

Count Corrections Notes show corrected census counts

for population and housing units. They apply to both

statistical areas and units of governments.

How Are Corrections Obtained?

When problems are discovered before a product is

issued, notes typically appear in the technical documentation or printed report they correct, change, or explain.

Notes are also available after a product is issued.

People who purchase technical documentation directly

from the Census Bureau automatically receive notes free

by mail. Other users may request notes from Customer

Services (Corrections), Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233-8300.

Those who use the notes should be aware of how they

are numbered. The numbers for notes correspond to the

sequence of the products they correct. So the same note

may be numbered differently in different products.

In addition to notes in reports and technical documentation, the agency issues corrections electronically. Users

with modems can access corrections on personal computers via CENDATATM, the Census Bureau’s online system.

Additional information will be available over the years.

For example, population estimates for 1991 and later years

will be published in the Current Population Reports P-25

and P-26 series. These reports also will reflect information

from the notes on the 1990 census.

But what if the problem is subtler than the correction of

a number? What if the problem is a misunderstanding?

Then, the solution may depend on a definition.

HOW A DEFINITION CAN BE CRUCIAL

Finding the right definition can be vital for any kind of

technical information—statistical or otherwise—needed for

a project. Distinctions can be far from obvious—for example, household income may be easily confused with family

income. Such terms as ‘‘employment status’’ include data

on unemployment—the opposite of what one might expect.

Ordinary terms can have technical meanings. ‘‘Housing’’ is

an ordinary word; what the Census Bureau includes in the

concept is complex. Misunderstanding may be more of a

hindrance than any error. However, the agency provides

specific explanations. They are easy to find.

Where Can One Find Explanations?

The 1990 census Glossary (Part B of this Guide) will

define and explain most census terms. Other 1990 census

products supply definitions, too. In printed reports and

documentation, geographic and subject definitions appear

in appendixes A and B, respectively.

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Each subject definition has two parts, if appropriate,

called ‘‘Limitation of the Data’’ and ‘‘Comparability.’’ The

former offers cautions in the use of the data. The latter

describes any changes in the wording of the question or

the response categories. These may directly affect the

kinds of statements that can be made about changes in

the data between the 1980 and 1990 censuses. Changes

in wording apply to such topics as education, disability, and

the number of housing units in a structure. (For further

information on census questions, see ch. 2.)

The 1990 Census of Population and Housing History will

supply more perspective. It will explain in detail how the

Census Bureau asked, classified, edited, and processed

each question. It will be published after most of the files

and reports with statistical tables have been issued.

How Can One Misread a Table?

Often what seems like a mistake is not.

Figure 6–1 appears in the 1980 census subject report

Journey to Work: Metropolitan Commuting Flows, PC80(2)-

6D. The column shows the number of people working in

the San Diego metropolitan area and living somewhere

else. Notice the data seem to show 166 people commuting

to San Diego from Tennessee—141 from Shelby County

alone—to say nothing of hundreds of other sturdy, transcontinental ‘‘commuters.’’ They seem to fly in daily from

New York, Connecticut, and a perhaps exotic ‘‘elsewhere.’’

Did all those people fill out their questionnaires wrong?

Not likely. Actually, the question read: ‘‘At what location did

this person work last week?’’ (A similar question is listed as

item 22 of the 1990 questionnaire.) So they may have been

on business trips the previous week or may have

just moved to San Diego. The table counts them with

commuters.

How should one deal with such puzzles? The easiest

way for many will be to refer to the definition and explanation in the alphabetical Glossary, planned as a supplement

to this Guide. Until then, one may check the topic needed

in the index of this Guide. In this case, it leads to chapter

2 and to a discussion of the actual question asked in the

census. Also, the appendixes of data reports and the

technical documentation include definitions. In addition, a

copy of the 1990 Census Questionnaire appears at the end

of chapter 2 for reference. A reference to the question

itself can sometimes pinpoint which data the census

cannot possibly yield—if one remembers that data from

questions are often cross tabulated. In addition, one may

address questions about the data to the Bureau of the

Census.

Any of these methods could have answered questions

about the table on commuting. The questions it raised

illustrate, again, that inconsistencies often are apparent

rather than real.

How Can One Misinterpret a Street Scene?

Again, sometimes the data don’t seem to match what

people see from the street. Take housing data. Of course,

some homes get built or torn down after Census Day. More

often, it’s a problem with a census definition–and the way

it affects data collection. One might see only a store and a

single house from the street. But people may live over a

store or behind one, or they may live in a converted garage

or trailer behind a house. That could confuse someone

Place of Work: 1980—Con.

[1980 data are estimates based on a sample. The 1980 report

discussed the sample, symbols, and definitions]

SMSA’s

Residence and Place of Work

Workers 16

years and

over

SAN DIEGO, CALIF., SMSA—Con.

Living in SMSA—Con.

Worked outside SMSA—Con.

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

Elsewhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 381

Not reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 162

Worked in SMSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 356

Living in SMSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 771

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 771

San Diego County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 771

Carlsbad city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 987

Chula Vista city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 272

El Cajon city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 263

Escondido city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 196

La Mesa city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 602

National City city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 841

Oceanside city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 699

San Diego city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 142

Vista city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 332

Remainder of county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 437

Living outside SMSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 585

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 354

Alameda County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Alameda city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Los Angeles County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 783

Inglewood city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Long Beach city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Los Angeles city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Orange County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 401

Anaheim city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Garden Grove city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Huntington Beach city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Orange city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

San Clemente city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 462

Riverside County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

San Bernardino County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

Santa Barbara County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Santa Clara County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Ventura County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Shelby County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Elsewhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 474

Figure 6–1. Illustration of Data Sometimes Misread

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trying to figure out how the Census Bureau got its results

for a city block. Often the definition answers the question.

It can explain what the Census Bureau does and doesn’t

count:

1. The census counts the housing units, not just the

number of residential buildings. A person looking at a

building may not realize that half a dozen units are

inside.

2. The census would classify recreational vehicles, tents,

and boats as housing units if someone usually lives

there.

3. The census doesn’t count some houses. It excludes

those still under construction, burned out, condemned,

or with the inside exposed to the elements on Census

Day.

4. The census also excludes group quarters from the

count of housing units. (Examples of group quarters

include most rooming houses, communes, college

dormitories, and nursing homes.)

It’s easy to solve the misunderstandings discussed up

to now. One can check the Glossary or one of the other

sources mentioned. Another problem goes deeper—the

question of estimates.

HOW TO USE ESTIMATES

The use of estimates is crucial to the operation of our

social and economic institutions. Their value to many

projects is greater than any 100-percent counts, which

cover fewer subjects.

However, data users should not regard estimates as if

they were counts. One easily can see the difference

between the two. Simply compare the data for subjects

and geographic areas in a sample data report with those

from a complete count report. They will usually differ,

though often very slightly.

The difference can be greater than it might seem from

simply scanning the tables. Why? When a 100-percent

count table shows ‘‘5 households,’’ it means ‘‘5 households.’’ When a sample data table shows ‘‘5,’’ it means

that there is a range of possible figures (perhaps from 4 to

6) that may be true—and that the average within that range

is ‘‘5 households.’’

Fortunately, data users can determine how reliable a set

of statistics is. They can even set their own ‘‘confidence

level.’’ That means they can use numbers they trust to

correspond to an actual count a certain percentage of the

time. They can set the confidence level high. For example,

they may choose a range that would include the count 95

times out of 100. This is setting a confidence level of 95

percent. The section below explains how to do this. But

first one needs to ask if it is necessary to use estimates at

all.

Should One Use Sample or 100-Percent Data for

a Subject?

Generally, if a user is interested in data on a 100-

percent count subject, such as age, race, or tenure, it is

best to use 100-percent (sometimes called ‘‘completecount’’) data. That’s true even though those same subjects

can appear in reports and files with data from the sample

only. The reason? As a rule, the 100-percent count data

are more reliable. Sample results almost always differ from

those a 100-percent count would give. That applies even if

the questions, instructions, and enumerators had been the

same.

Samples also have the same kinds of errors as the

100-percent count from which they are drawn. These

include errors in response, reporting, and processing.

How Does the Census Bureau Estimate the

Total Population From a Sample?

The statistical weight one gives to the data depends on

the plan used to draw the sample. If half the people are

sampled, then one could multiply by 2 to get an estimate

for the total population. That number—the number by

which one multiplies—is called the ‘‘sample weight.’’ So

the sample weight is 2 in this example.3

For the 1990 census, on the average 1 out of 6 housing

units received a sample questionnaire. The Bureau of the

Census sampled housing units in areas with small populations at a rate of 1-in-2. Other areas were sampled at

1-in-8. However, the majority of the country was sampled

at 1-in-6. (For more information about sampling size, see

‘‘Sampling Techniques’’ under ‘‘Questionnaire Design and

Use’’ in ch. 3 of this Guide.)

However, the statisticians do not use weights of 2, 6,

and 8 for every area. For example, its rules might require a

sample of 1-in-6 for half the population of a county but

1-in-8 for the other half. In that case, the overall average

weight for the county would be about 7. Using varying

weights, the Census Bureau determines the estimates for

specific areas or groups of people.

In this way, it compensates to reduce ‘‘sampling variability.’’ In other words, it narrows the range between the

lowest and highest probable estimate. Put another way, it

makes the estimate vary less from a 100-percent count of

every person. (A more detailed explanation for sample

data products appears in appendix C of the technical

documentation (for computer files) and of the 1990 printed

reports.)

3

This passage aims to suggest the general idea of weighting, not the

complexity of the actual estimation technique used in the 1990 census.

The 1990 census ratio estimation technique, commonly known as ‘‘raking,’’ is very complex. For information on the estimation methodology,

refer to Appendix C, Accuracy of the Data, in any of the sample data

products. The Census Bureau applies the resulting formulas to totals for

demographic and housing characteristics. This technique reduces ‘‘standard errors’’ and statistical ‘‘bias,’’ described later in this chapter.

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Why Do Samples Only Occasionally Match

100-Percent Counts?

Why do sample data often differ from 100-percent—

even if only slightly?

Generally, this difference occurs only within parts of

‘‘sample weighting areas.’’ Sometimes sample weighting

areas are census tracts. To serve as a sample weighting

area, a census tract must have at least 400 sample

persons. If not, the Census Bureau combines this census

tract with another to create a sample weighting area. The

sample data won’t match the census 100-percent count

exactly for either census tract, but they will match when

data for the two census tracts are added. Such differences

show up whenever a geographic area differs from a

sample weighting area.

Sample weighting areas are unique—they do not overlap each other and they do not cut across certain political

boundaries, such as counties or States. However, sample

weighting boundaries can cut across some other statistical

boundaries. (These include ‘‘census county divisions,’’

‘‘block numbering areas,’’ and ‘‘block groups’’; ch. 4

defines each term.)

Sample data on population may not match sample data

on housing for every subject item or geographic area.

Why? Because weights for population and housing estimates are determined by independent, though corresponding, estimation techniques.

Differences between sample and 100-percent count

data may surprise new users. Matching numbers may

surprise the experienced.

Specific tables illustrate these concerns.

Population and Housing Characteristics for Census Tracts

and Block Numbering Areas (CPH-3) provides an example

of 100-percent and sample data.

This chapter provides two imaginary illustrations. Figures 6–2 and 6–3 show how complete counts might differ

from sample data in some areas in the 1990 census

results. Notice the difference in figure 6–2 between data

for tracts 40.01 and 40.02. Add the 100-percent counts for

40.01 to 40.02. Do the same for the sample data there.

The sample total matches the count. The same thing

happens when one adds tract 41 to part (‘‘p’’) of tract 42,

in Redwood City.

For tract 44, the sample and 100-percent count figures

match. Why? Maybe chance or maybe the census tract

coincides with a place of fewer than 2,500 people. In such

a case, it was sampled at 1-in-2 and was itself a sample

weighting area. Census tracts 17 and 18 illustrate another

situation. Both add up to 6,930, even though their populations, each over 2,500, suggest that they need not have

been combined into the same sample weighting area.

However, there may be a small incorporated place in either

census tract that constituted a separate sample weighting

area. That would have forced the remainder of the census

tract to be combined with the other tract.

Sample data from these areas usually differ from 100-

percent counts, as in figure 6–3. Normally, this difference is

within the range of ‘‘sampling variability.’’ A little later on,

this chapter discusses that phrase. But first one should

consider a basic principle–that samples vary.

HOW SAMPLES VARY

Sample results are just estimates of what a 100-percent

count would have shown. So it is likely the sample data will

be somewhat different from the count.

How much will a sample estimate differ from the

100-percent count? It varies. Knowing about this ‘‘sampling variability’’ helps one understand how much confidence to put in the data. As noted earlier, one can put

more confidence in estimates for areas with large numbers

than small. Suppose one finds a family poverty rate

estimate of 15 percent. How close would that be to a

100-percent count figure? In a city or State of several

million people, it might be within one-tenth of 1 percent. In

a census tract of a few thousand people, the estimate

might be off by a sizable percentage of the total. So

caution should be used with this estimate.

[Illustrative data]

Redwood City Balance of Rollings County

Tract

38

Tract

39

Tract

40.01

Tract

40.02

Tract

40.03

Tract

41

Tract

42p1

Tract

43

Tract

17

Tract

18

Tract

42p1

Tract

44

100-percent count data . . . . . 3,420 5,957 21 3,099 2,502 4,818 106 3,356 3,682 3,248 2,621 1,718

Sample data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,420 5,957 – 3,120 2,502 4,853 71 3,356 3,626 3,304 2,621 1,718

1

The ‘‘p’’ refers to part of a census tract that is split by the boundary of an incorporated (or other) place.

Figure 6–2. Population Differences Between 100-Percent and Sample Data for Census Tracts

Figure 6–3. Population Differences Between 100-Percent

and Sample Data for Census County

Divisions

[Illustrative data]

100-percent count Sample estimate

Franklin County . . . . . . . 21,356 21,356

Ashland division. . . . . . . . . . . . 397 485

Crowell division . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,546 3,448

Douglas division. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,432 10,446

Douglas city . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,982 9,982

Durham division . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,651 1,709

Greenville division . . . . . . . . . 2,279 2,114

Greenville town . . . . . . . . . . 676 709

Halcott division. . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 114

Lexington division . . . . . . . . . . 1,662 1,690

Lexington city . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,201 1,201

Withers division . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,190 1,350

Withers town . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 438

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What Do ‘‘Standard Errors’’ Imply for the User?

How can one estimate the size of the error from the size

of the sample? One can do that by using the ‘‘standard

error’’ that applies to the specific area and characteristics

one has in mind. It’s a number from a formula discussed

later in the chapter. This chapter typically refers to the

standard error as the average error that arises from taking

a sample instead of a count. Technically, in statistical

theory, standard error is slightly different–the average error

coming from all possible samples.

Because the standard error is so important, virtually

every census report with estimates includes the information needed to calculate it.

The standard error is based on one fact: Chance errors

follow patterns. These patterns let one approximate how

much an estimate will differ from the 100-percent count.

Statisticians use phrases like ‘‘standard error’’ to describe

such patterns. A single standard error implies a range of

figures that will be, as statisticians have learned, accurate

2 out of 3 times. For example, suppose an estimate is 50

and the standard error is plus or minus 5, that is, from 45

to 55. That means 2 out of 3 times the actual count (50)

would be within the limits of confidence intervals (45-55)

constructed this way. (In other words, 2 times in 3, the

confidence intervals constructed in this way would contain

the actual 100-percent count.) By contrast, 2 standard

errors describe a range (plus or minus 10, or 40-60, in this

example) which would match the 100-percent count more

often–in about 19 out of 20 cases. Two and a half standard

errors would equal 2 1/ 2 times 5 in this example, or plus or

minus 12 1/ 2. The span, then, would be 37 1/ 2 - 62 1/ 2.

Statisticians have learned that a confidence interval range

of 2 1/ 2 standard errors would include the actual count 99

times out of 100. Converted to percentages, the probability

of 2 out of 3, 19 out of 20, and 99 out of 100 are about 67,

95, and 99 percent. So depending on whether the user

employs 1, 2, or 2 1/ 2 standard errors, the estimates would

tend to match counts about 67, 95, or 99 percent of the

time.

Does this show how much the estimate may vary from

the ‘‘true value’’—that is, the actual number of people, for

instance? No, it shows the possible variation from the

census count. Other kinds of errors can distort both counts

and estimates. Both may suffer from errors in coverage,

processing, and other forms of nonsampling error (‘‘statistical bias,’’ for instance) discussed in the following section.

A distinction between the true value and the count may

affect projects focused on minorities. As a rule, it would

affect other projects less.

However, the principles for using estimates are similar

for all populations and all sources of statistics.

How Confident Should One Be of an Estimate?

One can put more confidence in an estimate that allows

for a wide range of possible results. A narrow range might

be preferable, but the chance that it would be accurate

might be slim. Take an example from ordinary life. If

12 people are invited to a party, it’s more likely that

between 8 and 11 will accept than that the figure will be

exactly 9.

Actually, one can determine the degree of confidence

needed. This is called ‘‘defining the confidence interval’’ by

specifying the number of standard errors (or ‘‘s.e.’’).

• A 67-percent confidence interval ranges from 1 standard error below the estimate to 1 above it. One can say

this another way: ‘‘±1 s.e.’’ or plus or minus 1 standard

error.

• A 95-percent confidence interval ranges from 2 standard errors below the estimate to 2 above it—in other

words, ‘‘±2 s.e.’’

• A 99-percent confidence interval ranges from 2 1/ 2

standard errors below the estimate to 2 1/ 2 above it,

‘‘±2 1/ 2 s.e.’’

With an estimate of 1,000 and a standard error of 70, a

67-percent confidence interval ranges from 930 to 1,070.

Of course, one still takes a 33-percent chance that the

number being estimated will actually go below 930 or

above 1,070. That would fall outside the 67-percent confidence interval. So frequently people choose a more

conservative interval. A 95-percent confidence interval

gives 860 to 1,140 [1,000 (±2 x 70)].

Compensating for the standard errors may be insufficient; some subjects and calculations are more vulnerable

to errors than others. (Such errors differ from the sampling

errors discussed here. Called ‘‘nonsampling errors,’’ they

are discussed later in the chapter.)

What Should One Consider In Estimating a

Standard Error?

What makes an error large or small? It hinges on the

standard error and other concerns. Specifically, error can

depend on—

1. the size of the estimated number

2. the size of the sample it comes from

3. the subject (e.g., poverty)—some subjects are more

likely than others to be in error, thus affecting estimates as well as counts

4. the estimation process

The illustrations in this chapter cover these points.

Specifically, the tables and formulas in figures 6–4, 6–5,

and 6–6 address each of the four items above. Figure 6–4

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deals with the effect of size (points 1 and 2) on a standard

error. In this case, in an area of 2,500 an estimated number

of 100 has a standard error of 22—more than one-fifth of

the total. By contrast, in an area of 1,000,000 people an

estimated number of 100,000 has a relatively tiny standard

error of 670. Figure 6–5 tells a similar story in percentages.

Figure 6–6 shows how different characteristics are

subject to varying standard errors (point 3). The numbers

shown in figure 6–6 are considerations (called ‘‘design

factors’’) to be used in estimating standard errors. The

factors vary from characteristic to characteristic. Although

the percentages are imaginary, they illustrate that fact. For

example, in the first column the standard design factor for

school enrollment (at 0.8) is smaller than for race (at 1.6).

Much less evident, but equally true, figure 6–6 also shows

the effect of the estimation process (point 4).

One way to understand the variations in figure 6–6 is to

keep in mind that certain characteristics are usually shared

by entire households. Any errors for such characteristics

can multiply (or, as statisticians sometimes say, ‘‘cluster’’).

Such traits as race and residence in 1985 are important

examples. These insights into standard errors lead to the

reliable use of data based on sample estimates.

How Can One Find How Reliable an Estimate

Is?

A few basic steps show how to determine the level of

confidence. It is also called defining a confidence interval,

using either tables or formulas. This chapter explains both

methods. It considers the tables first, the formulas next.

For the tables, turn to appendix C in the printed reports

or refer to the documentation for the summary tapes.

Figures 6–4 through 6–6 duplicate or illustrate these tables.

Figure 6–4. Unadjusted Standard Error for Estimated Totals

[1990 data. Based on a 1-in-6 simple random sample]

Estimated

Total

Size of publication area

500 1,000 2,500 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 500,000 1,000,000 5,000,000 10,000,000 25,000,000

501 . . . . . . . . . 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

100 . . . . . . . . . 20 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

250 . . . . . . . . . 25 30 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35

500 . . . . . . . . . - 35 45 45 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

1,000. . . . . . . . - - 55 65 65 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70

2,500. . . . . . . . - - - 80 95 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110

5,000. . . . . . . . - - - - 110 140 150 150 160 160 160 160 160 160

10,000. . . . . . . - - - - - 170 200 210 220 220 220 220 220 220

15,000. . . . . . . - - - - - 170 230 250 270 270 270 270 270 270

25,000. . . . . . . - - - - - - 250 310 340 350 350 350 350 350

75,000. . . . . . . - - - - - - - 310 510 570 590 610 610 610

100,000...... - - - - - - - - 550 630 670 700 700 710

250,000...... - - - - - - - - - 790 970 1 090 1 100 1 100

500,000...... - - - - - - - - - - 1 120 1 500 1 540 1 570

1,000,000 .... - - - - - - - - - - - 2 000 2 120 2 190

5,000,000 .... - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 540 4 470

10,000,000 . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 480

1

The standard error shown may be applied to any number from 0 through 50.

2

The total count of persons in the area if the estimated total is a personal characteristic, or the total count of housing units in the area if the estimated

total is a housing unit characteristic.

Figure 6–5. Unadjusted Standard Error in Percentage Points for Estimated Percentage

[1990 data. Based on a 1-in-6 simple random sample]

Estimated Percentage

Base of percentage

500 750 1,000 1,500 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 500,000

2 or 981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

5 or 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

10 or 90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1

15 or 85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 2.9 2.5 2.1 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

20 or 80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.3 2.8 2.3 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

25 or 75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.5 3.1 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

30 or 70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 3.7 3.2 2.6 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1

35 or 65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 3.9 3.4 2.8 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2

50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2

1

The percentages may range from 0 through 2 and from 98 through 100.

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1. Find the unadjusted standard error in figure 6–4 or

6–5, choosing the row for the estimated total or

percent.

a. If the estimate is a number (not a percent), use

figure 6–4. Choose the column with the total

number of people, families, or housing units in

the area.

b. If the estimate is a percent, use figure 6–5.

Choose the column using the base (the denominator) of the percentage.

c. In either figure, check the row that estimates

the size of the group of interest (e.g., college

graduates) within the area.

d. If the totals in the rows or columns seem very

different, approximate between them.

2. Determine the standard error design factor.

a. Find the sampling rate for the geographic area

in figure 6–7. (Information on the percent in

sample, by area, appears in printed reports after

the statistical tables. For similar information for

summary tape files, see the ‘‘data matrix’’ for

the tabulation area in the technical documentation.)

b. Find the standard error design factor in figure

6–6 using the sampling rate from step 2a to

choose the column. Suppose more than one of

the subjects listed applies. Look up each factor

and use the largest.

3. Figure the adjusted standard error. Multiply the unadjusted standard error (from step 1) times the standard

error adjustment factor (from 2b).

4. Determine a confidence level. For the 95-percent

confidence interval, multiply the standard error (‘‘s.e.’’)

times 2. Then subtract that amount (–2 s.e.) from the

estimate for the lowest number. Finally, add it (+ 2 s.e.)

to the estimate to get the top of the confidence

interval.

How Does It Work in Practice?

To illustrate, assume the census tract report is for the

Abbeyville MSA. Suppose census tract 18.01 shows 247

women in the labor force with children under 6 years old.

Figure 6–7 shows it had a population of 5,021. But, how

many of these women are really likely to be in that area—at

most and at least?

1. In figure 6–4, choose the fourth column for a population of about 5,000. Use the third row for an estimate

close to 250. This gives a standard error of 35. Since

the numbers in the table approximate the numbers

one has, one can simply use 35.

2. (a) In figure 6–7, the sampling rate for tract 18.01

shows 17 percent.

(b) In figure 6–6, for a sampling rate of 17 percent, the

second column applies. (It covers all rates 15 to

less than 30 percent.) From this column, find the

factor 0.8 for employment status. Since the figure

shows no factors for sex and presence of children,

they cannot be used in this calculation. So use 0.8

as the standard error adjustment factor.

Figure 6–6. Standard Error Design Factors

[Illustrative data]

Percent in sample

Population Subjects

Less than 15

Mixed sample areas1

15 to less than 30 30 to less than 45 45 or more

Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.4 1.0 0.7

Spanish origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.7

Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4

Household relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

Family composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

Ancestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.3 0.9 0.6

School enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4

Years of school

completed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.4

Residence in 1985 ........................................ 2.5 2.2 1.5 1.2

Employment status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4

Place of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.7

Means of transportation to work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.5

Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.5

Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.5

Class of worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.5

Income—persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.4

—families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.4

Poverty status—persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 1.7 1.2 0.8

—families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.4

The Census Bureau took only three samples for any small area: 12 1/ 2, 16 2/ 3, and 50 percent. Because it mixed these samples in such areas as

counties, the average varied.

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3. The estimated standard error for 247 women in the

labor force with children under 6 years old is

35 x 0.8 = 28.

4. The 95-percent confidence interval of this estimate

of 247 is 191 to 303. Here’s why: The 95-percent

interval means 2 standard errors or 2 x 28 = 56;

247 – 56 = 191; and 247 + 56 = 303. So the odds are

19 out of 20 that a 100-percent count question would

have this result. In census tract 18.01, probably between

191 and 303 women in the labor force had children

under 6.

While tables are useful, must one always depend on

them?

Can One Find a Standard Error With a

Calculator?

Figures like 6–4 and 6–5 can help in estimating standard

errors. Yet one still may have to calculate for numbers in

between those given. So it can be simpler to apply a

formula to a calculator, using the square root key.

Table 6–4 came from this formula:

(1) s.e. A = √5A $1 $ A$N$

A is the estimated number, and N equals the number of

persons, families, or housing units in the area.

For example, to determine the unadjusted standard error

for an estimate of 247 persons (A = 247) in an area with

5,021 inhabitants (N = 5,021), the computation is:

(2) s.e. 247 = √5 x 247 x $1 $ 247$5021$

√1174.25 = 34.3

This approximates the 35 in figure 6–4 which is the

unadjusted standard error of an estimate of 250 among

5,000 people.

Standard errors for our tape products can be easily

calculated and programmed for computers. Standard error

design factors like those on figure 6–6 come with the tape

documentation (User Note) and printed reports.

(3)

s.e. p = $ 5P $100 $P$

B

B is the base of the proportion (i.e., P = X/ B x 100)

An unadjusted standard error of 15 percent (P = 15) with

a base of 1,243 (B = 1,243) works out this way:

(4)

s.e. 15% = $

5 x 15 x $100 $ 15$

1243

√5.1 = 2.3 percent

Then the 95-percent interval equals 15 percent plus or

minus 4.6 percent. That means 10.4 to 19.6 percent.

The standard errors these formulas yield look very

precise carried to several decimal places. Yet they are only

estimates. So consider rounding the answer to no more

than two decimal digits after the first zero(s). For example,

.0528 rounds to .053.

How Can Reliability Affect Project Plans?

Assume a community service organization plans to set

up day-care centers in the Abbeyville metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Each would serve the children of every

50 women.

The organization should not assume that a figure of 247

would mean exactly five centers are needed. With the

confidence interval in mind, they should recognize that

from 191 to 303 such women lived there, needing between

four and six centers. (In practice, calculations would probably include other refinements, such as specific ‘‘childbearing’’ ages. Presumably the organization would do further

research—for example, its own sample survey—to add

new information, such as how many people intended to

use the centers, then decide on the actual number of

centers.)

Figure 6–8 also shows how sampling variability affects

census estimates; in this case, counts of people by occupation. For each area, the table shows the estimate, a

95-percent confidence interval, and a ‘‘coefficient of variation.’’ That coefficient expresses the standard error as a

percentage of the estimate and is a useful measure of

precision. The table makes it clear that data for large

counties cover most kinds of jobs quite accurately.

Figure 6–7. Sampling Rate for the Metropolitan Areas,

Counties, Places of 10,000 or More, and

Census Tracts

[Illustrative data]

Persons

100-percent

count Percent in sample

Abbeyville MSA ............... 115,322 22.0

Calder County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,042 18.4

Abbeyville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,452 16.9

Tract 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,034 16.4

Tract 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,252 17.1

Tract 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,689 16.8

Tract 18.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,021 17.0

Tract 18.02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,120 16.7

Tract 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998 16.6

Dorchester Heights . . . . . . . . . . 10,658 16.9

Tract 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,982 17.8

Tract 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,861 16.6

Tract 13p. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,815 14.8

Remainder of county . . . . . . . . 16,932 24.6

Tract 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,380 44.9

Tract 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,401 16.6

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Compare that with census tracts with only 1-in-6 samples in 1980. Take persons in ‘‘service occupations.’’

Large counties show a coefficient of variation of only

2.1 percent. Double that for the 95-percent confidence

interval (2 standard errors above and below the estimate).

That gives a plus or minus 4.2 percent range around the

13,583 figure. So column 2 shows chances are 95 out of

100 that the county has from 13,018 to 14,148 service

workers.4

Now look at service workers in census tracts. They

show a 47.3-percent variation. Again, double the figure for

a 95-percent confidence level. This equals plus or minus

94.6 percent around the 37 figure. That could mean any

number between 2 and 72 people. (Actually, the same

point could be made with any population group—college

graduates, for example. Estimates for small groups within

small areas are subject to important variations.)

How can one get more precision? First, add census

tracts or other areas together. That will mean larger

figures, and larger figures provide more reliable results. For

example, planners can combine some census tracts to

form a city service area. Then they would check related

subjects to get additional and more precise counts. In the

day-care example, a 100-percent count of all children

could supplement the estimate of working mothers.

How Much Does Sample Size Affect Reliability?

The last example shows a sample of 1-in-6 or

16 2/ 3 percent. Samples of 1-in-2 (50 percent) can cut

those standard errors by more than half. The 50-percent

samples apply to certain governmental units, such as

counties, cities, towns, or townships with fewer than 2,500

people. See figure 6–6 for the contrast.

The first column—for the heading ‘‘less than 15’’(percent in sample)—can apply to samples of 1-in-8. The last

column—for ‘‘45 percent or more’’—can apply to samples

of 1-in-2. For a subject like race (the first item listed) the

adjustment factor is more than twice as high for the smaller

sample—1.6 versus 0.7. Figure 6–8 makes the contrast

even sharper by showing areas of very different sizes. It

includes thickly populated counties and mere census

tracts. For the first characteristic listed, the total number of

people employed, the variation is only 0.4 percent

4

Percentages in the table are rounded. Calculated from the plus or

minus 4.2 range, the results are slightly different—13,012 to 14,155.

Figure 6–8. Confidence Intervals for Estimates at Different Levels

[Illustrative data]

Large county

Average sampling rate =

20 percent

Census tract

Sampling rate =

16 2/ 3 percent

Small city

Sampling rate =

50 percent

Census

estimate

95-

percent

confidence

interval

Coefficient of

variation1

(percent)

Census

estimate

95-

percent

confidence

interval

Coefficient of

variation1

(percent)

Census

estimate

95-

percent

confidence

interval

Coefficient of

variation1

(percent)

Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455,021 2,108 2,108

Total employed, 16 years and over . . . . . . . 163,556 162,408 - 164,714 .4 749 671 - 827 5.2 749 710 - 788 2.6

Managerial and professional specialty

occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,753 64,586 - 66,920 .9 299 220 - 378 13.2 299 263 - 335 6.0

Executive, administrative, and managerial . . . . . 22,928 22,202 - 23,654 1.6 107 57 - 157 23.4 107 84 - 130 10.7

Professional specialties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,825 41,856 - 43,794 1.1 192 127 - 257 16.9 192 162 - 222 7.8

Technical, sales, and administrative support . . . . . 57,317 56,216 - 58,418 1.0 336 253 - 419 12.4 336 298 - 374 5.7

Technicians and related support occupations . . 6,001 5,622 - 6,380 3.2 64 25 - 103 30.5 64 46 - 82 14.0

Sales occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,195 12,638 - 13,752 2.1 78 35 - 121 27.6 78 59 - 97 12.2

Administrative support, including clerical . . . . . . 38,121 37,202 - 39,040 1.2 194 129 - 259 16.8 194 164 - 224 7.7

Service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,583 13,018 - 14,148 2.1 37 2 - 72 47.3 37 21 - 53 21.6

Private household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,495 1,305 - 1,685 6.4 – 0 - 35 * – 0 - 16 *

Protective service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,646 2,394 - 2,898 4.8 10 1 - 45 175.0 10 1 - 26 80.0

Service, except protective and household . . . . . 9,442 8,969 - 9,915 2.5 27 1 - 62 64.8 27 11 - 43 29.6

Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. . . . . . . 345 254 - 436 13.2 – 0 - 35 * – 0 - 16 *

Precision production, craft, and repair

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,841 15,233 - 16,449 1.9 55 19 - 91 32.7 55 39 - 71 14.5

Operators, fabricators, and laborers . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,717 10,214 - 11,220 2.3 22 1 - 57 79.5 22 6 - 30 36.4

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,454 4,127 - 4,781 3.7 6 1 - 41 291.2 6 1 - 22 133.0

Transportation and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,378 3,093 - 3,663 4.2 – 0 - 35 * – 0 - 16 *

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers and

laborers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,885 2,622 - 3,148 4.6 16 1 - 51 109.4 16 1 - 32 50.0

* Not derivable.

1

For the ‘‘coefficient of variation,’’ divide the standard error by the estimate.

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for a large county but more than 10 times higher

(5.2 percent) for a census tract—even though the sampling

rate in each is about the same—20 percent versus

16 2/ 3 percent.

Some areas mix the samples. A county might have

some towns or other governmental units under and others

over 2,500 people, as well as areas not in any incorporated

(or other) place. It’s perfectly acceptable to use mixed

samples. The results will be more reliable than smaller

samples, less reliable than larger ones. Figure 6–7 shows

the effect of mixing samples. Notice that the percent

sampled varies from one area to the next—for example,

22 percent in the metropolitan area but only 16.9 percent

in one city.

What if one cuts sample size? Can one limit the effect?

Yes, the Census Bureau did just that in this census.

In the 1990 census, sampling for the country (in round

numbers) averaged 17 percent—down from 19 percent in

1980. To reduce the effect on the data, the statisticians

used smaller samples only in the larger areas. These

‘‘larger areas’’ included populous census tracts in counties, towns, and townships with an estimated number of

housing units of 2,000 or more. The Census Bureau

sampled at a 1-in-8 rate there. That’s down from 1-in-6 in

1980. (It sampled most of the rest of the country, where

most (3 out of 5) people live, just as in 1980—at 1-in-6.)

Where did the population estimates needed to select

these areas come from? The Census Bureau made them

before the census. (For more details on sampling, see ch.

3 of this Guide.)

However sound their sources and however accurate

their computations, data users, nevertheless, must ask

whether the data actually have any meaning for their

purposes.

But how, specifically, can a user test the data for

significance?

When Is a Distinction a Real Difference?

When do differences in estimates mean something?

When do they just arise from random chance? Suppose a

number or percentage applies to two geographic areas (A

and B). This formula approximates the standard error

arising from chance:

(5) s.e. A$B = √s.e. A

2 $ s.e. B2

Example: Assume that the census data for one census

tract shows a 15-percent poverty rate for families, and that

another tract reveals a 10-percent poverty rate. The

100-percent count of families is 1,234 for the first tract and

498 for the second. For both, the sampling rate was 1-in-6.

Yet would a 100-percent count have shown any difference?

Find the standard error for both numbers. Formula (4)

above shows that the unadjusted standard error for

15 percent of 1,234 is 2.3 percent. Figure 6–6 gives 1.0 as

the adjustment factor for the poverty status of families. The

standard error equals 2.3 percent. Figure 6–5 approximates the standard error of 10 percent of 500 families at

3.0 percent. The standard error adjustment factors being

the same, the adjusted standard error is 3.0 percent.

The formula for finding the standard error of the difference between data for two distinct areas is the same as for

(5) above:

(6) s.e. A$B = √s.e. A

2 $ s.e. B2

√$2.3$2 $ $3.0$2

√14.29 = 3.8 percent

This means that the difference between the family poverty

rates in the two census tracts has a 95-percent confidence

interval of plus or minus 7.6 percent. It can range from –2.6

to + 12.6 percent, and that, of course, includes zero (that is,

no difference). This means that random chance alone may

have accounted for the observed difference. In other

words, the census sample does not yield sufficient evidence to conclude that the poverty rates of the two tracts

are different.

How Can One Find Standard Errors for

Averages and Correlations?

The methods above apply to sample estimates and

percentages; they must be modified for dealing with medians and means. (A ‘‘median’’ is the middle number in a

series from highest to lowest. A ‘‘mean’’ is the total amount

divided by the number of items added.) One must also

adjust the methods above for correlations. Appendix C of

the 1990 CPH-3 and other series with sample data will

show how to make the necessary modifications in the

computations.

This section of the chapter has considered sampling

errors. However, another kind of error affects both samples and the 100-percent count they are derived from.

Called ‘‘nonsampling’’ error, it simply refers to any kind of

error not caused by the ‘‘laws of probability’’ inherent in

sampling.

HOW ‘‘NONSAMPLING’’ ERRORS AFFECT THE

DATA

Sampling causes some errors but not all. Even a census

count may differ from what’s called a ‘‘true value.’’ A true

value refers to the actual number in the real world on

Census Day—say, the true number of high school graduates in a particular census tract.

Human and mechanical errors will happen in a census

of a quarter of a billion people. Some people may avoid

being counted, despite the Census Bureau’s many efforts

to include them. Some people might misread questions,

leave out answers, or put answers on the wrong line; and

not all instances of such mistakes might be caught and

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corrected through editing or following up with the people

involved. Also, at every stage of census collection and

processing, clerical and electronic errors can defy careful

efforts at accuracy.

In fact, nonsampling error may be introduced during any

of the various, complex operations used to collect and

process census data.

So how does the Census Bureau deal with such varied

sources of error? For details, refer to the 1990 census

printed reports and technical documentation. Also, chapter

3 of this Guide describes some procedures designed to

prevent or correct certain nonsampling errors. However, a

general idea of the objective and methods of the agency in

dealing with such errors is essential to the practical

understanding of the statistics.

The objective of the census processing operation is to

produce a set of data that describes the population as

accurately as possible. To meet this objective, questionnaires were edited for consistency, completeness, and

acceptability. ( A questionnaire might have every question

answered yet not be acceptable. For example, write-in

entries such as ‘‘don’t know’’ and ‘‘NA’’—for ‘‘not applicable’’—were considered unacceptable.) Questionnaires were

reviewed for omissions, certain specific inconsistencies,

and population coverage. As a result of these operations,

the staff followed up with telephone calls and personal

visits to get the missing information and make corrections.

As part of a research project, discussed at the end of

this chapter, the Census Bureau will judge the effectiveness of these procedures in controlling errors and publish

its findings.

Evaluating the results of nonsampling errors is difficult.

Their effects are by no means equally important. Some

tend to ‘‘cancel each other out;’’ others do not.

‘‘Nonsampling’’ errors may affect data two ways. They

may come randomly. Errors (say, underestimates and

overestimates) may tend to cancel one another out. If they

are not random, they can cause ‘‘bias.’’ That happens

when the same erroneous answers recur more often than

others. Then the numbers tend to err in the same direction.

It becomes a pattern that can distort both a 100-percent

count and a sample. No simple formula or table can cope

with bias. While random errors begin to vanish in large

populations, bias can distort even national data. For

example, researchers have found that many people report,

on questionnaires, that their homes are newer than they

really are. The result is that in some tables in 1980 census

products the number of homes built before 1939 was

underestimated for the whole country. In an effort to

reduce the possibility of this particular bias, the Census

Bureau has added ‘‘Don’t know’’ as an acceptable option

in responding to question H 17, ‘‘About when was this

building built?’’

WHEN ANSWERS ARE MISSING

In the processing operation, the Census Bureau established procedures aimed at producing accurate and complete statistics. Also during the data collection, in central

offices and in the field offices, the staff checked questionnaires for omissions and inconsistencies. They edited

entries, using computers whenever practical. When necessary, they called or visited households.

What Happens When One Answer Is Missing?

If followup efforts failed, computers replaced any missing or inconsistent data items for a person or housing unit.

This procedure is called ‘‘allocation.’’ As in other censuses, the agency used data from persons or housing units

with similar traits. Suppose a questionnaire left ‘‘marital

status’’ blank for a 20-year-old son of the householder.

The computer would fill in the same marital status as the

last son processed in the same age group. Will the answer

be right? For that person—maybe, maybe not. But for an

area as a whole, research shows that discrepancies diminish when the technique is consistently applied. Given the

careful controls, Census Bureau statisticians have found

that such allocations improve the data.

How does it work? Take age data.

1. The computer stores the age for each person whenever reported. It classifies age by sex, relationship to

householder, and marital status. It also notes certain

other traits of that person and other members of the

household.

2. When editing, the computer stores each age entry only

until it processes the next one linked to the same

characteristics. Then it replaces the stored entry with

the new one.

3. When a questionnaire has no answer or an inconsistent answer on age, the computer refers to the last

similar entry. It supplies the age of that person.

This process makes sure that any data allocated mirror

the data actually reported for others living in the same

areas. For an historical account of the procedural details,

subject-by-subject, see the 1990 Census of Population and

Housing History, 1990 CPH-R-2, in preparation. Until it is

published, readers may refer to a 1980 edition by the same

title, series PHC80-R-2C.

What Happens When No Questions Get

Answers?

Editing includes another type of correction. This procedure, sometimes called ‘‘substitution,’’ supplies a full set of

characteristics for a person or housing unit. Suppose a

housing unit was occupied, but the questionnaire did not

list the occupants or it supplied no information on them.

Then, by means of an editing procedure, data from another

occupied housing unit were assigned to the housing unit

with no data. A similar procedure assigned housing data

for vacant units.

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How Can One Find Which Data Were Replaced?

Tables show the extent and effect of replacements.

They follow the data tables in the 1990 CP-1, 1990 CP-2,

1990 CH-1, and 1990 CH-2 reports. They also appear at

the end of the record for each area on all summary tape

files (STF’s).

Allocations can bias data. The traits of those who

answer may differ from those who don’t. For instance,

research shows that those who answer the income question usually have lower incomes than those who don’t.

Substituted data can affect complete counts because they

replace the whole record for a person or housing unit.

Most tables show subject detail only for the Nation or

State. The top of figure 6–9 illustrates that. The first

column shows the data as they appear elsewhere. That

means after the Census Bureau substituted and allocated

data. The second column shows the effect of allocated

data only. The third column shows data without ‘‘imputation.’’ Imputing means substituting and allocating data.

Tables give percentages for each item.

The bottom part of figure 6–9 also covers data allocated

and substituted. It gives rates for each area. It does not

show the subject detail found in the State table at the top.

The table on the bottom includes metropolitan and urbanized areas as well as incorporated (and other) places of

1,000 persons or more. Printed allocation tables exclude

small places, county subdivisions, census tracts, block

numbering areas, block groups, and blocks. Summary tape

files give equal detail for all areas.

The methods (for substituting and allocating data) discussed so far may be familiar to those who used the 1980

census data. For 1990, however, the Census Bureau has

developed a new procedure with a new purpose.

HOW A NEW PROCEDURE PROTECTS

CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND YIELDS

MORE DATA

To maintain confidentiality required by law (in keeping

with Title 13, United States Code), the Bureau of the

Census applies a confidentiality edit to assure published

data do not disclose information about specific individuals,

households, and housing units. The result is that a small

amount of uncertainty is introduced into some of the

census characteristics to prevent identification of specific

individuals, households, or housing units.

The edit is controlled so that the counts of total persons,

totals by race and American Indian tribe, Hispanic origin,

and age 18 years and over are not affected by the

confidentiality edit and are published as collected. In

addition, total counts for housing units by tenure are not

affected by this edit.

For the 100-percent data, the confidentiality edit consists of selecting a sample of households and interchanging their data with data on other households that have

certain identical characteristics but different geographic

locations.

For sample data, the confidentiality edit consists of

selecting a small number of sample households and

erasing data for several items to avoid disclosing information about specific households or individuals. The Census

Bureau then replaced these data with data for other

households with some identical characteristics. As an

extra protection for confidentiality in small areas, the

Census Bureau uses a larger percentage of population in

its samples.

The net result of this procedure is that the data user’s

ability to obtain census data, particularly for small areas

and small groups within the population, has been significantly enhanced. Many statistics will come from the 1990

census that could not have been released in earlier years.

Moreover, studies have demonstrated the high quality of

the data.

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION FOR

CONTINUING IMPROVEMENT

The Census Bureau has initiated the Research, Evaluation, and Experimental (REX) Program to encompass all

research and evaluation projects for the 1990 census. This

program includes evaluations of the coverage of the

census, the accuracy of its content, and analysis of the

efficacy of the data collection and processing operations.

• The Content Studies examine the quality and accuracy

of census data. For instance, one study measures

variance in responses to census questions when the

same questions are asked a second time.

• The Coverage Studies examine the census undercount.

Included in these studies are Demographic Analysis

(DA) research, Post-Enumeration Survey (PES) results,

and Ethnographic Evaluations of Behavioral Causes of

Undercount. In addition, the Coverage Improvement

Techniques evaluations measure the improvement in

the census and the cost effectiveness due to each

census operation.

• The Collection and Processing Studies encompass results

such as those from a survey evaluating outreach efforts

for the 1990 census.

Readers interested in more information about the REX

program and the studies resulting from it may contact the

Research and Evaluation Branch, Decennial Management

Division, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233-

7100; 301-763-2372.

SUMMARY

Getting the most out of census data depends on many

things. It depends, for example, on selecting subjects,

geographic areas, and data products appropriate for a

specific project. It also depends on a practical understanding of statistical principles and procedures that could affect

the data used. Such an understanding is the goal of this

chapter. It offers the following guidelines:

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Figure 6–9. Characateristics of Persons Before and After Allocation and Substitution: 1990

[1990 data. The 1990 report discussed the sample, symbols, and definitions. This report was for Oklahoma]

[1990 data]

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1. Look for corrections. When questions are raised before

a data product is issued, notes or corrections usually

appear in the report or documentation. When questions are raised afterwards, notes come out separately. People who purchase technical documentation

automatically receive notes free by mail. Others may

request notes from Customer Services (Corrections),

Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233-8300.

2. Check definitions before using the data. Common

words can have special meanings. Examples include

‘‘family,’’ ‘‘farm,’’ and ‘‘income.’’ Definitions will appear

in the 1990 census Glossary (to be published), appendixes to technical documentation for data files, and

most published reports.

3. Expect sample and 100-percent data to differ slightly.

The technique, called ‘‘sample weighting,’’ for estimating data for the total population from the sample only

approximates the actual counts.

4. Usually, if 100-percent data are available for an item,

use them. However, if part of a ratio comes from a

sample, so should the rest of it.

5. Use estimates, ‘‘sample data,’’ conservatively. Use

tables on standard errors (along with tables that

compensate for other problems) in the data files and

reports or the formulas in this chapter. These tables

and formulas show how much confidence to put in an

estimate—the ‘‘confidence interval.’’ One can be more

confident that a number will be within a wide range

rather than a narrow one. ‘‘Sampling variability’’ refers

to that range. That variation comes from the chance

one takes in using an estimate instead of a count. It

might be trivial for large populations, crucial for small

ones. Use estimates cautiously if the number of

responses is small.

6. Be aware of errors in the 100-percent count. ‘‘Nonsampling’’ errors affect both the sample and the

100-percent counts from which they are chosen. Both

are affected by inconsistent answers, undercount, and

other problems in collecting and processing data. The

Census Bureau is studying the effect of errors and will

publish its findings.

7. Keep in mind the steps the Census Bureau takes to

protect confidential information. For the 1990 census,

the staff developed a new program called the confidentiality edit. Now people will have more data about

small areas to use for planning and the like—with no

risk that personal information might be disclosed.

With these considerations in mind, one can use the data

wisely for many needs.

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CHAPTER 7.

Further Assistance

Page

Introduction ---------------------------------------------- 113

Principal Sources of Assistance---------------------------- 113

Services to Users ----------------------------------------- 115

Other Census Bureau Data Resources---------------------- 115

For More Information-------------------------------------- 117

INTRODUCTION

Where can users go for guidance about using census

data? What services are offered? Who offers them? What

publications are the best sources of additional information?

This chapter answers these questions. First, it briefly

describes sources of assistance. Then, it provides a chart

specifying services and the organizations that provide

them. Finally, it cites reference guides and other publications that are important sources of additional information.

The services and other assistance discussed here

generally apply to the Census Bureau’s surveys, economic

censuses, and other statistical activities, in addition to the

1990 census.

PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE

Census Bureau

Regional Offices—The Census Bureau’s 12 regional offices

(listed in fig. 7–1) have information specialists to assist

users in a variety of ways. They answer inquiries about

Census Bureau programs and products, make presentations, assist people in getting the data they need, and

conduct training courses and workshops for groups interested in the statistical programs of the Census Bureau.

The regional offices also maintain libraries of Census

Bureau publications that are available to users for reference.

Washington, DC Headquarters—The Data User Services Division prepares reference materials (such as guides,

newsletters, and catalogs) and handles product inquiries.

Through its Customer Services, it also sells computer

tapes, CD-ROM’s, and other machine-readable products;

census maps; some publications; and microfiche. The

division offers an electronic bulletin board (301-763-7554)

that users may access to learn of the latest data product

releases. The Data User Services Division also maintains

an online system, called CENDATATM, that presents a

wide variety of current economic and demographic data,

including key excerpts of data from 1990 census products.

Two information service companies are offering CENDATATM to their customers. For more information about

CENDATATM content and online services contact: CompuServe, 800-848-8199; or DIALOG Information Services,

800-334-2564. Or, for content information only: Data User

Services Division, 301-763-2074

Other Census Bureau staff answer inquiries about their

subject specialties (such as population, income, housing,

retail trade, or agriculture) and prepare special tabulations

from original census or survey records. A telephone contacts list, found in the appendix under ‘‘Census Bureau —

Washington,’’ gives the names and phone numbers of

Census Bureau staff according to their areas of expertise.

In addition to the training offered by Census Bureau

regional office staff, headquarters staff periodically conducts seminars and workshops in Washington, DC and

other cities on various topics. They last from one-half day

to 4 days, and there is a nominal fee. Current courses

include:

• In the Eye of the TIGER

• 1990 Census Data for Small Computers

• Understanding Federal Statistics

• 1990 Census Public Use Microdata Samples

The Census Bureau also has a Census Education

Project for elementary and secondary schools and colleges. The Census Bureau prepares such items as instructors’ guides, application exercises, bibliographies, and

visual aids.

For information about training, conferences, and classroom materials, contact the Training, Education, and Marketing Staff (TEAMS), Data User Services Division, Bureau

of the Census, Washington, DC 20233-8300 (301-763-

1510).

State Data Centers

All States, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico,

and the Virgin Islands of the United States have established State Data Centers (SDC’s)—including State-level

organizations and their affiliates (a total of about 1,400

organizations). These centers have been set up through

cooperative agreements between the Census Bureau and

the States and other areas to improve access to and use

of the Census Bureau and related statistical resources.

SDC’s provide users with consultation services, tape

processing services, training courses, and in some cases,

analytical support for planning, research, and decision

making. Generally, these services are provided at cost.

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The statistics on hand at SDC organizations are for the

State as a whole and local areas within the State; some

holdings include data for other States as well.

SDC organizations are listed in the appendix under

‘‘Data Centers.’’

Business/ Industry Data Centers

A number of States also participate in the Census

Bureau’s Business/ Industry Data Center (BIDC) Program.

Participants receive economic data and related assistance

and training from the Census Bureau and other Federal

agencies to further economic development in their States

and to assist businesses and other users of economic

data. (Participants are noted in the appendix in the ‘‘Data

Centers’’ list.)

Census Information Centers

The Census Bureau also sponsors Census Information

Centers, a program to give nonprofit organizations better

access to census data with a focus on minority concerns.

Participants receive relevant Census Bureau data and

disseminate them to their member organizations and the

public. The Census Bureau is conducting a pilot project

with these groups:

Asian American Health Forum

San Francisco, CA (415-541-0866)

IndianNet Information Center

Washington, DC (202-338-8809)

National Council of La Raza

Washington, DC (202-289-1380)

National Urban League

Washington, DC (202-898-1604)

Southwest Voter Research Institute

San Antonio, TX (512-222-8014)

For more information about this program, contact the

National Services Program at the Census Bureau

(301-763-1384).

National Clearinghouse for Census Data

Services

The National Clearinghouse for Census Data Services is

a register of organizations that offer users special assistance in obtaining and using data and related products

prepared by the Census Bureau. The organizations offer

assistance ranging from informational services, such as

seminars or workshops, to technical services, such as

providing tape copies or advice about software for using

TIGER extract files.

Clearinghouse organizations are not franchised, established, or supported by the Bureau. Each organization

determines its own methods of operation, prices, and

clientele eligible for services. The appendix lists these

organizations.

Figure 7–1. Census Bureau Regional Offices—Information Services

Atlanta, GA

101 Marietta Street, N.W.

30303-2700

Telephone: 404-730-3833

Boston, MA

Boston Federal Office Bldg., Rm. 553

10 Causeway Street

02222-1084

Telephone: 617-565-7078

Charlotte, NC

222 South Church Street, Suite 505

28202-3220

Telephone: 704-344-6144

Chicago, IL

175 West Jackson Blvd., Rm. 527

60604-2689

Telephone: 312-353-0980

Dallas, TX

6303 Harry Hines Blvd., Rm. 210

75235-5228

Telephone: 214-767-7105

Denver, CO

6900 W. Jefferson Avenue

P.O. Box 272020

80227-9020

Telephone: 303-969-7750

Detroit, MI

27300 West 11 Mile Road, Suite 200

Southfield, MI 48034-2244

Telephone: 313-354-4654

Kansas City, KS

Gateway Tower II, Suite 600

400 State Avenue

66101-2410

Telephone: 913-236-3711

Los Angeles, CA

15350 Sherman Way, Suite 300

Van Nuys, CA 91406-4224

Telephone: 818-904-6339

New York, NY

Jacob K. Javits Federal Bldg.

