Field Guide to 

Riparian Plant CommunitiOregon United States Department of AgricForest Service Pacific Northwest Region January 2005

Field Guide to Riparian Plant Commun

Condensed f

Riparian Plant Communities o

Streamside Plant Co

By Cindy Mc

USFS Ecologist-Northwest Or

And 

Native Freshwater Plant Associatio

By John A. Ch

Oregon Natural Heritage In

Oregon State Un

United States Departme

Forest Serv

P

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th
Acknowledgements 

USDA Forest Service, the Oregon WaterEnvironmental Protection Agency, and UManagement supported production of the This interagency project was the result of of the Northwest Oregon Ecology Group Nature Conservancy/Oregon Natural HerNatural Heritage Information Center). Mt. National Forests and Eugene and Salem supported the effort and encouraged syncollected data into a unified product for n
TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THE FIELD PLANT COMMUNITIES IN NORTHWESIntroduction to the Field Guide to RipaNorthwestern Oregon ........................... Purpose ............................................ Study area ........................................ Primary key to Field Guide to Riparia Northwestern Oregon .......................Table of Contents for Riparian Plant COregon: Streamside Plant CommunitieTable of Contents for Native FreshwatNorthwestern Oregon ...........................APPENDICES Appendix I Species list...........................

Appendix II References .........................
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIELD GUIDE COMMUNITIES IN NORTHWESTERN OPurpose This field guide combines classifications communities and native freshwater wetlaOregon. It is a condensed version of two available on the CD that accompanies thavailable for reference or to download as Clearinghouse of Ecological Information, http://www.reo.gov/ecoshare/Publications/Doc

In both the CD and downloadable versioninto smaller file sizes for ease of downloacreated in Adobe Acrobat 5.0. Links withiappropriate sections. For example, openiAcknowledgements, Table of Contents” fcontents of the entire guide. When the oppointing hand, there is a link available. ThContents the pointing hand should be visthe hand is pointing will open the approprselected section. The reader can return to clicking on the “Back” button in the browswithin the document that direct the readeThe purpose of the field guide is to allow communities in the field from key indicatofactors. A more complete discussion is avThis field guide is organized in two major communities and freshwater wetland com
Corps of Engineers 1987). Names of nonSpecies List, are italicized. The full guides offer more information contained in the field guide. Please refinclude: In Riparian Plant Communities of NorthwCommunities: 

• More detailed description of stud

analyses. 

• Ecosystem processes influencing • Comparison of Coast and Casca

geomorphic group 

• Non-native plant species in ripari• Plant community distribution show• Community descriptions, includin

sketches, and wetland rating. 

• More inclusive cover/constancy t

(Appendix in an Excel table). 

In Native Freshwater Plant Associations o

• More detailed description of stud

analyses 

• National Vegetation Classificatio

ecological system name, and glo

• More detailed information on env• Global distribution of the plant as• List of other studies related to the 

PRIMARY KEY TO FIELD GUIDE TO RICOMMUNITIES IN NORTHWESTERN OThis key, based on site characteristics ankeys for both sections in the guide. 1a. In or bordering perennial or seasona .........................................................1b. Habitat otherwise.............................2a. Within freshwater intertidal or subtid hydrated by these zones .................

2b. Above hydrating influence of freshw .........................................................3a. In stream channels, along edges of  steep or rocky stream banks, somet waterfall spray ................................3b. Habitat otherwise ............................4a. Aquatic beds submerged or floating  exposed in intermittent channels.....

4b. Vegetation not aquatic beds ...........5a. Artemisia lindleyana dominant or co

5b. Artemisia lindleyana absent ...........

6a. Euthamia occidentalis dominant or c

6b. Euthamia occidentalis absent .........

7a. Depressions or seepage areas adjac

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10a. Seasonally-flooded Salix or Populus 

 over bedrock ...................................

10b. Vegetation and substrate otherwise 11a. Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta 

 .........................................................

11b. Vegetation otherwise ......................

12a. Seasonally to perennially wet herbac montane meadow, sometimes in de associated with seepage or intermitt .........................................................

12b. Vegetation and habitat otherwise ...13a. Floodplains, stream terraces, or swa cobbles, colluvium, or bedrock, or no 

13b. Floodplains, stream terraces, or swa14a. Primary species in shrub or herb lay Symphoricarpos albus, Athyrium filix

 aquatilis, Carex deweyana ssp. lepto Lysichiton americanus, or Oenanthe 

 seasonally-flooded pools ................14b. Shrub or herb layers otherwise, seas lacking ............................................

15a. Oplopanax horridus, Ribes bracteos Vaccinium ovalifolium codominant o obnupta absent or inconspicuous ...

15b. Oplopanax horridus, Ribes bracteos

Vaccinium ovalifolium absent or inco

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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR STREAMSOF NORTHWEST OREGON Introduction to the Streamside Plant C

Scope/study area..............................

Methods/data sources ......................Community description .....................About keys........................................

CASCADES Cascades key ........................................

In channel .............................................

Montia parvifolia: MOPA2.................

Mimulus guttatus: MIGU ...................Corydalis aquae-gelidae: COAQ ......Petasites frigidus group: PEFR5 grouPetasites frigidus-Salix sitchensis ph PEFR5-SASI2 phase ..................

Petasites frigidus-Equisetum arvense 

PEFR5-EQAR phase ..................

Channel margin-cobble bars/banks .... Petasites frigidus-Stachys cooleyae: 

 Boykinia occidentalis-Mitella ovalis: B Tiarella trifoliata: TITR ...................... Ribes bracteosum/Petasites frigidus: 

Cobble bars and low floodplains.........

 Senecio triangularis-Aster modestus: 

Al

b

/Al

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ALRU2/
 Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis RIBR-RUSP/TITR-MIOV............ Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis RIBR-RUSP/OXALI GROUP:..... Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis

 RIBR-RUSP/OXALI-shrub phase Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis RIBR-RUSP/OXALI-ALRU2 phas Alnus viridis: ALVI5........................... Vaccinium ovalifolium: VAOV ...........Steep banks/terraces............................ Oxalis-Hydrophyllum tenuipes: OXAL

 (Alnus rubra-Acer macrophyllum)/Ox (ALRU2-ACMA3)/OXALI............ Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis group: RUS Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-shrub p

 RUSP/OXALI-shrub phase.. Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-Alnus r RUSP/OXALI-ALRU2 phase  Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-Thuja p

 RUSP/OXALI-THPL phase.. Alnus rubra/Symphoricarpos albus-R ALRU2/SYAL-RUSP ..................High terraces/major floodplains .......... (Acer macrophyllum-Alnus rubra)/Ace trifoliata: (ACMA3-ALRU2)/ACCI/TIT Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum  Forested COCO6/POMU GROUP:... Forested Corylus cornuta/Polysti

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 Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabi OPHO-RUSP GROUP: .............. Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabi OPHO-RUSP-shrub phase ........

 Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabi OPHO-RUSP-ALRU2 phase......

 Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabi phase:  OPHO-RUSP-THPL phase ........

 Picea engelmannii/Vaccinium membr Vaccinium ovalifolium-Rubus spectab americanum: VAOV-RUSP/LYAM Thuja plicata/Rubus spectabilis/Lysic Oxalis: THPL/RUSP/LYAM3-OXA Abies amabilis/Vaccinium ovalifoliumCOAST RANGE Coast Range key ...................................In channel ............................................. Equisetum: EQUIS............................ Chrysosplenium glechomifolium: CHG Oenanthe sarmentosa: OESA..........Mid-channel bars or channel margin ..

Oxalis-Tolmeia menziesii: OXALI-TORubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum

 glechomifolium: RUSP-RIBR/CHActive channel shelf/active floodplain/

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Terraces/steep toeslopes & Steep slid Corylus cornuta-Acer circinatum/Oxa Rubus spectabilis/Polystichum munit Vaccinium alaskaense-Rubus specta Acer macrophyllum/Corylus cornuta- ACMA3/COCO6-RUSP.............. Rubus spectabilis-Acer circinatum: RWILLAMETTE VALLEYWillamette Valley Key ........................... (Acer macrophyllum-Alnus)/Urtica dio (ACMA3-ALNUS)/URDI ............. Populus trichocarpa/Equisetum hyem (Fraxinus latifolia-Populus trichocarp Hydrophyllum tenuipes: (FRLA-POBA

Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica g

Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dio

racemosa-Corylus cornuta phase SYAL/URDI-FRLA/SARA2-C

Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dio

Populus trichocarpa)/Corylus cor

 SYAL/URDI-(ACMA3-POBASymphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioPopulus trichocarpa)/Oemleria ce SYAL/URDI-(ACMA3-POBA

Fraxinus latifolia/Acer circinatum/Hyd dioica: FRLA/ACCI/HYTE-URDI Hardwood/Rubus spectabilis/Hydrop Hardwood/RUSP/HYTE .............(Populus trichocarpa-Fraxinus latifoliS

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Introduction to the Streamside Plant CPurpose The classification is mainly floristic, that iscomposition and abundance to sort sampthen explores what conditions the sampledescriptors for these conditions are broad geomorphic surface, soil texture, soil depScope/study area The streamside section is divided into the Northwest Oregon. For the Westside Cascommunity descriptions are organized alostream level, floodplain, terrace, to valley section is not divided by geomorphic surfSites were selected to represent relativelclearly overall watershed condition affectdisturbance events. Sites with adjacent cwere not sampled. Plots were excluded where communities species. It is clear that the samples from exceptional remnants, and that the majorsettings there support more altered, invadMethods Data from several different though similaf

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Plot methods

Variable plot sizes were used to fit geomoboundaries. For USFS and BLM plots, daenvironmental factors (elevation, aspect, 

surface, substrate, and vegetation composizes and ages were collected for a sub-splot in some data sets. Data analysis

Two-way indicator-species analysis (TWIprimary method in classifying the commuenvironmental variables were so inconsisenvironmental factors were evaluated qucommunities and interpreting relationshipcommunities and physical settings. Some species were excluded from the anPolypodium glychirrizae (licorice fern), angroup only (eg willow, grass, carex, compdropped from a plot if it was noted as occstumps or logs. Some datasets had limitecover was from trees rooted in the commWhere plot information showed that recomost likely coming from outside the commfrom that plot. Some communities were fairly rare in the common under undisturbed canopies. Wrepresented in the streamside section for th

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Each community description is titled with and PLANTS code from the USDA NationService PLANTS database (USDA-NRCS from local references, especially from PoScientific names follow taxonomy consistProject unofficial 2003 working list, thougbe finalized with publication of the Flora opersonal communication, November 18, 2communities where the overstory may be the two species are listed in parentheses

macrophyllum) indicates that Alnus rubra 

found in the community. Sample size and Note that the larger version of the streamnames in most descriptions. The condensscientific names, in part to be consistent wetland sections, but also because the scambiguous. Each community description features a tacommon species present. The communitoverstory trees (>12’ tall), tree seedlings herbs. Within each layer, species are sorwithin the community which had the spec(typical cover--average cover for the specspecies occurred). In the Willamette Valltreated as a single layer. Note that namethe community tables are italicized. 
Geomorphic surfacesSeveral geomorphic surface names are usettings. Note that floristics and soils werfloristics and surface. Since the soil and sthe geomorphic surfaces and their typicaGEOMORPHIC SURFACE 

CHARACTE

Sand/gravel bars Deposits of s

coarser matehigh water lin

Cobble bar Cobble surfa

to stream, on during normashallow sand

Boulder bar Boulder dom

flooded annusandy soils, Cascades si

Active/annual floodplain Flattish surfa

at low flow—flow 

Floodplain Flat to gently 

frequent floowith fines; ge

Lower terrace Flat to gently 

infrequent flosoils variable 

Upper terrace Elevated flat 

subject to ca
proves to be very important in understand

communities develop. Substrate

Silt, sand, gravel, cobble, boulder, and bedescription of soil or substrate. Silts are fnutrient holding capacity. Sands are grittyGravels, cobbles, and boulders make up proportions of such coarse sediments gedrainage and poor moisture conditions dubedrock near the surface often have very Substrate size classes

* Most substrate descriptions in this sectigravel. About keys Keys are at the beginning of each section Willamette Valley). Keys are guidelines

not rules

Small con

Sand <2 mm 

Fine gravel 2-24 mm Coarse gravel 24-64 mm Cobble 64-256 mm Boulder 256-1096 mm Bedrock > 1096 mm 
If the plant-oriented key doesn’t seem to geomorphic surface as a guide. Look throdescriptions that fit the physical setting fonormal high water line (within channel)? Omargins? On terraces or steep banks? There can be groups of species which comay have a lead that says, “ if the sum of than species X...”. In the field, you may hand they may be about the same as speccan be expected. If the rest of the commuthen this choice is reasonable. The tree component seems particularly vincluded in the community name, it showspecies. However, they also may be abseshould be interpreted as indicating that thto include mature trees. Note that with raof the trees that might occur were recordethat some communities labeled as Alnus 

macrophyllum types could easily support communities are named as hardwood typnot consistent. If your site has conifers as be included in the hardwood type. 
Northwest Oregon Westside Cascades Cascades keyA. Herbaceous community, Petasites frig

substrate within channel 1. Montia parvifolia dominant; small p

......................................................

2. Corydalis aquae-gelidae dominant

cold water channels......................

3. Mimulus guttatus dominant; in cob

 ......................................................

B. Petasites frigidus dominant or codomi

1. Salix sitchensis an important shrub

within highwater line 

...........................Petasites frigidu

2. Equisteum arvense present 

.....................Petasites frigidus-E

 3. Ribes bracteosum a dominant shru

.................................. Ribes bract

4. Ribes bracteosum and Salix sitche

cobble or boulder bars/active chan

 ...................................Petasites fr
F. Adiatum pedatum an important herb; s banks..................................................G. Senecio triangularis and Heracleum la

present; shrubs nearly absent; fine sosurface, moderate to high elevations 

..................................Senecio triang

 See related communities in herbaceo

204), especially Calamagrostis canad

256), Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii and Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii-C(Christy p. 260) 

H. Senecio triangularis, with Heracleum l

Aconitum columbianum; shrubs variedbars or active floodplains at mid- to h

 .......................................Senecio tria See related communities in herbaceo

204), especially Senecio triangularis A

For more herb-dominated communitiemarshes, marshes, fens/peatlands, or wetlands key (Christy pp. 204). I. Alnus rubra/herb communities 

1. Elymus glaucus dominant under A

islands.....................................Aln

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5. Alnus rubra/Lysichiton americanus 

a. Carex obnupta >=5%, dominan

americanus

..............Alnus rubra/Carex ob

b. Carex obnupta <5%, Athyrium 

with Lysichiton americanus. 

... Alnus rubra/Athyrium filix-

J. Shrub communities (may have tree ov

Rubus spectabilis and/or Ribes bracte

1. Vaccinium ovalifolium-Vaccinium a

dominant a. Two or more members of the mo

herbs (Achlys triphylla, Cornus Tiarella trifoliata, Clintonia uniflofloodplains,banks, cobble bars, 

 .................................................

b. Rubus spectabilis an important 

<20%, Lysichiton americanus p

moderate to higher elevations 

 ........... Vaccinium ovalifolium

c. Mature conifer cover >20% and 

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4. Rubus parviflorus among several s

moderate to high elevation suite of canadensis, Linnea borealis, Tiare

represented, Rubus spectabilis minarrow flats behind cobble levees 

 ......................................Rubus pa

5. Symphoricarpos albus dominant, R

terraces/steep banks 

 ... Alnus rubra/Symphoricarpos 6. Corylus cornuta>5%, often large fl

rivers 

 ...Forested Corylus cornuta/Poly

a. Polysticum munitum>Oxalis  .... Corylus cornuta/Polystich

b. Acer circinatum dominant or co

1) Oxalis>Polysticum munitum

tree layer 

 ................. Corylus cornuta

heterophylla/Acer 

2) Oxalis absent, Polysticum m

macrophyllum and Pseudotslayer 

 ....................Corylus cornu

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10. Willow communities 

a. Salix lucida co-dominant with S

americanus swamp 

 .........Salix lucida ssp. lasiandb. Salix lucida minor or absent, Sa

Lysichiton americanus and/or Cherbs....................... Salix sitch

11. Thuja plicata dominant overstory tr

dominant herb, Oxalis <5% 

..................Thuja plicata/Lysichit

K. Shrub layers dominated by Rubus spe

and/or Oplopanax horridum1. Oplopanax horridum dominant or c

spectabilis and/or Ribes bracteosu

 ..................Oplopanax horridum- a. Thuja plicata overstory 

 ..........Oplopanax horridum-R b. Alnus rubra and/or Tsuga heter

(Thuja plicata minor or absent) 

 ............Oplopanax horridum-R

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2. Ribes bracteosum dominant or co-

a. Ribes bracteosum dominant or 

spectabilis, Petasites frigidus o

dominant herb; cobble bars/ban

............................. Ribes bract

b. Rubus parviflorus among sever

moderate to high elevation suite Cornus canadensis, Linnea bor

uniflora) represented, Rubus sp

 .................................Rubus pac. Oxalis <3%, Tolmeia menziesii 

macrophyllum often present 

 ..........(Alnus rubra-Acer mac

Rubus spec

d. Oxalis >3% 

1) Oxalis, Tiarella trifoliata and 

 ...................Ribes bracteos

2) Mitella ovalis absent  ......... Ribes bracteosum-R

a) Tree overstory present, g

Thuja plicata

.............. Ribes bracteo
 3. Rubus spectabilis dominant shrub; 

minor a. Lysichiton americanus swamps 

1) Rubus spectabilis and Vacc

dominant shrubs. Other coolacustre, Alnus incana, Vibumature conifer cover <20%, 

 ...... Vaccinium ovalifolium

2) Thuja plicata in overstory; O

can be present 

.......................Thuja plicata

b. Symphoricarpos albus dominan

spectabilis >=5%; terraces/stee

........ Alnus rubra/Symphorica

c. Tolmeia menziesii important he

 ..................Rubus spectabilis/

1) Tolmeia menziesii>Oxalis; R

important; trees absent or m

.......... Rubus spectabilis/T

2) Alnus rubra and/or Acer ma

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d. Oxalis dominant herb, Tolmeia m

terrace, banks, floodplains 

......................................Rubus 

1) Thuja plicata in overstory  ......... Rubus spectabilis/O

2) Alnus rubra in overstory  ...........Rubus spectabilis/O

3) Overstory trees minor or abs ..................... Rubus specta

For more shrub-dominated communitishrubland wetlands key (Christy p. 20For more tree-dominated communities forest and woodlands wetlands key (C
In channel plant communities

Montia parvifolia, MOPA2 .......................Mimulus guttatus, MIGU..........................Corydalis aquae-gelidae, COAQ.............Petasites frigidus group, PEFR5 GROUP○ Petasites frigidus-Salix sitchensis pha

○ Petasites frigidus-Equisetum arvense  PEFR5-EQAR phase ..........................
Montia parvifolia Streambank springbeauty MOPA2 N=4 (MHNF 4) Elevations: 800 to 2500 feet (average 15Geomorphic surfaces: Active channel aSubstrate/soils: Occurs as small patchebedrock or large boulders. Community: The Montia parvifolia comm

parvifolia with minor amounts of Mimulus 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 50 Herbs Montia parvifolia 100 Mimulus guttatus 75 Oxalis 75 Tolmiea menziesii 50 Claytonia sibirica 50 Galium triflorum 50 Polystichum munitum 50 Circaea alpina 50 
Mimulus guttatusYellow monkeyflower MIGU N=9 (MHNF 8, WNF 1) Elevations: 240 to 3800 feet (average 26Geomorphic surfaces: Active channel aSubstrate/soils: Pockets of sand or silt iCommunity: The Mimulus guttatus comm

type found on boulders or cobbles at or wMimulus guttatus is the dominant herb, thpresent. Grasses are almost always pres7% cover. Graminoids are present in 56% cover. The surrounding plant series inclufi

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Herbs Mimulus guttatus 100 Epilobium sp. 100 Cardamine cordifolia 44 Glyceria striata 33 Athyrium filix-femina 33 Montia parvifolia 33 Luzula parviflora 33 
Corydalis aquae-gelidaeCold-water cordyalis COAQ N=3 (MHNF 3) Elevations: 3140 feet to 3170 feet (averaGeomorphic surfaces: Gravel/cobble bafoot of high water line. Substrate/soils: 0 to 2 cm of sands or si

Community: Corydalis aquae-gelidae is 

mid- to upper elevations. It is dominated 

which dominates the narrow gravel deposAlnus incana and Physocarpus capitatus 

amounts. Adjacent upland plant associatwestern hemlock plant series. 

