Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Bulletin 2209–G

Tentative Correlation Between CIPW Normin pl (Total 

Plagioclase) and Los Angeles Wear in Precambrian 

Midcontinental Granites—Examples from Missouri 

and Oklahoma, with Applications and Limitations 

for Use

Chapter G of
Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

James D. Bliss, Phillip R. Moyle, and Keith R. Long, Editors

Bulletin 2209–G

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey 

Tentative Correlation Between CIPW Normin pl

(Total Plagioclase) and Los Angeles Wear in 

Precambrian Midcontinental Granites—Examples 

from Missouri and Oklahoma, with Applications and 

Limitations for Use

By George H. Davis

Chapter G of
U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2004

Version 1.0

This publication is available only online at:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2209-g/

Manuscript approved for publication, July 24, 2003

Produced in the Western Region, Menlo Park, California

Text edited by George A. Havach

Layout by Stephen L. Scott

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication

is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government 
CONTENTS

Abstract..................................................................................................................................................... 1

Statement of the Problem...................................................................................................................... 1

Previous Work.......................................................................................................................................... 2

Needs of a Major Department of Transportation............................................................................... 2

 Aggregate Needs for Asphalt Pavement.................................................................................... 3

 Aggregate Needs for Concrete Pavement................................................................................. 3

Physical, Chemical, and Petrographic Testing of Aggregate.......................................................... 3

 Quarries and Lithologic Units from Which Testing Results Were Obtained......................... 4

 Sample Locations and General Geology..................................................................................... 4

 Physical Data................................................................................................................................... 6

 Chemical Data................................................................................................................................. 6

 Petrographic Data........................................................................................................................... 6

 Correlations of the Results of Chemical Analysis with Those of Physical Testing.............. 7

Discussions of Results and Limitations of Method............................................................................ 8

Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................. 9

References Cited..................................................................................................................................... 12

Figures

1–2. Photomicrographs of samples of:

 1. Troy Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Mill Creek Quarry, Okla., showing 

 undulatory extinction in heat-transformed, or “strained,” quartz...................................... 3

 2. Tishomingo Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Long Mountain or Snyder 

 Quarry, Jackson County, Okla., showing micrographic or cuneiform 

 texture......................................................................................................................................... 6

3. Photograph of Rock of Ages Quarry in the Barre Granite, Barre, Vt........................................... 6

4–8. Photomicrographs of samples of:

 4. Troy Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Mill Creek Quarry, Okla., showing 

 undulatory extinction in biotite, indicating stress induced by dike 

 injection.......................................................................................................................................... 8

 5. Troy Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Mill Creek Quarry, Okla., showing 

 calcite along fracture face in orthoclase feldspar from dissolution 

 and subsequent reprecipitation by meteoric ground water............................................. 8

 6. Troy Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Mill Creek Quarry, Okla., showing 

 opaque ilmenite and zircon encased by biotite grain......................................................... 10

 7. Tishomingo Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Snyder Quarry, Jackson 

 County, Okla., showing quadrilateral sphene grain surrounded 

 by quartz and orthoclase feldspar with microcuneiform texture...................................... 10

 8. Tishomingo Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Snyder Quarry, Jackson 

 County, Okla., showing pleochroic hornblende grain with opaque 

 ilmenite, surrounded by cuneiform micrographic quartz 

 and microperthite.................................................................................................................... 10

9. Plot of Los Angeles wear versus normin pl.................................................................................... 11

III
Tables

1. Screening tests used by the Missouri Department of Transportation for preliminary 

 approval of aggregate....................................................................................................................... 4

2. Locations of samples used in the present study........................................................................... 5

3. Physical properties of samples determined by laboratory testing............................................ 7

4. Chemical analyses of samples used in the present study........................................................... 9

5. Petrographic analyses of samples of Troy Granite and Tishomingo Granite........................... 9

6. Comparison of normative-mineral composition of samples of Graniteville Granite............... 10

7. Normative-mineral composition of samples used in the present study.................................... 11

8. Data used in fi gure 9.......................................................................................................................... 12

IV
1

 Abstract

The normative chemical classifi cation of Cross, Iddings, 

Pirsson, and Washington (CIPW) is commonly used in igneous petrology to distinguish igneous rocks by comparing 

their magmatic chemistries for similar and dissimilar components. A potential use for this classifi cation other than in 

petrologic studies is in the rapid assessment of aggregate 

sources, possibly leading to an economic advantage for an 

aggregate producer or user, by providing the opportunity to 

determine whether further physical testing of an aggregate 

is warranted before its use in asphalt or concrete pavement. 

However, the CIPW classifi cation currently should not be 

substituted for the physical testing required in specifi cations 

by State departments of transportation. Demands for physical testing of aggregates have increased nationally as users 

seek to maximize the quality of the aggregate they purchase 

for their pavements. Concrete pavements are being laid 

with increased thicknesses to withstand increasing highway 

loads. New pavement mixes, most notably Superior Performance Asphalt Pavement (“Superpave”), are designed for 

additional service life. For both concrete and asphalt, the 

intent is to generate a durable pavement with a longer service life that should decrease overall life-cycle costs.

Numerous aggregate producers possess chemical-composition data available for examination to answer questions 

from the potential user. State geological surveys also possess 

chemical-composition data for stone sources. Paired with 

the results of physical testing, chemical- composition data 

provide indicative information about stone durability and 

aggregate strength. The Missouri Department of Transportation has noted a possible relation among coarse-grained Precambrian granites of the midcontinental region, correlating 

the results of abrasion testing with the contents of normative 

minerals, also known as normins, calculated from chemicalcomposition data. Thus, normin pl ( total plagioclase) can 

predict, by way of simple regression, the Los Angeles wear 

for granite samples collected in Missouri. The results of this 

abrasion testing were extended to another granite in Oklahoma where normin pl predicted Los Angeles wear to within 

0.6 percent. This relation may also exist for granitic rocks 

outside the Oklahoma-Missouri region, as well as for other 

igneous-rock types.

