Pest List for the

Importation of Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus (Lam.), 

fruit with stems, from Malaysia into the Continental United 

States

November 9, 2011

Version 3

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 2

Introduction

This pest list was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the 

United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Our purpose in 

creating this pest list was to examine pest risks associated with the importation of jackfruit,

Artocarpus heterophyllus, as fresh fruit with stems for consumption, from Malaysia into the 

continental United States. A preliminary pest list was provided by Malaysia (2007).

This pest list (Table 1) includes pests reported on jackfruit (in any country) and present in 

Malaysia (on any host). Synonyms of Artocarpus heterophyllus include A. integrifolius Auct. 

NOT L.f.; A. integrifolia L. f.; A. integra Merr.; Rademachia integra Thunb. (Morton, 1987a), 

and A. integer auct. (NRCS, 2008). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the 

United States, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, the generally 

affected plant part or parts, if the pest is likely to follow the pathway and enter the United States 

on commercially exported jackfruit (with maximum of 5 cm of stem), and pertinent citations for 

either the distribution or the biology of the pest. We highlighted quarantine pests considered 

likely to follow the pathway with a gray background, and summarized these pests in a separate 

table (Table 2). Quarantine pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or 

ecosystems, but were not subjected to further analysis for a variety of reasons. For example, they

were associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity; may be associated with the 

commodity, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or 

have been intercepted as biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port 

of entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments.

The Malaysia Department of Agriculture has proposed using irradiation as a mitigation measure 

for jackfruit. All of the insects except pupae and adult Lepidoptera will be effectively neutralized 

with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (PPQ, 2007). Measures in addition to irradiation will 

be required to mitigate the risk from the Lepidopteran pests Conogethes punctiferalis and 

Glyphodes caesalis, and the pathogen Phytophthora meadii. We expect irradiation to cause some 

mortality in these pests, but not to completely mitigate the risk.

Note: In the pest list, we only provided information on plant part association and whether the 

pest is likely to follow the pathway for quarantine pests, not for non-quarantine pests. Even if 

non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests 

would not be justified, considering the pest already occurs in the United States. Therefore, 

information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not 

needed for non-quarantine pests and is indicated with N/A (not applicable).
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 3

Table 1. Pests reported on jackfruit (in any country) and present in Malaysia (on any host)

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

ARTHROPODS

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus phoenicis

(Geijskes, 1936)

Childers et al., 

2003

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

Eutetranychus orientalis

(Klein)

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY (Bolland et 

al., 1998)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006a)

No

Oligonychus biharensis

(Hirst)

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY, US (HI) 

(Bolland et al., 

1998)

[Yes]4L (McDonald, 

n.d.)

No

Panonychus citri

McGregor

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY, US

(Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 

2006a)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus kanzawai

Kishida

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY, US 

(Bolland et al., 

1998)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus 

neocaledonicus André

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY, US 

(Bolland et al., 

1998)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus piercei 

McGregor

Anonymous, 

1994a

MY (CABI, 

2006a), US 

(FL) (PAS, 

2005)

[Yes] L, S (CABI, 

2006a), F 

(Tandon, 1993)

No5

Tetranychus urticae Koch Anonymous, 

1994a

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Apriona flavescens Kaup. Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes S (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No6

 

1 MY = Malaysia; Brunei = BN; Indonesia = ID; Thailand = TH; US = United States; AL = Alabama; CA = California; GA = 

Georgia; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; TX = Texas. US distribution is not listed for non-quarantine pests.

2 N/A = Not Applicable. Non-quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway do not warrant the phytosanitary measures 

necessary to mitigate them due to their presence in the United States; therefore, listing plant part affected or likeliness to 

follow the pathway is not necessary.

3

Plant Parts: F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaf, R = Root, S = Stem

4 Brackets (“[ ]”) indicate that this is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States (PestID, 

2008) and is under official control.

5

Tetranychus piercei only affects fruits of some commodities during times of heavy infestation (Tandon, 1993). High mite 

population levels are highly unlikely to occur in commercial jackfruit production, and mites are not an important pest on 

jackfruit (Tandon, 1993).

6 Apriona spp. bore into stems 40-50mm in diameter (Esaki, 1995). This large insect is not likely to stay with the commodity 

during standard post-harvest treatments and shipment.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 4

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Apriona germari Hope Hill, 1983; 

Waterhouse, 

1993; Yunus and 

Hua, 1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes L, S (Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

No6

Apriona sp. Hill, 1983; 

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes S (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No6

Batocera rubus

(Linnaeus, 1758)

CABI, 2006a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2006a)

No7

Batocera rufomaculata

De Geer

CABI, 2006a MY, (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes R, S (CABI, 

2006a)

No7

Epepeotes luscus

Fabricius

Li-zhong, 20028 MY (Li-zhong, 

2002)

Yes Wood (Khan, 

1985)

No

Olenecamptus bilobus

(Fabricius) 

Anonymous, 

1994a; Morton, 

1987a

MY (Heffern, 

2005)

Yes S (Morton, 

1987a)

No9

Olenecamptus bilobus 

bilobus (Fabricius, 

1801)

Li-zhong, 200210 MY (Li-zhong, 

2002)

Yes S (Morton, 

1987a)

No9

Stromatium longicorne

(Newman, 1842)

Li-zhong, 200211 MY (Li-zhong, 

2002), US 

(Monné and 

Hovore, 2002)

No N/A N/A

Xylotrechus javanicus

(Laporte & Gory) 

Anonymous, 

1994a

MY (Heffern, 

2005)

Yes R, S (CABI, 

2006a)12

No13

Xystrocera globosa

(Olivier, 1795)

Li-zhong, 200214 MY, US (HI) 

(Li-zhong, 

2002)

No N/A N/A

 

7 Batocera are large insects (25-55mm), with large bore holes likely to be detected at harvest time (CABI, 2006a).

8 Host cited as Artocarpus.

9 Olenecamptus are large insects (21mm), likely to be seen and removed during harvest and processing.

10 Host cited as Artocarpus heterophylla.

11 Host cited as Artocarpus.

12 We found little biological information on X. javanicus. Xylotrechus quadripes is a similar species and is known to affect 

roots and stems (CABI, 2006a).

