NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 12a1207n.06

No. 11-1595

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

CLAUDE VARNEY,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

RAYMOND BOOKER,

Respondent-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

OPINION

Before: GILMAN, GIBBONS, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. Claude Varney was convicted in the circuit

court for Wayne County, Michigan of second-degree murder and of possessing a firearm in the

commission of a felony. He was sentenced to serve 20 to 30 years in prison on the former charge,

consecutive to a 2-year prison term on the latter charge. Varney filed a motion for a new trial,

arguing that he had received the ineffective assistance of counsel at his bench trial. The circuit court,

with the same presiding judge, held an evidentiary hearing and granted Varney’s motion. But the

State appealed, and the Michigan Court of Appeals peremptorily reversed the trial court’s order.

Varney’s subsequent direct appeal and his petitions for post-conviction reliefin the state courts were

unsuccessful. 

He then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court. The district court

denied his petition but granted a certificate of appealability with respect to Varney’s claim that his
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Claude Varney v. Raymond Booker

trial counsel was ineffective in not calling Varney to testify in support of his self-defense theory of

the case. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

I. BACKGROUND

In September 1993, Varney shot and killed Tommy Maples in a bar in Detroit, Michigan. 

Varney was arrested and charged with second-degree murder, in violation of M.C.L. § 750.317, and

with possessing a firearm in the commission of a felony, in violation of M.C.L. § 750.227b. 

Witnesses at Varney’s bench trial gave conflicting accounts of the events surrounding Maples’s

death. The following paragraph summarizes the trial court’s findings of fact.

Varney entered the bar with a group of people, approached Maples, and began speaking to

him. The two men sat down at a table together, continuing a conversation that nearby witnesses

described as outwardly friendly. There was no evidence of an argument or confrontation. Then

“[a]n unusual sound was heard, possibly the scraping of chairs at the table,” and the two men stood

up, Maples with his hands raised and Varney “armed with a handgun.” Varney fired a bullet into

Maples’s body “for no apparent reason.” Varney might have believed that Maples was reaching for

a weapon, but Varney did not see a weapon and Maples had none. Whatever Varney’s belief, it did

not warrant his shooting Maples “underthe circumstances then obtaining.” The court concluded that

the killing was in no way justified or excused, thus finding Varney guilty as charged.

Varney filed a motion for a new trial, alleging that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right

to the effective assistance of counsel. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on Varney’s

motion, referred to in Michigan as a Ginther hearing. See, e.g., People v. Dendel, 748 N.W.2d 859,

863 (Mich. 2008) (citing People v. Ginther, 212 N.W.2d 922 (Mich. 1973)) (referring to a “Ginther

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hearing to determine whether[trial counsel] had provided ineffective assistance”). Both Varney and

his former trial counsel, Dominick Sorise, testified about the defense that Sorise provided and the

reasons why Varney did not testify at the trial. 

Sorise said that Varney initially wanted to take the witness stand, but that, after at least one

argument between the two men, Sorise convinced him that he should not testify. At no point did

Sorise explicitly advise Varney of his constitutional right to testify in his own defense. Instead,

Sorise “assumed [Varney] understood that he had a right or an opportunity to testify.” Sorise

explained that he advised Varney not to testify because the prosecution had already entered into

evidence a statement that Varney had made to Detective Patrick Henahan sufficiently explaining

Varney’s self-defense story. That statement, as related by Det. Henahan at trial, was as follows:

I went in the bar. Isaw Tommy [Maples] in there. He waved me to come over where

he was. I walked over to him and he said, come on. I want to talk to you. We

walked over to a table. We sat down—and we sat down. He said to me, you know

Ishot a couple of your members and Ishot at you before. And now I’m going to kill

you. Then he reached behind his back like he was going for a gun and I shot him.

Det. Henahan went on to testify that Varney “stated it looked like Mr. Maples was reaching for a

gun,” but that he did not “hear [Varney] say anything about seeing a gun.”

Varney’s testimony at the Ginther hearing told a somewhat different story about the decision

to not have him take the witness stand and about the statement that he made to Det. Henahan. 