26 Federal Plaza, Rm. 37-130

10278-0044

Telephone: 212-264-4730

Philadelphia, PA

105 South 7th Street, 1st fl.

19106-3395

Telephone: 215-597-8313

Seattle, WA

101 Stewart Street, Suite 500

98101-1098

Telephone: 206-728-5314

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Other Sources of Assistance

The U.S. Department of Commerce offices in major

cities keep reference libraries that include Census Bureau

publications. Many of the more than 1,400 Federal depository libraries and all Census depository libraries also have

Census Bureau publications for reference. The appendix

includes lists of the Commerce offices and depository

libraries. Since holdings vary greatly, it is wise to call ahead

and make sure needed materials are on hand.

Other government agencies, libraries, and private firms

not connected with the Census Bureau sometimes have

census reports for reference and offer other assistance.

Also, many Federal agencies offer a variety of other

statistics (see appendix).

SERVICES TO USERS

As suggested in the preceding sections, various organizations provide services of value to data users. These

services and the organizations likely to offer them are

summarized in figure 7–2. More information about any of

the services discussed may be obtained from Census

Bureau regional offices or from the Customer Services,

Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233-8300.

OTHER CENSUS BUREAU DATA RESOURCES

This section provides an overview of the statistical

programs the Census Bureau is responsible for in addition

to the census of population and housing.

Figure 7–2. Guide to Census Data Services

Service Where to find it1

Offering access to census reports and microfiche for reference- Census Bureau regional offices (figure 7–1), State

Data Center (SDC) organizations, Business/

Industry Data Center (BIDC) organizations, Department of Commerce offices, many libraries

Answering questions about which data are available and where

to find them ---------------------------------------------------------- Census Bureau regional offices and headquarters, SDC organizations, BIDC organizations, many

libraries

Offering access for reference to printouts and reports generated from census summary tape files ------------------------------ SDC organizations, BIDC organizations, and some

National Clearinghouse organizations

Analyzing data, preparing special studies, and producing tabulations generated from summary tape files and public-use microdata files ------------------------------------------------------------- SDC organizations, BIDC organizations, National

Clearinghouse organizations

Selling census publications and printed maps --------------------- U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) and its

bookstores. (Publications out of stock at GPO are

sometimes available from Customer Services at

the Census Bureau.)

Selling data on computer tape, CD-ROM, microfiche, and other

media ----------------------------------------------------------------- Customer Services, Census Bureau; State Data

Center organizations; BIDC organizations; some

National Clearinghouse organizations

Selling census maps (prepared on electrostatic plotters)--------- Customer Services, Census Bureau

Selling online access to CENDATATM------------------------------ CompuServe and DIALOG, information service

companies

Preparing customized data products from the Census Bureau

nonpublic files-------------------------------------------------------- Census Bureau (see discussion in ch. 5)

Training (in workshops, seminars, etc.) concerning census data

products and maps, and how to select and use data------------- Census Bureau regional offices and Training,

Education, and Marketing Staff (TEAMS), Data

User Services Division; State Data Center organizations; some National Clearinghouse organizations

1

The appendix provides lists of several of the sources noted here. The service offered will vary greatly from one organization

to another, as will charges (if any) for services.

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Data users will find more information about them and

descriptions of their data products in the annual Census

Catalog and Guide. Special guides and brochures are also

prepared for most of them. Contact the Census Bureau’s

Customer Services for more information.

Demographic and Housing Programs

Three types of programs complement the 10-year census: surveys, estimates, and special censuses.

Much of the current population data from the Census

Bureau is derived from the Current Population Survey

(CPS). The monthly CPS is the most important survey

vehicle for preparing intercensal estimates of the characteristics of the Nation’s population. It is a sample survey of

the civilian noninstitutional population of the United States

and includes about 57,000 households.

The Census Bureau conducts the CPS under the sponsorship of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Mainly designed

to collect monthly information on unemployment and the

labor force, the survey also covers a range of population

characteristics such as marriage, household composition,

migration, work history, and income.

The CPS updates census data and also touches on

subjects not covered in the census. For instance, every

2 years, coinciding with National elections, the November

CPS asks whether respondents have registered and voted.

Although more current than the census, the survey is not

large enough to permit the preparation of statistics for

small geographic areas. Instead, the survey produces

statistics for the Nation, census regions, some States, and

the largest metropolitan areas.

In October 1983, the Census Bureau initiated the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). The SIPP

is a nationwide survey designed to provide comprehensive

longitudinal information on the economic situation of households and persons in the United States. This survey was

the first to regularly collect information on cash and

noncash income, eligibility and participation in various

government transfer programs, labor force status, assets

and liabilities, and many other topics to learn how changes

in people’s lives affect their economic well-being. The

survey sample currently consists of about 20,000 households.

In addition to conducting current surveys, the Census

Bureau helps prepare population estimates under the

Federal-State Cooperative Program. For this program, the

Census Bureau and State agencies jointly prepare annual

county estimates for use in State and Federal planning and

funding.

Using administrative and other records, the Census

Bureau periodically produces population estimates for all

of the country’s general purpose governmental units.

It makes annual and monthly estimates of the population of the United States by age, race, and sex; annual

estimates of States by age; and annual total population

estimates for metropolitan areas (MA’s). The Census

Bureau also prepares a variety of population projections.

The American Housing Survey (AHS), previously called

the Annual Housing Survey, provides current housing data.

The survey, sponsored by the Department of Housing and

Urban Development, updates housing information from the

census and provides statistics on environmental conditions and on various housing quality indicators not covered

in the census. For example, the AHS records whether a

home has a leaky roof, holes in the walls, broken steps, or

peeling paint. The AHS consists of two separate parts: a

national sample of housing units surveyed every other year

in odd-numbered years; and a sample from 44 MA’s, 11 of

which are surveyed each year over a 4-year period.

Upon request, the Census Bureau conducts special

population censuses for counties, cities, villages, townships, and school districts needing up-to-date census

figures. The requesting governments pay all associated

expenses.

A special census can be conducted only with the

authorization of the appropriate State or local government.

For example, a countywide census must have the approval

of the governing board of the county. A State or county

can, however, contract to have a census taken for less

than the entire jurisdiction.

For more information about special censuses, authorized local officials should write or call the Office of Special

Censuses, ISPC, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC

20233-3600, telephone 301-763-8321.

Economic Censuses and Surveys

The economic censuses provide statistics about business establishments once every 5 years, covering years

ending in ‘‘2’’ and ‘‘7.’’ The 1987 Economic Censuses

include the censuses of retail trade, wholesale trade,

service industries, transportation, manufactures, mineral

industries, and construction industries. Also included are

related programs, such as statistics on minority- and

women-owned businesses, enterprise statistics, and censuses of economic activity in Puerto Rico and some of the

outlying areas under U.S. jurisdiction. Reports from the

1992 Economic Censuses (taken in 1993) will start

appearing in late 1993.

Several key statistics are tabulated for all industries

covered in the censuses. They include number of establishments, number of employees, payroll, and measure of

output (sales or receipts, and value of shipments or of work

done). Other items vary from sector to sector.

The Census Bureau also has programs that provide

current statistics on such measures as total sales of

particular kinds of businesses or production of particular

products for the United States. These programs include

monthly, quarterly, and annual surveys, the results of

which appear in publication series such as Current Business Reports and Current Industrial Reports. The County

Business Patterns program offers annual statistics based

on data compiled primarily from administrative records,

including those from Puerto Rico.

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Agriculture Census and Surveys

The agriculture census is conducted concurrently with

the economic censuses. It is the only source of uniform

agricultural data at the county level. It also covers Puerto

Rico and outlying areas. It provides data on such subjects

as the number and size of farms; land use and ownership;

livestock, poultry, and crops; and value of products sold.

The Census Bureau conducted, for the United States

only, the Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey (1988), Census

of Horticulture Specialties (1988), and Agricultural Economics and Land Ownership Survey (1988) in conjunction with

the 1987 Census of Agriculture. Results appear in a variety

of data products.

Governments Census and Surveys

The census of governments, also for years ending in

‘‘2’’ and ‘‘7,’’ covers all types of governments: Federal,

State, county, municipal (place), township (county subdivision), school district, and special district. It provides data

on such subjects as number of public employees, payrolls,

revenue, and expenditures.

Annual and quarterly surveys cover the same principal

subjects but generate data only for States and the largest

local governments.

Foreign Trade Statistics

Monthly U.S. merchandise trade data compiled by the

Census Bureau summarize export and import transactions

and are based on the official documents filed by shippers

and receivers. These figures reflect the flow of merchandise but not intangibles like services and financial commitments. The trade figures trace commodity movements out

of and into the U.S. Customs jurisdiction, which includes

Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands of the United States as

well as the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Data are

published separately on trade between the United States

and Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United States,

and other U.S. territories.

Other Statistical Activities

The Census Bureau also offers international data. It

maintains an international data base that is available to the

public on computer tape and is used to produce the

biennial World Population Profile report. It prepares studies

dealing with the demographic and economic characteristics of other countries and world regions.

Statistical compendia are another important data product. These publications (sometimes also offered in machinereadable form) draw data from many sources and reorganize them for convenient use. The most widely used

compendia are the annual Statistical Abstract of the United

States, and the periodic County and City Data Book and

the State and Metropolitan Area Data Book. They are

described below.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

The publications cited in the following sections are

those most likely to be of interest to users of 1990 census

data. The reports fall into three categories: 1990 censusrelated publications, 1980 census-related publications, and

general reference publications. Entries include the symbols * or + to indicate where they can be ordered:

* Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or its bookstores, listed

in the appendix. (To charge to VISA, MasterCard, or GPO

deposit account, call 202-783-3238.)

+ Customer Services, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233-8300. (301-763-4100)

Further information about any publication listed here

may be obtained by contacting a Census Bureau regional

office or Customer Services.

Guidance for 1990 Census Users

The following publications are designed to furnish guidance, suggestions on using data, and other assistance to

data users. They are either already available or are planned

for publication during the next few years as 1990 census

results become available. (Information on data report

series and other data products is found in ch. 5.)

• Census ABC’s—Applications in Business and Community. 1989. 16 pp. Free.+ This booklet is designed for

people with little or no previous exposure to census data

or statistics in general. It introduces readers to the 1990

census and offers numerous illustrations of practical

applications of the data in situations likely to be encountered by small-business people and persons involved in

community or neighborhood activities.

• Census ’90 Basics. 1990. 20 pp. Free.+ This booklet

highlights what information data users need to decide

whether 1990 census data will be useful to them and, if

so, which products to consider and how to obtain them.

The booklet outlines census preparation and collection,

subjects covered, geographic areas reported, data products, delivery media (including machine-readable), maps,

reference publications, and sources of products and

assistance.

• 1990 Census of Population and Housing Tabulation and

Publication Program. 1989. 51 pp. Free.+ This booklet

gives complete descriptions of 1990 products, estimated

publication dates, and a comparison of 1990 products

with those of 1980.

• 1990 Census of Population, Alphabetical Index of Industries and Occupations. Series 1990 CPH-R-3. 1992.

$19.* GPO Stock No. 003-024-08080-0. It includes

about 20,000 industry and over 29,000 occupation titles

used in the population census, based on current U.S.

standards for occupations.

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• 1990 Census of Population, Classified Index of Industries and Occupations. Series 1990 CPH-R-4. 1992.

$14.* GPO Stock No. 003-024-08081-8. It presents, for

each category in the industrial and occupational classification systems represented in the alphabetical index

above, the individual titles that constitute the category.

• Counting for Representation: The Census and the Constitution. 1987. 8 pp. Free.+ This brochure presents a

discussion of apportionment and the Census Bureau’s

role in it. It was written to celebrate the Constitution

Bicentennial (1987) and to anticipate the Census Bicentennial (1990). The message in the brochure is twofold:

(1) apportionment is one of the Constitution’s main ways

to maintain balance and equity in government; and (2)

being counted in the 1990 census is the way to make

sure the Constitution continues to work in that respect.

The history of apportionment and redistricting is traced,

complete with figures and photos.

• Data Developments. Issued irregularly. Free.+ These

booklets describe data files released by the Census

Bureau. They provide information on the file’s subject

matter, geographic coverage, reference materials, and

how to order.

• Strength in Numbers: Your Guide to 1990 Census Redistricting. Revised, 1991. 12 pp. Free.+ This booklet is a

comprehensive guide to the redistricting data available

from the Census Bureau to State officials and others

interested in the redistricting process. It includes explanations of congressional reapportionment and Public

Law 94-171, the 1975 statute requiring the Census

Bureau to provide redistricting data to States. Most

helpful is indepth coverage of maps and population

tables used in redrawing legislative and voting district

boundaries.

• TIGER: The Coast-to-Coast Digital Map Data Base.

1990. 20 pp. Free.+ This booklet describes the structure

and uses of the Topologically Integrated Geographic

Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) System, an automated geographic data base. With TIGER extract files

and suitable software, users can plot maps, display data

from data files on maps, build geographic information

systems, and accomplish other tasks.

• Maps and More: Your Guide to Census Bureau Geography. 1992. 16 pp. Free.+ This booklet describes and

illustrates 1990 census geographic entities, maps, and

geographic files, and illustrates their use. Information on

geographic entities and products related to other Census Bureau censuses and surveys also is included.

Publications on the 1980 Census

The following publications furnish information about the

1980 census that any user planning comparisons of 1980

and 1990 data will find valuable.

Among the kinds of information to be found in these

publications are descriptions of 1980 data products, definitions of population and housing concepts, and indexes to

the tabulations. Some of the publications contain guidance

for understanding the data products and examples of how

to use the data that are also applicable to the 1990 census.

• Data Developments. Issued irregularly. Free.+ This

booklet series is described in the section above. See any

recent edition of the Census Catalog and Guide for a

listing of issues concerning 1980 census products.

• Guide to the 1980 Census Data on the Elderly. 1987.

572 pp. Out of print.+ Available on microfiche or paperprints. This guide specifies where to look in the 1980

census data products for data on the older population.

References cover all of the main sources of such data

from the 1980 census. The data available provide social,

economic, demographic, and housing characteristics of

the elderly.

• Neighborhood Statistics From the 1980 Census. 1984.

15 pp. Free from Data Access and Use Staff, Bureau of

the Census, Washington, DC 20233-8300; 301-763-

1584. This booklet is a brief illustrated guide to 1980

census data on neighborhoods. It describes statistics

available from narrative profiles and tables. It features

the uses of the data in social programs, ranging from

education to housing and from daycare to aid to the

elderly.

• Users’ Guide (PHC80-R1). Part A. 1982. 127 pp. Out of

print. Available on microfiche or paperprints.+

Supplement 1. 1982. 89 pp. $6.+

Supplement 2. 1983. 148 pp. $4.25.+

This multivolume guide is a valuable reference source

for the 1980 census.

Part A. Text is similar in organization and content to

this 1990 census guide.

Supplement 1 includes Part B, Glossary; Updates

(November 1982) to Part A; and Appendix A, ‘‘Sources

of Assistance.’’ Part B, Glossary, provides detailed

definitions of population, housing, geographic, and technical terms associated with the census—especially important for people using 1980 data on tape or microfiche.

Supplement 2 consists of Part C, Index to Summary

Tape Files 1 to 4. It is an index, subject by subject, to the

hundreds of tables in the first four Summary Tape Files

(STF’s 1, 2, 3, and 4). It also furnishes table outlines for

the STF’s, showing exactly which categories are included

and how they are presented.

Publications for General Reference

The following is a list of key reference publications for

data users. These materials describe the products and

services of the Census Bureau or, in the case of statistical

compendia, furnish extensive data. They also direct data

users to more detailed information about data developments and statistical reports.

118 FURTHER ASSISTANCE 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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• Census and You. Monthly. 8-16 pp. Annual subscription, $18.* (Sample copy free from Customer Services.+ )

This newsletter provides continuous reporting on plans

for upcoming censuses, availability of statistical reports,

workshops and conferences, user-oriented products and

programs developed by the Census Bureau, applications

of census data, new computer programs, data products

from other Federal agencies, and more.

• Census Catalog and Guide. (Call Customer Services for

information on the latest edition.) This annual, cumulative publication (editions normally appear in midsummer)

describes all products (reports, maps, microfiche, computer tapes, diskettes, CD-ROM’s, and online data) the

Census Bureau issues, with ordering information and

prices. An appendix lists State Data Centers and their

local affiliates; other governmental, academic, and private organizations that can help data users; Federal and

Census depository libraries; Census Bureau specialists

by subject of expertise; and important statistical reports

from other Federal agencies.

• County and City Data Book. (CCDB; a periodic Statistical

Abstract supplement. Call Customer Services for information on the latest edition.) (Also available on microfiche, tape, diskette, and CD-ROM.+ ). The CCDB presents recent data on population, income, and employment;

vital statistics; data on agriculture, business, and manufacturing; and other data from the Census Bureau, other

Government agencies, and private sources. It provides

statistics for every county and for every city with a

population of 25,000 or more, as well as for metropolitan

areas, States, regions, and divisions. It also provides a

limited set of data for places with 2,500 or more. Special

sections provide rankings for counties and cities, and

population data for county seats.

• Factfinder for the Nation, series CFF. Issued irregularly.

Individual brochures: multiple copies available for nominal prices, single copies free.+ Each brochure describes

the range of Census Bureau materials available on a

given subject and suggests some of their uses.

1. Statistics on Race and Ethnicity. 1991. 4 pp.

2. Availability of Census Records About Individuals. 1989.

4 pp.

3. Agricultural Statistics. 1989. 4 pp.

4. History and Organization. 1988. 12 pp.

5. Reference Sources. 1991. 12 pp.

6. Housing Statistics. 1991. 6 pp.

7. Population Statistics. 1991. 6 pp.

8. Census Geography—Concepts and Products. 1991.

8 pp.

9. Construction Statistics. 1989. 4 pp.

10. Retail Trade Statistics. 1989. 4 pp.

11. Wholesale Trade Statistics. 1989. 4 pp.

12. Statistics on Service Industries. 1989. 4 pp.

13. Transportation Statistics. 1989. 4 pp.

14. Foreign Trade Statistics. 1990. 4 pp.

15. Statistics on Manufactures. 1990. 4 pp.

16. Statistics on Mineral Industries. 1990. 4 pp.

17. Statistics on Governments. 1990. 4 pp.

18. Census Bureau Programs and Products. 1990. 16 pp.

19. Enterprise Statistics. 1991. 4 pp.

20. Energy and Conservation Statistics. 1991. 4 pp.

21. International Programs. 1991. 4 pp.

22. Data for Small Communities. 1991. 12 pp.

• Monthly Product Announcement. Monthly. 8-16 pp. Subscription, free.+ A listing of new products—publications,

microfiche, maps, computer tapes, diskettes, and CDROM’s—made available during the previous month. In

addition to titles, entries include such information as

GPO stock number or catalog numbers, Census Bureau

series designations, and prices. Brief descriptions of

some of the new products are also provided. Each

Announcement includes order forms. For more frequent

new product updates, access CENDATATMor subscribe

to the Daily List ($300 per year; contact Customer

Services).

• State and Metropolitan Area Data Book. (A periodic

Statistical Abstract supplement. Call Customer Services

for information on the latest edition.) The volume presents data for States and metropolitan areas (MA’s) and

the central cities and component counties of MA’s. The

data are drawn from the population and housing census,

the economic censuses, Census Bureau surveys, and

other governmental and private sources. Special sections provide rankings of States and MA’s by various

characteristics.

• Statistical Abstract of the United States: [year]. (Call

Customer Services for information on the latest edition.)

The volume provides a standard annual summary of

statistics on the social, political, and economic characteristics of the United States. It also includes a guide to

sources, listing over 1,000 publications; footnotes provide additional sources. Some tables are available on

CENDATATM.

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE FURTHER ASSISTANCE 119
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APPENDIX

Sources of Assistance

Many organizations throughout the Nation offer information and services to users of Census Bureau data. They

often have at least some products from this Guide on hand

for reference or purchase. Others offer statistical information from other sources, perhaps in addition to Census

Bureau data.

To aid you in locating the information or services you

need, the following pages provide lists (noted at right) of

key sources of data and assistance. Additional information

about most of the organizations listed is found in chapter 7.

Page

Government Printing Office Bookstores --------------- A–2

Census Bureau—Regional Information Services ------ A–2

Census Bureau—Washington -------------------------- A–2

Department of Commerce, International Trade

Administration (ITA) Offices -------------------------- A–4

Data Centers -------------------------------------------- A–5

National Clearinghouse --------------------------------- A–27

Population Estimates Contacts ------------------------ A–31

Federal Depository Libraries --------------------------- A–33

Federal Statistical Reports by Agency ----------------- A–45

Other Federal Sources of Statistics -------------------- A–52

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE A–1
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GOVERNMENT PRINTING

OFFICE BOOKSTORES

Atlanta, GA—Rm. 100, Federal Building, 275

Peachtree St., N.E., 30343. 404-331-

6947

Birmingham, AL—O’Neill Building, 2021 3rd

Avenue North, 35203. 205-731-1056

Boston, MA—Thomas P. O’Neill Federal

Building, 10 Causeway Street, Room

179, 02222. 617-720-4180

Chicago, IL—Room 1365, Federal Building,

219 South Dearborn Street, 60604.

312-353-5133

Cleveland, OH—Room 1653, Federal Building, 1240 East 9th Street, 44199. 216-

522-4922

Columbus, OH—Room 207, Federal Building, 200 North High Street, 43215. 614-

469-6956

Dallas, TX—Room 1050, Federal Building,

1100 Commerce Street, 75242. 214-

767-0076

Denver, CO—Room 117, Federal Building,

1961 Stout Street, 80294. 303-844-

3964

Detroit, MI—Suite 160, Federal Building, 477

Michigan Avenue, 48226. 313-226-7816

Houston, TX—Texas Crude Building, Suite

120, 801 Travis Street, 77002. 713-

228-1187

Jacksonville, FL—Room 158, Federal Building, 400 West Bay Street, 32202. 904-

353-0569

Kansas City, MO—120 Bannister Mall, 5600

East Bannister Road, 64137. 816-765-

2256

Los Angeles, CA—ARCO Plaza, C-Level,

505 South Flower Street, 90071. 213-

239-9844

Milwaukee, WI—Room 190, Federal Building, 517 E. Wisconsin Avenue, 53202.

414-297-1304

New York, NY—Room 110, Federal Building,

26 Federal Plaza, 10278. 212-264-3825

Philadelphia, PA—Robert Morris Building,

100 North 17th Street, 19103. 215-597-

0677

Pittsburgh, PA—Room 118, Federal Building,

1000 Liberty Avenue, 15222. 412-644-

2721

Portland, OR—1305 S.W. First Avenue,

97201. 503-221-6217

Pueblo, CO—World Savings Building, 720

North Main Street, 81003. 719-544-

3142

San Francisco, CA—Room 1023, Federal

Building, 450 Golden Gate Avenue,

94102. 415-252-5334

Seattle, WA—Room 194, Federal Building,

915 Second Avenue, 98174. 206-553-

4271

Washington, DC and vicinity—Government

Printing Office, 710 North Capitol

Street, N.W., 20401. 202-512-0132

Washington, DC—Farragut West, 1510 H

Street, N.W., 20005. 202-653-5075

Government Printing Office, Warehouse

Sales Outlet, 8660 Cherry Lane, Laurel,

MD 20707. 301-953-7974

CENSUS BUREAU—

REGIONAL INFORMATION

SERVICES

Atlanta, GA—101 Marietta St., N.W., 30303-

2700. 404-730-3833

Boston, MA—Room 553, Boston Federal

Office Building, 10 Causeway Street,

02222-1084. 617-565-7078

Charlotte, NC—Suite 505, 222 S. Church

Street, 28202-3220. 704-344-6144

Chicago, IL—Room 527, 175 W. Jackson

Boulevard, 60604-2689. 312-353-0980

Dallas, TX—Room 210, 6303 Harry Hines

Blvd., 75235-5228. 214-767-7105

Denver, CO—6900 West Jefferson Avenue,

Lakewood, 80235-2307. 303-969-7750

Detroit, MI—27300 West 11 Mile Road,

Suite 200, Southfield, 48034-2244. 313-

354-4654

Kansas City, KS—One Gateway Center,

Fifth Floor, Fourth and State Streets,

66101-2419. 913-236-3711

Los Angeles, CA—Suite 300, 15350 Sherman Way, Van Nuys, 91406-4224. 818-

904-6339

New York, NY—Room 37-130, Jacob K.

Javits Federal Building, 26 Federal

Plaza, Room 37-130, 10278-0044. 212-

264-4730

Philadelphia, PA—First Floor, 105 South 7th

Street, 19106-3395. 215-597-8313

Seattle, WA—101 Stewart St., Suite 500,

98101-1098. 206-728-5314

CENSUS BUREAU—

WASHINGTON

Note—Unless otherwise indicated, all

telephone numbers listed below are in area

code 301. The mailing address is as follows:

Name

Title, or the acronym or abbreviation in

parentheses following the name in the

listings below.

Bureau of the Census

Washington, DC 20233

EXECUTIVE STAFF

Director, Dr. Barbara Everitt Bryant, 763-

5190

Deputy Director, C. Louis Kincannon, 763-

5192

Associate Director for Decennial Census,

Charles D. Jones, 763-5180

Associate Director for Demographic Programs, William P. Butz, 763-5167

Associate Director for Economic Programs,

Charles A. Waite, 763-5274

Associate Director for Field Operations, Bryant Benton, 763-7247

Associate Director for Management Services, Bryant O. Benton (Acting), 763-

7980

Associate Director for Statistical Design,

Methodology, and Standards, Robert D.

Tortora, 763-2562

Assistant Director for Administration,

Clifford J. Parker, 763-2350

Assistant Director for Automated Data Processing, Arnold A. Jackson, 763-2360

Assistant Director for Communications,

John J. Connolly, 763-4055

Assistant Director for Decennial Census,

Peter A. Bounpane, 763-5613

Assistant Director for Economic and Agriculture Censuses, Roger H. Bugenhagen,

763-2076

FREQUENTLY CALLED NUMBERS

Census Customer Services, 763-4100 (Fax:

763-4794)

Census Job Information (Recording), 763-

6064

Census Personnel Locator, 763-7662

Congressional Affairs, 763-2446

Population Information, 763-5002/ 5020

(TTY)

Public Information Office, 763-4040

KEY USER CONTACTS

Age Search (Access to Personal Census

Records)—Staff (DUSD), 763-7936

Bulletin Board—Nancy Smith (DUSD), 763-

1580

Business/ Industry Data Centers—John

Rowe (DUSD), 763-1580

Census Catalog—John McCall (DUSD), 763-

1584

CD-ROM—Staff (DUSD), 763-4677

CENDATA—Staff (DUSD), 763-2074

Census and You (Monthly Newsletter)—

Jackson Morton/ Neil Tillman (DUSD),

763-1584

Census History—Frederick Bohme

(DUSD), 763-7936

Census Information Centers—Larry Carbaugh (DUSD), 763-1384

Clearinghouse for Census Data Services—

Staff (DUSD), 763-1580

Confidentiality and Privacy Issues— Jerry

Gates (PPDO), 763-5063

County and City, State and Metropolitan

Area Data Books—Wanda Cevis

(DUSD), 763-1034

Customer Services—Staff (DUSD), 763-4100

Education and Curriculum Support

Projects—Staff (DUSD), 763-1510

Exhibits, Conventions—Joanne Dickinson

(DUSD), 763-2370

Guides—Gary Young (DUSD), 763-1584

Historical Statistics—Staff (DUSD), 763-7936

International Visitors Program—Nina Pane

Pinto/ Gene Vandrovec (ISPC), 763-

2839

Legislation—Valerie Gregg/ Velma Lacy

(PPDO), 763-7787/ 4001

Library—Staff (DUSD), 763-5042

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Monthly Product Announcement—Mary

Kilbride (DUSD), 763-1584

Ordering Information (Computer Software/

Tapes, Microfiche, Publications, etc.)—

Customer Services (DUSD), 763-4100

Public-Use Microdata Samples—Carmen

Campbell (DUSD), 763-2005

State Data Center Program—Sam Johnson

(DUSD), 763-1580

Statistical Abstract—Glenn King (DUSD),

763-5299

Statistical Briefs—Robert Bernstein (DUSD),

763-1584

Training Courses—Staff (DUSD), 763-1510

Year 2000 Research and Development—

Staff (2KS), 763-4271

DEMOGRAPHIC PROGRAMS

Decennial Census:

Content (General)—Al Paez (DPLD), 763-

4251

Content and Tabulations (Program Design)—

Patricia Berman (DPLD), 763-7094

Count Complaints 1990 Census—Ed Kobilarcik (DPLD), 763-4894

Counts for Current Boundaries—Joel Miller

(GEO), 763-5720

Count Information, Decennial Census—Staff

(POP), 763-5002/ 5020

Demographic Analysis—Gregg Robinson

(POP), 763-5590

Litigation—Valerie Gregg (PPDO), 763-7787

Post-Enumeration Surveys—Howard Hogan

(STSD), 763-1794

Reapportionment/ Redistricting—Marshall

Turner, (DUSD), 763-5820

Sampling Methods, Decennial Census—

Henry Woltman (STSD), 763-5987

Special Tabulations of Housing Data—Bill

Downs (HHES), 763-8553

Special Tabulations of Population Data—

Rosemarie Cowan, (POP), 763-7947

Tabulations and Publications (General)—

Cheryl Landman/ Gloria Porter (DPLD),

763-3938/ 4908

User-Defined Areas Program (Neighborhood

Statistics)—Adrienne Quasney (DPLD),

763-4282

Housing and Income:

American Housing Survey—Edward Montfort

(HHES), 763-8551

Components of Inventory Change Survey—

Jane Maynard (HHES), 763-8551

Income Statistics—Staff (HHES), 763-8576

Information, Decennial Census—Bill Downs

(HHES), 763-8553

Market Absorption/ Residential

Finance—Anne Smoler/ Peter Fronczek

(HHES), 763-8552

New York City Housing and Vacancy

Survey—Margaret Harper (HHES), 763-

8171

Vacancy Data—Paul P. Harple, Jr. (HHES),

763-8551

International Statistics:

Africa, Asia, Latin America, North America,

and Oceania—Frank Hobbs (CIR), 763-

4221

China, People’s Republic—Judith Banister

(CIR), 763-4012

Europe—Godfrey Baldwin (CIR), 763-4022

Health—Peter Way (CIR), 763-4086

International Data Base—Peter Johnson

(CIR), 763-4811

Soviet Union—Marc Rubin (CIR), 763-4022

Women in Development—Ellen Jamison

(CIR), 763-4086

Population:

Age and Sex (States, Counties)—Staff

(POP), 763-5072

Age and Sex (U.S.)—Staff (POP), 763-7950

Aging Population—Arnold Goldstein (POP),

763-7883

Apportionment—Robert Speaker (POP),

763-7962

Child Care—Martin O’Connell/ Amara Bachu

(POP), 763-5303/ 4547

Citizenship—Staff (POP), 763-7955

Commuting: Means of Transportation; Place

of Work—Phil Salopek/ Celia Boertlein

(POP), 763-3850

Consumer Expenditure Survey—Gail Hoff

(DSD), 763-2063

Crime—Larry McGinn (DSD), 763-1735

Current Population Survey—Ronald Tucker

(DSD), 763-2773

Disability—Jack McNeil (HHES), 763-8300

Education—Staff (POP), 763-1154

Employment, Unemployment—Thomas

Palumbo/ Selwyn Jones (HHES), 763-

8574

Estimates—Staff (POP), 763-7722

Families—Staff (POP), 763-7987

Farm Population (See Agriculture for other

topics)—Don Dahmann (POP), 763-

5158

Fertility/ Births—Martin O’Connell/ Amara

Bachu (POP), 763-5303/ 4547

Foreign Born—Staff (POP), 763-7955

Group Quarters Population—Denise Smith

(POP), 763-7883

Health Surveys—Robert Mangold (DSD),

763-5508

Hispanic and Other Ethnic Population Statistics—Staff (POP), 763-7955

Homeless Population—Cynthia Taeuber

(POP), 763-7883

Household Estimates for States and Counties—Staff (POP), 763-5221

Household Wealth—Staff (HHES), 763-8578

Households and Families—Steve Rawlings

(POP), 763-7987

Immigration (Legal/ Undocumented), Emigration—Karen Woodrow (POP), 763-5590

Journey to Work—Phil Salopek/ Gloria

Swieczkowski (POP), 763-3850

Language—Staff (POP), 763-1154

Longitudinal Surveys—Ronald Dopkowski

(DSD), 763-2767

Marital Status; Living Arrangements—Arlene

Saluter (POP), 763-7987

Metropolitan Areas (MA’s)—Richard Forstall

(POP), 763-5158

Migration—Diana DeAre (POP), 763-3850

National Estimates and Projections—Staff

(POP), 763-7950

Occupation and Industry Statistics— Staff

(HHES), 763-8574

Outlying Areas—Michael Levin (POP), 763-

5134

Place of Birth—Kristin Hansen (POP), 763-

3850

Population Information—Staff (POP), 763-

5002/ 5020 (TTY)

Poverty Statistics—Staff (HHES), 763-8578

Prisoner Surveys—Larry McGinn (DSD),

763-1735

Race Statistics—Staff (POP), 763-

2607/ 7572

Sampling Methods—Preston J. Waite (SMD),

763-2672

School District Data—Jane Ingold (POP),

763-5476

Special Population Censuses—Ronald

Dopkowski (DSD), 763-2767

Special Surveys—Ronald Dopkowski (DSD),

763-2767

State Projections—Staff (POP), 763-1902

State and Outlying Areas Estimates—Staff

(POP), 763-5072

Survey of Income and Program Participation

(SIPP)

SIPP: General Information—Staff (DSD),

763-2764

SIPP: Statistical Methods—Raj Singh

(SMD), 763-7944

SIPP: Products—Carmen Campbell

(DUSD), 763-2005

Travel Surveys—John Cannon (DSD), 763-

5468

Veterans Status—Thomas Palumbo/ Selwyn

Jones (HHES), 763-8574

Voting and Registration—Jerry Jennings

(POP), 763-5080

Women—Denise Smith (POP), 763-7883

ECONOMIC PROGRAMS

Agriculture:

Crop Statistics—Donald Jahnke (AGR), 763-

8567

Data Requirements and Outreach—Douglas

Miller (AGR), 763-8561

Farm Economics—James Liefer (AGR), 763-

8514

General Information—Tom Manning (AGR),

1-800-523-3215

Irrigation and Horticulture Statistics and Special Surveys—John Blackledge (AGR),

763-8560

Livestock Statistics—Linda Hutton (AGR),

763-8569

Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, Northern

Marianas—Kent Hoover (AGR), 763-

8564

Business Statistics:

Characteristics of Business Owners— Margret Allen (ESD), 763-5517

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE CENSUS BUREAU—WASHINGTON A–3
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 5 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

Foreign Trade:

Trade Data Services—Haydn Mearkle (FTD),

763-5140/ 7754

Shippers’ Declaration—Hal Blyweiss (FTD),

763-5310

Retail Trade:

Advance Monthly Sales, Annual Sales,

Monthly Inventories—Ronald Piencykoski (BUS), 763-5294

Census—Ann Russell (BUS), 763-7038

Monthly Retail Trade Report—Irving True

(BUS), 763-7128

Service Industries:

Census—Jack Moody (BUS), 763-7039

Current Selected Services Reports—

Thomas Zabelsky (BUS), 763-5528

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate (Census)—Sidney Marcus (BUS), 763-1386

Utilities, Communication, and Transportation

Census—Dennis Shoemaker (BUS),

763-2662

Wholesale Trade:

Census—John Trimble (BUS), 763-5281

Current Sales and Inventories—Dale Gordon

(BUS), 763-3916

Construction Statistics:

Building Permits (C40 Series)—Linda Hoyle

(CSD), 763-7244

Census—Bill Visnansky (CSD), 763-7546

New Residential Construction:

Characteristics, Price Index, Sales (C25

Series)—Steve Berman (CSD), 763-

7842

Housing Starts (C20 Series)/ Completions

(C22 Series)—David Fondelier (CSD),

763-5731

New Construction in Selected MSA’s (C21

Series)—Dale Jacobson (CSD), 763-

7842

Survey of Residential Improvements and

Repairs (C50 Series)—George Roff

(CSD), 763-5705

Value of New Construction Put in Place

(C30 Series)—Allan Meyer (CSD), 763-

5717

Governments:

Criminal Justice Statistics—Staff (GOVS),

763-7789

Employment—Staff (GOVS), 763-5086

Federal Expenditure Data—Staff (GOVS),

763-5276

Finance—Henry Wulf (GOVS), 763-7664

Governmental Organization—Staff (GOVS),

763-7789

Operations Support and Analysis—William

Fanning (GOVS), 763-4403

Survey Operations—Genevieve Speight

(GOVS), 763-7783

Taxation—Gerard Keffer (GOVS), 763-5356

Manufacturing:

Concentration, Exports from Manufacturing

Establishments, and Production Index—

Bruce Goldhirsch (IND), 763-1503

Durables (Census/ Annual Survey)—Kenneth

Hansen (IND), 763-7304

Durables (Current Industrial Reports)—Ken

McBeth/ Milbren Thomas (IND), 763-

2518

Fuels/ Electric Energy Consumed—John

McNamee (IND), 763-5938

Industries—John P. Govoni (IND), 763-7666

Monthly Shipments, Inventories, Orders—

Kathy Menth (Acting) (IND), 763-2502

Nondurables (Census/ Annual Survey)—

Michael Zampogna (IND), 763-2510

Nondurables (Current Industrial Reports)—

Thomas Flood (IND), 763-5911

Research and Development, Capacity, Pollution Abatement—Elinor Champion

(IND), 763-5616

Special Topics:

County Business Patterns—Zigmund Decker

(ESD), 763-5430

Economic Census Products—Paul Zeisset

(ECS), 763-1792

Employment/ Unemployment Statistics—

Gordon Lester/ Thomas Palumbo

(HHES), 763-8574

Enterprise Statistics—John Dodds (ESD),

763-1758

Geographic Areas of the Economic Censuses—Staff (GEO), 763-4667

Industry and Commodity Classification—

Alvin Venning (ESD), 763-1935

Investment in Plant and Equipment—John

Gates (IND), 763-5596

Mineral Industries—John McNamee (IND),

763-5938

Minority- and Women-Owned Businesses—

Margret Allen (ESD), 763-5517

Quarterly Financial Report—Paul Zarrett

(ESD), 763-2718

Accounting and Related Issues— Ronald

Lee (ESD), 763-4270

Classification—Frank Hartman (ESD), 763-

4274

Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands,

Guam:

Censuses of Agriculture, Construction, Manufactures, Retail Trade, Services, and

Wholesale Trade— Odell Larson/ Kent

Hoover (AGR), 763-8226/ 8564

Transportation:

Truck Inventory and Use —William Bostic

(BUS), 763-2735

GEOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS AND

PRODUCTS

Area Measurement—Don Hirschfeld (GEO),

763-5720

Boundaries of Legal Areas:

Annexations, Boundary Changes— Nancy

Goodman (GEO), 763-3827

State Boundary Certification—Louise Stewart (GEO), 763-3827

Census Geographic Concepts—Staff (GEO),

763-5720

Census Tracts:

Address Allocations—Ernie Swapshur

(GEO), 763-5720

Boundaries, Codes, Delineation— Cathy

Miller (GEO), 763-3827

Centers of Population—Don Hirschfeld

(GEO), 763-5720

Congressional Districts:

Address Allocations—Ernie Swapshur

(GEO), 763-5692

Boundaries, Component Areas— Robert

Hamill (GEO), 763-572

Maps:

1980 Census Map Orders—Ann Devore

(DPD), 812-288-3192

1990 Census Maps—Staff (DUSD), 763-

4100

Cartographic Operations—Staff (GEO),

763-3973

Computer Mapping—Fred Broome (GEO),

763-3973

Metropolitan Areas (MSA’s, PMSA’s, and

CMSA’s)—James Fitzsimmons (POP),

763-5158

Outlying Areas—Lourdes Flaim (DPLD), 763-

2903

Statistical Areas—Staff (GEO), 763-3827

TIGER System:

Applications—Larry Carbaugh (DUSD),

763-1384

Future Plans—Staff (GEO), 763-4664

Products—Staff (DUSD), 763-4100

Urban/ Rural Residence—Robert Speaker

(POP), 763-7962

Voting Districts—Cathy McCully (GEO), 763-

3827

ZIP Codes:

Demographic Data—Staff (DUSD), 763-

4100

Economic Data—Anne Russell (BUS), 763-

7038

Geographic Relationships—Rose Quarato

(GEO), 763-4667

STATISTICAL STANDARDS AND

METHODOLOGY

Statistical Research for Demographic

Programs—Lawrence Ernst (SRD), 763-

7880

Statistical Research for Economic Programs— Nash J. Monsour (SRD), 763-

5702

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

ITA OFFICES

ALABAMA, Birmingham—Room 302, Berry

Building, 2015 2nd Avenue North,

35205. 205-731-1331

ALASKA, Anchorage—Suite 319, World

Trade Center Alaska, 4201 Tudor Center Drive, 99508. 907-271-6237

A–4 COMMERCE ITA OFFICES 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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ARIZONA, Phoenix—Room 3412, Federal

Building, 230 North First Avenue,

85025. 602-379-3285.

ARKANSAS, Little Rock—Suite 811,

USAble Corporate Center, 320 West

Capitol Avenue, 72201. 501-324-5794

CALIFORNIA, Los Angeles—Room 9200,

11000 Wilshire Boulevard, 90024. 310-

575-7105

Santa Ana—Suite 1, 116-A West 4th

Street, 92701. 714-836-2461

San Diego—Suite 230, 6363 Greenwich

Drive, 92122. 619-557-5395

San Francisco—14th Floor, 250 Montgomery Street, 94104. 415-705-2310

COLORADO, Denver—Suite 680, 1625

Broadway, 80202. 303-844-3246

CONNECTICUT, Hartford—Room 610-B,

Federal Building, 450 Main Street,

06103. 203-240-3530

FLORIDA, Miami—Suite 224, Federal Building, 512 S.W. First Avenue, 33130.

305-536-5268

Clearwater—128 North Osceola Avenue,

34615. 813-461-0011

Orlando—C/ O Central Florida University,

College of Business Administration,

Room 346, CEBA II, 32816. 407-648-

6235

Tallahassee-Room 366-G Collins Building,

107 West Gaines Street, 32399-2000.

904-488-6469

GEORGIA, Atlanta—Plaza Square North,

Suite 405, 4360 Chamblee Dunwoody

Road, 30341. 404-445-7860

Savannah—Room A-107, 120 Barnard

Street, 31401. 912-652-4204

HAWAII, Honolulu—P.O. Box 50026, 300

Ala Moana Boulevard, 96850. 808-541-

1782

IDAHO, Boise—2nd Floor Joe R. Williams

Building, 700 West State Street, 83720.

208-334-9254

ILLINOIS, Chicago—Room 1406, 55 East

Monroe Street, 60603. 312-353-4450

Wheaton—Illinois Institute of Technology,

201 East Loop Road, 60187. 312-353-

4332

Rockford—P.O. Box 1747, 515 North

Court Street, 61110-0247. 815-987-

4347

INDIANA, Indianapolis—Suite 520, One

North Capitol, 46204. 317-226-6214

IOWA, Des Moines—Room 817, Federal

Building, 210 Walnut Street, 50309.

515-284-4222

KANSAS, Wichita—Kansas City, Missouri

District Office, 151 N. Volutsia, 67214-

4695. 316-269-6160

KENTUCKY, Louisville—Room 636-B,Gene

Snyder Courthouse and Customhouse

Building, 601 West Broadway, 40202.

502-582-5066

LOUISIANA, New Orleans—432 World

Trade Center, No. 2 Canal Street,

70130. 504-589-6546

MAINE, Augusta—Boston District Office,

77 Sewall Street, 04330. 207-622-8249

MARYLAND, Baltimore—413 U.S. Customhouse, 40 South Gay Street, 21202.

410-962-3560

Gaithersburg—C/ O National Institute of

Standards and Technology, Building

411, 20899. 301-975-3904

MASSACHUSETTS, Boston—Suite 307,

World Trade Center, Commonwealth

Pier Area, 02210. 617-565-8563

MICHIGAN, Detroit—1140 McNamara Building, 477 Michigan Avenue, 48226. 313-

226-3650

Grand Rapids—300 Monroe N.W. 49503.

616-456-2411

MINNESOTA, Minneapolis—108 Federal

Building, 110 South Fourth Street,

55401. 612-348-1638

MISSISSIPPI, Jackson—201 West Capital

Street, Suite 310, 39213. 601-965-4388

MISSOURI, St. Louis—Suite 610, 7911 Forsyth Boulevard, 63105. 314-425-3302

Kansas City—Room 635, 601 East 12th

Street, 64106. 816-426-3141

NEBRASKA, Omaha—11133 0 Street,

68137. 402-221-3664

NEVADA, Reno—1755 East Plumb Lane,

No. 152, 89502. 702-784-5203

NEW HAMPSHIRE, Concord—Boston District Office, State of New Hampshire,

Department of Resources and Economic Development, 172 Pembroke

Road, 03302-0856. 603-271-2591

NEW JERSEY, Trenton—Suite 100, 3131

Princeton Pike Building, No. 6, 08648.

609-989-2100

NEW MEXICO, Albuquerque—Room 320,

625 Silver S.W., 87102. 505-766-2070

NEW YORK, Buffalo—1312 Federal Building, 111 West Huron Street, 14202.

716-846-4191

Rochester—Suite 220, 111 East Avenue,

14604. 716-263-6480

New York—Room 3718, 26 Federal Plaza,

10278. 212-264-0634

NORTH CAROLINA, Greensboro—Suite

400, 400 West Market Street, 27401.

919-333-5345

OHIO, Cincinnati—9504 Federal Building,

550 Main Street, 45202. 513-684-2944

Cleveland—Room 600, 668 Euclid Avenue,

44114. 216-522-4750

OKLAHOMA, Oklahoma City—6601 Broadway Extension, 73116. 405-231-5302

Tulsa—440 South Houston Street, 74127.

918-581-7650

OREGON, Portland—Suite 242, One World

Trade Center, 121 S.W. Salmon,

97204. 503-326-3001

PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia—Suite 202,

475 Allendale Road, King of Prussia,

19406. 717-386-3580

Pittsburgh—2002 Federal Building, 1000

Liberty Avenue, 15222. 412-644-2850

PUERTO RICO, San Juan (Hato Rey)—

Room G-55, Federal Building, Chardon

Avenue, 00918. 809-766-5555

RHODE ISLAND, Providence—Boston District Office, 7 Jackson Walkway, 02903.

401-528-5104

SOUTH CAROLINA, Columbia—Suite 172,

Strom Thurmond Federal Building,

1835 Assembly Street, 29201. 803-765-

5345

Charleston—Room 128, J. C. Long Building, 9 Liberty Street, 29424. 803-727-

4361

TENNESSEE, Knoxville—301 East Church

Avenue 37915. 615-549-9268

Memphis—Suite 200, The Falls Building,

22 North Front Street, 38103. 901-544-

4137

Nashville—Suite 114, Parkway Towers,

404 James Robertson Parkway, 37219-

1505. 615-736-5161

TEXAS, Dallas—World Trade Center, P.O.

Box 58130, 2050 North Stemmons

Freeway, S. 170, 75242-0787. 214-767-

0542

Austin—Suite 1200, 816 Congress Avenue,

P.O. Box 12728, 78711. 512-482-5939

Houston—Room 2625 Federal Courthouse

Building, 515 Rusk Street, 77002. 713-

229-2578

UTAH, Salt Lake City—Suite 105, 324 South

State Street, 84111. 801-524-5116

VIRGINIA, Richmond—8010 Federal Building, 400 North 8th Street, 23240. 804-

771-2246

WASHINGTON, Seattle—Suite 290, 3131

Elliott Avenue, 98121. 206-553-5615

WEST VIRGINIA, Charleston—Suite 807,

405 Capitol Street, 25301. 304-347-

5123

WISCONSIN, Milwaukee—Room 596, 517

East Wisconsin Avneue, 53202. 414-

297-3473

DATA CENTERS

This section lists organizations associated

with two Census Bureau-sponsored programs:

the State Data Center Program and the Business/ Industry Data Center Program. The State

Data Centers (SDC’s) receive Census Bureau

data products for their States and make the

data and related services available to users.

The Business/ Industry Data Centers (BIDC’s)

also receive data products and complement

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA CENTERS A–5
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the work of the SDC’s. They focus especially

on economic data and assistance to businesses and economic development agencies

in their State. See chapter 7 for additional

information about the SDC and BIDC Programs.

All States, the District of Columbia, Puerto

Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam have

SDC programs. Many have also established

BIDC programs. The programs have designated lead agencies, coordinating agencies,

and affiliates. In the following joint listing,

BIDC participants are identified by ‘‘(BIDC)’’ at

the end of an entry. Organizations that are

both SDC and BIDC participants are noted

similarly: ‘‘(SDC/ BIDC).’’

ALABAMA

Lead Agency

Annette Watters, Alabama State Data Center, Center for Business and Economic

Research, University of Alabama, P.O.

Box 870221, Tuscaloosa, 35487-0221.

205-348-2953

Coordinating Agencies

Parker Collins, Office of State Planning,

Department of Economic and Community Affairs. P.O. Box 250347, Montgomery, 36125-0347. 205-284-8630

Hilda Dent, Alabama Public Library Service,

6030 Monticello Dr., Montgomery,

36130. 205-277-7330

Affiliates

Anniston—East Alabama Regional Planning

and Development Commission. 205-

237-6741

Auburn—Center for Governmental Services,

Auburn University. 205-844-4781

Birmingham—Birmingham Area Chamber of

Commerce. 205-323-5461

Birmingham Public Library. 205-226-3680

Birmingham Regional Planning Commission. 205-251-8139

Center for Urban Affairs, University of Alabama at Birmingham. 205-934-3500

Camden—Alabama-Tombigee Regional

Commission. 205-682-4234

Decatur—North Central Alabama Regional

Council of Governments. 205-355-4515

Dothan—Houston-Love Memorial Library.

205-793-9767

Southeast Regional Planning and Development Commission. 205-794-4093

Gadsden—Gadsden Public Library. 205-

549-4699

Huntsville—Huntsville Public Library. 205-

532-5975

Top of Alabama Regional Council of Governments. 205-533-3330

Jacksonville—Center for Economic Development and Business Research, Jacksonville State University. 205-782-5324

Livingston—Livingston University. 205-652-

9661

Mobile—Mobile Public Library. 205-434-

7078

South Alabama Regional Planning Commission. 205-433-6541

University of South Alabama Library. 205-

460-7024

Montgomery—Central Alabama Planning

and Development Commission. 205-

262-4300

South Central Alabama Development Commission. 205-244-6903

Muscle Shoals—Northwest Alabama Council of Local Governments. 205-383-

3861

Normal—Department of Community Planning and Urban Studies, Alabama A &

M University. 205-851-5425

Opelika—Lee-Russell County Area Council

of Governments. 205-749-5264

Troy—Troy State University Library. 205-

566-8112

Tuscaloosa—West Alabama Planning and

Development Council. 205-345-5545

ALASKA

Lead Agency

Kathryn Lizik, State Data Center, Department of Labor, Research and Analysis,

P.O. Box 25504, Juneau, 99802-5504.

907-465-4500

Coordinating Agencies

Jim Kerr, Institute for Social and Economic

Research, University of Alaska, 3211

Providence Drive, Anchorage, 99508.

907-786-7710

Jack Kreinheder, Office of Management and

Budget, Division of Policy, Pouch AD,

Juneau, 99811. 907-465-3568

Catherine Gruenberg, Department of Education, Division of Libraries and Museums,

Alaska State Library, Pouch G, Juneau,

99811-0571. 907-465-2927

Laura Walters, Department of Community

and Regional Affairs, Division of Municipal and Regional Assistance, PO Box

BH, Juneau, 99811. 907-465-4756

Affiliates

Anchorage—Alaska Department of Labor.

907-264-2400

Economic Development and Planning

Department. 907-343-4222

Bethel—Kuskokawim Consortium Library.

907-543-4516

Fairbanks—Elmer Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska. 907-474-7624

North Star Borough, Community Research

Center. 907-459-1212

Homer—Homer Public Library. 907-235-

3180

Ketchikan—Ketchikan Gateway Planning

Department. 907-225-6151

Ketchikan Public Library. 907-225-3331

Kodiak—Legislative Information Office. 907-

486-8116

Nome—Learning Resource Center, Northwest Community College. 907-443-2201

Palmer—Palmer City Library. 907-745-4690

MAT-SU Borough Planning. 907-745-9660

Petersburg—Petersburg Public Library. 907-

772-3349

Sitka—Sitka Legislative Information Office.

907-747-6276

Soldotna—Kenai Peninsula Borough. 907-

262-4441

Wrangell—Irene Ingle Public Library. 907-

874-3535

ARIZONA

Lead Agency

Betty Jeffries, Arizona Department of Economic Security, 1300 West Washington,

SE Wing, Site Code 045Z, P.O. Box

6123, Phoenix, 85005. 602-542-5984

Coordinating Agencies

Dr. Joseph J. Walka, College of Business

Administration, Northern Arizona University, Box 15066, Flagstaff, 86011.

602-523-3657

Janet Fisher, Department of Library,

Archives, and Public Records, Federal

Documents Section, Capitol, 2nd Floor,

1700 West Washington, Phoenix,

85007. 602-621-4121

Tom Rex, Center for Business Research,

College of Business Administration, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287.

602-965-3961

John Prechtel, College of Business and Public Administration, Division of Economic

and Business Research, University of

Arizona, Tucson, 85721. 602-621-2155

Affiliates

Bisbee—Cochise County Library. 602-432-

5741

Southeast Arizona Governments Organization. 602-432-5301

Flagstaff—Flagstaff City/ Coconino County

Public Library. 602-779-7670

Northern Arizona Council of Governments.

602-774-1895

Northern Arizona University Library. 602-

523-6805

Florence—Central Arizona Association of

Governments. 602-868-5878

Kingman—Mohave County Library District.

602-735-0707

Western Arizona Council of Governments.