13 A similar species, X. quadripes, lay their eggs under the bark of thicker main stems (Anon., 2008a). Adults are relatively 

short-lived and are not likely to be transported long distances (CABI, 2006a).

14 Host cited as Artocarpus.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 5

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Hypomeces squamosus

(Fabricius, 1792)

CABI, 2006a; 

Hill, 1983; Khoo

et al., 1991; 

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (CABI,

2006a; Khoo et 

al., 1991; 

Yunus and Hua, 

1980)

Yes L, R (CABI, 

2006a)

No

Coleoptera: Lagriidae

Cerogria anisocera Wied. Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes F (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes

Coleoptera: Lamiidae

Pterolophia crassipes

Wied.

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes S (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No15

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Lepidiota stigma

(Fabricius)

Anonymous, 

1994a

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes R (CABI, 

2006a)

No

Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Coccotrypes gedeanus

(Eggers)

Wood, 1992a16 MY 

(Anonymous, 

2008; Wood, 

1992a)

Yes S, F,

petiole, pith 

(Jordal et al., 

2002)

Yes17

Coccotrypes longior

(Eggers)

Wood, 1992a18 MY 

(Anonymous, 

2008; Wood, 

1992a)

Yes Bark (Wrensch 

and Ebbert, 

1993), phloem 

(Jordal et al., 

2002)

No

Coccotrypes medius

(Eggers)

Wood, 1992a19 MY (Wood, 

1992a)

Yes Phloem, 

petiole,

F (Jordal et al., 

2002)

Yes

Euwallacea piceus

(Motschulsky)

CABI, 2006a MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes Wood, bark, S

(CABI, 2006a)

No20

Hypocryphalus 

perminimus (Schedl)

Wood, 1992b21 MY (Wood, 

1992b)

Yes Branch, wood 

(Beaver, 1987)

No

Xyleborinus sculptilis

(Schedl)

Cognata, 2008 MY (Cognata, 

2008)

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2006a)22

No

 

15 A similar species, Pterolophia granulata attacks dead trees (Yamazaki and Takakura, 2003). We assumed that P. crassipes

would behave in the same way, and is not likely to follow the pathway.

16 Host cited as Artocarpus spp.

17 Breeds in the woody calyx of the fruit (Wrensch and Ebbert, 1993).

18 Host cited as Artocarpus spp.

19 Host cited as Artocarpus spp.

20 Euwallacea piceus does not attack living trees (CABI, 2006a).

21 Host cited as Artocarpus spp.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

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Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Xyleborus javanus Eggers Wood, 1992a23 MY (Wood, 

1992a)

Yes Wood (CABI, 

2006a)24

No

Xyleborus perforans

(Wollaston)

CABI, 2006a MY (CABI, 

2006a) US (HI) 

(Samuelson, 

1981)

[Yes] Bark, S, wood 

(CABI, 2006a)

No25

Xyleborus volvulus

(Fabricius)

CABI, 2006a MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Drosophilidae

Drosophila sp. Martinez and 

Ayoso, 2000

MY (Takada et 

al., 1973), US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Micropezidae

Gymnonerius fuscus

Wiedemann

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes F (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No26

Diptera: Ortalidae

Chrysomyza aenea F. 

(syn: Physiphora 

clausa (Macquart))

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980), US 

(HI) (Bishop 

Museum, 2008)

[Yes] F (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No27

Diptera: Stratiomyidae

Hermetia illucens

Linnaeus

TDA, 1965 MY (Lee et al., 

1995), US 

(Newton et al., 

2005)

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactrocera albistrigata

(de Meijere)

Allwood et al., 

1999

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes F

28 (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes

Bactrocera carambolae

Drew & Hancock

Allwood et al., 

1999; CABI, 

2006a

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes

Bactrocera cucurbitae

Coquillett

CABI, 2006a MY, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2006a)

[Yes] F, I, L, R, S

(CABI, 2006a)

Yes

 

22 We found little biological information on X. sculptilis. Xyleborinus spp. affects the leaf, stem (CABI, 2006a).

23 Host cited as Artocarpus sp.

24 We found little biological information on Xyleborus javanus. Xyloborus species generally affect wood (CABI, 2006a).

25 Living trees are generally only attacked by X. perforans through injuries or damaged areas (CABI, 2006a), and would 

likely be detected during harvest and processing.

26 Adults of Micropezidae are often predacious and larvae live in rot or excrement (McAlpine, 1998).

27 Physiphora spp. appear to primarily affect horse and cow dung, rotting plant parts, bark of dead trees, and associated with 

wood mushrooms (Chen and Kameneva, 2007). No other references to Chrysomyza spp. occurring on fruit could be found; 

therefore, we conclude it is unlikely to follow the pathway.

28 Primary plant part affected by Bactrocera spp. is fruit (CABI, 2006a).
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 7

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Bactrocera frauenfeldi

(Schin.) (syn: Dacus 

frauenfeldi Schin.)