 Statement of the Problem

Physical testing is commonly used to characterize 

aggregate before an engineer specifi es it for use. However, 

screening tests, such as for water absorption and specifi c 

gravity, do not immediately identify potential defi ciencies 

that would justify further testing. At present, a single test 

is not available to determine the potential chemical and 

mineralogic defi ciencies of coarse aggregate. Additionally, 

problems of costs and reproducibility of results arise for 

aggregate producers. Those results obtained by an independent testing laboratory or by a producer’s laboratory 

may be inaccurate, causing misinterpretations that lead to 

unjustifi ed acceptance or rejection of a coarse aggregate. 

In some circumstances, costs dictate the number and types 

of tests run to characterize an aggregate. Upon opening a 

new quarry the producer needs to know how many tests are 

needed to accurately characterize an aggregate. During the 

characterization of stone for both aggregate and monument 

purposes, chemical analysis also is commonly used. The 

relations discerned during exploration and characterization 

of potential aggregate materials may be useful in determining the overall value of the stone for a particular use. To 

maintain quality assurance, these tests must be repeated 

periodically upon entering new areas or faces of the quarry.

Tentative Correlation Between CIPW Normin pl

(Total Plagioclase) and Los Angeles Wear in 

Precambrian Midcontinental Granites—Examples 

from Missouri and Oklahoma, with Applications 

and Limitations for Use

By George H. Davis1

_____________________

1

Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, Mo.

 Statement of the Problem
2 Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

Reproducibility of test results between different laboratories is an issue that emerges for both producers and 

independent testing laboratories. Although the producer 

will attempt to ensure the honesty of test results, the use of 

different technicians or laboratories can cause bias. Legal 

liabilities to the producer for inaccuracy or inadvertent misrepresentation may also cause bias in test results. Changes 

of interpretation in the standard procedures used, differences 

in equipment, and the use of older or outdated equipment 

also may cause inaccuracy or loss of precision in testing.

Chemical analysis is generally more accurate and precise than physical testing. Chemical properties are known 

to vary within set limits identifi able before testing. The 

range of accuracy for a single laboratory test is also known. 

Two tests with similar results that have an accuracy limit 

can be compared. If the results of both tests fall within this 

accuracy limit, then the tests can be increasingly considered 

valid. The results of accurate and precise chemical analysis 

can be tentatively correlated with those of simple physical 

testing at a higher degree of certainty.

Problems of costs, limits of reproducibility and accuracy, 

bias in test results, and varying degrees of precision represent 

problems for most producers as they present their aggregate 

product to potential buyers (including and especially State 

departments of transportation). Additional rapid, inexpensive, 

and accurate testing methods and correlations between testing methods can be potential solutions to these problems. 

Correlations of the results of chemical analysis with those of 

physical testing may offer an additional tool to the producer 

or buyer of aggregate because laboratory data are available 

from many State geological surveys and other sources, particularly university theses. These data may provide a rapid 

screening tool in the choice of aggregate source and can be 

used in the selection of new or expanded areas of quarrying 

or in the choice of aggregate between comparable sources.

Previous Work

Several workers have reported correlations of the results 

of chemical or mineralogic analysis with those of physical 

testing. Tugrul and Zarif (1999) reported that the infl uence of 

textural characteristics of a stone appear to be more important 

than its mineralogy in comparisons of engineering characteristics. They used thin-section petrography to identify the 

mineralogy of the rocks chosen for study, and then tested 

representative samples for specifi c gravity, dry and saturated 

unit weight, water absorption, effective and total porosity, 

sonic velocity, Schmidt hardness, point-load-strength index, 

uniaxial compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity. 

Their correlations were characterized by simple regression 

analysis, determining that the types of grain contact, grain 

(mineral) shape, and grain size signifi cantly infl uenced the 

physical properties of granitic rock. Although the parameters 

listed infl uence the selection of granitic aggregate, they do 

not effectively characterize rocks for a single end use, such as 

road aggregate.

Dossey and others (1990) reported on the use of chemical 

analysis to quickly estimate preliminary concrete properties 

versus age before comprehensive sampling and testing. Their 

report was later integrated into an overall procedure for the 

classifi cation of coarse aggregates (Peapully and others, 1994), 

based on properties affecting pavement performance. Regression models were developed to predict 28-day concrete properties from the chemical compositions of the coarse aggregate 

used in the concrete. Concrete mixes were formulated to simulate fi eld conditions, using type I cement, and were allowed to 

cure at 75°F and 40-percent relative humidity. They used 20 

different types of aggregate, including granite, characterizing 

them chemically by X-ray-diffraction, fusion, and coulometric techniques. The physical properties measured were compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and 

shrinkage on drying. Upon completion of the tests, correlation 

analysis was performed by using Pearson product-moment correlation to determine the degree of dependence or interdependence of the individual chemical components of the aggregates. 

Because only one granite sample was analyzed, conclusions 

cannot be drawn at any level of certainty. Regardless of an 

insuffi cient sample population, the overall study exhibited a 

good agreement between predicted and measured modulus of 

elasticity for portland-cement concrete made from granite.

Needs of a Major Department of 

Transportation

The Missouri Department of Transportation manages the 

sixth-largest highway system and the seventh-largest number of 

bridges in the United States. Critical to programs of construction and maintenance is a reliable supply of quality asphalt 

and concrete. Limestone, dolomite, rhyolite, and granite are 

available for concrete and aggregate formulation from quarries 

located throughout the State.

Missouri’s limestone and dolomite producers normally 

supply aggregate for concrete pavements, which are installed 

initially on almost all of the State’s primary roads. Pavement 

thicknesses have been increased from 10 in. (25 cm) to 12 in. 

(30 cm) in the past 10 years, in response to increasing truck 

weights. Increasing labor and installation costs during construction have caused prices to rise in the past 5 years from approximately $1 million to more than $1.5 million per roadway mile. 