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Herbs Corydalis aquae-gelidae 100 Senecio pseudaureus 67 Senecio triangularis 67 Aconitum columbianum 67 Aster modestus 67 Delphinium glareosum 67 
Petasites frigidus group Coltsfoot group PEFR5 group Group description followed by descriptionfrigidus-Salix sitchensis phase and Petas

phase N=11 (MHNF 11) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra 64 Shrubs Salix sitchensis 82 Rubus spectabilis 27 Herbs Petasites frigidus 91 Mimulus guttatus 82 Equisetum arvense 73 Stachys cooleyae 73 Grass (unknown) 55 Athyrium filix-femina 45 Aster modestus 45 Tolmiea menziesii 45 Oxalis 45 Montia parvifolia 45 
Community: The Petasites frigidus grou

community within the active channel. Salarvense, and Oxalis trilliifolia are commoscoured or deposited cobble bars. They athat can be delivered to a site by flood wachannel surface. Similar types: The Petasites frigidus-Sa

Petasites frigidus-Equisetum arvense pha

frigidus-Stachys cooleyae plant communStachys cooleyae type tends to have mo

(Ribes bracteosum, Stachys cooleyae, Atrilliifolia), and less Mimulus guttatus, a ve
Petasites frigidus-Salix sitchensis phaColtsfoot-Sitka willow phase

PEFR5-SASI2 phase

N=6 (MHNF 6) Elevations: 220 to 2100 feet (average 15Geomorphic surfaces: Cobble bars or lowithin the normal high water line. Substrate/soils: Sands or gravelly sands O

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ith 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra 50 Shrubs Salix sitchensis 100 Rubus spectabilis 33 Herbs Petasites frigidus 83 Stachys cooleyae 67 Mimulus guttatus 67 Equisetum arvense 50 Oxalis 50 Montia parvifolia 50 Tolmiea menziesii 50 
Petasites frigidus- Equisetum arvense Coltsfoot-common horsetail phasePEFR5-EQAR phaseN=5 (MHNF 5) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra 80 Shrubs Salix sitchensis 60 Herbs Petasites frigidus 100 Equisetum arvense 100 Mimulus guttatus 100 Stachys cooleyae 80 Unknown grass 80 Athyrium filix-femina 60 Aster modestus 60 Epilobium glaberrimum 40 Circaea alpina 40 Tolmiea menziesii 40 Angelica arguta 40 Cinna latifolia 40 Montia parvifolia 40 Juncus ensifolius 40 Oxalis 40 
Community: The Petasites frigidus-Equi

herbaceous community within the active Alnus rubra seedlings and Salix sitchensirushes are generally present (80% consta4%. Mimulus guttatus, particularly, indica

much of the year. Petasites frigidus and Equisteum arvense 

on freshly scoured or deposited cobble b

Oxalis often root from pieces deposited d
Channel margins-cobble bars/banks

Petasites frigidus Boykinia occidentalis-SPEFR5-STCO14 .....................................Boykinia occidentalis-Mitella ovalis, BOOTiarella trifoliata, TITR.............................Ribes bracteosum/Petasites frigidus, RIB
Petasites frigidus-Stachys cooleyae Coltsfoot-Cooley’s betony PEFR5-STCO14 N=45 (MHNF 27, WNF 16, EBLM 2) El

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2

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra 51 Thuja plicata 27 Shrubs Acer circinatum 40 Rubus spectabilis 33 Ribes bracteosum 31 Herbs Petasites frigidus 87 Galium triflorum 78 Stachys cooleyae 64 Claytonia sibirica 58 Athyrium filix-femina 56 Tolmiea menziesii 56 Oxalis 42 Mimulus guttatus 36 Lactuca muralis 33 Montia parvifolia 31 
BLM plots. This is an herb dominated comyoung Alnus rubra or Thuja plicata, but sean overhanging Acer circinatum canopy, 

sparse. Similar types: The Petasites frigidus-Sta

similar to the Petasites frigidus group (Aln

Petasites frigidus-Equisetum arvense), la

water line. The Petasites frigidus-Stachys 

range of species that can occur on floodpin-channel and channel margin/active floo
Boykinia occidentalis-Mitella ovalis Coast boykinia-oval-leaved mitrewort BOOC2-MIOV N=22 (WNF 13, EBLM 5, SBLM 4) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 18 Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra 27 Tsuga heterophylla 27 Thuja plicata 18 Herbs Mitella ovalis 100 Boykinia occidentalis 95 Galium triflorum 91 Athyrium filix-femina 64 Tolmiea menziesii 55 Oxalis 50 Stachys 50 Carex deweyana 50 Adiantum pedatum 50 Petasites frigidus 45 Lactuca muralis 45 Tiarella trifoliata 45 
Community: Boykinia occidentalis-Mitell

community of low to moderate elevations

occur in some samples. This community does not support mature conifers or oldesparse. The herb layer is marked by domand graminoids. Grasses are almost alwasummed cover averaging 21%. Graminoipresent in 81% of the plots, averaging 17
Tiarella trifoliata Foamflower TITR N=3 (WNF 2, MHNF 1) Elevations: 2740 to 3400 feet (average 3Geomorphic surfaces: Cobble bars, isla

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 100 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 67 Herbs Tiarella trifoliata 100 Galium aparine 100 Athyrium filix-femina 100 Claytonia sibirica 100 Anemone deltoidea 67 Polystichum munitum 67 Circaea alpina 67 Tolmiea menziesii 67 Mitella ovalis 67 Galium triflorum 67 Montia parvifolia 67 
more northerly than the lower, warmer Bocommunity that was sampled only south 
Ribes bracteosum/Petasites frigidusStink currant/coltsfoot RIBR/PEFR5 N=16 (MHNF 12, WNF 3, SBLM 1) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 19 Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra 25 Thuja plicata 25 Shrubs Ribes bracteosum 100 Rubus spectabilis 75 Herbs Petasites frigidus 94 Athyrium filix-femina 75 Galium triflorum 75 Stachys cooleyae 63 Tolmiea menziesii 56 Circaea alpina 56 Oxalis 50 Claytonia sibirica 44 Bromus vulgaris 38 Lactuca muralis 31 
aged on one plot (16 years, 20 years, 47 floods. Grasses are present in 75% of the Graminoids occur on 56% of the plots (avThe presence of shrubs and some Alnus some stability and are not reset annually. 

and Oxalis cover compared to cobble subsoils, and the dominance of the Petasites 

typical of herb dominated channel margin 
Cobble bars and low floodplains

Senecio triangularis-Aster modestus, SETAlnus rubra/Alymus glaucus, ALRU2/ELGRubus parviflorus/Achlys triphylla, RUPAAlnus rubra/Tolmeia menziesii-Claytonia ALRU2/TOME-CLSI2..............................(Alnus rubra-Acer macrophyllum)/Ribes bspectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii, (ALRU2-ARIBR-RUSP/TOME .................................Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii grou○ Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-s RUSP/TOME-shrub phase.................○ Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-  RUSP/TOME-ALRU2 phase..............Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/TiarRIBR-RUSP/TITR-MIOV.........................Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/OxaRIBR-RUSP/OXALI GROUP...................○ Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/O RIBR-RUSP/OXALI-shrub phase ......○ Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/O RIBR-RUSP/OXALI-ALRU2 phase....

Al

i

idi

ALVI5 
Senecio triangularis-Aster modestus Arrowleaf groundsel-great northern asSETR-ASMO3 N=9 (MHNF 8, WNF 1) 

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees-overstory Picea engelmannii 22 Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 56 Picea engelmannii 44 Shrubs Spiraea douglasii 67 Alnus incana 56 Physocarpus capitatus 56 Herbs Senecio triangularis 89 Heracleum lanatum 89 Aster modestus 78 Aconitum columbianum 78 Vancouveria hexandra 78 Stachys cooleyae 78 Galium triflorum 78 Mertensia paniculata 78 Senecio pseudoaureus 67 
Geomorphic surfaces: Active floodplainchannels. Slopes were extremely gentle, typically adjacent to the channel, 0 to 2 feSubstrate/soils: Shallow silts, sandy silt

cobbles. Water tables were generally withCommunity: Senecio triangularis-Aster m

community of flat cobbly surfaces in coolengelmannii can occasionally be found in generally present. Most of the samples came from Stone CrTimothy Lake. The Willamette sample caThree Sisters Wilderness. Adjacent uplanfrom mountain hemlock types, through siwestern hemlock associations in cold air 
Alnus rubra/Elymus glaucus Red alder/blue wildrye ALRU2/ELGL N=9 (MH 7, WNF 2) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 100 Trees-seedlings Pseudotsuga menziesii 56 Acer macrophyllum 56 Alnus rubra 44 Thuja plicata 44 Shrubs Rubus ursinus 67 Rubus spectabilis 67 Herbs Elymus glaucus 100 Polystichum munitum 89 Lactuca muralis 78 Claytonia sibirica 67 Tolmiea menziesii 67 Athyrium filix-femina 56 Equisetum arvense 44 Digitalis purpurea 44 Stachys cooleyae 44 
Community: Alnus rubra/Alymus glaucuforested floodplain community of the largoverstory is dominantly Alnus rubra, less sample. Tree regeneration is often a denbut generally includes Pseudotsuga menor Thuja plicata. The shrub layer is sparsrubra/Alymus glaucus is the highest amo

in this section. Geomorphic surface, subsand stand ages indicate that this communreset every few decades. Similar types: Alnus rubra/Alymus glauc

rubra/Rubus spectabilis, but has lower, le

and fewer ferns. It may occur on drier, cofarther away from the water table during t
Rubus parviflorus/Achlys triphylla Thimbleberry/Vanilla-leaf RUPA/ACTR N=10 (MHNF 10) 

SPECIES 

CONST

% 

Trees-seedlings Taxus brevifolia 6Tsuga heterophylla 6Thuja plicata 5Shrubs Rubus parviflorus 10Acer glabrum var. douglasii 7Ribes lacustre 6Berberis nervosa 6Acer circinatum 5Ribes bracteosum 5Rosa pisocarpa 4Paxistima myrsinites 3Herbs Achlys triphylla 9Linnaea borealis 5Cornus unalaschkensis 5Galium triflorum 5Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata 4Trillium ovatum 4
Substrate/soils: Shallow silts or sands in 

Community: Rubus parviflorus/vanilla-le

to higher elevations. Conifer regeneration cover). Few seedlings appear to reach monly 20% of plots. The important shrub spand riparian species. Adjacent upland plant associations were most often Western hemlock/rhododendr

common herb species in the Rubus parvi

community occur in the Western hemlock

upland plant association. 
Alnus rubra/Tolmeia menziesii-ClaytonRed alder/piggyback plant-Siberian miALRU2/TOME-CLSI2 N=11 (MHNF 9, WNF 2) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 100 Acer macrophyllum 27 Trees-seedlings Pseudotsuga menziesii 45 Tsuga heterophylla 45 Thuja plicata 36 Acer macrophyllum 36 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 64 Rubus parviflorus 36 Herbs Claytonia sibirica 100 Tolmiea menziesii 91 Stachys cooleyae 82 Lactuca muralis 73 Petasites frigidus 73 Galium triflorum 73 Oxalis 56 Athyrium filix

femina 45 
Substrate/soils: Thin (2-35cm) layers of sandy cobbles, gravels, and boulders. Community: Alnus rubra/Tolmeia menzi

dominated community which occurs unde

canopy in moderately low elevations. Rubnot abundant. Stands are often sapling and pole sizeAln

years old. Seedlings from several tree spThuja plicata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsmacrophyllum. The conifers are not found 

community. Shallow sands, high ground cover of expfrequently flooded geomorphic surfaces, 

stands suggest that this community deveenergy flooding. Rubus spectabilis-Ribes 

similar Rubus spectabilis types might dev

silt deposits and accumulate organic mat
(Alnus rubra-Acer macrophyllum)/Ribespectabilis/Tolmiea menziesii (Red alder-big leaf maple)/stink curranplant (ALRU2-ACMA3)/RIBR-RUSP/TOME N=14 (MHNF 9, WNF 5) SPECIES CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 64 Thuja plicata 29 Acer macrophyllum 21 Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 43 Acer macrophyllum 36 Shrubs Ribes bracteosum 100 Rubus spectabilis 79 Acer circinatum 36 Herbs Tolmiea menziesii 100 Athyrium filix-femina 79 Galium triflorum 79 Stachys cooleyae 79 Claytonia sibirica 79 Oxalis 71 
Geomorphic surfaces: Cobble bars, bofloodplains. Plots averaged 1.6 feet abov15 feet away from the channel. Substrate/soils: Sands to gravelly sands a matrix of cobbles and/or boulders. Note rubra/Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabil

has soils with more silt in the top horizonsCommunity: (Alnus rubra-Acer macroph

spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii is a modera

canopy is most commonly found dominatunderstory occurs under Acer macrophyl

Willamette NF. In the North Fork Clackam

be found in the overstory with the Alnus r30% canopy cover. Canopy height averageomorphic surfaces, coarse soil texturemunitum and Oxalis suggest that this com

than the Ribes bracteosum-Rubus specta
Rubus spectabilis/Tolmiea menziesii gSalmonberry/piggyback plant group RUSP/TOME group Group description followed by descriptionspectabilis/Tolmiea menziesii –shrub phaspectabilis/Tolmiea menziesii-Alnus rubra 

N=25 (MHNF 16, EBLM 5, WNF 2, SBLM 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 76 Acer macrophyllum 28 Trees-seedlings Acer macrophyllum 40 Alnus rubra 36 Tsuga heterophylla 20 Thuja plicata 20 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Rubus parviflorus 44 Herbs Tolmiea menziesii 92 Galium triflorum 76 Claytonia sibirica 68 Athyrium filix-femina 64 St

h

l

64 
Substrate/soils: Loamy sands in the A hhorizons (ave.18cm) of sands mixed with horizons are also sands with gravels or gboulders. Half the pits show buried soils whorizons are 2 to 3 cm thick. Community: The Rubus spectabilis/Tolm

has young Alnus rubra and/or young Ace

without trees. Tolmeia menziesii, Stachys frigidus are common in active floodplain/sPolystichum munitum and Oxalis tend to 

bracteosum is dominant, as in the closely type: (Alnus rubra-Acer macrophyllum)/R

spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii. Polystichu

are lower in this group overall than in the bank/terrace Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis gro

Polystichum munitum covers generally arcoarser soil textures or shallower soil deprubra can reestablish in the loamy sands substrate. Often the trees can tap into bu
Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-sSalmonberry/piggyback plant–shrub p

RUSP/TOME-shrub phase N=5 (EBLM 2, SBLM 1, MHNF 1, WNF 1

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Rubus parviflorus 60 Acer circinatum 40 Herbs Athyrium filix-femina 100 Galium triflorum 100 Tiarella trifoliata 80 Circaea alpina 60 Tolmiea menziesii 60 Boykinia occidentalis 60 Petasites frigidus 60 Bromus sitchensis 60 Lactuca muralis 60 Claytonia sibirica 60 Bromus vulgaris 40 Oxalis 40 Mitella ovalis 40 Adiantum pedatum 40 Carex deweyana 40 
gravel/cobble. C horizons are also sands with cobbles and boulders. Some pits shoexploited by roots. Development of O horthe A horizon suggest that although distufrequent, there is enough time for some sCommunity: Rubus spectabilis/piggyban

dominated community with a strong Rubuparviflorus component. Grasses are typicsummed cover and 80% constancy). Poly

markers of deeper, finer substrates and leminor or absent from most of this commu
Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-A

Salmonberry/piggyback plant-red alde

RUSP/TOME-ALRU2 phaseN=20 (MHNF 15, EBLM 3, SBLM 1, WNF 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 95 Acer macrophyllum 35 Trees-seedlings Acer macrophyllum 50 Alnus rubra 40 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Rubus parviflorus 40 Rubus ursinus 35 Herbs Tolmiea menziesii 100 Claytonia sibirica 70 Galium triflorum 70 Oxalis 65 Polystichum munitum 65 Athyrium filix-femina 55 Stachys cooleyae 55 Lactuca muralis 55 Petasites frigidus 40 
enough time for some soil building procesassociated with tributary junctions and acCommunity: The Rubus spectabilis/pigg

is a low to moderate elevation community sometimes with Acer macrophyllum. Poly

constant than Athyrium filix-femina. Athyr

lower cover in this phase than in the Rub

menziesii-shrub phase. Graminoids (sedg

common and abundant, occurring on 70% 14% summed cover. True grasses occur averaging 24% summed cover. This community often supports dense stareestablish in the loamy sands on top of tOften the trees can tap into buried O and not observed in the sample, probably due disturbance frequency. 
Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/TStink currant-salmonberry/foamflowerRIBR-RUSP/TITR-MIOV N=17 (EBLM 8, SBLM 8, WNF 1) 

SPECIES CONSTANCY

% 

Trees-overstory Acer macrophyllum 12 Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 18 Shrubs Ribes bracteosum 100 Rubus spectabilis 88 Vaccinium parvifolium 47 Herbs Athyrium filix-femina 100 Tiarella trifoliata 94 Polystichum munitum 88 Mitella ovalis 88 Oxalis 82 Tolmiea menziesii 76 Galium triflorum 76 Adiantum pedatum 71 Carex deweyana 71 Blechnum spicant 59 Boykinia occidentalis 53 
horizon loamy sands or sandy loams avehorizons generally were found at 33 cm. Community: Ribes bracteosum-Rubus sMitella ovalis is a shrub-dominated comm

elevations. Very few overstory trees were 

tree seedlings appear to survive to maturdominated by ferns and several saxifragehighest average cover (81%) among the 

types. Grasses are almost always presencover averaging 7%. Graminoids (sedges of the plots, averaging 13% summed covAll BLM Ribes bracteosum-Rubus specta

community. Diagnostic species for the low foothills include Boykinia occidentalis, Mideweyana. Ribes bracteosum generally ienvironments, but the soils have enough 

complement of saxifrages appears to toleSimilar types: This community appears analogue of the Ribes bracteosum-Rubus 
Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/OStink currant-salmonberry/sorrel grouRIBR-RUSP/OXALI group Group description followed by constancy Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/Oxabracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-Aln

N= 35 (MHNF 31, WNF 1, SBLM 2, EBLM 

SPECIES CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 60 Thuja plicata 26 Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra 40 Tsuga heterophylla 26 Shrubs Ribes bracteosum 100 Rubus spectabilis 89 Herbs Oxalis 100 Athyrium filix-femina 83 Tolmiea menziesii 71 Polystichum munitum 63 Stachys cooleyae 54 Galium triflorum 49 
The plot with the highest Thuja plicata cowhere a gley layer was found within a meCommunity: The Ribes bracteosum-Rub

most often occurs as the Alnus rubra-dom

Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-Alnus rubra pha

Clackamas drainage, Thuja plicata also is overstory. Where no mature trees are pre

spectabilis/Oxalis-shrub phase), high shr

low shrub cover doubled, and herb cover understory species composition is the sa(average 33% cover; average plot canopsubstrate for upland species not typically This community has much less Polystichfemina that the Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis 

deeper top horizons, and more organic mlarger trees. 
Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/O

Stink currant-salmonberry/sorrel-shruRIBR-RUSP/OXALI-shrub phase

N=13 (MHNF 11, EBLM 1, SBLM 1) 

Only the constancy table is included for tsimilar in occurrence and composition to 

h

f th

Sti

k

t

R

b

t

b

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Shrubs Ribes bracteosum 100 Rubus spectabilis 92 Herbs Oxalis 100 Athyrium filix-femina 92 Tolmiea menziesii 69 Stachys cooleyae 69 Tiarella trifoliata 62 Polystichum munitum 54 Grass (unknown) 54 Galium triflorum 54 Corydalis scouleri 46 Adiantum pedatum 46 Claytonia sibirica 46 Circaea alpina 38 
Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/O

Stink currant-salmonberry/sorrel-red a

RIBR-RUSP/OXALI-ALRU2 phase 

N=22 (MHNF 19, WNF 2, SBLM 1) 

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 95 Thuja plicata 41 Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra 45 Shrubs Ribes bracteosum 100 Rubus spectabilis 86 Acer circinatum 36 Herbs Oxalis 100 Athyrium filix-femina 77 Tolmiea menziesii 73 Polystichum munitum 68 Stachys cooleyae 45 Hydrophyllum tenuipes 45 Galium triflorum 45 Circaea alpina 45 Claytonia sibirica 45 Petasites frigidus 36 
Alnus viridis Sitka alder ALVI5 N=14 (MHNF 13, WNF 1) 

SPECIES 

CONST

% 

Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 4Shrubs Alnus viridis 10Vaccinium ovalifolium 7Ribes lacustre 6Viburnum edule 5Rubus spectabilis 5Ribes bracteosum 4Rubus parviflorus 4Menziesia ferruginea 3Gaultheria ovatifolia 3Herbs Achlys triphylla 7Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata 7Cornus unalaschkensis 6Linnaea borealis 5Athyrium filix-femina 5Streptopus amplexifolius 4Orthilia secunda 3
Community: The Alnus viridis communit

elevation community. It occurs in the upphemlock zone, in the silver fir zone, and iCold air drainage effects can be seen in tTsuga mertensiana seedlings are found w

the adjacent upland associations. Mature Mature hardwood trees were not recorderubra seedlings occurred on 28% of the pSimilar types: The Vaccinium ovalifolium 

composition and distribution to the Alnus 

considered a phase of the same basic co

ovalifolium community can occur on a wid

surfaces, and occasionally on deeper, po

viridis community is more restricted to co

to or within the normal high water line. 
Vaccinium ovalifolium Oval-leaved huckleberry VAOV N=18 (MHNF 14, WNF 2, SBLM 2) SPECIES 

C

Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla Abies amabilis Taxus brevifolia Shrubs Vaccinium ovalifolium/V. alaskaense Ribes lacustre Rubus spectabilis Menziesia ferruginea Sorbus sitchensis Ribes bracteosum Viburnum edule Herbs Achlys triphylla Cornus unalaschkensis Linnaea borealis Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata Clintonia uniflora Streptopus amplexifolius Athyrium filix

femina 
ovalifolium community, where mature tree

microsites provided by hummocks. Community: The Vaccinium ovalifolium 

elevations than similar Rubus spectabilis

found in the silver fir zone, but is also fouhemlock zone. The distribution extends inCold air drainage effects are often evidenseedlings reach maturity. This community elevation analogue for the Rubus spectab

soils, geomorphic surfaces, and stand strSimilar types: The Alnus viridis commun

and distribution to the Vaccinium ovalifoli

considered a phase of the same basic co

occurs exclusively adjacent to the channesands on cobble bars, cobbly floodplains with deeper poorly drained soils. 
Steep banks/terraces

Oxalis-Hydrophyllum tenuipes, OXALI-HY

(Alnus rubra-Acer macrophyllum)/Oxalis, (ALRU2-ACMA3)/OXALI.........................Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis group, RUSP/O○ Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-shrub phase RUSP/OXALI-shrub phase ................

○ Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-Alnus rubra  RUSP/OXALI-ALRU2 phase..............

○ Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-Thuja plicata 

 RUSP/OXALI-THPL phase ................