Hollingsworth et 

al., 2003

MY (Tan and 

Lee, 1982)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes

Bactrocera papayae

Drew & Hancock

Allwood et al., 

1999; CABI, 

2006a

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes

Bactrocera tau Walker Hardy, 1973 MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes

Bactrocera umbrosa

Fabricius (syn: Dacus 

umbrosus Fabricius)

Allwood et al., 

1999; CABI, 

2006a; Yunus 

and Hua, 1980

MY (CABI, 

2006a; Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006a; Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

Yes

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurodicus dispersus

Russell

Evans, 2008 MY, US (FL, 

HI) (CABI, 

2006a)

[Yes] F

29

, L (CABI, 

2006a)

No30

Aleuroclava neolitseae 

(Takahashi, 1934) (syn: 

Aleurotuberculatus 

neolitseae Takahashi)

De Barro, 1997 MY (De Barro, 

1997)

Yes L (Sundararaj, 

2006)

No

Pealius schimae 

Takahashi

Mound and 

Halsey, 1978

MY (Mound 

and Halsey, 

1978)

Yes L (Butani, 

1978)

No

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Cerataphis lataniae

(Boisduval, 1867)

CABI, 2006b MY (CABI, 

2006b)

No N/A N/A

Toxoptera aurantii Boy. Waterhouse, 

1993; Yunus and 

Hua, 1980

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Ceroplastes floridensis

Comstock

Ben-Dov, 199331 MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a

No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes rubens

Maskell

French, 2006; 

Hill, 1983

MY, US (FL, 

HI) (CABI, 

2006a)

[Yes] F, L, S (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes

Coccus formicarii

(Green)

Ben-Dov, 1993 MY (Ben-Dov, 

1993)

Yes F, S (PestID, 

2008)32

Yes

 

29 Eggs of Aleurodicus dispersus may be transported on fruit (CABI, 2006a).

30 Although Aleurodicus dispersus eggs may be transported on fruit (CABI, 2006a), first instars will not survive as all life 

cycle stages after egg feed on leaves (CABI, 2006a). 

31 Host plant cited as Artocarpus integrifolia.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 8

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Coccus hesperidum 

hesperidum Linnaeus

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY, US (BenDov et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Milviscutulus mangiferae

(Green)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; French, 

2006

MY, US (BenDov et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Neosaissetia laos

(Takahashi)

Ben-Dov, 199333 MY (Ben-Dov, 

1993)

Yes L, S, F (CABI, 

2006a)34

Yes

Parasaissetia nigra

(Nietner, 1861)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; PestID, 

2008

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Prococcus acutissimus

(Green) (Syn.: Coccus 

acutissimus (Green, 

1896))

Ben-Dov, 1993; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY, US (FL, 

HI, TX) (BenDov et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Vinsonia stellifera

(Westwood)

Ben-Dov, 1993; 

Hodges et al., 

2005

MY, US (AL, 

FL, GA) (BenDov, 1993; 

Hodges et al., 

2005)

[Yes] L (Blackwood 

and Pratt, 2007)

No

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Mictis longicornis

Westw.

Khoo et al., 

1991; Yunus and 

Hua, 1980

MY (Khoo et 

al., 1991; 

Yunus and Hua, 

1980)

Yes L (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Hemiptera: Derbidae

Zoraida ridleyi Muir. Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes F (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No35

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii

(Maskell)

Hill, 1983 MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret

Crane et al., 

2005

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

 

32 We found little biological information for C. formicarii. It has been intercepted in the United States on both fruit and stems 

of various commodities (PestID, 2008).

33 Host plants cited as Artocarpus.

34 We found little biological information on N. laos. Synonyms for N. laos include the genus Saissetia. Saissetia species are 

known to affect the stem and leaf of various commodities, but can also be found on fruit (CABI, 2006a).

35 Derbidae are highly mobile external feeders. When disturbed, all life stages are known to jump and move away from 

foliage (Howard et al., 2001).
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 9

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Aulacaspis vitis (Green) 

(syn: Chionaspis vitis

Green)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; Yunus and 

Hua, 1980

MY (Watson, 

2005; Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

Yes L (Watson, 

2005; Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

No

Chrysomphalus aonidum 

(Linnaeus, 1758) (syn: 

Chrysumphalus ficus

Ashmead)

Martinez and 

Ayoso, 2000

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus 

dictyospermi (Morgan, 

1889)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; French, 

2006

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Fiorinia fioriniae

(Targioni Tozzetti)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY, US 

(Watson, 2005)

No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae

(Signoret)

CABI, 2006a; 

Hill, 1983

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia palmae

(Cockerell)

French, 2006; 

Watson, 2005

MY, US 

(Watson, 2005)

No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes 

laterochitinosa Green

Anonymous, 

1994a

MY (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2008)

Yes L, S (Hamon, 

1988)

[Yes]36

Pinnaspis aspidistrae 

aspidistrae (Signoret)

Butani, 1979 MY, US (BenDov et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; French, 

2006

MY, US (BenDov et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani

(Cooley)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; CABI, 

2006a

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia 

trilobitiformis (Green)

Watson, 2005 MY, US (FL) 

(Watson, 2005)

[Yes] L (Watson, 

2005), F, trunk 

(Pantoja and 

Peña, 2006)

[Yes]36

Unaspis citri (Comstock, 

1883)

CABI, 2006a MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Jassidae

Bothrogonia 

(Tettigoniella) 

ferruginea F.

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes L, S (Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

No37

 

36 Armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but we do not expect them to establish via this pathway 

(Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). See notes following pest list.