Pavement failures due to repeated freeze-thaw in cycles have 

occurred in some areas of the State. Asphalt has become a 

more cost effective means of rehabilitating older pavements 

concomitantly. Some roads are rehabilitated by using 1 to 4 in. 

(2.5–10 cm) of asphalt overlaid on the original concrete, which 

has been scarifi ed to provide a better binding surface. Some 

roads are also built by using new Superior Performance Asphalt 

Pavement (“Superpave”) mixes and technology.

Recently, in an effort to supply additional aggregate 

sources for concrete needs, some producers with quarries in 

igneous rocks have submitted their stone for approval to the 

Missouri Department of Transportation. Freeze-thaw testing, 

testing for potential alkali-silica reactivity, and the new micro-
3

Deval tests have all been used to further characterize the stone 

(Wu and others, 1998).

Aggregate Needs for Asphalt Pavement

To be considered for use in asphalt pavement, an aggregate must possess both durability and strength. The aggregate must also have fresh, angular faces and some degree 

of absorption for the asphalt-binding agent to adhere to it, 

in order to prevent the binder from stripping from aggregate faces and causing premature failure. Smooth, fractured 

aggregate faces are not adhered to as well as hackly fractured 

faces; fl attened and elongated aggregate grains are avoided in 

asphalt mixes also.

Fresh, angular aggregate faces are also more desirable 

than rounded grains for the added shear strength they provide. 

When a mass of aggregate is overloaded, a shear plane forms, 

and aggregate particles tend to slide or “shear” with respect 

to each other, resulting in permanent pavement deformation. 

Aggregate shear strength is critically important in all hot-mix 

asphalt because it provides the pavement’s primary resistance 

to rutting (Asphalt Institute, 1995).

Granites provide excellent asphalt-aggregate raw material. Granites crushed for an aggregate product possess irregular fractured faces and are durable as a result of their inherent 

strength. When crushed and graded, granites serve as an 

important aggregate source in many areas of the United States 

where quality limestones or dolomites are not immediately or 

economically available.

Aggregate Needs for Concrete Pavement

Most of Missouri’s primary and interstate highways are 

paved with portland-cement concrete. Granite is not normally 

used in concrete pavements in Missouri, although both the Missouri Department of Transportation and aggregate suppliers are 

exploring its utility. A potential problem of particular interest 

with the use of granite in concrete is alkali-silica reactivity 

between the granite and the cement paste. In granites, silica 

occurring as quartz is impermeable and reacts only on the surface of mineral grains, where individual Si-O bonds are broken 

at the molecular level. Because the surface area per unit volume 

of crystalline quartz is low, the potential for alkali-silica reactivity is also low. However, crystalline quartz that has been 

transformed by heat and pressure may have a large amount of 

mechanical strain energy stored in its crystalline lattice (fi g. 

1). The presence of this higher energy level may make the 

quartz more likely to be reactive by way of alkali-silica reactivity, although the reaction rate is typically much lower than for 

aggregates composed of amorphous or fi nely crystalline silica, 

such as chert or rhyolite.

Management of potential alkali-silica reactivity is a goal 

to be attained before installation of a pavement, such as by use 

of a low-alkali cement, a nonreactive aggregate, or a siliceous 

mineral admixture, or pozzolan, in the cement. Under most circumstances, these measures are both feasible and economical 

in the overall cost of the cement.

Physical, Chemical, and Petrographic 

Testing of Aggregate

In Missouri, physical testing is routinely used to determine 

the overall acceptability of an aggregate for use. Two levels of 

approval are granted. First, a producer attains a preliminary 

approval after certain screening requirements have been met 

at the highway-district level and at the general-headquarters 

levels. These screening requirements include a requisite amount 

of physical testing to indicate the overall general characteristics 

of the stone being submitted for use in State highways. In addition, the stone is examined at the source by the district geologist to determine its stratigraphy and its overall acceptability 

for a particular use. The normal screening tests used to determine initial acceptability are listed in table 1. Note that various 

gradations of aggregate are also tested from stockpiles at the 

quarry to determine acceptability for a particular use.

Depending on the results of the initial examination and 

preliminary screening, further testing is commonly requested 

to determine the suitability of a particular type of aggregate for 

a particular use. For example, if a dolomite stone is proposed 

as the aggregate for a portland-cement-concrete pavement, the 

source rock is tested for susceptibility to repeated freeze-thaw 

cycles by using a modifi cation of the 300-cycle American Society for Testing and Materials procedure C666, procedure B. 

For other aggregates, the testing engineer may request chemical analysis of the stone to determine potential problems of 

compatibility with cement paste, or petrographic analysis of the 

stone to determine its mineral contents.

One advantage of the Missouri Department of Transportation’s laboratory facilities is the high level of training and experience of its technicians. Technicians perform tests according to 

 Physical, Chemical, and Petrographic Testing of Aggregate

Figure 1. Sample of Troy Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Mill Creek 

Quarry, Okla., showing undulatory extinction in heat-transformed, or 

“strained,” quartz. Note intrusive tholeiitic basalt to left, outlined in 

black. Aggregate from this source could be considered potentially 

alkali-silica reactive. Magnifi cation, 100×. Crossed polars.
4 Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

the specifi ed procedure and are careful to ensure the integrity 

of the results. For example, the sieves used to obtain particular 

aggregate gradations are calibrated versus measurements and 

standards, temperature requirements are adhered to with strict 

oversight, and the number of cycles for Los Angeles wear 

testing is tightly controlled. In this way, high-quality data are 

obtained that are useful for pavement design and performance 

prediction.

The present study is an outgrowth of the physical, chemical, and petrographic testing that has been completed at the 

Missouri Department of Transportation’s central laboratory 

in Jefferson City. After examining data published by the Missouri Geological Survey, trends were noticed that seemed to 

correlate the results of chemical analysis with those of physical testing. Insuffi cient samples were available from which to 

draw meaningful conclusions with confi dence, and so further 

samples were studied during the normal course of physical and 

chemical testing. The data were augmented with petrographic 

analysis when requested by the department’s engineering staff. 