602-753-6247

Mesa—Mesa Public Library. 602-834-2714

Miami—Gila County Public Library. 602-473-

2621

Nogales—Nogales/ Santa Cruz County

Public Library. 602-287-3343

Parker—Parker/ La Paz County Public

Library. 602-669-2644

Phoenix—Arizona Department of Commerce. 602-280-1321

Indian Development District of Arizona.

602-433-1700

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Maricopa County Human Resources

Department. 602-261-5911

Phoenix Public Library. 602-534-0596

Valle Del Sol. 602-258-6797

Prescott—Yavapai County Library District.

602-771-3191

St. Johns—Apache County Library. 602-

337-4405

Tempe—Arizona State University, College of

Law Library. 602-965-6141

Arizona State University, Hayden Library.

602-965-3387

Tucson—Government Documents Library,

University of Arizona. 602-621-6433

Tucson Planning Department Library. 602-

791-4234

Tucson Public Library. 602-791-4041

Yuma—Western Arizona Council of Governments. 602-782-1886

Yuma County Library District. 602-782-

5697

ARKANSAS

Lead Agency

Sarah Breshears, State Data Center, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801

South University Avenue, Little Rock,

72204. 501-569-8530

Coordinating Agencies

Mary Honeycutt, Arkansas State Library, 1

Capitol Mall, Little Rock, 72201. 501-

682-2864

Coy Cozart, Arkansas Employment Security

Division, Research and Analysis Section, P.O. Box 2981, Little Rock,

72203. 501-682-3159

Affiliates

Batesville—White River Planning and

Development District. 501-793-5233

White River Regional Library. 501-793-

8896

Blytheville—Mississippi County Library. 501-

762-2442

Dardanelle—Arkansas River Valley

Regional Library. 501-229-4418

Fayetteville—Ozarks Regional Library. 501-

442-6253

Fort Smith—Fort Smith Public Library. 501-

783-0229

West Arkansas Planning and Development

District. 501-785-2651

Harrison—North Arkansas Regional Library.

501-741-3665

Northwest Arkansas Economic Development District. 501-741-5404

Hope—Southwest Arkansas Regional

Library. 501-777-2957

Hot Springs—West Central Arkansas Planning and Development District. 501-

624-1036

Jonesboro—Crowley Ridge Regional

Library. 501-935-5133

East Arkansas Planning and Development

District. 501-932-3957

Little Rock—Central Arkansas Library

System. 501-370-5952

Metroplan. 501-372-3300

Lonoke—Central Arkansas Planning and

Development District. 501-676-2721

Magnolia—Columbia-Lafayette-QuachitaCalhoun Regional Library. 501-234-

1991

Southwest Arkansas Planning and Development District. 501-234-4030

Memphis, TN—MS-AR-TN Council of Governments. 901-576-4610

Monticello—Southeast Arkansas Regional

Library. 501-367-8584

Pine Bluff—Public Library of Pine Bluff and

Jefferson County. 501-534-4802

Southeast Arkansas Economic Development District. 501-536-1971

Southeast Arkansas Regional Planning

Commission. 501-534-4247

Springdale—Northwest Arkansas Regional

Planning Commission. 501-751-7125

Texarkana—Ark-Tex Council of Governments. 903-832-8636

CALIFORNIA

Lead Agency

Linda Gage, State Census Data Center,

Department of Finance, 915 L Street,

Sacramento, 95814. 916-322-4651

Coordinating Agencies

Ilona Einowski/ Fred Gey, U.C. Data Archive

and Technical Assistance, University of

California-Berkeley, 2538 Channing

Way, Berkeley, 94720. 510-642-6571

Javier Minjares, Southern California Association of Governments, 818 West 7th

Street, Los Angeles, 90017. 213-236-

1800

Frank Barron, Association of Monterey Bay

Area Governments, P.O. Box 838,

Marina, 93933-0838. 408-883-3750

Patricia Perry, Association of Bay Area Governments, Metro Center, 8th and Oak

Sts., P.O. Box 2050, Oakland, 94604-

2050. 415-464-7937

Bob Faseler, Sacramento Area COG, 3000

S. Street, No. 300, Sacramento,

95816. 916-441-5930

Karen Lamphere, San Diego Association of

Governments, First Federal Plaza, 401

B Street, Suite 800, San Diego, 92101-

3585. 619-232-0124

Affiliates

Bakersfield—Kern County COG. 805-861-

2191

Berkeley—Institute of Government Studies,

University of California-Berkeley. 510-

642-6571

Institute of Government Studies. 415-642-

3020

Davis—Institutes of Government Affairs,

University of California-Davis. 916-752-

2045

El Centro—Imperial County Division of

Community Development. 619-339-

4280

Eureka—Humboldt County Library. 707-445-

7284

Fresno—Community Development Office.

209-488-2992

Hanford—Kings County Regional Planning

Agency. 209-582-3211 ext. 2674

Hayward—Alameda County Planning

Department. 415-670-5400

Los Angeles—Los Angeles County Planning Department. 213-974-6476

Population Research Laboratory, University

of Southern California. 213-743-2950

United Way of Los Angeles. 213-736-1300

Madera—Madera County Planning Department. 209-675-7821

Martinez—Contra Costa County Planning

Department. 415-646-2035

Merced—Merced County Association of

Governments. 209-723-3153

Modesto—Stanislaus County Association of

Governments. 209-525-7830

Monterey—Association of Monterey Bay

Area Governments. 408-373-6116

Napa—City of Napa Planning Department.

707-257-9530

Nevad—Nevade County Planning Department. 916-265-1440

Oakland—Metropolitan Transportation Community. 415-464-7957

Oroville—Butte County Planning Department. 916-538-2140

Placerville—Department of Transportation.

916-621-5982

Quincy—Planning Department. 916-283-

0946

Red Bluff—Tehama County Planning

Department. 916-527-2200

Redding—Shasta County Planning Department. 916-225-5185

Redwood City—San Mateo County Planning Department. 415-363-4161

Riverside—Riverside County Planning

Department. 714-275-1888

Rohnert—Department of American Multicultural Studies. 707-664-2968

San Bernardino—San Bernardino County

Land Management Department. 714-

387-4283

San Diego—Greater San Diego Chamber of

Commerce. 619-232-0124

San Diego County Department of Planning

and Land Use. 619-565-3284

San Francisco—San Francisco Department

of City Planning. 415-558-6254

San Jose—Santa Clara County Planning

Department. 408-299-2521

San Luis Obispo—San Luis Obispo County

Planning Department. 805-549-5600

Santa Ana—Orange County Administrative

Office. 714-834-3031

Santa Barbara—Santa Barbara CountyAssociation of Governments, Area

Planning Council. 805-568-2546

University of California, Geography Department. 805-961-3831

Sonora—Central Sierra Planning Council.

209-532-8768

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA CENTERS A–7
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Stockton—San Joaquin County Council of

Governments. 209-468-3913

Ukiah—Mendocino County Planning Department. 707-463-4281

Ventura—Ventura County Planning Department. 805-654-3583

Visalia—Tulare County Planning and Development. 209-733-6790

Yreka—Siskiyou County Planning Department. 916-842-8200

COLORADO

Lead Agency

Reid Reynolds, Colorado Department of

Local Affairs, Division of Local Government, 1313 Sherman Street, Rm. 521,

Denver, 80203. 303-866-2156

Coordinating Agencies

Richard Wobbekind, Business Research

Division, Graduate School of Business,

University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, 80309. 303-492-8227

Sue Anderson, Department of Agriculture,

Natural Resources and Economics,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

80523. 303-491-5706

Suzanne Taylor, Documents Department,

The Libraries, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523. 303-491-1800

Affiliates

Alamosa—San Luis Valley Regional Development and Planning Commission, 719-

589-7925

Aurora—Aurora Public Business Resource

Library. 303-340-2290

Boulder—Norlin Library, University of Colorado. 303-492-8834

Canon City—Upper Arkansas Area Council

of Governments. 719-275-4191

Colorado Springs—Pikes Peak Area Council of Governments. 719-471-7080

Pikes Peak Library District. 719-473-2080

University of Colorado Library. 719-593-

3175

Craig—Craig-Moffat County Library. 303-

824-5116

Denver—Auraria Library and Media Center.

303-556-3532

Colorado Highway Department, Division of

Transportation Planning. 303-757-9756

Colorado Supreme Court Library. 303-861-

1111 ext. 172

Denver Public Library. 303-571-2131

Denver Regional Council of Governments.

303-455-1000

Division of Health Policy Planning and Statistics, Department of Health. 303-320-

8475

Latin American Research and Service

Agency. 303-839-8300

University of Denver Penrose Library. 303-

871-2212

Durango—Durango Public Library. 303-247-

2492

Fort Lewis College Library. 303-247-7252

Fort Collins—Larimer County Planning. 303-

221-7000.

Fort Morgan—Northeastern Colorado Association of Local Governments. 303-867-

9409

Frisco—Northwest Colorado Council of

Governments. 303-573-7611

Golden—Arthur Lakes Library-Colorado

School of Mines. 303-273-3695

Grand Junction City—Mesa County Library.

303-243-4783

Greeley—Michener Library. 303-351-1528

Gunnison—Leslie Savage Library, Western

State College. 303-943-2860

Lakewood—Jefferson County Library. 303-

232-7833

La Junta—Woodruff Memorial Library. 719-

384-4612

Lamar—Lamar Community College Library.

303-336-2248

Littleton—Arapahoe Regional Library District. 303-798-2441

Montrose—District 10 Regional Planning

Commission. 303-249-2436

Pueblo—Pueblo City Planning Department.

719-543-6006

Pueblo Library District. 719-543-9601

University of Southern Colorado Library.

719-549-2451

Rifle—Associated Governments of Northwest Colorado. 303-625-1723

Stratton—East Central Council of Governments. 303-348-5562

Trinidad—Huerfano-Las Animas Council of

Governments. 719-846-4401

CONNECTICUT

Lead Agency

James G. Palma, Policy Development and

Planning Division, Connecticut Office of

Policy and Management, 80 Washington Street, Hartford, 06106-4459. 203-

566-8285. (SDC/ BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Albert Palko, Government Documents, Connecticut State Library, 231 Capitol Avenue, Hartford, 06106. 203-566-4971

Jeff Blodgett, Connecticut Department of

Economic Development, 865 Brook

Street, Building No. 1, Rocky Hill,

06067. 203-258-4239

Richard Vannuccini, Research and Information, Employment Security Division,

Connecticut Department of Labor, 200

Folly Brook Boulevard, Wethersfield,

06109. 203-566-2120

Affiliates

Bridgeport—Bridgeport Regional Business

Council. 203-335-3800. (BIDC)

Greater Bridgeport Regional Planning

Agency. 203-366-5405

Southwestern Connecticut Area Agency on

Aging. 203-333-9288

Bristol—Central Connecticut Regional Planning Agency. 203-589-7820

Brookfield Center—Housatonic Valley

Council of Elected Officials. 203-775-

6256

Brooklyn—Northeastern Connecticut Council of Governments. 203-774-1253

Derby—Valley Regional Planning Agency.

203-735-8688

East Norwalk—South Western Regional

Planning Agency. 203-866-5543

Goshen—Litchfield Hills Council of Elected

Officials. 203-491-9884

Hartford—Capitol Region Council of Governments. 203-522-2217

Connecticut Business and Industry Association. 203-547-1661. (BIDC)

Institute for Community Research. 203-

278-2044.

Manchester—Business Services Network,

Community College of Connecticut.

203-647-6065. (BIDC)

Meriden—Greater Meriden Chamber of

Commerce. 203-235-7901. (BIDC)

Middletown—Middlesex County Chamber of

Commerce. 203-347-6924. (BIDC)

Midstate Regional Planning Agency. 203-

347-7214

New Haven—Greater New Haven Chamber

of Commerce. 203-787-6735. (BIDC)

New London—Chamber of Commerce of

Southeastern Connecticut. 203-443-

8332. (BIDC)

North Haven —South Central Regional

Council of Governments. 203-234-7555

Norwich—Eastern Connecticut Area Agency

on Aging. 203-887-3561

Southeastern Connecticut Regional Planning Agency. 203-889-2324

Old Saybrook—Connecticut River Estuary

Regional Planning Agency. 203-388-

3497

Southington—Greater Southington Chamber of Commerce. 203-628-8036.

(BIDC)

Warren—Northwestern Connecticut Council

of Governments. 203-868-7341

Waterbury—Council of Governments of the

Central Naugatuck Valley. 203-757-

0535

Greater Waterbury Chamber of Commerce.

203-757-0701. (BIDC)

Western Connecticut Area Agency on

Aging. 203-757-5449

Williamantic—Windham Regional Planning

Agency. 203-456-2221

DELAWARE

Lead Agency

Judy McKinney-Cherry, Delaware Development Office, 99 Kings Highway, P.O.

Box 1401, Dover, 19903. 302-739-

4271. (SDC/ BIDC)

Coordinating Agency

Ed Ratledge, College of Urban Affairs and

Public Policy, University of Delaware,

Graham Hall, Room 286, Academy

Street, Newark, 19716. 302-451-8406

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Affiliates

Dover—Central Delaware Chamber of Commerce. 302-678-0892

Forward Central Delaware. 302-678-3028

Delaware League of Local Governments.

302-678-0991

Delaware State Library. 302-739-4748

Georgetown—Delaware Technical and

Community College. 302-856-9033

Newark—Computer Center, University of

Delaware. 302-451-8441

Delaware Department of Labor, Office of

Occupational and Labor Market Information. 302-368-6962

Department of Food and Resources Economics, University of Delaware. 302-

451-2511

Wilmington Metro Planning/ Coordinating

Council. 302-737-6205

Seaford—Greater Seaford Chamber of

Commerce. 302-629-9690

Wilmington—Delaware Chamber of Commerce. 302-655-7221

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Lead Agency

Gan Ahuja, Mayor’s Office of Planning, Data

Services Division, Rm. 570, Presidental

Bldg., 415 12th Street, NW., Washington, 20004. 202-727-6533

Coordinating Agency

Robert Griffiths/ Jenean Johanningmeier,

Metropolitan Washington Council of

Governments, Suite 300, 777 North

Capitol Street, NE., Washington,

20002-4201. 202-962-3200

Affiliates

Business Division, Martin Luther King

Memorial Library. 202-727-1171

District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce. 202-347-7202

Gallaudet University Library. 202-651-5214

Mount Vernon College. 202-331-3545

National Capitol Planning Commission.

202-724-0210

Research and Statistics Division, Department of Human Services. 202-727-0682

Sociology/ Anthropology, Research Laboratory, Howard University. 202-806-6853

United Planning Organization. 202-546-

7300

Washington Division, Martin Luther King

Memorial Library. 202-727-1199

FLORIDA

Lead Agencies

Steve Kimble, Florida State Data Center,

Executive Office of the Governor,

Office of Planning and Budgeting, The

Capitol, Tallahassee, 32399-0001. 904-

487-2814

Amy Schmeling, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Florida Department of Commerce,

315 Collins Building, 107 West Gaines

Street, Tallahassee, 32399-2000. 904-

487-2971. (BIDC)

Coordinating Agency

Dr. Ike Eberstein, Center for the Study of

Population, Institute for Social

Research, Florida State University, 654

Bellemy Building, Tallahassee, 32306-

4063. 904-644-1762

Lisa Close, State Library of Florida, R.A.

Gray Building, Tallahassee, 32399-

0250. 904-487-2651

Affiliates

Alachua—NASA-Southern Technology

Applications Center. 904-462-3926.

(BIDC)

Bartow—Central Florida Regional Planning

Council. 813-534-7130

Boca Raton—Stuart-James Research Center, Florida Atlantic University. 407-367-

3805. (BIDC)

Bradenton—Manatee County Economic

Development Council. 813-748-3411.

(BIDC)

Coral Gables—University of Miami Law and

Economic Center. 305-284-6174.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Fort Walton Beach—Greater Fort Walton

Beach Chamber of Commerce. 904-

244-8191. (BIDC)

Gainesville—North Central Florida Regional

Planning Council. 904-336-2200

University of Florida Library. 904-392-0363

Hollywood—South Florida Regional Planning Council. 305-961-2999. (SDC/

BIDC)

Jacksonville—Northeast Florida Regional

Planning Council. 904-363-6350. (SDC/

BIDC)

Jensen Beach—Treasure Coast Private

Industry Council 407-692-1500. (BIDC)

Miami—Libraries, Florida International University. 305-348-2463. (SDC/ BIDC)

Metropolitan Dade County Planning

Department. 305-375-2845

Naples—Economic Development Council of

Collier County, Inc. 813-263-8989.

(BIDC)

North Fort Myers—Southwest Florida

Regional Planning Council. 813-995-

4282. (SDC/ BIDC)

Ocala—Economic Development Council of

Ocala. 904-629-2757. (BIDC)

Withlacoochee Regional Planning Council.

904-732-1315

Orlando—Economic Development Commission of Mid-Florida. 407-422-7159.

(BIDC)

University of Central Florida Library. 407-

823-2593. (SDC/ BIDC)

Palatka—Putnam County Chamber of Commerce 904-328-1503. (BIDC)

Palm City—Treasure Coast Regional Planning Council. 407-221-4060

Panama City—Bay County Public Library.

904-785-3457

Pensacola—Florida Small Business Development Centers, University of West

Florida. 904-433-1459. (BIDC)

University of West Florida, Center for State

and Local Government. 904-474-2367

West Florida Regional Planning Council.

904-433-1459

St. Petersburg—Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council. 813-577-5151

Tallahassee—Advisory Council on Intergovernmental Relations, Florida Legislature. 904-488-9627

Associated Industries of Florida. 904-224-

7173. (BIDC)

College of Social Sciences, Florida State

University. 904-644-2834

Computing Center, Florida State University.

904-644-2591. (SDC/ BIDC)

Department of Transportation. 904-487-

1970

Division of Economic and Demographic

Research, The Florida Legislature. 904-

487-1402

Division of Marketing, Florida Department

of Agriculture. (BIDC)

Florida Chamber of Commerce. 904-222-

2831. (SDC/ BIDC)

Florida Economic Development Center,

Florida State University. 904-644-1044.

(BIDC)

Department of Labor and Employment

Security. 904-488-1048.

Florida League of Cities. 904-222-9684

Florida Retail Federation. 904-222-4082.

(BIDC)

Kurt A. Spitzer and Associates. 904-224-

3148

Tallahassee Area Chamber of Commerce.

904-224-8116. (BIDC)

Tampa—Center for Economic and Management Research. (BIDC)

College of Business Administration, Management Institute, University of South

Florida. 813-974-4264

Tampa Committee of One Hundred. 813-

228-7777. (BIDC)

West Palm Beach—Palm Beach County

Development Board. 407-684-2401.

(BIDC)

Winter Park—East Central Florida Regional

Planning Council. 305-623-1075

GEORGIA

Lead Agency

Marty Sik, Division of Demographic and Statistical Services, Georgia Office of Planning and Budget, 254 Washington

Street, S.W., Rm. 640, Atlanta, 30334.

404-656-0911

Coordinating Agencies

Juanita Miller, Documents Librarian, Albany

State College, 504 College Drive,

Albany, 31705. 912-430-4799

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA CENTERS A–9
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Dr. Hortense Bates, Data Services, University of Georgia Libraries, 6th Floor, Athens, 30602. 404-542-0727

Susan C. Field, Main Library, University of

Georgia, Athens, 30602. 404-542-0664

Gayle Christian, Documents Librarian, Georgia State University, University Plaza,

Atlanta, 30303. 404-651-2185

Elizabeth McBride, Robert W. Woodruff

Library for Adv. Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322. 404-727-6880

Phil Thiel, Office of Coordinated Planning,

Georgia Department of Community

Affairs, 100 Peachtree Street, N.E.,

Suite 1200, Atlanta, 30303-1901. 404-

656-5526

Richard Leacy, Head, Government Information Dept., Price Gilbert Memorial

Library, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332. 404-894-4519

Ismael Gullon, Law Library, Mercer University, 1021 Georgia Avenue, Macon,

31207. 912-752-2668

Lynn Walshak, Head of Governments Documents, Georgia Southern College,

Statesboro, 30460. 912-681-5117

Affiliates

Athens—Northeast Georgia RDC. 404-369-

5650

Atlanta—Atlanta Regional Commission.

404-364-2531

Board of Regents System, University of

Georgia. 404-656-2213

Georgia Health Planning. 404-320-4833

Augusta—Central Savannah River RDC.

404-737-1823

Barnesville—McIntosh Trail RDC. 404-358-

3647

Baxley—Altamaha Georgia Southern RDC.

912-367-3648

Brunswick—Coastal RDC. 912-264-7363

Camilla—Southwest Georgia RDC. 912-336-

5616

Columbus—Lower Chattahoochee RDC.

404-571-7468

Dalton—North Georgia RDC. 404-272-2300

Douglas—Library, South Georgia College.

912-383-4290

Eastman—Heart of Georgia RDC. 912-374-

4771

Ellaville—Middle Flint RDC. 912-937-2561

Fort Valley—Library, Fort Valley State College. 912-825-6342

Franklin—Chattahoochee Flint RDC. 404-

522-4024

Gainesville—Georgia Mountains RDC. 404-

536-3431

Macon—Middle Georgia RDC. 912-751-

6160

Milledgeville—Oconee RDC. 912-453-5327

Rome—Coosa Valley RDC. 404-295-6485

Savannah—Library, Savannah State College. 912-356-2185

Valdosta—South Georgia RDC. 912-333-

5277

Waycross—Southeast Georgia RDC. 912-

285-6097

GUAM

Lead Agency

Peter R. Barcinas, Guam Department of

Commerce, 590 South Marine Drive,

Suite 601, 6th Floor GITC Bldg.,

Tamuning, 96911. 671-646-5841

Affiliates

Agana—Nieves M Flores Memorial Library.

671-472-6417

Bureau of Planning. 671-472-4201

Mangilao—College of Agriculture and Life

Sciences, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Guam. 671-734-2506

Computer Center, University of Guam. 671-

734-3500

Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam. 671-734-4473

Robert F. Kennedy Library, University of

Guam,. 671-734-2482

Tamuning—Department of Labor. 671-646-

9241

HAWAII

Lead Agency

Jan NaKamoto, Department of Business and

Economic Development, 220 South

King Street, P.O. Box 2359, Honolulu,

96804. 808-548-3082

Coordinating Agencies

Joy Toyama, Information and Communication Services Division, Department of

Budget and Finance, 1151 Punchbowl

Street, Honolulu, 96813. 808-548-6180

Affiliates

Hawaii—Hawaii County Department of

Research and Development, Hilo. 808-

961-8366

Library, University of Hawaii-Hilo. 808-933-

3525

Learning Resources Center, Kauai Community College, Lihue. 808-245-8233

Maui—County of Maui, Department of Planning, Wailuku. 808-243-7735

Department of Human Concerns, Wailuku.

808-243-7710

Maui Community College Library, Kahului.

808-242-1233

Molokai—Molokai Branch Library, Kaunakakai. 808-553-5483

Oahu—Alu Like Inc., Honolulu. 808-836-

8940

City and County of Honolulu, Department

of General Planning, Honolulu. 808-

527-6080

Department of Health, Honolulu. 808-586-

4600.

Department of Human Services, Honolulu.

808-548-5753

East-West Center, Honolulu. 808-944-7451

Executive Office on Aging, Honolulu. 808-

548-2593

Government Documents, University of

Hawaii at Monoa, Honolulu. 808-948-

8230.

Hamilton Library, University of Hawaii at

Monoa, Honolulu. 808-948-8264

Hawaii Chamber of Commerce, Honolulu.

808-522-8805

Hawaii Documents Center, Hawaii State

Library, Honolulu. 808-548-2344

Library, Hawaii Department of Business

and Economic Development, Honolulu.

808-548-3059

Oahu Metropolitan Planning Organization,

Honolulu. 808-548-2638

Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Honolulu. 808-

946-2642

Office of the Lieutenant Governor, Honolulu. 808-548-2517

Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 808-948-7342

IDAHO

Lead Agency

Alan Porter, Department of Commerce, 700

W. State Street, Boise, 83720. 208-

334-2470

Coordinating Agencies

Don Canning, Institutional Research Center,

Boise State University, Rm.319, Business Building, Boise, 83725. 208-385-

1613

Stephanie Nicholas, Idaho State Library, 325

West State Street, Boise, 83702. 208-

334-2150

Dr. Paul Zelus, Center for Business

Research and Services, Idaho State

University, Campus Box 8450, Pocatello, 83209. 208-236-2504

Affiliates

Boise—ADA Planning Association. 208-345-

5274

Boise City Library. 208-384-4023

Boise State University Library. 208-385-

1264

IDA-ORE Regional Planning and Development Association. 208-322-7033

Caldwell—Terteling Library, College of

Idaho. 208-459-5505

Hayden—Panhandle Area Council. 208-772-

0584

Idaho Falls—Idaho Falls Public Library. 208-

529-1451

Lewiston—Clearwater Economic Development Association. 208-746-0015

Lewis-Clark State College Library. 208-

799-2227

Moscow—Library, University of Idaho. 208-

885-6344

Pocatello—Library, Idaho State University.

208-236-2940

Southeast Idaho Council of Governments.

208-233-4032

Rexburg—East Central Idaho Planning and

Development Association. 208-356-

4524

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McKay Library, Ricks College. 208-356-

2366

Twin Falls—Region IV Development Association. 208-734-6586

Twin Falls Public Library. 208-733-2964

ILLINOIS

Lead Agency

Sue Ebetsch, Illinois State Data Center, Illinois Bureau of the Budget, William

Stratton Bldg., Rm. 605, Springfield,

62706. 217-782-1381

Coordinating Agencies

Jim Bash, Chicago Area Geographic Information Study, University of Illinois at

Chicago, Rm. 2102, Bldg. BSB M/ C

092, Box 4348, Chicago, 60680. 312-

996-6367

Max Dieber and Mary Cele Smith, Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission,

Research Services Dept. 400 West

Madison Street, Chicago, 60606-2642.

312-454-0400

Ruth Anne Tobias, Center for Governmental

Studies, Northern Illinois University,

Social Science Research Bldg.,

DeKalb, 60115. 815-753-1901

Charles Kofron, Regional Research and

Development Services, Southern Illinois

University-Edwardsville, Box 1456,

Edwardsville, 62026-1456. 618-692-

3500

Dr. Roy Treadway, Census and Data Users

Services, Illinois State University, Dept.

4960, Research Services Bldg. Suite A,

Normal, 61761-6901. 309-438-5946

Affiliates

Albion—Greater Wabash Regional Planning

Commission. 618-445-3612

Bloomington—McLean County Regional

Planning Commission. 309-828-4331

Carbondale—Greater Egypt Regional Planning and Development Commission.

618-549-3306

Office of Regional Research and Development, Southern Illinois University. 618-

453-6759

Carlinville—West Central Illinois Valley

Regional Planning. 217-854-9642

Chicago—City of Chicago, Department of

Planning. 312-744-4455

Clinton—DeWitt County Planning and Zoning Department. 217-935-5917

Collinsville—Southwestern Illinois Metropolitan and Regional Planning Commission. 618-344-4250

Decatur—Macon County Regional Planning

Commission. 217-424-1466

Effingham—Helen Matthes Library. 217-

342-2464

Harrisburg—Southeastern Illinois Regional

Planning and Development Commission. 618-252-7463

Kankakee—Kankakee County Regional

Planning Commission. 815-937-2940

Lincoln—Logan County Regional Planning

Commission. 217-732-8835

Macomb—Economic and Community Development, Western Illinois Regional

Council. 309-837-3941

Morris—Grundy County Regional Planning

Commission. 815-942-9024

Morton—Tri-County Regional Planning

Commission. 309-266-9941

Princeton—North Central Illinois Council of

Governments. 815-875-3396

Quincy—Two Rivers Regional Council of

Public Officials. 217-224-8171

River Forest—CENSRCH, Concordia University. 708-209-3020

Rock Island—Bi-State Metropolitan Planning Commission. 309-793-6300

Rockford—Health Services Research, University of Illinois, College of Medicine.

815-395-5639

Salem—South Central Illinois Regional Planning and Development Commission.

618-548-4234

Springfield—Brookens Library, Sangamon

State University. 217-786-6633

Springfield and Sangamon County

Regional Planning Commission. 217-

525-2132

St. Louis, Missouri—East-West Gateway

Coordinating Council. 314-421-4220

Ullin—Southern Five Regional Planning

Commission. 618-634-2284

Urbana—Champaign County Regional Planning Commission. 217-328-3313

INDIANA

Lead Agencies

Roberta Eads, Indiana State Data Center,

Indiana State Library, 140 North Senate

Avenue, Indianapolis, 46204. 317-232-

3733

Carol Rogers, Indiana Business Research

Center, Indiana University, 801 W.

Michigan, B.S. 4013, Indianapolis,

46202-5151. 317-274-2205. (BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Morton Marcus, Indiana Business Research

Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405. 812-855-5507

Robert Lain, Division of Economic Analysis,

Indiana Department of Commerce, 1

North Capitol, Indianapolis, 46204.

317-232-8959

Affiliates

Anderson—Anderson Public Library. 317-

641-2456

Bloomington—Bloomington Chamber of

Commerce. 812-336-6381. (BIDC)

Stone Hills ALSA-Area 10, Monroe County

Public Library. 812-339-2271

Carmel—Carmel Clay Public Library. 317-

844-3361. (BIDC)

Columbus—Area XI Agency on Aging. 812-

372-6918

Columbus-Bartholomew Planning Department. 812-376-2550

Elkhart—Elkhart Public Library. 219-552-

3333. (BIDC)

Evansville—Evansville Area Planning Commission. 812-426-5226

Four Rivers ALSA-Area 13, Evansville Public Library. 812-428-8218

Fort Wayne—Northeastern Indiana

Regional Coordinating Council. 219-

428-7309

TRI-ALSA, Allen County Public Library.

219-424-6664

Franklin—Franklin-Johnson County Public

Library. 317-738-2833. (BIDC)

Highland—Northwest Indiana Regional

Planning Commission. 219-923-1060

Huntingburg—Indiana 15 Regional Planning

Commission. 812-683-4647

Indianapolis—-Association of Indiana Counties. 317-684-3710. (BIDC)

Indiana Chamber of Commerce. 317-634-

6407. (BIDC)

Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce. 317-

464-2242. (BIDC)

Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library,

CIALSA. 317-269-1733

Planning Department, Community Service

Council. 317-923-1466

Association of Cities and Towns. 317-237-

6200

Jeffersonville—River Hills Economic Development District. 812-288-4624

Kendallville—Region 3-A Development District and Regional Planning Commission. 219-347-4714

Lafayette—Tippecanoe Area Planning Commission. 317-423-9242

Tippecanoe County Public Library. 317-

423-2602. (BIDC)

Wabash Valley Library Network. 317-429-

0250

Greater Lafayette Progress, Inc. 317-742-

0095

Loogootee—Southern Indiana Development

Commission. 812-295-3707

Marion—Marion Public Library 317-664-

7363. (BIDC)

Area Planning Department of Grant

County. 317-668-8871

Merrillville—Lake County Public Library.

219-769-3541. (BIDC)

Northwest Indiana ALSA. 219-736-0631

Mishawaka—ALSA 2 Reference Center,

Mishawaka-Penn Public Library. 219-

678-2572 or 1-800-678-2572

Monon—Kankakee Iroquois Regional Planning Commission. 219-253-6658

Muncie—College of Business, Business

Research Bureau, Ball State University.

317-285-5926

EIALSA, Muncie Public Library. 317-286-

8935

New Albany—SIALSA. 812-948-8639 or

1-800-892-2740

Richmond—Morrison-Reeves Public Library.

317-966-8291

South Bend—Michiana Council Of Governments. 219-287-1829

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA CENTERS A–11
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Terre Haute—Stone Hills ALSA Reference

Center, Vigo County Public Library.

812-232-1113 or 1-800-457-0512

(SDC/ BIDC)

Terre Haute SBDC, Center for Management. 812-237-3232

West Central Indiana Economic Development District. 812-238-1561

Versailles—Southeastern Indiana Regional

Planning Commission. 812-689-5505

Vincennes—Knox County Public Library.

812-886-4380. (BIDC)

Vincennes Area Chamber of Commerce.

812-882-6440. (BIDC)

West Lafayette—Center for Rural Development, Purdue University. 317-494-4312.

(BIDC)

IOWA

Lead Agency

Beth Henning, State Library of Iowa, East

12th and Grand, Des Moines, 50319.

515-281-4350

Coordinating Agencies

Dr. Willis Goudy, Census Services, Iowa

State University, 320 East Hall, Ames,

50011. 515-294-8337

Iowa Department of Economic Development,

Research Section, 200 East Grand

Avenue, Des Moines, 50309. 515-281-

3005

Dr. Robert Kramer, Center for Social and

Behavioral Research, University of

Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, 50614.

319-273-2105

Steve Boal, Department of Education, Census Data Center, Grimes State Office

Bldg., Des Moines, 50319. 515-281-

4730

Brian Dalziel, Iowa Social Science Institute,

345 Shaeffer Hall, University of Iowa,

Iowa City, 52242. 319-335-2371

Affiliates

Atlantic—Southwest Iowa Area Extension

Office, Southwest Iowa Planning Council. 712-243-5750

Burlington—Southeast Iowa Regional Planning Commission. 319-753-5107

Carroll—Region XII Council of Governments. 712-792-9914

Cedar Rapids—East Central Iowa Area

Extension Office. 319-398-2040

East Central Iowa COG. 319-398-3666

Learning Resource Center, Kirkwood Community College. 319-398-5553

Conrad—Conrad Public Library. 515-366-

2583

Creston—Southern Iowa Council of Governments. 515-782-8491

Des Moines—Department of Human Services. 515-281-6094

Small Business Development Center, College of Business, Drake University.

515-271-2655

Dubuque—East Central Intergovernmental

Association. 319-556-4166

Fairfield—Fairfield Public Library. 515-472-

6551

Fort Dodge—Mid-Iowa Development Association COG. 515-576-7183

Iowa City—Iowa City Public Library. 319-

356-5206

Iowa Falls—Iowa Falls Public Library. 515-

648-2872

Marshalltown—Region Six Planning Commission. 515-752-0717

Mason City—North Central Iowa Area

Extension Office. 515-424-5432

Northern Iowa COG. 515-423-0491

Nashua—Nashua Public Library. 515-435-

4635

Oskaloosa—Oskaloosa Public Library. 515-

673-0441

Ottumwa—Area XV Regional Planning

Commission. 515-684-6551

Southeast Iowa Area Extension Office.

515-682-8324

Postville—Upper Explorerland Regional

Planning Commission. 319-864-7551

Red Oak—Red Oak Public Library. 712-623-

3570

Rock Island, IL—Bi-State Metropolitan

Planning Commission. 309-793-6300

Sioux City—Siouxland Interstate Metropolitan Planning Council. 712-279-6286

Spencer—Northwest Iowa Planning and

Development Commission. 712-262-

7225

Storm Lake—Ballou Library, Buena Vista

College. 712-749-2203

Northwest Iowa Area Extension Office.

712-732-2584

Urbandale—Central Iowa Area Extension

Office. 515-270-8114

Waterloo—Iowa Northland Regional COG.

319-235-0311

Northeast Iowa Area Extension Office.

319-232-6654

Waterloo Public Library. 319-291-4476

KANSAS

Lead Agency

Marc Galbraith, State Library, State Capitol

Bldg., Rm. 343-N, Topeka, 66612. 913-

296-3296

Coordinating Agencies

Thelma Helyar, Institute for Public Policy and

Business Research, 607 Blake Hall,

University of Kansas, Lawrence,

66045-2960. 913-864-3123

Dr. Jan L. Flora, Population and Resources

Laboratory, Department of Sociology,

Kansas State University, Manhattan,

66506. 913-532-5984

Teresa Floerchinger, Division of the Budget,

State Capitol Bldg., Rm. 152E, Topeka,

66612. 913-296-2436

Janet Nickel, Kansas State Data Center,

Center for Economic Development and

Business Research, Box 48, Wichita

State University, Wichita, 67208-9988.

316-689-3225

Affiliates

Dodge City—Dodge City Public Library.

316-225-0248

Great Bend—Great Bend Public Library.

316-792-2409

Library, Barton County Community College.

316-792-2701 ext. 277

Lawrence—Lawrence Public Library. 913-

843-3833

Lindsborg—Sociology Department, Bethany

College. 913-227-3311

Manhattan—Kansas State University,

Extension Comm. Development Office.

913-532-5840

Norton—Northwest Kansas Library System.

913-877-5148

Overland—CERI Johnson County Economic

Research Institute. 913-599-1616

Salina—Salina Public Library. 913-825-4624

Topeka—Department of Economic Development. 913-296-3486

Kansas Department of Health and Environment. 913-296-1550

Topeka Public Library. 913-233-2040

Wichita Public Library. 316-262-0611

Wichita/ Sedgwick Metropolitan Area Planning Department. 316-268-4122

KENTUCKY

Lead Agency

Ron Crouch, Director, Kentucky State Data

Center, Urban Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40292.

502-588-7990. (SDC/ BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

William Hintze, Office of Policy and Management, State of Kentucky, Capitol

Annex, Frankfort, 40601. 502-564-

7300

Brenda Fuller, State Library Division, Department for Libraries and Archives, 300

Coffee Tree Road, Frankfort, 40601.

502-875-7000

Affiliates

Ashland—Boyd County Library. 606-329-

0090

Boyd—Greenup County Small Business

Development Center. 606-329-8011.

(BIDC)

Bardstown—Nelson County Public Library.

502-348-3714

Bowling Green—Barren River ADD. 502-

781-2381

Western Kentucky University, HelmCravens Library 700. 502-745-2097

Bowling Green Small Business Development Center. 502-745-2901. (BIDC)

Catlettsburg—FIVCO ADD. 606-739-5191

A–12 DATA CENTERS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Cincinnati, OH—OKI Regional COG. 513-

621-7060

Covington—Kenton County Public Library.

606-491-7610

Cumberland—Southeast Community College. 606-589-4514. (BIDC)

Elizabethtown—Hardin County Public

Library. 502-769-6337

Elizabeth Small Business Development

Center. 502-765-6737. (BIDC)

Florence—Boone County Public Library.

606-371-6222

Northern Kentucky ADD. 606-283-1885

Frankfort—Department of Business Development. 502-564-4881. (BIDC)

Kentucky Chamber of Commerce. 502-

695-4700 (BIDC)

Hazard—Kentucky River ADD. 606-436-

3158

Highland Heights—Northern Kentucky University, W. Frank Steely Library. 606-

572-5683

Northern Kentucky University, Small Business Development Center. 606-572-

6558. (BIDC)

Hopkinsville—Pennyrile ADD. 502-886-8666

Hopkinsville Small Business Development

Center. 502-886-8066. (BIDC)

LaGrange—Duerson Oldham Public Library.

502-222-1133

Leitchfield—Grayson County Public Library.

502-259-5455

Lexington—Bluegrass ADD. 606-272-6656

College for Business and Economic

Research. 606-257-7678. (BIDC)

Lexington Public Library. 606-231-5523

University of Kentucky, Central Kentucky

Small Business Development Center.

606-257-7666. (BIDC)

University of Kentucky, Kentucky Small

Business Development Center. 606-

257-7668. (BIDC)

London—Cumberland Valley ADD. 606-864-

7391

Louisville—Kentuckiana Planning and

Development Agency ADD. 502-266-

6084

Louisville Chamber of Commerce. 502-

566-5031 (BIDC)

Small Business Development Center, Bellarmine College. 502-452-8282. (BIDC)

University of Louisville, Bureau of Economic Research. 502-588-7304. (BIDC)

University of Louisville, Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology. 502-588-

7854. (BIDC)

Mayfield—Purchase ADD. 502-247-7171

Maysville—Buffalo Trace ADD. 606-564-

6894

Morehead—Morehead State University,

Small Business Development Center.

606-783-2895. (BIDC)

Murray—Murray State University, West Kentucky Small Business Development

Center. 502-762-2856. (BIDC)

Cold Springs—Cold Springs Branch Public

Library. 606-291-4770

Owensboro—Kentucky Wesleyan College

Library. 502-926-3111 ext. 113

Owensboro Chamber of Commerce. 502-

926-1860

Owensboro Small Business Development

Center. 502-926-8085. (BIDC)

Owingsville—Gateway ADD. 606-674-6355

Pikeville—Pikeville Small Business Development Center. 606-432-4548. (BIDC)

Prestonburg—Big Sandy Area Development

District. 606-886-2374

Big Sandy Regional Library. 606-886-6311

Russell Springs—Lake Cumberland ADD.

502-866-4200

Shelbyville—Shelby County Public Library.

502-633-3803

Shepherdsville—Ridgeway Memorial

Library. 502-543-7675

Somerset—Eastern Kentucky University,

South Central Small Business Development Center. 606-678-5520

LOUISIANA

Lead Agency

Karen Paterson, Office of Planning and Budget, Division of Administration, 900 Riverside, P.O. Box 94095, Baton Rouge,

70804. 504-342-7410

Coordinating Agencies

Blache Cretini, Reference Department, Louisiana State Library, P.O. Box 131,

Baton Rouge, 70821. 504-342-4918

Pete McCool, Center for Life Cycle and Population Studies, Department of Sociology, Louisiana State University, R 126,

Stubbs Hall, Baton Rouge, 70803-

5411. 504-388-5359

Kay McGinness, Louisiana State Planning

Office, Library, P.O. Box 94095, Baton

Rouge, 70804. 504-342-7410

Dr. Jerry Wall, Center for Business and Economic Research, Northeast Louisana

University, Monroe, 71209. 318-342-

1215

Vincent Maruggi, Division of Business and

Economic Research, University of New

Orleans, Lake Front, New Orleans,

70148. 504-286-6980

Dr. Edward O’Boyle, Division of Business

Research, Louisiana Tech University,

P.O. Box 10318, Ruston, 71272. 318-

257-3701

Affiliates

Alexandria—Alexandria-Pineville Chamber

of Commerce. 318-442-6671

Kisatchie Delta Regional Planning and

Development District. 318-487-5454

Rapides Area Plannng Commission. 318-

487-5401

Baton Rouge—Baton Rouge Chamber of

Commerce. 504-387-1400

Capitol Regional Planning Commission.

504-383-5203

Center for Social Research, Sociology

Department, Southern University. 504-

771-5095.

Department of Education, Research

Library. 504-342-3734

Department of Environmental Quality. 504-

342-9103

Department of Health and Hospitals. 504-

342-1276

E. Baton Rouge Parish Library. 504-389-

3370

Legislative Research Library. 504-342-

2434

Louisiana Department of Commerce Information Services. 504-342-5410

Office of Employment Security, Division of

Research and Statistics. 504-342-3143

Jefferson—Jefferson Parish Planning

Department. 504-736-6320

Lafayette—Evangeline Economic and Planning District. 318-233-3215

Lafayette Economic Development Authority. 318-234-2986

Lake Charles—Imperial Calcasieu Regional

Planning and Development Commission. 318-433-1771

Lake Charles Chamber of Commerce. 318-

433-3632

Monroe—North Delta Regional Planning

and Development District. 318-387-

2572

New Orleans—City of New Orleans Data

Analysis Unit. 504-565-6988

New Orleans Chamber of Commerce. 504-

527-6955

Regional Planning Commission. 504-568-

6611

Shreveport—Coordinating and Development Council of Northwest Louisiana.

318-226-7557

Shreveport Area Council of Governments.

318-424-6488

Shreveport Chamber of Commerce. 318-

226-8521

Thibodaux—South Central Planning and

Development Commission. 504-446-

0514

MAINE

Lead Agency

Jean Martin, Division of Economic Analysis

and Research, Maine Department of

Labor, 20 Union Street, Augusta,

04330. 207-289-2271

Coordinating Agency

Gary Nichols, Maine State Library, State

House, Station 64, Augusta, 04333.

207-289-5600

Affiliates

Auburn—Androscoggin Valley Council of

Governments. 207-783-9186

Auburn Public Library. 207-782-3191

Augusta—Capitol Coastal Council of Governments. 207-622-7146

Department of Economic and Community

Development, State House. 207-289-

3195

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA CENTERS A–13
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Division of Data Research and Vital Statistics. 207-626-5445

Bangor—Bangor Public Library. 207-947-

8336

Eastern Maine Development Corporation.

207-942-6389

Biddleford—McArthur Library. 207-284-

4181

Brunswick—Bowdoin College Library. 207-

725-8731

Curtis Memorial Library. 207-725-5242

Caribou—Northern Maine Regional Planning

Commission. 207-498-8736

Castine—Maine Maritime Academy. 207-

326-4311

Dexter—Abbott Memorial Library. 207-924-

7292

Farmington—University of Maine. 207-778-

3501

Fort Kent—Blake Library, University of

Maine. 207-834-3162

Lewiston—Library, Bates College. 207-786-

6263

Lewiston Public Library. 207-784-0135

Machias—Merrill Library, University of

Maine. 207-255-3313

Washington County Regional Planning

Commission. 207-255-8686

Orono—Fogler Library, University of Maine

at Orono. 207-581-1680

Portland—Greater Portland Council of Governments. 207-774-9891

Library, University of Southern Maine. 207-

780-4275

Portland Public Library. 207-871-1700

Presque Isle—University of Maine at

Presque Isle. 207-764-0311

Saco—Dyer Library. 207-283-3861

Sanford—Southern Maine Regional Planning Commission. 207-324-2952

Waterville—Miller Library, Colby College.

207-872-3000

Winslow—North Kennebec Regional Planning Commission. 207-873-0711

MARYLAND

Lead Agency

Robert Dadd/ Jayne Traynham, Maryland

State Data Center, Maryland Department of State Planning, 301 West Preston Street, Baltimore, 21201. 301-

225-4450. (SDC/ BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Elliott A. Rittenhouse, Small Business Development Centers, Maryland Department

of Economic and Employment Development, 217 E. Redwood St., 10th Floor,

Baltimore, 21202. 301-333-6995.

(BIDC)

Wesley Wilson, Enach Pratt Free Library, St.

Library Resource Center, Matyland

Room, 400 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, 21201. 301-396-5468

John McNary, Computer Science Center,

University of Maryland, College Park,

20742. 301-405-3037

Affiliates

Annapolis—Annapolis and Anne Arundel

County Library. 301-222-7000

Maryland State Law Library. 301-974-3395

Baltimore—Baltimore Regional Council of

Governments. 301-333-3333. (SDC/

BIDC)

Department of Economic and Employment

Development. 301-333-6980. (BIDC)

Small Business Development Center—

Central Maryland Region. 301-889-

5772. (BIDC)

Centreville—Department of State Planning.

301-758-2995

Charlotte Hall—Southern Maryland Region

Library Association. 301-934-9442

Southern Maryland Regional Office of

Planning. 301-870-2520

Tri-County Council for Southern Maryland.

301-870-2520

Chestertown—Kent County Public Library.

301-778-3636

Columbia—Howard County Library. 301-

313-7800. (SDC/ BIDC)

Cumberland—Tri County Council for Western Maryland, Inc. 301-777-2158.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Western Maryland Regional Office of Planning. 301-777-2158

Delaware—Wilmington Metro Planning/ Coordinating Council. 302-737-6205.

Denton—Caroline County Public Library.

301-479-1343

Elkton—Cecil County Library. 301-996-5600

Small Business Development Center—

Eastern Region, Cecil Community College. 301-392-3366. (BIDC)

Frederick—Frederick County Planning Commission. 301-694-1141

Frederick County Public Libraries. 301-694-

1628

Frostburg—Library, Frostburg State College. 301-689-4424. (SDC/ BIDC)

Hagerstown—Small Business Development

Center—Western Maryland Region.

301-724-6716. (BIDC)

Washington County Free Library. 301-739-

3250

Hyattsville—Prince Georges County Memorial Library. 301-699-3500

Rockville—Montgomery County Department

of Public Libraries. 301-217-3878.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Salisbury—Department of State Planning.

301-749-4681

Wicomico County Free Library. 301-749-

5171

School of Business, Salisbury University.

301-543-6394. (BIDC)

Silver Spring—Maryland National Capitol

Park and Planning Commission of

Montgomery County. 301-495-4642

Towson—Baltimore County Public Library.

301-887-6141

Upper Marlboro—Maryland National Capitol

Park and Planning Commission of

Prince Georges County. 301-952-3660.

(SDC-BIDC)

Waldorf—Small Business Development

Center—Southern Maryland. 301-932-

4156. (BIDC)

Washington, DC—Maryland Small Business

Development Center. 202-806-1550.

(SDC)

MASSACHUSETTS

Lead Agencies

Dr. Stephen Coelen, Massachusetts Institute

for Social and Economic Research, 128

Thompson Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003. 413-545-

3460. (SDC/ BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

William Murray, Massachusetts Institute for

Social and Economic Research, Box

219, The State House, Room 50, Boston, 02133. 617-727-4537

Affiliates

Amherst—Massachusetts Small Business

Development Center. 413-454-6302.

(BIDC)

University Library, University of Massachusetts. 413-545-2765. (BIDC)

Barnstable—Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development. 508-362-3828.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Beverly—North Shore Community College

Library. 617-922-6722. (BIDC)

Boston—Board of Library Commissioners,

Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 617-

267-9400

Boston Public Library. 617-536-5400

Citizen Information Service. 617-727-7030

Department of Public Health. 617-727-

2735

Division of Employment Security. 617-727-

7428. (BIDC)

Documents Library, University of Massachusetts. 617-287-5935

Economic Development and Industrial Corporation of Boston. 617-725-3342.

(BIDC)

Massachusetts Computer and Software

Council. 617-437-0600. (BIDC)

Massachusetts Office of International

Trade. 617-367-1830. (BIDC)

Mauricio Gaston Institute for Latino Community Development/ Public Policy, University of Massachusetts—Boston. 617-

265-7173. (SDC/ BIDC)

Metropolitan Area Planning Council. 617-

451-2770. (SDC/ BIDC)

Miser/ Boston. 617-727-4537. (SDC/ BIDC)

Northeastern University Library. 617-437-

2356

State Library. 617-727-2590

State Transportation Library. 617-973-8000

Trade Development Unit, MASSPORT.

617-439-5560. (BIDC)

World Trade Institute. 617-439-5276.

(BIDC)

Bridgewater—Maxwell Library, Bridgewater

State College. 508-697-1394

A–14 DATA CENTERS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Brockton—Old Colony Planning Council.

508-583-1833. (SDC/ BIDC)

Cambridge—Rotch Library, MIT. 617-258-

5599

Widener Library, Harvard University. 617-

495-2479

Charlestown—Boston Redevelopment

Authority. 617-722-4300

Chestnut Hill—O’Neil Library, Boston College. 617-552-3354

Fitchburg—Montachusett Regional Planning

Commission. 508-345-7376. (SDC/

BIDC)

Greenfield—Franklin County Planning Commmission. 413-774-3167. (SDC/ BIDC)

Library, Greenfield Community College.

413-774-3131

Haverhill—Merrimack Valley Planning Commission. 508-374-0519. (SDC/ BIDC)

Lowell—O’Leary Library, University of Lowell. 508-934-4000

Northern Middlesex Area Commission.

508-454-8021. (SDC/ BIDC)

O’Leary Library, University of Lowell. 508-

934-4000

Medford—Tufts University Library. 617-381-

3087

Nantucket—Nantucket Planning and Economic Development Commission. 508-

228-7233. (SDC/ BIDC)

North Adams—Library, North Adams State

College. 413-664-4511

North Dartmouth—Government Documents

Library, Southeastern Massachusetts

University. 508-999-8740

Oak Bluffs—Martha’s Vineyard Commission.

508-693-3453. (SDC/ BIDC)

Pittsfield—Berkshire County Regional Planning Commission. 413-422-1521. (SDC/

BIDC)

Jonathan Edwards Library, Berkshire Community College. 413-499-4660

Salem—Library, Salem State College. 508-

741-6000

Springfield—Economic Development Partners. 413-787-1555. (BIDC)

Springfield City Library. 413-739-3872

Tauton—Southeastern Regional Planning

and Economic Development. 508-824-

1367. (SDC/ BIDC)

Waltham—Government Documents Library,

Brandeis University. 617-736-4621

Wellesley—Horn Library, Babson College.

617-239-4259

Margaret Clapp Library, Wellesley College.

617-235-0320

West Barnstable—Library/ Learning

Resource Center, Cape Cod Community College. 508-362-2131

West Springfield—Pioneer Valley Planning

Commission. 413-781-6045

Worcester—Central Massachusetts

Regional Planning Commission. 508-

756-7717. (SDC/ BIDC)

Office of Planning and Community Development. 508-799-1440. (BIDC)

Worcester Public Library. 508-799-1655

MICHIGAN

Lead Agency

Dr. Eric Swanson, Michigan Information Center, Department of Management and

Budget, Office of Revenue and Tax

Analysis, P.O. Box 30026, Lansing,

48909. 517-373-7910

Coordinating Agencies

Mark Neithercut/ Kurt Metzger, MIMIC/ Center for Urban Studies Faculty, Wayne

State University, Administration Bldg.,

656 W. Kirby, Detroit, 48202. 313-577-

2208

F. Anne Diamond, Statewide Library Programs Division, The Library of Michigan, P.O. Box 30007, Lansing, 48909.

517-373-1307

Affiliates

Alpena—Northeast Michigan Community

Service Agency. 517-356-3474

Ann Arbor—Washtenaw County Metropolitan Planning Commission. 313-994-

2435

Benton Harbor—Southwestern Michigan

Commission. 616-925-1137

Detroit—Department of Civil Rights. 313-

256-2571

Detroit City Planning Department. 313-224-

6380

Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. 313-961-4266

United Community Services of Metropolitan Detroit. 313-266-9410

East Lansing—Applications Programing,

Michigan State University. 517-355-

4684

Escanaba—CUPPAD Regional Commission.

906-786-9234

Flint—GLS Region V Planning and Development Commission. 313-234-0340

Gaylord—Northeast Michigan Council of

Governments. 517-732-3551

Grand Rapids—West Michigan Regional

Planning Commission. 616-454-9375

Houghton—Western Upper Planning and

Development Region. 906-482-7205

Howell—Livingston County Planning Department. 517-546-7555

Jackson—Region 2 Planning Commission.

517-788-4426

Lansing—Tri County Regional Planning

Commission. 517-393-0342

Monroe—Monroe County Planning Commission. 313-243-7093

Mount Clemens—Macomb County Planning

Commission. 313-469-5285

Muskegon—West Michigan Shoreline

Regional Planning Commission. 616-

722-7878

Pontiac—Oakland County Planning Division.