Alnus rubra/Symphoricarpos albus-RubuALRU2/SYAL-RUSP ...............................
Oxalis-Hydrophyllum tenuipesSorrel-Pacific waterleaf OXALI-HYTE N=7 (WNF 4, MHNF 1, EBLM 1, SBLM 1Elevations: 1150 feet to 2600 feet (averaGeomorphic surfaces: Moderate to steeto an active channel shelf or active floodpand above average winter flow. This is a generally not one subject to yearly scour 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 14 Herbs Oxalis (O. trillifolia) 100 Hydrophyllum tenuipes 100 Galium triflorum 86 Polystichum munitum 71 Athyrium filix-femina 71 Tolmiea menziesii 71 Stachys cooleyae 43 Adiantum pedatum 43 Claytonia sibirica 43 Prosartes hookeri 43 
component. Riparian indicators more comHydrophyllum tenuipes community includ

Stachys cooleyae. The herbaceous type environments, but slightly wetter and/or y

macrophyllum)/Oxalis. 
(Alnus rubra-Acer macrophyllum)/Oxa

(Red alder-big leaf maple)/Sorrel (ALRU2-ACMA3)/OXALI N=16 (MHNF 8, WNF 5, EBLM 3) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 56 Acer macrophyllum 38 Tsuga heterophylla 38 Thuja plicata 31 Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 38 Shrubs Acer circinatum 63 Rubus ursinus 50 Oemleria cerasiformis 38 Herbs Oxalis 100 Polystichum munitum 88 Galium triflorum 81 Athyrium filix-femina 63 Lactuca muralis 56 Adiantum pedatum 50 Tolmiea menziesii 44 Claytonia sibirica 44 
silty clay or silts in the top horizons, abovcobbles. Deep organic layers were noted were 45 to 60 cm. Anaerobic conditions wgleying occurred within the top 20 cm. Community: The (Alnus rubra-Acer mac

can occur under a variety of tree speciesconifer canopies are most common. Typicircinatum often the abundant species. C

important associated species in this comTerrace plots had older trees (140-275 yegeomorphic surfaces suggest that this enfloods. Bank plots supported younger stahad multiple ages which suggest successfloods. Similar types: The Oxalis-Hydrophyllum 

similar to the (Alnus rubra-Acer macrophy

the tree component. The herbaceous typenvironments, but slightly wetter and/or y
Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis group Salmonberry/Sorrel group RUSP/OXALI group Group description followed by descriptionspectabilis/Oxalis–shrub phase, Rubus spphase, and Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-Thu

N=28 (MHNF 15, EBLM 7, SBLM 4, WNF SPECIES CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 50 Thuja plicata 21 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Vaccinium parvifolium 43 Ribes bracteosum 32 Herbs Oxalis 100 Polystichum munitum 89 Athyrium filix-femina 64 Galium triflorum 54 Claytonia sibirica 50 Adiantum pedatum 43 Tolmiea menziesii 43 Stachys cooleyae 43 
layer (ave 18cm.). The B layer (aver 41 cbut ranged from sand to sandy clay. Gravcoarse fragments in the A and B horizons cobbles and/or boulders in the R layer. Community: Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis is 

community that occurs with Alnus rubra (

rubra phase) and/or Thuja plicata (Rubus 

phase), but frequently occurs without tree

spectabilis/Oxalis-shrub phase). Shrub a

groups is very similar. Among Rubus spe

spectabilis/Oxalis occurs on soils with de

size fractions, smaller coarse fragments, more fertile and with higher moisture avaas smaller coarse fragment sizes and finethese sites have less frequent disturbancfloods. Multiple tree ages on some sites mdoes not necessarily remove existing tree
Rubus spectabilis/Oxali-shrub phase

Salmonberry/Sorrel-shrub phaseRUSP/OXALI-shrub phase

N=11 (MHNF 4, SBLM 3, EBLM 3, WNF 

SPECIES CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Tsuga heterophylla 18 Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 18 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Vaccinium parvifolium 45 Acer circinatum 36 Herbs Oxalis 100 Polystichum munitum 100 Athyrium filix-femina 82 Adiantum pedatum 73 Galium triflorum 64 Claytonia sibirica 55 Tiarella trifoliata 36 Blechnum spicant 36 Bromus vulgaris 36 Tolmiea menziesii 36 Montia parvifolia 36 
Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-Alnus rubra 

Salmonberry/sorrel-red alder phase

RUSP/OXALI-ALRU2 phaseN=11 (MHNF 7, EBLM 4) 

SPECIES CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 100 Trees-seedlings Acer macrophyllum 45 Thuja plicata 36 Tsuga heterophylla 36 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Vaccinium parvifolium 36 Ribes bracteosum 36 Herbs Oxalis 100 Polystichum munitum 73 Tolmiea menziesii 55 Galium triflorum 55 Stachys cooleyae 55 Athyrium filix-femina 45 Bromus vulgaris 45 Adiantum pedatum 36 
Grasses are generally present (73% consGraminoids occur on 55% of the plots, avRubus spectabilis/Oxalis group section (a

the community. 
Rubus spectabilis/Oxalis-Thuja plicata Salmonberry/sorrel-western redcedar 

RUSP/OXALI-THPL phaseN=6 (MHNF 4, EBLM 1, SBLM 1) SPECIES CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Thuja plicata 100 Alnus rubra 33 Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 33 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Vaccinium parvifolium 50 Ribes bracteosum 50 Oplopanax horridum 33 Herbs Oxalis 100 Polystichum munitum 100 Athyrium filix-femina 67 Claytonia sibirica 67 Blechnum spicant 50 Dicentra formosa 50 Circaea alpina 50 Stachys cooleyae 50 T

illi

t

50 
Substrate/soils: Generally deeper and fspectabilis communities. Top horizons weloam) over sandy clay loams to silty claysdescriptions recorded buried soils, one cland coarse woody material. One pit show25cm and gleying at 55 cm, with water at level at 90 cm. Surface organic layers we40 cm). Community: The Rubus spectabilis/Oxa

well developed overstory of Thuja plicata

Elevated geomorphic surface, finer soil telarger tree sizes suggest that these sites, have a relatively long interval between mstands. One plot note speculated that the 

stabilize the surface, though it was still su
Alnus rubra/Symphoricarpos albus-RuRed alder/common snowberry-salmonALRU2/SYAL-RUSP n=2 (MH 2) 

SPECIES CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 100 Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra 100 Acer macrophyllum 50 Shrubs Symphoricarpos albus 100 Rubus spectabilis 100 Rubus parviflorus 100 Acer circinatum 50 Rosa pisocarpa 50 Salix sitchensis 50 Corylus cornuta 50 Salix scouleriana 50 Ribes bracteosum 50 Herbs Pteridium aquilinum 100 Stachys cooleyae 100 unknown grass 100 Corydalis scouleri 50 
(gravel, cobbles, boulders, bedrock) was riparian shrub types. Community: Both plots are from the SalAlder canopy is moderate (15-70%, 30-50community has one of the densest shrub types. The adjacent plant association in themlock/Oregon Oxalis-NWO Cascades. 

This community has a very small sample to describe the range of conditions associntensive sampling along the transition beValley/foothills and the Cascades could pcommunity which seems to blend the Wil

albus-Corylus cornuta type with the Casc
High terraces/major floodplains

(Acer macrophyllum-Alnus rubra)/Acer ciACMA3-ALRU2)/ACCI/TITR ...................Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum mForested COCO6/POMU GROUP: .........○ Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum  Forested COCO6/POMU-hardwood p○ Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum  heterophylla/Acer circinatum/Oxalis ph Forested COCO6/POMU-TSHE/ACCI○ Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum  macrophyllum/Acer circinatum phase, Forested COCO6/POMU-ACMA3/AC
(Acer macrophyllum-Alnus rubra)/Ace(Big leaf maple-red alder)/vine maple/f(ACMA3-ALRU2)/ACCI/TITR N=9 (WNF 9) 

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees-overstory Acer macrophyllum 67 Thuja plicata 56 Tsuga heterophylla 56 Alnus rubra 44 Pseudotsuga menziesii 33 Trees-seedlings Thuja plicata 78 Abies grandis 67 Tsuga heterophylla 56 Acer macrophyllum 56 Shrubs Acer circinatum 100 Rubus ursinus 89 Oemleria cerasiformis 67 Herbs Polystichum munitum 89 Tiarella trifoliata 89 Claytonia sibirica 89 Athyrium filix

femina 78 
Geomorphic surfaces: High terraces or generally adjacent to or associated with osuggests subsurface flow through the undplot is from an intermittent channel in the seasonal subsurface flow. Substrate/soils: No soil data are availabcomposition indicates deep loamy well drsupporting trees and thick Acer circinatum

Community: (Acer macrophyllum-Alnus 

trifoliata is a mid-elevation forested floodp

generally has Acer macrophyllum and/or 

conifers. The shrub layer is dominated by 

herb layer. Grasses are almost always praveraging 4% cover. 
Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum 

Forested California hazel/sword fern gForested COCO6/POMU group Group description followed by descriptionCorylus cornuta/Polystichum munitum-ha

Corylus cornuta/Polystichum munitum-Ts

circinatum /Oxalis phase, and Forested C

munitum-Acer macrophyllum/Acer circina

N=20 (WNF 18, EBLM 1, Willamette VallThis constancy table is for the entire grouphases are then presented separately. 

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees-overstory Acer macrophyllum 42 Alnus rubra 33 Pseudotsuga menziesii 33 Calocedrus decurrens 33 Trees-seedlings Acer macrophyllum 50 Shrubs Corylus cornuta 100 Acer circinatum 92 Rubus ursinus 92 Vaccinium parvifolium 67 
Substrate/soils: No soils data are availaCommunity: This group may be considevariety of tree species over an understory 

and Corylus cornuta, with the herb layer 

Polystichum munitum and Oxalis. Sample

central Willamette NF and Eugene BLM MThe old terrace locations may be altered below dams. In the absence of large floweventually develop a Tsuga heterophylla-

overstory, similar to the other bank/toe sl

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Herbs Polystichum munitum 92 Oxalis 83 Vancouveria hexandra 75 Galium triflorum 75 Athyrium filix-femina 58 Adiantum pedatum 58 Adenocaulon bicolor 50 Maianthemum stellatum 50 Bromus vulgaris 42 Thalictrum occidentale 42 Stachys cooleyae 42 Claytonia sibirica 42 
Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum 

Forested California hazel/sword fern-hForested COCO6/POMU-hardwood phaN=6 (WNF 6, from 2 sites) SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Calocedrus decurrens 67 Alnus rubra 50 Acer macrophyllum 33 Pseudotsuga menziesii 33 Populus trichocarpa 33 Fraxinus latifolia 17 Abies grandis 17 Thuja plicata 17 Trees-seedlings Acer macrophyllum 50 Thuja plicata 33 Fraxinus latifolia 33 Shrubs Corylus cornuta 100 Rubus ursinus 100 Acer circinatum 83 Symphoricarpos albus 83 Oemleria cerasiformis 83 Herbs 
Geomorphic surfaces: Large flat to genabandoned channels in wide river valleysSubstrate/soils: Underlying substrates aare not available. Community: Forested Corylus cornuta/Pphase is a low elevation forested floodpla

terraces along the South Fork McKenzie hardwood dominated, but conifers, espec

also present. Grasses are fairly importan5% cover. The Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichu

indicates moister conditions than the Ace

phase, but is drier than the Tsuga hetero

phase within the group. 

Similar types: This community is similar Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica-Frax

racemosa-Corylus cornuta phase. 
Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum heterophylla/Acer circinatum/Oxalis pForested California hazel/sword fern-wmaple/sorrel phase Forested COCO6/POMU-TSHE/ACCI/O

N=6 (WNF 5, EBLM 1) 

* Herb species listed on next page. 

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees-overstory Tsuga heterophylla 50 Acer macrophyllum 50 Pseudotsuga menziesii 33 Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 67 Alnus rubra 50 Acer macrophyllum 50 Shrubs Acer circinatum 100 Corylus cornuta 100 Vaccinium parvifolium 100 Rubus ursinus 83 Berberis nervosa 50 Rubus parviflorus 50 
Community: Forested Corylus cornuta/P

heterophylla/Acer circinatum/Oxalis phasriparian community. Several plots had a woverstory, often with mature (41-320 yeaextremely large Pseudotsuga menziesii.Th

F

t

d C

l

t

/P

l

ti

h

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Herbs Oxalis 83 Polystichum munitum 83 Vancouveria hexandra 83 Athyrium filix-femina 83 Adiantum pedatum 83 Galium triflorum 83 Maianthemum stellatum 83 Tiarella trifoliata 67 Achlys triphylla 67 Adenocaulon bicolor 67 Trillium ovatum 67 Blechnum spicant 50 Linnaea borealis 50 Prosartes 50 Claytonia sibirica 50 Anemone deltoidea 50 Lactuca muralis 50 
Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum macrophyllum/Acer circinatum phase Forested California hazel/sword fern-bphaseForested COCO6/POMU-ACMA3/ACCI 

N=8 (WNF 7, Willamette Valley 1) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Acer macrophyllum 75 Pseudotsuga menziesii 63 Abies grandis 25 Fraxinus latifolia 25 Trees-seedlings Acer macrophyllum 63 Tsuga heterophylla 63 Fraxinus latifolia 38 Shrubs Rubus ursinus 100 Acer circinatum 88 Corylus cornuta 88 Oemleria cerasiformis 50 Symphoricarpos albus 50 Rubus parviflorus 50 Herbs Galium triflorum 100 
Geomorphic surfaces: Old cobbly floodvalleys with major side channels or overfoccur only during major flood events. Substrate/soils: Cobbly. No soils data aCobbly sites are generally very well drainholding capacity.Community: Forested Corylus cornuta/Pmacrophyllum/Acer circinatum phase is a 

community of large streams and rivers at The herb layer is dominated by grasses; (constancy 88). Many of the species presenvironments (Satureja douglasii, SynthySymphoricarpos albus). The adjacent upindicate more mesic conditions. WillametSouth Fork McKenzie River drainage, witseries. This is a reversal from the commocommunities, where the streamside vegeconditions than on the adjacent hillsides. Forested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum m

circinatum phase is the driest community cornuta/Polystichum munitum group. 
Others (seeps, swamps, wetlands, oth

Adiatum pedatum, ADPE ........................Senecio triangularis-broad-leaved marsh

Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabilis gOPHO-RUSP GROUP: ...........................○ Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabil

 OPHO-RUSP-shrub phase ................

○ Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabil OPHO-RUSP-ALRU2 phase..............

○ Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabil OPHO-RUSP-THPL phase................

Picea engelmannii/Vaccinium membranaVaccinium ovalifolium-Rubus spectabilis/VAOV-RUSP/LYAM3 ..............................Thuja plicata/Rubus spectabilis/LysichitoTHPL/RUSP/LYAM3-OXALI ...................Abies amabilis/Vaccinium ovalifolium, AB
Adiatum pedatum Maidenhair fern ADPE N=23 (WNF 10, MHNF 7, EBLM 5, SBLM Elevations: 240 to 4620 feet (average 2,

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 35 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 39 Herbs Adiantum pedatum 100 Polystichum munitum 78 Oxalis 65 Athyrium filix-femina 65 Galium triflorum 61 Mitella ovalis 43 Vancouveria hexandra 43 Tiarella trifoliata 39 Claytonia sibirica 39 Trillium ovatum 39 Blechnum spicant 35 Aruncus dioicus 35 
Community: Adiatum pedatum is an her

steep cutbanks, cliffs, bedrock, and seephorizons and/or bedrock relatively near thdevelopment of the tree component. 
Senecio triangularis-Caltha leptosepalArrowleaf groundsel-broad-leaved maSETR-CALE4 N=7 (MHNF 4, WNF 2, SBLM 1)

SPECIES 

CON

Shrubs Vaccinium ovalifolium Herbs Senecio triangularis Caltha leptosepala Mimulus guttatus Boykinia major Calamagrostis canadensis Pleuropogon refractus Veratrum viride Epilobium anagallidifolium Stachys cooleyae Epilobium glaberrimum Saxifraga odontoloma Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Trautvetteria caroliniensis Carex luzulina Castilleja Platanthera stricta 
Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabiliDevils club-salmonberry group OPHO-RUSP group Group description followed by descriptionhorridum-Rubus spectabilis-shrub phase

spectabilis-Alnus rubra phase, and Oplopspectabilis-Thuja plicata phase N=31 (MHNF 23, WNF 4, EBLM 2, SBLMThis constancy table is for the entire grou

SPECIES CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 42 Thuja plicata 23 Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla 23 Shrubs Oplopanax horridum 100 Rubus spectabilis 77 Ribes bracteosum 71 Herbs Oxalis 87 Athyrium filix-femina 84 Tolmiea menziesii 68 Polystichum munitum 55 
beaver sites, a muddy overflow channel, channel island. Substrate/soils: Substrates vary, from sto deeper soils (silt, silty sands, loams, saThe finer textured top horizons and deepAlnus rubra and Thuja plicata phases. Th

associated with wet well-aerated rooting Community: The Oplopanax horridum-R

a wide elevational range in the Cascadesplicata make up the tree layer where presdominated by Oplopanax horridum. Rubu

bracteosum are generally present and ab

Similar types: The Oplopanax horridum-

similar to the Ribes bracteosum-Rubus s
Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabiliDevils club-salmonberry-shrub phase

OPHO-RUSP-shrub phase N=14 (MHNF 11, WNF 2, EBLM 1) Elevations: 800 to 4120 feet (average 23Geomorphic surfaces: Gentle (0-20% sstream banks or on steep (80-100% slopSubstrate/soils: Substrates vary, from st

d

il

ith 

bbl

t

i

O

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Shrubs Oplopanax horridum 100 Rubus spectabilis 71 Ribes bracteosum 64 Herbs Oxalis 86 Athyrium filix-femina 79 Tolmiea menziesii 71 Polystichum munitum 57 Gymnocarpium dryopteris 50 Galium triflorum 50 Maianthemum stellatum 36 Claytonia sibirica 36 
Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabili

Devil’s club-salmonberry-red alder phaOPHO-RUSP-ALRU2 phase

N=11 (MHNF 9, SBLM 2) 

SPECIES 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra Tsuga heterophylla Shrubs Oplopanax horridum Rubus spectabilis Ribes bracteosum Vaccinium ovalifolium/V.alaskaense Herbs Oxalis Athyrium filix-femina Hydrophyllum tenuipes Tolmiea menziesii Polystichum munitum Streptopus amplexifolius Maianthemum stellatum Dicentra formosa Claytonia sibirica Stachys cooleyae Galium triflorum 
Community: Oplopanax horridum-Rubus 

is a community with a fairly open oversto

heterophylla over a thick shrub layer. The sparser than similar Oplopanax horridum 

Young Alnus rubra stands were most com

up to 110 years were recorded. One low old Abies grandis present. This suggests subject to periodic flooding that can be pooverstory trees. However, for some sites, be long enough for conifer establishment allow the trees to survive less severe flooSimilar types: This community could be Ribes bracteosum-Rubus spectabilis/Oxa

species combinations common in higher including Vaccinium ovalifolium, Maianth

amplexifolius. 
Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabiliDevil’s club-salmonberry-western redc

OPHO-RUSP-THPL phase

N=6 (MHNF 3, WNF 2, EBLM 1) 

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees-overstory Thuja plicata 100 Alnus rubra 67 Acer macrophyllum 33 Taxus brevifolia 33 Trees-seedlings Thuja plicata 50 Shrubs Oplopanax horridum 100 Rubus spectabilis 83 Ribes bracteosum 67 Sambucus racemosa 50 Herbs Athyrium filix-femina 100 Tolmiea menziesii 83 Oxalis 83 Polystichum munitum 50 Hydrophyllum tenuipes 50 Maianthemum stellatum 50 Galium triflorum 50 
Soil textures and tree ages suggest that erelatively infrequent. Soils stay wet most Community: Oplopanax horridum-Rubus 

is a community with an overstory of Thuja 

Acer macrophyllum. Thuja plicata stands sampled in Rubus spectabilis communitie

(range14-45”). Alnus rubra in one stand Similar types: Thuja plicata/Oplopanax h

more Oplopanax horridum, Ribes bracteothan Thuja plicata/Rubus spectabilis/Oxa

munitum. Together, these suggest that th

community is somewhat wetter. 
Picea engelmannii/Vaccinium membraEngelmann spruce/big huckleberry PIEN/VAME N=3 (WNF 3) 

SPECIES 

CONSTA

% 

Trees-overstory Picea engelmannii 100 Tsuga mertensiana 67 Abies lasiocarpa 67 Trees-seedlings Abies lasiocarpa 100 Tsuga mertensiana 67 Shrubs Vaccinium membranaceum 100 Ribes 100 Rubus pedatus 67 Herbs Achlys triphylla 100 Clintonia uniflora 100 Valeriana sitchensis 100 Orthilia secunda 100 Trillium ovatum 100 Tiarella trifoliata 67 Mitella breweri 67 Athyrium filix

femina 67 
Substrate/soils: No soils data are availaCommunity: Picea engelmannii/Vacciniu

community sampled in the high elevation Willamette NF’s Three Sisters Wilderness three sites are in the Mountain hemlock/V

beargrass plant association. Trees may b

overhang the banks and bars. The shrub layer has species common to the mesic M

huckleberry/queencup beadlily upland pla

triphylla, Clintonia uniflora, Valeriana sitc

However, it also includes low cover of moMitella brewerii and Athyrium filix-femina, 

Trees noted on one plot were saplings anbe flooded during high winter flow. 
Vaccinium ovalifolium-Rubus spectabOval-leaved huckleberry-salmonberry/VAOV-RUSP/LYAM3 N=9 (MHNF 9) 

Species 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra Abies amabilis Shrubs Rubus spectabilis Vaccinium ovalifolium Ribes bracteosum Ribes lacustre Alnus incana Viburnum edule Menziesia ferruginea Lonicera involucrata Herbs Lysichiton americanum Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata Gymnocarpium dryopteris Achlys triphylla Athyrium filix

femina 
Substrate/soils: Water tables were encofrom 2-65 cm (average 36 cm). Mottles aof the pits. Several sites had muck layers were relatively deep soils (average 78 cmsilts over gravels or cobbles. Sandy horizsilt or sandy silt. Community: Vaccinium ovalifolium-Rubuamericanum is a higher elevation foreste

found in the silver fir zone. It is a shrub do

under an Alnus rubra canopy (average 19 

rubra stands ranged from seedlings/sapliages up to115 years old. One site had Pi

overstory. These sites are too poorly drained for masurfaces are clearly subject to frequent flo
Thuja plicata/Rubus spectabilis/Lysich

Western red cedar/salmonberry/skunk THPL/RUSP/LYAM3-OXALI N=6 (MHNF 4, SBLM 1, EBLM 1) Elevations: 1460 to 3600 feet (average 2Geomorphic surfaces: Surfaces with sucreeks, old stream channels, stream ban

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees-overstory Thuja plicata 67 Alnus rubra 50 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 83 Ribes bracteosum 67 Oplopanax horridum 67 Sambucus racemosa 50 Herbs Oxalis 100 Lysichiton americanum 100 Athyrium filix-femina 100 Mitella ovalis 50 Dryopteris carthusiana 50 Polystichum munitum 50 
Poorly drained soils limit this community successful with high water tables and occplicata and Lysichiton americanum. 
Abies amabilisVaccinium ovalifolium Silver fir/oval-leaved huckleberry ABAM/VAOV N=4 (MHNF 4) 

SPECIES 

CONST

% 

Trees-overstory Abies amabilis 10Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 7Tsuga heterophylla 7Picea engelmannii 5Alnus rubra 5Trees-seedlings Abies amabilis 10Tsuga heterophylla 10Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 7Alnus rubra 5Picea engelmannii 5Shrubs Vaccinium ovalifolium 10Rhododendron albiflorum 7Ribes lacustre 7Rubus spectabilis 7Viburnum edule 7Sorbus sitchensis 5Gaultheria ovatifolia 5
Community: Abies amabilis/Vaccinium o

community in the silver fir zone. This is a alternating hummocks and swales. Maturhummocks, often of rooted wood. The difference between the oldest and yoaveraged 98 years. In these communitiesbe gradual, occurring either in response tdisturbances or singly. Major disturbance be fairly long. 