The patterns reported here became clearer as additional data 

were examined. Additional raw data from producers and other 

State departments of transportation were added to augment the 

Missouri testing results. Data from a total of 17 samples were 

obtained, of which 6 were in the original dataset. Eight chemical datasets were derived, along with three additional physical 

datasets (including one each from the Vermont Department of 

Transportation and the Arkansas Highway and Transportation 

Department); three matched pairs of physical and chemical 

datasets from Luck Stone, Inc., of Virginia; and one chemical 

dataset from the Arkansas Geologic Commission. In all, 16 

of the 19 datasets contained physical and chemical data from 

which to draw conclusions, and 5 of these 16 datasets contained 

matching petrographic data.

Quarries and Lithologic Units from 

Which Testing Results Were Obtained

The lithologic units that were sampled occur in Missouri, 

Arkansas, Oklahoma, Virginia, Georgia, and Vermont. Missouri rocks sampled and tested include Graniteville Granite, 

Butler Hill Granite, and Pilot Knob Felsite. Fouche Mountain 

Nepheline Syenite from Arkansas was tested for inclusion 

in the data set, and Troy Granite and Tishomingo Granite of 

Oklahoma were also chemically analyzed.

A chemical analysis of Barre Granite was obtained from 

Missouri Department of Transportation testing of monumentstone waste rock. Because waste rock from granite quarries 

is commonly used by State highway-construction projects 

in asphalt, the Vermont Department of Transportation was 

contacted to see whether they had any data for correlation 

with the chemical data; they were cooperative in supplying 

the Los Angeles wear, water absorption, and specifi c gravity 

of the stone. Similarly, physical and chemical data were also 

obtained from the Elberton Granite Association regarding the 

Elberton batholith in Georgia.

Previous Superpave projects in the Kansas City area 

of the Missouri Department of Transportation’s District 4 

(Kansas City Metropolitan District) had necessitated a trip 

to Oklahoma to examine rock at Meridian Aggregates’ Mill 

Creek and Snyder Quarries. Although these rocks were never 

used in Missouri pavements, a complete battery of asphalt 

tests were completed from which data were available. Thin 

sectioning of these aggregates was requested to determine the 

effect of mineralogy on the durability of the stone. Physical, 

chemical, and petrographic data were available for these two 

sample locations.

Aggregate from Fouche Mountain Nepheline Syenite 

of Arkansas was also subjected to physical and chemical 

testing. Though not a granite, the stone possesses favorable 

characteristics that allow its use as asphalt-pavement aggregate. Physical data were made available through the courtesy 

of the Arkansas Geological Commission, and references to 

additional laboratory-testing results were also obtained, along 

with petrographic data.

Finally, in the late stages of the present study, physical and chemical data were obtained from Luck Stone, Inc., 

of Virginia, one of the largest aggregate producers in the 

United States. Physical test data from their Web site (URL 

http://www.luckstone.com/crushed/locations/material_prop.

php?plantid=19) were supplemented with chemical data from 

their Burkeville, Boscobel, and Greene Quarries. Information 

about the sample locations is listed in table 2.

Sample Locations and General Geology

Samples 1 through 6 and 12 through 15 (table 2) are from 

the Precambrian St. François Mountains area of southeastern 

Missouri. Samples 1 through 6 were collected and analyzed 

by the Missouri Geological Survey as part of its effort to 

characterize the physical and chemical properties of selected 

stone resources of Missouri (Rueff and Hays, 1991). Samples 

12 through 14 were collected in southeastern Missouri with 

the assistance of Bob Berri of Berri Exploration Services; 

these samples were analyzed by the Missouri Department of 

Transportation as examples of the granitic-rock types that 

Test ASTM

specification

AASHTO

specification

Specific gravity and absorption of coarse

aggregate.

C–127 T–85

Resistance to abrasion (degradation by

abrasion and impact) of fine coarse

aggregate by use of the Los Angeles

machine.

T–104 C–131

Clay lumps and friable particles in

aggregate.

T–112 C–142

Flat or elongated particles in coarse

aggregate.

None D4791

Table 1. Screening tests used by the Missouri Department of Transportation for preliminary approval of aggregate.

[AASHTO, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi cials; 

ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials]
5

occur in southeastern Missouri. Sample 15 was submitted for 

fi nal approval to the Missouri Department of Transportation’s 

central laboratory in Jefferson City in 2002 for possible use 

as stone in asphalt and concrete. This sample, from the “Missouri Red” Granite Quarry from near Graniteville, Mo., is 

representative of the Precambrian Graniteville Granite.

The St. François terrane of Missouri consists of a series 

of volcanically extruded rhyolite fl ows and plutons and batholithic ring-shaped intrusions of granite and felsite. Granite 

and rhyolite are exposed on the surface as the result of weathering and erosion. The granite in the terrane is part of the St. 

François Mountains Intrusive Suite, which also includes diabase and gabbroic dikes and sills. Stocks and plutonic bodies 

consist of granite, adamellite, syenite, diorite, and some 

granite porphyry (Tolman and Robertson, 1969; Amos and 

Desborough, 1970; Kisvarsanyi, 1976, 1981; Berri, 2002).

Samples 7 and 8 are from Meridian Aggregates’ Mill 

Creek and Snyder Quarries in Oklahoma, respectively. 

Aggregate from the Mill Creek Quarry consists of Precambrian Troy Granite, which has been intruded by a Cambrian 

tholeiitic diabase. The quarry is notable for the dike swarms 

that intruded during the same rifting event responsible for 

the Oklahoma aulacogen. Dikes in the quarry trend approximately N. 60° W., consistent with this Cambrian rifting event. 