313-858-0720

Port Huron—St. Clair County Metropolitan

Planning Commission. 313-987-4884

Portage—South Central Michigan Planning

Council. 616-323-0045

Saginaw—East Central Michigan Planning

and Development Region. 517-752-

0100

Sault Ste. Marie—Eastern Upper Peninsula

Regional Planning and Development

Commission. 906-635-1581

Southfield—Southfield Public Library. 313-

354-9100

Traverse City—Northwest Michigan Council

of Governments. 616-947-4780.

University Center—Office of Research and

Development, Delta College. 517-686-

9216

MINNESOTA

Lead Agencies

David Birkholz, State Demographic Unit,

Minnesota State Demography Office,

300 Centennial Office Bldg., 658 Cedar

St., St. Paul, 55155. 612-296-2557

David Rademacher, Minnesota State Planning Agency, State Demography Office,

300 Centennial Office Building, 658

Cedar Street, St. Paul, 55155. 612-296-

2557. (BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Patricia Tupper, Interagency Resource and

Information Center, Department of Education, 501 Capitol Square Bldg., St.

Paul, 55101. 612-296-6684

Affiliates

Appleton—Upper Minnesota Valley

Regional Commission. 612-289-1981

Bemidji—A.C. Clark Library, Bemidji State

University. 218-755-3340. (BIDC)

Headwaters Regional Development Commission. 218-751-3108

Blaine—Anoka County Library. 612-784-

1100. (BIDC)

Brainerd—Brainerd Technical College,

Small Business Development Center.

218-828-5302. (BIDC)

Cambridge—East Central Regional Library.

612-689-1901

Chanhassen—Chanhassen Public Library.

612-934-8689

Crookston—Media Resources, University of

Minnesota Technical College. 218-281-

6510 ext. 399

Duluth—Arrowhead Regional Development

Commission. 218-722-5545

Center for Economic Development, University of Minnesota—Duluth. 218-726-

7288. (BIDC)

Fergus Falls—Fergus Falls Public Library.

218-739-9387

Grand Rapids—Grand Rapids Small Business Development Center. 218-327-

2241. (BIDC)

Hibbing—Hibbing Public Library. 218-262-

1038. (BIDC)

Mankato—Memorial Library, Mankato State

University. 507-389-5961. (BIDC)

Region 9 Regional Development Commission. 507-387-5643

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA CENTERS A–15
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Marshall—Library, Southwest State University. 507-537-6108. (BIDC)

Marshall-Lyon County Library. 507-532-

2646

Minneapolis—Machine Readable Data Center. 612-624-4398. (BIDC)

Minneapolis Public Library. 612-372-6534.

(BIDC)

Wilson Library, University of Minnesota.

612-624-5073. (BIDC)

Moorhead—Lake Agassiz Regional Library.

218-233-7594

Moorhead State University Library. 218-

236-2352. (BIDC)

Mora—East Central Regional Development

Commission. 612-679-4065

Morris—Briggs Library, University of Minnesota—Morris. 612-589-2211. (BIDC)

Owatonna—Owatonna Public Library. 507-

451-4660

Pine River—Kitchigami Regional Library.

281-587-2171. (BIDC)

Red Wing—Red Wing Public Library. 612-

388-2884

Rochester—Rochester Public Library. 507-

285-8002. (BIDC)

Roseville—Ramsey County Public Library.

612-631-0494

Slayton—Southwest Regional Development

Commission. 507-836-8549

St. Cloud—Economic Development Center,

St. Cloud State University. 612-255-

4250. (BIDC)

Great River Regional Library. 612-251-

7282. (BIDC)

St. Cloud Area Planning Organization. 612-

252-7568

St. Cloud Technical College. 612-252-

0101. (BIDC)

St. Paul—Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. 612-296-0538

Council on Black Minnesotans. 612-643-

3015

Department of Jobs and Training. 612-297-

3419. (BIDC)

Indian Affairs Council. 612-296-3611

James J. Hill Reference Library. 612-227-

9531. (BIDC)

Library, Trade and Economic Development

Department. 612-296-8902. (BIDC)

Metropolitan Council. 612-291-6616.

(BIDC)

Metropolitan Council Data Center. 612-

291-8140

Planning Information Center—DATANET.

612-296-2559. (BIDC)

St. Paul Public Library. 612-292-6178.

(BIDC)

Spanish Speaking Affairs Council. 612-

296-9587

Staples—Region 5 Regional Development

Commission. 218-894-3233

Thief River Falls—Northwest Regional

Development Commission. 218-681-

2637

Northwest Regional Library. 218-681-4325

Waseca—University of Minnesota-Waseca,

Learning Resource Center. 507-835-

1000 ext. 302

Willmar—Mid-Minnesota Regional Development Commission. 612-235-8504

Pioneerland Regional Library System. 612-

235-3162. (BIDC)

Winona—Small Business Development Center—Winona State University. 507-457-

5088. (BIDC)

Winona Public Library. 507-452-4582

Worthington—Nobles County Library. 507-

372-2981

MISSISSIPPI

Lead Agency

Linda Penton, Associate Director, Division of

Research and Information Systems,

Department of Economic and Community Development, P.O. Box 849, Jackson, 39205. 601-359-3797. (BIDC)

Rachel McNeely, Center for Population

Studies, University of Mississippi, Bondurant Bldg., Rm. 3W, University,

38677. 601-232-7288. (SDC)

Coordinating Agency

Jim Catt, Bureau Manager, Department of

Economic and Community Development, 301 W. Pearl Street, Jackson,

39203-3096. 601-949-2219

Affiliates

Booneville—Northeast Mississippi Planning

and Development District. 601-728-

6248

Clarksdale—North Delta Mississippi Planning and Development District. 601-

627-3401

Greenville—South Delta Planning and

Development District. 601-378-3831

Gulfport—Gulf Regional Planning Commission. 601-864-1167

Gulfport City Planning Commission. 601-

868-5710

Southern Mississippi Planning and Development District. 601-868-2311

Hattiesburg—Bureau of Business

Research, University of Southern Mississippi. 601-226-7247

Jackson—Central Mississippi Planning and

Development District. 601-981-1511

City of Jackson, Division of Metropolitan

Planning. 601-960-1845

Henry Thomas Sampson Library, Jackson

State University. 601-968-2123

Mississippi Library Commission. 601-359-

1036

Department of Economic and Community

Development. 601-359-3797

Library, Jackson State University. 601-982-

6314

Mississippi State—Golden Triangle Planning and Development District. 601-

325-3855

Mitchell Memorial Library, Mississippi State

University. 601-325-3060

Natchez—Southwest Mississippi Planning

and Development District. 601-446-

6045

Newton—East Central Mississippi Planning

and Development District. 601-683-

2007

Pontotoc—Three Rivers Planning and

Development District. 601-489-2415

Raymond—McLendon Library, Hinds Community College District. 601-857-3253

Winona—North Central Mississippi Planning

and Development District. 601-283-

2675

MISSOURI

Lead Agency

Kate Graf, Missouri State Library, P.O. Box

387, 600 West Main St., Jefferson

City, 65102. 314-751-3615

Coordinating Agencies

Ryan Burson, Office of Administration, 124

Capitol Bldg., P.O. Box 809, Jefferson

City, 65102. 314-751-2345

Dr. John Blodgett, Urban Information Center,

University of Missouri-St. Louis, 8001

Natural Bridge Rd., Room 13155B, St.

Louis, 63121. 314-553-6014

Evelyn J. Cleveland, Office of Social and

Economic Data Analysis, University of

Missouri-Columbia, 224 Lewis Hall,

Columbia, 65211. 314-882-7396

Dr. Christopher Salter, Geographic

Resources Center. University of

Missouri-Columbia, 4 Stewart Hall,

Columbia, 65211

Affiliates

Camdenton—Camden County Extension

Service. 314-346-4440

Lake of the Ozarks Council of Local Governments. 314-346-5616

Carrollton—Missouri Valley Regional Planning Commission. 816-542-2660

Clayton—St. Louis County Planning Department. 314-889-2465

Clinton—Kaysinger Basin Regional Planning

Commission. 816-885-3393

Independence—Mid-Continent Public

Library. 816-836-5200

Jefferson City—Division of Commercial and

Economic Development, Department of

Economic Development and Research.

314-751-9073

Employment Security Division, Research

and Analysis Section. 314-751-3637

Mid-Missouri Council of Governments. 314-

634-2303

Kansas City—Mid-America Regional Council. 816-474-4240

Kirksville—Northeast Missouri Regional

Planning Commission. 816-665-4615

Lebanon—Kinderhook Regional Library.

417-532-2148

Malden—Bootheel Regional Planning and

Economic Development Commission.

314-276-2242

Maryville—Small Business Development

Center. 816-271-4364

A–16 DATA CENTERS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Moberly—Little Dixie Regional Libraries.

816-263-4426

Palmyra—Mark Twain Regional Advisory

Commission. 314-769-2081

Perryville—Southeast Missouri Regional

Planning and Economic Development

Commission. 314-547-8357

Poplar Bluff—Rutland Library, Three Rivers

Community College. 314-686-4101

Rolla—Meramec Regional Planning Commission. 314-364-2993

Springfield—Center for Resources Planning

and Management, Southwest Missouri

State University. 417-836-6900

St. Joseph—Hearnes Learning Resources

Center, Missouri Western State College. 816-271-4573

MO-KAN Regional Council. 816-233-3144

St. Louis—East-West Gateway Coordinating

Council. 314-421-4220

Trenton—Green Hills Regional Planning

Commission. 816-359-5636

Union—Scenic Regional Library. 314-583-

3224

Warrensburg—Show-Me Regional Planning

Commission. 816-747-2294

Warrenton—Boonslick Regional Planning

Council. 314-456-3473

West Plains—South Central Ozark Council

of Governments. 417-256-8123

MONTANA

Lead Agency

Patricia Roberts, Census and Economic

Information Center, Montana Department of Commerce, 1424 Ninth Avenue, Helena, 59620-0401. 406-444-

2896. (SDC/ BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Lee Faulkner, Survey Research Center, Wilson Hall, Room 1-108, Montana State

University, Bozeman, 59717. 406-994-

4481

Cathy Shenkle, Research and Analysis

Bureau, Montana Department of Labor

and Industry, P.O. Box 1728, Helena,

59624. 406-444-2430

Jim Sylvester, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of Montana, Missoula, 59812. 406-243-5113

Affiliates

Billings—Billings Chamber of Commerce.

406-245-4111. (BIDC)

Eastern Montana College Library. 406-657-

1656. (SDC/ BIDC)

Parmly Billings Library. 406-657-8258.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Bozeman—Bozeman Public Library. 406-

586-4788

Montana Extension Service, Montana

State University. 406-994-5608

Renne Library, Montana State University.

406-994-3430. (SDC/ BIDC)

Butte—Butte Local Development Corporation. 406-723-4349. (BIDC)

Library, Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology. 406-496-4286.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Dillon—Carson Memorial Library, Western

Montana College. 406-683-7492. (SDC/

BIDC)

Glasgow—Glasgow City County Library.

406-228-2731

Glendive—Carey Library, Dawson Community College. 406-365-3396. (BIDC)

Great Falls—Great Falls Area Chamber of

Commerce. 406-761-4434. (BIDC)

Great Falls Public Library. 406-453-0349.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Havre—Bear Paw Development Corporation. 406-265-9226. (BIDC)

Northern Montana College Library. 406-

265-3706. (SDC/ BIDC)

Helena—Lewis and Clark Library. 406-442-

2380. (SDC/ BIDC)

Kalispell—Flathead County Library. 406-

756-5685. (SDC/ BIDC)

Flathead Valley Community College,

SBDC. 405-756-3888. (BIDC)

Miles City—Miles City Public Library. 406-

232-1496. (SDC/ BIDC)

Missoula—Mansfield Library, University of

Montana. 406-243-6700. (SDC/ BIDC)

Missoula Economic Development Corporation. 406-728-3337. (BIDC)

Public Library. 406-721-2665. (SDC/ BIDC)

NEBRASKA

Lead Agency

Jerome Deichert/ Tim Himberger, Center for

Public Affairs Research, University of

Nebraska-At Omaha, Peter Kiewit Conference Center, 1313 Farnam-on-theMall, Omaha, 68182. 402-595-2311

Coordinating Agencies

Prem L. Bansal, Policy Research Office,

P.O. Box 94601, State Capitol, Rm.

1319, Lincoln, 68509-4601. 402-471-

2414

Federal Documents Librarian, Nebraska

Library Commission, 1420 P Street,

Lincoln, 68508. 402-471-2045

Skip Miller, Central Data Processing Division,

Department of Administration Services,

1312 State Capitol, P.O. Box 95045,

Lincoln, 68509. 402-471-4862

Robert Shanahan, Nebraska Department of

Labor, 550 S. 16th Street, P.O. Box

94600, Lincoln, 68509-4600. 402-471-

2518

Manhendra Bansal, Natural Resources Commission, 301 Centennial Mall South,

P.O. Box 94876, Lincoln, 68509-4876.

402-471-2081

Affiliates

Chadron—Northwest Nebraska Community

Action Council. 308-432-3393

Small Business Development Center. 308-

432-6282.

Fairbury—Blue Valley Community Action.

402-729-2278

Humboldt—SENCA. 402-862-2411

Kearney—Mid-Nebraska Community Services. 308-234-2591

Small Business Development Center. 308-

234-8344.

Lincoln—Lincoln-Lancaster County Planning

Department. 402-471-7491

Nebraska Department of Economic Development. 402-471-3779

SENDD. 402-475-2560

Small Business Development Center. 402-

472-3358.

Bureau of Business Research, Universtiy

of Nebraska-Lincoln. 402-472-2334.

Loup City—Central Nebraska Community

Services. 308-745-0780

North Platte—Small Business Development

Center. 308-534-5115.

Ogallala—West Central Nebraska Development District. 308-284-6077

Omaha—Small Business Development

Center. 402-595-2381

MAPA. 402-444-6866

Peru—Small Business Development Center.

402-872-2274

Scottsbluff—Panhandle Area Development

District. 308-632-1307

Small Business Development Center. 308-

635-7513

Sioux City, Iowa—SIMPCO. 712-279-6286

Taylor—Region 26 Council. 308-942-3461

Wisner—Goldenrod Hills Community Action

Council. 402-529-3513

Wayne—Small Business Development

Center. 402-375-7575

NEVADA

Lead Agency

Betty McNeal, Nevada State Library and

Archives, Capitol Complex, 401 North

Carson, Carson City, 89710. 702-687-

5160

Affiliates

Carson City—Carson City Planning Division,

Community Development Department.

702-887-2180

Employment Security Research. 702-687-

4550

Nevada Budget Division. 702-687-4065

Nevada State Welfare Division Research

and Statistics. 702-687-4832

Planning, Research, and Evaluation,

Nevada Department of Education. 702-

687-3130

Western Nevada Development District.

702-883-7333

Elko—Elko County Library. 702-738-3066

Henderson—Planning Department. 702-

565-2088

Las Vegas—Center for Business and Economic Research, University of Nevada.

702-739-3191

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA CENTERS A–17
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City of Las Vegas, Department of Community Planning and Development. 702-

386-6301

Clark County Department of Comprehensive Planning. 702-455-4181

Dickinson Library, University of NevadaLas Vegas. 702-739-3409

Las Vegas-Clark County Library District.

702-733-7810

Nevada Development Authority. 702-791-

0000

Nevada Legal Services. 702-386-1070

North Las Vegas—City of North Las Vegas,

Community Planning and Development.

702-649-0207

Reno—Bureau of Business and Economic

Research, University of Nevada. 702-

784-6877

City of Reno, Planning and Community

Development Department. 702-334-

2218

Getchell Library, University of NevadaReno, Government Publications. 702-

784-6579

Washoe County Department of Comprehensive Planning. 702-328-3615

Washoe County Library. 702-785-4012

Sparks—City of Sparks Planning Department. 702-353-2332

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Lead Agency

Thomas J. Duffy, Office of State Planning,

2 1/ 2 Beacon Street, Concord, 03301.

603-271-2155

Coordinating Agencies

John McCormick, State Library, 20 Park

Street, Concord, 03301. 603-271-2239

Owen Durgin, Office of Biometrics, University of New Hampshire, Pettee Hall,

Durham, 03824. 603-862-1700

Affiliates

Berlin—Berlin City Public Library. 603-752-

5210

Boscawen—Central New Hampshire

Regional Planning Commission. 603-

796-2129

Claremont—Fiske Free Library. 603-542-

4393

Concord—Concord Public Library. 603-225-

8670

Franklin Pierce Law Center Library. 603-

228-1541

Dover—Strafford Regional Planning Commission. 603-742-2523

Durham—Ezekiel W. Dimond Library, University of New Hampshire. 603-862-

1777

Exeter—Rockingham Planning Commission.

603-778-0885

Franklin—Franklin Public Library. 603-934-

2911

Hanover—Baker Library, Dartmouth College. 603-646-1110

Henniker—Danforth Library, New England

College. 603-428-2211

Keene—Mason Library, Keene State College. 603-358-2711

Southwest Regional Planning Commission.

603-357-0557

Laconia—Laconia Public Library. 603-524-

4775

Lebanon—Upper Valley-Lake Sunapee

Council. 603-448-1680

Littleton—North Country Council. 603-444-

6303

Manchester—Geisel Library, St. Anselm

College. 603-641-7301

H.A.B. Shapiro Memorial Library, New

Hampshire College. 603-668-2164

Manchester City Library. 603-624-6550

Southern New Hampshire Planning Commission. 603-669-4664

Meredith—Lakes Region Planning Commission. 603-279-8171

Milford—Wadleigh Memorial Library. 603-

673-2408

Nashua—Nashua Public Library. 603-594-

3412

Nashua Regional Planning Commission.

603-883-0366

Peterborough—Peterborough Town Library.

603-924-6401

Plymouth—Herbert Lamson Library, Plymouth State College. 603-535-2258

Portsmouth—Portsmouth Public Library.

603-427-1540

Salem—Kelley Library. 603-898-7064

NEW JERSEY

Lead Agency

Connie O. Hughes, Division of Labor Market

and Demographic Research, New Jersey Department of Labor, CN 388-John

Fitch Plaza, Trenton, 08625-0388. 609-

984-2593. (SDC/ BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Mary Jane Cedarface, Rutgers University

Computer Center, CCIS-Hill Center,

Busch Campus, P.O. Box 879, Piscataway, 08854. 908-932-2889

Judith S. Rowe, Princeton University CITInformation Services, 87 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, 08544. 609-258-6052

Beverly Railsback, State Library, 185 West

State Street, CN 520-U.S. Documents

Office, Trenton, 08625-0520. 609-292-

6220

Dr. James Hughes, Kilmer Campus, Rutgers

Regional Report, Rutgers University,

Lucy Stone Hall, B Wing, New Brunswick, 08903. 908-932-3822

Affiliates

Atlantic City—Atlantic County Division of

Economic Development. 609-345-6700.

(BIDC)

Atlantic County Division of Planning. 609-

343-2231. (SDC)

Belvidere—Warren County Department of

Economic Development and Tourism.

908-475-6581. (BIDC)

Warren County Planning Board. 908-475-

6532. (SDC/ BIDC)

Bridgeton—Cumberland County Planning

and Development. 609-453-2175.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Camden—Delaware River Port Authority of

Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 609-

963-6420. (BIDC)

Rutgers University Forum for Policy

Research and Public Service. 609-757-

6083. (BIDC)

Rutgers-Camden Library. 609-757-6034.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Cape May Court House—Cape May County

Planning Board. 609-465-1081. (SDC/

BIDC)

Carlstadt—Meadowlands Chamber of Commerce. 201-939-0707. (BIDC)

Cedar Grove—Essex County Planning

Board. 201-509-8200. (SDC/ BIDC)

Clayton—Gloucester County Department of

Planning. 609-863-6661

Clifton—IMA Management Association, Inc.

201-473-8770. (BIDC)

Edison—The Institute for Management and

Technical Development. 201-497-0960.

(BIDC)

Elizabeth—Union County Planning Board.

201-527-4229

Flemington—Hunterdon County Planning

Board. 908-788-1490. (SDC/ BIDC)

Freehold—Monmouth County Department

of Economic Development. 201-431-

7470. (BIDC)

Monmouth County Planning Board. 201-

431-7460. (SDC/ BIDC)

Hackensack—Bergen County Department

of Economic and Economic Development. 201-646-3325. (SDC/ BIDC)

Jersey City—Hudson County Planning and

Economic Development. 201-795-6188.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Morristown—Economic Development, Jersey Central Power and Light Company.

201-455-8339. (BIDC)

Morris County Planning Board. 201-285-

1667. (SDC)

Mt. Holly—Burlington County Land Use

Office. 609-265-5787. (SDC)

New Brunswick—Middlesex County Planning Board. 908-745-4185. (SDC/ BIDC)

Newark—New Jersey Division of International Trade. 201-648-7095. (BIDC)

New Jersey Bell Telephone Company.

201-649-9900. (BIDC)

New Jersey Small Business Development

Center. 201-648-5621. (BIDC)

Public Service Electric and Gas Company.

201-430-6458. (BIDC)

Newton—Rutgers Cooperative Extension.

201-383-3800. (BIDC)

Sussex County Economic Development.

201-579-0540. (BIDC)

Sussex County Planning Department. 201-

579-0500

A–18 DATA CENTERS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Paterson—Passaic County Department of

Economic Development. 201-881-4427.

(BIDC)

Passaic County Planning Board. 201-881-

4490

Pennsauken—Camden County Department

of Policy Planning and Development.

609-756-7860.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission.

215-592-1800. (SDC/ BIDC)

Plainfield—Plainfield Public Library.

908/ 757-1111. (BIDC)

Pleasantville—Atlantic Electric Company.

609-645-4290. (BIDC)

Pomona—South Jersey Center for Public

Affairs, Stockton State College. 609-

652-4657. (BIDC)

Stockton State College Library. 609-652-

4268. (BIDC)

Princeton—MSM Regional Council, Inc.

609-452-1717. (BIDC)

Rio Grande—Cape May County Department

of Economic Development. 609-886-

1755. (BIDC)

Salem—Salem County Planning Board. 609-

935-7510. (SDC/ BIDC)

Somerville—Somerset County Planning

Board. 908-231-7021. (SDC/ BIDC)

Toms River—Ocean County Planning

Board. 908-929-2054. (SDC/ BIDC)

Trenton—Division of Development for Small

Businesses and Women and Minority

Businesses. 609-292-3860. (BIDC)

Mercer County Planning Board. 609-989-

6545. (SDC/ BIDC)

New Jersey Business and Industry Association. 609-393-7707. (BIDC)

New Jersey Department of Banking. 609-

984-2772. (SDC/ BIDC)

New Jersey Department of Community

Affairs. 609-633-3879

New Jersey State Library. 609-292-6294.

(BIDC)

Office of Economic Research, New Jersey

Department of Commerce, Energy and

Economic Development. 609-984-3550.

(BIDC)

Retail Merchants Association. 609-393-

8006. (BIDC)

Vineland—Southern New Jersey Economic

Development District. 609-794-8497.

(BIDC)

NEW MEXICO

Lead Agencies

Carol Selleck, Economic Development

Department, 1100 St. Francis Dr.,

Santa Fe, 87503. 505-827-0300

Juliana Boyle, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of New

Mexico, 1920 Lomas N.E., Albuquerque, 87131. 505-277-2216. (BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Kevin Kargacin, Bureau of Business and

Economic Research, University of New

Mexico, 1920 Lomas N.E., Albuquerque, 87131. 505-277-6626

Dr. Kathleen Brook, Department of Economics, New Mexico State University, Box

30001, Las Cruces, 88003. 505-646-

4905

Laura Chaney, New Mexico State Library,

325 Don Gaspar Avenue, Santa Fe,

87503. 505-827-3826

Affiliates

Alamogordo—Alamogordo Public Library.

505-437-9058

Albuquerque—Albuquerque T-VI Business

Assistance Center. 505-768-0665.

(BIDC)

City of Albuquerque Planning Department.

505-768-3860

Middle Rio Grande Council of Governments. 505-247-1750

University of New Mexico General Library.

505-277-5441

University of New Mexico, Librarian, Native

American Studies. 505-277-8917

Carlsbad—Carlsbad Library and Museum.

505-885-6776

Espanola—Small Business Development

Center, Northern New Mexico Community College. 505-753-7141. (BIDC)

Farmington—City of Farmington, Community Development Department. 505-

327-7701

Gallup—Gallup Public Library. 505-863-3692

University of New Mexico—Gallup. 505-

722-7221. (BIDC)

Grants—Business Assistance Center, New

Mexico State University—Grants. 505-

287-8221. (BIDC)

Library, New Mexico State UniversityGrants. 505-287-7891 ext 116

Hobbs—Business Assistance Center, New

Mexico Junior College. 505-392-4510.

(BIDC)

Pannell Library, New Mexico Junior College. 505-392-4510

Las Cruces—City Planning Office. 505-526-

0606

Las Vegas—Department of Business, New

Mexico Highlands University. 505-425-

7511. (BIDC)

Donnelly Library, New Mexico Highlands

University. 505-454-3332

Luna Vo-Tech Institute. 505-454-2595.

(BIDC)

Los Alamos—Los Alamos County Economic Development, University of New

Mexico—Los Alamos. 505-662-0001.

(BIDC)

Los Lunas—Business Assistance Center ,

University of New Mexico—Valencia.

505-865-9596. (BIDC)

Portales—Library, Eastern New Mexico

University. 505-562-2624

Roswell—Business Assistance Center,

Eastern New Mexico University. 505-

624-7133. (BIDC)

Santa Fe—North Central New Mexico

Economic Development District. 505-

827-8934

Santa Fe Community College. 505-438-

1343. (BIDC)

Silver City—Business Assistance Center,

Western New Mexico University. 505-

538-6320. (BIDC)

Taos—Taos County Economic Development. 505-758-8731. (BIDC)

Tucumcari—Tucumcari Area Vo-Tech. 505-

461-4413. (BIDC)

NEW YORK

Lead Agency

Robert Scardamalia, Division of Policy and

Research, Department of Economic

Development, 1 Commerce Plaza,

Room 905, 99 Washington Avenue,

Albany, 12245. 518-474-6005

Coordinating Agencies

Mary Redmond, New York State Library,

Cultural Education Center, Empire State

Plaza, Albany, 12230. 518-474-3940

Institute of Government, 411 State Street,

Albany, 12203. 518-472-1300

Ann Gray, CISER Data Archive, Cornell University, 262 Caldwell Hall, Ithaca,

14853-7601. 607-255-4801

Wilfred Pauquette, New York Division of

Equalization and Assessment, 16 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, 12210. 518-474-

6742

Affiliates

Albany—Center for Social and Demographic

Analysis, State University of New YorkAlbany. 518-442-4905

New York State Department of Economic

Development. 518-474-5664

New York State Department of Labor. 518-

457-3099

New York State Office of Rural Affairs.

518-473-9003

Amherst—Erie and Niagara Counties

Regional Planning Board. 716-837-2035

Lockwood Memorial Library, Management

and Economics Subject Specialist,

Suny—Buffalo. 716-636-2821

Binghamton—Southern Tier East Regional

Planning Board. 607-724-1327

Buffalo—Buffalo and Erie County Public

Library. 716-858-7099

Erie County Department of Environment

and Planning. 716-858-6013

Cairo—Greene County Planning Department. 518-622-3251

Canton—St. Lawrence County Planning

Board. 315-379-2292

Carmel—Putnam County Division of Planning and Development. 914-878-2380

Corning—Southern Tier Central Regional

Planning and Development Board. 607-

962-5092

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA CENTERS A–19
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Goshen—Orange County Department of

Planning and Development. 914-294-

5151

Hauppauge—Long Island Regional Planning

Board. 516-360-5194

Hudson—Columbia County Department of

Planning and Economic Development.

518-828-3375

Ithica—CISER Data Archive, Cornell University. 607-255-8399

Olin Library, Cornell University. 607-255-

9481

Lake George—Lake Champlain/ Lake

George Regional Planning Board. 518-

668-5773

Lockport—Niagara County Planning and

Industrial Development Department.

716-439-6033

New City—Rockland County Planning

Board. 914-638-5480

New York City—Center for the Social Sciences, Columbia University. 212-854-

7858

Graduate Center, City University of New

York. 212-642-2085

New York City Planning Commission. 212-

720-3446

New York Metropolitan Transportation

Council. 212-938-3352

Pearl River—Rockland Economic Development Corporation. 914-735-7040

Plattsburgh—Economic Development and

Technical Assistance Center, State University of New York-Plattsburgh. 518-

564-2214

Poughkeepsie—Division of Management

Studies, Marist College. 915-575-3225

Dutchess County Planning Department.

914-485-9681

Rochester—Center for Governmental

Research. 716-325-6360

Genesee Finger Lakes Regional Planning

Council. 716-546-5902

Salamanca—Southern Tier West Regional

Planning and Development Board. 716-

945-5301

Sanborn—Niagara Frontier Economic

Development Technical Assistance

Center, Niagara Community College.

716-731-3271

Schenectady—Capital District Regional

Planning Commission. 518-393-1715

Syracuse—Central New York Regional

Planning and Development Board. 315-

422-8276

Greater Syracuse Chamber of Commerce.

315-470-1886

Media Services Department, Bird Library,

Syracuse University.

Syracuse-Onondaga County Planning

Agency. 315-435-2611

Utica—Herkimer-Oneida Counties Comprehensive Planning Program. 315-798-

5710

White Plains—Westchester County Department of Planning. 914-285-4412

NORTH CAROLINA

Lead Agencies

Francine Stephenson, State Data Center,

North Carolina Office of State Planning,

116 West Jones Street, Raleigh,

27603-8005. 919-733-4131. (SDC/

BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Glenn Deane, Institute for Research in

Social Science, University of North

Carolina, Manning Hall CB 3355,

Chapel Hill, 27599-3355. 919-966-3346

Joel Sigmon, State Library, Department of

Cultural Resources, 109 East Jones

Street, Raleigh, 27611. 919-733-3683

Karen Siderelis, Land Resources Information

Service, Division of Land Resources,

P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, 27611. 919-

733-2090

Affiliates

Asheville—Land-of-Sky Regional Council.

704-254-8131. (SDC/ BIDC)

Pack Memorial Public Library. 704-255-

5203. (SDC/ BIDC)

Region D Council of Governments. 704-

264-5558. (SDC/ BIDC)

Bryson City—Southwestern North Carolina

Planning and Economic Development

Commission. 704-488-9211. (SDC/

BIDC)

Charlotte—Centralina Council of Governments. 704-372-2416. (SDC/ BIDC)

Charlotte Chamber of Commerce. 704-

377-6911. (SDC/ BIDC)

Charlotte/ Mecklenburg County Public

Library. 704-336-2980. (SDC/ BIDC)

University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

704-547-2307. (SDC/ BIDC)

Cullowhee—Center for Improving Mountain

Living, Western Carolina University.

704-227-7492. (SDC/ BIDC)

Durham—Durham County Public Library.

919-560-0100. (SDC/ BIDC)

Fayetteville—Cumberland County Public

Library. 919-483-3745. (SDC/ BIDC)

Region M Council of Governments. 919-

323-4191. (SDC/ BIDC)

Greensboro—Greensboro Area Chamber of

Commerce. 919-275-8675. (SDC/ BIDC)

Greensboro Public Library. 919-373-2471.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Piedmont Triad Council of Governments.

919-294-4950. (SDC/ BIDC)

University of North Carolina at Greensboro,

School of Business and Economics.

919-334-3055. (SDC/ BIDC)

Greenville—Regional Development Institute,

East Carolina University. 919-757-6650.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Sheppard Memorial Library. 919-830-4580.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Henderson—Kerr-Tar Regional Council of

Governments. 919-492-8561. (SDC/

BIDC)

Hertford—Albermarle Regional Planning

and Development Commission. 919-

426-5753. (SDC/ BIDC)

Hickory—Western Piedmont Council of

Governments. 704-322-9191. (SDC/

BIDC)

Jacksonville—Onslow County Public

Library, 919-455-7350. (SDC/ BIDC)

Lumberton—Lumber River Council of Governments. 919-738-8104. (SDC/ BIDC)

New Bern—Neuse River Council of Governments. 919-638-3185. (SDC/ BIDC)

Raleigh—Agriculture Extension Service,

North Carolina State University. 919-

737-2659. (SDC/ BIDC)

Center for Urban Affairs and Community

Development, North Carolina State University. 919-737-3211. (SDC/ BIDC)

Department of Community Colleges. 919-

733-3995. (SDC/ BIDC)

The Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce. 919-833-3005. (SDC/ BIDC)

North Carolina Association of County Commissioners. 919-832-2893. (SDC/ BIDC)

North Carolina League of Municipalities.

919-834-1311. (SDC/ BIDC)

Wake County Business Library. 919-755-

6690. (SDC/ BIDC)

Research Triangle Park—Triangle J Council of Governments. 919-549-0551.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Rockingham—Pee Dee Council of Governments. 919-895-6306. (SDC/ BIDC)

Rocky Mount—Region L Council of Governments. 919-446-0411. (SDC/ BIDC)

Rutherfordton—Isothermal Planning and

Development Commission. 704-287-

2281. (SDC/ BIDC)

Washington—Mid-East Economic Development Commission. 919-946-8043.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Wilmington—Cape Fear Council of Governments. 919-763-0191. (SDC/ BIDC)

New Hanover County Public Library. 919-

341-4390. (SDC/ BIDC)

Center for Business and Economic Services, University of North Carolina at

Wilmington. 919-395-3000. (SDC/ BIDC)

Winston-Salem—Forsyth County Public

Library. 919-727-2208. (SDC/ BIDC)

Northwest Piedmont Council of Governments. 919-722-9346. (SDC/ BIDC)

NORTH DAKOTA

Lead Agency

Dr. Richard Rathge, Department of Agricultural Economics, North Dakota State

University, Morrill Hall, Rm. 224, P.O.

Box 5636, Fargo, 58105. 701-237-8621

Coordinating Agencies

Jim Boyd, Office of Intergovernmental Assistance, State Capitol, 14th Floor, Bismarck, 58505. 701-224-2094

A–20 DATA CENTERS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Susan Pahlmeyer, State Library, Liberty

Memorial Building, Capitol Grounds,

Bismarck, 58505. 701-224-2490

Mohammad Hemmasi, Department of Geography, University of North Dakota,

Grand Forks, 58202. 701-777-4246

Affiliates

Bismarck—North Dakota Job Service. 701-

224-2868

Veterans Memorial Public Library. 701-222-

6410

Lewis and Clark Regional Council. 701-

663-6588

Devils Lake—Carnegie Library. 701-662-

2220

North Central Planning Council. 701-662-

8131

Dickinson—Dickinson Public Library. 701-

225-8100

Fargo—Fargo Public Library. 701-241-1490

Grand Forks—Grand Forks Public Library.

701-772-8116

Jamestown—South Central Regional Council. 701-252-8060

Minot—Memorial Library, Minot State College. 701-857-3200

Minot Public Library. 701-852-1045

Souris Basin Regional Council. 701-839-

6641

Newtown—Management Assistance Office,

Three Affiliated Tribes. 701-627-3623

Valley City—Allen Memorial Library, Valley

City State College. 701-845-7278

Williston—Williston Community Library. 701-

774-8805

OHIO

Lead Agency

Barry Bennett, Ohio Data Users Center,

Ohio Department of Development, P.O.

Box 1001, Columbus, 43266-0101.

614-466-2115

Coordinating Agencies

Steven Howe, University of Cincinnati,

Southwest Ohio Regional Data Center,

Institute for Policy Research, Mail LOC

132, Cincinnati, 45211. 513-556-5082

Mark Salling, Northern Ohio Data and Information Service, Cleveland State University, Euclid Avenue and East 24th

Street, Cleveland, 44115. 216-687-

2209

Marge Murfin, Ohio State University Library,

Census Data Center, 126 Main Library,

1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Columbus,

43210. 614-292-6175

Clyde Hordusky, State Library of Ohio, 65

South Front Street, Columbus, 43215.

614-644-7051

Affiliates

Akron—Center for Urban Studies, University

of Akron. 216-972-7616

County of Summit Department of Planning

and Economic Development. 216-379-

2552

Northeast Ohio Four County Regional

Planning and Development Organization. 216-836-5731

Ashland—Ashland Regional Planning Commission. 419-289-0000

Batavia—Clermont County Public Library.

513-732-2128

Bowling Green—Population and Society

Research Center, Bowling Green University. 419-372-2497

Cambridge—Ohio Mid-Eastern Governments Association. 614-439-4471

Canton—Stark County District Library. 216-

452-0665

Stark County Regional Planning Commission and Area Transportation Study.

216-438-0401

Cincinnati—Hamilton County Regional Planning Commission. 513-632-8461

Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of

Governments. 513-621-7060

Cleveland—Cuyahoga County Planning

Commission. 216-443-3700

Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating

Agency. 216-241-2414

Columbus—Health Policy Data Center, Ohio

Department of Health. 614-644-8530

Dayton—Miami Valley Regional Planning

Commission. 513-223-6323

Montgomery County Planning Commission.

513-225-4349

Defiance—Maumee Valley Planning Organization. 419-784-3882

Elyria—Lorain County Planning Commission.

216-329-5544

Gallipolis—Bossard Memorial Library of

Gallia County. 614-446-7323

Jefferson—Ashtabula County Planning

Commission. 216-576-9090

Lebanon—City of Lebanon. 513-932-3060

Lima—Lima-Allen County Regional Planning

Commission. 419-228-1836

Mansfield—Mansfield-Richland County Public Library. 419-524-1041

Richland County Regional Planning Commission. 419-755-5684

Marietta—Buckeye Hills-Hocking Valley

Regional Development District. 614-

374-9436

Medina—Medina County Planning Commission. 216-722-9219

Middletown—Department of Planning and

Economic Development. 513-425-7962

Newark—Newark Public Library. 614-345-

8972

Oxford—King Library, Miami University. 513-

529-3342

Painesville—Lake County Planning Commission. 216-357-2739

Portsmouth—Ohio Valley Regional Development Commission. 614-354-7795

Springfield—Clark County Public Library.

513-328-6903

Steubenville—Jefferson County Regional

Planning Commission. 614-283-4111

Toledo—Economic Information System, University of Toledo. 419-537-2430

Toledo Metropolitan Area Council of Governments. 419-241-9155

Warren—Trumbull County Planning Commission. 216-841-0480

Wooster—Wayne County Planning Department. 216-263-3109

Youngstown—Eastgate Development and

Transportation Agency. 216-746-7601

Mahoning County Planning Commission.

216-788-1843

OKLAHOMA

Lead Agency

Harley Lingerfelt, Oklahoma State Data Center, Oklahoma Department of Commerce, P.O. Box 26980, Oklahoma

City, 73126-0980. 405-841-5184

Coordinating Agency

Steve Beleu, Oklahoma Department of

Libraries, 200 N.E. 18th Street, Oklahoma City, 73105. 405-521-2502

Affiliates

Ardmore—Southern Oklahoma Development Association. 405-226-2250

Bartlesville—Bartlesville Public Library. 918-

333-8867

Beaver—Oklahoma Economic Development

Association. 405-625-4531

Burns Flat—South Western Oklahoma

Development Authority. 405-562-4886

Chickasha—Nash Library, University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma. 405-224-

3140

Clinton—Western Plains Library System.

405-323-0974

Duncan—Association of South Central Oklahoma Governments. 405-252-0596

Enid—North Oklahoma Development Association. 405-237-4810

Fort Smith, Arkansas—Arkloma Regional

Planning Commission. 501-785-2651

Idabel—Idabel Public Library. 405-286-6406

Lawton—Library, Cameron University. 405-

581-2200

McAlester—Southeastern Public Library

System. 918-426-0456

Miami—Miami Public Library. 918-542-3064

Muskogee—Eastern Oklahoma Development District. 918-682-7891

Norman—Center for Economic and Management Research, University of Oklahoma. 405-325-2931

Oklahoma City—Association of Central

Oklahoma Government. 405-848-8961

Health Sciences Center Library, University

of Oklahoma. 405-271-2285

Management Information System, City of

Oklahoma City. 405-231-2616

Ponca City—Ponca City Library. 405-767-

0345

Shawnee—Central Oklahoma Economic

Development District. 405-273-6410

Stillwater—Edmond Law Library. 405-744-

9770

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Tulsa—Indian Nations Council of Governments. 918-584-7526

Vinita—Grand Gateway Economic Development Association. 918-256-6478

Wilburton—Kiamichi Economic Development District. 918-465-2367

OREGON

Lead Agency

Ed Schafer, Center for Population Research

and Census, Portland State University,

P.O. Box 751, Portland, 97207-0751.

503-725-3922

Coordinating Agencies

Karen Seidel, Bureau of Governmental

Research and Service, University of

Oregon, Hendricks Hall, Room 340,

P.O. Box 3177, Eugene, 97403. 503-

346-5232

Craig Smith, Oregon State Library, State

Library Bldg., Salem, 97310. 503-378-

4276

Mike Murphy, Oregon Housing Agency, 1600

State St., Suite 100, Salem, 97310-

0161. 503-373-1611

Affiliates

Ashland—Southern Oregon State College.

503-482-6365

Astoria—Clatsop Community College. 503-

325-0910

Bend—Deschutes County Library. 503-388-

6677

Coos Bay—Southwest Oregon Community

College. 503-888-2525

Corvallis—Human Development and Family

Services. 503-737-4765

Oregon District Four Council of Governments. 503-757-6851

Eugene—Lane Council of Governments.

503-687-4437

LaGrande—Regional Services Institute,

Eastern Oregon State College. 503-

962-3755

Ontario—Treasure Valley Community College. 503-889-6493

Pendleton—Blue Mountain Community College. 503-276-1260

East Central Oregon Association of Counties. 503-276-6732

Portland—Metropolitan Service District.

503-221-1646

Roseburg—Umpqua Regional Council of

Governments. 503-440-4231

Salem—Mid-Willamette Valley Council of

Governments. 503-588-6177

PENNSYLVANIA

Lead Agencies

Michael Behney, Pennsylvania State Data

Center, Institute of State and Regional

Affairs, Pennsylvania State University-at

Harrisburg, Middletown, 17057. 717-

948-6336. (SDC/ BIDC)

Grace M. Finn, Penn State at Harrisburg

Acquisitions, Heindel Library, Middletown, 17057-4898. 717-948-6074

John Geschwindt, State Library of Pennsylvania, Federal Documents Librarian,

Forum Bldg., Harrisburg, 17105. 717-

787-2327

Affiliates

Allentown—Joint Planning Commission,

Lehigh-Northampton Counties. 215-

264-4544. (SDC/ BIDC)

Altoona—Southern Alleghenies Planning

and Development Commission. 814-

946-6537. (SDC/ BIDC)

Ambler—Ambler Campus Library, Temple

University. 215-283-1392. (SDC/ BIDC)

Bellefonte—Centre County Office of Planning. 814-355-6791. (SDC/ BIDC)

Bradford—Allegheny Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh

at Bradford. 814-368-7455. (SDC/

BIDC)

California—Department of Earth Sciences,

California University of Pennsylvania.

412-938-5780. (SDC/ BIDC)

Cumberland, Maryland—Tri-County Council

for Western Maryland. 301-777-2158

Edinboro—Baron-Forness Library, Edinboro

University. 814-732-2509. (SDC/ BIDC)

Erie—Economic Research Institute of Erie,

Penn State at Erie. 814-898-6107.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Erie Area Chamber of Commerce. 814-

454-7191. (SDC/ BIDC)

Erie County Planning Department. 814-

451-6336. (SDC/ BIDC)

Franklin—Northwest Pennsylvania Regional

Planning and Development Commission. 814-437-3024. (SDC/ BIDC)

Harrisburg—Pennsylvania Department of

Community Affairs. 717-787-8169.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Department of Public Welfare. 717-783-

2200. (SDC/ BIDC)

Office of Economic Policy, Planning, and

Research, Pennsylvania Department of

Commerce. 717-787-4088. (SDC/ BIDC)

Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Technical Reference Center. 717-

787-6527. (SDC/ BIDC)

State Health Data Center, Pennsylvania

Department of Health. 717-783-2548.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Tri-County Regional Planning Commission.

717-234-2639. (SDC/ BIDC)

Department of Aging. 717-783-3126

Pennsylvania Retailers’ Association. 717-

233-7976

Indiana—Institute to for Research and Community Affairs, Indiana University of

Pennsylvania. 412-357-2251. (SDC/

BIDC)

Johnstown—Greater Johnstown Chamber

of Commerce. 814-536-5107. (SDC/

BIDC)

Lancaster—Lancaster County Planning

Commission. 717-299-8333. (SDC/

BIDC)

Lewisburg—SEDA-Council of Governments.

717-524-4491. (SDC/ BIDC)

Mansfield—Rural Services Institute, Mansfield University. 717-662-4808. (SDC/

BIDC)

Media—Delaware County Planning Department. 215-891-5200. (SDC/ BIDC)

Norristown—Montgomery County Planning

Commission. 215-264-4544. (SDC/

BIDC)

Philadelphia—Institute of Public Policy

Studies, Temple University. 215-787-

5156. (SDC/ BIDC)

Pennsylvania Department of Community

Affairs, Regional Office. 215-560-2256.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Pennsylvania Manufacturers Association.

215-629-5081

Resource Center for Human Services. 215-

568-3755. (SDC/ BIDC)

Pittsburgh—Center for Social and Urban

Research, University of Pittsburgh. 412-

624-5442. (SDC/ BIDC)

Department of City Planning. 412-255-2223

Health and Welfare Planning Association.

412-392-3103. (SDC/ BIDC)

Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission. 412-391-5590. (SDC/

BIDC)

Pittston—Economic Development Council

of Northeastern Pennsylvania. 717-655-

5581. (SDC/ BIDC)

Reading—Berks County Planning Commission. 215-378-8703. (SDC/ BIDC)

Ridgway—North Central Pennsylvania

Regional Planning and Development

Commission. 814-940-6500. (SDC/

BIDC)

Scranton—Alumni Memorial Library, University of Scranton. 717-941-4001. (SDC/

BIDC)

Slippery Rock—Geography and Environmental Studies, Slippery Rock University. 412-738-2388. (SDC/ BIDC)

Towanda—Northern Tier Regional Planning

and Development Commission. 717-

265-9103. (SDC/ BIDC)

Uniontown—Penn State-Fayette Campus.

412-430-4210. (SDC/ BIDC)

West Chester—Geography and Planning,

West Chester University. 215-436-2889.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Williamsport—Lycoming County Planning

Commission. 717-327-2230. (SDC/

BIDC)

York—York County Planning Commission.

717-771-9550. (SDC/ BIDC)

PUERTO RICO

Lead Agency

Sra. Lillian Torres Aguirre, Junta de Planificacion, Centro Gubernamental Minillas,

P.O. Box 41119, San Juan, 00940-

9985. 809-728-4430

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Coordinating Agencies

Prof. Grace Quinones Seda, Recinto Universitario de Mayaguez, Edificio Anexo

Pinero, Carretera Num. 2, Mayaguez,

00708. 809-834-4040

Affiliates

Aguadilla—Universidad de Puerto Rico,

Colegio Regional de Aguadilla. 809-

890-2681

Admin De Colegios Regionales, Colegio

Regional de Aguadilla. 809-890-2681

Arecibo—Universidad Interamericana, Colegio Regional de Arecibo. 809-878-5475

Barranquitas—Universidad Interamericana,

Colegio Regional de Barranquitas. 809-

857-3600

Bayamon—Colegio Universitario Tecnologico de Bayamon, Universidad de

Puerto Rico. 809-786-5225

Oficina de Planificacion, Municipio de

Bayamon. 809-787-0451

Carolina—Oficina de Planificacion y Presupuesto, Municipio de Carolina. 809-757-

2626 ext. 355

Cayey—Colegio Universitario de Cayey, Universidad de Puerto Rico. 809-738-2161

Fajardo—Universidad Interamericana, Colegio Regional de Fajardo. 809-863-2390

Humacao—Colegio Universitario de

Humacao. 809-852-2525 ext. 272

Ponce—Universidad Catolica de Ponce.

809-841-2000 ext. 187

Colegio Universitario Tecnologico de

Ponce, Universidad de Puerto Rico.

809-844-8181 ext. 332

Rio Piedras—Sistemas de Bibliotecas, Edificio Jose M. Lazaro. 809-764-0000 ext

3296

Fundacion Educativa Ana G. Mendez, Universidad del Turabo. 809-744-8791 ext

254

Universidad de Puerto Rico, Planificacion y

Desarrollo. 809-764-0000 ext. 3448

San German—Universidad Interamericana,

Recinto de San German. 809-892-5115

ext. 3336

San Juan—Oficina de Planificacion y Presupuesto, Municipio de San Juan. 809-

724-7171

Recinto Universitario de Ciencias Medicas.

809-758-2525 ext. 1415

Camara de Comercio de Puerto Rico. 809-

721-6060

Santurce—Departamento de Servicios

Sociales. 809-725-1804

Utuado—Colegio Regional de la Montana,

Universidad de Puerto Rico. 809-894-

2828 ext 217

RHODE ISLAND

Lead Agency

Paul Egan, Rhode Island Department of

Administration, Office of Municipal

Affairs, One Capitol Hill, Providence,

2908-5873. 401-277-6493

Coordinating Agencies

Frank Iacono, Department of State Library

Services, 300 Richmond Street, Providence, 02903. 401-277-2726

Dr. Alden Speare, Social Science Data Center, Brown University, Providence,

02912. 401-863-2550

Dr. Jay Buechner, Office of Health Statistics,

Rhode Island Department of Health, 3

Capitol Hill, Providence, 02908. 401-

277-2550

James Karon, Rhode Island Department of

Education, 22 Hayes Street, Providence, 02908. 401-277-3126

Vincent Harrington, Rhode Island Department of Economic Development, 7

Jackson Walkway, Providence, 02903.

401-277-2601

Jane Nugent, United Way of Rhode Island,

229 Waterman Street, Providence,

02908. 401-521-9000

Affiliates

Bristol—Library, Roger Williams College.

401-253-1040

Coventry—Coventry Public Library. 401-

822-9100

Cranston—Cranston Public Library. 401-

943-9080

Rhode Island Department of Mental

Health, Retardation and Hospitals. 401-

464-1714

Kingston—Community Planning Department, Rodman Hall, University of

Rhode Island. 401-792-2248

Library, University of Rhode Island. 401-

792-4610

Newport—Salve Regina College Library.

401-847-6650

Peace Dale—South Kingstown Public

Library. 401-789-1555

Providence—Adams Library, Rhode Island

College. 401-456-9604

House Fiscal Advisory Office. 401-277-

2738

Office of Health Statistics. 401-277-2550

Providence Department of Planning and

Development. 401-351-4300

Providence Public Library. 401-455-8005

Rockefeller Library, Brown University, 401-

863-2522

Rhode Island Department of Elderly

Affairs. 401-277-6159

Rhode Island Department of Employment

and Training. 401-277-3706

Rhode Island Department of Health

Library. 401-277-2506

Rhode Island Department of Transportation. 401-277-2694

Rhode Island Occupational Information

Coordinating Committee. 401-272-0830

Rhode Island State Law Library. 401-277-

3275

Phillips Memorial Library, Providence College. 401-865-2581

Senate Fiscal Advisory Office, State

House. 401-277-2480

Urban League of Rhode Island. 401-351-

5000

Smithfield—Hodgson Memorial Library, Bryant College. 401-232-6299

Warwick—Warwick Public Library. 401-739-

5440

Learning Resources Center, Community

College of Rhode Island. 401-825-2492

Westerly—Westerly Public Library. 401-596-

2877

Woonsocket—Woonsocket Harris Public

Library. 401-769-9044

SOUTH CAROLINA

Lead Agency

Mike MacFarlane, Division of Research and

Statistical Services, South Carolina

Budget and Control Board, Rembert

Dennis Bldg., Room 425, Columbia,

29201. 803-734-3780

Coordinating Agency

Mary Bostick, Documents Librarian, State

Library, P.O. Box 11469, Columbia,

29211. 803-734-8666

Affiliates

Aiken—Lower Savannah Council of Governments. 803-649-7981

Batesburg—Lexington County Circulating

Library. 803-359-6984

Charleston—Berkeley-CharlestonDorchester Council of Governments

803-577-6990

Charleston County Library. 803-723-1645

Columbia—Richland County Public Library.

803-799-9084

Central Midlands Regional Planning Council. 803-798-1243

Conway—Horry County Library. 803-248-

4898

Florence—Florence County Library. 803-

662-8424

Pee Dee Regional Council of Governments. 803-669-3138

Georgetown—Waccamaw Regional Planning and Development Council. 803-

546-8502

Greenville—South Carolina Appalachian

Council of Governments. 803-242-9733

Greenwood—Upper Savannah Council of

Governments. 803-229-6627

Lancaster—Lancaster County Library. 803-

285-1502

Laurens—Laurens County Library. 803-984-

0596

Marion—Marion County Library. 803-423-

2244

Orangeburg—Orangeburg County Library.

803-531-4636

Rock Hill—Catawba Regional Planning

Council. 803-327-9041

York County Library. 803-324-3055

Sumter—Santee-Lynches Council of Governments. 803-775-7381

Sumter County Library. 803-773-7273

Walterboro—Colleton County Memorial

Library. 803-549-5621

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Yemassee—Lowcountry Council of Governments. 803-726-5536

SOUTH DAKOTA

Lead Agency

DeVee E. Dykstra, Business Research

Bureau, School of Business, University

of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark, Vermillion, 57069. 605-677-5287

Coordinating Agencies

Mary Vickers, Labor Market Information Center, Department of Labor, 420 S.

Rosevelt, Box 4730, Aberdeen, 57402-

4730. 605-622-2314

Jim Satterlee, South Dakota State University, Rural Sociology Department,

Scobey Hall 226, Box 504, Brookings,

57007. 605-688-4132

Margaret Bezpaletz, State Library, Documents Department, 800 Governors

Drive, Pierre, 57501-2294. 605-773-

3131

Brian Williams, Center for Health Policy and

Statistics, Department of Health, Foss

Bldg., 523 E. Capitol, Pierre, 57501.