37 Leafhoppers are large, highly mobile external insects which are likely to be detected during harvest and processing.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 10

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya aegyptiaca

Douglas

CABI, 2006a; 

Hodges et al., 

2005

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L, F, S (CABI, 

2006a)

No38

Icerya seychellarum 

seychellarum 

(Westwood)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2008)

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2006a)

No38

Hemiptera: Miridae

Helopeltis sp. Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes L (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Helopeltis theivora

Waterhouse

Zeiss and K. den 

Braber, 2001

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2006a; Zeiss 

and K. den 

Braber, 2001)

No39

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell, 1893)

PestID, 2008 MY, US

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus grassii

Leonardi

Ben-Dov, 1994; 

PestID, 2008

MY (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes

Beardsley

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY, US (HI) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2008)

[Yes] L, S, aerial 

roots, I, F

(Kessing et al., 

2007)

Yes

Exallomochlus hispidus

(Morrison)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2008)

Yes S, F (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2008)

Yes

Ferrisia virgata

Cockerell

Hill, 1983 MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Maconellicoccus hirsutus

(Green, 1908)

CABI, 2006a; 

PestID, 200840

MY, US (CA, 

FL, HI) (CABI, 

2006a)

[Yes] F, growing 

point, I, L, S

(CABI, 2006a)

No41

Nipaecoccus viridis

(Newstead)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; CABI, 

2006a

MY, US (HI), 

(CABI, 2006a)

[Yes] F, growing 

point, I, L, S, 

whole plant 

(CABI, 2006a)

Yes

 

38 Icerya sp. is generally found on leaves, and only occasionally on the fruit or stems. It is likely to be detected during harvest 

and processing due to its large size (CABI, 2006a).

39 Helopeltis theivora is a large, highly mobile external insects which are is likely to be detected during harvest and 

processing. Furthermore, this pest has not been intercepted (PestID, 2008), indicating it is not likely to follow the pathway.

40 Host cited as Artocarpus spp. (CABI, 2006a)

41 Maconellicoccus hirsutus was intercepted once in 1995 on Artocarpus heterophyllus (PestID, 2008, queried May 12, 

2008). This is the only reference to M. hirsutus on jackfruit, and we therefore do not consider it to be a true host. Thus, it is 

not likely to follow the pathway.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 11

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Planococcus citri (Risso) PestID, 2008 MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Planococcus lilacinus

Cock

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; PestID, 

2008 42

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes F, growing 

point, I, L, S

(CABI, 2006a)

Yes

Planococcus minor

(Maskell)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; Hodges et 

al., 2005

MY (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2008)

Yes L, F (Anon., 

2008b)

Yes

Pseudococcus longispinus

Targioni Tozzetti

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; PestID, 

2008

MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Rastrococcus iceryoides

(Green, 1908) (syn: 

Phenacoccus iceryoides

Green.)

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (CABI, 

2006a; Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

Yes F, I, L, S

(CABI, 2006a)

Yes

Rastrococcus invadens

Williams

Ben-Dov, 199443 MY (Ben-Dov, 

1994; CABI, 

2007)

Yes F, 

inflorescence, 

L, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes

Rastrococcus spinosus

Robinson

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; 

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2006; 

Williams, 1989

MY (CABI, 

2006a; 

Williams, 1989)

Yes L, F, flowers, 

shoot 

(Biosecurity

Australia, 

2006)

Yes

Hemiptera: Psyllidae

Diaphorina citri

Kuwayama

Shivankar et al., 

2000

MY, US (FL, 

HI, TX) (CABI, 

2006a)

[Yes] F, growing 

point, L (CABI, 

2006a)

No44

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Crematogaster sp. PestID, 2008 MY (Heckroth 

et al., 1998)

Yes S (Heckroth et 

al., 1998), F

(PestID, 2008)

No45

Oecophylla smaragdina 

Fabricius46

Butani, 1978; 

Hill, 1983

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

No N/A N/A

 

42 Host cited as Artocarpus integrifolia. (Ben-Dov et al., 2008).

43 Host plant cited as Artocarpus integrifolia.

44 According to Peña, et al. (2000), Diaphorina citri is not a pest of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Peña et al., 2006).

45 Formicidae are generalist predators and protectors of honeydew-secreting insects such as scales and aphids. Ants other than 

isolated (sterile) workers are not expected to be associated with fruit at harvest (Borror et al., 1989).

46 While not a direct pest of jackfruit, O. smaragdina causes indirect damage through the protection of scale insects and 

aphids from biological control measures, as well as spreading infestations by carrying nymphs of aphids, mealybugs and 

scale insects between trees (Butani, 1978).
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 12

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidoptera: Aganaidae

Asota sp. IPGRI, 2000 MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L (IPGRI, 

2000)

No

Lepidoptera: Bombycidae

Trilocha varians Walker Robinson et al., 

2008

MY (Holloway, 

1983; Robinson 

et al., 2008)

Yes L (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)47

No

Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Zeuzera coffeae Nietner Martinez and 

Ayoso, 2000

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes Growing point, 

S, whole plant 

(CABI, 2006a)

No48

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Conogethes punctiferalis

(Guenée)

IPGRI, 2000 MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes F, growing 

point, L, stems 

(CABI, 2006a)

Yes

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Darna diducta Snellen Waterhouse, 

1993

MY (CABI, 

2006a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993)

No

Parasa lepida (Cramer, 

1799)

Wongsiri, 1991 MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006a)

No

Thosea sinensis (Walker) Hill, 1983 MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L (Hill, 1983) No

Thosea sp. TDA, 1965 MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L (TDA, 1965) No

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Dasychira inclusa Walk. Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes L (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Dasychira mendosa

(Hübner) (syn: Olene 

mendosa Hübner)

Waterhouse, 

1993

MY (CABI, 

2006a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes L (Waterhouse, 

1993)

No

Perina nuda (Fabricius) Hill, 1983 MY 

(Wakamura et 

al., 2002)

Yes L (Butani, 

1978)

No

 

47 Plant part association is at the genus level due to lack of species information.

48 Large, highly mobile external insects are unlikely to follow the pathway. Holes in stems from tunneling larvae are easily 

visible, and likely to be detected during harvest and processing.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 13

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Eudocima fullonia

(Clerck, 1764)

CABI, 2006a MY, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2006a)

[Yes] F (CABI, 

2006a)

No49

Lepidoptera: Nymphalinae

Doleschallia bisaltide

Cramer

Savela, 2008 MY (Abang 

and Hill, 2003)

Yes L (Abang and 

Hill, 2003)

No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Eumeta variegata

(Snellen) (syn: Clania 

variegata Snellen)

Anonymous, 

1994a

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L (FAO, 2007) No

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella Walker PestID, 2008 MY, US 

(CABI, 2006a)

No N/A N/A

Glyphodes caesalis

Walker (syn: 

Diaphania caesalis

Walker, Margaronia 

caesalis Walk.)