Tishomingo Granite from the Snyder or Long Mountain 

Quarry includes a graphic granite that tends toward granophyric textures (fi g. 2). This textural signifi cance would make 

it the cupola of a stock or other pluton rather than a dike (Gilbert and Denison, 1998).

The data for sample 9 were obtained from the Elberton 

Granite Association of Georgia. The monument stone from 

the Elberton batholith is remarkably homogeneous; the batholith is dated at Precambrian. Although the Elberton Granite 

Association supplied some physical data, Los Angeles wear 

was not included.

Sample 10 was obtained from the Rock of Ages Quarry 

in the Barre Granite of Vermont (fi g. 3). This quarry is one of 

the largest quarries in the world, producing a wide variety of 

monument and sculpting stones to many users. Waste rock is 

also used in asphalt pavement by the Vermont Department of 

Transportation, which provided physical data from its fi les. 

The Barre Granite is also dated at Precambrian.

Samples 11 and 16, from the Granite Mountain Quarries 

near Sweet Home, Ark., were analyzed at the Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department laboratory in Little Rock, 

Ark., and the Missouri Department of Transportation laboratory in Jefferson City, Mo., respectively. Theoretically, both 

samples should be the same or nearly so in their physical and 

chemical properties. This assertion will be further examined 

in subsequent discussion. Note that the stone from this quarry 

is not granite but nepheline syenite, as indicated by its wholerock chemistry and petrography.

Data for samples 17 through 19 were obtained through 

the courtesy of Luck Stone, Inc., of Richmond, Va. Physical 

data were obtained from Luck Stone, Inc.’s Web site (URL 

http://www.luckstone.com/crushed/locations/material prop.

php?plantid=19), and chemical data from Bruce Faison 

(unpub. data, 2003).

Table 2. Locations of samples used in the present study.

[Do., ditto]

 Quarries and Lithologic Units from Which Testing Results Were Obtained

Sample State County Name Data source

1 Missouri ----------St. François--------DNR #1 --------------------Missouri Geological Survey.

2 do---------------Carter ---------------DNR #2 -------------------- Do.

3 do---------------Wayne --------------DNR #3 -------------------- Do.

4 do---------------Iron ------------------DNR #4 -------------------- Do.

5 do--------------- do-----------------DNR #5 -------------------- – – –

6 do---------------St. François--------DNR #6 -------------------- – – –

7 Oklahoma --------Johnson-------------Mill Creek Quarry ------Missouri Department of

Transportation.

8 do---------------Jackson -------------Snyder Quarry ----------- Do.

9 Georgia -----------Elbert ---------------Elberton--------------------Elberton Granite Association.

10 Vermont ----------Washington -------Barre------------------------Vermont Department of

Transportation, Missouri

Department of Transportation.

11 Arkansas----------Pulaski--------------Pulaskite-------------------Arkansas Geological Commission.

12 Missouri ----------St. François--------Berri #1 --------------------Missouri Department of

Transportation.

13 do--------------- do-----------------Berri #2 -------------------- Do.

14 do--------------- do-----------------Berri #3 -------------------- Do.

15 do---------------Iron ------------------Missouri “Red” ---------- Do.

16 Arkansas----------Pulaski--------------Pulaskite “check” ------- Do.

17 Virginia-----------Greene --------------Greene Quarry -----------Luck Stone, Inc.

18 do---------------Goochland---------Boscobel Quarry -------- Do.

19 do---------------Nottoway ----------Burkeville Quarry------- Do.
6 Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

Physical Data

Physical data were arrayed in a spreadsheet summarizing the available laboratory-testing results from all sources 

into a working document from which comparisons could be 

made. The data included Los Angeles wear, water absorption, 

specifi c gravity, and notes about the stone’s location or the 

data source. The data set includes samples from the following stratigraphic units: the Precambrian Graniteville Granite 

(samples 1–5, 15)and the Precambrian Butler Hill Granite 

(samples 6, 12) of southeastern Missouri; the Precambrian 

Troy Granite (sample 7) and the Precambrian Tishomingo 

Granite (sample 8) of Oklahoma; the Precambrian Elberton 

Granite of Georgia (sample 9); the Precambrian Barre Granite of Vermont (sample 10); pulaskite, a post-Pennsylvanian 

nepheline syenite from Arkansas (samples 11, 16); the Pilot 

Knob Felsite of Missouri, a Precambrian quartz-poor coarsegrained felsite (sample 13); the Precambrian Breadtray Granite of southeastern Missouri (sample 14); tonalite from the 

Robertson River Formation of Greene County, Va. (sample 

17); the Pennsylvanian Petersburg Granite of Boscobel, Va. 

(sample 18); and Triassic intrusive granitic rock (quartz monzonite) from Burkeville, Va. (sample 19). Samples 12 through 

14 were not physically tested, but all three samples were 

chemically analyzed.

Additional results of magnesium sulfate soundness testing, sodium sulfate soundness testing, and the new microDeval test were also available, but data sets were insuffi cient 

to warrant comparison or correlation. The physical data for 

Los Angeles wear, water absorption, and specifi c gravity of 

all samples are listed in table 3.

Chemical Data

Chemical data were also arrayed in the form of a spreadsheet. Certain elemental analyses were not present for all 

data sets, but all analyses included suffi cient data from which 

Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and Washington (CIPW) (Cross and 

others, 1902) norms could be calculated. Oxides analyzed 

were CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O, and K2O. Although 

some analyses did not report MnO or TiO2, this absence was 

not deemed important because the short form of the CIPW 

classifi cation adds manganese to iron in the calculation 

scheme, and Ti content was less that 1.5 weight percent in all 

reported samples. The chemical analyses are listed in table 4.

Petrographic Data

Petrographic analyses were performed on samples 7 and 

8 from the Meridian Aggregates quarries in Oklahoma in 

Troy and Tishomingo Granite, as requested by the Missouri 

Department of Transportation in response to questions about 

the mineralogy of the stone and its potential reactivity in 

asphalt and concrete pavements. These analyses revealed two 

different granitic rock types with a similar mineralogy but 

markedly distinct textural characteristics. Sparse petrographic 

data from the Granite Mountain Quarries (pulaskite), Luck 

Stone, Inc. (Burkeville, Va.), and the Elberton Granite Association (Elberton Granite) were also available upon request. 