605-773-3693

Affiliates

Aberdeen—Northeast Council of Governments. 605-622-2595

Learning Resource Center, Northern State

College. 605-622-2645

Brookings—Rural Sociology Department,

South Dakota State University. 605-

688-4132

Glendive—Library, Dawson Community College. 406-365-3396

Madison—Mundt Library, Dakota State College. 605-256-5207

Pierre—United Sioux Tribes of South

Dakota Development Corporation. 605-

224-1375

Governor’s Office of Economic Development. 605-773-5032

Rapid City—Black Hills Council of Local

Governments. 605-394-2681

Sioux Falls—Sioux Falls Planning Department. 605-339-7133

Southeast Council of Governments. 605-

339-6515

Spearfish—Library Learning Center, Black

Hills State College. 605-642-6833

Watertown—First District Association of

Local Governments. 605-886-7224

Yankton—Planning and Development District III. 605-665-4408

TENNESSEE

Lead Agency

Charles Brown, State Planning Office, John

Sevier State Office Bldg., 500 Charlotte

Avenue, Suite 307, Nashville, 37243-

0001. 615-741-1676

Coordinating Agency

Betty Vickers, Center for Business and Economic Research, University of Tennessee, Rm. 100, Glocker Hall, Knoxville,

37996-4170. 615-974-5441

Affiliates

Chattanooga—Southeast Tennessee Development District. 615-266-5782

Columbia—South Central Tennessee Development District. 615-381-2040

Cookeville—Upper Cumberland Development District. 615-432-4111

Jackson—Southwest Tennessee Development District. 901-422-4041

Johnson City—First Tennessee Development District. 615-928-0224

Knoxville—East Tennessee Development

District. 615-584-8553

Knoxville-Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission. 615-521-2500

Martin—Northwest Tennessee Development

District. 901-587-4215

Library, University of Tennessee at Martin.

901-587-7065

Memphis—Memphis and Shelby County

Office of Planning and Development.

901-576-6763

Memphis Delta Development District. 901-

576-4610

Bureau of Business and Economic

Research, Memphis State University.

901-678-2281

Government Documents Department

Library, Memphis State University. 901-

678-2206

Nashville—Department of Economic and

Community Development. 615-741-

1995

Greater Nashville Regional Council. 615-

259-5491

Oak Ridge—Oak Ridge Public Library. 615-

483-6386

TEXAS

Lead Agency

Michael West, Texas Department of Commerce, P.O. Box 12728, Austin, 78711.

512-472-9667

Coordinating Agencies

Charles Palmer, Texas Natural Resources

Information System, P.O. Box 13231,

Austin, 78711. 512-463-8399

Diana Houston, Texas Library and Archive

Commission, P.O. Box 12927, Capitol

Station, Austin, 78711. 512-463-5455

Dr. Steve Murdock, Department of Rural

Sociology, Texas A and M University

System, Special Services Bldg., College Station, 77843-2125. 409-845-

5115

Affiliates

Abilene—West Central Texas Council of

Governments. 915-672-8544

Amarillo—Panhandle Regional Planning

Commission. 806-372-3381

Arlington—North Central Texas Council of

Governments. 817-640-3300

Austin—Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas at Austin. 512-471-

1616

Capitol Area Planning Council. 512-443-

7653

Belton—Central Texas Council of Governments. 817-939-1801

Bryan—Brazos Valley Development Council.

409-776-2277

Carrizo Springs—Middle Rio Grande Development Council. 512-876-3533

Corpus Christi—Coastal Bend Council of

Governments. 512-883-5743

Denison—Texoma Regional Planning Commission. 214-786-2955

Edinburg—School of Business Administation, University of Texas-Pan American.

512-381-3361

School of Social Sciences, University of

Texas—Pan American. 512-381-3339

El Paso—Bureau of Business and Economic

Research, University of Texas at El

Paso. 915-747-5122

City of El Paso Planning Department. 915-

541-4721

Rio Grande Council of Governments. 915-

533-0998

Houston—Houston-Galveston Area Council.

713-627-3200

Department of Political Science, Rice University. 713-523-2417

Jasper—Deep East Texas Council of Governments. 409-384-5704

Kilgore—East Texas Council of Governments. 214-984-8641

Laredo—South Texas Development Council. 512-722-3995

Lubbock—Department of Sociology, Texas

Tech University. 806-742-2409

South Plains Association of Governments.

806-762-8721

McAllen—Lower Rio Grande Valley Development Council. 512-682-3481

Midland—Permian Basin Regional Planning

Commission. 915-563-1061

Nacogdoches—Political Science Department, Stephen F. Austin State University. 409-568-3903

Nederland—Southeast Texas Regional

Planning Commission. 409-727-2384

Richardson—Center for Development Studies, University of Texas at Dallas. 214-

690-2088

San Angelo—Concho Valley Council of

Governments. 915-944-9666

San Antonio—Center for Studies in Business, University of Texas at San Antonio. 512-691-4317

Alamo Area Council of Governments. 512-

225-5201

Texarkana—Ark-Tex Council of Governments. 214-832-8636

A–24 DATA CENTERS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 26 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

Victoria—Golden Crescent Regional Planning Commission. 512-578-1587

Waco—Heart of Texas Council of Governments. 817-756-7822

Wichita Falls—Nortex Regional Planning

Commission. 817-322-5281

UTAH

Lead Agency

Patricia Bowles, Office of Planning and Budget, State Capitol, Rm. 116, Salt Lake

City, 84114. 801-538-1571. (SDC/

BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Randy Rogers, Department of Community

and Economic Development, 324 South

State Street, Suite 300, Salt Lake City,

84111. 801-538-8715

Frank Hachman, Bureau of Economic and

Business Research, 401 KD6B. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112.

801-581-6333

Affiliates

Blanding—Utah Navajo Development Council. 801-678-2285. (BIDC)

Bountiful—Wasatch Front Regional Council.

801-292-4469. (BIDC)

Cedar City—Library, Southern Utah State

University. 801-586-7946

Small Business Development Center. 801-

586-5405. (BIDC)

Fort Duchesne—Wte Indian Tribe. 801-722-

5141

Logan—Bear River Association of Governments. 801-752-7242. (BIDC)

Merrill Library, Utah State University. 801-

750-2683

Population Research Laboratory, Utah

State University. 801-750-1231

Cashe County Economic Development.

801-753-3631. (BIDC)

Meab—Grand County Economic and Community Development. 801-259-6388.

(BIDC)

Ogden—Stewart Library, Weber State University. 801-626-6415

Weber Economic Development Corporation 801-627-1333. (BIDC)

Park City—Park City Chamber/ Bureau. 801-

649-6100. (BIDC)

Price—Southeastern Association of Governments. 801-637-5444. (BIDC)

Provo—Lee Library, Brigham Young University. 801-378-4090

Mountainlands Association of Governments. 801-377-2262. (BIDC)

Utah Valley Economic Development Association. 801-370-8100. (BIDC)

Richfield—Six County Association of Governments. 801-896-9222. (BIDC)

Roosevelt—Unitah Basin Association of

Governments. 801-722-4518. (BIDC)

Salt Lake City—Bureau of Health Statistics,

Department of Health. 801-538-6186

Department of Employment Security. 801-

533-2372

Marriott Library, University of Utah. 801-

581-8394

Salt Lake City Library. 801-363-5733

Salt Lake County Library System. 801-943-

4636

State Education Office. 801-538-7802

State Library Division of Utah. 801-466-

5888

Utah Foundation. 801-364-1837

Utah League of Cities and Towns. 801-

328-1601

Utah Issues. 801-521-2035

Utah Economic Development Corporation.

801-328-8824. (BIDC)

Small Business Development Center. 801-

581-7905. (BIDC)

St. George—Five County Association of

Governments. 801-673-3548

Vernal—Vernal Area Chamber of Commerce. 801-789-1352. (BIDC)

VERMONT

Lead Agency

Sybil McShane, Department of Libraries, 109

State Street, Montpelier, 05609. 802-

828-3261

Coordinating Agencies

Cathleen Gent, Center for Rural Studies,

University of Vermont, 207 Morrill Hall,

Burlington, 05405-0106. 802-656-3021

Cynthia Clancy, Office of Policy Research

and Coordination, Pavilion Office Building, 109 State Street, Montpelier,

05609. 802-828-3326

Jed Guertin, Agency of Development and

Community Affairs, 109 State Street,

Montpelier, 05609. 802-828-3217

Affiliates

Arlington—Bennington County Regional

Planning Commission. 802-375-9964

Bennington—Bennington Free Library. 802-

442-9051

Brattleboro—Windham Regional Planning

Development Commission. 802-257-

4547

Brooks Memorial Library. 802-254-5290

Burlington—Howe Library, University of

Vermont. 802-656-2503 ext. 34

Castleton—Coolidge Library, Castleton

State College. 802-468-5615

Essex Junction—Chiltenden County

Regional Planning Commission. 802-

658-3004

Johnson—Dewey Library, Johnson State

College. 802-635-2356

Lyndonville—Library, Lyndon State College.

802-626-9371

Middlebury—Addison County Regional

Planning and Development Commission. 802-388-3141

Middlebury College Library. 802-388-3711

Montpelier—Central Vermont Regional

Planning Commission. 802-229-0389

Office of Geographic Information. 802-828-

3447

Morrisville—Morristown Centennial Library.

802-888-3853

Lamoille County Development Council.

802-888-4548

Newport—Goodrich Memorial Library. 802-

334-7902

Rutland—Ruthland Free Library. 802-773-

1860

Rutland Regional Commission. 802-775-

0871

South Royalton—Vermont Law Library.

802-763-8303

Springfield—Springfield Town Library. 802-

885-3108

St. Albans—Franklin-Grand Isle Regional

Commission. 802-524-6979

St. Albans Free Library. 802-527-0585

St. Johnsbury—Northeastern Vermont

Development Association. 802-748-

5181

St. Johnsbury Athenaeum. 802-748-8291

Windsor—Southern Windsor Regional Planning Development Commission. 802-

674-9241

Woodstock—Two Rivers-Ottauquechee

Regional Commission. 802-457-3188

VIRGIN ISLANDS

Lead Agency

Dr. Frank Mills, University of the Virgin

Islands, Caribbean Research Institute,

Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, 00802.

809-776-9200 ext. 1238

Coordinating Agency

Dan Inzeen, Department of Economic Development and Agriculture, Bureau of Economic Research, P.O. Box 6400, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, 00801. 809-

774-8784

Affiliates

Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas—University

of the Virgin Islands Library. 809-776-

9200 ext. 1483

Libraries, Archives, and Museums. 809-

774-3407

Department of Human Services, Office of

Planning and Development. 809-774-

0930

Department of Planning and Natural

Resources. 809-774-1730

Department of Health, Knud Hansen Hospital. 809-774-1734

Enid M. Baa Library, Von Schoulton Collection. 809-774-0630

Christiansted, St. Croix—Florence Williams

Public Library. 809-773-5715

Health Plan Developer II, Charles Harwood

Memorial Hospital. 809-773-4050

Small Business Development Agency. 809-

773-2161

Department of Planning and Natural

Resources. 809-773-1082

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE DATA CENTERS A–25
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Kingshill, St. Croix—University of the Virgin

Islands Library. 809-778-1620

VIRGINIA

Lead Agency

Dan Jones, Virginia Employment Commission, 703 East Main Street, Richmond,

23219. 804-786-8308

Coordinating Agencies

Dr. Michael Spar, Center for Public Service,

University of Virginia, Dynamics Building, 4th Floor, 2015 Ivy Road, Charlottesville, 22903-1795. 804-924-7451

Robert Keeton, State Library, Documents

Section, 11th and Capitol Streets,

Richmond, 23219. 804-786-2175

Affiliates

Accomac—Accomack-Northampton Planning District Commission. 804-787-2936

Annandale—Northern Virginia Planning District Commission. 703-642-0700

Callao—Northern Neck Planning District

Commission. 804-529-7400

Charlottesville—Thomas Jefferson Planning

District Commission. 804-972-1720

Chesapeake—Hampton Roads Planning

District Commission. 804-420-8300

Culpeper—Rappahannock-Rapidan Planning District Commission. 703-829-7450

Duffield—LENOWISCO Planning District

Commission. 703-431-2206

Farmville—Piedmont Planning District Commission. 804-392-6104

Fredericksburg—RADCO Planning District

Commission. 703-373-2890

Front Royal—Lord Fairfax Planning District

Commission. 703-635-4146

Lebanon—Cumberland Plateau Planning

District Commission. 703-889-1778

Lynchburg—Central Virginia Planning District Commission. 804-845-3491

Marion—Mount Rogers Planning District

Commission. 703-783-5103

Martinsville—West Piedmont Planning District Commission. 703-638-3987

Petersburg—Crater Planning District Commission. 804-861-1666

Radford—New River Valley Planning District

Commission. 703-639-9313

Richmond—Richmond Regional Planning

District Commission. 804-358-3684

Roanoke—Fifth Planning District Commission. 703-343-4417

Saluda—Middle Peninsula Planning District

Commission. 804-758-2312

South Hill—Southside Planning District

Commission. 804-447-7101

Staunton—Central Shenandoah Planning

District Commission. 703-885-5174

WASHINGTON

Lead Agency

Sharon Estee, Estimation and Forecasting

Unit, Office of Financial Management,

450 Insurance Building, MS:AQ-44,

Olympia, 98504-0202. 206-586-2504.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Lucky Tedrow, Demographic Research

Laboratory, Department of Sociology,

Western Washington University,

Bellingham, 98225. 206-676-3617

David Kaufman, Applied Social Data Center,

Department of Sociology, Central

Washington University, Ellensburg,

98926. 509-963-1305

Ann Bregent, State Library, Documents Section, AJ 11, Olympia, 98504. 206-753-

4027

Dr. Annabel Kirschner Cook, Department of

Rural Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-4006. 509-335-

4519

Elaine Murakami, Puget Sound Council of

Governments, 216 1st Avenue South,

Seattle, 98104. 206-464-5355

Gary Bodeutsch, LMEA, Department of

Employment Security, 212 Maple Park,

Mail Stop KG-11, Olympia, 98504. 206-

438-4804. (BIDC)

Fred Nick, CSSCR, University of Washington, 145 Savery Hall, DK 45, Seattle,

98195, 206-543-8110.

Affiliates

Aberdeen—Grays Harbor Regional Planning

Council. 206-532-8812. (SDC/ BIDC)

Bellingham—Whatcom County Coq. 206-

676-6974. (SDC/ BIDC)

Colville—Trico Economic Development District. 509-684-4571. (SDC/ BIDC)

Olympia—Kelso—Cowlitz-Wahkiqkim

Governmental Conference. 206-577-

3041

Department of Trade and Economic Development. 206-464-6282

Thurston Regional Planning Council. 206-

786-5480. (SDC/ BIDC)

Pullman—Cooperative Extension, Washington State University. 509-335-2811.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Seattle—King County Library System. 206-

684-6632. (SDC/ BIDC)

Land Information Development System.

206-296-8635

Graduate School of Business, University of

Washington. 206-543-1579

Office for Long-range Planning. 206-684-

8369

Richland—Benton-Franklin Regional Council. 509-943-9185

Spokane—Spokane Regional Council. 509-

456-4340. (SDC/ BIDC)

Tacoma—Center for Social Research,

Pacific Luthern University. 206-536-

5065

Vancouver—Intergovernmental Resource

Center. 206-699-2361. (SDC)

Cannell Library, Clark College. 206-699-

0443

Yakima—Yakima Valley COG. 509-575-4372

WEST VIRGINIA

Lead Agencies

Mary C. Harless, Governor’s Office of Community and Industrial Development,

Research and Strategic Planning Div.,

Capitol Complex, Bldg. 6, Rm. 553,

Charleston, 25305. 304-348-4010.

(SDC)

Linda Culp, Center for Economic Research,

West Virginia University, 323 Business

and Economics Bldg., Morgantown,

26506-6025. 304-293-7832. (BIDC)

Coordinating Agencies

Karen Goff, West Virginia Library Commission, Science and Cultural Center, Capitol Complex, Charleston, 25305. 304-

348-2045

Stephanie Pratt, Office of Health Services

Research, Health, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center South,

Morgantown, 26506. 304-293-2601

Affiliates

Buckhannon—Region VII Planning and

Development Council. 304-472-6564.

(BIDC)

Charleston—Department of Employment

Security. 304-348-2660. (BIDC)

Small Business Development Center. 304-

348-2960. (BIDC)

West Virginia Chamber of Commerce. 304-

342-1115. (BIDC)

West Virginia Research League, Inc. 304-

346-9451. (BIDC)

Cumberland, Maryland—Tri-County Council

for Western Maryland. 301-777-2158

Dunbar—Region III Planning and Development Council. 304-768-8191. (SDC/

BIDC)

Fairmont—Library, Fairmont State College.

304-367-4121

Monongahela Power Company. 304-367-

3107. (BIDC)

Region VI Planning and Development

Council. 304-366-5693. (BIDC)

Glenville—Kidd Library, Glenville State College. 304-462-7361

Huntington—Center for Regional Progress,

Marshall University. 304-696-6258.

(BIDC)

Morrow Library, Marshall University. 304-

696-2342

Region II Planning and Development

Council. 304-529-3357. (SDC/ BIDC)

Institute—Drain-Jordan Library, West Virginia State College. 304-766-3116

Keyser—Shipper Library, Potomac State

College. 304-788-3011

Martinsburg—Region IX Planning and

Development Council. 304-263-1743.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Evansdale Library, West Virginia University.

304-293-4695

A–26 DATA CENTERS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 28 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

Parkersburg—Region V Planning and

Development Council. 304-295-9312.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Petersburg—Region VIII Planning and

Development Council. 304-257-1221.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Princeton—Region I Planning and Development Council. 304-425-9508. (SDC/

BIDC)

Steubenville, Ohio—Region XI Planning

and Development Council. 614-282-

3685. (SDC/ BIDC)

Summersville—Region IV Planning and

Development Council. 304-872-4970.

(SDC/ BIDC)

Wheeling—Library, West Virginia Northern

Community College. 304-233-5900

BEL-O-MAR Regional Council. 304-242-

1800. (SDC/ BIDC)

WISCONSIN

Lead Agencies

Robert Naylor, Demographic Services Center, Department of Administration, 101

South Webster Street, 6th Floor, P.O.

Box 7868, Madison, 53707-7868. 608-

266-1927

Michael Knight, Applied Population Laboratory, Department of Rural Sociology,

University of Wisconsin, 1450 Linden

Drive, Room 316, Madison, 53706.

608-262-3097. (BIDC)

Affiliates

Appleton—Fox Cities Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 414-734-7101.

(BIDC)

Eau Claire—L.E. Phillips Memorial Public

Library. 715-839-5004

West Central Wisconsin Regional Planning

Commission. 715-836-2918

Green Bay—Bay-Lake Regional Planning

Commission. 414-448-2820

Green Bay Area Chamber of Commerce.

414-437-8704. (BIDC)

Janesville—Department of Economic Development. 608-755-3180. (BIDC)

Rock County Planning and Development

Department. 608-755-2087

Juneau—Dodge County Planning and

Development Department. 414-386-

3700

Kenosha—Library, University of WisconsinParkside. 414-553-2730

LaCrosse—Mississippi River Regional Planning Commission. 608-785-9396

Lac du Flambeau—Great Lakes Inter-Tribal

Council. 715-588-3324

Madison—Business Information Center,

Wisconsin Department of Development.

608-266-1386. (BIDC)

Center for Small Business Management

and Entrepreneurship. 608-263-1664.

(BIDC)

Community and Economic Development

Unit. 608-267-8721. (BIDC)

Dane County Regional Planning Commission. 608-266-4593

Department of Industry, Labor, and Human

Relations. 608-266-2832

Madison Gas and Electric Company. 608-

252-7116. (BIDC)

Management Institute. 608-262-7878.

(BIDC)

Public Expenditure Survey. 608-255-6767.

(BIDC)

Recreation Resources Center. 608-263-

2621. (BIDC)

School of Business, University of Wisconsin. 608-263-3902. (BIDC)

University of Wisconsin Extension. 608-

263-7794. (BIDC)

Wisconsin Department of Agriculture,

Trade and Consumer Protection. 608-

267-3311. (BIDC)

Wisconsin Economic Development Association. 608-255-5666. (BIDC)

Wisconsin Insurance Alliance. 608-255-

1748. (BIDC)

Wisconsin Manufacturers and Commerce.

608-258-3400. (BIDC)

Wisconsin Realtors Association. 608-241-

2047. (BIDC)

Menasha—East Central Wisconsin Regional

Planning Commission. 414-751-4770

Menomonie—Library, University of

Wisconsin-Stout. 715-232-1402

Milwaukee—Employment and Training Institute, University of WisconsinMilwaukee. 414-229-6387. (BIDC)

Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of

Commerce. 414-273-3000. (BIDC)

Milwaukee Minority Business Development

Center. 414-332-6268. (BIDC)

Social Development Commission. 414-272-

5600

Oshkosh—Oshkosh Public Library. 414-236-

5228

Winnebago County Planning Department.

414-236-4837 ext. 245

Platteville—Industrial Development Center,

University of Wisconsin-Platteville. 608-

342-1458. (BIDC)

Southwestern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 608-342-1214

Rhinelander—Nicolet College, Learning

Resources Center. 715-369-4486

Shawano—Wisconsin Towns Association.

715-526-3157. (BIDC)

Spooner—Northwest Regional Planning

Commission. 715-635-2197

Sturgeon Bay—Door County Economic

Development Corportion.

Superior—Small Business Development

Center, University of WisconsinSuperior. 715-894-8544. (BIDC)

Waukesha—Southeast Wisconsin Regional

Planning Commission. 414-547-6271

Wausau—North Central Wisconsin Regional

Planning Commission. 715-845-4208

Marathon County Planning Commission.

715-847-5598

Whitewater—Wisconsin Innovation Service

Center, University of WisconsinWhitewater. 414-472-1365. (BIDC)

Wisconsin Rapids—Wood County Planning

Office. 715-421-8466

WYOMING

Lead Agency

Greg McCollum, Research and Statistics

Division, Department of Administration

and Fiscal Control, Emerson Building,

Rm. 327E, Cheyenne, 82002-0060.

307-777-7504

Coordinating Agency

G. Fred Doll, Survey Research Center, University of Wyoming, P.O. Box 3925,

Laramie, 82071. 307-766-2931

Affiliates

Casper—Casper College Library. 307-268-

2269

Gillette—Campbell County Library. 307-

682-3223

Powell—Northwest Community College.

307-754-6207

Riverton—Library, Central Wyoming College. 307-856-9291

Rock Springs—Western Wyoming Community College Library. 307-382-1600

Sheridan—Sheridan College Library. 307-

674-6446

NATIONAL

CLEARINGHOUSE

The letters following the telephone numbers of organizations in the National Clearinghouse for Census Data Services listing

indicate the services provided by the organization. The following list indicates what services or data holdings the code letters represent.

Service Codes

A. General services

a—Tape copies, printouts, extracts

b—Software for accessing census data

c—Personal computer services: diskettes,

downloading, etc.

d—Online data services

e—CD-ROM products and services

f—Estimates and projections, forecasting

g—Tabulations from microdata

h—Market segmentation - site location

i—Other market research services

j—Training/ consulting

B. Data specialization

a—Demographic/ socioeconomic

b—ZIP code information

c—Economic - retail trade

d—Economic - foreign trade

e—Economic - other

C. Data holdings

a—National data

b—Regional data

c—Local data

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE A–27
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 29 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

D. Geographic services

a—Geocoding/ address matching

b—Mapping and cartography

c—Business graphics

d—Redistricting services

e—Routing or delivery assistance

f—Training/ consulting

g—Geographic Information Systems

h—Other

E. Other

a—Softwear development

b—Newsletter/ technical journal

c—Other

ALABAMA—Intergraph Corporation, Mapping and GIS Marketing Department,

Map Stop IW17A2, Huntsville, AL

35894-0001. Andrew Weatherington.

205-730-2000. Ab, Aj, Da-Db, Df-Dh, Ea

Locational Data Systems, Inc., 309 Canal

Street, NE, Decatur, AL 35601. James

Skiles/ Andy Kinney. 205-340-1480.

Da-Dc, Df-Dh

ARIZONA—GIS Southwest, 1245 E. Topeka

Drive, Phoenix, AZ 85024-2374. B.J.

Raval. 602-254-0977. Db, Dg

Glimpse Econometrics, P.O. Box 5738,

Scottsdale, AZ 85261-5738. Richard

Froncek. 602-948-7688. Af, Ah-Aj, Ba,

Bc-Be, Ca-Cc, Ea

CALIFORNIA—Advanced Technology Center, 2298 Millcreek Drive, Laguna Hills,

CA 926543. Larry Paulson. 714-583-

9119. Db, Dh

Area Location Systems, Inc., 9410 Tapanga

Canyon Boulevard, Suite 110,

Northridge, CA 9111-5758. Mark

Behnke. 818-993-4275. Ab-Aj, Ba-Bc,

Cb, Da-Db, Dg, Ea

Biddle & Associates, Inc., 903 Enterprise

Drive, Suite 1, Sacramento, CA 95825.

Cheryl Morgan. 800-999-0438. Aa, Ba,

Ca-Cc, Ea, Ec

Brighter Images, Inc., 936 Dewing Avenue,

Suite J, Lafayette, CA 94549. Larry

Fulcher. Dc

Coast Meridian Marketing, Inc., 4029 Westerly Place, Suite 113, Newport Beach,

CA 92660. 714-752-8622

DATA QUICK, 9171 Town Center Drive,

Suite 600, San Diego, CA 92122-1240.

Lynn Sites. 619-455-6900. Aa-Ad, Af,

Ah, Aj, Ba, Bc, Cb, Da-Dg, Ea-Eb

Demographic Research Company, 2221

Rosecrans Avenue, Suite 111, El Segundo, CA 90245-4911. Joseph J.

Weissmann. 213-643-7588. Af-Aj,

Ba-Bc, Ca-Cc, Da-Db, Df-Dg

Dynamic Ventures, 992 Inverness Way,

Sunnyvale, CA 94087. Myrna Ehrlich.

408-732-7593. Da, Dh, Ea

ESRI, Marketing Department, 380 New York

Street, Redlands, CA 92373. Earl Nordstrand. 714-793-2853. Ab, Aj, Ca,

Da-Db, Dd, Df-Dg, Ea-Eb

ETAK, Inc., 1430 O’Brien Drive, Menlo Park,

CA 94025. William L. Folchi. 415-328-

3825. Ab, Ae, Ca-Cc, Da-Db, Ea

Educational Data Systems, Inc., 901 Campisi

Way, Suite 160, Campbell, CA 95008.

William Gilmore. 408-559-4424. Aa-Ac,

Af, Ba, Ca-Cc, Da-Db, Dd-Dg, Dg-Dh,

Ea

Equifax National Decision Systems, 539

Encinitas Boulevard, Encinitas, CA

92024-9007. Daniel Davies. 619-942-

7000. Ab, Ae, Ah-Aj, Ba, Ca-Cc, Da-Db,

Df

Expert Database Marketing Systems, 15707

Rockfield Boulevard, Suite 250, Irvine,

CA 92718. David Deeter. 714-768-

5775. Da, Dd, Dg-Dh

Facility Mapping Systems, Inc., 38 Miller

Avenue, Suite 11, Mill Valley, CA

94941. Dennis Klein/ Lynne Finlay. 415-

381-1750. Db, Dd, Dh, Ea

Foreign Trade Data Services, 17527 Live

Oak Circle, Fountain Valley, CA 92708.

Don Dennison. 714-964-9898. Aa, Acc,

Bd, Ca-Cc

GEOSOFT Corporation, 3547 Old Conejo

Road, Suite 102, Newbury Park, CA

91320. Mike Anderson. 805-499-2446.

D, Ea

Klynas Engineering, P.O. Box 499, Simi Valley, CA 93062-0499. Scott Klynas. 805-

529-1717. Aa-Ab, Ba-Bc, Ca-Cc, Da-Dc,

De, Dg, Ea

National Planning Data Corporation, 1801

Avenue of the Stars, Suite 729, Los

Angeles, CA 90067. Mark Reiswig. 213-

557-0158. Aa-Ai, Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc, Db-Dd,

Dh, Ea-Eb

Nobi Takahashi and Associates, P.O. Box

1319, Oakland, CA 94604. Nobi Takahashi. 415-465-0293. Af, Ah-Aj, Bc, Be,

Dc

Recordata West, Inc., 2501 West Burbank

Blvd., Suite 202, Burbank, CA 91505.

Edward Kasman. 818-954-0132. Da-Db,

De, Ea

Renaissance Automation, 4455 Torrance

Blvd., Suite 342, Torrance, CA 90503.

Charlie Szymanski. 301-375-6922.

Da-Dc, De-Dh

SciData Research, Inc., 3244 Camino

Diablo, Lafayette, CA 94549. Albert

Borden. Aa, Ac, Ba-Bc, Da-Db, De-Dh,

Ea

SourcePoint, 401 B. Street, Suite 800, San

Diego, CA 92101. Eunice Tanjuaquio.

619-595-5353. Aa-Ac, Af-Ai, Ba-Bc, Be,

Cc, Da-Dc, De, Dg-Dh

Strategic Mapping, Inc., 4030 Moorpark Avenue, Suite 250, San Jose, CA 95117.

Lanning Forrest. 408-985-7400. Ab,

Ae-Af, Ba-Bc, Be, Ca-Cb, Db-Dg, Ea-Eb

STREET WISE, 2910 Neilson Way, Suite

604, Santa Monica, CA 90405. Frank

Hoeschler. 213-452-1787. Da-Db, De,

Dh, Ea

Thomas Bros. Maps, 17931 Cowan, Irvine,

CA 92714. Charles F. Cone. 714-863-

1984. Aa, Ah, Aj, Cb, Da-Db, Dg, Ea

Urban Decision Systems, Inc., 2040 Armacost Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90025.

John Hobson. 213-820-8931. Aa-Af,

Ah-Aj, Ba-Bc, Be, Ca, Da-Dd, Df-Dh, Ea

Urban Microsystems, 1305 Franklin Street,

Suite 2001, Oakland, CA 94612. Pouilcos Prastacos. 415-836-0804. Db, Ea

Western Economic Research Co., Inc., 8155

Van Nuys Boulevard, Suite 100, Panorama City, CA 91402. Michael Long.

818-787-6277. Aa, Ac, Af, Aj, Ba-Bb,

Be, Ca, Da-Dd, Df-Dh, Ea

COLORADO—GENASYS, Inc., 2629 Redwing Road, Suite 330, Fort Collins, CO

80526. Tom Bramble. 303-226-3283.

Ab, Db-Dg, Ea-Eb

GIS World, Inc., 2629 Redwing Road, Suite

280, Ft. Collins, CO 80526. Derry

Eynon. 303-223-4848. Df, Dh, Eb

Generation 5 Technology, Inc., 8670 Wolff

Court, Suite 200, Westminster, CO

80030. Rick Garfield. 303-427-0055.

Ab-Ac, Ae, Aj, Ba-Bb, Da-Dg, Ea-Eb

GeoSpatial Solutions, Inc., 2450 Central

Avenue, Suite E-1, Boulder, CO 80301.

Caren McMahan. 303-442-6622. Ac, Af,

Ah, Bb, Cc, Db, Dg

Leica, Inc., 303 East 17th Avenue, Suite

440, Denver, CO 80112. Rob Van Westenberg. 303-799-9453. Db, Df-Dg, Ea

Micro Map & CAD, 9642 W. Virginia Circle,

Lakewood, CO 80226. Randy George.

303-988-4940. Ab-Ac, Ca, Db, Df, Ea

Precision Visuals, Inc., 6260 Lookout Road,

Boulder, CO 80301. Chris Logan. 303-

530-9000. Ea-Eb

Public Systems Associates, Inc., 303 East

17th Avenue, Suite 440, Denver, CO

80203. Craig Butler/ Richard Stansbury.

303-831-1260. Db, Df, Ea

SMARTSCAN, Inc., 2344 Spruce Street,

Boulder, CO 80302. Rebecca Culp.

303-443-7226. A, D

CONNECTICUT—Donnelley Marketing Info.

Services, 70 Seaview Avenue, Stamford, CT 06904. Jack Proehl. 203-353-

7295. Aa-Aj, Ba-Bc, Ca, Da-Dd, Df-Dg

Labtek Corporation, 565 Wagon Trail,

Orange, CT 06477-2171. Thomas Griest. 203-877-2880. D

Robert H. Frost, P.O. Box 495, Essex, CT

06426. Bob Frost. 203-767-1254.

Aa-Ac, Aj, Bb, Ca-Cc, Da-Dg, Ea

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA—Charles R.

Mann Associates, Inc., 1828 L Street,

N.W., Washington, DC 20036-5104.

Charles R. Mann. 202-466-6161. Aa,

Ac, Af-Ag, Ai-Aj, Ba, Ca-Cc, Ea

Colman Levin and Associates, 2301 N

Street, N.W., Suite 306, Washington,

DC 20036. Colman Levin. 202-223-

0716. Ah-Ai, Ba-Bb, Df

Election Data Services, 1522 I Street, N.W.,

Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005.

Ronda Sternberg. 202-789-2004.

Aa-Ab, Aj, Ba, Be, Ca-Cc, Da-Dd,

Df-Dg, Ea

A–28 NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 30 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

International Data and Development, 2100

M Street, Suite 200, Washington, DC

20037. 202-872-5245. Aa-Ae, Aj, Ca-Cc

National Safety Council, 1019 19th Street,

Room 401, Washington, DC 20036.

202-293-2270. Db, Dh

Slater Hall Information Products, 1522 K

Street N.W., Suite 522, Washington, DC

20005. George Hall/ Courtney Slater.

202-682-1350. Ae, Aj, Ba-Bb, Be,

Da-Dd

System Dynamics Incorporated, 409 12th

Street S.W., Suite LL10, Washington,

DC 20024-2101. Mark Fisher Bryant.

202-863-3840. Dd, Df, Dh

US Environmental Protection Agency, Chemical Emergency Preparedness & Prevention Office (OS-120), Washington,

DC 20406. Tony Jover/ Melanie Hoff.

202-260-5338. Db, Dh, Ea

FLORIDA—Behavioral Science Research,

2121 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Suite

1250, Coral Gables, FL 33134. Robert

A. Ladner. 305-443-2000. Ac, Af-Aj,

Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc, Df, Dh, Ec

ComGrafix, Inc., 620 E Street, Clearwater,

FL 34616. Kerry Mitchell. 813-443-

6807. Aa-Ac, Ae, Aj, Db-Dc, Df-Dg, Ea

THG Publishing Company, P.O. Box 1621,

St. Petersburg, FL 33731-1621. Mr.

Francis L. Hanigan. Aj, Be, Dg, Eb

University of Florida Libraries, Census

Access Program, Library West 148,

Gainesville, FL 32611. Ray Jones. Aa,

Ac

University of South Florida, Center for Economic & Mgt. Research, College of

Business Administration, 4202 E Fowler

Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-5500. Thomas A. Charles. 813-974-4266. Aa, Ac,

Af, Ai, Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc

GEORGIA—CSRA Regional Development

Center, 2123 Wrightsboro Rd., P.O.

Box 2800, Augusta, GA 30914-2800.

David Jenkins. 404-737-1823. Ai, Ba,

Cb-Cc, Da-Dc, De, Dg

ERDAS, Inc., 2801 Buford Highway, Suite

300, Atlanta, GA 30329. Andrea Gernazian. 404-248-9000. Db, Df-Dh, Ea

GEOVISION, Inc., 5680 Peachtree Parkway,

Norcross, GA 30092. Kenneth S. Shain.

404-448-8224. Aa-Ac, Ae, Aj, Ca-Cc,

Dg-Dh, Ea-Ec

Lowe Engineers, Inc., 7100 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, Atlanta, GA 30328-1615.

Bill Bersson. 404-399-6400. Aa-Ad,

Af-Ai, Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc, Da-Db, Dg

Montage Information Systems, Inc., 1650

Oakbrook Drive, Suite 435, Norcross,

GA 30093. Ronald Lingerfelt. 404-840-

0183. Ab, Ae, Aj, Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc, Da-Dc,

De-Dg, Ea-Eb

Spatial Technologies, Inc., 430 10th Street,

ATDC, Suite S 101, Atlanta, GA 30318.

Joseph G. Jay. 404-892-4780. Da-Dd,

Dg

IDAHO—Geographic General, Inc., 3350

Americana Terrace, Suite 320, Boise,

ID 83706. Dave Spencer. 208-343-

1181. Ba, Ca, Dj-Dg

Idaho State University, Center for Business

Reseach & Services, Campus Box

8450, Pocatello, ID 83209. Dr. Paul

Zelus. 208-236-2504. Ac, Ae, Ag, Aj,

Ba, Cc, Dc, Df, Eb

ILLINOIS—Concordia College, 7400

Augusta Street, River Forest, IL 60305.

Peter M. Becker. 312-771-8300. Aa,

Ac-Ad, Aj, Ba, Ca, Db, Df

Decision Sciences Inc., 9133 North Long,

Suite 100, Skokie, IL 60077-1171.

Chuck Jones. 708-965-1581. De, Ea

Management Graphics, 233 East Wacker

Drive, Suite 3011, Chicago, IL 60601.

Robert L. Harris. 312-819-0645. Db

Manuel Plotkin Research & Planning, 625 N.

Michigan Avenue, Suite 500, Chicago,

IL 60611. Manuel Plotkin. 312-751-

4270. Ah-Aj, Ba-Bc, Ca-Cc

Pivar Computing Services, Inc., 165 Arlington Heights Road, Buffalo Grove, IL

60089. Don Prosek/ Gary Pivar. 708-

459-6010. Ac, Ea

Street Map Software, 1014 Boston Circle,

Schaumburg, IL 60193. Lynn Barton.

708-529-4044. De-Df

Universial Statistical, Inc., 7550 Plaza Court,

Willowbrook, IL 60521. Roger Stanley.

708-325-5555. Aa-Aj, Ba-Bc, Ca-Cc,

Da-Dg, Ea, Eb

INDIANA—Fisher & Associates, 4355 E Old

Oyers Road, Bloomington, IN 47408.

Stephen Fisher. 812-339-5736. Ac, Ae,

Ai, Ba, Bc

MSE Corporation, 941 North Meridian

Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204. Patricia

Alebis. 317-634-1000. Aa-Ac, Aj,

Cb-Cc, Da-Db, Dd-Dh, Ea

KANSAS—RUF Corporation, 1533 E.

Spruce, Olathe, KS 66061-3698. Brian

Ruf. 913-782-8544. Aa, Ad, Af, Ah-Ai,

Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc, Da, Dc-Dd, Df-Dg, Ea

LOUISIANA—Synthesis, Inc., 10342 Mayfair

Drive, Suite 10, Baton Rouge, LA

70809. Curtis Lee. 504-291-4768. Af,

Ah-Aj, Ba, Bc, Da-Dc, Eb

MAINE—DeLorme Mapping, Main Street,

P.O. Box 298, Freeport, ME 04032.

Ann Simonite. 207-865-4171. Ae,

Ca-Cc, Db-Dc, De, Dg-Dh, Ea, Ec

KORK Systems, Inc., 81 Park Street,

Bangor, ME 04401. Virginia Whitaker.

207-945-6353. Ab, Aj, Cc, Db, Df-Dh,

Ea

MARYLAND—Altek Corporation, 12210

Plum Orchard Drive, Silver Spring, MD

20904. E. A. Cameron. 301-572-2555.

Dg-Dh

Business Resources Group, Inc., 7910 Longbranch Parkway, Takoma Park, MD

20912. Laura Burch. 301-961-7353.

Aa-Ac, Ae, Ag, Aj, Ba-Bc, Ca-Cc,

Da-Dc, De-Dg, Ea, Ec

Caliper Corporation, 4819 Cumberland Avenue, Chevy Chase, MD 20815. Howard

Simkowitz. 301-654-4704. Aa-Ac, Af-Ai,

Ba, Bc, Ca-Cc, Da-Dg, Ea, Ec

Congressional Information Service, 4520

East-West Highway, Suite 800,

Bethesda, MD 20814-3389. Sharon

Schedicke. 301-654-1550. Ad-Ae, Ca,

Ec

Ed Nichols Associates, 10400 Connecticut

Avenue, Suite 604, Kensington, MD

20895. Ed Nichols. 301-946-8212. Ca,

Ea

GIP Corporation, One Clemson Court, Rockville, MD 20850-1125. Al Tavakoli. 301-

217-0105. Db, Dg-Dh

Greenhorne & O’Mara, Inc., 9001 Edmonston Road, Greenbelt, MD 20770. 301-

982-2853. Aa-Ad, Af-Aj, Ba-Bc, Cb-Cc,

Da-Dg, Ea

GeoVisual Business Products, 12700 Virginia

Manor Road, Beltsville, MD 20705.

Schera Chadwick. 301-470-0100.

Da-Dd, Df-Dh

Group 1 Software, Inc., 6404 Ivy Lane, Suite

500, Greenbelt, MD 20770-1400. Alan

Slater, VP/ Sales. 800-368-5806. Ab,

Ba-Bb, Ca-Cb, Da

HALLIBURTON-NUS Environmental, 910

Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD

20878. Charles Gillies. 301-258-2568.

Df

Ricercar, Inc., 6422 Dahlonega Road,

Bethesda, MD 20816-2102. Jonathan

Robbin. 301-229-1552. Aa-Ac, Ae-Aj,

Ba-Bc, Be, Ca, Db-Dc, Df-Dh, Ec

Roadnet Technologies, Inc., 2311 York

Road, Timonium, MD 21093. Len

Kennedy. 301-560-0030. Da-Db, De, Dg

STX Remote Sensing Services, 4400 Forbes

Blvd., Lanham, MD 20706. Richard

Irish. 301-794-5020. Dd, Dg-Dh

MASSACHUSETTS—Analysis and Forecasting, Inc., P. O. Box 415, Cambridge, MA

02138. John Pitkin. 617-491-8171.

Af-Ag, Aj, Ba, Ca-Cc

Applied Insurance Research, 264 Newbury

Street, Boston, MA 02116. Mary Porter.

617-267-6645. Aa-Ac, Af, Ai-Aj, Ba-Bc,

Be, Ca-Cc

ATLAS Data Systems, 730 Boston Post

Road, Sudbury, MA 01776. Ming Louie.

508-443-4877. Da-Dh

Caliper Corporation, 1172 Beacon Street,

Newton, MA 02161. Howard Slavin.

617-527-4700. Aa-Ac, Af-Aj, Ba, Bc,

Ca-Cc, Da-Dg, Ea, Ec

DARATECH, Inc., 140 Sixth Street, P. O.

Box 410, Cambridge, MA 02142. Barbara Mende. 617-354-2339. Df-Dh, Eb

Geo Data Analytics, Inc., 19 Parket Street,

Melrose, MA 02176. John Connery.

617-665-8130. Ae-Af, Ai, Ba, Bc,

Cb-Cc, Da, Dd, Dg

Harte-Hanks Data Technologies, 25 Linnell

Circle, Billerica, MA 01821-3961.

William Maxfield, V.P. 508-667-7297.

Aa, Ai, Ba-Bb, Ca, Da

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE A–29
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 31 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

Intelligent Computer Engineering, One Business Way, Hopedale, MA 01747-1541.

Paul Desourdy. 505-478-4880. D

Market Planning Resources, 85 Nowell

Road, Melrose, MA 02176. Paul

Landry. 617-665-8589. Aa-Ac, Be,

Ca-Cc, Dg, Ea, Ec

Queues Enforth Development, Inc., 432

Columbia Street, Cambridge, MA

02141. George Fosque. 617-225-2510.

De-Df

Schofield Brothers, Inc., 107 Worcester

Road, Framingham, MA 01701-5298.

508-879-0030. Dg

MICHIGAN—APB Associates, Inc., 17321

Telegraph, Suite 204, Detroit, MI

48219-3143. Patricia C. Becker. 313-

535-2077. Aa, Ag-Aj, Ba, Cb-Cc, Df-Dg

Aangstrom Precision Corporation, 5805 E

Pickard, Suite 160, Mt Pleasant, MI

48858. F. Bryan Davies. 517-772-2232.

Da-Dd, Df, Dh

Center for Remote Sensing, Michigan State

University, 302 Berkey Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824-1111. Willian Enslin.

517-353-7195. Aa, Ac-Ad, Ag, Ba, Cb,

Ea

Interuniversity Consortium for Political and

Social Research, P. O. Box 1248, Ann

Arbor, MI 48106. Erik W. Austin. 313-

763-5010. Aa, Ac-Ad, Ag, Aj, Ba,

Ca-Cc, Eb

Manatron, Inc., 2970 S 9th Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49009. Mark Kemper. 616-375-

5300

Southeast Michigan Council of Govts., Information Services Officer, 1990 Edison

Plaza, 600 Plaza Drive, Detroit, MI

48226. 313-961-4266. Aa, Af, Ba, Cc,

Da

MINNESOTA—DATAMAP, Inc., 7525 Mitchell Road, Eden Prairie, MN 55344.

Dianne Runnels. 800-533-7742. Aa-Ac,

Ae, Ag-Ai, Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc, Da-Dg, Ea-Eb

Martinez Corporation, 240 East Fillmore

Avenue, P.O. Box 7023, St. Paul, MN

55107. Tony Martinez. 612-291-1127.

Db, Dg

MISSISSIPPI—Mississippi State University,

Dept. of Sociology & Anthropology, P.

O. Drawer C, Mississippi State, MS

39762. Mohamed El-Attar. 601-325-

7886. Af, Aj, Ba, Cc

MISSOURI—East-West Gateway Coordinating Council, 911 Washington Avenue,

St. Louis MO 63101. Kathryn Mack.

312-421-4220. Aa, Ae, Af, Ah-Ai, Ba,

Cb-Cc, Da-Dd, Dg, Eb

M. J. Harden Associates, Inc., 720 Troost

Avenue, Kansas City, MO 64106. Kelly

Cobb. 816-842-0141. Aa-Ac, Aj, Cc,

Da-Db, De-Dg, Ea

McDonnell Douglas Systems Integrati,

13736 Riverport Drive, Hazelwood, MO

63043. Mark Hollingsheads. 314-344-

4165. Da-Db, De-Df, Dh, Ea

University of Missouri-St. Louis, Urban Information Center, 8001 Natural Bridge

Road, St. Louis, MO 63121-4499. John

G. Blodgett. 314-553-6014. Aa-Ac,

Af-Ag, Aj, Ba-Bb, Ca, Da-Db, Dg, Eb

MONTANA—Education Logistics, Inc., 1024

South Avenue West, Missoula, MT

59801. Marie Quinto. 406-728-0893. D,

Ea

GeoResearch, 115 N. Broadway, Billings,

MT 59101. Darrell Peterson. 406-248-

6771. Aa, Aj, Da, Dg, Ea

Logistic Systems, Inc., 1024 South Avenue

West, Missoula, MT 59801. Jerry

Schlesinger. 406-728-0921. Da-Db,

Dd-De, De-Df

NEBRASKA—MicroImages, Inc., 210 North

8th Street, Suite 15, Lincoln, NE 68508-

1347. Lee Miller. 402-477-9554. Da, Ea

NEW HAMPSHIRE—Geographic Data Technology, Inc., 13 Dartmouth College

Highway, Lyme, NH 03768-9713. Warren Whitney. 603-795-2183. Aa, Ac, Ae,

Ah-Aj, Ca, Da-Dh, Ea-Eb

TerraLogics, 114 Daniel Webster Highway

South, Suite 348, Nashua, NH 03060.

Matthew Goldworm. 609-889-1800. Ab,

Aih-Ai, Ba-Bb, Da-Dc, Df, Ea

NEW JERSEY—GEOSTAT, Post Office Box

K, Rocky Hill, NJ 08553. R.A.B

Sargeaunt. 609-924-7177. Df, Dh

Intelligent Charting, Inc., 600 International

Drive, Mt. Olive, NJ 07828. Richard B.

Miller. 201-691-7000. Aa, Ac, Af, Ah-Aj,

Ba-Bc, Ca-Cc, Da-Dd, Df-Dg, Ea

NEW YORK—American Demographics, P.

O. Box 68, Ithaca, NY 14851. 607-273-

6343. Ca, Eb

City University of New York, CUNY Data

Center, 33 West 42nd Street, Room

1446, New York, NY 10036. 212-642-

2085. Aa, Ac, Ag, Ai, Ca

Earth Info Sciences, Inc., 241 Warner Road,

Lancaster, NY 14086. Edward L. Moll.

716-685-4230. Ab-Ac, Ah, Ba-Bb,

Ca-Cc, Da, De-Df, Dg, Ea

Erie & Niagara Counties, Regional Planning

Board, 3103 Sheridan Drive, Amherst,

NY 14226. Gary Smith. 716-837-2035.

Ac, Af, Aj, Ba, Cb, Db, Df-Dh, Eb

Financial Marketing Group, Inc., 599 Lexington Avenue, Suite 2300, New York, NY

10022. Brandon Lee. 212-754-7938.

Aa-Ae, Ag-Aj, Ba-Bb, Ca, Da-Db, Dh,

Ea

Fischer Associates, 4 Larkin Drive, Ballston

Lake, NY 12019. Kathleen Fisher. 518-

384-1102. Dg-Dh

Geo Demographics, Ltd., 69 Arch Street,

Johnson City, NY 13790. Daniel Jardine/ David Semo. 607-729-5220.

Aa-Ac, Af-Aj, Ba, Ca-Cc, Da-Dd, Df-Dg,

Ea-Eb

IBM Corporation, Neighborhood Road, MS

5933, Kingston, NY 12401. Brian

Nolan. 914-385-5063. Da-Db, Df-Dh

M.A.P. Systems International, 258 Broadway, Troy, NY 12180. Ron Schrimp.

518-271-5135. Db, Ea

MapInfo Corp., 200 Broadway, Troy, NY

12180. Austin Fisher. 518-274-8673.

Ab, Ca-Cc, Da-Dc, Dg, Ea

Market Statistics, 633 Third Avenue, New

York, NY 10017. Edward J. Spar, Pres.

212-984-2380. Aa, Ac, Ae-Ah, Aj,

Ba-Bc, Ca-Cc, Db,Dg

National Planning Data Corporation, P. O.

Box 610, Ithaca, NY 14851-0610. John

Belcher. 607-273-8208. Aa-Aj, Ba-Bc,

Be, Ca, Db, Dg

New York Transport Council, 1 World Trade

Center, 82E, New York, NY 10048. Juliette Bergman. 212-938-3352. Aa-Ab,

Af-Ag, Ai-Aj, Ba-Bb, Be, Cb-Cc, Da, Eb

Roger Creighton Associates, 274 Delaware

Avenue, Delmar, NY 12054. Brant

Gardner. 518-439-4991. Da-Db, Dd-Dh

Sanborn Mapping and Geographic, Information Services, 629 Fifth Avenue, Pelham, NY 10803. Allan Davis. 914-738-

1649. Cc, Da-Db, Dg-Dh

Space Track, Inc., 75 Spring Street, 8th

Floor, New York, NY 10012. John Ziegler. 212-226-0522. Ac, Ag-Aj, Ba-Bb,

Ca-Cc, Dc-Dd, Df-Dg, Ea

Specialist in Business Information, 3375

Park Avenue, Suite 2000A, Wantagh,

NY 11793. Stuart Hirschhorn, Pres.

516-781-4934. Af, Ai, Bc-Be, Ca

NORTH CAROLINA—ATG Incorporated,

205 Regency Executive Park, Suite

306, Charlotte, NC 28217. Ed Campbell. 704-521-8113. Ab-Ac, Ae, Ah-Aj,

Ba-Be, Ca-Cc, Da-Dh

Good Deals, 310 Kingston Road, Knightdale,

NC 27545. Clark Trivett. 919-733-3809.

Ab, Ag, Aj, Ca-Cb, Df, Ea

INFOCEL, Inc., 4800 Six Forks Road,

Raleigh, NC 27609. Steve Lindsay.

919-783-8000. Ab, Af, Ah-Ai, Ba-Be,

Ca-Cc, Da-Dg, Eb

Pinnacle Graphics Software, 208 Forsyth

Drive, P.O. Box 3381, Chapel Hill, NC

27514-3381. Stephen Smith. 919-929-

8013. Ab, Ah-Ai, Ba, Da-dc, De, Ea

SAS Institute, Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary,

NC 27512-8000. John McIntyre. Ab,

Ea-Ec

Westvaco, 309 N. Channel Drive, Wrightsville Beach, NC 28480. Carolyn

Souther. 914-256-0048. Db, Df-Dg

OHIO—NODIS, Cleveland State University,

College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland, OH

44115. Dr Mark Salling. 216-687-2209.

Aa-Ac, Af-Ag, Ai-Aj, Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc,

Cf-Cg, Da-Dc, Ea-Eb

Northeast Ohio Areawide, Coordinating

Agency, Professional Services Representative, 668 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114-3000. 216-291-2414.

Aa, Ac, Af, Ah-Ai, Ba-Bc, Be, Cb-Cc, Da

Woolpert Consultants, 409 E. Monumnet

Avenue, Dayton, OH 45402. Rex Cowden. 513-461-5660. Ba, Db, Df-Dg

A–30 NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 32 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

PENNSYLVANIA—BonData, 245 West High

Street, Hummelstown, PA 17036-2004.

Lisa Bontempo. 717-566-5550. Aa-Ac,

Ah-Ai, Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc, Db, Ea

Geo Decisions, Inc., 118 Boalsburg Road, P.

O. Box 1028, Lemont, PA 16851. Chris

Markel. 814-234-8625. Ac, Ah-Aj, Be,

Cb, Db, Df-Dh

GEOGRAPHIX, Inc., 156 North 3rd Street,

Philadelphia PA 19106-1814. Roger

Prichard. 215-925-6690. Ab, Da-Db,

Df-Dg, Ea

Help Business Services, Inc., HBS Building,

110 Park Avenue, Swarthmore, PA

19081. John R. Kaufman. 215-544-

9787. Ad, Af, Ai, Ca-Cc, Ec

Inst for Resrch & Community Service, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana,

PA 15705. Dr Robert Sechrist. 412-

357-2439. Aa-Ac, Aj, Ba-Bb, Be, Ca-Cc,

Da-Dc, De-Dg, Ea

Keystone Management Systems, 522 E. College Avenue, Suite 200, State College,

PA 16801. Gil Boettcher. 814-234-

6264. Aj, Df-Dh, Ea

Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., 4301 Dutch Ridge

Road, Box 280, Beaver, PA 15009.