SPECIES 

CONST

% 

Herbs Cornus unalaschkensis 10Clintonia uniflora 10Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata 7Athyrium filix-femina 7Achlys triphylla 7Caltha leptosepala 5Carex echinata 5Trautvetteria caroliniensis 5Lysichiton americanum 5Valeriana sitchensis 5Viola glabella 5Streptopus amplexifolius 5Viola palustris 5
Northwest Oregon Coast Range Coast Range key A. Herbaceous community within channe

present, often grassy and weedy 1. Chrysosplenium glechomifolium >=

........................................Chrysos

2. Equisetum present, Equisetum>Oe

......................................................

 See Equisetum arvense for wetland p 3. Oenanthe sarmentosa present, Oe

 Equisetum..................................... See Oenanthe sarmentosa for wetlan

B. Herbaceous community at channel ma immersion tolerant species (Chrysosp

Oenanthe sarmentosa, Mimulus guttafilix-femina, and Tolmeia menziesii co

and Ribes bracteosum absent ..........O

For more herb-dominated communitiemarshes, marshes, fens/peatlands, or wetlands key (Christy pp. 204). C. Shrub communities; trees may be pre

i

l t

iti

) 
2. Rubus spectabilis and/or Ribes bra

shrubs a. Ribes bracteosum an important 

1) Oplopanax horridum domina

spectabilis minor or absent 

.................Oplopanax horr

2) Immersion tolerant species 

and/or Oenanthe sarmentos

...Rubus spectabilis-Ribes 

3) Immersion tolerant species 

..........Rubus spectabilis-R

a) Tiarella trifoliata > sum o

Mimulus dentatus, or sum 

............ Rubus spectab

b) Sum of Stachys, Clayton

>5% 

 ........... Rubus spectabi

b. Rubus spectabilis>5%, Ribes b

1) Vaccinium alaskaense domi

.............. Vaccinium alaska
a) Athyrium filix-femina>Po

ovalis>2% 

 ..............Rubus spectab

b) Polystichum munitum>A

ovalis absent 

 ..............Rubus spectab

Polys

4) Polystichum munitum>sum 

Tolmeia menziesii Rubus spterraces, steep banks, and sa) Steep bank/slides, moist 

menziesii) absent or very 

................... Rubus spe

b) Stachys and/or Tolmeia 

.........Rubus spectabili

3. Spiraea douglassii thicket, see Spi

(Christy p. 242) D. Alnus rubra/Lysichiton america

1. Carex obnupta >=5%, domin

Lysichiton americanum 

 .........Alnus rubra/Carex ob

2

C

b

t

<5%

Ath

i
2. Lysichiton americanum swam

absent, Cornus sericea dom

 ..................... Picea sitchenF. Willow communities 

1. Salix lucida co-dominant with S

americanum swamp 

 .........Salix lucida ssp. lasiand

2. Salix lucida minor or absent, S

Lysichiton americanum and/or dominant herbs....... Salix sitch

For more shrub-dominated communitishrubland wetlands key (Christy p. 20For more tree-dominated communities forest and woodlands wetlands key (C
In channel:

Equisetum: EQUIS ..................................Chrysosplenium glechomifolium: CHGL5 

Oenanthe sarmentosa: OESA.................
EquisetumHorsetail EQUIS N=7 (SNF 6, EBLM 1) 

SPECIES 

CON

Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra Shrubs Rubus spectabilis Herbs Equisetum Athyrium filix-femina Stachys mexicana Oxalis trilliifolia Digitalis purpurea Tolmiea menziesii Oenanthe sarmentosa Galium triflorum Holcus lanatus Glyceria striata Mimulus moschatus Senecio jacobaea Mimulus dentatus Veronica americana Cirsium arvense 
Elevations: 30 to 600 feet (average 280 Geomorphic surfaces: Gently sloping sannual flood zone in wide valleys (>100mwithin 20 cm. A second setting occurs witflooded much of the winter. Substrate/soils: Depositional bar sites hsand overlaying coarser alluvium. Beavepoorly drained soil. One pit had a water taand mottling at 36cm, soil textures silt ovcoarse sand deposited over fine sand, ovCommunity: The Equisetum community 

with almost no shrub layer and very low orubra seedlings may be present, but no m

average 27% summed cover; graminoids Weeds such as Phalaris arundinacea can open, frequently disturbed community. Boseedbeds for opportunistic weedy specieflooding. 

Juncus 

Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Polystichum munitum Cardamine occidentalis 
Chrysosplenium glechomaefolium Water-carpet CHGL5 N=7 (SNF 5, SBLM 2) 

SPECIES 

CON

Shrubs Rubus spectabilis Sambucus racemosa Herbs Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Athyrium filix-femina Oxalis Tolmiea menziesii Oenanthe sarmentosa Stachys mexicana Mitella ovalis Claytonia sibirica Poa trivialis Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Polystichum munitum Mitella caulescens Glyceria striata Blechnum spicant Equisetum Bromus vulgaris 
Substrate/soils: Generally on gravel or cover sands, or sandy clay loams over sanRooting depth is limited by water or anaesurface. Community: Chrysosplenium glechomifo

community occurring on surfaces that are Flood tolerant indicators include ChrysosOenanthe sarmentosa, and Ranunculus r

spectabilis and Sambucus racemosa can often provide overhanging cover only. Thcommunity has the highest typical cover types in northwest Oregon. It can also be 

and Ranunculus repens var. repens can 

Giant knotweeds (Polygonum cuspidatum polystachyum) can also invade this commThese sites are too frequently disturbed adevelop a stable tree and shrub compone
Oenanthe sarmentosa Waterparsley OESA N=5 (SNF 5) 

SPECIES 

CO

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra Trees-seedlings Alnus rubra Shrubs Rubus spectabilis Sambucus racemosa Ribes bracteosum Herbs Oenanthe sarmentosa Athyrium filix-femina Tolmiea menziesii Ranunculus repens var. repens Oxalis trilliifolia Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Rumex obtusifolius Galium triflorum Digitalis purpurea Claytonia sibirica Agrostis exarata 
Elevations: 30 to 420 feet (average 225 Geomorphic surfaces: Annually flooded bedrock channel margins. Substrate/soils: Sands to loamy sands oboulders, saturated, anaerobic conditions summer water tables within 45 to 60 cm oCommunity: Oenanthe sarmentosa is an 

though Rubus spectabilis and Sambucus 

present at very low cover. Grasses, gramprominent in this open, frequently disturbsummed cover. Graminoids (sedges, bulcover. Exotic species are present on eveThese surfaces are flooded much of the wconditions prevent succession to stable cby aggressive exotic species is high. The Oenanthe sarmentosa community ca

it can occur above the Equisetum or Chry

types. 
Mid-channel bars or channel margin: Oxalis-Tolmeia menziesii, OXALI-TOME

Rubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum/Chr

glechomifolium, RUSP-RIBR/CHGL5 .....
Oxalis-Tolmeia menziesii Sorrel-piggyback plant OXALI-TOME N=13 (EBLM 6, SBLM 4, SNF 3) Elevations: 100 to 915 feet (average 650 G

hi

f

N

ti

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Shrubs Vaccinium parvifolium 46 Herbs Oxalis 100 Athyrium filix-femina 100 Tolmiea menziesii 100 Polystichum munitum 77 Stachys 62 Mitella ovalis 54 Adiantum pedatum 54 Galium triflorum 54 Stellaria crispa 54 Claytonia sibirica 46 Tiarella trifoliata 38 unknown grass 38 Circaea alpina 38 
Community: Oxalis-Tolmeia menziesii is 

low to moderate elevations across the Codeciduous tree canopy is common, althourubra seedling (15 years old). The shrub This community lacks the species such a

Chrysosplenium glechomifolium which arbars frequently under prolonged floodingmuch lower percentage of grasses and wherbaceous communities. 
Rubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum/Cglechomifoloium Salmonberry-stink currant/water-carpeRUSP-RIBR/CHGL5 N=19 (SNF 14, SBLM 4, EBLM 1) 

SPECIES 

CON

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra Shrubs Rubus spectabilis Ribes bracteosum Herbs Athyrium filix-femina Tolmiea menziesii Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Oxalis Polystichum munitum Galium triflorum Stachys mexicana Oenanthe sarmentosa Viola glabella Claytonia sibirica Mimulus dentatus Mitella ovalis Mimulus guttatus E

i

t
Geomorphic surfaces: Mid-channel barstream banks. These sites are flooded msurfaces were bisected by active or overfSubstrate/soils: Seepy silt-covered bedcobble-, and boulder-bars. Soils varied. Twhere water is within 70 cm. Annual floodloamy sands with mottles or gleying withialluvium or bedrock. Depositional bars hacobbles. Sites are most often directly adjaOccasionally, the Equisetum or Chrysosp

communities can be found between the c

spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum/Chrysosple

community. Community: The Rubus spectabilis-Ribe

glechomifolium community is a mid-chan

Overstory Alnus rubra, Acer macrophyllu

45 years old, are found on a few plots. Soflood-tolerant indicators are always preseglechomifolium, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Mmicrocarpus. Where trees are present, shPolystichum munitum more common. Whfrigidus tends to occur more often. 
Active channel shelf/active floodplain/

Rubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum gro○ Rubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum-

 RUSP-RIBR-STACH phase...............○ Rubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum-

RUSP-RIBR-TITR phase ...................

Oplopanax horridum-Ribes bracteosum: Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-OxaRUSP/TOME-OXALI GROUP.................○ Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-O

 RUSP/TOME-OXALI-MIOV phase ....

○ Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-O munitum phase: RUSP/TOME-OXALI
Rubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum gSalmonberry-stink currant group RUSP-RIBR group Group description followed by descriptionspectabilis-Ribes bracteosum-Stachys ph

Ribes bracteosum-Tiarella trifoliata phaseN=28 (SBLM 14, EBLM 8, SNF 6) This constancy table is for the entire grouphases are then presented separately. 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 36 Shrubs Ribes bracteosum 100 Rubus spectabilis 96 Acer circinatum 39 Sambucus racemosa 36 Herbs Oxalis 89 Athyrium filix-femina 89 Tolmiea menziesii 86 Polystichum munitum 79 Galium triflorum 61 Stachys 57 
Substrate/soils: Surfaces are relatively sA and B horizons under organic layers 3 several plots show that these sites experevents. A horizons are loams (ave.15 cmsandy loams (ave. 19 cm), but can be loaThese sites are frequently flooded, but noflows that would remove organic material accumulated logs that could also slow flovegetation. Community: The Rubus spectabilis-Ribe

common on active floodplains and banks

macrophyllum can establish and survive competition may reduce tree regeneratio

bracteosum-Stachys phase soils are gen

with more sandy loams and sands in the 

spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum-Tiarella trif

deeper, more organic-rich and finer textucover is very high in the Tiarella trifoliata 
Rubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum-SSalmonberry-stink currant-betony phaRUSP-RIBR-STACH phase

N=9 (SBLM 6, EBLM 3) 

SPECIES 

CON

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra Shrubs Rubus spectabilis Ribes bracteosum Sambucus racemosa Oplopanax horridum Herbs Athyrium filix-femina Tolmiea menziesii Oxalis Stachys Galium triflorum Polystichum munitum Mimulus dentatus Claytonia sibirica Circaea alpina Stellaria crispa Stachys Bromus 
SPECIES 

CON

unknown grass Cardamine angulata Dicentra formosa 

Elevations: 320 to 1390feet (average 78Geomorphic surfaces: Bars, islands, or high water line. Some plots were on steeSubstrate/soils: Soils tend to be somewthe average for the group, with more sanhorizons. A horizons average 11 cm, and Community: Rubus spectabilis-Ribes br

shrub dominated, with a rich herb layer. Within the Rubus spectabilis-Ribes bracte

spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum-Stachys ph

Stachys, Claytonia sibirica, and Mimulus 

spectabilis cover in the Stachys phase is 

cover in the Tiarella trifoliata phase. 

Alnus rubra and Acer macrophyllum can community. Deciduous tree ages ranged overstory conifers were recorded. 
Rubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum-Salmonberry-stink currant-foamflower 

RUSP-RIBR-TITR phase

N=18 (SBLM 7, SNF 6, EBLM 5) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 28 Shrubs Ribes bracteosum 100 Rubus spectabilis 94 Acer circinatum 50 Sambucus racemosa 33 Vaccinium parvifolium 33 Herbs Oxalis 89 Polystichum munitum 83 Tolmiea menziesii 83 Athyrium filix-femina 83 Tiarella trifoliata 50 Galium triflorum 44 Stachys 39 Adiantum pedatum 39 Stellaria crispa 39 Hydrophyllum tenuipes 33 
Community: Rubus spectabilis-Ribes br

phase has extremely dense shrub cover. 

high (average 59%) in the Tiarella trifolia

the average in the Stachys phase. Alnus 

in this type. Competition from dense Rub

survival. 
Oplopanax horridum-Ribes bracteosum Devil’s club-stink currantOPHO-RIBR N=3 (SBLM 3) 

Species 

Con

Trees-seedlings Tsuga heterophylla Abies grandis Shrubs Oplopanax horridum Ribes bracteosum Herbs Oxalis Athyrium filix-femina Adiantum pedatum Tiarella trifoliata Galium triflorum Tolmiea menziesii Maianthemum dilatatum Bromus Blechnum spicant Carex deweyana Stachys mexicana Viola glabella unknown grass 
Substrate/soils: Organic layers averageRubus spectabilis-Ribes bracteosum gro

loams or loamy sands (average 12 cm), oclay loam B horizons (average 18 cm). C sands in cobbles or gravels. Gley layers, were noted in two plots at an average desummer water table was found at an aveCommunity: Oplopanax horridum-Ribes 

dominated community. In this small sampelevations on Salem BLM Coast Range laSmall sample size limits confidence in the community. Rubus spectabilis did not occ

Rubus spectabilis was present on other pOplopanax horridum can indicate well aeAdiatum pedatum, always present in thesindicates water flowing through the soil p
Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-OSalmonberry/piggyback plant-sorrel gRUSP/TOME-OXALI group Group description followed by descriptionspectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-Oxalis-Poly

Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-OxaN=24 (SNF 15, SBLM 5, EBLM 4) This constancy table is for the entire grouphases are then presented separately. 

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 38 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Acer circinatum 42 Sambucus racemosa 42 Vaccinium parvifolium 42 Herbs Tolmiea menziesii 100 Athyrium filix-femina 100 Stachys 92 Oxalis 88 Polystichum munitum 83 Galium triflorum 63 Stellaria crispa 63 
Geomorphic surfaces: Active floodplainterraces. Substrate/soils: Depth to water table wamost soil descriptions (ave. 43 cm depth)one had 5 distinct A horizons. The organhorizons are silt loam, occasionally clay lloamy. Coarse fragments are low. Bedroc1m. Community: Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia 

widespread shrubby type. Alnus rubra forplots. Sitka spruce co-occurred with the Amacrophyllum was found on 3 plots. Wildreduced Rubus spectabilis, Polystichum mand grasses significantly. Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-Oxa

generally on floodplains and lower banks

menziesii-Oxalis-Polystichum munitum ph

banks/valley walls and low terraces. 
Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-O

Salmonberry/piggyback plant-sorrel-o

RUSP/TOME-OXALI-MIOV phaseN=8 (EBLM 4, SNF 3, SBLM 1) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 25 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Vaccinium parvifolium 50 Acer circinatum 38 Herbs Athyrium filix-femina 100 Tolmiea menziesii 100 Oxalis 88 Polystichum munitum 88 Stachys 88 Mitella ovalis 75 Tiarella trifoliata 75 Stellaria crispa 63 Blechnum spicant 50 Galium triflorum 50 Adiantum pedatum 50 Carex deweyana 38 Circaea alpina 38 
common in soil descriptions, at less than showed buried soils which are tapped by Community: Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia 

phase is shrub dominated. No trees were 

overhanging tree canopies can be dense

almost always higher than Polystichum m

phase as slightly wetter than the Rubus s

Oxalis-Polystichum munitum phase. 

The Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii

appears to be too shallow, poorly drainedsupport a tree component. However, soil holding capacity are high. 
Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menziesii-O

phaseSalmonberry/piggyback plant-sorrel-s

RUSP/TOME-OXALI-POMU phaseN=16 (SNF 12, SBLM 4) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 44 Acer macrophyllum 19 Picea sitchensis 19 Trees-seedlings Picea sitchensis 19 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Sambucus racemosa 56 Acer circinatum 44 Ribes bracteosum 38 Vaccinium parvifolium 38 Herbs Tolmiea menziesii 100 Athyrium filix-femina 100 Stachys 94 Oxalis 88 Polystichum munitum 81 Cla

tonia sibirica 75 
Substrate/soils: Moderately deep (60 to summer water table level. A horizons are cm deep over silty clay loams, clay loams 55 cm deep. Some profiles showed burieat 75 cm. Note that the Mitella ovalis pha

anaerobic conditions and/or bedrock, and Community: Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia 

munitum phase is shrub-dominated. Alnu

and Sitka spruce can establish and surviv

are found in this phase of the Rubus spec

Oxalis group than in the Mitella ovalis pha

always present but at lower cover than P

not true for the Mitella ovalis phase of this 

Elk browse on some plots was noted to sRubus spectabilis, Polystichum munitum, grasses. Rubus spectabilis competition for tree reg
Terraces/steep toeslopes

Corylus cornuta-Acer circinatum/Oxalis: C

Rubus spectabilis/Polystichum munitum: Vaccinium alaskaense-Rubus spectabilis

Acer macrophyllum/Corylus cornuta-RubACMA3/COCO6-RUSP...........................Steep slide areas

Rubus spectabilis-Acer circinatum: RUSP
Corylus cornuta-Acer circinatum/OxalCalifornia hazel-vine maple/sorrel COCO6-ACCI/OXALI N=2 (EBLM 2) 

SPECIES 

Trees-overstory Acer macrophyllum Tsuga heterophylla Shrubs Corylus cornuta Acer circinatum Gaultheria shallon Herbs Oxalis Polystichum munitum Athyrium filix-femina Bromus vulgaris Adenocaulon bicolor Circaea alpina Blechnum spicant Galium triflorum Tiarella trifoliata Hydrophyllum tenuipes Equisetum unknown grass 
over sand/sandstone C layers. One site hfluctuating anaerobic conditions) at 46 cmcm. Rooting depth was 50 to 60 cm.Community : Corylus cornuta-Acer circin

heavy Acer macrophyllum or Tsuga heter

are from Eugene BLM’s South Valley areCoast Range. In this low precipitation zonspectabilis distribution is much more confgeomorphic surfaces, moderately deep sheterophylla 38 years, Acer macrophyllum are not frequently reset, though still subjeSimilar types: This community is a moisForested Corylus cornuta/Polystichum m

higher precipitation in the Coast Range, ssoils would support a Rubus spectabilis c

of the Rubus spectabilis/Tolmeia menzies
Rubus spectabilis/Polystichum munituSalmonberry/sword fern RUSP/POMU N=25 (SNF 18, EBLM 4, SBLM 3) 

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 48 Acer macrophyllum 20 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Acer circinatum 68 Sambucus racemosa 60 Ribes bracteosum 56 Vaccinium parvifolium 48 Herbs Polystichum munitum 100 Oxalis 92 Stachys 84 Athyrium filix-femina 84 Tolmiea menziesii 72 Claytonia sibirica 64 Galium triflorum 60 Stellaria crispa 56 Luzula parviflora 44 Blechnum spicant 40 
Community: The Rubus spectabilis/Poly

a common terrace/valley wall. Mature Alnhalf the plots. Conifers were present on 2dominated by extremely dense Rubus sp