A petrographic analysis of Elberton Granite was supplied by 

the Elberton Granite Association but was insuffi cient for use. 

Petrographic analyses of Troy Granite (sample 7) and Tishomingo Granite (sample 8) are listed in table 5.

Petrographic data for pulaskite from Granite Mountain 

Quarries (Beardsley, 1982) were found to be inadequate for 

comparison. Producer data from Luck Stone, Inc., for their 

Burkeville aggregate were also found to be inadequate for 

comparison.

Some of the petrographic characteristics of Troy Granite 

and Tishomingo Granite are illustrated in fi gures 4 through 

7. In both rocks, orthoclase, quartz, and plagioclase were the 

predominant minerals, exhibiting granophyric or cuneiform 

interlocking textures. Much of the Troy Granite exhibited heator pressure-related features from the intrusion of diabase dikes 

Figure 2. Sample of Tishomingo Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ 

Long Mountain or Snyder Quarry, Jackson County, Okla., showing 

micrographic or cuneiform texture. Grains of orthoclase feldspar (fs), 

quartz (qz), and hematite (hm) are clearly visible; opaque grains near 

center are pyrite. Magnifi cation, 100×. Crossed polars.

Figure 3. Rock of Ages Quarry in the Barre Granite, Barre, Vt. Large 

blocks from this quarry are predominantly used as monument stone 

and for sculpting; waste rock is crushed to desired grade and used as 

aggregate in asphalt by the Vermont Department of Transportation.
 Physical Data 7

Table 3. Physical properties of samples determined by laboratory testing.

[See table 2 for sample locations; all samples are from Missouri unless otherwise indicated. NR, not reported]

Sample

(table 2)

Los Angeles

wear (pct)

Absorption

(pct)

Specific

gravity Location and notes

1 13.72 0.89 2.59 Outcrop of Graniteville Granite outcrop

near Bismarck.

2 23.52 .62 2.58 Granite from the Van Buren Quarry near

Big Spring.

3 11.55 .32 2.62 Granite from the Mill Springs Quarry.

4 20.52 .39 2.6 Granite from the Graniteville Quarry.

5 19.92 .29 2.63 Granite from the Missouri Red Quarry.

6 27.34 .23 2.62 Butler Hill Granite from near Knob Lick.

7 28 1.1 2.65 Mill Creek Quarry, Okla.

8 18 .8 2.58 Snyder Quarry, Okla.

9 NR .092 2.67 Elberton Granite of Georgia. Data from

the Elberton Granite Association.

10 30.6 .8 2.64 Barre Granite of Vermont.Data from the

Vermont Department of Transportation.

11 27 .3 2.63 Pulaskite from Arkansas.Data from the

Arkansas Highway and Transportation

Department.

12 NR NR NR Butler Hill Granite from the Hill O'Mera

Quarry.

13 NR NR NR Granite from the Knob Lick Quarry

14 NR NR NR Klondike Hill Quarry.

15 23.54 .5 2.6 Missouri Red Granite.Missouri Department of Transportation check of sample

5 (table 2).

16 27 .4 2.62 Pulaskite from Arkansas. Missouri Department of Transportation check of

sample 11 (table 2)

17 32.9 .61 2.8 Luck Stone, Inc., Greene County, Va.

18 28.5 .75 2.6 Luck Stone, Inc., Boscobel Quarry, Va.

19 37.9 .53 2.63 Luck Stone, Inc., Burkeville Quarry, Va.

during the Cambrian rifting event that formed the southern 

part of the Oklahoma aulacogen (fi g. 4). Exposures in the Mill 

Creek Quarry illustrate the complexity of these intrusions. 

Fracturing caused by the intrusions also led to the deposition 

of secondary calcite by meteoric ground water (fi g. 5). Accessory minerals in both granites are common (fi gs. 6–8).

Correlations of the Results of Chemical 

Analysis with Those of Physical Testing

Dossey and others (1990) described a procedure that 

correlates the physical data on concrete formulated from particular types of aggregate with the groups of oxides that most 

commonly cooccur in those types of aggregate. A correlation 

analysis was run to determine which oxides were independent and which correlated to each other to determine chemical associations, suggesting that the oxides exist naturally 

together as ores. Their groups were as follows: 1, SiO2; 2, 

CaO and CO2; 3, MgO; 4, Fe2O3 and MnO; and 5, Al2O3, K2O, 

Na2O, and TiO2. It was determined that these artifi cial groupings, though achieving the desired result, did not truly refl ect 

the mineralogy of the stone tested. For example, although 

lime (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) appear in group 2 logically as occurring together in calcite (CaCO3), the primary 

constituent in limestone that was tested, these two oxides 

appear outside the aggregate-test grouping in other types of 

aggregate as other minerals. In granite, the lime constituent 

most likely would be a component of plagioclase, because 

calcite is rare in most granite, except as a secondary mineral 

deposited on fracture surfaces. Several other possible discrepancies for igneous rocks also occur in the study, such as the 

failure to associate alumina (Al2O3) and silica (SiO2), which 

commonly occur in igneous rocks, because both of these 

oxides occur in feldspars. Dossey and others (1992) tested 

only one granite sample, indicating a bias toward limestones 

and dolomites in their study, and did not adequately address 

granites and granitic composition, let alone other igneous 

rocks.