John Ferketic. 412-495-4025. Db,

Df-Dg, Ea

TEXAS—Contemporary Technological Corp.,

3701 West Alabama, Suite 460, Houston, TX 77027. Bernie Peterson. 713-

621-8166. Aa-Ac, Af-Ah, Ba-Bb, Ca-Cc,

Da-Db, Dd-De, Dg, Ea

Conversion Resources Corporation, 1802

NE Loop 410, Suite 500, San Antonio,

TX 78217. Robert W. Thompson. 512-

829-7253. Da-Db, De, Dg

IBM Corporation, 3700 Bay Area Blvd., Mc

8126, Houston, TX 77058. Robert L.

Gard. 713-335-3201. Ab, Aj, Db, Dd-Dg

Map Resources, Inc., 208 West 14th Street,

Austin, TX 78701. Richard Hair. 512-

476-3113. Aa-Ac, Ae, Ah-Aj, Ba-Bc,

Ca-Cc, Da-Dg, Ea

National Planning Data Corporation, 14679

Midway Road, Suite 221, Dallas, TX

75244. 214-980-0198. Aa-Aj, Ba-Bc,

Be, Ca, Db, Dg

North Central Texas Council of Govt., P. O.

Drawer COG, Arlington, TX 76005. Bob

O’Neal. 817-640-3300. Aa, Ac, Af-Aj,

Ba, Cb-Cc, Da-Dd, Df-Dg, Eb

Synercom Technology, Inc., 2500 City West

Boulevard, Suite 1100, Houston, TX

77042. Pat Hansen/ Jodi Loyd. 713-

954-7000. Ab, Aj, Db, Df-Dg, Ea-Eb

ZYCOR, Inc., 220 Foremost Drive, Austin,

TX 78745-7324. Robert Brown. 512-

282-6699. Da, Db, Ea

VIRGINIA—Anderson and Associates, Inc.,

100 Ardmore Street, Blacksburg, VA

24060. S. K. Anderson. 703-552-5592.

Aa, Ac, Af-Aj, Db, Df-Dg, Ea-Eb

CACI Marketing Systems, 9302 Lee Highway, Suite 310, Fairfax, VA 22031.

Gary Madison. 703-218-4400. Aa-Ad,

Af, Ah-Aj, Ba-Bb, Cb-Cc, Da-Db, De-Dh,

Ea

Chadwyck-Healy, Inc., 1101 King Street,

Alexandria, VA 22314. Michael Fischer.

703-0683-4890. Ab, Ae, Ba, Ca, Db,

Dh, Ea

Claritas Corporation (Headquarters), 201 N.

Union Street, Alexandria, VA 22314.

703-683-8300. Ab, Ae-Af, Ah-Aj, Ba-Bc,

Ca, Db-Dc, Df-Dg, Ea

GIS Corporation, 8000 Tower Crescent

Drive, Suite 820, Vienna, VA 22182.

Said Khosrowshahi. 703-761-6140.

Da-Db, De

Public Data Resources, Virginia Commonwealth University, P. O. Box 2008,

Richmond, VA 23284-2008. Robert D.

Rugg. 804-367-1134. Ag-Aj, Ba, Cc,

Da-Db, Df-Dg

Spatial Data Sciences, Inc., 8200 Greensboro Drive, Suite 1020, McLean, VA

22102-3803. Dr. John Turner. 703-893-

0183. Bb, Ca-Cb, Db, Dd-Dh, Ea-Eb

Tidewater Consultants, Inc., 160 Newton

Road, Suite 401, Virginia Beach, VA

23462. J.C. Barenti. 804-497-8951.

Da-Db, De, Df, Ea

U. S. Statistics, 1101 King Street, Suite 601,

Alexandria, VA 22314-0816. Warren

Glimpse. 703-979-9699. Aa-Aj, Ba-Be,

Ca-Cc, Da-Dh, Ea-Ec

Vigyan Inc., 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 900,

Falls Church, VA 22041. Mike Paquette. 703-931-1100. A, Df-Dg

WASHINGTON—Gambrell Urban, Inc., GIS

Division, 900 4th Avenue, Suite 1206,

Seattle, WA 98164. John Schlosser.

206-467-6900. Aa-Ac, Ae-Aj, Ba-Bb,

Ca-Cc, Da-Dg, Eb-Ec

Geographic Technology, Inc., 335 Telegraph

Road, Bellingham, WA 98226. Oswin

Slade. 206-734-5993. Ab, Aj, Da-Db,

Dd-Dg, Ea

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admn.,

CAMEO Database Manager,

NOAA/ OMA34, 7600 Sand Point Way,

N.E., Seattle, WA 98115. Mark Miller.

206-526-6317. Dh

Sammamish Data Systems, Inc., 1813 130th

Avenue, NE, Suite 216, Bellevue, WA

98005. Richard Schweitzer. 206-867-

1485. Ab-Ac, Ae, Ah-Ai, Ba-Bb, Ca,

Db-Dd, Df-Dg, Ea

Star Software, Inc., 8541 Southeast 68th

Street, Mercer Island, WA 98040. Pete

Gallus. 206-232-8021. Da-Db, Dd-De,

Dh, Ea

WISCONSIN—American Digital Cartography,

715 West Parkway, Appleton, WI

54914. Michael Bauer. 414-733-6678.

Aa-Ac, Ca, Db, Fg-Dh, Ea, Ec

GEOCODE, Inc., 2816 London Road, Suite

5, Eau Claire, WI 54701. Michael A.

Hines. 715-834-5058. Aa-Ac, Aj, Ca,

Da, Dg, Ea

Geographic Systems Corporation, 504 North

Adams Street, Green Bay, WI 54301.

Judith Keneklis. 414-433-1706. Da-Db,

Df

CANADA—GIRO, Inc., 1100 Cremazie Blvd.,

East, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec H2P

2X2. Nigel Hager, Dir. 514-374-9221.

Da-Db, Dd-De, Dg, Ea

M3I Systems, Inc., 1111 St Charles Street

West, Suite 115 West Tower, Lonqueuil, Quebec J4K5G4. 514-928-4600.

D

POPULATION ESTIMATES

CONTACTS

This section lists participants in the FederalState Cooperative Program for Population Estimates. Working in cooperation with the Census Bureau, they prepare population estimates

for areas as small as individual incorporated

places. Most participants have specified a key

technical person who, in this list, is flagged

with an asterisk (*). Questions about the program should be directed to Population Estimates Branch, Population Division, Bureau of

the Census, Washington, DC 20233; 301-763-

7964.

Alabama

Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, 401 Adams Avenue,

P.O. Box 5690, Montgomery, 36103-

5690. *Mr. Parker Collins, 205-242-

5493

Alaska

Research and Analysis Section, Department

of Labor, Post Office Box 25501,

Juneau, 99802-5501. *Dr. Gregory

Williams, State Demographer, 907-465-

4500

Arizona

Arizona Department of Economic Security,

Population Statistics Unit, Post Office

Box 6123-045Z, Phoenix, 85005. *Ms.

Linda Strock, 602-542-5984.

Arkansas

Research and Public Services, University of

Arkansas at Little Rock, Ottenheimer

Library, Room 509A, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, 72204-

1099. *Ms. Mary McGehee, 501-569-

8573

California

Demographic Research Unit, State Department of Finance, 915 L Street, 8th

Floor, Sacramento, 95814-5790. *Ms.

Linda Gage, Chief, 916-322-4651.

Colorado

Department of Local Affairs, Colorado Division of Local Government, 1313 Sherman Street, Room 521, Denver, 80203.

Dr. Reid T. Reynolds, State Demographer, 303-866-2156. *Dr. Y. Richard

Lin, Estimates Demographer, 303-866-

4989.

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE POPULATION ESTIMATES CONTACTS A–31
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 33 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

Connecticut

Division of Health Surveillance and Planning,

State Department of Health Services,

150 Washington Street, Hartford,

06106. Mr. Lloyd Muller, 203-566-1018

Delaware

Delaware Development Office, 99 Kings

Highway, P. O. Box 1401, Dover,

19903. *Ms. Judy McKinney-Cherry,

302-739-4271

District Of Columbia

Data Services Division, D. C. Office of Planning, Room 570, 415 Twelfth Street,

N.W., Washington, 20004. *Mr. Gangu

Ahuja, 202-727-6535

Florida

Bureau of Economic and Business

Research, 221 Matherly Hall, University

of Florida, Gainesville, 32611-2017.

*Dr. Stanley K. Smith. *Dr. Mohammed

Shahidullah, 904-392-0171

Georgia

Governor’s Office of Planning and Budget,

270 Washington Street, S.W., Room

640, Atlanta, 30334. Mr. Thomas M.

Wagner, Director. *Ms. Robin Kirkpatrick, 404-656-0911

Guam

Guam Department of Commerce, Suite 601,

G. I. T. C. Building, 590 South Marine

Drive, Tamuning, 96911. 671-646-5841

Hawaii

Office of Health Status Monitoring, P.O. Box

3378, Honolulu, 96801. *Mr. Alvin

Onaka, 808-586-4601

Department of Business and Economic

Development, and Tourism, Post Office

Box 2359, Honolulu, 96804. Richard Y.

P. Joun, 808-586-2481

Idaho

Division of Financial Management, Executive

Office of the Governor, Statehouse,

Room 122, Boise, 83720. *Mr. Michael

Ferguson, Chief Economist, 208-334-

2950.

Illinois

Illinois Center for Health Statistics, Office of

Health Policy and Planning, Illinois

Department of Public Health, 535 West

Jefferson Street, 2nd Floor, Springfield, 62761. *Mr. Mark Flotow, State

Demographer, 217-785-1064

Indiana

Population Studies Division, Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University School of Business, 801 W. Michigan Street, Room 4003, Indianapolis,

46202. *Dr. Jerome McKibben, 317-

274-0872

Iowa

State Data Center of Iowa, State Library,

East 12th and Grand, Des Moines,

50319. *Ms. Beth Henning, 515-281-

4350

Kansas

Division of the Budget, Statehouse, Room

152E, Topeka, 66612. *Dr. Teresa Floerchinger, 913-296-2436

Kentucky

Population Studies Program, Urban

Research Institute, University of Louisville, 426 West Bloom Street, Louisville, 40292. *Dr. Michael Price. Mr.

Thomas Sawyer, 502-588-6626

Louisiana

Research Division, College of Administration

and Business, Louisiana Tech University, Box 10318 Tech Station, Ruston,

71272-0046. Dr. James Robert Michael.

*Ms. Barbara H. Denton, 318-257-3701

Maine

Office of Data, Research & Vital Statistics,

Department of Human Services, Statehouse, Station 11, 35 Anthony Avenue,

Augusta, 04333. *Mr. Donald R.

Lemieux, Director, 207-626-5445

Maryland

Maryland Center for Health Statistics,

Department of Health and Mental

Hygiene, 201 West Preston Street,

Room 544, Baltimore, 21201-2365.

Ms. Estelle Apelberg, 301-225-5950

Massachusetts

Massachusetts Institute for Social and Economic Research (MISER), University of

Massachusetts, Thompson Hall, Room

128, Amherst, 01003. Mr. Gordon Sutton. *Ms. Nora Groves, Manager, Data

Dissemination and Analysis, 413-545-

3460

Michigan

Michigan Department of Management and

Budget, Lewis Cass Building, First

Floor, Post Office Box 30026, Lansing,

48909. *Dr. Ching-li Wang, 517-373-

7910. Mr. Ken Darga.

Minnesota

Minnesota State Planning Agency, 300 Centennial Office Building, 3rd Floor, 658

Cedar Street, St. Paul, 55155. *Dr. R.

Thomas Gillaspy, State Demographer,

612-296-2557. *Mr. James Hibbs, Local

Estimates, 612-296-9036

Mississippi

Center for Policy Research and Planning,

Mississippi Institutions of Higher Learning, 3825 Ridgewood Road, No. 427,

Jackson, 39211-6453. Dr. Daniel Lee.

*Ms. Barbara Logue, Senior Demographer, 601-982-6576.

Missouri

Office of Administration, Divison of Budget

and Planning, Capitol, Room 124, Box

809, Jefferson City, 65102. *Mr. Ryan

Burson, 314-751-2345. Ms. Susan Jenkins

Montana

Bureau of Business and Economic

Research, University of Montana, Eddy

Avenue, Business Administration Bldg.,

Room 209, Missoula, 59812. *Mr.

James T. Sylvester, 406-243-5113.

Nebraska

Nebraska Natural Resources Commission,

Post Office Box 94876, Lincoln, 68509.

*Mr. Mahendra K. Bansal, 402-471-

2081

Nevada

Bureau of Business and Economic

Research, Mail Code 032, College of

Business Administration, University of

Nevada-Reno, Reno, 89557-0016. *Dr.

Maud Naroll, 702-784-6877

New Hampshire

New Hampshire Office of State Planning, 2

1/ 2 Beacon Street, Concord, 03301.

*Mr. Thomas J. Duffy, 603-271-2155

New Jersey

Division of Labor Market and Demographic

Research, NJ Department of Labor, CN

388, Room 200A, Trenton, 08625-

0388. *Ms. Connie O. Hughes, Assistant Director, 609-984-2593. Mr. SenYuan Wu, 609-292-0076

New Mexico

Bureau of Business and Economic

Research, University of New Mexico,

1920 Lomas, N.E., Albuquerque,

87131. *Dr. Adelamar Alcantara, 505-

277-2216

New York

New York State Department of Economic

Development, One Commerce Plaza,

Room 905, Albany, 12245. *Mr. Robert

Scardamalia, 518-474-6005. Mr. David

Lamphere

North Carolina

Office of State Budget and Management,

116 West Jones Street, Room 5062G,

Raleigh, 27603-8005. *Mr. William Tillman, 919-733-07

North Dakota

North Dakota State Census Data Center,

North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, P.O. Box

5636, Fargo, 58105. *Dr. Richard W.

Rathge, 701-237-7441 69.

A–32 POPULATION ESTIMATES CONTACTS 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 34 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

Ohio

Ohio Data Users Center, Department of

Development, Post Office Box 1001,

Columbus, 43266-0101. *Mr. Barry

Bennett, 614-466-2115.

Oklahoma

Research and Planning Division, Oklahoma

Department of Commerce, P. O. Box

26980, Oklahoma City, 73126-0980.

*Ms. Virginia Cosby, 405-841-5175

Oregon

Center for Population Research and Census,

Portland State University, Post Office

Box 751, Portland, 97207-0751. Dr.

Edward A. Schafer. *Dr. Howard Wineberg, 503-725-3922

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania State Data Center, Institute of

State and Regional Affairs, Olmsted

Building—Room E310, Penn

State—Harrisburg, Middletown, 17057.

Mr. Michael T. Behney, Director, 717-

948-6178. *Mr. Ronald Uroda, 717-948-

6336.

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico Planning Board, Minillas Government Center, Post Office Box

41119, San Juan, 00940-9985. Mr.

Santos Negron-Diaz, Director, Area of

Economic & Social Planning. *Ms.

Lillian Torres Aguirre, 809-728-4430

Rhode Island

Rhode Island Department of Administration,

Office of Municipal Affairs, One Capitol

Hill, 3rd Floor, Providence, 02908-

5873. Mr. Daniel Varin, Chief. *Mr.

Paul M. Egan, Principal Research Technician, 401-277-6493

South Carolina

Office of Demographic Statistics, Division of

Research and Statistical Services,

Rembert C. Dennis Building, 1000

Assembly Street, Room 442, Columbia, 29201. Mr. Michael V. Macfarlane,

State Demographer. *Ms. Diana Tester,

803-734-3782

South Dakota

Center for Health Policy and Statistics, State

Department of Health, 523 East Capitol, Pierre, 57501-3182. *Mr. Dave

Peterson, 605-773-3693

Tennessee

Tennessee State Planning Office, 309 John

Sevier State Office Building, 500 Charlotte Avenue, Nashville, 37243-0001.

*Mr. Charles Brown, 615-741-1676

Texas

Department of Rural Sociology, Special Services Building, Room 138, Texas A & M

University System, College Station,

77843-2125. *Dr. Steve Murdock, 409-

845-5332

Utah

Demographic and Economic Analysis, Office

of State Planning and Budget, 116

State Capitol Building, Salt Lake City,

84114. *Mr. Brad Barber, 801-538-

1027. Ms. Jeanine Taylor, 801-538-

1546.

Vermont

Center for Rural Studies, University of Vermont, 207 Morrill Hall. Burlington,

05405-0106. *Mr. Kevin Wiberg, 802-

656-3021

Virginia

Center for Public Service, Dynamics Building, 4th Floor, 2015 Ivy Road, Charlottesville, 22903. Dr. Julie Martin.

*Ms. Jeanne C. Brown, 804-924-4440

Washington

Forecasting Division, Office of Financial

Management, Insurance Building,

AQ44, Room 450, Olympia, 98504.

*Ms. Theresa J. Lowe, 206-586-2804

West Virginia

Office of Health Services Research, Health

Sciences Center (South), West Virginia

University, Morgantown, 26506. *Mr.

Andrew Isserman, 304-293-2896

Wisconsin

Bureau of Health Statistics, Division of

Health, Wisconsin Department of

Health and Social Services, Post Office

Box 309, Madison, 53701-0309. *Ms.

Patricia Guhleman, 608-266-1920.

Wyoming

Division of Economic Analysis, State Dept.

of Administration and Information, 327E

Emerson Building, Cheyenne, 82002-

0060. *Mr. Steve Furtney, 307-777-

7221

FEDERAL DEPOSITORY

LIBRARIES

Note—Listed below are depository libraries of two kinds, sponsored by the Federal

Government. The first kind belong to the

U.S. Government Depository Library System.

They do not necessarily choose to receive

Census Bureau publications. The second

kind, marked with an asterisk (*), belong to

the Census Depository Library System. They

receive at least some Census Bureau publications.

For any listing, we recommend that you

call ahead to learn if a library is likely to

have the publications you need. Holdings

at the U.S. Census Bureau Library in Suitland, MD are complete; however, reference

services are primarily for Census Bureau

researchers. For more information about

depository libraries, see chapter 7.

Alabama

Anniston—*Public Library of Anniston and

Calhoun County

Auburn—Auburn University, Ralph Brown

Draughon Library

Birmingham—Birmingham Public Library

Birmingham Southern College Library

Jefferson State Community College,

James B. Allen Library

Samford University Library

Dothan—*George S. Houston Memorial

Library

Enterprise—Enterprise State Junior College, Learning Resources Center

Fayette—Brewer State Junior College,

Learning Resources Center Library

Florence—University of North Alabama,

Collier Library

Gadsden—Gadsden Public Libary

Huntsville—University of Alabama in Huntsville Library

Jacksonville—Jacksonville State University

Library

Mobile—Mobile Public Library

Spring Hill College, Thomas Byrne Memorial Library

University of South Alabama Library

Montevallo—*University of Montevallo, Carmichael Library

Montgomery—Alabama Public Library Service

Alabama Supreme Court and State Law

Library

Auburn University at Montgomery Library

(Regional Depository)

Maxwell Air Force Base Air University

Library

Normal—Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, J. F. Drake Memorial

Learning Resources Center

Troy—Troy State University Library

Tuscaloosa—University of Alabama: Amelia

Gayle Gorgas Library (Regional Depository); School of Law Library; *Business

Library

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES A–33
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 35 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

Tuskegee—Tuskegee University, Hollis

Burke Frissell Library

Alaska

Anchorage—Anchorage Law Library

Anchorage Municipal Libraries, Z. J. Loussac Public Library

Supreme Court of Alaska Library

University of Alaska at Anchorage Library

U.S. Alaska Resources Library

U.S. District Court Law Library

Fairbanks—University of Alaska, Elmer E.

Rasmuson Library

Juneau—Alaska State Library

University of Alaska Southeast-Juneau

Library

Ketchikan—University of Alaska Southeast,

Ketchikan College Library

American Samoa

Pago Pago—American Samoa Community

College, Learning Resources Center

Arizona

Coolidge—Central Arizona College, Instructional Materials Center

Flagstaff—Northern Arizona University

Library

Glendale—Glendale Public Library

Holbrook—Northland Pioneer College,

Learning Resource Center

Mesa—Mesa Public Library

Phoenix—Department of Library Archives

and Public Records (Regional Depository)

Grand Canyon University, Fleming Library

Phoenix Public Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit Library

Prescott—Yavapai College Library

Tempe—Arizona State University: Hayden

Library; College of Law Library

Tucson—Tucson Public Library

University of Arizona Library

University of Arizona College of Law

Library

Yuma—Yuma County Library District

Arkansas

Arkadelphia—Ouachita Baptist University,

Riley Library

Batesville—Arkansas College Library

Clarksville—University of the Ozarks, Dobson Memorial Library

Conway—Hendrix College, Olin C. Bailey

Library

Fayetteville—University of Arkansas: Mullins Library; School of Law Library

Hot Springs—*Tri-Lakes Regional Library

Jonesboro—*Crowley Ridge Regional

Library

Little Rock—Arkansas State Library

(Regional Depository)

Arkansas Supreme Court Library

Central Arkansas Library System

University of Arkansas at Little Rock:

Ottenheimer Library; Pulaski County

Law Library

Magnolia—Southern Arkansas University,

Magale Library

Monticello—University of Arkansas at Monticello Library

Pine Bluff—University of Arkansas at Pine

Bluff, Watson Memorial Library

Russellville—Arkansas Technical University,

Tomlinson Library

Searcy—Harding University, Rackett Memorial Library

State University—Arkansas State University, Dean B. Ellis Library

Walnut Ridge—Southern Baptist College,

Felix Goodson Library

California

Anaheim—Anaheim Public Library

Arcadia—Arcadia Public Library

Arcata—Humboldt State University Library

Bakersfield—California State University,

Bakersfield Library

Kern County, Beale Memorial Library

Berkeley—University of California: General

Library; Boalt Law Library; *Giannini

Foundation Library

Beverly Hills—*Beverly Hills Public Library

Carson—California State University,

Dominguez Hills Library

Carson Regional Library

Chico—California State University at Chico,

Meriam Library

Claremont—Claremont Colleges, Honnold

Library

Compton—Compton Public Library

Culver City—Culver City Public Library

Davis—University of California at Davis:

Shields Library; Law Library

Downey—Downey City Library

Fresno—California State University Fresno,

Henry Madden Library

Fresno County Free Library

Fullerton—California State University at Fullerton Library

Garden Grove—Orange County Public

Library

Gardena—County of Los Angeles Public

Library, Gardena Library

Glendale—*Glendale Public Library

Hayward—California State University, Hayward Library

Huntington Park—Huntington Park Library

Inglewood—Inglewood Public Library

Irvine—University of California at Irvine,

Main Library

La Jolla—University of California, San

Diego, Central University Library

Lakewood—Angelo Iacoboni Public Library

Lancaster—Lancaster Library

La Verne—University of La Verne, College

of Law Library

Long Beach—California State University at

Long Beach Library

Long Beach Public Library

Los Angeles—California State University at

Los Angeles, University Library

Los Angeles County Law Library

Los Angeles Public Library

Loyola Law School, William M. Rains

Library

Loyola Marymount University, Charles Von

der Ahe Library

Occidental College Library

Southwestern University, School of Law

Library

University of California at Los Angeles:

Research Library; Law Library

University of Southern California: Doheny

Memorial Library; Law Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit Library

Whittier College, School of Law Library

Malibu—Pepperdine University Library

Menlo Park—U. S. Geological Survey

Library

Montebello—Montebello Regional Library

Monterey—U.S. Naval Postgraduate

School, Dudley Knox Library

Monterey Park—Bruggemeyer Memorial

Library

Northridge—California State University at

Northridge, Oviatt Library

Norwalk—Norwalk Regional Library

Oakland—Mills College Library

Oakland Public Library

Ontario—Ontario City Library

Palm Springs—Palm Springs Public Library

Pasadena—California Institute of Technology, Millikan Memorial Library

Pasadena Public Library

Pleasant Hill—Contra Costa County Library

Redding—Shasta County Library

Redlands—University of Redlands, Armacost Library

Redwood City—Redwood City Public

Library

Reseda—West Valley Regional Branch

Library

Richmond—Richmond Public Library

Riverside—Riverside City and County Public

Library

University of California at Riverside Library

Sacramento—California State Library

(Regional Depository)

California State University at Sacramento

Library

Sacramento County Law Library

Sacramento Public Library

University of the Pacific, McGeorge School

of Law Library

San Bernardino—San Bernardino County

Library

Don A. Turner County Law Library

San Diego—National University Law Library

San Diego County Law Library

San Diego County Library

San Diego Public Library

San Diego State University Library

University of San Diego, Legal Research

Center

San Francisco—Golden Gate University,

School of Law Library

San Francisco Public Library

San Francisco State University, J. Paul

Leonard Library

Supreme Court of California Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit Library

University of California, Hastings College

of Law, Legal Research Center

University of San Francisco, Richard A.

Gleeson Library

A–34 FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 36 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

San Jose—San Jose State University

Library

San Leandro—San Leandro Community

Library Center

San Luis Obispo—California Polytechnic

State University Library

San Mateo—College of San Mateo Library

San Rafael—Marin County Free Library

Santa Ana—Orange County Law Library

Santa Ana Public Library

Santa Barbara—University of California at

Santa Barbara Library

Santa Clara—Santa Clara University,

Orradre Library

Santa Cruz—University of California at

Santa Cruz, McHenry Library

Santa Monica—*Santa Monica Public

Library

Santa Rosa—Sonoma County Library

Stanford—Stanford University: Jonsson

Library; Robert Crown Law Library

Stockton—Public Library of Stockton and

San Joaquin County

Thousand Oaks—California Lutheran University, Pearson Library

Torrance—Torrance Public Library

Turlock—California State University, Stanislaus Library

Valencia—Valencia Regional Library

Vallejo—Solano County Library, John F.

Kennedy Library

Ventura—Ventura County Library Services

Agency

Visalia—Tulare County Free Library

Walnut—Mount San Antonio College Library

West Covina—West Covina Regional

Library

Whittier—Whittier College, Wardman Library

Canal Zone

Balboa Heights—Panama Canal Commission, Technical Resources Center

Colorado

Alamosa—Adams State College

Aurora—Aurora Public Library

Broomfield—Mamie Doud Eisenhower

Public Library

Boulder—University of Colorado at Boulder,

Norlin Library (Regional Depository)

University of Colorado School of Law

Library

Colorado Springs—Colorado College, Tutt

Library

University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Library

U.S. Air Force Academy Library

Denver—Auraria Library

Colorado Supreme Court Library

Denver Public Library (Regional Depository)

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation Library

Regis College, Dayton Memorial Library

U.S. Courts Library

University of Denver: Penrose Library;

College of Law Library

Fort Collins—Colorado State University

Libraries

Golden—Colorado School of Mines, Arthur

Lakes Library

Grand Junction—Mesa State College, Tomlinson Library

Mesa County Public Library

Greeley—University of Northern Colorado

Library

Gunnison—Western State College, Leslie J.

Savage Library

La Junta—Otero Junior College, Wheeler

Library

Lakewood—Jefferson County Public

Library, Lakewood Library

Pueblo—Pueblo Library District

University of Southern Colorado Library

Connecticut

Bridgeport—Bridgeport Public Library

University of Bridgeport School of Law

Library

Danbury—Western Connecticut State University, Ruth A. Haas Library

Danielson—Quinebaug Valley Community

College Library

Enfield—Enfield Central Library

Hartford—Connecticut State Library

(Regional Depository)

Hartford Public Library

Trinity College Library

University of Connecticut, School of Law

Library

Meridan—*Meridan Public Library

Middletown—Wesleyan University, Olin

Library

Mystic—Mystic Seaport Museum, Incorporated, G. W. Blunt White Library

New Britain—Central Connecticut State

University, Elihu Burritt Library

*New Britain Public Library

New Haven—*New Haven Free Public

Library

Southern Connecticut State University,

Hilton C. Buley Library

Yale University: Seeley G. Mudd Library;

Law Library

New London—Connecticut College Library

U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library

Stamford—The Ferguson Library, Stamford’s Public Library

Storrs—University of Connecticut Library

Waterbury—Post College, Traurig Library

Silas Bronson Public Library

West Haven—University of New Haven,

Peterson Library

Delaware

Dover—Delaware State College, William C.

Jason Library

Georgetown—Delaware Technical and

Community College Library

Newark—University of Delaware Library

Wilmington—Widener University School of

Law Library

District of Columbia

Washington—Administrative Conference of

the United States Library

Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations Library

American University, Washington College

of Law Library

Catholic University of America, Robert J.

White Law Library

Comptroller of the Currency Library

Department of the Army Library

Department of Commerce Library

Department of Education Research Library

Department of Health and Human Services

Library

Department of Housing and Urban Development Library

Department of the Interior Library

Department of Justice Main Library

Department of Labor Library

Department of the Navy Library

Department of State: Library; Law Library

Department of Transportation: U.S. Coast

Guard Law Library; Main Library

Department of the Treasury Library

District of Columbia Court of Appeals

Library

District of Columbia Public Library

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Library

Executive Office of the President, Library

and Information Service Division

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Library

Federal Election Commission Law Library

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

Library

Federal Mine Safety and Health Review

Commission Library

Federal Reserve System: Board of Governors Research Library; Law Library

*Federal Trade Commission Library

General Accounting Office Library

General Services Administration Library

George Washington University: *Gelman

Library; Jacob Burns Law Library

Georgetown University: Library; Law Center, Edward Bennett Williams Library

Library of Congress: Congressional

Research Service; Serial and Government Publications

Merit Systems Protection Board Library

National Defense University Library

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation,

Legal Department Library

Pentagon Library

*Population Reference Bureau

State Services Organization

U.S. Court of Appeals, Judges’ Library and

Federal Circuit Library

U.S. Information Agency Library

U.S. Office of Personnel Management

Library

U.S. Postal Service Library

U.S. Senate Library

U.S. Supreme Court Library

Veterans’ Administration, Central Office

Library

Florida

Boca Raton—Florida Atlantic University,

S.E. Wimberly Library

Bradenton—Manatee County Public Library

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES A–35
 JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 37 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 28 08:01:49 1992 / node2/ F main F / 90dec/ cphr/ 1aapdx/ appendix

Casselberry—Seminole County Public

Library

Clearwater—Clearwater Public Library

System

Coral Gables—University of Miami Library

Daytona Beach—Volusia County Library

Center

De Land—Stetson University, duPont-Ball

Library

Fort Lauderdale—Broward County Library

Nova University Law Library

Fort Pierce—Indian River Community College Library

Gainesville—University of Florida: Libraries

(Regional Depository); College of Law

Library

Jacksonville—Haydon Burns Public Library

Jacksonville University, Swisher Library

University of North Florida, Thomas G.

Carpenter Library

Key West—Florida Keys Community College Library

*Monroe County Public Library

Lakeland—Lakeland Public Library

Leesburg—Lake-Sumter Community College Library

Melbourne—Florida Institute of Technology

Library

Miami—Florida International University

Library

Miami-Dade Public Library

St. Thomas University Library

North Miami—Florida International University Library

Opa Locka—Biscayne College Library

Orlando—University of Central Florida

Library

Palatka—Saint Johns River Community College Library

Panama City—Bay County Public Library

Pensacola—University of West Florida,

John C. Pace Library

Port Charlotte—Charlotte-Glades County

Library System

Saint Petersburg—Saint Petersburg Public

Library

Stetson University College of Law,

Charles A. Dana Library

Sarasota—Selby Public Library

Tallahassee—Florida Agricultural and

Mechanical University, Coleman Memorial Library

Florida State University: Law Library; Strozier Library

Florida Supreme Court Library

State Library of Florida

Tampa—Tampa-Hillsborough County Public

Library

University of South Florida Library

University of Tampa, Merl Kelce Library

Titusville—*North Brevard Public Library

Winter Park—Rollins College, Olin Library

Georgia

Albany—Dougherty County Public Library

Americus—Georgia Southwestern College,

James Earl Center Library

Athens—University of Georgia: Libraries

(Regional Depository); School of Law

Library

Atlanta—Atlanta-Fulton Public Library

Atlanta University Center, Robert W. Woodruff Library

Emory University: Law School Library;

Woodruff Library

Georgia Institute of Technology, Price

Gilbert Memorial Library

Georgia State Law Library

Georgia State University: William Russell

Pullen Library; College of Law Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit

Library

Augusta—Augusta College, Reese Library

Medical College of Georgia Library

Brunswick—Brunswick-Glynn County

Regional Library

Carrollton—West Georgia College, Irvine

Sullivan Ingram Library

Columbus—Columbus College, Simon

Schwob Memorial Library

Dahlonega—North Georgia College, Stewart

Library

Dalton—Dalton College Library

Macon—Mercer University: Main Library;

Walter F. George School of Law Library

Marietta—Kennesaw State College,

Horace W. Sturgis Library

Milledgeville—Georgia College, Ina Dillard

Russell Library

Rome—Berry College Memorial Library

*Hightower Regional Library

Savannah—Chatham-Effingham Regional

Library

Statesboro—Georgia Southern University,

Zach S. Henderson Library

Valdosta—Valdosta State College Library

Guam

Agana—Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library

Mangilao—University of Guam, Robert F.

Kennedy Memorial Library

Hawaii

Hilo—University of Hawaii at Hilo, Edwin H.

Mookini Library

Honolulu—Hawaii Medical Library Incorporated

Hawaii State Library

Municipal Reference and Records Center

Supreme Court Law Library

University of Hawaii: Hamilton Library

(Regional Depository); School of Law

Library

Laie—Brigham Young University (Hawaii

Campus), Joseph F. Smith Library

Lihue—Lihue Regional Library

Pearl City—Leeward Community College

Library

Wailuku—Maui Public Library

Idaho

Boise—Boise Public Library and Information

Center

Boise State University Library

Idaho State Law Library

Idaho State Library

Caldwell—College of Idaho

Idaho Falls—*Idaho Falls Public Library

Moscow—University of Idaho: Library

(Regional Depository); College of Law

Library

Nampa—Northwest Nazarene College,

John E. Riley Library

Pocatello—Idaho State University Library

Rexburg—Ricks College, David O. McKay

Library

Twin Falls—College of Southern Idaho

Library

Illinois

Aurora—*Aurora Public Library

Bloomington—*Bloomington Public Library

Illinois Wesleyan University Libraries

Carbondale—Southern Illinois University at

Carbondale: Morris Library; School of

Law Library

Carlinville—Blackburn College, Lumpkin

Library

Carterville—Shawnee Library System

Champaign—University of Illinois, Law

Library

Charleston—Eastern Illinois University,

Booth Library

Chicago—Chicago Public Library

Chicago State University

DePaul University, Law Library

Field Museum of Natural History Library

Illinois Institute of Technology: ChicagoKent College of Law Library; Paul V.

Galvin Library

John Marshall Law School Library

Loyola University of Chicago: E. M. Cudahy

Memorial Library; School of Law Library

*Municipal Reference Library

Northeastern Illinois University Library

Northwestern University, School of Law

Library

*Roosevelt University Library

University of Chicago: Library; Law Library

University of Illinois at Chicago Library

William J. Campbell Library of the U.S.

Courts

Decatur—Decatur Public Library

De Kalb—Northern Illinois University,

Founders’ Memorial Library; College of

Law Library

Des Plaines—Oakton Community College,

Government Information Center

East St. Louis—*East St. Louis Public

Library

Edwardsville—Southern Illinois University,

Lovejoy Memorial Library

Elsah—Principia College, Marshall Brooks

Library

Evanston—Northwestern University Library

Freeport—Freeport Public Library

Galesburg—Galesburg Public Library

Jacksonville—MacMurray College, Henry

Pfeiffer Library

Kankakee—Olivet Nazarene University,

Benner Library and Learning Resource

Center

Lake Forest—Lake Forest College, Donnelley Library

A–36 FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Lebanon—McKendree College, Holman

Library

Lisle—Illinois Benedictine College,

Theodore F. Lownik Library

Macomb—Western Illinois University

Libraries

Moline—Black Hawk College, Learning

Resources Center

Monmouth—Monmouth College, Hewes

Library

Mount Carmel—Wabash Valley College,

Bauer Media Center

Mount Prospect—Mount Prospect Public

Library, Documents Department

Normal—Illinois State University, Milner

Library

Oak Park—Oak Park Public Library

Oglesby—Illinois Valley Community College,

Jacobs Memorial Library

Palos Hills—Moraine Valley Community College Library

Peoria—Bradley University, Cullom-Davis

Library

Peoria Public Libary

Quincy—*Quincy Public Library

River Forest—Rosary College, Rebecca

Crown Library

Rockford—Rockford Public Library

Romeoville—Lewis University Library

South Holland—South Suburban College,

Learning Resources Center

Springfield—Illinois State Library (Regional

Depository)

*Lincoln Library

Streamwood—Poplar Creek Public Library

University Park—Governors’ State University Library

Urbana—University of Illinois, Documents

Library

Waukegan—*Waukegan Public Library

Wheaton—Wheaton College Library

Woodstock—Woodstock Public Library

Indiana

Anderson—Anderson University Library

Anderson Public Library

Bloomington—Indiana University: Library;

Law Library

Columbus—*Bartholomew County Library

Crawfordsville—Wabash College, Lilly

Library

Evansville—Evansville-Vanderburgh County

Public Library

University of Southern Indiana Library

Fort Wayne—Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne, Helmke Library

Allen County Public Library

Franklin—Franklin College Library

Gary—Gary Public Library

Indiana University, Northwest Library

Greencastle—De Pauw University, Roy O.

West Library

Hammond—Hammond Public Library

Hanover—Hanover College, Duggan Library

Huntington—Huntington College, RichLyn

Library

Indianapolis—Butler University, Irwin Library

Indiana State Library (Regional Depository)

Indiana Supreme Court, Law Library

Indiana University-Purdue University Library

Indiana University, School of Law Library

Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library

Kokomo—Indiana University at Kokomo,

Learning Resource Center

Michigan City—*Michigan City Public

Library

Muncie—Ball State University Library

Muncie Public Library

New Albany—Indiana University, Southeastern Campus Library

North Manchester—*Manchester College,

Funderburg Library

Notre Dame—University of Notre Dame:

Kresge Law Library; Hesburgh Library

Rensselaer—Saint Joseph’s College Library

Richmond—Earlham College, Lilly Library

Morrison-Reeves Library

South Bend—Indiana University at South

Bend Library

Terre Haute—Indiana State University,

Cunningham Memorial Library

*Vigo County Public Library

Valparaiso—Valparaiso University: Moellering Memorial Library; Law Library

West Lafayette—Purdue University

Libraries

Iowa

Ames—Iowa State University Library

Cedar Falls—University of Northern Iowa

Library

Cedar Rapids—Cedar Rapids Public Library

Council Bluffs—Free Public Library

Iowa Western Community College, Herbert

Hoover Library

Davenport—Davenport Public Library

Des Moines—Drake University: Cowles

Library; Law Library

Public Library of Des Moines

State Library of Iowa

Dubuque—Carnegie-Stout Public Library

Loras College, Wahlert Memorial Library

Fayette—Upper Iowa University,

Henderson-Wilder Library

Fort Dodge—*Fort Dodge Public Library

Grinnell—Grinnell College Library

Iowa City—University of Iowa College of

Law, Law Library

University of Iowa Libraries (Regional

Depository)

Lamoni—Graceland College, Frederick

Madison Smith Library

Mason City—North Iowa Area Community

College Library

Mount Vernon—Cornell College, Russell D.

Cole Library

Orange City—Northwestern College,

Ramaker Library

Ottumwa—*Ottumwa Public Library

Sioux City—Sioux City Public Library

Kansas

Atchison—Benedictine College Library

Baldwin City—Baker University, Collins

Library

Colby—Colby Community College, H. F.

Davis Memorial Library

Dodge City—Dodge City Community

College

Emporia—Emporia State University, William

Allen White Library

Hays—Fort Hays State University, Forsyth

Library

Hutchinson—Hutchinson Public Library

Lawrence—University of Kansas: Law

Library; Government Documents and

Map Library (Regional Depository)

Leavenworth—*Public Library of Leavenworth

Manhattan—Kansas State University, Farrell

Library

Pittsburg—Pittsburg State University,

Leonard H. Axe Library

Salina—Kansas Wesleyan University,

Memorial Library

Shawnee Mission—Johnson County Library

Topeka—Kansas State Historical Society

Library

Kansas State Library

Kansas Supreme Court Law Library

*Topeka Public Library

Washburn University of Topeka, Law

Library

Wichita—Wichita State University, Ablah

Library

Kentucky

Ashland—University of Kentucky, Ashland

Community College Library

Barbourville—Union College, Abigail E.

Weeks Memorial Library

Bowling Green—Western Kentucky University, Helm-Cravens Library

Columbia—Lindsey Wilson College, Katie

Murrell Library

Crestview Hills—Thomas More College

Library

Danville—Centre College, Grace Doherty

Library

Frankfort—Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives

Kentucky State Law Library

Kentucky State University, Blazer Library

Hazard—Hazard Community College Library

Highland Heights—Northern Kentucky

University, W. Frank Steely Library

Lexington—University of Kentucky: Libraries (Regional Depository); Law Library

Louisville—Louisville Free Public Library

University of Louisville: Ekstrom Library;

Law Library

Morehead—Morehead State University,

Camden-Carroll Library

Murray—Murray State University, Waterfield

Library

Owensboro—Kentucky Wesleyan College

Library Learning Center

Paducah—*Paducah Public Library

Richmond—Eastern Kentucky University,

John Grant Crabbe Library

Williamsburg—Cumberland College, Norma

Perkins Hagan Memorial Library

Louisiana

Baton Rouge—Louisiana State Library

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES A–37
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Louisiana State University: Middleton

Library (Regional Depository); Paul M.

Hebert Law Center Library

Southern University: John B. Cade Library;

Law School Library

Eunice—Louisiana State University at

Eunice, LeDoux Library

Hammond—Southeastern Louisiana University, Sims Memorial Library

Houma—*Terrebonne Parish Library

Lafayette—University of Southwestern Louisiana Library

Lake Charles—McNeese State University,

Lether E. Frazer Memorial Library

Leesville—Vernon Parish Library

Monroe—Northeast Louisiana University,

Sandel Library

Natchitoches—Northwestern State University, Watson Memorial Library

New Iberia—*Iberia Parish Library

New Orleans—Law Library of Louisiana

Loyola University: Library; Law Library

New Orleans Public Library

Our Lady of Holy Cross College Library

Southern University in New Orleans Library

Tulane University: Law Library; HowardTilton Memorial Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit Library

University of New Orleans, Earl K. Long

Library

Xavier University Library

Pineville—Louisiana College, Richard W.

Norton Memorial Library

Ruston—Louisiana Technical University,

Prescott Memorial Library (Regional

Depository)

Shreveport—Louisiana State University at

Shreveport Library

Shreve Memorial Library

Thibodaux—Nicholls State University,

Ellender Memorial Library

Maine

Augusta—Maine Law and Legislative Reference Library

Maine State Library

Bangor—Bangor Public Library

Biddeford—*McArthur Public Library

Brunswick—Bowdoin College Library

Castine—Maine Maritime Academy, Nutting

Memorial Library

Lewiston—Bates College, George and

Helen Ladd Library

Orono—University of Maine, Raymond H.

Fogler Library (Regional Depository)

Portland—Portland Public Library

University of Maine School of Law Library

Presque Isle—University of Maine at

Presque Isle, Library/ Learning

Resources Center

Sanford—Louis B. Goodall Memorial Library

Waterville—Colby College, Miller Library

Maryland

Annapolis—Maryland State Law Library

U.S. Naval Academy, Nimitz Library

Baltimore—Enoch Pratt Free Library

Johns Hopkins University, Milton S. Eisenhower Library

Morgan State University, Soper Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit

Library

University of Baltimore: Langsdale Library;

Law Library

University of Maryland School of Law,

Marshall Law Library

Bel Air—Harford Community College Library

Beltsville—Department of Agriculture,

National Agricultural Library

Bethesda—Department of Health and

Human Services, National Library of

Medicine

Uniformed Services University of Health

Sciences, Learning Resource Center

Catonsville—University of Maryland, Baltimore County, University Library

Chestertown—Washington College,

Clifton M. Miller Library

College Park—University of Maryland, Hornbake Library (Regional Depository)

Cumberland—Allegany Community College

Library

Frostburg—Frostburg State University

Library

Hagerstown—*Government Reference

Service

Patuxent River—U.S. Naval Air Station

Library

Rockville—Montgomery County Department

of Public Libraries

Salisbury—Salisbury State College, Blackwell Library

Towson—Goucher College, Julia Rogers

Library

Towson State University, Cook Library

Westminster—Western Maryland College,

Hoover Library

Massachusetts

Amherst—Amherst College Library

University of Massachusetts, University

Library

Babson Park—*Babson College, Horn

Library

Boston—Boston Athenaeum Library

Boston Public Library (Regional Depository)

Boston University School of Law, Pappas

Law Library

Northeastern University, Snell Library

State Library of Massachusetts

Suffolk University, Law Library

Supreme Judicial Court, Social Law Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit Library

Brockton—*Brockton Public Library System

Brookline—Public Library of Brookline

Cambridge—Harvard University: Harvard

College Library; Law School Library

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Libraries

Chestnut Hill—Boston College,Thomas P.

O’Neill

Chicopee—College of Our Lady of the

Elms, Alumnae Library

Fall River—*Fall River Public Library

Fitchburg—*Fitchburg Public Library

Glouchester—*Sawyer Free Library

Lowell—University of Lowell, O’Leary

Library

Medford—Tufts University Library

Milton—Curry College, Levin Library

New Bedford—New Bedford Free Public

Library

Newton Centre—Boston College Law

Library

North Dartmouth—Southeastern Massachusetts University Library

North Easton—Stonehill College, CushingMartin Library

Northampton—*Smith College, William Alan

Neilson Library

Pittsfield—*Berkshire Athenaeum, Pittsfield

Public Library

Springfield—Springfield City Library

Western New England College, Law

Library

Waltham—*Bently College, Solomon R.

Baker Library

Brandeis University Library

Waltham Public Library

Wellesley—Wellesley College, Margaret

Clapp Library

Wenham—Gordon College, Jenks Learning

Resource Center

Williamstown—Williams College Library

Worcester—American Antiquarian Society

Library

*Clark University, Robert Hutchings Goddard Library

University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Lamar Soutter Library

Worcester Public Library

Michigan

Albion—Albion College, Stockwell-Mudd

Library

Allendale—Grand Valley State College,

Zumberge Library

Alma—Alma College Library

Alpena—*Northland Library Cooperative

Ann Arbor—University of Michigan: Harlan

Hatcher Library; Law Library

Battle Creek—*Willard Library

Bay City—*Bay City Library System

Benton Harbor—Benton Harbor Public

Library

Big Rapids—*Ferris State University,

Timme Library

Bloomfield Hills—Cranbrook Institute of

Science Library

Dearborn—Henry Ford Community College

Library

Detroit—Detroit College of Law Library

Detroit Public Library (Regional Depository)

Marygrove College Library

Mercy College of Detroit Library

University of Detroit: Library; School of

Law Library

Wayne State University: Purdy/ Kresge

Library; Arthur Neef Law Library

Dowagiac—Southwestern Michigan College,

Matthews Library

East Lansing—Michigan State University

Library

A–38 FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Farmington Hills—Oakland Community College, Martin L. King Learning

Resources Center

Flint—Flint Public Library

University of Michigan-Flint Library

Grand Rapids—*Margaret D. Sneeden

Library

Calvin College and Seminary Library

Grand Rapids Public Library

Holland—*Hope College, Van Wylen Library

Houghton—Michigan Technological University Library

Jackson—Jackson District Library

Kalamazoo—Kalamazoo Public Library

Western Michigan University, Dwight B.

Waldo Library

Lansing—Michigan State Library (Regional

Depository)

Thomas M. Cooley Law School Library

Livonia—Livonia Public Library

Schoolcraft College Library

Madison Heights—Madison Heights Public

Library

Marquette—Northern Michigan University,

Olson Library

Monroe—Monroe County Library System

Mount Clemens—Macomb County Library

Mount Pleasant—Central Michigan University Library

Muskegon—Hackley Public Library

Petoskey—North Central Michigan College

Library

Port Huron—Saint Clair County Library

Rochester—Oakland University, Kresge

Library

Royal Oak—Royal Oak Public Library

Saginaw—Hoyt Public Library

Sault Ste. Marie—Lake Superior State University, Kenneth Shouldice Library

Traverse City—Northwestern Michigan College, Mark and Helen Osterlin Library

University Center—Delta College Library

Warren—Warren Public Library, Arthur J.

Miller Branch

Ypsilanti—Eastern Michigan University

Library

Micronesia

East Caroline Islands—Community College

of Micronesia Library

Minnesota

Austin—*Austin Public Library

Bemidji—Bemidji State University, A. C.

Clark Library

Blaine—Blaine-Anoka County LibraryNorthtown Central Library

Collegeville—Saint John’s University, Alcuin

Library

Cottage Grove—Washington County

Library, Park Grove Branch

Duluth—Duluth Public Library

University of Minnesota

Eagan—Dakota County Library, Wescott

Branch

Edina—Southdale-Hennepin Area Library

Hibbing—*Hibbing Public Library

Mankato—Mankato State University, Memorial Library

Marshall—Southwest State University

Library

Minneapolis—Anoka County Library

Hennepin County Libraries

Minneapolis Public Library

University of Minnesota: Law School

Library; Wilson Library (Regional

Depository)

Moorhead—Moorhead State University

Library

Morris—University of Minnesota, Morris,

Rodney Briggs Library

Northfield—Carleton College Library

Saint Olaf College, Rolvaag Memorial

Library

Rochester—*Rochester Public Library

Saint Cloud—*Great River Regional Library

Saint Cloud State University, Learning

Resources Center

Saint Paul—*College of St. Catherine

Library

Hamline University, School of Law Library

*James Jerome Hill Reference Library

Minnesota Historical Society Library

Minnesota State Law Library

*Minnesota State Legislative Reference

Library

Saint Paul Public Library

University of Minnesota, Saint Paul Campus Library

William Mitchell College of Law Library

Saint Peter—Gustavus Adolphus College

Library

Willmar—Crow River Regional Library

Winona—Winona State University, Maxwell

Library

Mississippi

Cleveland—Delta State University, W. B.

Roberts Library

Columbus—Mississippi University for

Women, John Clayton Fant Memorial

Library

Hattiesburg—University of Southern Mississippi, Joseph A. Cook Memorial Library

Jackson—Jackson State University, Henry

Thomas Sampson Library

Millsaps College, Millsaps-Wilson Library

Mississippi College, School of Law Library

Mississippi Library Commission

Mississippi State Library

Lorman—Alcorn State University Library

Mississippi State—Mississippi State University, Mitchell Memorial Library

University—University of Mississippi: J. D.

Williams Library (Regional Depository);

Law Library

Missouri

Cape Girardeau—Southeast Missouri State

University, Kent Library

Columbia—University of Missouri at Columbia: Ellis Library (Regional Depository);

Law Library

Fulton—Westminster College, Reeves

Library

Hillsboro—Jefferson College Library

Jefferson City—Lincoln University,

Inman E. Page Library

Missouri State Library

Missouri Supreme Court Library

Joplin—Missouri Southern State College

Library

Kansas City—Kansas City Missouri Public

Library

Rockhurst College, Greenlease Library

University of Missouri at Kansas City: General Library; Leon E. Bloch Law Library

Kirksville—Northeast Missouri State University, Pickler Memorial Library

Liberty—William Jewell College, Charles F.

Curry Library

Maryville—Northwest Missouri State University: B. D. Owens Library; *Wells Learning Resources Center

Rolla—University of Missouri-Rolla, Curtis

Laws Wilson Library

Saint Charles—Lindenwood Colleges,

Margaret Leggat Butler Library

Kisker Road Branch, Saint Charles CityCounty Library District

Saint Joseph—River Bluffs Regional Library

Saint Louis—Maryville College Library

Saint Louis County Library

Saint Louis Public Library

Saint Louis University: Law Library; Pius XII

Memorial Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit

Library

University of Missouri at Saint Louis,

Thomas Jefferson Library

Washington University: Law Library;

John M. Olin Library

Springfield—Drury College, Walker Library

Southwest Missouri State University Library

Warrensburg—Central Missouri State University, Ward Edwards Library

Montana

Billings—Eastern Montana College Library

*Parmly Billings Library

Bozeman—Montana State University, The

Libraries

Butte—Montana College of Mineral Science

and Technology Library

Great Falls—*Great Falls Public Library

Havre—Northern Montana College Library

Helena—Carroll College, Corette Library

Montana State Library

State Law Library of Montana

Missoula—University of Montana, Maurene

and Mike Mansfield Library (Regional

Depository)

Nebraska

Blair—Dana College, Dana-LIFE Library

Crete—Doane College, Perkins Library

Fremont—Midland Lutheran College, Luther

Library

Kearney—Kearney State College, Calvin T.

Ryan Library

Lincoln—Nebraska Library Commission

Nebraska State Library

*Nebraska Wesleyan University Library

*Union College Library

University of Nebraska-Lincoln: College of

Law Library; D. L. Love Memorial

Library (Regional Depository)

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES A–39
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Omaha—Creighton University: Law Library;

Reinert/ Alumni Memorial Library

Omaha Public Library, W. Dale Clark

Library

University of Nebraska at Omaha, University Library

Scottsbluff—Scottsbluff Public Library

Wayne—Wayne State College, U.S. Conn

Library

Nevada

Carson City—Nevada State Library and

Archives

Nevada Supreme Court Library

Las Vegas—Clark County Law Library

Las Vegas-Clark County Library

University of Nevada at Las Vegas, James

Dickinson Library

Reno—National Judicial College, Law

Library

Nevada Historical Society Library

University of Nevada Library (Regional

Depository)

Washoe County Library

New Hampshire

Concord—Franklin Pierce Law Center

Library

New Hampshire State Library

Durham—University of New Hampshire

Library

Hanover—Dartmouth College Library

Henniker—New England College, Danforth

Library

Manchester—Manchester City Library

New Hampshire College, H. A. B. Shapiro

Memorial Library

Saint Anselm’s College, Geisel Library

Nashua—Nashua Public Library

New Jersey

Bayonne—Bayonne Free Public Library

Bloomfield—Bloomfield Public Library

Bridgeton—Cumberland County Library

Camden—Rutgers University: Camden

Library; School of Law Library

Convent Station—College of Saint Elizabeth, Mahoney Library

East Brunswick—East Brunswick Public

Library

East Orange—East Orange Public Library

Elizabeth—Free Public Library of Elizabeth

Glassboro—Glassboro State College, Savitz

Library

Hackensack—Johnson Free Public Library

Irvington—Irvington Public Library

Jersey City—Jersey City Public Library

Jersey City State College, Forrest A. Irwin

Library

Kearny—*Kearny Public Library

Lawrenceville—Rider College, Franklin F.