Athyrium filix-femina are at very low covecommunities closer to the stream channeTerraces were most likely to have overstoThree quarters of the plots with gentle sloLess than half the steep slopes (>20%) hfrom 21 to 135 years. Light limitation from the Rubus spectabilis may limit conifer esSignificant elk or deer browse was frequecommunity. Mountain beaver burrows weplots. 
Vaccinium alaskaense-Rubus spectabAlaska huckleberry-salmonberry VAAL-RUSP N=1 (SBLM 1) Elevation: 1200 feet. Geomorphic surfaces: The plot is on a Substrate/soils: Fairly deep (100cm+) c(20

) O l

Th

A l

i

l

l

SPECIES 

Shrubs Vaccinium alaskaense/Vaccinium ovalifoRubus spectabilis Vaccinium parvifolium Menziesia ferruginea Herbs Polystichum munitum Blechnum spicant Scoliopus hallii Oxalis trilliifolia Athyrium filix-femina Boykinia occidentalis Prosartes hookeri Streptopus amplexifolius 
Acer macrophyllum/Corylus cornuta-RBig leaf maple/California hazel-salmonACMA3/COCO6-RUSP N=3 (SNF 3) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees-overstory Acer macrophyllum 100 Pseudotsuga menziesii 67 Thuja plicata 33 Rhamnus purshiana 33 Trees-seedlings Acer macrophyllum 33 Thuja plicata 33 Shrubs Corylus cornuta 100 Rubus spectabilis 100 Rhamnus purshiana 100 Vaccinium ovatum 67 Acer circinatum 67 Gaultheria shallon 67 Sambucus racemosa 67 Herbs Polystichum munitum 100 Galium triflorum 100 Stachys mexicana 67 
Substrate/soils: Silt loams to loams. Community: Acer macrophyllum/Corylus 

warm, well drained forested community sNF. These sites are either on raised terraon steep colluvial valley walls. The main in this community are not fluvial. Rubus s

minor, and other riparian species such as menziesii, or Stachys are present but in l

is a transitional type, moister than the upsdominated by upland species. Successiothough extremely steep slopes may limit 
Rubus spectabilis-Acer circinatum Salmonberry-vine maple RUSP-ACCI N=8 (EBLM 4, SNF 3, SBLM 1) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Alnus rubra 25 Pseudotsuga menziesii 25 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Acer circinatum 88 Vaccinium parvifolium 75 Sambucus racemosa 38 Rhamnus purshiana 38 Herbs Polystichum munitum 100 Oxalis 100 Athyrium filix-femina 88 Adiantum pedatum 50 Claytonia sibirica 50 Galium triflorum 50 Blechnum spicant 38 Stachys mexicana 38 Dicentra formosa 38 Tiarella trifoliata 38 
35 cm. C horizons are found at an averagprofile showed anaerobic conditions, with fragments above the C horizon in the prorather than alluvial, in origin. Community: Rubus spectabilis-Acer circ

community found on steep valley walls anindicators such as Tolmeia menziesii are community. Rubus spectabilis competitio

long-term conifer development in this comregeneration followed creation of an opensite. Such events may allow scattered colargest, oldest conifers in the sample occ
Willamette Valley Willamette Valley key A. Equisetum hyemale the dominant her

overstory ...............Populus trichoca

B. Maianthemum stellatum the dominant 

1. Symphoricarpos albus the domina

overstory 

 ......................... Forested Sympho2. Symphoricarpos albus absent or m

overstory species.. Thuja plicata/

C. Rubus spectabilis dominant or co-dom

overstory 1. Symphoricarpos albus present (>tr ..... (Populus trichocarpa-Fraxin

2. Symphoricarpos albus absent  ....Hardwood/Rubus spectabilis/

D. Symphoricarpos albus the dominant s

or minor; under hardwood overstory 1. Maianthemum stellatum the domin

F

t

d S

h
b. Fraxinus latifolia an overstory d

dominant or co-dominant shrub 

 ........Symphoricarpos albus-U

Sambucus racemosa

c. Symphoricarpos albus the dom

Corylus cornuta

. Symphoricarpos albus-Urtic

Populus trichocarpa)

4. Urtica dioica and Hydrophyllum ten

sparse, Rubus ursinus generally p

a. Fraxinus latifolia or Quercus ga

obnupta absent or minor 

........(Fraxinus latifolia-Querc

b. Acer macrophyllum and/or Pop

................Acer macrophyllum

 5. Urtica dioica and Hydrophyllum ten

>20% under Fraxinus latifolia over

 ........... Fraxinus latifolia/Sympho

E. Corylus cornuta dominant shrub unde

1. Symphoricarpos albus>5%  ...... Symphoricarpos albus-Urtic

Populus trichocarpa)

2

S

h

i

lb

<5% 
G. Vine maple dominant shrub, common 

California hazel minor, Oregon ash anwaterleaf abundant, nettle often co-do

 ........... Fraxinus latifolia/Acer circin

H. Shrubs absent or trace, Urtica dioica >

Alnus overstory ......(Acer macrophy

I. Spiraea douglasii >10%, and dominan

1. Spiraea douglasii the dominant sh .................... Fraxinus latifolia/Sp

 2. Spiraea douglasii thicket without tr .................................................. Sp

J. Cornus sericea dominant shrub under 

Impatiens capensis often dominant he

 .................. Populus balsamifera ss

Impa

K. Willow shrub swamp 

1. Salix hookeriana shrub swamp, Ca

herb..............Salix hookeriana-(S

2. Salix lucida shrub swamp .........Sa

dioi

3. Salix sitchensis dominant, with Lys

C

t

li

di

th

d
2. Carex deweyana and/or Juncus pa

Fraxinus latifolia overstory, Rubus may be present 

.........................Fraxinus latifolia/

3. Carex obnupta >=20% and domina

overstory, Rubus ursinus, Spiraea albus may be present

 .........................Fraxinus latifolia/

For more herb-dominated communitiemarshes, marshes, fens/peatlands, or wetlands key (Christy pp. 204). For more shrub-dominated communitishrubland wetlands key (Christy p. 20For more tree-dominated communities forest and woodlands wetlands key (C
Willamette Valley 

(Acer macrophyllum-Alnus)/Urtica dioica: Populus trichocarpa/Equisetum hyemale: 

(Fraxinus latifolia-Populus trichocarpa)/CHydrophyllum tenuipes: (FRLA-POBAT)/Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica grou○ Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica-F

 Sambucus racemosa-Corylus cornuta  SYAL/URDI-FRLA/SARA2-COCO6 ph

○ Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica-(A

 Populus trichocarpa)/Californiahazel p SYAL/URDI-(ACMA3-POBAT)/COCO○ Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica-(A

 Populus trichocarpa)/Oemleria cerasif SYAL/URDI-(ACMA3-POBAT)/OECE Fraxinus latifolia/Acer circinatum/Hydrophdioica, FRLA/ACCI/HYTE-URDI .............

Hardwood/Rubus spectabilis/HydrophylluRUSP/HYTE............................................(Populus trichocarpa/Fraxinus latifolia)/RSymphoricarpos albus, (POBAT-FRLA)/R(F

i

l

tif

li

Q

)/S
A note on alder: Both white alder (Alnus 

(Alnus rubra) are present in riparian area

and southern Willamette Valley. The two appearance, and can grow next to each o

slightly higher elevations along the valley Cascades and Coast Range. No Alnus rhWillamette Valley plots; only 6 of the sites not possible to tell if the two species werVisits in 2004 to the three most northerly rubra t. Whether the same is true in the mriparian zones is uncertain. Therefore, moValley section have been generalized to A
(Acer macrophyllum-Alnus)/Urtica dio(Big leaf maple-alder)/nettle (ACMA3-ALNUS)/URDI N=6 (Willamette Valley 6) Elevations: less than 600 feet. Geomorphic environment: Environmenminimal. Sites were classed as floodplain Clackamas County (Willamette and ClackM

i

C

t

(Mill C

k)

d t

f

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees Acer macrophyllum 50 Alnus 50 Shrubs Sambucus racemosa 50 Herbs Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 100 Hydrophyllum tenuipes 100 Carex deweyana 83 Tellima grandiflora 67 Galium aparine 67 Claytonia sibirica 33 Equisetum arvense 33 Stellaria calycantha 33 
Populus trichocarpa/Equisetum hyemaBlack cottonwood/scouring-rush POBAT/EQHY N=5 (Willamette Valley 5) Elevations: average 480 feet. Geomorphic environment: The samplintemporarily flooded higher terraces near Willamette and North Santiam. Plots avechannel, and were from 200-500 feet from data are available. One site was in Yamh

d 4 

it

i

M

i

C

t

(N

th 

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees Populus trichocarpa 80 Alnus 40 Acer macrophyllum 40 Shrubs Symphoricarpos albus 40 Acer circinatum 40 Rubus ursinus 40 Herbs Equisetum hyemale 100 Polystichum munitum 80 Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 40 
(Fraxinus latifolia-Populus trichocarpacornuta/Hydrophyllum tenuipes (Oregon ash-black cottonwood)/Califo(FRLA-POBAT)/COCO6/HYTEN=5 (Willamette Valley 5) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees Fraxinus latifolia 40 Populus trichocarpa 40 Acer macrophyllum 20 Shrubs Corylus cornuta 100 Oemleria cerasiformis 60 Rubus spectabilis 60 Symphoricarpos albus 40 Sambucus racemosa 40 Acer circinatum 40 Herbs Hydrophyllum tenuipes 100 Galium aparine 60 Carex deweyana 60 Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 40 Stachys cooleyae 40 Athyrium filix-femina 40 Claytonia sibirica 40 
community. The overstory is dominated btrichocarpa, or sometimes Acer macroph

Similar types: This type seems somewhrelated Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioic

latifolia/Sambucus racemosa-Corylus cormacrophyllum-Populus trichocarpa)/Corylatifolia-Populus trichocarpa)/Corylus cor

less Rubus ursinus, Sambucus racemosa

Urtica dioica, and more Corylus cornuta, 

Hydrophyllum tenuipes. 
Forested Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica 

Forested common snowberry/nettle grForested SYAL/URDI group Group constancy table followed by descrSymphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica-Frax

racemosa-Corylus cornuta phase, Symph

(Acer macrophyllum-Populus trichocarpacornuta phase and Symphoricarpos albus

macrophyllum-Populus trichocarpa)/Samcerasiformis phase N=34 (Willamette Valley 34) Constancy table for the group as a whole

SPECIES 

CONST

% 

Trees Acer macrophyllum 65 Populus trichocarpa 38 Fraxinus latifolia 26 Shrubs Symphoricarpos albus 9Sambucus racemosa 50 Corylus cornuta 4Rubus ursinus 38 Herbs Oemleria cerasiformis 38 Urtica dioica ssp

gracilis 88 
Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica-Fracemosa-Corylus cornuta phaseCommon snowberry/nettle-Oregon ashhazel phase SYAL/URDI-FRLA/SARA2-COCO6 pha

N=7 (Willamette Valley 7) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees Fraxinus latifolia 100 Alnus 29 Shrubs Sambucus racemosa 100 Corylus cornuta 57 Symphoricarpos albus 57 Rubus ursinus 43 Acer circinatum 29 Crataegus douglasii 29 Rubus spectabilis 29 Herbs Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 100 Hydrophyllum tenuipes 71 Tellima grandiflora 57 Carex deweyana 57 Athyrium filix-femina 29 Claytonia sibirica 29 
from the channel (average 117 feet). Foutwo plots each from Benton, Clackamas, 1 plot from Linn County. Community: Symphoricarpos albus/Urticlatifolia/Sambucus racemosa-Corylus cor

floodplain community . The overstory is FAlnus and occasionally Quercus garryana

Similar types: This phase of the Sympho

group has lower and less constant Symp

Acer macrophyllum-Populus trichocarpa 

Fraxinus latifolia and Alnus, it indicates a 
Symphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica -(A

trichocarpa)/Corylus cornuta phase

Common snowberry/nettle-(Big leaf mcottonwood)/California hazel phaseSYAL/URDI-(ACMA3-POBAT)/COCO6 p

N=13 (Willamette Valley 13) Elevations: less than 600 feet. G

hi

i

t

E

i

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees Acer macrophyllum 69 Populus trichocarpa 54 Shrubs Symphoricarpos albus 100 Corylus cornuta 62 Rubus ursinus 62 Sambucus racemosa 62 Rubus spectabilis 38 Herbs Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 92 Hydrophyllum tenuipes 85 Carex deweyana 38 Galium triflorum 31 Claytonia sibirica 31 
common associated species. Urtica dioic

are both very abundant. 
Symphoricarpus albus/Urtica dioica-(Atrichocarpa)/Oemleria cerasiformis ph

Common snowberry/nettle-(Big leaf mcottonwood)/Indian plum phase SYAL/URDI-(ACMA3-POBAT)/OECE ph

N=14 (Willamette Valley 14) Elevations: less than 600 feet. G

hi

i

t

E

i

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees Acer macrophyllum 86 Populus trichocarpa 36 Shrubs Symphoricarpos albus 100 Oemleria cerasiformis 71 Herbs Hydrophyllum tenuipes 93 Galium aparine 93 Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 79 Claytonia sibirica 64 Carex deweyana 50 Dicentra formosa 43 Tellima grandiflora 36 Polystichum munitum 36 
with Oemleria cerasiformis as an importaunderstory is typically composed of Hydr

aparine, Urtica dioica, Claytonia sibirica, 
Fraxinus latifolia/Acer circinatum/HydrdioicaSymphoricarpos albus/Urtica diOregon ash/vine maple/Pacific waterleFRLA/ACCI/HYTE-URDI N=8 (Willamette Valley 8) El

ti

l

th

600 f

t

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees Fraxinus latifolia 75 Acer macrophyllum 25 Alnus 25 Shrubs Acer circinatum 100 Corylus cornuta 25 Oemlaria cerasiformis 25 Herbs Hydrophyllum tenuipes 88 Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 75 Tellima grandiflora 63 Carex deweyana 63 Dicentra formosa 50 Claytonia sibirica 50 Galium aparine 50 Polystichum munitum 38 
dominated by Acer circinatum, with Coryl

cerasiformis as the most common associgenerally has abundant Hydrophyllum tendominant. Tellima grandiflora and Carex 

half the plots. Similar types: This community shares mSymphoricarpos albus/Urtica dioica-Frax

racemosa-Corylus cornuta phase, but wit

of Symphoricarpos albus. 
Hardwood/Salmonberry/Pacific waterleHardwood/Rubus spectabilis/HydrophHardwood/RUSP/HYTE N=5 (Willamette Valley 5) 

SPECIES 

CONSTANC

% 

Trees Alnus 40 Populus trichocarpa 40 Fraxinus latifolia 20 Acer macrophyllum 20 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Corylus cornuta 60 Sambucus racemosa 40 Herbs Hydrophyllum tenuipes 100 Carex deweyana 80 Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 60 Galium aparine 60 Claytonia sibirica 60 Dicentra formosa 40 Athyrium filix-femina 40 Polystichum munitum 40 Stachys cooleyae 40 
aparine and Claytonia sibirica are also co

rubra was confirmed at the Clackamas C
(Populus trichocarpa-Fraxinus latifoliaSymphoricarpos albus (Black cottonwood-Oregon ash)/salmo(POBAT-FRLA)/RUSP-SYAL n=7 (WV 7) Geomorphic environment: One Molalla visited in 2004. The community there is oWillamette River, near the confluence witon a gentle, slightly convex surface. Silt d

l

t 

h

d 

id

f fl

d 

t

f

SPECIES CONSTANC

% 

Trees Populus trichocarpa 86 Fraxinus latifolia 43 Acer macrophyllum 14 Shrubs Rubus spectabilis 100 Symphoricarpos albus 86 Sambucus racemosa 86 Rubus ursinus 43 Cornus sericea 43 Herbs Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 71 Hydrophyllum tenuipes 71 Impatiens capensis 57 
Fraxinus latifolia. The thick shrub layer is 

spectabilis with Symphoricarpos albus an

herb layer is very sparse. The most commdioica, though Hydrophyllum tenuipes an

usually present. 
(Fraxinus latifolia-Quercus garryana)/S(Oregon ash-Oregon white oak)/comm(FRLA-QUGA4)/SYAL N=11 (Willamette Valley 11) Elevations: less than 600 feet.

Geomorphic environment: Environmenminimal. Muddy Creek in the Finley WildlThe community there is on the floodplaingradient creek that is deeply incised with Muddy Creek floodplain is wide. Terraces Floodplains are inundated annually. Silt l

id

f th

k 

b

t t

f

t hi

h

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees Fraxinus latifolia 82 Quercus garryana 64 Shrubs Symphoricarpos albus 100 Rubus ursinus 82 Oemleria cerasiformis 36 Herbs Polystichum munitum 45 Galium aparine 45 Carex deweyana 36 Torilis 36 
Symphoricarpos albus. Rubus ursinus is 

species. Oemleria cerasiformis is often p

relatively sparse. Polystichum munitum a

typical species. 
Acer macrophyllyum/Symphoricarpos Big leaf maple/common snowberry ACMA3/SYAL N=2 (Willamette Valley 2) Elevations: less than 600 feet. Geomorphic environments: Environmeminimal. The plots ranged from 12 to 21 ffrom 30 to 200 feet from the channel. BotWillamette River, one site from a slough fl

d

l

i

f

t 

l

t 

Wil

ill

i

M

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees Acer macrophyllum 100 Populus trichocarpa 50 Shrubs Symphoricarpos albus 100 Rubus ursinus 100 Oemleria cerasiformis 50 Rubus spectabilis 50 Herbs Carex deweyana 100 Hydrophyllum tenuipes 100 Heracleum lanatum 50 Galium triflorum 50 
Forested Symphoricarpos albus/Maian

Forested common snowberry/starry faForested SYAL/MAST4 N=4 (Willamette Valley 4) 

SPECIES 

CONSTAN

% 

Trees-overstory Fraxinus latifolia 50 Acer macrophyllum 50 Pseudotsuga menziesii 25 Populus trichocarpa 25 Alnus 25 Thuja plicata 25 Taxus brevifolia 25 Shrubs Symphoricarpos albus 100 Oemleria cerasiformis 50 Acer circinatum 50 Corylus cornuta 50 Rubus ursinus 50 Herbs Maianthemum stellatum 100 Galium aparine 75 Equisetum hyemale 50 Vancouveria hexandra 50 Impatiens capensis 50 
latifolia, Populus trichocarpa, Acer macro

menziesii. A thick shrub layer is dominate

Oemleria cerasiformis and Acer circinatu

Corylus cornuta and Rubus ursinus are aMaianthemum stellatum is the dominant 
Fraxinus latifolia/Symphoricarpos albuOregon ash/common snowberry/commFRLA/SYAL/CAQU2 N=3 (Willamette Valley 3) Elevations: less than 600 feet.

Geomorphic environment: Environmenminimal. Sites were classed as floodplain at the surface. The plots ranged from 5 to (average 6 feet), and from 15 to 50 feet f30 feet). All three plots are from at William B

t

C

t

(M

dd

C

k)

SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees Fraxinus latifolia 100 Quercus garryana 67 Shrubs Symphoricarpos albus 100 Spiraea douglasii 67 Rosa eglanteria 67 Herbs Camassia quamash 100 Ranunculus uncinatus 67 Rumex crispus 67 Galium aparine 67 
Western redcedar/Starry false SolomoTHPL/MAST4 N=5 (WNF 4, Willamette Valley 1) SPECIES 

CONSTANCY 

% 

Trees-overstory Thuja plicata 100 Acer macrophyllum 60 Taxus brevifolia 60 Pseudotsuga menziesii 40 Alnus 40 Trees-seedlings Thuja plicata 60 Acer macrophyllum 40 Tsuga heterophylla 40 Shrubs Oemleria cerasiformis 80 Rubus ursinus 80 Acer circinatum 60 Oplopanax horridum 40 Herbs Maianthemum stellatum 100 Polystichum munitum 80 Galium triflorum 80 Anemone deltoidea 80 Trillium ovatum 80 
Elevations: less than 600 to 2390 feet.

Geomorphic environment: Low terraceunconstrained reaches of relatively large 

margins of the Willamette Valley. Soils daloamy top horizon with increasing gravel coarse fragments were recorded from thasite was on the lower Clackamas River. Wfrom the South Fork McKenzie watershedCommunity: The Thuja plicata/Maianthe

occurs under dense Thuja plicata canopyand Taxus brevifolia. Pseudotsuga menzpresent. Acer circinatum is the most abun

almost two-thirds of the plots. Oemleria c

are typically present in trace amounts. ThMaianthemum stellatum, with Polystichum 

species. These sites are reset infrequently, though establishment of Alnus rubra without remPresence of wet-indicator species, such aAthyrium filix-femina and Petasites frigiduoverstory mark this community as riparia
TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR NATIVE FRASSOCIATIONS OF NORTHWESTERN 

Introduction ........................................... Major Wetland Types........................ Disturbance Processes..................... Exotic Plants ..................................... Methods ............................................ Results.............................................. Key to Native Freshwater Wetland Pl Northwestern Oregon.................I. FOREST AND WOODLAND ASSOCIA Forest and woodland associations  Alnus rubra/Athyrium filix-femina - Ly Association................................. Alnus rubra/Carex obnupta - Lysichito Fraxinus latifolia/Carex aquatilis var.  Fraxinus latifolia/Carex deweyana - U Association ................................ Fraxinus latifolia/Carex obnupta Asso Fraxinus latifolia/Spiraea douglasii As Fraxinus latifolia/Symphoricarpos alb Picea sitchensis/Carex obnupta - Lys Association................................. Picea sitchensis/Cornus sericea/Lysic Association................................. Pinus contorta var. contorta/Carex ob Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa 

deweyana ssp. leptopoda...........
 Ledum glandulosum - Gaultheria sha Association................................. Ledum glandulosum/Carex obnupta/S Ledum glandulosum/Darlingtonia cali Association................................. Ledum glandulosum - Myrica gale As Ledum glandulosum/Sanguisorba off Association................................. Malus fusca/Carex obnupta Associat Myrica gale/Carex aquatilis var. dives  Salix commutata Association............ Salix geyeriana complex................... Salix hookeriana - (Salix sitchensis) A Salix hookeriana - Malus fusca/Carex  americanus Association ............. Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra/Urtica dioic Association................................. Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra/Salix sitch Association................................. Salix sitchensis complex................... Spiraea douglasii Association........... Spiraea douglasii - Vaccinium uligino Deschampsia caespitosa Associa Spiraea douglasii/Sphagnum Associa Vaccinium caespitosum/Sanguisorba  Association................................. Vaccinium caespitosum/Xerophyllum  officinalis Association ................. Vaccinium uliginosum/Carex obnupta  Vaccinium uliginosum/Deschampsia  Association.................................