Consistent with Sorise’s testimony, Varney said that the two men argued about whether Varney

should testify at trial and that Sorise never advised him of his constitutional right to testify. But

unlike Sorise’s account of his convincing Varney not to testify, Varney claimed that Sorise told him,

without explanation, that he could not take the stand. Varney said that he told Sorise what he wanted

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to say on the stand and that he “felt it was important for the Court to know exactly what happened.” 

Sorise allegedly responded, “no, you are not taking the stand.”

Varney also testified that Det. Henahan’s testimony was mistaken because Varney had told

the detective that Maples had in fact pulled a gun on him, not that Maples merely “reached as if to

have a gun.” Although Varney did not specifically testify that he had informed Sorise of having seen

Maples with a gun, he claimed to have told Sorise “everything” about the issues that he was now

raising at the Ginther hearing. Sorise could neither dispute nor confirm that Varney had told him

about seeing Maples with a gun at the time of the shooting. But Sorise was certain that Varney had

“indicated that Mr. Maples reached behind him as if to draw a gun and began drawing out a gun.” 

Furthermore, a defense witness, Marcello Guglieletti, testified at the trial that Maples “pull[ed] a gun

before [Varney] shot [Maples].”

The trial court considered the two “strongly held” positions presented at the Ginther hearing: 

(1) Sorise’s testimony that he merely advised Varney not to testify, and (2) Varney’s contrary claim

that Sorise did not allow him to testify. Whether the decision was unilateral or joint, the court made

clear that the decision was “critical” for two related reasons. First, Varney’s testimony would have

supported his argument that his “unsigned, and therefore unadopted” statement to Det. Henahan was

either “incomplete, . . . altered, or not his at all.” The trier of fact would have heard that Varney saw

Maples draw a weapon, rather than that Varney simply saw Maples make a motion as if to draw a

weapon. Second, “short of some other person describing circumstances that would to an ordinary

mind raise the question of whether the accused reasonably and honestly feared for his life or being

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seriously injured,” Varney’s only method of establishing that he had such fear would be by his own

testimony.

The state trial court believed that Varney had lied when he said that Sorise did not explain

why Varney should not take the stand. But it noted that no record had been made at trial “as to why

[Varney] didn’t testify.” Giving Varney “the benefit of the doubt,” the court granted the motion for

a new trial. The Michigan Court of Appeals, however, peremptorily reversed the circuit court’s

order, finding that Varney had “not overcome the presumption that trial counsel rendered effective

assistance when advising him regarding his right to testify on his own behalf.” Varney’s petition to

appeal that decision was denied by the Michigan Supreme Court. People v. Varney, 568 N.W.2d

680, 680 (1997) (table). His subsequent direct appeal and motions for post-conviction relief in the

State courts all failed. 

Turning to the federal courts for relief, Varney filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in

the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, presenting eight separate

grounds in support of his petition. All of these arguments were rejected, but the court granted a

certificate of appealability on Varney’s claim involving counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness in failing

to call Varney to testify on his own behalf in support of his self-defense claim. This timely appeal

followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of review

We review “the district court’s legal conclusions in a habeas proceeding de novo and its

factual findings under the clear-errorstandard.” Davis v. Lafler, 658 F.3d 525, 530 (6th Cir. 2011).

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“The state-court decision under review is entitled to deference pursuant to the Antiterrorism and

Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), which is codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).” Titlow

v. Burt, 680 F.3d 577, 585 (6th Cir. 2012). 

AEDPA provides in pertinent part as follows:

An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant

to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that

was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of

the claim—

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable

application of, clearlyestablished Federal law, as determined by the Supreme

Court of the United States; or

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of

the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A state-court decision must be objectively unreasonable, not merely incorrect,

to be an “unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law. Titlow, 680 F.3d at 585. 

Findings of fact by the state court “are presumed to be correct unless they are rebutted by clear and

convincing evidence.” Id. at 586. Varney agrees that AEDPA deference applies, and we therefore

apply the AEDPA standard of review to all the issues before us.

B. The Michigan Court of Appeals’s rejection of Varney’s ineffective-assistance-ofcounsel claim was not an unreasonable application of Strickland

Varney claims that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of

counsel because Sorise deprived him of a substantial defense byfailing to have Varneytestifyat trial.