CABI, 2006a; 

Hill, 1983; 

Waterhouse, 

1993; Yunus and 

Hua, 1980

MY (CABI, 

2006a; Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

Yes L, S, F (Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

Yes

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Attacus atlas (Linnaeus) CABI, 2006a MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006a)

No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Archips tabescens

(Meyrick) (syn: 

Cacoecia tabescens

Meyr.)

CABI, 2006a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993; Yunus and 

Hua, 1980

MY (CABI, 

2006a; Yunus 

and Hua, 1980)

Yes L (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Homona coffearia

(Nietner, 1861)

CABI, 2006a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

MY (CABI, 

2006a)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006a), F, 

shoot, I

(Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 

2004)

No50

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Aularches miliaris

(Linnaeus)

Willemse, 2001 MY (Willemse, 

2001)

Yes L, whole plant 

(Willemse, 

2001)

No51

 

49 This genus is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and they are large, 

highly mobile, external feeders (CABI, 2006a).

50 Primarily a leaf feeder, but may feed externally on fruit. Large, highly mobile external insects are not likely to follow the

pathway.

51 Large, highly mobile external insects are not likely to follow the pathway.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 14

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Orthoptera: Tettigonidae

Onomarchus leuconotus

Serv.

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes L (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Thrips palmi Karny PestID, 2008 MY, US (CA, 

FL, HI, TX) 

(CABI, 2006a)

[Yes] F, growing 

point, L (CABI, 

2006a)

No52

FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) 

Keissl. [Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales]

Naqvi, 2004 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Aspergillus candidus 

(Pers.) Lk. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales]

Wellman, 1977 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu 

& Kimbr. Syn: 

Pellicularia rolfsii 

(Curzi) E. West 

Anamorph: Sclerotium 

rolfsii Sacc. 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales] 

Spaulding, 1961 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Beltrania rhombica Penz. 

[Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No53 N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria rhodina 

(Berk. and M.A. Curtis) 

Arx 

Syn: Physalospora 

rhodina Berk. and 

M.A. Curtis 

[Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

 

52 Thrips palmi has been intercepted once on jackfruit (PestID, 2008). This is not sufficient evidence that it is a true host and 

may follow the pathway of jackfruit from Malaysia.

53 Beltrania rhombica is present in the United States (McKemy, 2008), is a saprophyte, and should be considered 

nonreportable.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 15

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Botrytis cinerea Pers. Ex 

Fr. [Ascomycetes: 

Helotiales]

Alfieri Jr. et al., 

1984; Bose et al., 

2002; Farr et al., 

1989; Farr et al., 

2008; Sangchote

et al., 2003

MY (Farr et al., 

2008), US-FL 

(Farr et al., 

1989)

No N/A N/A

Brooksia tropicalis

Hansf. [Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales] 

Farr et al., 2008 MY (Farr et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Choanephora 

cucurbitarum (Berk. & 

Ravenel) Thaxt. 

[Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales]

Peregrine and 

Ahmad, 1982

MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Cladosporium herbarum 

(Pers.) Lk. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales]

Wellman, 1977 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Cladosporium oxysporum

Berk. & M.A. Curtis 

[Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr 

et al., 2008)

No NA NA

Colletotrichum coccodes

(Wallr.) S. Hughes 

Syn: Gloeosporium 

mangiferae Henn. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Helotiales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY (CABI, 

2007; Farr et 

al., 2008), US 

(CABI, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum orbiculare

(Berk. & Mont.) Arx 

Syn: C. lagenarium

(Pass.) Ellis and Halst. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Helotiales] 

CABI, 2007; 

Janick and Paull, 

2008; Morton, 

1987a

MY, US 

(CABI, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp. Kuthubutheen 

and Muid, 1985

MY 

(Kuthubutheen 

and Muid, 

1985), US (Farr

et al., 2008)

Yes N/A N/A

Curvularia inaequalis

(Shear) Boedijn 

[Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr 

et al., 2008)

No NA NA
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 16

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Erythricium salmonicolor

(Berk & Broome) 

Burdsall 

Syn.: Botryobasidium 

salmonicolor, 

Corticium 

salmonicolor, 

Pellicularia 

salmonicolor, 

Phanerochaete 

salmonicolor

[Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2008; 

Janick and Paull, 

2008; Morton, 

1987a; Nakasone 

and Paull, 1998; 

Ploetz et al., 

1994; Rawal, 

1998; Sangchote

et al., 2003; 

Spaulding, 1961

MY (CABI, 

2006b; Farr et 

al., 2008; Ploetz

et al., 1994)

US (CABI, 

2006b; Farr et 

al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium incarnatum 

(Desm. Sacc.) Syn: F.

semitectum Berk. & 

Ravenel [Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales] 

Peregrine and 

Ahmad, 198254

MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Fomes lamaënsis

(Murrill) Sacc. & 

Trotter Syn: F.

lamaensis, F.

lamaoensis

Cryptoderma lamaense,

Phellinus lamaensis, 

Pyropolyporus 

lamaoensis Murrill

[Basidiomycetes: 

Hymenochaetales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Spaulding, 1961

MY (Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes Wood (CABI, 

2008)

No

Fusarium sp. 