Vaccinium uliginosum/Dodecatheon j
 Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii Asso Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii - Car Camassia quamash Association....... Carex amplifolia Association............. Carex angustata Association ............ Carex aperta Association.................. Carex aquatilis var. aquatilis Associa Carex aquatilis var. dives Association  Carex aquatilis var. dives - Comarum  Carex buxbaumii Association ........... Carex cusickii Association ................ Carex deweyana ssp. leptopoda Asso Carex exsiccata Association............. Carex feta Association...................... Carex lasiocarpa Association ........... Carex lenticularis Association........... Carex limosa Association ................. Carex luzulina Association................ Carex nebrascensis Association....... Carex nigricans Association ............. Carex obnupta Association............... Carex pachystachya Association...... Carex scopulorum Association ......... Carex simulata.................................. Carex utriculata Association ............. Ceratophyllum demersum Associatio Deschampsia caespitosa montane "w Deschampsia caespitosa - Artemisia  Deschampsia caespitosa - Danthonia  Deschampsia caespitosa - Juncus ba Dulichium arundinaceum Association

Eleocharis acicularis Association
 Juncus nevadensis Association........ Lemna minor Association.................. Lilaeopsis occidentalis Association... Ludwigia palustris - Polygonum hydro Menyanthes trifoliata Association ..... Nephrophyllidium crista-galli Associat Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala Associa Oenanthe sarmentosa Association... Paspalum distichum Association ...... Polygonum amphibium Association.. Potamogeton natans Association ..... Ranunculus aquatilis Association ..... Ranunculus flammula Association.... Sagittaria latifolia Association ........... Sanguisorba officinalis - Carex aquat Schoenoplectus acutus Association . Scirpus microcarpus Association...... Senecio triangularis Association....... Sparganium angustifolium Associatio Sparganium eurycarpum Association  Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora A Trichophorum caespitosum Associati Triteleia hyacinthina Association....... Typha latifolia Association ................ Utricularia macrorhiza Association ...NONVASCULAR ASSOCIATIONS  Key to nonvascular associations ..

 Fontinalis antipyretica Association.... Polytrichum commune Association...
Introduction This wetlands section provides keys, des122 native freshwater plant associations shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in analysis of data from 1,992 plots distributDescriptions are provided for eight other there are no plot data. Northwestern Oreincludes the north half of both the Coast Recoregions, and all of the Willamette ValleCascade ecoregion also includes a signifthe Cascade Range, down to an elevation to 5,000 feet in the south.Note that the stinclude the east slope of the Cascade Rain coastal Douglas County and western Kincluded where wetland associations from known or suspected to occur within the stThis section describes only wetland assoperennial hydration, excluding irregularly (see streamside section of this field guidecomplete treatment). Salt marsh and braalso excluded, as were undersampled frelyngbyei and Schoenoplectus americanus 

upstream from salt water in the Columbia Major Wetland Types Aquatic beds. Freshwater ponds, lakes, aquatic bed and emergent marsh associanorthwestern Oregon. Along the coast, m
and pools may also occur midslope, assoor sag ponds in landslide topography, oftepeatlands that develop on these sites. Aqusually entirely submerged or may have lMost vegetation is rooted in sand, gravel, are free-floating and drift about with wind monotypic stands are typical of this kind ois large enough, discrete clumping or zonseen, with mixtures occurring in the ecotohabitat has been lost to river channelizatibeen filled or recontoured for agriculture. Marshes. Marsh associations occur in departicularly headwall basins and floodplaimidslope, associated with benches and stopography. Water levels typically recede mud flats and creating habitat for some sespecies may become stranded in these cmodified morphology, if the substrate is wpresent, it is possible to see weak-stemmdeeper water, or species specifically adapflats, followed by taller herbs and shrubs Perennially wet marshes are usually too wPhalaris arundinacea to become establishcontrol and agriculture have caused extenThe Saggitaria latifolia association that w

region in floodplain marshes inundated undisplaced by Phalaris arundinacea excepbottoms. Mud flat associations along the suffered a similar fate. Peatlands

Most peatlands in Oregon ar
The small area they occupy in the landscconservation organizations to pass them philosophy that currently dominates the fidocument the components of these ecosyconservation priorities to help protect repstate. Coastal fens in Oregon are floristicthe Columbia River (e.g., Golinski 1999; Vhigher elevations in the Cascade and Coa1983; Wilson 1986; Frenkel et al. 1986), mAmerica and highly-ranked elements in stmethodology. Wet prairies. The name prairie refers hedeveloped on clay or silt loam soils in the Columbia River bottoms, and along the coDeschampsia caespitosa, they contain msedges and herbs. Before flood control, wRiver bottoms were frequently flooded weknown about their original composition bePhalaris arundinacea has displaced many were probably Deschampsia caespitosa p

aperta prairie, and they intergraded with a sloughs on the river bottoms. Willamette heavy clay loam soils that created a seaswas often isolated hydrologically from streare usually dry by late spring but depressthe summer. Few vernal pools are knowValley and none are described in this guidprairie is unique and one of the rarest ecoNorthwest, containing a number of endemunder a regime of frequent fire from both (Boyd 1999)

but after settlement by Euro
various mixtures of the same species, witcanopy. Historically, willow swamps were wetland vegetation (after wet prairies) forby early explorers and land surveyors of tsystems were maintained or enhanced by lost to drainage and conversion to farmingForested wetlands (swamps). This secwetland associations occurring in seasondepressions, or with perennially wet soils major associations are dominated by Alnusitchensis, or Thuja plicata. The extent onorthwestern Oregon is now much diminiGeneral Land Office survey notes from thforest in the Willamette Valley was in somwide, but most stands are now reduced to and rivers (Benner and Sedell 1997). Prothis forest were cleared for agriculture angrowth Picea sitchensis swamp is very ra

readily accessible for logging and suitable numerous or extensive. Of an estimated about 1,700 remain today, representing aDisturbance Processes The major agents of wetland disturbance been beavers, floods, landslides, tsunamThese forces mediate the supply, movemsediments and shape the development of Beavers. Beavers occur throughout the 
Floods. Floods are the primary force inflvegetation on river bottoms. They vary in create, or maintain wetlands. High-energmay fill wetlands with sediment and creatsediments to create depressions. They frand expose accumulated sediments to erupland species. They also have less imprehydrating them after summer drying. Fon wetlands prior to construction of flood River basin and on the Columbia River. Hflood regimes existed, one initiated by winthe other by spring snowmelt east of the Cfloods") primarily affected the Willamette ("freshets") affected the Columbia River bRiver, flood heights gradually diminished mile 40 the broad estuary and strong tida Floodwaters of 20 to 30 feet at Vancouvein the estuary (U.S. Army Corps of Enginefloods on the Columbia River bottoms kepwater until June or sometimes July, maintseasonal willow and ash swamps that wearundinacea in the absence of prolonged Landslides. Like floods, landslides and ddestroy wetlands. Those occurring midslsag ponds that are often associated with Larger-scale landslide topography usually a large area. Debris torrents are concentand scour riparian marshes and beaver imthe streambed. Wetlands sometimes form base of the flow. 
stands, creating canopy gaps for the denstrees. Windthrow of small trees is sometithe weight of the tree becomes insupportaFire. Fire probably played a major role hnorthwestern Oregon except for the wettesources were both aboriginal and by lightcommon in the Willamette Valley (Boyd 1stumps may often be found in the center sediment cores frequently contain charcoevidence for fire in and around wetlands. settings have been well studied locally, no role of fire in Oregon wetlands except for People. Although people have lived in no10,000 years, large-scale human-caused occur until after 1850. The greatest lossenorthwestern Oregon are directly attributaconversion. Agricultural drainage, livestogroundwater pumping, urban and industriconstruction have all taken their toll and mextremely rare. Recreational off-road vehhiking can damage wetlands if traffic is coExotic Plants Despite their location, certain wetland habvulnerable to invasion by exotic species. exposures of bare sediments, such as thoabandoned beaver dams, are favored haas inundation does not recur in the secon
sheep.

Methods Datasets. The datasets used in this anaindividuals from 1966 to the present, and were collected from a variety of plots sizethroughout the study area, and were usuato characterize perceived differences in v

("macroplots") were usually sampled to chstands, while plots of 0.10-1 m2 ("microplo

characterize either homogeneous stands changing zones of vegetation within ecotofree-standing or sampled along transectslocated in sites free of obvious human-cato avoid disturbed sites at lower elevationdrainage, and eutrophication have affecteone time or another. All plot data included percent cover of indvegetation layer to which the species belovaried widely among datasets and were aData analysis. This section attempts to dassociations with seasonal to perennial hwere identified using cluster analysis, TWordination provided in PC-ORD (McCune analysis of association tables generated ball cases, cover values were averaged foassociation. Because of the differences idata gathered in macroplots and microplo
cover, following the 1987 Wetland Delineof Engineers 1987), or having the highest stands. Many wetland species tend to form monoareas but they also often form mixed stanspecies are capable of forming monotypic 

were recognized as distinct plant associafield, monotopic types are generally >25 m

associations that may occur in patches as 

Results Keys and descriptions. Identification keprovided for 122 plant associations (14 foherbaceous, 2 nonvascular). Abbreviated the description for each association when Descriptions for several associations incluidentified or are expected to occur in the briefly or is simply listed if detailed analysFor convenience, Salix lucida ssp. lasiand

together with other Salix associations in t

that under favorable conditions Salix lucidheight of 30 or 40 feet in western Oregonassociation it is listed as a tree. 
KEY TO NATIVE FRESHWATER WETLOF NORTHWESTERN OREGON 1a. Combined tree cover generally at lea ......................... Key to Forest and W1b. Combined tree cover generally < 25 % 2a. Combined shrub cover generally at le ............................................ Key to S2b. Combined shrub cover generally < 253a. Graminoid, forb, or fern cover genera available in layer; bryophyte, lichen, o ......................................... Key to Her3b. Graminoid, forb, or fern cover genera algal cover generally > 25%, or highe ........................................ Key to Non

I. FOREST AND WOODLAND ASSOCIAMature trees > 12 feet tall, crowns overlaNote: Some stands with tree cover at leaherbaceous associations if trees are only associations. Characterized by having one of the follow

or reproducing, generally with at leas

 (1) Abies amabilis ............................
 (11) Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra  .................................... Key to S

 (12) Thuja plicata .............................

(13) Tsuga heterophylla....................

A. Abies amabilis, Thuja plicata, and/or T

 1a. Ledum glandulosum present  .....................................Tsuga he

Carex obnupta 

 1b. Ledum glandulosum absent ...... 2a. Thuja plicata present  .................................Thuja plicat 2b. Thuja plicata absent .Key to HerB. Abies lasiocarpa:  1a. Vaccinium uliginosum with > 20%  .................................... Key to S

1b. Vaccinium uliginosum with < 20% 

 ..................................Key to Her

C. Alnus rubra:  1a. Carex obnupta with at least 5% c

codominant with Lysichiton amer

 ........Alnus rubra/Carex obnupta 

 1b. Carex obnupta with < 5% cover o

and/or Lysichiton americanus usu

Alnus rubra/Athyrium filix-femina 

D. Fraxinus latifolia: Characterized by ha

ll

ith 

t l

t 20% 

b

t 
E. Picea engelmannii:  1a. Vaccinium uliginosum with > 20%  .................................... Key to S

1b. Vaccinium uliginosum with < 20% 

 ..................................Key to HerF. Picea sitchensis: 

 1a. Cornus sericea present; on tidal s

rivers 

 ..Picea sitchensis/Cornus serice

 1b. Cornus sericea absent; not on su

Picea sitchensis/Carex obnupta 

G. Pinus contorta var. latifolia [lodgepole 

 1a. Vaccinium uliginosum with > 20%  .................................... Key to S

1b. Vaccinium uliginosum with < 20% 

 ..................................Key to Her

II. SHRUBLAND ASSOCIATIONS Mature shrubs < 12 feet tall, crowns overgenerally > 25 %, tree cover generally < 2Note: Some stands with shrub cover at leassociations if shrubs are only occasional Characterized by having one of the follow

cover, usually at least 20%, or highes(1) Alnus incana............ Alnus incan(2) Al

i

idi

i

t
 (15) Salix commutata ........................

(16) Salix geyeriana ..........................

(17) Salix hookeriana ........................

(18) Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra .........

(19) Salix sitchensis ..........................

(20) Spiraea douglasii .......................

(21) Vaccinium caespitosum .............

(22) Vaccinium macrocarpon 

 ............................... Vaccinium u

 (23) Vaccinium oxycoccos  ....................Vaccinium uliginosu

le

 (24) Vaccinium uliginosum ................A. Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata:  1a. Lysichiton americanus with at lea ............. Alnus viridis ssp. sinuat

 1b. Lysichiton americanus with < 20% 

 2a. Scirpus microcarpus with at least 

 ............... Alnus viridis ssp. sinu 2b. Scirpus microcarpus with < 20% 

 ..................................Key to HerB. Betula nana: 

 1a. Vaccinium uliginosum with at lea ................................Vaccinium u

Caltha 

 1b. Vaccinium uliginosum with < 20%  ............................Betula nana/C

C

Kalmia microphylla: 
D. Gaultheria shallon: 

 1a. Vaccinium uliginosum and Desch

 ...........................Vaccinium uligi

 1b. Vaccinium uliginosum and Desch

Ledum glandulosum - Gaultheria 

E. Ledum glandulosum:  1a. Gaultheria shallon with at least 2

Ledum glandulosum - Gaultheria 

1b. Gaultheria shallon with < 20% co

 2a. Myrica gale with at least 20% cov

......................................Ledum g

 2b. Myrica gale with < 20% cover or 

 3a. Carex obnupta most conspicuous 

 adjacent to plot  .............. Ledum glandulosum/Ca 3b. Carex obnupta not most conspicu

 4a. Darlingtonia californica present o

Sanguisorba officinalis absent 

 . Ledum glandulosum/Darlington

 4b. Darlingtonia californica absent; S

 ..Ledum glandulosum/SanguisorF. Malus fusca:  1a. Salix hookeriana conspicuous in 

coastal ................Salix hookerian
H. Salix hookeriana: 

 1a. Malus fusca conspicuous in plot o ...........................Salix hookerian

 1b. Malus fusca absent ................... 2a. Carex obnupta and Lysichiton am

plot or evident adjacent to plot; co

 Malus fusca/Carex obnupta 

 2b. Lysichiton americanus absent; no .................................Salix hooke

I. Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra: 

 1a. Salix sitchensis present in plot or 

with > 20% cover .......................

 Salix sitchensi

 1b. Salix sitchensis with < 20% cove ...... Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra/U

J. Spiraea douglasii: 

 1a. Vaccinium uliginosum, Deschamp

usually present or evident adjace

 .................................... Spiraea d

Carex obnupta - D

 1b. Vaccinium uliginosum and Desch

 2a. Salix hookeriana conspicuous in  ...........................Salix hookerian

 2b. Salix hookeriana absent ............ 3a. Carex cusickii present or evident 

Spira
L. Vaccinium uliginosum: 

 1a. Spiraea douglasii codominant or  .......... Spiraea douglasii - Vaccin

D

 1b. Spiraea douglasii not codominan 2a. Herb layer with < 10 % cover or a ................................Vaccinium u

Caltha 

2b. Herb layer with at least 10% cove

 3a. Dodecatheon jeffreyi and Caltha 

highest cover available in herb la

 ................................Vaccinium u

Caltha 

3b. Dodecatheon jeffreyi and Caltha 

with highest cover available in he

4a. Salix hookeriana present or cons

 ..............................Vaccinium uli

4b. Salix hookeriana absent 

 ................ Vaccinium uliginosum

III. HERBACEOUS ASSOCIATIONS Graminoid, forb, or fern cover generally > generally < 25%. One the following herb species with highe

least 20% or highest cover available 
(11) Camassia quamash ...................

(12) Carex amplifolia .........................

(13) Carex angustata ........................

(14) Carex aperta ..............................

 (15) Carex aquatilis var. aquatilis Care (16) Carex aquatilis var. dives ..........

(17) Carex buxbaumii .......................

 (18) Carex cusickii ............................

(19) Carex deweyana .......... Carex d

(20) Carex exsiccata .........................

(21) Carex feta....................................

 (22) Carex lasiocarpa .......................

(23) Carex lenticularis .......................

(24) Carex limosa .............................

(25) Carex luzulina ............................

(26) Carex nebrascensis ...................(27) Carex nigricans .........................

 (28) Carex obnupta ...........................

(29) Carex pachystachya ..................

(30) Carex scopulorum .....................(31) Carex simulata ..........................

(32) Carex utriculata .........................

(33) Ceratophyllum demersum ...... C

 (34) Deschampsia caespitosa ..........

(35) Dulichium arundinaceum ..........D

(36) Eleocharis acicularis ..................

(37) Eleocharis ovata.....Eleocharis o

(38) Eleocharis palustris ...................

(39) Eleocharis quinqueflora .............

(40) Elodea canadensis .....................(41) Equisetum arvense ....................

(42) Eragrostis hypnoides 
(54) Ludwigia palustris

 ............. Ludwigia palustris - Poly

 (55) Menyanthes trifoliata ................. (56) Nephrophyllidium crista-galli 

.............................................Nep

 (57) Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala ........................................... Nuph

(58) Oenanthe sarmentosa ...............

(59) Paspalum distichum ..................

(60) Polygonum amphibium ..............

(61) Polygonum hydropiperoides 

............. Ludwigia palustris - Poly

(62) Potamogeton natans .................

 (63) Ranunculus aquatilis .................

 (64) Ranunculus flammula ................

(65) Sagittaria latifolia .......................

(66) Sanguisorba officinalis ..............

(67) Schoenoplectus acutus ............. 

(68) Scirpus microcarpus ..................

(69) Senecio triangularis ....................

 (70) Sparganium angustifolium ......Sp

(71) Sparganium eurycarpum .......... S

(72) Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflo

 ..................................Torreyochlo

(73) Trichophorum caespitosum 

.............................................. Tric

(74) Triteleia hyacinthina ..................

(75) Typha latifolia ............................

(76) Utricularia macrorhiza ...............

A1

Sanguisorba officinalis usually codom
C2. Carex unilateralis and Danthonia cali

 2a. Artemisia lindleyana present, Jun

elevation 

 .............. Deschampsia caespitos

 2b. Artemisia lindleyana absent; Cas

 3a. Juncus balticus codominant ......................Deschampsia caes 3b. Juncus balticus not codominant; 

species 

 ........................ Deschampsia caD1. Carex aquatilis var. dives conspicuou

 plot; Carex obnupta and Carex cusick

 .................Sanguisorba officinalis - C

D2. Carex aquatilis var. dives absent, Ca

 cusickii conspicuous in plot or eviden

 ................... Caltha leptosepala ssp. 

IV. NONVASCULAR ASSOCIATIONS Bryophyte, lichen, or algal cover generally tree, or shrub cover generally < 25%. Most abundant species in moss layer: 1a. Fontinalis antipyretica ......................