A successful claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must meet the two-prong test established in

Strickland: (1) “counsel’s performance was deficient”; and (2) “the deficient performance

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prejudiced the defense.” 466 U.S. at 687. We must decide whether the state appellate court’s

decision was an unreasonable application of the Strickland test. Even though that court’s order does

not provide a substantive Strickland analysis, the Supreme Court’s decision in Harrington v. Richter

makes clear that AEDPA deference must still be given to the state court’s decision because “[w]hen

a federal claim has been presented to a state court and the state court has denied relief, it may be

presumed that the state court adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence of any indication or

state law procedural principles to the contrary.” Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 784-85

(2011); see Brown v. Bobby, 656 F.3d 325, 328-29 (6th Cir. 2011) (explaining that in light of

Harrington, “the mere fact that the Ohio Court of Appeals did not specifically explain that it was

ruling on Brown’s Sixth Amendment claim does not prevent this court from deferring to that court’s

opinion on habeas review.”).

Review of a trial counsel’s performance is “highly deferential” and entails “a strong

presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional

assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. “[T]he defendant must overcome the presumption that,

under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted). Varney must therefore show that Sorise’s decision not to call

Varney as a witness was an “error[] so serious that [Sorise] was not functioning as [Varney’s]

‘counsel.’” See id. at 687. Then Varney must show that concluding otherwise would be an

unreasonable application of Strickland. 

Varney attempts to meet this heavy burden by arguing that his testimony was the only

evidence available that could establish all the elements of his self-defense claim. The test in

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Michigan for self-defense at the time of Varney’s trial was whether “the defendant honestly and

reasonably believes that his life is in imminent danger or that there is a threat of serious bodily

harm.” People v. Heflin, 456 N.W.2d 10, 18 (Mich. 1990). Varney contends that, absent his

testimony, the trier of fact had “no reasonable basis upon which to conclude that [he] acted in lawful

self-defense.” 

To the contrary, Michigan law is clear that a defendant can “show his state of mind by

circumstantial evidence to establish that he acted in self-defense” and that he “need not take the stand

and testify.” People v. Hoskins, 267 N.W.2d 417, 419 (Mich. 1978). Two key pieces of evidence

in the trial record arguably support Varney’s self-defense theory: (1) Varney’s statement to Det.

Henahan describing the events immediately preceding the shooting, including Maples’s alleged

threat that he was going to kill Varney and that Maples made a motion as if to draw a weapon; and

(2) testimony from Marcello Guglieletti, an eyewitness to the shooting, stating that Maples had

pulled out a gun before Varney shot Maples. Sorise decided to rely on this evidence rather than have

Varney testify and possibly be impeached with such facts as his fleeing the scene of the shooting,

his telling another witness that he shot Maples in retaliation for Maples’s shooting three of Varney’s

associates, and his refusing to reveal the location of his gun to Det. Henahan. See Varney v. Booker, 

No. 2:09-CV-11127, 2011 WL 1480385, at *9 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 19, 2011). 

Given the Michigan law as stated in Hoskins, Sorise had an objectively reasonable basis to

believe that the evidence he introduced, if taken by the trier of fact to be true, was sufficient to

establish self-defense. See 267 N.W.2d at 419. Sorise’s decision thus appears to have been a matter

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of trial strategy, not deficient performance. See Miller v. Francis, 269 F.3d 609, 616 (6th Cir. 2001)

(noting that “trial strategy itself must be objectively reasonable”). 

To be sure, this strategyultimatelyfailed, and the presiding judge at the Ginther hearing, who

was also the trier of fact at Varney’s trial, stated that Varney’s testimony would have been “critical”

to the case. Although this post-conviction statement indicates that Varney might have fared better

had he testified, it does not place Sorise’s decision outside “the wide range of reasonable

professional assistance.” See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. “A fair assessment of attorney

performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight.” Id.

Furthermore, even if Sorise’s decision was not sound trial strategy and he in fact provided

ineffective counsel, that conclusion is not so clear as to make the state appellate court’s decision an

“unreasonable application” of Strickland. In sum, Varney has not established that he could meet the

performance prong of the Strickland test, let alone that the facts weigh so heavily in his favor that

the state appellate court was unreasonable in concluding otherwise. We therefore have no need to

reach the prejudice prong of the Strickland test because Varney must meet both prongs in order to

establish his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. See United States v. Williams, 176 F.3d 301,

312 (6th Cir. 1999). Varney has thus failed to make the requisite showing on this claim to warrant

habeas relief under AEDPA.