Moore Library

Madison—Drew University Library

Mahwah—Ramapo College Library

Morristown—*Joint Free Public Library of

Morristown and Morris Township

Mount Holly—Burlington County Library

New Brunswick—Rutgers University, Alexander Library

Newark—Newark Public Library (Regional

Depository)

Rutgers University: John Cotton Dana

Library; Justice Henry E. Ackerson Law

Library

Seton Hall University, Law Library

Newton—Sussex County Library

Orange—*Orange Public Library

Paterson—*Paterson Free Public Library

Perth Amboy—*Perth Amboy Public Library

Phillipsburg—Phillipsburg Free Public

Library

Plainfield—Plainfield Public Library

Pomona—Stockton State College Library

Princeton—Princeton University Library

Randolph—County College of Morris,

Sherman H. Masten Learning Resource

Center

Rutherford—Fairleigh Dickinson University,

Messler Library

Shrewsbury—Monmouth County Library,

Eastern Branch

South Orange—Seton Hall University, Documents Library

Teaneck—Fairleigh Dickinson University,

Weiner Library

Toms River—Ocean County College, Learning Resources Center

Trenton—New Jersey State Library

Trenton Free Public Library

Union—Kean College of New Jersey, Nancy

Thompson Library

Upper Montclair—Montclair State College,

Harry H. Sprague Library

Vineland—*Vineland Public Library

Wayne—Wayne Public Library

West Long Beach—Monmouth College,

Guggenheim Memorial Library

Woodbridge—Woodbridge Public Library

New Mexico

Albuquerque—University of New Mexico:

Medical Center Library; School of Law

Library; General Library (Regional

Depository)

Hobbs—New Mexico Junior College, Pannell Library

Las Cruces—New Mexico State University

Library

Las Vegas—New Mexico Highlands University, Donnelly Library

Portales—Eastern New Mexico University,

Golden Library

Roswell—*Roswell Public Library

Santa Fe—New Mexico State Library

(Regional Depository)

New Mexico Supreme Court Law Library

Silver City—Western New Mexico University, Miller Library

Socorro—New Mexico Institute of Mining

and Technology, Martin Speare Memorial Library

New York

Albany—Albany Law School Library

New York State Court of Appeals Library

New York State Library (Regional Depository)

State University of New York at Albany,

University Library

Annandale on Hudson—*Bard College

Library

Auburn—Seymour Library

Aurora—*Wells College Library

Bellport—East Islip Public Library

Binghamton—State University of New York

at Binghamton, Glenn G. Bartle Library

Brockport—State University of New York at

Brockport, Drake Memorial Library

Bronx—Fordham University Library

Herbert H. Lehman College Library

New York Public Library, Hunt’s Point

Regional Branch

State University of New York, Maritime

College, Stephen B. Luce Library

Bronxville—Sarah Lawrence College,

Esther Raushenbush Library

Brooklyn—Brooklyn College: Library; Law

School Library

Brooklyn Public Library: Business Library;

Social Science-Documents

Pratt Institute Library

State University of New York, Health Center at Brooklyn Library

Buffalo—Buffalo and Erie County Public

Library

State University of New York at Buffalo:

Charles B. Sears Law Library; Lockwood Memorial Library

Canton—Saint Lawrence University,

Owen D. Young Library

Clinton—*Hamilton College, Burke Library

Corning—Corning Community College,

Arthur A. Houghton Jr. Library

Cortland—State University of New York at

Cortland, Memorial Library

Delhi—State University of New York, College of Technology, Resnick Library

Elmira—Elmira College, Gannett Tripp

Learning Center

Farmingdale—State University of New York

at Farmingdale Library

Flushing—Queens College, Benjamin S.

Rosenthal Library

CUNY Law School at Queens College,

CUNY Law Library

Garden City—Adelphi University, Swirbul

Library

Geneseo—State University of New York at

Geneseo, Milne Library

Greenvale—Long Island University, B. Davis

Schwartz Memorial Library

Hamilton—Colgate University, Everett

Needham Case Library

Hempstead—Hofstra University: Library;

School of Law Library

Huntington—Touro College Law Center

Library

Ithaca—Cornell University: Library; Law

Library; Albert R. Mann Library

Jamaica—Queens Borough Public Library

Saint John’s University: Library; School of

Law Library

Jamestown—*James Predergast Library

Kings Point—U.S. Merchant Marine Academy Library

Kingston—*Kingston Area Library

A–40 FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Long Island City—Fiorello H. LaGuardia

Community College Library

Middletown—Thrall Library

Mount Vernon—Mount Vernon Public

Library

New Paltz—State University College at New

Paltz, Sojourner Truth Library

New York City—Cordoza Law School

Library

City University of New York, City College

Library

College of Insurance Library

Columbia University: Libraries; School of

Law Library

Cooper Union for the Advancement of

Science and Arts Library

Fordham Law School Library

Medical Library Center of New York

New York Law Institute Library

New York Law School Library

New York Public Library: Astor Branch;

Lenox Branch

New York University: Law Library; Elmer

Holmes Bobst Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit

Library

Yeshiva University: Chutick Law Library;

Pollack Library

Newburgh—Newburgh Free Library

Niagara Falls—Niagara Falls Public Library

Oakdale—Dowling College Library

Oneonta—State University College at

Oneonta, James M. Milne Library

Oswego—State University College at

Oswego, Penfield Library

Plattsburgh—State University College at

Plattsburgh, Benjamin F. Feinberg

Library

Potsdam—Clarkson University, Harriet Call

Burnap Memorial Library

State University of New York at Potsdam,

Frederick W. Crumb Memorial Library

Poughkeepsie—Vassar College Library

Purchase—State University of New York at

Purchase Library

Rochester—Rochester Public Library

University of Rochester, Rush Rhees

Library

Saint Bonaventure—Saint Bonaventure

University, Friedsam Memorial Library

Saratoga Springs—Skidmore College

Library

Schenectady—Union College, Schaffer

Library

Southampton—Long Island University

Library

Sparkill—St. Thomas Aquinas College,

Lougheed Library

Staten Island—Wagner College, Horrmann

Library

Stony Brook—State University of New York

at Stony Brook, Main Library

Syracuse—Onondaga County Public Library

Syracuse University: Library; H. Douglas

Barclay Law Library

Troy—*Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Library

Troy Public Library

Uniondale—Nassau Library System

Utica—Utica Public Library

SUNY Institute of Technology Library

Watertown—*Flower Memorial Library

West Point—U.S. Military Academy Library

White Plains—Pace University, Law Library

*White Plains Public Library

Yonkers—Yonkers Public Library, Getty

Square Branch

Yorktown Heights—Mercy College Library

North Carolina

Asheville—University of North Carolina, D.

Hiden Ramsey Library

Boiling Springs—Gardner-Webb College,

Dover Memorial Library

Boone—Appalachian State University

Library

Buies Creek—Campbell University, Carrie

Rich Memorial Library

Burlington—*Central North Carolina

Regional Library

Chapel Hill—University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill: Davis Library (Regional

Depository); Law Library

Charlotte—*Johnson C. Smith University,

James B. Duke Memorial Library

Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County

Queens College, Everett Library

University of North Carolina at Charlotte,

Atkins Library

Cullowhee—Western Carolina University,

Hunter Library

Davidson—Davidson College Library

Durham—Duke University: School of Law

Library; William R. Perkins Library

North Carolina Central University: Law

Library; James E. Shepard Memorial

Library

Elon College—Elon College, Iris Holt

McEwen Library

Fayetteville—Fayetteville State University,

Charles W. Chesnutt Library

Gastonia—*Gaston County Public Library

Greensboro—North Carolina Agricultural

and Technical State University, F. D.

Bluford Library

University of North Carolina at Greensboro,

Walter Clinton Jackson Library

Greenville—East Carolina University, J. Y.

Joyner Library

Laurinburg—Saint Andrews Presbyterian

College, DeTamble Library

Lexington—Davidson County Public Library

Mount Olive—Mount Olive College, Moye

Library

Newton—*Catawba County Library

Pembroke—Pembroke State University,

Mary H. Livermore Library

Raleigh—Department of Cultural Resources,

Division of State Library

North Carolina State University, D. H. Hill

Library

North Carolina Supreme Court Library

Rocky Mount—North Carolina Wesleyan

College Library

Salisbury—Catawba College Library

Wilmington—University of North Carolina at

Wilmington, William M. Randall Library

Wilson—Barton College, Hackney Library

Winston-Salem—Forsyth County Public

Library

Wake Forest University, Z. Smith Reynolds

Library; School of Law Library

North Dakota

Bismarck—North Dakota State Library

North Dakota Supreme Court Law Library

State Historical Society of North Dakota,

Research Library

Veterans’ Memorial Public Library

Dickinson—Dickinson State University,

Stoxen Library

Fargo—Fargo Public Library

North Dakota State University Library

(Regional Depository)

Grand Forks—University of North Dakota,

Chester Fritz Library

Minot—Minot State University, Memorial

Library

Valley City—Valley City State University

Library

Ohio

Ada—Ohio Northern University, J. P.

Taggart Law Library

Akron—Akron-Summit County Public Library

University of Akron: Bierce Library; School

of Law Library

Alliance—Mount Union College Library

Ashland—Ashland University Library

Athens—Ohio University Library

Bluffton—Bluffton College, Musselman

Library

Bowling Green—Bowling Green State

University Library

Canton—Malone College, Everett L. Cattell

Library

Chardon—Geauga County Public Library

Cincinnati—Public Library of Cincinnati and

Hamilton County

U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit Library

University of Cincinnati: Langsam Library;

Marx Law Library

Cleveland—Case Western Reserve University: Freiberger Library; School of Law

Library

Cleveland Heights-University Heights

Public Library

Cleveland Public Library

Cleveland State University: Library;

Cleveland-Marshall College of Law,

Joseph W. Bartunek III Law Library

Municipal Reference Library

Cleveland Heights—University Heights Public Library

Columbus—Capital University: Library; Law

School Library

Columbus Metropolitan Library

Ohio State University: Libraries; College of

Law Libraries

Ohio Supreme Court Law Library

State Library of Ohio (Regional Depository)

Dayton—Dayton and Montgomery County

Public Library

University of Dayton, Roesch Library

Wright State University Library

Delaware—Ohio Wesleyan University, L. A.

Beeghly Library

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES A–41
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Elyria—Elyria Public Library

Findlay—University of Findlay, Shafer

Library

Gambier—Kenyon College Library

Granville—Denison University Libraries,

William H. Doane Library

Hiram—Hiram College, Teachout-Price

Memorial Library

Kent—Kent State University Libraries

Lima—*Lima Public Library

Lorain—*Lorain Public Library

Mansfield—*Mansfield-Richland County

Public Library

Marietta—Marietta College, Dawes Memorial Library

Marion—*Marion Public Library

Massillon—*Massillon Public Library

Mentor—*Lakeland Community College

Library

Middletown—Miami University at Middletown, Gardner-Harvey Library

New Concord—Muskingum College Library

Newark—*Newark Public Library

Oberlin—Oberlin College Library

Oxford—Miami University at Oxford, King

Library

Portsmouth—Shawnee State University

Library

Rio Grande—University of Rio Grande,

Jeanette Albiez Davis Library

Springfield—Clark County Public Library

Steubenville—College of Steubenville,

Starvaggi Memorial Library

Public Library of Steubenville and Jefferson County

Tiffin—Heidelberg College, Beeghly Library

Toledo—Toledo-Lucas County Public

Library

University of Toledo: Library; College of

Law Library

University Heights—John Carroll University, Grasselli Library

Westerville—Otterbein College, Courtright

Memorial Library

Wilmington—Wilmington College, Watson

Library

Wooster—College of Wooster, Andrews

Library

Worthington—Worthington Public Library

Youngstown—Public Library of Youngstown

and Mahoning County

Youngstown State University, William F.

Maag Library

Northern Marianas

Saipan—Northern Marianas College,

Olympio T. Borja Memorial Library

Oklahoma

Ada—East Central Oklahoma State University, Linscheid Library

Alva—Northwestern Oklahoma State University Library

Bethany—Bethany Nazarene University,

R. T. Williams Library

Durant—Southeastern Oklahoma State University Library

Edmond—Central State University Library

Enid—Public Library of Enid and Garfield

County

Langston—Langston University, G. Lamar

Harrison Library

Lawton—*Lawton Public Library

Norman—University of Oklahoma: Bizzell

Memorial Library; Law Library

Oklahoma City—Metropolitan Library System

Oklahoma City University Library

Oklahoma Department of Libraries

(Regional Depository)

Shawnee—Oklahoma Baptist University

Library

Stillwater—Oklahoma State University

Library (Regional Depository)

Tahlequah—Northeastern Oklahoma State

University, John Vaughan Library

Tulsa—Tulsa City-County Library System

University of Tulsa: College of Law Library;

McFarlin Library

Weatherford—Southwestern Oklahoma

State University, Al Harris Library

Oregon

Ashland—Southern Oregon State College

Library

Bend—Central Oregon Community College

Library

Corvallis—Oregon State University Library

Eugene—University of Oregon: Library; Law

Library

Forest Grove—Pacific University,

Harvey W. Scott Library

Klamath Falls—Oregon Institute of Technology Library

La Grande—Eastern Oregon College,

Walter M. Pierce Library

McMinnville—Linfield College, Northup

Library

Medford—*Jackson County Library System

Monmouth—Western Oregon State College

Library

Pendleton—Blue Mountain Community College Library

Portland—Lewis and Clark College,

Aubrey R. Watzek Library

Multnomah County Library

Northwestern School of Law, Paul L. Boley

Law Library

Portland State University, Millar Library

(Regional Depository)

Reed College Library

U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville

Power Administration Library

Salem—Oregon State Library, State Library

Building

Oregon Supreme Court Law Library

Willamette University: College of Law

Library; Main Library

Pennsylvania

Aliquippa—*B. F. Jones Memorial Library

Allentown—*Allentown Public Library

Muhlenberg College, Trexler Library

Altoona—Altoona Area Public Library

Bethel Park—Bethel Park Public Library

Bethlehem—Lehigh University Libraries, Linderman Library

Bloomsburg—*Bloomsburg Public Library

Blue Bell—Montgomery County Community

College, Learning Resources Center

Bradford—University of Pittsburgh at Bradford, T. Edward and Tullah Hanley

Library

Broomall—Marple Public Library

California—California University of Pennsylvania, Louis L. Manderino Library

Carlisle—Dickinson College, Boyd Lee

Spahr Library

Dickinson School of Law, Sheeley-Lee

Law Library

Cheyney—Cheyney State College, Leslie

Pinckney Hill Library

Collegeville—Ursinus College, Myrin Library

Coraopolis—Robert Morris College Library

Doylestown—Bucks County Free Library,

Center County Branch

East Stroudsburg—East Stroudsburg University, Kemp Library

Easton—*Easton Area Public Library

Erie—Erie County Library System

Greenville—Thiel College, Langenheim

Memorial Library

Harrisburg—*Harrisburg Commerce Department, Bureau of Research and Planning

State Library of Pennsylvania (Regional

Depository)

Widener University, School of Law Library

Haverford—Haverford College, Magill

Library

Hazleton—Hazleton Area Public Library

Indiana—Indiana University of Pennsylvania,

Stapleton Library

Johnstown—Cambria County Library System, Glosser Memorial Library

Lancaster—Franklin and Marshall College,

Shadek-Fackenthal Library

Lewisburg—Bucknell University, Ellen

Clarke Bertrand Library

Lincoln University—*Lincoln University,

Langston Hughes Memorial Library

Mansfield—Mansfield University Library

Meadville—Allegheny College, Lawrence

Lee Pelletier Library

Millersville—Millersville University, Helen A.

Ganser Library

Monaca—*Beaver County Community College

Monessen—Monessen Public Library

New Castle—New Castle Public Library

New Wilmington—*Westminister College,

McGill Library

Newton—Bucks County Community College

Library

Norristown—Montgomery CountyNorristown Public Library

Philadelphia—Drexel University, Hagerty

Library

Free Library of Philadelphia

Saint Joseph’s University, Drexel Library

Temple University: Paley Library; Law

Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit Library

University of Pennsylvania: Library; Biddle

Law Library

A–42 FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Pittsburgh—Allegheny County Law Library

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh: Allegheny

Regional Branch; Government Documents Department

Duquesne University Law Library

La Roche College, John J. Wright Library

U.S. Bureau of Mines Library

University of Pittsburgh: Hillman Library;

Law Library

Pottsville—Pottsville Free Public Library

Reading—Reading Public Library

Scranton—Scranton Public Library

Shippensburg—Shippensburg University,

Ezra Lehman Memorial Library

Slippery Rock—Slippery Rock University,

Bailey Library

Swarthmore—Swarthmore College,

McCabe Library

University Park—Pennsylvania State University Libraries

Villanova—Villanova University Law School,

Pulling Law Library

Warren—Warren Library Association, Warren Public Library

West Chester—West Chester University,

Francis Harvey Green Library

Wilkes-Barre—King’s College, D. Leonard

Corgan Library

*Osterhout Free Library

Williamsport—Lycoming College Library

York—*Martin Memorial Library

York College of Pennsylvania, Schmidt

Library

Youngwood—Westmoreland County Community College, Learning Resources

Center

Puerto Rico

Mayaguez—University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus Library

Ponce—Catholic University of Puerto Rico:

Encarnacion Valdes Library; School of

Law Library

Rio Piedras—University of Puerto Rico,

J. M. Lazaro Library

Rhode Island

Barrington—Barrington Public Library

Kingston—University of Rhode Island

Library

Newport—U.S. Naval War College Library

Providence—Brown University, John D.

Rockefeller, Jr. Library

Providence College, Phillips Memorial

Library

Providence Public Library

Rhode Island College, James P. Adams

Library

Rhode Island State Law Library

Rhode Island State Library

Warwick—Warwick Public Library

Westerly—Westerly Public Library

Woonsocket—Woonsocket Harris Public

Library

South Carolina

Aiken—University of South Carolina at

Aiken, Gregg-Graniteville Library

Anderson—*Anderson County Library

Charleston—Baptist College at Charleston,

L. Mendel Rivers Library

The Citadel, Daniel Library

College of Charleston, Robert Scott Small

Library

Clemson—Clemson University Library

(Regional Depository)

Columbia—Benedict College, Payton Learning Resources Center

South Carolina State Library

University of South Carolina: Thomas

Cooper Library; Coleman Karesh Law

Library

Conway—University of South Carolina,

Coastal Carolina College, Kimbel

Library

Due West—Erskine College, McCain Library

Florence—Florence County Library

Francis Marion College, James A. Rogers

Library

Greenville—Furman University Library

Greenville County Library

Greenwood—Lander College, Jackson

Library

Lancaster—University of South Carolina at

Lancaster, Medford Library

Orangeburg—*Orangeburg County Library

South Carolina State College, Miller F.

Whittaker Library

Rock Hill—Winthrop College, Dacus Library

Spartanburg—Spartanburg County Public

Library

South Dakota

Aberdeen—Northern State College Library

Brookings—South Dakota State University,

H. M. Briggs Library

Pierre—South Dakota State Library

South Dakota Supreme Court Library

Rapid City—Rapid City Public Library

South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Devereaux Library

Sioux Falls—Augustana College, Mikkelsen

Library

Sioux Falls Public Library

Spearfish—Black Hills State University,

E. Y. Berry Library

Vermillion—University of South Dakota,

I. D. Weeks Library

Tennessee

Bristol—King College, E. W. King Library

Chattanooga—Chattanooga-Hamilton

County, Bicentennial Library

U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority, Technical

Library

Clarksville—Austin Peay State University,

Felix G. Woodward Library

Cleveland—Cleveland State Community

College Library

Columbia—Columbia State Community College, John W. Finney Memorial Library

Cookeville—Tennessee Technological University

Jackson—Lambuth College, Luther L.

Gobbel Library

Jefferson City—Carson-Newman College

Library

Johnson City—East Tennessee State University, Sherrod Library

Kingsport—*Kingsport Public Library,

J. Fred Johnson Memorial Library

Knoxville—Public Libraries of KnoxvilleKnox County, Lawson McGhee Library

University of Tennessee at Knoxville:

John C. Hodges Library; Law Library

Martin—University of Tennessee at Martin,

Paul Meek Library

Memphis—Memphis-Shelby County Public

Library and Information Center

Memphis State University: Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law Library; Libraries

(Regional Depository)

Murfreesboro—Middle Tennessee State

University, Todd Library

Nashville—Fisk University Library

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson

County

Tennessee State Library and Archives

Tennessee State University, Brown-Daniel

Library

Vanderbilt University: Library; Law Library

Sewanee—University of the South, Jessie

Ball duPont Library

Texas

Abilene—Abilene Christian University,

Margaret and Herman Brown Library

Hardin-Simmons University, Rupert and

Pauline Richardson Library

Arlington—Arlington Public Library

University of Texas at Arlington Library

Austin—Texas State Law Library

Texas State Library (Regional Depository)

University of Texas at Austin: PerryCastaneda Library; Public Affairs

Library; Tarlton Law Library

Baytown—Lee College Library

Beaumont—Lamar University, Mary and

John Gray Library

Brownwood—Howard Payne University,

Walker Memorial Library

Canyon—West Texas State University, Cornette Library

College Station—Texas A & M University,

Sterling C. Evans Library

Commerce—East Texas State University,

James Gilliam Gee Library

Corpus Christi—Corpus Christi State University Library

*Corpus Christi Public Library

Corsicana—Navarro College, Learning

Resources Center

Dallas—Dallas Baptist University, Vance

Memorial Library

Dallas Public Library

Southern Methodist University, Fondren

Library

University of Texas, Southwestern Medical

Center Library

Denton—North Texas State University

Library

Edinburg—University of Texas, Pan American Library

El Paso—El Paso Public Library

University of Texas at El Paso, Documents

and Maps Library

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES A–43
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Fort Worth—Fort Worth Public Library

Texas Christian University, Mary Couts

Burnett Library

Garland—Nicholson Memorial Library

System

Galveston—Rosenberg Library

Houston—Houston Public Library

North Harris County College, Learning

Resource Center

Rice University, Fondren Library

South Texas College of Law Library

Texas Southern University Law Library

University of Houston at Clear Lake, Neumann Library

University of Houston: School of Law

Library; M. D. Anderson Library

Huntsville—Sam Houston State University

Library

Irving—Irving Public Library System

Kingsville—Texas Arts and Industries

University, Jernigan Library

Laredo—Laredo Junior College, Harold R.

Yeary Library

Longview—Longview Public Library

Lubbock—Texas Tech University: Library

(Regional Depository); School of Law

Library

Nacogdoches—Stephen F. Austin State

University, Steen Library

Odessa—*Ector County Library

Richardson—University of Texas at Dallas

Library

San Angelo—Angelo State University, Porter Henderson Library

San Antonio—Palo Alto College, Learning

Resources Center

Saint Mary’s University: Academic Library;

School of Law Library

San Antonio College Library

San Antonio Public Library

Trinity University Library

University of Texas at San Antonio Library

San Marcos—Southwest Texas State University Library

Seguin—Texas Lutheran College, Blumberg

Memorial Library

Sherman—Austin College, Abell Library

Temple—*Temple Public Library

Texarkana—Texarkana College, Palmer

Memorial Library

Victoria—University of Houston, Victoria

College Library

Waco—Baylor University: Moody Memorial

Library; Caston Law Library

Wichita Falls—Midwestern University, Moffett Library

Utah

Cedar City—Southern Utah State College

Library

Ephraim—Snow College, Lucy A. Phillips

Library

Logan—Utah State University, Merrill Library

and Learning Resources Center

(Regional Depository)

Ogden—Weber State College, Stewart

Library

Provo—Brigham Young University:

Harold B. Lee Library; Law Library

Salt Lake City—*Salt Lake City Public

Library

University of Utah: Eccles Health Sciences

Library; Law Library; Marriott Library

Utah State Library

Utah State Supreme Court, Law Library

Vermont

Bennington—*Bennington College, Crosset

Library

Burlington—University of Vermont, Bailey/

Howe Library

Castleton—Castleton State College, Calvin

Coolidge Library

Johnson—Johnson State College, John

Dewey Library

Lyndonville—Lyndon State College, Samuel

Read Hall Library

Middlebury—Middlebury College, Egbert

Starr Library

Montpelier—Vermont Department of

Libraries

Northfield—Norwich University Library

South Royalton—Vermont Law School

Library

Virgin Islands

Saint Croix—Virgin Islands Division of

Libraries Depository at Florence

Williams Public Library

Saint Thomas—University of the Virgin

Islands, Ralph M. Paiewonsky Library

Virginia

Alexandria—Department of the Navy, Office

of Judge Advocate, General Law

Library

Arlington—George Mason University

School of Law Library

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Scientific and Technical Information Center

Blacksburg—Virginia Polytechnic Institute

and State University, Carol M. Newman

Library

Bridgewater—Bridgewater College, Alexander Mack Memorial Library

Charlottesville—University of Virginia:

Alderman Library (Regional Depository);

Arthur J. Morris Law Library

Chesapeake—Chesapeake Public Library

Danville—Danville Community College,

Learning Resources Center

Emory—Emory and Henry College, Kelly

Library

Fairfax—George Mason University, Fenwick

Library

Fredericksburg—Mary Washington College

Library

Hampden-Sydney—Hampden-Sydney

College, Eggleston Library

Hampton—Hampton University, Huntington

Memorial Library

Harrisonburg—James Madison University,

Carrier Library

Lexington—Virginia Military Institute,

Preston Library

Washington and Lee University: University

Library; Wilbur C. Hall Law Library

Lynchburg—*Jones Memorial Library

Martinsville—Patrick Henry Community

College Library

Norfolk—Norfolk Public Library

Old Dominion University Library

U.S. Armed Forces Staff College Library

Petersburg—Virginia State University,

Johnston Memorial Library

Quantico—Federal Bureau of Investigation,

Academy Library

U.S. Marine Corps Education Center,

James Carson Breckinridge Library

Reston—Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Library

Richmond—*Richmond Public Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit

Library

University of Richmond: Boatwright Memorial Library; Law School Library

Virginia Commonwealth University Library

Virginia State Law Library

Virginia State Library and Archives

Roanoke—Hollins College, Fishburn Library

Salem—Roanoke College Library

Williamsburg—College of William and Mary:

Marshall-Wythe Law Library; Swem

Library

Wise—Clinch Valley College, John Cook

Wyllie Library

Washington

Bellevue—Bellevue Public Library, King

County

Bellingham—Western Washington University, Mabel Zoe Wilson Library

Bremerton—*Kitsap Regional Library

Cheney—Eastern Washington University,

JFK Library

Des Moines—Highline Community College

Library

Ellensburg—Central Washington University

Library

Everett—Everett Public Library

Longview—*Longview Public Library,

Cowlitz Library and Learning Service

Olympia—Evergreen State College,

Daniel J. Evans Library

Washington State Law Library

Washington State Library (Regional Depository)

Port Angeles—North Olympic Library System, Port Angeles Branch

Pullman—Washington State University

Library

Seattle—*Government Research Assistance

Library

Seattle Public Library

University of Washington: Suzzallo Library;

Marian Gould Gallagher Law Library

U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit Library

Spokane—Gonzaga University, School of

Law Library

Spokane Public Library

Tacoma—Tacoma Public Library

University of Puget Sound: Collins Memorial Library; School of Law Library

Vancouver—Fort Vancouver Regional

Library

Walla Walla—Whitman College, Penrose

Memorial Library

A–44 FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Yakima—*Yakima Valley Regional Library

West Virginia

Athens—Concord College Library

Bluefield—Bluefield State College, Hardway

Library

Charleston—Kanawha County Public Library

West Virginia Library Commission

West Virginia Supreme Court Law Library

Elkins—Davis and Elkins College Library

Fairmont—Fairmont State College Library

Huntington—Marshall University, James E.

Morrow Library

Institute—West Virginia State College,

Drain-Jordan Library

Montgomery—West Virginia Institute of

Technology, Vining Library

Morgantown—West Virginia University

Library (Regional Depository)

Parkersburg—*Parkersburg and Wood

County Public Library

Salem—Salem-Tolkyo College Library

Shepherdstown—Shepherd College, Scarborough Library

Weirton—Mary H. Weir Public Library

West Liberty—*West Liberty State College,

Paul N. Elbin Library

Wheeling—*Ohio County Public Library

Wisconsin

Appleton—Lawrence University, Seeley G.

Mudd Library

Beloit—Beloit College, Col. Robert H. Morse

Library

Eau Claire—University of Wisconsin-Eau

Claire, William D. McIntyre Library

Fond Du Lac—Fond Du Lac Public Library

Green Bay—University of Wisconsin-Green

Bay, Library Learning Center

Janesville—*Janesville Public Library

Kenosha—*Kenosha Public Library

La Crosse—La Crosse Public Library

University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Murphy

Library

Madison—*Legislative Reference Bureau

Madison Public Library

State Historical Society Library (Regional

Depository)

University of Wisconsin-Madison: Memorial

Library; Law Library

Wisconsin State Law Library

Milwaukee—Alverno College Library Media

Center

*Legislative Reference Bureau

Marguette University Law Library

Medical College of Wisconsin, Inc., Todd

Wehr Library

Milwaukee County Law Library

Milwaukee Public Library (Regional Depository)

Mount Mary College Library

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Library

Oshkosh—*Oshkosh Public Library

University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh,

Forrest R. Polk Library

Platteville—University of WisconsinPlatteville, Karrmann Library

Racine—Racine Public Library

Ripon—Ripon College Library

River Falls—University of Wisconsin-River

Falls, Chalmer Davee Library

Sheboygan—*Mead Public Library

Stevens Point—University of WisconsinStevens Point, Documents Department

Superior—Superior Public Library

University of Wisconsin-Superior, Jim Dan

Hill Library

Waukesha—*Carroll College Library

Waukesha Public Library

Wausau—Marathon County Public Library

Whitewater—University of WisconsinWhitewater, Library and Learning

Resources Center

Wyoming

Casper—Natrona County Public Library

Cheyenne—Wyoming State Law Library

Wyoming State Library (Regional Depository)

Gillette—Campbell County Public Library

Laramie—University of Wyoming: Coe

Library; Law Library

Powell—Northwest Community College

Library

Riverton—Central Wyoming College Library

Rock Springs—Western Wyoming Community College Library

Sheridan—Sheridan College, Griffith Memorial Library

FEDERAL STATISTICAL

REPORTS BY AGENCY

This section is designed to familiarize users

of the Guide with key statistical programs and

publications of other Federal agencies. Since

only selected reports are noted, some readers

may want to contact the agencies for more

comprehensive lists of their publications. Also,

there are additional Federal agencies that

offer statistical information listed in the next

section, Other Federal Sources of Statistics.

While many publications can be ordered

through the Government Printing Office (GPO),

some must be ordered directly from the individual agencies.

Bureau of Economic Analysis

The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA),

an agency of the Economics and Statistics

Administration (ESA), under the Department

of Commerce, provides statistics on economic

growth, inflation, regional development, and

the Nation’s role in the world economy.

BEA’s current regional, national, and international estimates first appear in the form of

news releases. This information is available

on recorded telephone messages, online through

the Economic Bulletin Board, and in printed

reports.

Recorded telephone messages briefly (in

3-5 minutes) summarize key estimates immediately after their release. The usual time of

release (eastern standard or eastern daylight

time) and the telephone numbers to call are

outlined here. Leading indicators (8:30 a.m.),

202-898-2450. The message is updated weekly,

usually on Monday, to include recently available component data that will be incorporated

into the next release. Gross Domestic Product

(8:30 a.m.), 202- 898-2451; Personal Income

and Outlays (10:00 a.m.), 202-898-2452; Merchandise Trade, Balance of Payments Basis

or U.S. International Transactions (10:00 a.m.),

202-898-2453.

The Economic Bulletin Board provides online

computer access to news releases and other

information and is maintained by the ESA

Office of Business Analysis (OBA).News releases

are available on the Bulletin Board shortly

after their release. Selected estimates and

articles are also available. The Bulletin Board

may be accessed by personal computer, computer terminal, or word processor equipped

with a modem; the information available (which

includes information from several Federal agencies) may either be viewed on the user’s

screen or downloaded. This service is available from (OBA). A $35.00 registration fee

covers 2 hours of connect time; additional

time is charged by the minute. Instant hook-up

is available. For more information, call OBA at

202-377-1986.

Publications listed below are available from

either BEA or GPO (Government Printing Office,

Superintendent of Documents). Six sets of

BEA Reports present the information contained in the BEA news releases for the

following areas: gross domestic product; personal income and outlays; regional reports;

international reports; and composite indexes

of leading, coincident, and lagging indicators.

These reports are available as a set, which

includes about 55 reports, from BEA: Accession No. 53-91-11-019 for a subscription price

of $110.00 per year. Subsets also are available individually as described below. For more

information on BEA’s programs, products, and

services, contact the Public Information Office,

BE-53, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.

Department of Commerce, Washington, DC

20230; 202-523-0777. A User’s Guide to BEA

Information lists the most recently released

and most frequently requested products and

services from BEA. Single copies are available from the Public Information Office.

BEA Reports: Gross Domestic Product.

These monthly reports, with summary

National Income and Product Account

estimates, feature GDP and corporate

profits. Reports are mailed the day

after estimates are released. Available

from BEA by subscription. Accession

No. 53-91-11-015, $24.00 per year.

BEA Reports: Personal Income and Outlays.

These monthly reports with summary

National Income and Product Account

estimates feature personal income and

outlays. Reports are mailed the day

after estimates are released. Available

from BEA by subscription. Accession

No. 53-91-11-014. $24.00 per year.

BEA Reports: Regional Reports. These

reports, usually issued six times a year,

present summary estimates of State

personal income (quarterly and annual)

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE FEDERAL REPORTS BY AGENCY A–45
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and of county and metropolitan area

personal income (annual). Reports are

mailed the day after estimates are

released. Available from BEA by subscription. Accession No. 53-91-11-017.

$12.00 per year.

BEA Reports: International Reports. These

reports, usually issued 13 times a year,

offer summary estimates of merchandise trade, balance of payments basis

(quarterly); summary of international

transactions (quarterly); capital spending of majority-owned foreign affiliates

(semiannual); direct investment

(annual); and related topics. Reports

are mailed the day after estimates are

released. Available from BEA by subscription. Accession No. 53-91-11-018.

$26.00 per year.

BEA Reports: Composite Indexes of Leading, Coincident, and Lagging Indicators.

These are monthly reports with summary estimates of the composite

indexes. Reports are mailed the day

after estimates are released. Available

from BEA by subscription. Accession

No. 53-91-11-016. $24.00 per year.

Survey of Current Business is a monthly

journal containing estimates and analyses of U.S. economic activity. Included

are a review of current economic developments and articles pertaining to the

national, regional, and international

economic accounts and related topics.

Current quarterly estimates of the

national income and product accounts

appear every month. In addition, the

‘‘S’’ pages contain 36 pages of tables

of economic indicators such as personal income, business sales and

inventories, commodity prices, producer

prices, labor force and earnings. The

‘‘C’’ pages consist of tables and charts

for over 250 series which are widely

used in business cycle analysis. Annual

national income and product account

statistics are published in the July

issue. GPO S/ N List ID SCUB. $29.00,

subscription. $ 8.00, single copy.

Business Statistics, 1961-88. This biennial

publication contains monthly or quarterly data for series’ that appear in the

S-pages of the Survey of Current Business. These series include business

sales, inventories, and orders, prices;

employment and unemployment; construction; banking and finance; transportation; and many other industries

and commodities. An appendix provides

data for several BEA series—national

income and product accounts, U.S. and

international transactions. Business

Statistics, 1961-90 will be available

from GPO in June 1992.

Bureau of Justice Statistics

The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), part

of the Department of Justice, sponsors surveys and analyzes, publishes, and disseminates statistical information on crime, victims

of crime, criminal offenders, and operations of

justice systems at all levels of government.

BJS designs collection programs and enters

into agreements with other Federal agencies,

private associations, and research organizations to collect data. More than two dozen

data collection series have been developed

by BJS using a variety of methods, including

household interviews, censuses and sample

surveys of criminal justice agencies and of

prisoners and inmates, and compilations of

administrative records.

To disseminate results, BJS maintains a

number of specialized mailing lists, including

Drugs and Crime Data, White-Collar Crime,

National Crime Victimization Survey, Corrections, Law Enforcement, and Courts, in addition to its regularly released Bulletins, Special

Reports, and Technical Reports on a wide

variety of subjects such as parole and probation, privacy and security, and courts. There is

no charge for most of the data published by

BJS.

For more information about publications,

mailing lists, and ordering, contact the Justice

Statistics Clearinghouse, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Box 6000, Rockville,

MD 20850; 1-800-732-3277.

The publications listed below are a sampling of available material:

Criminal Victimization in the United States,

1988. Prepared under the National

Crime Victimization Survey Program,

this annual report is based on findings

from a continuous survey of a representative sample of housing units

across the U.S. The survey focuses on

the personal crimes of rape, robbery,

assault, and larceny; and household

crimes of burglary, larceny and motor

vehicle theft. The crimes are examined

by their frequency, the characteristics

of victims and offenders, the circumstance surrounding the offenses and

their impact, and the pattern of police

reporting. Order No. NCJ-129391

(1991).

Correctional Populations in the United

States. This third annual consolidation

of data gathered in various statistical

programs maintained by BJS. It

replaces four separate publications,

emphasizing the connections between

the segments of the growing number of

persons under correctional supervision.

Order No. NCJ-130445 (1991).

Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System: A

National Report. This four-color report

presents comprehensive recent data

from a broad range of sources in nontechnical language, including drugs and

crime, the extent and consequences of

drug use, the illegal drug business,

society’s response to the drug problem,

drugs and the criminal justice system,

and the costs of drug use. Data

sources include Federal, State, and

local government, public and private

research groups, and university-based

research. 200+ pages, index. Order No.

NCJ-133652 (1992).

Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice.

This publication presents national data

on crime and the criminal justice system in a mainly graphics format geared

toward a nontechnical audience. It

gives an overview of crime, including

types of crime and trends. It profiles

victims of crime and offenders and presents an overview of criminal justice at

the Federal, state, and local levels of

government, including prosecution of

juveniles and adults, sentencing and

sanctions, correctional facilities, and

the costs of the criminal justice system.

Order No. NCJ-105506 (1988).

Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics,

1989. This is an annual, comprehensive

collection of statistical information

about crime and criminal justice. Data

are nationwide in scope and, where

possible, displayed by regions, states,

and cities. The book is divided into six

sections: Characteristics of the Criminal

Justice Systems, Public Attitudes

Toward Crime and Criminal Justicerelated Topics, Nature and Distribution

of Known Offenses, Characteristics and

Distribution of Persons Arrested, Judicial Processing of Defendants, and Persons Under Correctional Supervision.

Order No. NCJ-130580 (1991).

Capital Punishment. This is a serial publication in the National Prisoner Statistics

program that provides data on the

Nation’s death-row population and on

the legal status of death penalty laws.

Such characteristics as age, sex, race,

marital status, and level of education

are given, along with the state of incarceration. Data on criminal histories of

persons on death row are included,

along with statutory changes in each

jurisdiction, methods of execution, and

automatic appeals. Order No. NCJ131648 (1991).

Prosecution of Felony Arrests. This is a

series of annual surveys describing the

prosecution of adult felony arrests in

urban prosecutors’ offices. Data are

provided on what happens to criminal

cases between arrest and incarceration

and explains the role of the prosecutor

in the felony disposition process. Order

No. NCJ-130914 (1992).

Felony Sentences in State Courts. A probability sampling of counties and felony

cases to obtain national estimates of

the number of persons convicted of

felonies, what they were convicted of,

what sanctions they were sentenced to,

and in cases sentenced to prison, jail,

or probation, the length of the sentence. Also provided, is information on

felons’ demographic characteristics as

well as case processing variables such

as types and duration of trials. Order

No. NCJ-126923 (1991).

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Justice Expenditure and Employment in the

United States, 1988. This report provides comprehensive data on spending

and personnel levels for Federal, State,

and local governments in six sectors:

police protection, judicial, legal services

and prosecution, public defense, corrections, and other criminal justice. The

report presents expenditure data on

capital outlays, intergovernmental

expenditure, and employment and payroll data by sector for individual State

governments and the aggregate of

local governments by type (counties

and municipalities) within each State.

Order No. NCJ-125619 (1991).

Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics.

This report describes the processing of

Federal criminal cases: investigation,

prosecution, adjudication, sentencing,

and corrections. Order No. NCJ-130474

(1992).

BJS Bulletins present data selected from

its various statistical series in a nontechnical

format. Each Bulletin presents the latest

information on a particular aspect of crime

or the administration of justice. The following

are a sample of those available. Contact

BJS for a complete list.

Jail Inmates. This bulletin contains findings

from the Annual Survey of Jails, developed to provide an estimate of the

inmate population between National

Jail Censuses, which are conducted

every 5 years. Order No. NCJ-129756

(1991).

Crime and the Nation’s Households. Published annually since 1979, this bulletin

presents data by the ethnicity and

region of the household, by type of

crime, as measured by the National

Crime Victimization Survey. Offenses

include those attempted as well those

completed. Order No. NCJ-130302

(1991).

Probation and Parole. Annually presents

data on adults on probation and parole,

by state, from the Uniform Parole

Reports and the National Probation

Reports. Order No. NCJ-133285 (1991).

State and Local Police Departments, 1990

and Sheriffs’ Departments, 1990. These

reports contain findings from the Law

Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey. This

survey of sheriffs’ department and

State and local police departments is

conducted every 3 years and includes

information on operations, equipment,

characteristics of personnel, salaries,

expenditures, and educational and

training requirements. Order No. NCJ133284 (police) and NCJ-133283

(sheriffs) (1990).

A series of Special Reports published by

BJS focuses on a specific topic in criminal

justice. They are written in nontechnical language and aimed at a broad audience. The

following are a sample of those available:

Drugs and Jail Inmates, 1989. This report,

from a 1989 survey of a representative

sample of 395,554 inmates held in

3,312 city and county jails, describes

the characteristics of the Nation’s jail

inmates, focusing on those charged

with or convicted of a drug offense and

those who had used drugs. It describes

criminal histories, race, sex, ethnicity,

type of drugs used, family history of

drug abuse, and treatment history.

Order No. NCJ-130836 (1991).

Female Victims of Violent Crime. National

Crime Victimization Survey data from a

sample of more than half a million

women from 1979 to 1987 are the

focus of this report. Thousands who

were raped and thousands who were

victims of violence by family members

or boyfriends described their experiences to interviewers: whether they

reported the crime to police, reasons

why they did not, weapons used, injuries, medical care, self-protective measures, as well as the victim’s family

income, race, age and whether the

offender was a stranger or was known

to the victim. Order No. NCJ-126826

(1991).

Profile of Jail Inmates, 1989. This report

summarizes findings from the 1989 Survey of Inmates of Local Jails, including

socioeconomic data, detention status,

current and previous offenses and sentences, prior drug and alcohol use, and

characteristics of victims. Results are

compared with results from the last survey, done in 1983. Order No. NCJ129097 (1991).

School Crime. This report summarizes

responses collected by the National

Crime Victimization Survey in a special

supplement used by interviewers during

the first half of 1989 representing an

estimated 21.6 million students ages 12

to 19. This analysis accounts for crime

experienced by males and females;

blacks and whites; Hispanics and nonHispanics; residents of central cities,

suburbs, and rural areas; and public

and private school students. Data on

grade levels and security measures are

also included, as are student perceptions of the prevalence of street gangs,

students’ fear of attacks at school, and

the availability of drugs or alcohol at

school. Order No. NCJ-131645 (1991).

Teenage Victims. National Crime Victimization Survey data from a sample of more

than half a million women from 1985 to

1988 are the focus of this report. The

data represent an estimated 1.9 million

violent victimizations sustained by 28.1

million teenagers during each of those

years. Victim’s sex, race, and location

of residence are included, as well as

the severity of the crime and injuries,

medical care, weapons use, offender

characteristics and use of drugs or

alcohol as perceived by the victim, and

reporting to law enforcement authorities

and school officials. Order No. NCJ128129 (1991).

Women in Prison. This report describes

women in prison, using primarily data

from the 1986 Survey of Inmates in

State Correctional Facilities. It includes

their criminal histories, prior drug use,

self-reported backgrounds of physical

and sexual abuse, and the custodial

situations of their young children. Survey respondents in 1986 are compared

with those in 1979. Order No. NCJ127991 (1991).

BJS Technical Reports address issues of

statistical methodology and special topics in

a more detailed and technical format that

the Bulletins and Special Reports. Contact

BJS at 202-307-0004 for titles and ordering

information.

Bureau of Labor Statistics

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), part

of the Department of Labor, is one of the

principal data gathering agencies of the Federal Government. In the broad field of labor

economics, BLS collects data relating to employment; unemployment and other characteristics of the labor force; prices and family expenditures; wages, other worker compensation,

and industrial relations; productivity and technological change; and occupational safety

and health.

Most of the data are collected in surveys

conducted by BLS; other information is collected on a contract basis by the Bureau of

the Census or in cooperation with State agencies.

Data are supplied voluntarily by business

establishments and members of private households, then tabulated, analyzed, and issued in

the form of monthly press releases, special

publications, and periodicals.

All of the publications listed can be ordered

from the Government Printing Office (GPO).

The stock number (S/ N) and price are given

for each entry. For information on other publications, contact Bureau of Labor Statistics,

Room 2831A, 441 G Street, NW, Washington,

DC 20212; 202-523-1221.

Consumer Price Index. Reports monthly on

consumer price movements of urban

consumers and urban wage earners.

GPO S/ N 729-002-00000-3. $7.00,

single copy. $21.00, subscription.

Producer Price Indexes. This monthly periodical includes a comprehensive report

on producer price movements, plus

regular tables and technical notes.

GPO S/ N 729-009-00000-8. $10.00,

single copy. $32.00, subscription.

Employment and Earnings. This monthly

periodical covers employment and

unemployment developments, plus statistical tables on national, State, and

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE FEDERAL REPORTS BY AGENCY A–47
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area employment, hours, and earnings.

GPO S/ N 729-004-00000-6. $10.00,

single copy. $31.00, subscription.

Compensation and Working Conditions. This

monthly periodical reports on employee

compensation, including wages, salaries, benefits, and other aspects of the

work environment, such as safety and

health. It presents information on wage

and benefit changes resulting from collective bargaining settlements and unilateral managements decisions; statistical summaries; and special reports on

wage trends, most aspects of

employee benefits, and various aspects

of collective bargaining. GPO S/ N 729-

003-00000-0. Single copy $4.25. Subscription $18.00.

Geographic Profile of Employment and

Unemployment. Issued annually, this

report includes labor force data from

the Current Population Survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census,

for states and selected large metropolitan areas and central cities. Also

included are unemployment rates by

age, race, and sex; data on demographic characteristics of employed and

unemployed; and data by occupation

and industry. GPO S/ N 029-001-

03079-7. $11.00, single copy.

Employment, Hours, and Earnings, States

and Areas. Presents monthly and

annual data on employment, hours, and

earnings in states and metropolitan

areas by industry. Bulletin 2320. 5 Vols.

GPO S/ N 029-001-03000-2. (1972-87).

$55.00.

CPI Detailed Report. This monthly publication provides a comprehensive report

on consumer price movements, plus

statistical tables, charts, and technical

notes. GPO S/ N 729-003-0000-0

$6.00, single copy. $23.00, subscription.

Monthly Labor Review. Each issue includes

analytical articles, 53 pages of current

statistics, reports on industrial relations,

book reviews, and other features. GPO

S/ N 729-007-00000-5. $5.00, single

copy. $22.00, subscription.

Occupational Outlook Quarterly. Each issue

helps guidance counselors, career

planners, and others keep informed of

changing career opportunities. GPO

S/ N 729-008-0000-1. $2.50, single

copy. $6.50, subscription.

Area Wage Surveys. These bulletins cover

office, professional, technical, maintenance, custodial, and material movement jobs in major metropolitan areas.

GPO S/ N 829-001-0000-4. $89.00,

subscription.

Working Women: A Chartbook. Presents an

array of data on women in the labor

force, highlighting their labor market

status today and its changes over the

past three decades. Contains text,

chars and tables on women’s labor

force participation, employment, unemployment, occupational distribution,

earnings as compared to men’s, and

family characteristics. GPO S/ N 029-

001-03081-9. $4.00.

Energy Information

Administration

The Energy Information Administration (EIA),

part of the Department of Energy, is responsible for collecting and publishing data on

energyproduction,consumption,prices,resources,

and projections of supply and demand. Subjects covered are coal and coal products,

petroleum, natural gas, nuclear fuels, solar

energy, electric power, and nuclear power

plants. The various publications contain national,

state, and international data.

The publications listed below are only a

sample of a wide variety of material available

from EIA. The EIA Publications Directory 1990:

A User’s Guide, lists all EIA publications and is

available by contacting the National Energy

Information Center, EI-231, Energy Information Administration, Room 1F-048, Forrestal

Building, Washington, DC 20585; 202-586-

8800.

The publications may be ordered from the

Government Printing Office (GPO). The stock

number (S/ N) and price are given for each

publication.

Annual Energy Review. Provides statistics

on U.S. energy supply, production, disposition, and consumption. Ten sections cover energy overview; energy

indicators; energy resources, exploration, development, and reserves; petroleum; natural gas; coal; electricity;

nuclear energy; wood, waste, solar, and

geothermal energy; and international

energy. 119 tables. GPO S/ N 061-003-

00701-5 (1990). $17.00.

International Energy Annual. Provides current data and trends (1980-88) for production, consumption, stocks, imports,

and exports of primary energy commodities in more than 190 countries,

dependencies, and areas of special

sovereignty. Prices for crude oil and

petroleum products are included. Primary energy sources are crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, natural gas, coal,

hydroelectric power, and nuclear electric power. Natural gas and coal supply

and disposition are also given 36

tables. GPO S/ N 061-003-00692-2

(1989). $11.00.

Coal Data: A Reference. Covers all aspects

of the coal industry. Data are given for

reserves, production/ mining, supply/

disposition, consumption, exports, and

prices. Coal classifications are also provided. The most recent data are for

1987 with some historical series. 37

tables. GPO S/ N 061-003-00614-1

(1987). $7.50

Quarterly Coal Report. Provides comprehensive information about U.S. coal production, consumption, exports, imports,

receipts, and stocks by quarter. Historical information and forecasts complete

the report. Data are reported by state,

census region, end-use sector (electric

utilities, coke plants, other industrial

and residential/ commercial), and

Standard Industrial Classification.

Prices are also given for exports,

imports, and receipts data. 68 tables.

GPO S/ N 761-012-00000-2. $20.00,

subscription. $8.00, single copy.

Coal Production 1990. Provides comprehensive information about U.S. coal production, the number of mines, prices,

productivity, employment, reserves, and

stocks to a wide audience, including

Congress, Federal and State agencies,

the coal industry, and the general public. 82 tables. GPO S/ N 061-003-

00717-1. $7.50.

Electric Power Monthly. Presents monthly

summaries of electric utility statistics at

the national, census division, and State

level for net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks, quantity of fuel, cost

of fuel, electricity sales and retail prices

of electricity. Company and plant level

information are presented on capability

of new plants, net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks, quantity and

quality of fuel and cost of fuel. 37

tables. GPO S/ N 761-002-00000-7.

$87.00, subscription. $10.00, single

copy.

Electric Power Annual. Presents a summary

of electric utility statistics at the

national, regional and State levels. It

provides industry decisionmakers, government policymakers and the general

public with historical data that may be

used in forming various perspectives on

electric issues that lie ahead. New sections include data on financial statistics,

environmental statistics and electric

power transactions Sections on generating capability; net generation; fossil

fuel statistics; and electric power transactions. Sections on generation; net

generation; fossil fuel statistics; and

electricity sales, revenues, and prices

are presented. 47 tables. GPO S/ N

061-003-00685-0 (1989). $8.00.

Natural Gas Monthly. This report highlights

activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the natural gas

industry. Volume and price data are

presented each month for natural gas

production, distribution, consumption,

and interstate pipeline activities.

Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported.

34 tables. GPO S/ N 761-008-00000-5.

$70.00, subscription. $9.00, single

copy.

Natural Gas Annual. Contains information on

the production, reserves, imports,

exports, interstate movements, storage,

consumption, and price of natural gas.

Annual summary data at the State and

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national levels are provided, as well as

total gas supply/ disposition balances.

Data on the quantity and price of natural gas consumption are shown for

major end-use categories. Volume I

contains 95 tables summarizing natural

gas supply and disposition from 1984-

1988 for each census division and each

State. Volume II shows in 23 tables,

annual historical data at the national

level from 1930 to 1988, and by State

from 1967 to 1988. GPO S/ N 061-003-

00674-4. Vol. I 1989. $12.00

U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural

Gas Liquids Reserves, Annual Report.

This report presents estimates of

proved reserves of crude oil, natural

gas, and natural gas liquids, as of

December 31, 1988, and production

volumes for year 1988 for the U.S. and

selected states and state subdivisions.

The data are used the Congress, Federal and State agencies, industry and

other interested parties. 75 tables. GPO

S/ N 061-003-00721-0 (1990). $7.00.

Petroleum Supply Monthly. Contains data on

supply, disposition, and stocks for each

Petroleum Administration Defense

(PAD) District with U.S. totals; production of crude oil and lease condensate,

by PAD District and state; natural gas

processing; refinery operations by PAD

District, imports/ exports; stocks; transportation between PAD Districts, and

heavy oil by sulfur content. 46 tables.

GPO S/ N 761-011-00000-6. $78.00,

subscription. $9.00, single copy.