1b. Polytrichum commune .....................
I. FOREST AND WOODLAN

Alnus rubra/Athyrium filix-femina - LyRed alder/lady fern - skunk cabbage Plots sampled: 21 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 1549 

(500-4130) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-5) Landform position: 

floodplains, terraces 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist to perennially moist 

Soils: mostly loam, some 

organic muck or rocky 

Description: Habitat is woodland or forest, sometimes with seasonal pools. Stands are dominated by Alnus rubrain both mature and 

Spec

Mature trees Alnus rubra Thuja plicata Acer macrophyReproducing Alnus rubra Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophPicea engelmanMalus fusca Shrub layer Rubus spectabAcer circinatum Herb layer Lysichiton ameAthyrium filix-feOenanthe sarmStachys ciliata Claytonia sibiric
Alnus rubra/Carex obnupta - LysichitoRed alder/slough sedge - skunk cabbage Plots sampled: 26 (6 

macro, 20 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 300 (30-

2800) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-10) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins, lower slopes, benches 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated or perennially moist 

Soils: mostly organic, some 

silt loam or sand 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is forested wetland (swamp). Some sites are silted-in beaver ponds, and others are in peatlands where the association occurs in nutrient

rich laggs 

Spec

Mature treeAlnus rubra Thuja plicata Picea sitchensFrangula pursTsuga heteropReproducinThuja plicata Picea sitchensPseudotsuga Shrub layer Rubus ursinus Salix hookeriaGaultheria shaHerb layer Carex obnupta Lysichiton amAthyrium filix-fPolystichum mMoss layer Moss 
Fraxinus latifolia/Carex aquatilis var. a

Oregon ash/aquatic sedge Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally wet 

to flooded 

Soils: clay loam with 

seasonal perched water table 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is riparian forest.This association is known from only two plots and but is described here because it may be a relic of a more widespread historic vegetation type. It represents a mix of lowland and cold

soil 

Speci

Mature trees Fraxinus latifolia Shrub layer Spiraea douglasRubus ursinus Lonicera involucSymphoricarpos Amelanchier alnRosa nutkana Crataegus dougCrataegus monHerb layer Carex aquatilis Veratrum califorCarex deweyanleptopoda Carex obnupta Geum macrophPhalaris arundinEpilobium ciliatuGalium triflorum Mi

l

tt

t
Fraxinus latifolia/Carex deweyana - UrOregon ash/Dewey sedge - California netPlots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 255 

(10- 500) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: bottoms Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to moist 

Soils: silt loams Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is riparian forest. These stands occur in depressions on river and creek bottoms and were subject to sometimes prolonged seasonal inundation prior to flood control in western Oregon. Floodwaters may pool and persist into thherbaceous vegetation

Urtica dioica ssp

Spec

Mature trees Fraxinus latifolShrub layer Rubus ursinus Spiraea douglaHerb layer Carex deweyanleptopoda Juncus patens Phalaris arundVeronica scuteGeum macrophJuncus tenuis Juncus effusus Agrostis exaratPerideridia gairStellaria calycaElymus glaucuMoss layer Moss 
Fraxinus latifolia/Carex obnupta Oregon ash/slough sedge Plots sampled: 18 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 669 

(500-1700) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-2) Landform position: 

floodplains and benches 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to saturated 

Soils: silt and clay loams, 

some organic 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is riparian forest. The shrub layer is diverse but averages less than 10 percent cover, with occasionally high cover of Rubus ursinus, Symphoricarpos albus, Cornus sericea, or Acer circinatum

Carex obnupta 

Speci

Mature treFraxinus latifPopulus balsssp. trichocaFrangula purAbies grandis Reproducing Fraxinus latifAlnus rubra Shrub layeRubus ursinuRosa nutkanSymphoricarpalbus Spiraea dougPhysocarpus capitatus Corylus cornHerb layer Carex obnupPolypodium glycyrrhiza Carex deweyssp. leptopodPolystichum 
Fraxinus latifolia/Spiraea douglasii Oregon ash/Douglas spiraea Plots sampled: 3 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to saturated 

Soils: silt and clay loams Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is riparian woodland or forest with open to closed canopy. Fraxinus latifolia is the only tree specharacterized by a very dense shrub layer present but Carex obnupta. Stands may bsome have no doubt developed on abando

Specie

Mature treeFraxinus latifoShrub layer Spiraea douglCornus sericeHerb layer Carex obnupta Ranunculus unApiaceae Rumex crispus Poa trivialis Epilobium ciliaMoss layer Moss 
Fraxinus latifolia/Symphoricarpos albuOregon ash/snowberry Plots sampled: 2 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 790 

(500-1080) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-1) Landform position: 

floodplain depressions 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded 

Soils: silt and clay loamsVegetation and ecology:Habitat is riparian forest. Fraxinus latifolia is typically the only tree present in these stands. Symphoricarpos albus and Rubus ursinus may cover up to half the shrub layer, and Corylus cornuta may sometimes have cover up to 40 percent. monotypic stands of Carex obnupta w

Spec

Mature treeFraxinus latifoShrub layer SymphoricarpRubus ursinuCorylus cornuCornus sericeAmelanchier aAcer circinatuHerb layer Carex obnuptCarex deweyaleptopoda Athyrium filix-Galium trifloruBotrychium viGalium aparinMoss layer Moss 
Picea sitchensis/Carex obnupta - LysicSitka spruce/slough sedge - skunk cabbaPlots sampled: 27 (7 macro, 20 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 24 (20-

40) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic or muck Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is forested wetland (swamp) in coastal fens. The association occurs peripheral to open mire or shrub-swamp and often develops in nutrient-rich laggs adjacent to uplands. Eurhynchium moss, but several species of Sphagnum 

Columbia River and northward with i

Speci

Mature treePicea sitchenAlnus rubra Thuja plicata Tsuga heteroReproducintrees Tsuga heteroShrub layer Gaultheria shRubus spectaVaccinium paHerb layer Carex obnuptLysichiton amOenanthe sarMaianthemum dilatatum Moss layer Moss 
Picea sitchensis/Cornus sericea/LysicSitka spruce/creek dogwood/skunk cabbPlots sampled: 15 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 5 (5-6) Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: muck or organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is forested wetland (swamp) on floodplains of large coastal rivers, with daily freshwater tidal flooding. Stands occur on natural levees along river channels and larger tidal creeks, and form perimeters around typically lower and wetter interiors 

Specie

Mature treePicea sitchensAlnus rubra Thuja plicata Frangula purshPopulus balsassp. trichocarpReproducing Thuja plicata Picea sitchensShrub layer Cornus sericea Rubus spectabRosa nutkana Rubus ursinus Rubus parvifloVaccinium parGaultheria shaOemleria ceraSymphoricarpoAcer circinatum Malus fusca Salix sitchensi
Pinus contorta var. contorta/Carex obn

Shore pine/slough sedge Plots sampled: 93 (11 macro, 82 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 76 (20-

100) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: former 

deflation plains, ancient marine terraces 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded, dry in summer 

Soils: sand, sometimes 

with duripan 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is seasonallyflooded depressions in stabilized sand dunes along the coast. Most stands are 30-75 years old, with canopy cover between 0-85 percent. reproducing conifer present

The sparse 

Speci

Mature treePinus contorta contorta Shrub layer Vaccinium ovaVaccinium uligGaultheria shaHerb layer Carex obnupta Dichanthelium acuminatum vfasciculare Deschampsia caespitosa Agrostis Argentina egeJuncus lesueuMoss layer Moss UnvegetateBare ground Litter 
Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa /deweyana ssp. leptopoda Black cottonwood/creek dogwood/Dewey Plots sampled: 3 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 8 (5-

10) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: silt loam or muck Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is forested wetland (swamp) in floodplains of large coastal rivers, with daily freshwater tidal flooding. Portions are flooded at high tide, but trees are restricted to areas elevated ab

may be frequent. The shrub layer may inclcover of other species such as Rubus urfusca

and Physocarpus capitatus

Bec

Specie

Mature treePopulus balsassp. trichocarpSalix lucida sslasiandra Shrub layer Cornus sericeRubus ursinus Rubus spectaHerb layer Impatiens capCarex deweyassp. leptopoda Athyrium filix-Lysichiton americanus Scutellaria latSolanum dulcCallitriche Prunella vulga
Populus tremuloides/Carex obnupta Quaking aspen/slough sedge Plots sampled: 1 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, depressions 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to saturated 

Soils: silt loam or organic Vegetation and ecology: The single knoin Oregon is in a seasonally-flooded depscabland. It is described here because imore widespread historically. Seasonal summer drying precludes formation of peato 98 percent by Sphagnum mendocinu

vegetation once occurred in the northern and this association may have been par

occurs in a number of low-elevation sites Washington Counties, but most are on upvegetation, and it becomes very rare at loCounty

These wetlands are thought t

Specie

Mature trePopulus tremShrub layeSpiraea dougSalix hookeriHerb layer Carex obnupMoss layer Moss 
Thuja plicata/Lysichiton americanus Western red cedar/skunk cabbage Plots sampled: 8 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2925 

(1300-3800) 

Slope (deg): ave. 6 (0-14) Landform position: 

floodplains, benches, and various slope positions with impeded drainage 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist 

Soils: loams Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is forested wetland (swamp) with shallow depressions among the trees. Stands are dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii, when present

is usually 

Spec

Mature trees Thuja plicata Abies amabilis Tsuga heterophPseudotsuga mReproducing Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophAbies amabilis Shrub layer Rubus spectabVaccinium ovalAcer circinatum Herb layer Lysichiton ameAthyrium filix-feGalium triflorum Blechnum spicaMaianthemum dViola glabella Listera 
Tsuga heterophylla/Ledum glandulosuamericanus Western hemlock/Labrador tea/slough sePlots sampled: 8 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 25 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated to flooded 

Soils: organic muck and 

peat 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is forested wetland (swamp) in coastal fens. Stands occur adjacent to open peatlands and shrubswamps. Most trees and shrubs occur on elevated microsites such as decaying logs, stumps, and old root wad

contorta var. contorta may be suppressed dense shrub layer may contain small a

Spec

Mature treeTsuga heteropPinus contorta contorta Thuja plicata Picea sitchensShrub layer Gaultheria shaLedum glanduVaccinium ovaVaccinium parHerb layer Carex obnupta Lysichiton ameJuncus Oenanthe sarmBlechnum spicMoss layer Moss 
II. SHRUBLAND ASS

Alnus incana/Lysichiton americanus White alder/skunk cabbage Plots sampled: 7 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3789 

(3120-4580) 

Slope (deg): ave. 5 (0-15) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins, benches, slopes 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens and shrub-swamp. Alnus incana may form dense stands with a variety of 

Spec

Mature trees Picea engelmanTsuga heterophThuja plicata Abies amabilis Reproducing Tsuga heterophPicea engelmanAbies amabilis Thuja plicata Abies grandis Shrub layer Alnus incana Ribes bracteosHerb layer Lysichiton ameAthyrium filix-feGlyceria striata Carex laeviculm
Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata/Lysichiton a

Sitka alder/skunk cabbage Plots sampled: 3 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3287 

(2100-4400) 

Slope (deg): ave. 2 (0-4) Landform position: 

depressions, seepage slopes 

Hydrology: moist to 

perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some silt loam 

Vegetation and ecology:This association is a wetter variant of the Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata - Athyrium filix-femina association and contains considerably m

herb layer. Trees are scarce and are peripinclude Pinus monticola, Thuja plicata, engelmannii

Alnus viridis ssp

sinuate 

Specie

Mature trees Pinus monticolReproducing Thuja plicata Tsuga heteropPicea engelmaShrub layer Alnus viridis sssinuata Ribes bracteosHerb layer Lysichiton ameAthyrium filix-feGlyceria striata Mimulus guttatEpilobium ciliatwatsonii Moss layer Moss 
Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata/Scirpus micr

Sitka alder/small-fruited bulrush Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3315 

(3280-3350) 

Slope (deg): 2 Landform position: 

depressions, seepage slopes 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist to moist 

Soils: silt loamVegetation and ecology:This association is a variant of the Alnus viridis ssp.

sinuata/Athyrium filixfemina association that contains primarily Scirpus microcarpus in the herb layer. Trees are sseedlings, and include Pinus contorta var. amabilis, Thuja plicata, and Tsuga heteropthe primary shrub with a lesser amount o

Speci

Mature treePinus contortlatifolia Picea engelmReproducintrees Picea engelmAbies amabiliThuja plicata Tsuga heteroShrub layer Alnus viridis ssinuata Amelanchier Herb layer Scirpus microOrthilia secunViola palustris Cornus canad
Betula nana/Carex aquatilis var. dives 

Bog birch/Sitka sedge Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3959 

(3300-4618) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

depressions 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated to flooded 

Soils: organicVegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens. Although no trees were recorded from the plots, Pinus contorta var. latifolia and Picea engelmanii may be peripheral or occur on elevated microsites. Betula nana is the pr

other shrubs such as Salix myrtillifolia, SaliAlnus incana, it may form very dense thickmostly a monotypic stand of Carex aquatil

Speci

Shrub layeBetula nana Salix myrtillifoSalix geyerianSpiraea dougAlnus incana Lonicera invoHerb layer Carex aquatildives Lysichiton amEleocharis quinqueflora Polygonum bistortoides Equisetum arHypericum anagalloides Moss layer Moss 
Cornus sericea/Lysichiton americanus Creek dogwood/skunk cabbage Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2500, 

(1640-3360) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated or seasonally flooded 

Soils: organic or muck Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane shrub swamp. This association is typically a tall, dense stand of Cornus sericea with lesser amounts of Acer circinatum. and Rubus ursinus. The heLysichiton americanus with small amou

obnupta, depending on elevation and amfew other herbs are present and expans

Speci

Mature treeFrangula pursReproducintrees Fraxinus latifoShrub layer Cornus sericeAcer circinatuRubus ursinuHerb layer Lysichiton amLemna minor Carex obnuptMoss layer Moss UnvegetateLitter Bare ground 
Kalmia microphylla/Carex aquatilis varSwamp laurel/Sitka sedge Plots sampled: 6 (3 macro, 3 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4338, 

(2300-5410) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-2) Landform position: 

depressions, flats 

Hydrology: moist to 

perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some silt loam 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is montane fens. This type occurs at small scale on isolated hummocks within a wet lawn matrix, and at larger scale around hummocky edges of mires. Trees occur on elevated hummocks or "tree islands" 

Spec

Mature trePinus contorlatifolia ReproduciPinus contorlatifolia Pinus monticPicea engelmTsuga merteTsuga heteroShrub layeKalmia microVaccinium ulVaccinium Gaultheria Herb layer Carex echinaechinata Drosera rotuCarex aquati

dives 

Lysichiton amMoss layer 
Ledum glandulosum - Gaultheria shallLabrador tea - salal/slough sedge Plots sampled: 33 (2 

macro, 31 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 86, (20-

1030) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-4) Landform position: 

floodplains, benches, and flats 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is coastal fens. It occurs around the edges of open mires subject to successional infilling by trees and shrubs, and in regenerating swamp that has been logged

burned

or 

Spec

Mature trePinus contorcontorta Reproducitrees Tsuga heteroFrangula purPicea sitchenThuja plicata Alnus rubra Shrub layeLedum glandGaultheria shSpiraea dougHerb layer Carex aquatidives Carex obnupAgrostis exarCornus canaBlechnum spMoss layer Moss 
Ledum glandulosum/Carex obnupta/SpLabrador tea/slough sedge/sphagnum Plots sampled: 92 (micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 57 (20-

2800) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is coastal fens in poorly-drained basins, and on floating lake-fill mats. Well-developed Sphagnum hummocks 1-3 feet taller than surrounding wet hollows are typical. Vaccinium oxycoccos, Drosera rotundifolia, Lysichiton americanus

Spec

Mature trePinus contorcontorta ReproduciThuja plicata Tsuga heteroFrangula purShrub layeLedum glandVaccinium oxSpiraea dougVaccinium ulHerb layer Carex obnupDrosera rotuCarex echinaphyllomanica Lysichiton amBlechnum spEriophorum chamissonis Moss layer Moss 
Ledum glandulosum/Darlingtonia califLabrador tea/darlingtonia/sphagnum Plots sampled: 60 (1 macro, 59 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 40 (20-

40) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is coastal fens in poorly-drained basins, on floating lake-fill mats, or on duripan soils with perched water tables. Woody vegetation is confined to Sphagnum hummocks. Darlingtonia californica, Drosera rotundifolia

Speci

Mature treePinus contorta contorta ReproducinTsuga heteropPicea sitchensFrangula pursShrub layer Ledum glanduVaccinium oxyVaccinium uligSpiraea douglHerb layer Darlingtonia cDrosera rotunEriophorum chamissonis Carex aquatilidives Comarum paluCarex cusickii Carex leptalea Moss layer 
Ledum glandulosum - Myrica gale Labrador tea - sweet gale Plots sampled: 0 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 40 (20-40) Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: depressions and flats Hydrology: perennially saturated Soils: organic or muck Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is cobeen observed in the field but not samplethe vegetation is not available. It forms deperennially-saturated peat in minerotrophgradient drainages where water is pondehollows. Trees are absent, and the shrub Ledum glandulosum and Myrica gale in a

total shrub cover about 95 percent. documented, but is no doubt depauperate moss layer contains scattered mats of Sph

amounts of Sphagnum palustre or Sphagnatmospheric nitrogen and is an important The tall growth of shrubs in this associatidisturbance to groundwater flows or wate
Ledum glandulosum/Sanguisorba offic

Labrador tea/burnet Plots sampled: 45 (micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 283, 

(100-2800) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, depressions, ancient marine terraces 

Hydrology: mostly 

perennially saturated, some seasonally flooded 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some sandy 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is coastal and Coast Range fenswell-developed hummocks 1-2 feet taller tMature trees are absent. Several unusuaalong the southern coast of Oregon but dsites. Veratrum californicum and Carex 

middle to upper elevations in the Casc

Speci

ReproducinFrangula pursShrub layer Ledum glanduGaultheria shaRubus ursinus Vaccinium uligHerb layer Sanguisorba oCarex echinat

phyllomanica 

Blechnum spicAgrostis exaraDrosera rotunSisyrinchium californicum Moss layer Moss 
Malus fusca/Carex obnupta Crabapple/slough sedge Plots sampled: 1 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 200-2560 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, depressions, benches 

Hydrology: seasonally flooded to perenniaSoils: muck or loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is depconiferous forest. Several examples of this in the field but only one plot has been samthe wetlands. The most typical expressiomonotypic stand of Malus fusca with a 

obnupta. Depending on hydroperiod, the upercent cover of Carex obnupta to very lo

because of prolonged seasonal pondingcontains Salix geyeriana and Spiraea doubeen more widespread historically, as largonce occurred in the northern Willametwetlands have not been sampled adequa

Spec

Shrub layeMalus fusca Salix geyeriSpiraea douHerb layeCarex obnupVeronica sc
Myrica gale/Carex aquatilis var. dives 

Sweet gale/Sitka sedge Plots sampled: 1 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 3100 Slope (deg): 1 Landform position: 

floodplains, montane basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is fenssampled extensively and more plots are neshrub layer is composed primarily of Myric

up to 95 percent. The single montane Spiraea douglasii and Betula nana, bu

contain Betula. The herb layer here cont

both coastal and montane sites, and Sphagnum. Myrica gale fixes atmosphesource of this element in mires. It appeformer ditches that have infilled with poorlymovement and nutrient status may be 

Species 

Shrub layer Myrica gale Spiraea douglaBetula nana Herb layer Carex aquatilis dives Sanguisorba officinalis Agrostis thurberiana 
Salix commutata Undergreen willow Plots sampled: 4 (1 macro, 3 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 5250 Slope (deg): 6 Landform position: slope Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is subalpine fens. The association occurs at the wet end of subalpine heath and intergraCarex scopulorum associations. Woody pand the remaining vegetation is wet lawnrecord any trees but Tsuga mertensiana present on hummocks. Salix commutata ilayer, with an average cover of 26 percent The other four shrub species recorded occcover. The primary species in the herb layscopulorum

one or the other of which is u

Speci

Shrub layer Salix commutaSpiraea densifCassiope mertKalmia micropHerb layer Carex nigricanCarex scopuloPedicularis attAster alpigenuLigusticum graTofieldia glutinoccidentalis Juncus balticu
Salix geyeriana complexGeyer willow Plots sampled: 7 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4552 

(2560-6575) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-1) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally to 

perennially flooded 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens. Plots are highly variable. Species with significant patch size suggest five phases that need more study: Phases: (1) Carex aquatilis var

aquatilis

(2) 

Speci

Shrub layer Salix geyeriana Spiraea douglaSalix myrtillifoliSalix commutaHerb layer Veronica amerCarex aquatilis Dodecatheon jCarex aquatilis aquatilis Carex utriculatHypericum anaCalamagrostis inexpansa Equisetum arveMuhlenbergia fLysichiton ameAntennaria argEpilobium ciliatwatsonii Platanthera dilaVeronica serpy
Salix hookeriana - (Salix sitchensis)

Hooker willow - (Sitka willow) Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 1044 

(500-1587) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-1) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally flooded to perenniaSoils: silt loamVegetation and ecology: Habitat is potholes in basalt scabland. The associathere because it is common and widespreathe Columbia River, and at lower elevatrepresents clonal shrub swamps of thhookeriana that was previously called Saspecies occur in two phases determined Stands are typically dense thickets and hookeriana or have admixtures of Salix sit

In the two plots reported here, Salix hooke

percent and ranging from 65-90 percent. roots on the lower stems of Salix hookerian

Spec

Shrub layeSalix hookeriSalix sitchensSpiraea dougHerb layer Carex obnupMoss layer Moss 
Salix hookeriana - (Malus fusca)/Carex 

americanus Hooker willow - Oregon crabapple/slough Plots sampled: 16 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 34 (10-

100) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-1) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is shrub swamp in peat-filled basins, adjacent to lakes and ponds, on old deflation plains, and interspersed with open mire in fens. Perennially wet soils usually preclude establishment of conifers, but occasional contorta

or Picea sitchensis may occur o

Specie

Mature treeAlnus rubra Picea sitchenShrub layeSalix hookeriaSpiraea dougMalus fusca Lonicera involucrata Ledum glandulosum Herb layer Carex obnuptLysichiton americanus Oenanthe sarmentosa Athyrium filixfemina Blechnum spMoss layer Moss 
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra/Urtica dioic

Pacific willow/California nettle Plots sampled: 6 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 98 (10-

500) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly silt loam, 

some sandy loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is shrub swamp around shallow lakes and ponds, and along lowgradient streams and river channels. In lasiandra may not exceed shrub height. B

proximity to agricultural and urban areas, thby exotic cultivars of Phalaris arundinacea

may have a higher component of native sUrtica dioica ssp

gracilis

Bidens frondos

Specie

Mature trees Salix lucida sspFraxinus latifolia Shrub layer Cornus sericea Sambucus raceSalix sitchensis Salix fluviatilis Herb layer Phalaris arundinImpatiens capenUrtica dioica ssBidens frondosa Leersia oryzoideMoss layer Moss 
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra/Salix sitche

Pacific willow/Sitka willow/skunk cabbage Plots sampled: 9 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 239 (5-

2100) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-1) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: mostly loam, some 

organic 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is floodplain depressions and sites with freshwater tidal irrigation. The association forms dense shrub swamps with considerable amounts of standing water. Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra is often only shrub or tall shrub height. 