To characterize the possible mineralogic composition of 

granite and the aggregate used in the present study, a method 

useful in determining magmatic chemistries, the normative chemical classifi cation of Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and 

Washington (Cross and others, 1902) known as CIPW, was 

chosen. This classifi cation is commonly used to determine the 

degree of silica saturation in igneous rocks, relating the various amounts of oxides to the known mineralogies that occur 
8 Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

in igneous rocks. In this classifi cation, oxides are theoretically 

recombined to form artifi cial minerals, or normins, which represent the actual minerals in an igneous rock. Normins may or 

may not correlate to the actual mineralogy of a sample. The 

procedure applied by Henderson for achieving silica balance 

in the normative chemical classifi cation was used (Henderson, 

1982). Normins calculated from the chemical analyses completed or reported in table 4 are listed in table 7. The normins 

are italicized in keeping with current convention. The standard abbreviations for normins are as follows.

 

 Normin Abbreviation

 

 Acmite ac

 Albite ab

 Anorthite an

 Apatite ap

 Corundum co

 Diaspore di

 Enstatite en

 Ferrosilite fs

 Hematite he

 Hypersthene hy

 Ilmenite il

 Leucite lc

 Magnetite mt

 Nepheline ne

 Olivine ol

 Orthoclase or

 Plagioclase (total) pl

 Quartz q

 Wollastonite wo

The data may be arrayed in a suitable format for comparison between individual samples to identify similarities 

and discriminate discrepancies. Groups of samples may 

also be arranged from known lithologic units to determine 

ranges of characteristics, and conclusions drawn from the 

grouped arrangements. For example, four different samples 

of Graniteville Granite are compared in table 6. The absence 

of normins lc, ne, and ol indicates a silica-rich igneous rock. 

Normin pl exceeds normin or in all samples.

Discussion of Results and Limitations of 

Method

One purpose of the present study was to document 

any correlations of the results of chemical analysis with 

those of physical testing and to verify that mineralogy is a 

control on the quality of aggregate. A potential correlation 

was observed for Missouri granites whereby an increase 

in normin pl is associated with a corresponding decrease 

in Los Angeles wear as determined by abrasion testing. 

This correlation, which was initially recognized in only six 

samples from Missouri, could be considered only tentative 

at best. Additional data (table 8) were collected from producers and other sources whereby Los Angeles wear (LAW) 

can be predicted from normin pl by using the regression 

equation (fi g. 9)

 LAW = −1.02×pl + 56. (1)

The regression on normin pl explains 72 percent of the 

observed variation (at the 95-percent-confi dence level) in 

LAW, based on data from 13 quarries and sample locations. 

Equation 1 is likely to be valid for Precambrian granites of 

the midcontinental region, particularly Oklahoma and Missouri, whereas equations that could be formulated for other 

regions of the United States are unknown. Of possible concern is a suggestion of heteroscedasticity between normin pl

and LAW when normin pl is greater than 35 volume percent. 

This relation is shown by the increased scatter of points 

Figure 4. Sample of Troy Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Mill 

Creek Quarry, Okla., showing undulatory extinction in biotite (bi), 

indicating stress induced by dike injection. Note epidote (ep) along 

stress fracture, indicating near-surface weathering. Magnifi cation, 

100×. Crossed polars.

Figure 5. Sample of Troy Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Mill 

Creek Quarry, Okla., showing calcite (ca) along fracture face in 

orthoclase feldspar (fs) from dissolution and subsequent reprecipitation by meteoric ground water. Note albite twinning of plagioclase 

(pl) in upper right corner. Magnifi cation, 100×. Crossed polars.
9

about the low end of the regression curve (fi g. 9), possibly 

invalidating the use of regression analysis (Rock, 1988) and 

suggesting that equation 1 becomes invalid when computed 

normin pl becomes large or simply when the dataset happens 

to be small. Some possible corrections to this equation can be 

made, as discussed below.

The correlation of physical properties to CIPW normins 

is inexact but strongly suggests a correlation between normin 

pl and Los Angeles wear. Several possible corrections to this 

correlation may be needed, particularly for normin ap and 

perthitic/microperthitic intergrowths. Because normin ap contains CaO, which is also a component of normins an and pl, 

a correction may be needed for apatite, indicating a need for 

P2O5 data in the original chemical analysis. It is also strongly 

suspected that perthitic/microperthitic intergrowths of plagioclase and orthoclase may affect overall stone durability. Such 

intergrowths may even strengthen the stone.

It is unknown whether the more abundant accessory 

minerals in granites and other igneous rocks affect these correlations. Some of the more common igneous minerals are not 

represented in the short form of the CIPW classifi cation used 

here, including augite, hornblende, muscovite, and biotite, all 

of which are common in granite. Only biotite and muscovite 

are common in Missouri granites. In addition, during normin 

calculation, another relation became apparent as a byproduct 

of the type of calculation used.

From comparison of the petrographic data on Troy and 

Tishomingo Granites, Fe in normin fs is known to be actually part of the biotite mica present, which is also Fe rich. An 

orthoferrosilitic composition (>90 volume percent normin 

fs) of hypersthene is rare in nature. Whether these values are 

misleading, or whether they affect the compositional data and, 

thus, the comparisons made, is unknown.

The role of petrographic textures in the overall durability 

of stone has not been determined. Known textures of granites 

and associated rocks range from porphyritic to granophyric 

(including myrmakitic, cuneiform, and microtextural analogs 

of all of the above), and from rapakivi to anti-rapakivi (where 

orthoclase is surrounded by a reaction rim of albite and 

conversely, respectively). It is strongly suspected that rocks 

with textures which allow the interlocking of grains are more 

durable than those with textures which do not.

The role of the regional geology of granite in its overall 

durability is also unknown, although strong indications exist 

 Acknowledgments

Stone---------------------------------------------- Troy Granite Tishomingo Granite

Sample (table 2) ------------------------------- 7 8

Apatite ------------------------------------------- Tr Tr

Biotite -------------------------------------------- 4.0 4.0

Epidote------------------------------------------- Tr Tr

Hematite ----------------------------------------- 3.3 .5

Ilmenite ------------------------------------------ 1.2 .4

Leucoxene--------------------------------------- Tr Tr

Magnetite---------------------------------------- .5 – –

Orthoclase--------------------------------------- 54 – –

Orthoclase+plagioclase (perthite) -------- – – 61

Plagioclase -------------------------------------- 2.0 – –

Quartz -------------------------------------------- 35 34

Zircon -------------------------------------------- Tr Tr

Total ----------------------------------------- 100 100

Table 5. Petrographic analyses of samples of Troy Granite and 

Tishomingo Granite.