[Sordariomycetes, 

Hypocreales]

Crane et al., 

2005; Farr et al., 

2008; Peregrine 

and Ahmad, 

1982

BN (Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes N/A N/A

Ganoderma applanatum

(Pers.) Pat. 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

Spaulding, 1961 MY (Singh, 

1980), US 

(CABI, 2006b, 

2007)

No N/A N/A

 

54 This pest is associated with Artocarpus integra, which is not a synonym of A. heterophylla. However, the reference states 

the common name as Jackfruit; therefore we assume this was a valid host association.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 17

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Ganoderma australe (Fr.) 

Pat. 

Syn: Fomes annularis

Lloyd [Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Spaulding, 1961

MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Geotrichum candidum

Link 

[Saccharomycetes: 

Saccharomycetales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Gibberella zeae 

(Schwein.) Petch 

Anamorph: Fusarium 

roseum Link emend 

Snyder and Hansen 

[Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

Wellman, 1977 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Glomerella cingulata

(Stonem.) Spauld. & 

Schrenk 

Anamorph: 

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz.) 

Penz. and Sacc. 

[Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Liu, 1977; 

Rawal, 1998; 

Sangchote et al., 

2003; Singh, 

1980

MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008; 

Liu, 1977; 

Singh, 1980)

No N/A N/A

Grallomyces 

portoricensis F. 

Stevens [Ascomycetes: 

Meliolales] 

Farr et al., 2008 MY (Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes L (Stevens, 

1918)

No

Gyrothrix circinata

(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) 

S. Hughes 

[Ascomycetes, Incertae 

sedis]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr, 

et al., 2008)

No NA NS

Haplographium sp. Farr et al., 2008; 

Liu, 1977; Singh, 

1980

MY (Farr et al., 

2008; Liu, 

1977; Singh, 

1980), US55

(Farr et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

 

55 Haplographium apiculatum occurs in New York and H. griseum occurs in Louisianna (Farr et al., 2008).
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 18

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Khuskia oryzae H.J. 

Huds. Anamorph: 

Nigrospora sphaerica

(Berk. and Broome) 

Petch [Ascomycetes: 

Trichosphaeriales] 

Sangchote et al., 

2003

MY (Singh, 

1980), US 

(CABI, 2006b, 

2007)

No56 N/A N/A

Kretzschmaria zonata

(Lév.) P.M.D. Martin 

Syn: Ustulina zonata

Lév [Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales]

Morton, 1987b MY (Singh, 

1980)

Yes Wood, R, S

(Singh, 1980)

No

Lasiodiplodia 

theobromae (Pat.) 

Griffon & Maubl. Syn: 

Botryodiplodia 

theobromae Pat., 

Diplodia theobromae

(Pat.) W. Nowell 

[Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales] 

Farr et al., 2008; 

Liu, 1977; 

Rawal, 1998; 

Sangchote et al., 

2003; Singh, 

1980

MY (Farr et al., 

2008; Liu, 

1977; Singh, 

1980), US 

(CABI, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Marasmiellus scandens

(Mass.) Dennis & Reid 

Syn: Marasmius 

scandens Massee 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Agaricales] 

Turner, 1971 MY (CABI, 

2007; Turner, 

1971; Williams 

and Liu, 1976)

Yes L (Farr et al., 

2008)

No

Marasmius crinis-equi F. 

Muell. ex Kalchbr. 

Syn: M. equicrinis F. 

Muell. ex Berk

[Basidiomycetes: 

Agaricales]

Turner, 1971 MY (CABI, 

2007; Turner, 

1971; Williams 

and Liu, 1976)

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2007)

No

Meliola artocarpi H.S. 

Yates [Ascomycetes: 

Meliolales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Turner, 1971

MY (Farr et al., 

2008; Turner, 

1971)

Yes L (CABI, 2008) No

 

56 Nigrospora sp. is listed as Non-Reportable in AQAS.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 19

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Nectria mauritiicola 

(Henn.) Seifert and 

Samuels 

Anamorph: 

Sphaerostilbe repens 

Berk. & Br.

[Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

Wellman, 1977 MY, US57 (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Nummularia sp. Thompson and 

Johnston, 195358

MY (Thompson 

and Johnston, 

1953), US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Pestalotiopsis palmarum

(Cooke) Steyaert 

[Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales] 

Farr et al., 2008; 

Liu, 1977; Singh, 

1980

MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008; 

Liu, 1977; 

Singh, 1980)

No N/A N/A

Pestalotiopsis versicolor

(Speg.) Steyaert 

Syn: Pestalotia 

versicolor Speg. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales] 

Farr et al., 2008; 

Liu, 1977; 

Sangchote et al., 

2003; Singh, 

1980

MY (Farr et al., 

2008; Liu, 

1977; Singh, 

1980), US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Phellinus noxius (Corner) 

G. Cunn. Syn: Fomes 

noxius Corner 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Hymenochaetales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Naqvi, 2004

MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Phoma sp. Alfieri Jr. et al., 

1984; Farr et al., 

1989; Farr et al., 

2008

MY59 (Farr et 

al., 2008), USFL (Farr et al., 

1989)

Yes N/A N/A

Phomopsis sp. Farr et al., 2008 BN (Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes NA NA

Phyllosticta capitalensis

Henn. Teleomorph: 

Guignardia mangiferae

A.J. Roy

[Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales]

Farr et al., 2008 

60

MY, US (FL) 

(Farr et al., 

2008)

No NA NA

 

57 US distribution based on Sphaerostilbe repens.

58 Found on Artocarpus spp.

59 Several Phoma spp. are known to occur in Malaysia (Farr et al., 2008)

60 Phyllosticta capitalensis was reported on Artocarpus sp. (Farr et al., 2008).
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 20

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Phytophthora meadii 

McRae [Kingdom 

Chromista, Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

Zentmyer and 

Mitchell, 

1985/86

MY, US-HI

(Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes61 F, 

Inflorescence, S

(Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes

Phytophthora nicotianae

Breda de Haan 

[Kingdom Chromista, 

Oomycetes: Pythiales]

BGT, 2008 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora

var. palmivora (E.J. 