Petroleum Supply Annual. Contains information on the supply and disposition of

crude oil and petroleum products. The

publication reflects data that were collected from the petroleum industry during 1988 through annual and monthly

surveys. Volume I contains two sections, U.S. Petroleum Supply and Refinery Capacity, each with final annual

data. (40 tables). Volume II contains

final statistics for each month of 1988

and replaces data previously published

in the Petroleum Supply Monthly (28

tables). Vol.I (1990). GPO S/ N 061-

003-00702-3 $10.00. Vol.II (1990). GPO

S/ N 061-003-00703-1. $30.00.

Petroleum Marketing Monthly. This publication reports marketing data for the U.S.,

Petroleum Administration for Defense

(PAD) Districts, and each state for the

current month, the previous month, and

the corresponding month of the previous year. Shown for 16 individual petroleum products are sales prices, sales

volumes, percentages of sales, and first

sales for consumption. Data are given

by type of seller and by type of sale. 56

tables. GPO S/ N 761-010-00000-0.

$87.00, subscription. $10.00, single

copy.

Petroleum Marketing Annual. Contains statistical data on a variety of crude oils

and refined petroleum products. It also

provides statistics on crude oil costs

and refined petroleum products sales

for use by industry, government, private

sector analysts, educational institutions,

and consumers. Data on crude oil

include the domestic first purchase

price, the f.o.b. and landed cost of

imported crude oil, and the refiners’

acquisition cost of crude oil. Sales data

for motor gasoline, distillates, residuals,

aviation fuels, kerosene, and propane

are presented. 73 tables. GPO S/ N

061-003-00591-8 (1989). $21.00.

Commercial Nuclear Power. Prospects for

the United States and the World. An

annual publication that presents historical data, current status, and outlook

projections for commercial nuclear

power reactors for all countries outside

centrally planned economic areas. U.S.

nuclear capacity and generation projections through 2020 are presented for

various nuclear power supply scenarios

and foreign nuclear power projections

are provided through 2010. 36 tables.

GPO S/ N 061-003-00714-7 (1991).

$8.50

State Energy Data Report: Consumption

Estimates. Issued annually, this report

provides estimates of energy consumption by principal energy source, by

major end-use sector, and by State.

323 tables. GPO S/ N 061-003-00656-6

(1960-1989). $23.00.

Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers. Published annually, this report

covers key financial trends, taxation,

foreign and domestic petroleum developments, and coal/ nuclear/ alternative

energy for 22 major energy producing

companies. Information is developed

from Form EIA-28, ‘‘Financial Reporting

System,’’ which examines year-to-date

developments in the operation of these

companies on a corporate level, by

major line of energy business, and by

major functions within each line-ofbusiness. 120 tables. GPO S/ N 061-

003-00702-7 (1989). $8.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey:

Consumption and Expenditures, April

1984 Through March 1985. Part I:

National Data. Issued biennially, this

publication presents consumption and

expenditure data for residential use of

wood, natural gas, electricity, fuel oil,

kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas.

Includes households in all types of

housing units. 53 tables. GPO S/ N 061-

003-00635-3. (Part 1) (1989). $15.00.

Department of Agriculture

Economic Research Service

The Economic Research Service (ERS)

provides economic information to aid public

policy officials and program managers in developing and administering agricultural and rural

policies and programs.

ERS monitors economic activity, makes

short-term forecasts of key economic indicators, and develops long-range projections of

U.S. and world agriculture production, demand

for production resources (land, water, and

manufactured inputs), and demand for agricultural commodities and food products. It also

measures returns to producers and evaluates

how well the agricultural and food sectors

meet the needs of domestic and foreign consumers.

ERS has four program divisions—Commodity Economics, Agriculture and Trade Analysis, Resources and Technology, and Agriculture and Rural Economy—that carry out the

four principal functions of ERS: research, situation and outlook analysis, staff analysis,

and development of economic and statistical

indicators.

Information from ERS is released through

a variety of media, including research papers,

situation and outlook periodicals, staff reports,

professional and trade journals, radio and

television, and direct computer access.

To order subscriptions to the following, call

1-800-999-6779.

Economic Indicators of the Farm Sector.

Comprises 6 reports published annually

that updates economic trends in U.S.

agriculture. Each issue explores a different aspect of income and expenses,

national and State financial summaries,

production and efficiency statistics,

costs of production, and an annual

overview. $14.00, subscription.

Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United

States. Updates the quantity and value

of U.S. farm exports and imports, plus

price trends. 8 issues per year. $25.00.

Foreign Ownership of U.S. Agricultural Land

Through December 31: County-Level

Data. Presents data for each county to

shown the number of acres and parcels, value, owner’s county of origin,

and use of foreign-owned agricultural

land. 128 pages. $8.00. (1988)

Agricultural Outlook. Presents USDA’s farm

income and food price forecasts. It

emphasizes the short term outlook, but

also presents long-term analyses of

issues ranging from international trade

to U.S. land use and availability. 11

issues per year. $26.00.

Food Review. This report offers the latest

developments in food prices, product

safety, nutrition programs, consumption

patterns and marketing. 4 issues per

year. $11.00.

Situation and Outlook. These reports provide

analyses and forecasts of all major

agricultural commodities and related

topics such as finance, farm inputs,

land values, and world and regional

developments. Commodities reported

on are cotton and wool, dairy, feed,

fruit and tree nuts, livestock and poultry, oil crops, rice, sugar and sweetener, tobacco, vegetables and specialties, and wheat. Number of issues and

prices vary by commodity.

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National Agricultural Statistics

Service

The National Agricultural Statistics Service

(NASS) prepares estimates and reports on

production, supply, price, and other items

necessary for the operation of the U.S. agricultural economy.

The reports include statistics on field crops,

fruits and vegetables, cattle, hogs, sheep,

poultry, and related commodities or processed

products. Other estimates are prices received

by farmers for products sold and prices paid

for commodities and services, indexes of prices

received and paid, parity prices, farm employment, and farm wage rates.

Estimates are obtained through sample

surveys of producers, processors, buyers, and

others associated with agriculture. Information is gathered by mail, telephone, personal

interviews, and field visits.

The 44 field offices prepare weekly, monthly,

annual, and other periodic reports available to

the public on a subscription basis. Information

is obtained for some 75 crops and 50 livestock items as well as numerous items relating to agricultural production and marketing.

For additional information, and a copy of

the 1992 Agricultural Statistics Board Catalog,

contact the National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 14th and

Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC20250;

202-447-4021.

Agricultural Statistics. Published annually,

this comprehensive statistical reference

contains current and historical data on

agricultural production, supplies, consumption, facilities, costs, and returns.

Approximately 600 pages. GPO S/ N

001-000-04557-1 (1989). $17.00.

National Center for Education

Statistics

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), part of the Department of Education, collects data from 57 state education

agencies that report data for over 83,400

public schools and 15,400 local school districts. Data on staff and students are collected

annually at the school, LEA (local education

agency or school district) and state levels.

Data on revenues and expenditures are also

collected at the state level. This information is

part of a Common Core of Data Survey used

to collect statistical data on the 50 states,

District of Columbia, and outlying areas.

Other surveys conducted by NCES include:

School and Staffing Survey; Private School

Survey; Fast Response Survey; National Postsecondary Student Aid Study; National Survey

of Postsecondary Faculty; National Longitudinal Studies; National Assessment of Educational Progress; and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, which includes

statistics on institutional characteristics, fall

enrollment, faculty salaries, earned degrees

conferred, and the finances of institutions of

higher education.

Most publications are available through

the Government Printing Office (GPO) by calling 202-783-3238. Stock numbers (S/ N) and

prices are given.

For more information or to obtain a Publications Catalog, contact the Department of

Education, 555 New Jersey Avenue, NW,

Washington, DC 20208-5461; 202-219-1513.

Digest of Education Statistics. Published

annually, this publication provides information for all educational levels for the

United States and for individual states,

including elementary and secondary

schools, universities and colleges, and

adult, vocational, and Federal programs. Subjects covered include enrollment, number of schools and colleges,

number of teachers, finances, degrees

earned, income of graduates, vocational education, adult education, and

international education. Data are collected from a variety of sources, both

public and private, although most of the

information is from surveys conducted

by NCES, which are also discussed.

459 pages. GPO S/ N 065-000-00442-9

(1990). $24.00.

Projections of Education Statistics. Issued

annually, this report provides projections on enrollment; high school graduates; earned degrees; instructional

staff; and expenditure for preschool,

elementary, secondary, and higher education. Statistics from previous years

are given along with the projection,

usually providing 20 years of past data

and 10 years of projections. 186 pages.

GPO S/ N 065-000-00440-2 (2001).

$9.50.

Condition of Education: A Statistical Report.

Published annually, this publication provides data on key education indicators

such as student performance,

resources in the schools, student characteristics, special education, and racial

and ethnic composition for elementary

schools. Vol. I Elementary and Secondary Education. GPO S/ N 065-000-

00454-2 (1991). $12.00. Vol. 2 Postsecondary Education. GPO S/ N 065-000-

0045501 (1991). $12.00.

1989 Education Indicators. Contains information from volumes and 2 of the Condition of Education plus all technical

supporting data, supplemental information, and data sources. GPO S/ N 065-

000-00387-2. $15.00.

Key Statistics on Public Elementary and

Secondary Education Reported by

State and by Regional, Locale, and

Wealth Clusters. An annual publication

that profiles educational characteristics

of each state. Such characteristics

include the number of schools and

school districts, pupil-teacher ratio, and

current expenditure per pupil. Also

included are institutional pupil, staff,

and finance data. GPO S/ N 065-000-

00457-7 (1988-89). $8.00.

In addition to the publications listed

above, NCES publishes the results of a

large number of specialized surveys. These

reports are unbound, consist of several

pages, and are available from OERI by calling 1-800-424-1616, (metropolitan DC 202-

0219-1513) or writing OERI, EIB, 555 New

Jersey Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20208-

5461. Listed below are a sample of the

reports available.

Early Estimates: Key Statistics for Public and

Private Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 1990-91. NCES

91-076.

Early Estimates: National Higher Education

Statistics: Fall 1990. NCES 91-369.

Public Elementary and Secondary State

Aggregate Data, By State, for School

Year 1989-1990 and Fiscal Year 1989.

NCES 91-035.

Enrollment in Higher Education, Fall 1989.

NCES 91-217.

Race/ Ethnicity Trends in Degrees Conferred

by Institutions of Higher Education:

1978-79 through 1988-89. NCES

91-212.

Current Funds Revenues and Expenditures

of Institutions of Higher Education: Fiscal Years 1980-88. NCES 91-219.

Federal Support for Education: Fiscal Years

1980 to 1990. NCES 91-631.

American Education at a Glance. NCES

90-655.

National Center for Health

Statistics

The National Center for Health Statistics

(NCHS) is part of the Centers for Disease

Control within the Public Health Service, under

the Department of Health and Human Services.

It is the principal vital and health statistics

agency of the Federal Government. Vital statistics include data on births, deaths, induced

terminations of pregnancy, fetal deaths, fertility, life expectancy, marriages, and divorces.

Data are collected through either populationbased surveys, or record-based surveys. Surveys based on population contain data collectedthroughpersonalinterviewsorexaminations.

Record-based surveys collect data through

laboratory tests, and from hospital, nursing

home, and physician records. Data are designed

mainly for use by federal policymakers, medical researchers, and others in the health

community. While the needs of the Public

Health Service are its primary focus, NCHS

also responds to requests for special analyses of data that have already been collected.

To aid in data dissemination, and to assist

data users, NCHS operates a centralized information program under the direction of the

Scientific and Technical Information Branch.

This program helps users locate and use

NCHS data and identify other data sources;

distributes mailing lists for new publications;

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coordinates requests for presentations and

exhibits; and provides publications and electronic data products catalogs, and ordering

information.

Data from the surveys and studies conducted by NCHS are presented in a variety of

publications. Many of the reports are part of

the steadily growing Vital and Health Statistics

series, available from the Government Printing Office, which currently includes over 500

individual publications grouped into several

subseries. The Advance Data From Vital and

Health Statistics, provides a means for early

release of selected findings from NCHS surveys. This series is available individually and

by subscription by contacting the Scientific

and Technical Information Branch. Stock numbers for any of the publications in this series,

are found in the Catalog of Publications, 1980-

88, which can be obtained by contacting:

Scientific and Technical Information Branch,

National Center for Health Statistics, 3700

East-West Highway, Room 1-57, Hyattsville,

MD, 20782; 301- 436-8500.

Data from NCHS are also available through

electronic media, including data diskettes, CDROM’s, and an extensive sel of public-use

data files. The Catalog of Electronic Data

Products lists and describes the public use

data files produced by NCHS, and can be

obtained from the Scientific and Technical

Information Branch.

More than 500 public-use data files, representing most of the NCHS data collection

programs, are available for purchase. These

files are prepared and disseminated to speed

and enhance access to the full scope of data.

The majority of the data files released by

NCHS contain microdata to allow researchers

to aggregate findings in whatever format appropriate for their analyses.

The first of a family of compact discs

planned for major NCHS surveys is a CD-ROM

from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Additional CD-ROMS from other

NCHS surveys are scheduled to be released

in the spring of 1991. The 1987 NHIS CD-ROM

provides access to more than 300,000 records

on the use of medical services, acute and

chronic conditions, and disabilities and restricted

activities resulting from illness. It is available

from either the U.S. Government Printing Office

or the National Technical Information Service

for $13.00.

Listed below are the major surveys conducted by NCHS and where the data are

published.

National Health Interview Survey. Based on

interviews in approximately 50,000

households, this survey annually collects information on the health, illness,

and disability status of the noninstitutionalized population. It provides data

on the incidence of illness and accidental injuries, prevalence of chronic diseases and impairments, disability, physician visits, and hospitalizations.

Published in Series 10 of Vital and

Health Statistics and in Advance Data

From Vital and Health Statistics.

National Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey. This survey collects data

through physical examinations and clinical and laboratory testing. The third

survey in the series began in 1988,

when over the course of 6 years,

45,000 people will be selected to participate. This survey focuses on population groups such as blacks, Hispanics,

low-income persons, and the elderly. It

provides data on the prevalence of

specific conditions or chronic diseases;

data on blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and body measurements; and

nutritional status and deficiencies. Published in Series 11 of Vital and Health

Statistics and in Advance Data From

Vital and Health Statistics.

National Survey of Family Growth. This survey is conducted periodically through

household interviews of women of

childbearing age. Data such as family

planning practices and attitudes, factors

influencing trends and differences in

fertility, and related aspects of maternal

and child health are provided. Published in Series 23 of Vital and Health

Statistics and in Advance Data From

Vital and Health Statistics.

To meet the health statistics needs of

the future, four of the Center’s record-based

surveys will be merged and expanded into

one integrated survey of health care providers, called the National Health Care Survey.

New data on alternative health care settings,

such as hospices, home health agencies,

and outpatient surgical centers, will be provided through this system.

Designed to include a patient followup

component and linkage with the household

interview survey, the National Health Care

Survey will generate data that permit analyses of patient outcome, the relationship

between use of health services and health

characteristics, and the use of health care at

the local level.

When fully operational by 1993, the survey will be a source of wide range of data

on the health care field and significant

resource for monitoring health care use, the

impact of medical technology, and the quality of care provided to a changing American

population.

The National Health Care Survey will

build upon the following four current NCHS

surveys: the National Hospital Discharge

Survey, the National Ambulatory Medical

Care Survey, the National Nursing Home

Survey, and the National Master Facility

Inventory.

National Hospital Discharge Survey. Conducted annually, this survey is based

on a sample of 200,00 discharge

records from 500 hospitals. Data

include length of stay, source of payment, diagnoses, surgical procedures,

characteristics of inpatients, and size,

location, and ownership of hospitals.

Published in Series 13 of Vital and

Health Statistics and in Advance Data

From Vital and Health Statistics.

National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

Conducted annually from 1974-1981, in

1985, and annually beginning in 1989.

Data collected from the physician is

based on a sample of 50,000 visits to

2,500 physicians in private practice.

Statistics include characteristics of

patients and services provided, diagnostic procedures, symptoms and diagnoses. Published in Series 13 of Vital

and Health Statistics and in Advance

Data From Vital and Health Statistics.

National Nursing Home Survey. Conducted

periodically from 1963 to 1985, this survey is based on questionnaires and

interviews with administrators and staff

in a sample of 1,200 facilities. Data are

provided on size and ownership of facilities, Medicare/ Medicaid certification,

occupancy rate, days of care provided,

and per diem charges. Patient data

include health status and services

received. Published in Series 13 of Vital

and Health Statistics and in Advance

Data From Vital and Health Statistics.

National Master Facility Inventory. Conducted periodically since 1963, this survey lists inpatient health facilities in the

United States, including hospitals, nursing homes, and other facilities such as

those for the mentally retarded or physically disabled. Data are provided on

services, location, staff, and other characteristics of the facilities. Data are

based on questionnaires sent directly

to facilities or data collected by other

Federal agencies, national associations, and State programs. Published in

Series 14 of Vital and Health Statistics

and in Advance Data From Vital and

Health Statistics.

In addition to the Vital and Health Statistics series and the Advance Data From Vital

and Health Statistics, the following are also

major publications by NCHS:

Vital Statistics of the United States. This is

an annual compilation of mortality,

natality, marriage, and divorce data with

extensive demographic and geographic

detail. Vol. I Natality. GPO S/ N 017-

022-01048-8 (1988) $32.00. Vol. II Mortality, Part A. GPO S/ N 017-022-

01056-9. $34.00. Vol. II Mortality, Part

B. GPO S/ N 017-022-01046-1 (1988).

$40.00.

Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Provides

monthly and cumulative data on births,

deaths, natural increase, induced terminations of pregnancy, marriages,

divorces, and infant deaths for states

and the United States. Annual summaries and supplements also are published. Free copies available individually

and by subscription. Contact NCHS at

address listed above.

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Health United States. This is the annual

report to Congress on the Nation’s

health. It presents statistics concerning

recent trends in the health care sector

and detailed discussions of selected

current health issues. Such topics as

population, fertility, mortality, detriments

and measures of health, manpower,

and health care expenditures are covered. GPO S/ N 017-022-01104-2

(1989). $19.00.

Social Security Administration

The Social Security Administration (SSA)

conducts research and gathers data on the

Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance

(OASDI) and Supplemental Security Income

(SSI) programs and on the populations served

or potentially served by these programs.

The Office of Research and Statistics (ORS)

has primary responsibility for developing and

conducting SSA’s research and statistical program. Its publications include analytical studies and statistical reports on the OASDI, SSI,

and other social insurance and income-support

programs.

SSA’s Office of International Policy (OIP)

conducts studies and disseminates information on foreign social security programs and

developments as they may affect the U.S.

program. Defined in the international context

of ‘‘social security,’’ these studies cover policies, problems, and provisions of the entire

range of income—problems, and maintenance

programs, with particular emphasis on the

old-age, survivors, and disability insurance

programs.

Many of SSA’s publications are available

from the Government Printing Office (GPO).

The stock number and current pricing information are given below. To order publications

not available from GPO, or to receive a SSA

publications catalog, contact the ORS Publications Staff, Social Security Administration,

Room 209 Van Ness Centre, 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008;

202-282-7139.

Social Security Bulletin. This quarterly journal provides the latest data on beneficiaries under the Social Security program and related income-maintenance

programs. Included are analytical articles; annual reviews; legislative

updates; and the latest available program data. Subject areas include the

aged, older workers, disabled, and poverty populations. GPO S/ N 717-026-

00000-4. $21.00, subscription (includes

the Annual Statistical Supplement

described below); $4.00, single copy.

Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social

Security Bulletin. A yearly compilation

of current and historical data on Social

Security beneficiaries and covered

workers, SSI recipients, and the economy in general. It contains more than

225 detailed tables as well as historical

summaries and current legislative

developments in the areas of OASDI,

SSI, Medicare, AFDC, and other related

income-support programs. The Supplement is included with the subscription

to the Social Security Bulletin, and is

also available separately. GPO S/ N

717-026-00054-3 (1991) $18.00.

Fast Facts and Figures About Social Security. Issued annually, this report contains answers to the most frequently

asked questions about Social Security

beneficiaries and SSI recipients. It also

provides information about the Medicare, Medicaid, and AFDC programs.

GPO S/ N 017-070-00450-4 (1990).

$2.50.

Social Security Programs in the United

States. Issued biennially, this is a layman’s guide to the Nation’s network of

publicly funded cash and in-kind

income-support programs under the

Social Security Act. It discusses the

history and current program provisions

of the OASDI, SSI, AFDC, Medicare,

unemployment insurance, workers’

compensation, and temporary disability

insurance programs. GPO S/ N 017-

070-00451-2 (1991). $4.50.

Income of the Population 55 or Older.

Issued biennially, this report presents

information on the broad economic picture of a cross section of the population aged 55 or older. The major focus

is on their sources of income and the

amounts they receive from various

sources. GPO S/ N 017-070-00449-1

(1988). $6.00.

OASDI Beneficiaries by State and County.

Issued annually, this report contains

information on the number of persons

who received OASDI benefits, the type

of benefit they received, and the total

amount of benefits paid for each state

and county. Available from ORS.

Supplemental Security Income State and

County Data. Issued annually, this

report presents statistical data on the

distribution of federally administered

SSI payments to aged, blind, and disabled adults and blind and disabled

children by state and county. Available

from ORS.

Earnings and Employment Data for Wage

and Salary Workers Covered Under

Social Security by State and County.

Issued annually, this report presents

data on employment for wage and salary workers covered by the Social

Security program. Data include number

of workers, the amount of taxable

wages, the amount of Social Security

contributions and the workers’ age,

sex, and race. Data for the District of

Columbia, American Samoa, Guam,

U.S. citizens employed abroad by

American employers, members of the

Armed Forces, and persons employed

on American vessels are also shown.

Available from ORS.

Social Security Programs Throughout the

World. Issued biennially, this report

describes in chart format the Social

Security systems of 141 countries. It

provides information on the five major

social security programs: old age, invalidity, and death; sickness and maternity; work injury; unemployment; and

family allowances. GPO S/ N 017-060-

00444-4 (1989). $18.00.

OTHER FEDERAL

SOURCES OF STATISTICS

The Census Bureau would like to thank the

Association of Public Data Users for giving us

permission to use the following contacts list.

We have made minor adjustments, such as

rearranging the entries by subject.

The list gives point-of-entry address and

telephone number. Asterisks indicate those

agencies which we know have internal telephone lists available for distribution to the

public. Many agencies also provide free catalogs, publication lists, or program descriptions.

Agriculture

Economic Research Service,* Information

Division, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1301

New York Avenue, N.W., Room 208,

Washington, DC 20005-4788. Information: 202-219-0515. Publications: 1-800-

999-6799

National Agricultural Statistics Service,* U.S.

Dept. of Agriculture, 14th and Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC

20250. Information/ Publications: 202-

447-4021

Banking and Finance

Federal Reserve System, 20th and Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC

20551. Information: 202-452-3000

Securities and Exchange Commission, 450

5th Street, N.W., Washington, DC

20549. Information: 202-272-3100

Business/ Commerce

Bureau of the Census,* U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, DC 20233. Public

Affairs: 301-763-4040. Data User Services Division: 301-763-4100.

Bureau of Economic Analysis,* Public Information Office, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,

1401 K Street, N.W., Washington, DC

20230. Information/ Publications: 202-

523-0777

Commerce News Room, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room 5058, Main Commerce,

14th Street and Constitution Avenue,

N.W., Washington, DC 20230. Stat.

Series Press Release Information: 202-

377-4901. Recording of release times:

202-393-1847

A–52 OTHER FEDERAL SOURCES 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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Consumer Products Safety Commission,

Office of Information and Public Affairs,

5401 Westbard Ave., Bethesda, MD

20207. Information: 301-504-0580

Federal Trade Commission, Public Reference, 6th and Pennsylvania Avenue,

N.W., Washington, DC 20580. Information/ Publications: 202-326-2000

International Trade Administration,* Statistical Division, Washington, DC 20230.

Trade Statistics Division: 202-377-5242.

Foreign Trade Statistics: 202-377-2185

Office of Business Analysis, U.S. Dept. of

Commerce, Room 4878, Main Commerce, 14th Street and Constitution

Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20230.

Electronic Bulletin Board and National

Trade Data Bank: 202-377-1986.

Small Business Administration, 1441 L

Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20416.

Information: 202-827-5722

U.S. International Trade Commission,

Department of Commerce, 500 E. St.,

SW., Washington, DC 20436. Information: 202-205-2000

Crime and Law Enforcement

Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Dept. of

Justice, 633 Indiana Avenue, N.W.,

Washington, DC 20531. Information

Service: 202-307-6100, Justice Statistics Clearinghouse: 301-251-5500 or

1-800-732-3277

Federal Bureau of Investigation, National

Crime Information Center, U.S. Dept. of

Justice, 10th Street and Pennsylvania

Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20535.

Information: 202-324-6242. Publications: 202-324-2711

National Criminal Justice Reference Service,

Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850. Publications: 301-251-5500 or 1-800-732-

3277

National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, 633 Indiana Avenue,

N.W., Washington, DC 20531. Public

Affairs: 202-307-0781

Office of Justice Assistance, Research and

Statistics, Office of Congressional

Affairs, U.S. Dept. of Justice, 633 Indiana Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC

20531. Publications: 301-251-5500

Uniform Crime Reports Program, Federal

Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Dept. of

Justice, 9th Street and Pennsylvania

Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 25035.

Information: 202-324-2614

Defense

Department of Defense, Chief, Public Correspondence Division, Office of the

Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public

Affairs PC), The Pentagon, Washington,

DC 20301-1400. Information: 703-697-

5737

Education

National Center for Education Statistics,*

Office of Educational Research and

Improvement, 555 New Jersey Avenue,

S.W., Washington, DC 20208-5574.

Information: 202-219-1513 or 1-800-

424-1616.

Environment

Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M

Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20460.

Information: 202-260-2090

Health and Vital Statistics

Administration for Children, Youth, and Families, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human

Services, 200 Independence Avenue,

S.W., Washington, DC 20201. Public

Affairs: 202-245-2760

Administrator for Health Resources and Services, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human

Services, 5600 Fishers Lane, Parklawn

Building 14-05, Rockville, MD 20857.

Publications: 301-443-2086. Information: 301-443-2216.

Agency for Health Care Policy and

Research,* U.S. Dept. of Health and

Human Services, 2101 E. Jefferson St.,

Suite 501, Rockville, MD 20852. Publications: 800-358-9295. Information:

301-227-8364

Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health

Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health

and Human Services, 5600 Fishers

Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. Information: 301-443-3783. Public Affairs: 301-

443-8956. National Clearinghouse on

Alcohol and Drug Information: 301-468-

2600 or 1-800-729-6686

Assistant Secretary for Human Development

Services, U.S. Dept. of Health and

Human Services, Room 329-D, Humphrey Building, 200 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20201.

Information: 202-472-7257.

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human

Services, Room 415-F, Humphrey

Building, 200 Independence Avenue,

S.W., Washington, DC 20201. Information: 202-245-1858.

Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs,* U.S.

Dept. of Health and Human Services,

200 Independence Avenue, S.W.,

Washington, DC 20201. Information:

202-245-1850.

Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Dept. of

Health and Human Services, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30333.

Public Inquiries: 404-639-3534

Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Dept. of

Health and Human Services, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. Locator: 301-443-1996. Publications: 301-

443-3170

Health Care Financing Administration, U.S.

Dept. of Health and Human Services,

200 Independence Avenue, S.W.,

Washington, DC 20201. Public Affairs:

202-245-6113. Office of Research: 410-

966-6584

Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human

Services, 5600 Fishers Lane, 14-43

Parklawn Building, Rockville, MD

20857. Public Affairs: 301-443-3376

Indian Health Service, Office of Tribal

Affairs, U.S. Dept. of Health and

Human Services, 5600 Fishers Lane,

605 Parklawn Building, Rockville, MD

20857. Public Affairs: 301-443-3593

National Center for Health Statistics, U.S.

Dept. of Health and Human Services,

6525 Belcrest Road, Room 1064,

Hyattsville, MD 20782. Scientific and

Technical Information Branch: 301-436-

8500

National Institutes of Health, U.S. Dept. of

Health and Human Services, 9000

Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892.

Information/ Publications: 301-496-4461

Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Dept. of

Health and Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington,

DC 20201. Information: 202-245-7163

Public Health Service,* Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, U.S. Dept. of

Health and Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington,

DC 20201. Office of Communications:

202-245-6867

Social Security Administration, U.S. Dept. of

Health and Human Services, Office of

Research and Statistics, Publications

Room 209, 4301 Connecticut Avenue,

N.W., Washington, DC 20008. Information/ Publications: 202-282-7138

Housing

Assistant Secretary for Community Planning/ Development, U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, 451 7th

Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20410.

Information: 202-708-2690

Assistant Secretary for Housing, U.S. Dept.

of Housing and Urban Development,

451 7th Street, S.W., Washington, DC

20410. Information: 202-708-3600,

Housing Information and Statistics:

202-708-2190

Immigration

Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S.

Department of Justice, 425 I Street,

N.W., Room 268, Washington, DC

20536. Statistics Office: 202-376-3069

Income and Taxation

Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of

Income Division, U.S. Dept. of Treasury, P.O. Box 2608, Washington, DC

20013. Statistical Information Services:

202-874-0410

Office of the Secretary, Public Affairs Office,

U.S. Dept. of the Treasury, Room 2315,

15th Street and Pennsylvania N.W.,

Washington, DC 20220. Information:

202-566-2041

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE OTHER FEDERAL SOURCES A–53
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Office of Tax Analysis, U.S. Dept. of the

Treasury, Room 4040, 15th Street and

Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20220. Information: 202-566-

5374. Publications: 202-566-5282

International

United Nations, D.C. 2 1628, Statistical

Office, United Nations, New York, NY

10017. Information: 212-963-1234

Labor and Employment

Bureau of Labor Statistics,* U.S. Dept. of

Labor, 441 G Street, NW, Washington,

DC 20212. Public Information Office:

202-523-1221.

Employment and Training Administration,

U.S. Dept. of Labor, 200 Constitution

Avenue, N.W., Room S2322, Washington, DC 20210. Information/ Publications: 202-523-6871

Miscellaneous

Commission on Civil Rights, 1121 Vermont

Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20425.

Publications: 202-376-8105

Executive Office of the President, Office of

Management and Budget, Old Executive Office Building, Washington, DC

20503. Information: 202-395-3000. Public Affairs: 202-395-3080. Publications:

202-395-7332

National Archives and Records Administration, Center for Electronic Records, 7th

and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20408. Information: 202-

501-5579

National Technical Information Service, U.S.

Dept. of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal

Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Information/ Orders: 703-487-4650

Science and Technology

Energy Information Administration,* National

Energy Information Center, Room

1F048, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1000

Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20585. General Information:

202-586-8800

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Public Affairs, U.S.

Dept. of Commerce, 14th and Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC

20230. Public Affairs: 202-377-8090.

Educational Inquiries: 301-443-8031

National Science Foundation, Office of Legislative and Public Affairs, 1800 G

Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20550.

Information: 202-357-9498

Office of Public Information, Bureau of

Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2401

E Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20241.

Information: 202-501-9649

U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Dept. of the

Interior, 507 National Center, Reston,

VA 22092. Earth Science Information

Center and Publications: 703-648-6892

Transportation

Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Dept.

of Transportation, 400 7th Street, S.W.,

Room 4210, Washington, DC 20590.

Public Affairs: 202-366-0660

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 400

7th Street, S.W., Room 5232, Washington, DC 20590. Public Affairs: 202-366-

9550. Publications: 202-366-2587

Urban Mass Transportation Administration,

U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 400 7th

Street, S.W., Room 9400, Washington,

DC 20590. Public Affairs: 202-366-

4043. Publications: 202-366-9157

Veterans

Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of

Planning, 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W.,

Room 962, Washington, DC 20420.

Information: 202-535-8415

A–54 OTHER FEDERAL SOURCES 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE
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INDEX

Access

To data, 4, 113 ff. (See also Confidential

information withheld and Products, data.)

To housing unit, 16

Accuracy, 3-4 (See also Errors.)

Address

Confidentiality of, 4, 43, 75

Housing units at a single, 17

Lists

For census 42-43, 44-45, 46, 50

Of service organizations, 113-114

Ranges, 64, 67

Advertising the census, 39-41

Advice, see Consultation on data use, and

Public: Recommendations from.

Afro-American population, see Black population.

Age

Date of birth, 4, 12

Guide to 1980 data for elderly, 118

Of housing, 19

Persons 15 and over, questions asked, 13

Aged, homes for the, 17

Aggregating data for areas, 92, 94-95

Agriculture, 5, 121 (See also Farms.)

Air conditioning, 7

Alaska Natives and Native areas, 11, 39, 40,

43, 58

Data for, in most products, 73 ff.

Aleut and Eskimo, see Alaska Natives.

Aliens, see Noncitizens

Allocation and substitution, 51, 108-109

American Indians, 11, 39, 40, 43, 46

Consulted on census, 40

Data for, in most products, 73 ff.

Reservations and related areas, 54

Data products including, 75, 76-79, 81,

84-85, 86, 87, 89

Definitions, 54, 58

American Samoa, see Geographic areas.

Analysis of data, 80, 113, 114, 115

Ancestry (ethnicity), 13, 119

Annual Housing Survey (AHS), 116

Apartments, 16, 17, 44

Apportionment, 1, 9-10, 50

Areas, geographic, see Geographic areas.

Armed forces (military), 13, 14, 47-48

Barracks, 17, 47

Asian and Pacific Islander, 11, 40, 42

Consulted on census, 40

Data for, in most products, 73 ff.

Assistance to data users, 113 ff.

Automobiles, vans, and light trucks (See

also Commuting.)

Available to household, 18

Availability of data, see Access:

To data, and Products, data.

Barracks, 17, 47

Bathrooms, 8, 17 (See also Plumbing.)

Bedrooms, 18

BG (block group), see Geographic area.

Bicycles, 14

BIDC’s (Business/ Industry Data Centers), 5,

96, 114, 115

Bibliography of reference guides, 117-119

Birth

Date, 4, 12

Fertility, 13-14

Place, 12

Black population, 11, 39, 40

Data for, in most products, 73 ff.

Block groups (BG), see Geographic areas.

Blocks, see Geographic areas.

Boundaries, 61-62, 63, 64, 65

Buildings (structures) (See also Housing.)

Age, 19

Misinterpretation by data users, 99-100

Stories and elevators in, 7

Units in, 7, 17, 44

Business, 5, 17, 40, 116, 119

Business/ Industry Data Centers, 5, 96, 114,

115

Canvassing, 44-45, 46, 108

Carpooling, 14

Catalog, 119

CCD (census county divisions), see Geographic

areas.

CD-ROM’s, 74, 75, 83, 84-85, 88

CENDATA, 74, 83, 95, 98, 113, 115

Census, see specific subjects.

Census advisory committees, 7, 40, 74

Census and You, III, 119

Census county divisions (CCD), see Geographic areas.

Census depository libraries, 115

Census designated places, see Geographic

areas.

Census Information Centers, 5, 114

Census tracts, see Geographic areas.

Census Transportation Planning Package

(CTPP), 95

Central cities, see Geographic areas.

Charges for data products and services,

95-96, 113, 114

Children, 11, 16-17

Cities, see Communities and Geographic areas.

Citizens abroad, 1, 48

Citizenship, 12

City blocks, see Geographic areas.

Civilian labor force, 14

Clearinghouse organization, 5, 96, 114, 115

CMSA (consolidated metropolitan statistical

area), see Geographic areas.

Coast guard vessels, 48

Codes and coding

Geographic, 49, 62-65, 66, 70-71

Questionnaire responses, 51

ZIP, 55, 63, 64, 84, 86

Collection, census, 43-49, 109

Colleges, 45

Attendance, 12

Dormitories, 17, 49

Students counted, 12, 48

Commerce, Department of, 1, 2, 115

Communities, 41

Data guide, 117

Services for minorities, 40

Commuting, 95, 99

Complete count, see 100-percent data.

Computer tape files, with census data

Availability, 82 ff.

Basic record tapes, 51

Compared with publications, 74-75

Descriptions, 118

Index to summary tape files, III

Service and processing organizations, 113-

115

Software, 65, 88, 91

Technical processes and conventions, 83,

85, 87-88

Concepts, see Definitions.

Condominiums, 17, 19

Confidence intervals, see Standard error or

deviation.

Confidential information withheld, 4, 43,

50, 51, 75, 109

Congregate housing, 7, 18

Congress, 1, 4, 50

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Congressional districts, see Geographic areas

and Redistricting.

Consolidated metropolitan statistical area,

see Geographic areas.

Constitution, 1, 118

Consultation on data use, 4-5, 113-115

Cooperation, public, see Participation in census.

Correctional institutions, 17, 45, 47

Correction of the data, see Errors: Correction of.

Costs

Data products and services, 95-96, 113,

114

Homeowner shelter, 19-20

Utilities and fuels, 19

Counties, see Geographic areas.

Subdivisions, see Geographic areas.

Count(s)

Complete, see 100-percent data.

Improvement efforts, 48-59

Preliminary, 42-43, 48

Courses, see Education.

Coverage of the census, 9-10, 109

Crowded housing, 17

Current surveys, 5, 116, 117

Daily List, 95, 119

Data, see specific subjects and Statistical.

Data centers, 5, 113-115

Data dictionary, 88-91

Definitions (See also specific terms to be

defined.)

Glossary, Part B of this Guide, III, 98, 99

Importance of, 98-100

Sources of, III, 80, 88, 98, 99, 118

Demographic, see Population characteristics.

Densities, tape, 87

Depository libraries, 115

Deviation, standard, see Standard error or

deviation.

Disability, 13

Discrepancies

Apparent, 99-101

Nonsampling, 107-108

Sampling, 101-107

District of Columbia (often tabulated like

States), see Geographic areas.

Districts

Congressional, see Geographic areas.

Enumeration (ED), see Geographic areas.

School, 95

Voting, and election precincts, 54-55, 68,

118 (See also Redistricting.)

Division, geographic, see Geographic areas.

Documentation, technical, 88, 91, 98

Documents, see Publications.

Economic censuses and surveys, 5, 116,

119

ED (enumeration districts), see Geographic

areas.

Education

Data user training, 113, 114, 115

Promoting census, 41

School district data file, 95

School enrollment, 12-13

Students enumerated, 48

Years completed (educational attainment),

12-13, 89

Elderly people, see Age and Aged, homes

for the.

Election precincts and voting districts, 54-55,

68, 82-83 (See also Redistricting.)

Electronic bulletin board, 95, 113

Elevators, 7

Employment and unemployment, 14, 15, 89

Energy used in home, 18, 19

English, ability to speak, 13

Enumeration, 43-49

Districts (ED), see Geographic areas.

Door-to-door, 2-3, 46

Self (mail-out, mail-back), 2-3, 46

Special, 46-48

Equal employment opportunity census data

file, 89

Errors

Allocation and substitution

To improve results, 108-109

Correction of, 43, 48-49, 98

Editing for missing or inconsistent data,

49, 51, 108-109

Inconsistencies mistaken for inaccuracies,

99-100

Nonsampling, 107-108

Research on, 109

Sampling, 38, 100-107

Standard

Percentage and number estimated, 102-

107

Undercount, 3, 97-98, 109

Eskimo and Aleut, see Alaska Natives.

Estimates, 100-101

Of standard errors, 102-107

Ethnic groups, see Ancestry, Race, and

Hispanic-origin population.

Evaluation and research program, 3-4, 109

Families, 11

Income, 15-16

Farms

Income, 15

Residence, 19

Federal depository libraries, 96, 115

Federal funds distribution, 1

Federal information processing standard

(FIPS), 63, 70

Federal-State Cooperative Program, 116

Fiche, see Microfiche.

Finance, residential, 81

FIPS (Federal information processing standards), 63, 70

Foreign trade, 117

FOSDIC, 50-51

Fuel consumption and cost, 18, 19

GBF/ DIME-Files, 62-63

Genealogy, 4

Geographic areas

Boundaries, 61-62, 63, 64, 65

Code and coding, see Codes and coding.

Covered in 1990, 53-59, 118

Computer programs and files, 62-67, 118

Data for, see Products, data.

Definitions, III, 53-59, 118

Enumeration districts (ED’s) replaced, 59

Hierarchies, 59, 61

Historical comparability, 62

Identification codes and schemes, 44, 65,

70-71

Internal points, 75

Land area measurements, 75

Maps, see Maps.

Political, 53-55, 68

Reference materials, 118, 119

Sample weighting, 38, 51, 100-101

Statistical or administrative, 55 59

Training users working with, 113

User-defined, 92-94

GICS (geographic identification code scheme),

65, 70-71

Glossary, III, 98, 99 (See also Definitions.)

Government(s)

Census and surveys, 117

Documents, guides, 117-119

Printing Office (GPO), 95-96, 115, 117

Units of, 53-55, 121

Workers, 9

Group quarters, 16-17, 45, 47

GPO (Government Printing Office), 95-96, 115,

117

Guides, reference, 117-119

Handicaps, 13

Heating fuel, 18, 19

Hispanic-origin population, 12 (See also

Ancestry.)

Data for, in most products, 73 ff.

Participation in census, 39-40

History of census questions, areas, and

procedures, 1-4 (See also specific subjects; e.g., Ancestry.)

Comparisons among censuses, 7-9, 39-40,

42, 43, 49, 50, 92

Detailed, procedural, 81

Hollerith, H., 2, 3

Homeless population

Census procedures, 46-47

Data about, 47

Homeowner shelter costs, 19-20

Homeownership, 17

Hospitals, 17, 45

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Hours of work, 15

House of Representatives, 1, 50

Districts, 54, 65, 69, 82

Householder, 11

Households

Family and nonfamily, 10-11

Income, 15-16

Records for, 89-92

Relationship among members, 10-11

Housing

Data products, 75 ff.

Definitions, see Definitions.

Questions asked, 7-10, 16-20

Reference material, 117-119

Surveys, 116

Value of unit, 17

Year moved into unit, 18

Vacancy, 8, 16

Illegal aliens, see Noncitizens, Immigrant status of.

Illiteracy, 2, 12-13

Immigration, year of, 12

Income, 15-16, 116

Inconsistencies, see Errors.

Incorporated places, see Geographic areas.

Indexes of industries and occupations, 81,

117, 118

Index to 1990 summary tape files, III

Index to 1980 data files, 118

Indians, American, see American Indians.

Individual Census Reports, 38

Individual records sampled, see Microdata.

Industry, 14-15, 81, 116, 117, 118

Information specialists, instruction on data

use, 113, 114

Inmates and patients, 47

Institutions, 45, 47

Instruction, see Education.

Insurance costs of homeowners, 19

Interest, dividends, or rental income, 15-16

Intervals, confidence, see Standard error or

deviation.

Interviews and reinterviews, see Canvassing.

Jobs, see Work.

Journey to work, 14, 95, 99

Departure time, 14

Kitchen facilities, 18

Labor force, 14

Land area, 75

Language spoken, 13

Law, census, 1, 49-50, 109

Legislative redistricting, 1, 50, 54-55, 82-83,

118

Libraries with census data, 96, 113, 115

Literacy, 2, 12-13

Living quarters, 16-17 (See also Housing.)

Local areas, see Geographic areas.

Local review, 42-43, 45, 48

Long form, see Questionnaires.

Low income (poverty), 16

Machine-readable tapes, see Computer tapes.

Mailing questionnaires, 3, 42, 45 46

Manpower, see Work.

Manufacturing, 2, 15, 116, 119

Maps, 3, 67-69, 118

Computerized, 62-67

Displaying data, 69

Reference materials, 118, 119

MRF (master reference file), 63

Marriage, 12

Master reference file (MRF), 63

MCD (minor civil division), see Geographic

areas.

Meals included in rent, see Congregate housing.

Media

Data product, 73-75

News, 39-40

Merchant vessels, 48

Methodology

Data collection and processing, 43-51

Limitations and corrections of data, 99 ff.

Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas,

see Geographic areas.

Microdata, 89-92, 113

Microfiche, 74, 75

Availability, 96, 115

Data files on, 92

Reports on, 81

Microfilm, 4, 49, 50

Migration

County-to-county file, 89

Lifetime and recent, 12, 13

Year householder moved, 18

Military service of veterans, period and years

of, 13

Military personnel, 1, 14-15, 47-48

Barracks, 17

Minor civil division (MCD), see Geographic

areas.

Minorities, 5, 116 (See also specific groups.)

Access to data, 114

Participation in census, 40, 97

Planning for equal opportunity, 89

Mistakes, see Errors.

Mobile home, 16, 17, 19-20

Monthly Product Announcement, III, 95,

119

Mortgage, 17, 19

Mother tongue, see Language spoken.

Motorcycles, 14

MSA (metropolitan statistical area), see Geographic areas.

Municipalities, see Geographic areas.

Names of respondents, 4, 10

National clearinghouse organizations, 5,

96, 114, 115

National origin, 12, 13

National services program, 40, 114

Native Americans (i.e., Indians), see American Indians.

Native Americans (i.e., not foreign born), 12

Negro population, see Black population.

Neighborhood Statistics Program, 75, 118

Noncitizens, 12, 39

Immigration status of, 12, 46

Nonsampling errors, 107-108

Occupations, 14-15, 81, 89, 117, 118

Occupied housing units, 16

Old age, see Age and Aged, homes for the.

One-family homes, 17

100-percent data

Compared with sample, 38, 100-101

Processing, 49-50

Products, 75 ff.

Questionnaires/ questions, 7, 8, 10-12, 17-18

Ordering data products, 95-96

Oriental population, see Asian and Pacific

Islander.

Outlying areas, see Geographic areas.

Overcrowding, 17

Overseas Americans, 1, 9-10, 48

Ownership of home, 17

Pacific Islands, Trust Territories, see Geographic areas.

Parishes (tabulated like counties), see Geographic areas.

Parochial (church-related) schools, 12

Participation in census, 3, 39-40, 48, 107

(See also Public: Recommendations from.)

Partners, unmarried, 11

Patients and inmates, 47

Person per room, 17

Places, see Geographic area.

Planning, 4

Census procedures, see

Procedures, census.

Plumbing, complete facilities, 18

PMSA (primary metropolitan statistical area),

see Geographic areas.

Political areas (i.e., governmental units), 53-55,

68, 118

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Population characteristics (See also specific characteristics; e.g., Race.)

Data products presenting, 73 ff.

Estimates and projections, 116

100-percent, see 100-percent data.

Question asked, 7-16

Reference material, 117-119

Sample, see Sample data and sampling.

Surveys, 116

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 109

Poverty, 16

Precincts, election and voting districts, 54-55,

68, 82, 118 (See also Redistricting.)

Preliminary counts, 42-43, 48

Press releases, 73

Primary metropolitan statistical area, see

Geographic areas.

Printed reports, see Publications, Census

Bureau.

Privacy, see Confidential information withheld.

Procedures, census

Choosing questions 7-9

Data collection, 43-49, 109

Guides to, 118

Processing, 49-51, 109

Errors and inconsistencies, see Errors.

Products, data, 4-5, 49, 73 ff., 119

Correction notes for, 98

Guides to, 117-119

How to choose, 74-75

How to order, 95-96

Limitations of, 97 ff.

Planning, 73

Programs

Census, see Procedures, census and Services to data users.

Computer, see Computer tapes: Software.

Public

Assistance and welfare, 15-16

Cooperation with census, 39-42, 107-108

Law (P.L.) 95-171, 73, 74, 82-83

Recommendations from, 7

Services to, 113-115

-Use microdata sample, 74, 89-92, 94, 95

Publications, Census Bureau, 4-5

How to order, 95-96, 98

Presenting census data, 73, 74, 75-81

Reference materials, 117-119

Publicity for census, 39-42

Puerto Rico, see Geographic areas.

PUMS(public-use microdata sample), see Microdata.

Purchasing data products, 95-96

Quarters (See also Housing.)

Group, 16-17, 45, 47

Living, 16

Questionnaires

Facsimile and instructions, 21 35

Long and short forms, 10, 37 38

Missing answer, 108-109

Questions asked, 1, 2, 4-5, 7-20

Choosing, 7, 9

Housing, 16-20

Population, 7-16

Results, highlights, 80

Special, 38, 47, 48

Testing, 9

Race, 11, 119

Census participation of minorities, 40

Data by (most products report data by

race), 73 ff.

Real estate taxes, 19 (See also Value of

housing unit.)

Reapportionment, 1, 9-10, 50

Recommendations from data users, see

Public: Recommendations from.

Records

Households and individuals sampled or

counted, 49, 51

Summary tape files, 85-88

TIGER/ Line, 63-65

Redistricting, 1, 4, 50, 54-55, 68, 82-82, 118

Reference

Material, 96, 117-119

Services, see Services to data users.

Regions and divisions, see Geographic areas.

Regional Offices of Census Bureau, 5, 113,

114, 115

Reliability, see Errors.

Rent and renters, 17, 19

Income from, 15-16

Reports, see Microfiche and Publications,

Census Bureau.

Research,Evaluation,and Experimental(REX)

Program, 109

Research services, see Services to data

users.

Reservations, see American Indians.

Residence (See also specific subjects under

Housing.)

Finance (residential), 81

Five years ago, 13

Usual place of, 9

Responding to questionnaires, burden of, 4

Retail trade, 15, 116, 119

Room, persons per, 17

Roommates, 11

Rooms, 17

Bedrooms, 18

Bathrooms, 9

Salary and wages, 15

Sample data and sampling, 2, 38-39 (See

also Microdata.)

Compared with 100-percent, 100-101

Confidential information withheld, see Confidential information withheld.

Data products covering, 73 ff.

Items in questionnaire, 7-9, 10, 12-16, 18-20

Processing, 49-51

Variability, 100-107

Weighting, 38, 51, 100-101

School district data file, 95

Schools, see Education.

SCSA (standard consolidated statistical area;

now ‘‘consolidated metropolitan statistical

area,’’ CMSA), see Geographic areas.

SDC’s (State Data Centers), 5, 43, 96, 113,

114, 115

Self-employment, 15

Senate, 1

Senior citizens, see Age and Aged, homes

for the.

Services to data users, 5, 113-115

Sewage disposal, 18

Sex, 11

Shelters, 46-47

Shipboard census reports, 48

Short form, see Questionnaires:

Long and short forms.

SIC (standard industrial classification), 15

SMSA (standard metropolitan statistical area;

now ‘‘metropolitan statistical area,’’ MSA),

see Geographic areas.

SOC (standard occupational classification),

15

Social Security or railroad retirement, 15-16

Software, see Computer tape: Software.

Sources of assistance, see Reference, Services to data users, and the appendix to this

Guide.

Spanish

Language questionnaires, 37

Origin, see Hispanic origin.

Special censuses, 116

Special tabulations, 94-95

Standard error or deviation, 102-107

Standard industrial classification (SIC) system, 15

Standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA;

now ‘‘ metropolitan statistical area,’’ MSA),

see Geographic areas.

Standard occupational classification (SOC)

system, 15

State Data Center Program, 5, 43, 96, 113-

114, 120

State legislative districts, see Legislative

redistricting.

States, see Geographic areas.

Statistical

Analysis, 80, 113, 115

Areas and administrative, 55 59

Comparisons over time, 75, 91-92

Errors and inconsistencies, see Errors.

Guides and compendia, 117-119

Information, see specific subjects.

Resources, 115-116

Services, 5, 113-115

Weighting, 38, 51, 100-101

STF (summary tape file), see Computer tapes.

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Stories in building, 7

Street population enumeration, 46-47

Street names and indexes, 63-65, 67

Structures, see Buildings and Housing.

Students, see Education.

Subject reports, 80

Subjects in census, 1-2, 7-20

Facsimiles of instructions and questionnaire, 21-35

List, 8

Substitution and allocation, 51, 108-109

Suggestions from data users, see Public:

Recommendations from.

Summary data and microdata compared,

89, 90

Summary tapes, see Computer tapes.

Suppression, see Confidential information withheld.

Surveys, 5, 116-117 (See also Sample data

and sampling.)

Tape, see Computer tapes.

Taxes, real estate, 19

Teaching, see Education.

Technical (See also Methodology and Procedures, census.)

Consultants including telephone contacts,

113-115

Conventions on summary tapes, 85, 87-88

Documentation, 88, 98

Telephone

Follow up of census, 48

In housing unit, 18

Lists for information services, 113-115

Tenure (i.e., renter- or owner-occupied housing), 17 (See also Homeowner shelter costs,

Rent and renters, and Value of housing

unit.)

Terms, see Definitions.

Territories, outlying, see Geographic areas.

TIGER, 62-65, 67, 113, 118

Title 13 of U.S. Code, 1, 9

Towns and townships, see Geographic areas.

Tracts, see Geographic areas.

Trade, see Business.

Training

Exercise in estimating sampling errors, 103-

105

In data use, 5, 113-115

Transients counted, 46-47

Transportation

Disability, 7

Means of, to work, 14

Planning data, 95

Vehicles at home, 18

Trucks and vans, 18

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see

Geographic areas.

UA (urbanized area), see Geographic areas.

UDAP (User-Defined Areas Program), 92-94

Undercount, 3, 97-98, 109

Unemployment, 14

Unincorporated places, see Geographic areas.

Universities, see Colleges.

Unpublished data, see Products, data, and

specific subjects; e.g., Computer tapes.

Urban areas, see Geographic areas.

Urbanized area (UA), see Geographic areas.

U.S. Code, 1, 9

User-Defined Areas Program, 92-94

Uses of the data

Guides and guidance in, 117-119

How to choose among products, 74-75

Utilities, 19

Vacant housing units, 8, 16, 46, 48

Value of housing unit, 17

Vans and light trucks, 18

Variability, sampling, 100-107

Vehicles, 18 (See also Commuting.)

Veterans, 13

Virgin Islands, see Geographic areas.

Voting districts and election precincts, 54-55,

68, 82, 118 (See also Redistricting.)

Wages and salaries, 15

Wards, see Geographic areas.

Washington, DC (often tabulated like States),

see Geographic areas.

Waste (sewage) disposal, 18

Water

Heating fuel, 7-9

Source, 18

Weighting, statistical, 38, 50, 51, 100-101

Welfare or public assistance, 15-16

White population, 11

Data for, in most products, 73 ff.

Wholesale trade, 15, 116, 119

Work

Departure time to, 14

Disability, 13

Journey to, 14, 95, 99

Occupation and industry, 14-15, 81

Place of, 14, 95

Transportation to, 14, 95

Worker, class of, 14-15

Year

Householders moved in, 18

Last worked, 14

Of birth, 12

Structure built, 19

ZIP Code areas, 55, 63, 64, 84, 86

1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING—GUIDE INDEX–5