C. The determination that Varney waived his right to testify

Some confusion is apparent in the briefs concerning the precise issue that the district court

certified for appeal. Varney’s brief addresses the failure-to-call claim discussed above but attempts

to fold in his right-to-testify argument as part of that claim. In contrast, the State’s brief

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characterizes the issue presented as solely concerning the right to testify but also conflates the

analysis of the two separate claims. This court added to the confusion in its order denying Varney’s

motion to expand the certificate of appealability by first characterizing the certified issue as the

failure to permit Varney to testify and later describing it as the failure to call Varney to testify. 

These intertwined issues in fact raise distinct legal claims: the former concerns Varney’s

due process and Sixth Amendment right to testify, see United States v. Webber, 208 F.3d 545, 550

(6th Cir. 2000); the latter concerns Sorise’s alleged ineffectiveness for failing to provide a substantial

defense. To clarify, the district court certified Varney’s “claim involving counsel’s ineffectiveness

in failing to call [Varney] to testify on his behalf in support of his self-defense claim.” Varney v.

Booker, No. 2:09-CV-11127, 2011 WL 1480385, at *17 (E.D. Mich. April 19, 2011). Although not

the certified issue, we will also address below the right-to-testify claim, which both parties argued

to some degree. 

A defendant’s right “to testify at trial is a constitutional right of fundamental dimension and

is subject only to a knowing and voluntary waiver by the defendant.” Webber, 208 F.3d 545, 550

(6th Cir. 2000). The right falls under the due process protections of the Fifth and Fourteenth

Amendments, as well as “the Compulsory Process Clause of the Sixth Amendment, which grants

a defendant the right to call witnesses in his favor—which, of course, would include himself.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted). Although “the right to testify is personal to the defendant,” who

thus retains “the ultimate decision whether to testify[,] . . . when a tactical decision is made not to

have the defendant testify, the defendant’s assent is presumed.” Id. at 550-51 (emphasis added). 

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The presumption of assent arises from two other strong presumptions: (1) that the

defendant’s counsel followed the professional rules of conduct, which provide that “[i]n a criminal

case, the lawyer shall abide by the client’s decision . . . whether the client will testify,” id. at 551 n.2;

and (2) that counsel “‘rendered adequate assistance’ in carrying out the general duty ‘to advocate the

defendant’s cause and the more particular duties to consultwith the defendant on important decisions

and to keep the defendant informed of important developments in the course of the prosecution.” 

Id. at 551 (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688-90 (1984)). Absent “statements or

actions from the defendant indicating disagreement with counsel or the desire to testify, the trial

court is neither required to . . . inquire whether the defendant knowingly and intentionally waived

the right to testify, nor ensure that the defendant has waived the right on the record.” Id.; see also

Hodge v. Haeberlin, 579 F.3d 627, 639 (6th Cir. 2009) (holding that the right to testify, though

fundamental, can be presumed waived “from a defendant’s conduct alone”)(internal quotation marks

omitted). 

The state trial court at the Ginther hearing noted that no record had been made during the

bench trial regarding Varney’s desire to testify. Nor does Varney now suggest that the trial record

contains any indication that he wanted to testify or that he had a disagreement with Sorise. Given

these facts, the state appellate court applied the presumption from Strickland that Sorise rendered

effective assistance in advising Varney of his right to testify. This decision was not an unreasonable

application of Strickland or any other clearly established federal law. 

To be sure, Sorise testified that he did not specifically advise Varney that the U.S.

Constitution guaranteed Varney’s right to testify. But the state appellate court’s determination that

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this fact alone did not overcome the Strickland presumption was not objectively unreasonable. See

Titlow v. Burt, 680 F.3d 577, 585 (6th Cir. 2012) (explaining that a state court decision must be

“objectively unreasonable” to be deemed an “unreasonable application of clearly established federal

law” under AEDPA). Varney is thus presumed to have knowingly waived his right to testify. See

Webber, 208 F.3d at 550-551. We therefore reject Varney’s due-process claim for habeas relief. 

III. CONCLUSION

For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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