Butler) E.J. Butler 

Syn. P. palmivora (E.J. 

Butler) E. J. Butler, P. 

arecae (L.C. Coleman) 

Pethybr. 

[Kingdom Chromista, 

Oomycetes: Pythiales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Spaulding, 1961

MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Pythium splendens H. 

Braun 

[Kingdom Chromista, 

Oomycetes: Pythiales]

Alfieri Jr. et al., 

1984; Farr et al., 

1989; Farr et al., 

2008

MY (Farr et al., 

2008), US 

(Alfieri Jr. et 

al., 1984; Farr

et al., 1989; 

Farr et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia solani J.G. 

Kühn Teleomorph: 

Thanatephorus 

cucumeris (A.B. Frank) 

Conk 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Ceratobasidiales]

Duke, 2000 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Rhizopus arrhizus var. 

arrhizus A. Fisch. 

Syn: R. oryzae Went. 

And Prins. Geerl.

[Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales]

Sangchote et al., 

2003

MY (Singh, 

1980), US 

(CABI, 2006b, 

2007)

No N/A N/A

 

61 Phytophthora meadii is non-reportable for commodities destined to Hawaii and reportable when destined for any other 

portion of the United States (McKemy, 2008)
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 21

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Rhizopus stolonifer 

(Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. 

Syn: R. artocarpi 

Racib., R. nigricans 

Ehrenb. [Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales]

Bose et al., 2002; 

CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2008; 

Janick and Paull, 

2008; Morton, 

1987a; Nakasone 

and Paull, 1998; 

Sangchote et al., 

2003; Singh, 

1980; TiongKheng, 1974

MY (Farr et al., 

2008; Singh, 

1980; TiongKheng, 1974), 

US (CABI, 

2006b, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Rhombostilbella rosae 

Zimm. Syn: R. rosea

[Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis]

Wellman, 1977 ID, US (FL) 

(Farr et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Rigidoporus lineatus 

(Pers.) Ryvarden Syn: 

Polyporus lineatus 

Pers., P. zonalis Berk.

[Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

Spaulding, 1961 MY (Singh, 

1980), US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No62 N/A N/A

Rigidoporus microporus 

(Sw.) Overeem 

Syn: Fomes lignosus

(Klotzsch) Bres., R.

lignosus (Klotzsch) 

Imazeki

[Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Spaulding, 1961

MY (CABI, 

2007; Farr et 

al., 2008), US 

(CABI, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Rosellinia bothrina (Berk. 

& Broome) Sacc. Syn: 

R. arcuata Petch.

[Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales]

Morton, 1987b ID (Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes R, Wood (Farr

et al., 2008)

No

Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. 

& Broome) Sacc. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Spaulding, 1961

MY (CABI, 

2007; Farr et 

al., 2008), US 

(CABI, 2007)

No N/A N/A

 

62 Polyporus zonalis is listed as Non-Reportable in AQAS.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 22

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Schizophyllum commune 

Fr.: Fr. 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Agaricales] 

Anonymous, 

1994b

MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Septobasidium sp. Turner, 1971 MY (Turner, 

1971) 

No N/A N/A

Sphaerostilbe repens 

Berk. & Br.

[Ascomycetes, 

Hypocreales]

Wellman, 1977 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Spiropes palmetto (W.R. 

Gerard) M.B. Ellis 

[Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis]

Farr et al., 2008 

63

MY (Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes Leaves (Farr, 

1986)

No

Torula herbarum (Pers.) 

Link Syn: Monilia 

herbarum Pers. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Helotiales]

Duke, 2000 MY, US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

ALGAE

Cephaleuros virescens

Kunze [Incertae sedis, 

Trentepohliales]

Singh, 1980; 

Williams and 

Liu, 1976

MY, US 

(Mossler and 

Nesheim, 2001; 

Singh, 1980; 

Williams and 

Liu, 1976)

No N/A N/A

BACTERIA

Erwinia carotovora

(Jones) Bergey et al. 

Syn: E. canetorora 

[Enterobacteriales]

CABI, 2006b, 

2007; Janick and 

Paull, 2008; 

Nakasone and 

Paull, 1998

MY (Singh, 

1980; Williams 

and Liu, 1976); 

US (CABI, 

2006b)

No N/A N/A

NEMATODES

Helicotylenchus dihystera 

(Cobb) Sher 

[Hoplolaimidae]

Sangchote et al., 

2003

MY, US 

(CABI, 2007)

No N/A N/A

 

63 Spiropes palmetto is listed on Artocarpus integra, a synonym of A. heterophyllus (Farr, et al., 2008).
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 23

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

jackfruit

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Helicotylenchus 

multicinctus (Cobb) 

Golden 

[Hoplolaimidae]

Sangchote et al., 

2003; WinotoSuatmadji and 

Sauer, 1982

MY (CABI, 

2007; Maqbool, 

1991; WinotoSuatmadji and 

Sauer, 1982), 

US (CABI, 

2007)

No N/A N/A

Hemicriconemoides 

mangiferae (Siddiqi) 

[Criconematidae]

CABI, 2007 TH64, US 

(CABI, 2006b, 

2007)

Yes R (CABI, 2007) No

Hoplolaimus seinhorsti 

Luc Syn: Basirolaimus 

seinhorsti 

[Hoplolaimidae]