Table 4. Chemical analyses of samples used in the present study

[All values in weight percent. See table 2 for sample locations. NR, not reported]

Sample

(table 2) CaO MgO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MnO Na2O K2O TiO2 Total

1 1.05 0.39 69.61 14.36 4.29 0.04 4.49 3.82 0.79 98.84

2 .43 .28 73.19 10.78 3.65 .03 5.47 4.17 NR 98

3 .57 .17 72.94 12.66 4.02 .03 4.03 4.19 .65 99.26

4 .8 .29 73.04 12.38 3.95 .04 3.63 4.28 NR 98.41

5 .73 .06 73.64 12.75 2.77 .02 3.91 4.79 1.39 100.06

6 .37 .06 75.29 11.44 2.44 .01 3.37 4.34 .9 98.22

7 .4 .3 73.54 12.22 3.8 NR 3.31 4.51 .24 98.32

8 .56 .17 72.71 12.73 4.88 NR 3.4 4.76 .23 99.93

9 1.94 .45 69.83 16.56 1.36 NR 4.74 5.03 NR 100.38

10 7.37 .35 66.02 16.06 2.47 NR 2.55 4.37 .43 97.65

11 7.92 .28 61.72 18.88 2.67 NR 3.11 5.15 1.05 100.78

12 6.28 .012 72.26 13.68 1.83 NR 2.14 4.36 .22 100.97

13 7.98 .27 69.61 12.6 3.3 0 2.43 3.34 .4 101.06

14 6.17 .06 72.8 12.21 1.88 NR 2.22 4.2 .18 100.34

15 .67 .04 76.55 12.1 1.55 NR 3.51 4.72 .08 99.22

16 1.27 1.19 60.3 19.93 4.67 NR 6.25 5.3 1.1 100.01

17 3.52 .82 62.07 20.36 7.24 NR .41 1.5 NR 95.92

18 1.56 .66 71.66 13.18 1.9 .05 3.61 3.95 .23 96.8

19 1.8 .8 72 14 1.8 0.5 3.6 4.6 .3 99.4
10 Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

Figure 6. Sample of Troy Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ Mill Creek 

Quarry, Okla., showing opaque ilmenite (il) and zircon (zr) encased by 

biotite (bi) grain. Orthoclase feldspar (or) in upper right and quartz (qz) 

in lower right impinge on biotite. Magnifi cation, 100×. Crossed polars.

Table 6. Comparison of normative-mineral composition of samples of Graniteville Granite.

[All values in volume percent. CIPW, Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and Washington (Cross and others, 1902). See text for explanation of normin abbreviations]

Figure 8. Sample of Tishomingo Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ 

Snyder Quarry, Jackson County, Okla., showing pleochroic hornblende (hb) grain with opaque ilmenite (il), surrounded by cuneiform 

micrographic quartz (qz) and microperthite (mp). Magnifi cation, 

100×. Crossed polars.

Figure 7. Sample of Tishomingo Granite from Meridian Aggregates’ 

Snyder Quarry, Jackson County, Okla., showing quadrilateral sphene 

(sp) grain surrounded by orthoclase feldspar (or) with microcuneiform 

texture. Magnifi cation, 100×. Crossed polars.

Sample

(table 2) il or ab an co mt fs en q hm wo di ac hy lc ne ol pl=ab+an

1 1.5 22.61 37.94 5.2 0.93 1.25 0.77 0.97 26.15 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43.14

4 0 25.67 28.51 1.83 .52 .72 1.21 .15 37.61 0 0 0 0 1.4 0 0 0 30.34

5 0 28.3 33.06 3.11 0 .81 1.41 .15 30.4 0 0 .4 0 1.1 0 0 0 36.17

15 .15 27.91 29.66 3.3 0 .09 0 .1 36.64 1.18 0 0 0 .1 0 0 0 32.96
11

Table 7. Normative-mineral composition of samples used in the present study.

 References Cited

Figure 9. Los Angeles wear versus normin pl. Best-fi t curve represents equation 1, using data listed in table 8.

of what particular intrusive-rock types yield the most durable 

stone. Such rocks as Troy Granite, which has been intruded by 

other igneous bodies, may have a stronger potential for alkalisilica reactivity, although the interlocking of grains in this 

granite may actually add to its overall durability.

Acknowledgments

I thank the Missouri Department of Transportation for 

providing analytical data from the testing conducted at their 

Materials Laboratory in Jefferson City. Special thanks are due 

to Mike Fritz, geotechnical director; William Stalcup, physical laboratory director; and Harold Schwartz, chemical laboratory director for their advice and assistance.

Robert Berri of Berri Exploration Services helped obtain 

samples from the Farmington area in St. François County, 

Mo. His assistance in identifying lithologic units and locating areas of special interest proved invaluable to understanding the unique granitic terranes of southeastern Missouri. J. 

Michael Howard of the Arkansas Geologic Survey supplied 

data from the Granite Mountain Quarry, Ark., as well as a 

hand sample for subsequent analysis.
12 Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

Conversations with Thomas Plymate of the Department of 

Geology, Geography and Planning of Southwest Missouri State 

University and with Cheryl Seeger of the Missouri Geological 

Survey were helpful in improving the ideas presented here.

Bruce Faison of Luck Stone, Inc., generously provided 

hand samples and chemical data from company fi les. Finally, 

I sincerely thank R. Vanette Hamilton, who originally suggested publishing the potential correlation with data collected 

since 1992, and reviewed the manuscript.

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University of Arkansas, M.S. thesis, 49 p.

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Table 8. Data used in fi gure 9.