WinotoSuatmadji and 

Sauer, 1982

MY (WinotoSuatmadji and 

Sauer, 1982), 

US (Norton et 

al., 1984)

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne incognita

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood 

[Meloidogynidae]

Shaosheng, 1999 MY (TiongKheng, 1990), 

US (van Weerdt

et al., 1959)

No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus cubensis

Razjivin & O'Relly

Syn: P. zeae

[Pratylenchidae]

Duke, 2000 MY, US 

(CABI, 2007)

No65 N/A N/A

Rotylenchulus reniformis

Linford & Oliveira 

[Hoplolaimidae]

WinotoSuatmadji and 

Sauer, 1982

MY (WinotoSuatmadji and 

Sauer, 1982), 

US (Dasgupta

et al., 1968)

No66 N/A N/A

Tylenchorhynchus 

annulatus (Cassidy) 

Golden Syn: T. martini

[Telotylenchidae]

Duke, 2000 MY, US 

(CABI, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Xiphinema americanum 

Cobb [Longidoridae]

Duke, 2000 TH67 (Westcott 

and Horst, 

2001), US 

(Lehman, 2002)

No N/A N/A

 

64 Thailand shares a border with Malaysia, and due to lack of information, it is assumed that Hemicriconemoides mangiferae

is in Malaysia

65 Pratylenchus cubensis is found in 15 or more states in the United States (CABI, 2007).

66 Rotylenchus reniformis is distributed in GA, NC, SC, AR, LA, MS, TX, and FL (PestID, 2008).

67 Thailand shares a border with Malaysia, and due to lack of information, we assume that X. americanum is in Malaysia
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 24

Note: The armored scales identified in this risk analysis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) were not 

expected to follow the pathway and were not further analyzed because although armored scales 

may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are not expected to become established, 

and therefore introduced, via this pathway (Miller, 1985; Zlotina and Hennessey, 2007). A recent 

critical review of the literature, APHIS-PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that 

even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be 

parthenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the 

United States, and cause high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by

commercially produced fruit shipped without leaves, significant stems or contaminants 

constitutes an extremely low risk (Zlotina and Hennessey, 2007). This low risk is explained by

poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and 

consequently, by their low probability of establishment (Zlotina and Hennessey, 2007). The 

following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:

- Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess 

wings but are short-lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

- Self-dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the 

most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long distance wind dispersal. 

Crawlers can be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a time 

period of approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start 

feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deeply 

inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate.

Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low 

wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit 

or fruit peel. There is a low probability of active dispersal of crawlers by walking from their 

natural host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces 

(Zlotina and Hennessey, 2007).

In addition, Bactrocera dorsalis has been reported in Malaysia (e.g., Khoo et al., 1991; Tan and 

Serit, 1994; Tan and Lee, 1982), but we did not include it in the pest list. That is because most 

records of B. dorsalis from Malaysia and Indonesia were probably misidentifications (White and 

Elson-Harris, 1994). A detailed taxonomic study of the B. dorsalis complex had B. dorsalis

occurring in the following ASEAN member countries: Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia 

(Drew and Hancock, 1994). Recent conclusions are that B. dorsalis is not present in Malaysia: 

neither the Crop Protection Compendium (CABI, 2007, citing EPPO, 2006) nor EPPO (EPPO, 

2007) currently includes Malaysia in the distribution of B. dorsalis.

The quarantine pests listed below are likely to follow the pathway on jackfruit with stems from 

Malaysia (Table 2). A minimum absorbed irradiation dose of 400 Gy is expected to mitigate the 

risks from all insects except pupae and adult Lepidoptera. Additional measures are required to 

mitigate risks associated with the Lepidopteran pests Conogethes punctiferalis and Glyphodes 

caesalis, and the pathogen Phytophthora meadii. We expect the irradiation treatment to cause 

some mortality of these pests, but not to completely mitigate the risk.
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 25

Table 2. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway on fresh jackfruit with maximum of 5 cm 

stem from Malaysia

Species Order Family

Insects

Bactrocera albistrigata Diptera Tephritidae

Bactrocera carambolae Diptera Tephritidae

Bactrocera cucurbitae Diptera Tephritidae

Bactrocera frauenfeldi Diptera Tephritidae

Bactrocera papayae Diptera Tephritidae

Bactrocera tau Diptera Tephritidae

Bactrocera umbrosa Diptera Tephritidae

Cerogria anisocera Coleoptera Lagriidae

Ceroplastes rubens Hemiptera Coccidae

Coccotrypes gedeanus Coleoptera Scolytidae

Coccotrypes medius Coleoptera Scolytidae

Coccus formicarii Hemiptera Coccidae

Conogethes punctiferalis Lepidoptera Crambidae

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Hemiptera Pseudococcidae

Exallomochlus hispidus Hemiptera Pseudococcidae

Glyphodes caesalis Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Neosaissetia laos Hemiptera Coccidae

Nipaecoccus viridis Hemiptera Pseudococcidae

Planococcus lilacinus Hemiptera Pseudococcidae

Planococcus minor Hemiptera Pseudococcidae

Rastrococcus iceryoides Hemiptera Pseudococcidae

Rastrococcus invadens Hemiptera Pseudococcidae

Rastrococcus spinosus Hemiptera Pseudococcidae

Pathogens

Phytophthora meadii Oomycetes Pythiales

Authors and Reviewers

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Authors

Cynthia B. Landry, NCSU Cooperator

Stephanie M. Dubón

Reviewers

Shawn Robertson, Entomologist

Lisa M. Ferguson, Plant Pathologist
Pest List for Jackfruit from Malaysia

Ver. 3 November 9, 2011 26

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