Spec

Mature treeSalix lucida sslasiandra Picea sitchenReproducinPopulus balsassp. trichocarShrub layer Salix sitchensSpiraea dougCornus sericeRubus ursinuLonicera invoRosa nutkana Rubus spectaHerb layer Lysichiton amAthyrium filix-Impatiens capOenanthe sarScirpus microVicia gigantea Carex obnupt
Salix sitchensis complexSitka willow Plots sampled: 7 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2789 

(500-4474) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-3) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist to saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, some 

loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is depressions on floodplains and in fens. Plots are highly variable and probably composed of numerous phases that need further study. Alnus rubra, Picea engelmannii, and Abies amabilis are reported in small amounts but are probably periphe

Spec

Mature treeAlnus rubra ReproducinPicea engelmAbies amabiliShrub layer Salix sitchensSpiraea dougAlnus viridis sSalix geyerianVaccinium uligHerb layer Lysichiton amCarex aquatili

dives 

Senecio triangCarex echinaechinata Viola palustris Moss layer Moss 
Spiraea douglasii Douglas spiraea Plots sampled: 4 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2235 

(500-4100) 

Slope (deg): 1 (0-5) Landform position: toe 

slopes, floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally to 

perennially moist 

Soils: mostly loam, some 

organic 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is sprairies, and fens. Plots are highly variaphases are present that need further studyleft unclassified. The association describeand common at lower elevations. Trees shrub layer is dominated by Spiraea dougpercent, and is so dense that the herb layein hydrology may enhance dense standscontain Myrica gale and Ledum glandulo

Spec

Shrub layer Spiraea douglaSalix hookerianCrataegus douHerb layer Polygonum puMyosotis laxa Poa trivialis Rumex crispus Epilobium ciliaStellaria media Moss layer Moss 
Spiraea douglasii - Vaccinium uliginosDeschampsia caespitosa Douglas spiraea - bog blueberry/slough sPlots sampled: 57 (2 macro, 55 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 27 (20-

100) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally to 

perennially moist 

Soils: mostly organic, some sand Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is cassociation forms wet lawns, low hummocas a primary vegetation type on denuded dominated by Ledum associations. Trees trees were observed. The herb layer is nospecies. Sphagnum angustifolium is the percent of the plots, with cover ranging frotrails in the peatland facilitate flows of mineterm effect on vegetation by influencing 

Species 

Shrub layer Spiraea douglaVaccinium uliginosum Salix hookeriaHerb layer Carex obnupta Deschampsia caespitosa Moss layer Sphagnum Moss 
Spiraea douglasii/Sphagnum Douglas spiraea/sphagnum Plots sampled: 7 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 130 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is edges of lakes and po

fens. The association is primarily shrub sw

site in Oregon, but is thought to be repwestern Washington that have not been dominated by a saturated lawn of Sphag

percent cover beneath the shrubs. A smdeveloped hummocks of Sphagnum p

hummocks are unknown elsewhere in OreThe association may have been more widelarge expanses of swamp vegetation once 

Species 

Reproducing trees Fraxinus latifolia Shrub layer Spiraea douglasRubus ursinus Herb layer Carex cusickii Menyanthes trifoLycopus americAgrostis capillarLemna minor Moss layer Sphagnum 
Vaccinium caespitosum/Sanguisorba oDwarf huckleberry/ burnet - slough sedge Plots sampled: 9 (micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 2800 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: flats, 

basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially moist 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is montane fen. The association consists of low hummocks of Vaccinium caespitosum flooded openings with a variable cover o

tiny black liverwort Cephaloziella. Vaccin

30-70 percent of the stands but is someofficinalis may cover up to 95 percent of 

douglasii and Camassia quamash sugge

status. Thuja plicata, Rhododendron mac

occur on logs and elevated areas

The m

Specie

Shrub layeVaccinium caespitosum Herb layer Sanguisorba officinalis Carex obnupCaltha leptosssp. howellii Camassia quamash Gentiana sceSenecio pseudaureus Carex cusickAgrostis Moss layer Moss Sphagnum 
Vaccinium caespitosum/Xerophyllum tDwarf huckleberry/beargrass - burnet Plots sampled: 8 (micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 2800 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is mcharacterized by hummocks of Xerophyllum of Sanguisorba officinalis, throughout whmats and hummocks of red Sphagnu

mendocinum. Vaccinium caespitosum, 

obnupta are occasional to frequent assotypically upland Xerophyllum with typic

Sphagnum is peculiar, although Xeropseasonal wetlands. Occasional rocks aplicata nearby with Xerophyllum suggest 

long-term hydrologic tension zone betweein water levels may be mediated by beave

Specie

Shrub layer Vaccinium caespitosum Herb layer Xerophyllum teSanguisorba officinalis Carex cusickii Moss layer Moss Sphagnum 
Vaccinium uliginosum/Carex obnupta Bog blueberry/slough sedge Plots sampled: 13 (7 macro, 6 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 40-100 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

deflation plains and marine terraces 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially moist 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some sand underlain by duripan 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is marsh flooded seasonally to a depth of 12 inches and usually moist throughout the growing season. Stands are remote from saltwater 

Speci

Mature trees Pinus contorta contorta Picea sitchensiFrangula purshShrub layer Vaccinium uligiSalix hookerianGaultheria shalMalus fusca Spiraea douglaMyrica californiVaccinium ovatHerb layer Carex obnupta Veronica scuteArgentina egedJuncus lesueurRanunculus flaDeschampsia cAster chilensis 
Vaccinium uliginosum/Deschampsia cBog blueberry/tufted hairgrass - slough sePlots sampled: 73 (micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 130 

(50-160) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landscape position: old 

deflation plains and marine terraces 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded, moist to dry in summer 

Soils: sand underlain by duripan Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is seaPinus contorta var. contorta forest. Stadepth of 12 inches and are dry by midsumorganic layer over sand, often with iron-ce

var. contorta is sparse and mostly restriSanguisorba officinalis, Gentiana sceptrumpresent in the herb layer in small amounts. 

lichen Cladina portentosa ssp. pacifica are 

The association appears to be declining b

Spec

Mature trees Pinus contorta vShrub layer Vaccinium uligiHerb layer Deschampsia caespitosa Carex obnupta Sanguisorba ofMoss layer Sphagnum Moss 
Vaccinium uliginosum/Dodecatheon jessp. howellii Bog blueberry/Howell's marsh marigoldPlots sampled: 42 (18 macro, 24 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4363 

(1900-5410) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-2) Landform position: toe 

slopes, floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam. 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is montane fens. Vaccinium uliginosumplots are highly variable and indicate that 

Species 

Mature trees Pinus contorta vlatifolia Picea engelmanReproducing trees Picea engelmanPinus contorta vlatifolia Abies amabilis Abies lasiocarpa Shrub layer Vaccinium uliginSpiraea douglasKalmia microphyHerb layer Dodecatheon jeCaltha leptosepssp. howellii Carex aquatilis vdives Ligusticum grayDeschampsia caespitosa 
III. HERBACEOUS AS

Athyrium filix-femina Lady fern Plots sampled: 1 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 10 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position:  floodplains Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic or silt loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is marsh just above the freshwater intertidal zone along larger coastal rivers. The association is undersampled but has been observed in a number of sites along the lower Columbia River and 

Specie

Shrub layer Rosa nutkana Spiraea douglasSalix hookerianLonicera involucHerb layer Athyrium filix-feScirpus microcaAgrostis stoloniLotus corniculatAster subspicatTypha latifolia Lysimachia terrArgentina egediOenanthe sarmIris pseudacoruSchoenoplectus var. occidentalis Juncus effusus C

b

t
Azolla (filiculoides, mexicana) Mosquitofern 

Plots sampled: 1 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, flats Hydrology: seasonally to perennially floodSoils: loam, silt loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is low-and sloughs with little water movement. S

northwestern Oregon, but stands extenoccurrences of this association are most cthe Coast Range and Willamette Vallemonotypic green or reddish mats that flponds, often growing so dense that no opopen water to proliferate in winter and spron mudflats when shallow pools dry out iuncommon, particularly on large floodplamat develops a peculiar lumpy surface Elements of the Lemna minor association 

may often be intermixed with Azolla but a

E

t

hi

diti

f

d b

thi

Specie

Herb layer Azolla mexica
Bidens cernua Nodding beggartick Plots sampled: 9 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 282 (8-

500) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-1) Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: silt loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is low-elevation eutrophic marsh and mudflats along low-gradient streams and around shallow ponds. The association is strictlBidens cernua and a variety of other mseason flooding and summer drying subirrigation. Other typical species prePolygonum hydropiperoides

Sagittaria 

Speci

Herb layer Bidens cernua Polygonum hydropiperoideSagittaria latifoEleocharis palLudwigia palusLeersia oryzoidAlisma triviale Callitriche Sparganium angustifolium Polygonum peSchoenoplectuamericanus Panicum capillSchoenoplectutabernaemonta
Bidens frondosa Devil's beggartick Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: seasonally flooded to moist Soils: silt loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is lowalong low-gradient streams and around stypically forms nearly monotypic stands of 

to 100 percent cover. Nuphar lutea sspabundant species reported from plots, with species. This association was probably faValley prior to flood control, but is now mRiver floodplain in the Vancouver Basin. Pand freshwater tidal flooding along streamarundinacea from invading stands. 

Specie

Herb layer Bidens frondosNuphar lutea spolysepala Poaceae Rorippa curvisPolygonum peLemna minor 
Boykinia major Large boykinia Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 1663 

(40-3285) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

depressions, flats 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is coastal and montane fens, particularly sphagnum mires. The association needs more plot data, but a variety of occurrences have been observed in the peatlands and under a partial canopy of Th

primary species and forms a wet lawn wamericanus, Carex echinata ssp. echina

spicant

Juncus ensifolius

Cicuta douglasi

Specie

Shrub layer Spiraea dougHerb layer Boykinia majoLysichiton americanus Carex echinatechinata Hypericum anagalloides Carex utriculaBlechnum spiJuncus ensifoCicuta douglaCalamagrostis canadensis Viola Carex obnuptJuncus Moss layer Moss 
Brasenia schreberi Watershield Plots sampled: 0 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 10-2000 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: basins Hydrology: perennially flooded Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is lsloughs. This is a rooted aquatic bed awestern Oregon but has not been sampled Brasenia schreberi forms mats of floating and the network of submerged stems animportant habitat for aquatic invertebrates as common in northwestern Oregon as association favors oligotrophic or mesoutcompeted by more aggressive species enriched runoff in agricultural or urban lan
Calamagrostis canadensis Bluejoint Plots sampled: 10 (4 macro, 6 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4821 

(3100-5410) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-5) Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: moist to 

perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is edges of montane fens. The association is extremely diverse. The shrub layer contains 14 different species, and more than 60 species are present in the herb layer

indicating that 

Speci

Mature trees Picea engelmanAbies lasiocarpPinus contorta vReproducing Abies lasiocarpAbies amabilis Pinus contorta vPicea engelmanShrub layer Vaccinium uliginSpiraea densifloHerb layer Calamagrostis cCaltha leptosep

howellii 

Senecio trianguCarex aquatilis Dodecatheon jeLigusticum grayPlatanthera dila
Calamagrostis nutkaensis Pacific reedgrass Plots sampled: 0 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 50-100 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins, flaHydrology: perennially saturated Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is coasbeen sampled but is present in small amlarger amounts on the south coast. It foCalamagrostis nutkaensis with a few othecover but not documented here. The mosSphagnum or may largely be concealeexpanses of mud between hummocks of 

lacking. Large tussocks of Calamagrostis 

above the surface of the mire and are useThe association is uncommon and the bethe coast in southern Oregon and norther
Callitriche heterophylla Different-leaved water-starwort Plots sampled: 6 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 733 ( 

500-1900) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

bottoms 

Hydrology: seasonally to 

perennially flooded 

Soils: organic or silty loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is lowslow-moving streams, and flooded shrub hookeriana, Salix lucida ssp. lasiandradouglasii are typical associates in this haalso be entirely absent. Callitriche heterop

usually immersed with the topmost leavewater. Emergent species present may Veronica scutellata, Cicuta douglasii, Torand Glyceria. 

Specie

Mature treeFraxinus latifoHerb layer Callitriche heterophylla Oenanthe sarVeronica scutLysichiton amTorreyochloa var. pauciflora Moss layer Moss 
Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii Howell's marsh marigold Plots sampled: 7 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4319 

(2800-5300) 

Slope (deg): ave. 4 (0-15) Landform position: 

seepage slopes to floodplains and flats 

Hydrology: moist to 

perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens, forming lawns or flushes on gentle to moderate slopes below springs. Slopes are laced with rivulets or rills and irrigated by sheet flow. A number of phases are present that need further study

Woody plants have 

Spec

Mature treePicea engelmaAbies amabilis Tsuga mertenLarix occidentReproducinPicea engelmaAbies amabilis Pinus contorta latifolia Shrub layer Vaccinium caeVaccinium uligHerb layer Caltha leptose

howellii 

Dodecatheon jSenecio triangHypericum anCarex luzulina Platanthera stTofieldia glutinEquisetum arv
Plots sampled: 30 microplots 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 2800 Slope (deg): ave. 5 (3-5) Landform position: 

floodplains, flats, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens, forming lawns or flushes on gentle to moderate slopes below springs and seeps. Slopes are laced with rivulets or rills and irrigated by sheet flow. Stands lack huprimary herbs may not be present in all plto plots. Use of Carex obnupta in the namCaltha vegetation of the Cascades and indcoastal peatlands. Juncus balticus, CaScirpus microcarpus, Carex exsiccata, and 

with low constancy and average cover bu

Speci

Herb layer Caltha leptosephowellii Sanguisorba offGentiana sceptrCarex obnupta Carex cusickii Equisetum arveJuncus ensifoliuLysichiton amerAgrostis Juncus balticus Angelica genuflHypericum anagMoss layer Moss Unvegetated Litter 
Camassia quamash Small camas Plots sampled: 5 (1 macro, 4 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 220 

(150-500) 

Slope (deg): ave. 2 (0-2) Landform position: 

floodplains, flats, benches 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to seasonally moist 

Soils: clay loam and 

shallow soil over bedrock 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is clay pseasonally perched water table. Camas

forms dense stands of gorgeous blue flowsummer drought. Because of its seasonproximity to agriculture, many exotic specHypochaeris radicata, Stellaria, Aira caryobe inconspicuous when Camassia is at 

Specie

Herb layer Camassia quamash Saxifraga oreRanunculus occidentalis Triteleia hyacinthina Hypochaeris radicata Stellaria Mimulus guttaJuncus bufonAira caryophyGalium aparinMoss layer Moss 
Carex amplifolia Bigleaf sedge Plots sampled: 1 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): 3450 Slope (deg): 7 Landform position: seepage 

slopes, flats 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is seepassociated with springs. The association iit has been well documented by other resprimary species with an average cover of 4an unidentified Lotus, Lysichiton americ

Twelve other species are present in the heast of the Cascade Range, but these ploreported. 

Spe

Herb layeCarex amplLotus Lysichiton aScirpus micMimulus guMoss layeMoss 
Carex angustata Widefruit sedge Plots sampled: 4 (2 macro, 2 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): 4400 Slope (deg): ave. 2 (1-2) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to moist 

Soils: loam or organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is seasonally moist montane mead

in half the plots but with very low cover. 

species in the herb layer, with an average up to 70 percent, with lesser amounts californicum, Deschampsia caespitosa, Docanadensis. More than 30 other species pa mix of drier meadow and forest ecointermedia, Achillea millefolium, Potentilla pratensis strongly suggest that some site

Spec

Shrub layer Spiraea douglaRosa pisocarpa Vaccinium uligiLonicera Herb layer Carex angustaJuncus balticus Veratrum califoDeschampsia cDodecatheon jSolidago canadPolygonum bis
Carex aperta Columbia sedge Plots sampled: 10 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 510 (10-

3150) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-3) Landform position: 

floodplains, toe slopes 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to seasonally moist 

Soils: mostly silt loam, some organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is mosone site is known from a montane fen. Stdry by mid to late summer. The asshistorically before diking and farming of ththe advent of exotic cultivars of Phalaris stands that remain are either nearly monot

too wet for Phalaris arundinacea, or in mixarundinacea. Elsewhere, it has been c

arundinacea. The sedge itself is not rare bten plots sampled here represent the m

Specie

Shrub layeRubus armenSpiraea dougHerb layer Carex aperta Phalaris arundinacea Epilobium cilssp. watsonii Vicia Cirsium arveDipsacus full
Carex aquatilis var. aquatilis Aquatic sedge Plots sampled: 10 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4385 

(3320-5097) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-3) Landform position: slopes, 

benches, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is usually montane fens. The association includes a heterogesegregate in any meaningful way. Trees a50 species occur in the herb layer, but Ca

most abundant and averages 61 percenpercent cover. Many stands occur as moother wetland species having low constainclude Eleocharis quinqueflora, Carex luzfimbriata, Carex aquatilis var. dives, and 

Senecio triangularis and Aconitum colu

Spec

Reproducing Abies lasiocarpAbies amabilis Shrub layer Salix hookerianSpiraea douglaAlnus incana Herb layer Carex aquatilis aquatilis Hypericum anaPlatanthera strMoss layer Moss 
Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge Plots sampled: 71 (46 macro, 25 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4378 

(2000-5428) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-17) Landform position: slopes, 

benches, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is usually montane fens. The association is widespread and important in the Cascade Range and includes a heterogeneous mix of species that do not segregate in any meaningful way

Trees 

Spec

Mature trees Picea engelmaPinus contorta Reproducing Pinus contorta Tsuga heterophPicea engelmaShrub layer Vaccinium uligiSpiraea douglaHerb layer Carex aquatilis Dodecatheon jCarex utriculatHypericum anaMoss layer Moss Unvegetated Litter Bare ground 
Carex aquatilis var. dives - Comarum pSitka sedge - marsh cinquefoil Plots sampled: 54 (micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 35 

(20-40) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is coastal fens, floating lake-fill mats, and lowgradient drainages. The association is primarily minerotrophic reedseveral inches of standing water and the vrequiring very wet to flooded conditionsshrubs are present in about half the plotdouglasii

Lonicera involucrata

and Salix 

Species 

Mature trees Pinus contorta vcontorta Reproducing trees Picea sitchensis Shrub layer Ledum glanduloVaccinium uliginHerb layer Carex aquatilis dives Comarum palusNuphar lutea sspolysepala Athyrium filix-femUnvegetated Litter Water 
Carex buxbaumii Buxbaum's sedge Plots sampled: 5 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): 4730 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is montin open fens and around the edges of wewith slightly drier Deschampsia caespitosfrom these plots but may be present in somor "tree islands." Vaccinium uliginosum an

amounts only, also on hummocks. Carex 

averaging 49 percent cover but ranging stands. Lycopus uniflorus and Descham

lesser amounts, along with 17 other fen s

Spec

Shrub layer Vaccinium uligSpiraea douglaHerb layer Carex buxbaumLycopus unifloDeschampsia Moss layer Moss 
Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge Plots sampled: 3 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2057 

(1970-2200) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, some 

loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is low to midelevation fen and marsh. The association is composed of nearly monotypic stands of Carex cusickii, with an average cover of 80 ppercent. Eleven other species are recooccur only in trace amounts. No trees arMahonia aquifolium

probably from an e

Spec

Shrub layer Mahonia aquiHerb layer Carex cusickiPotentilla Carex aquatili

aquatilis 

Hypericum anDulichium aruCarex leptaleCarex utriculaPoaceae Viola Lycopus unifloDrosera rotunCarex echinaechinata Moss layer Moss 
Carex deweyana ssp. leptopoda 

Dewey sedge Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to moist 

Soils: clay loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is clay prairie with perched water table. This association is presumably a relic component of native Willamette Valley wet prairie. Although it occurs at low elevation, has a history of grazing, and is surrounded by agriculture, relatively in the plots. It is classified here as an assocover of Carex deweyana ssp

leptopod

Speci

Herb layer Carex deweyanleptopoda Myosotis laxa Deschampsia caCarex pellita Carex unilateralJuncus tenuis Eleocharis acicuEpilobium ciliatuGalium parisienVeronica scutellCarex feta Callitriche heterBeckmannia syzEleocharis palusRumex crispus Moss layer Moss 
Carex exsiccata Western inflated sedge Plots sampled: 33 (31 macro, 2 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2490 

(100-5000) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-3) Landform position: 

floodplains, flats, benches 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: organic, silt loam, or sand Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is small to large shallow basins. Composition is diverse with no obvious segregate types. Stands are usually flooded seasonally to a 

Specie

Mature treeThuja plicata Pseudotsuga menziesii Reproducing Thuja plicata Pseudotsuga menziesii Shrub layer Spiraea dougHerb layer Carex exsiccaVeronica scutNuphar lutea polysepala Carex obnuptMoss layer Moss UnvegetateBare ground Litter 
Carex feta Greensheath sedge Plots sampled: 3 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to wet 

Soils: clay loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is clay prairie with perched water table. The association is presumably a relic component of native Willamette Valley wet prairie. Although it occurs at low elevation, has a history of grazing, and is surrounded by agriculture, there are relatively few exotic species recorded in the plots. It is documented 

Speci

Herb layer Carex feta Carex deweyanleptopoda Epilobium ciliatuGalium parisienDeschampsia cOenanthe sarmMyosotis laxa Eleocharis paluVeronica scutelCarex unilateraCarex pellita Holcus lanatus Rumex crispus Callitriche heterMentha arvensiRanunculus alisBeckmannia syJuncus tenuis Danthonia califoMoss layer 
Carex lasiocarpa Slender sedge Plots sampled: 25 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4680 

(4100-4730) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: perennially 

flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is montane marshes and fens. This association occurs at the eastern edge of the study areas nearly monotypic and sometimes extewith up to 90 percent cover, with lescaespitosa, Aster occidentalis, JuncuCalamagrostis stricta ssp

inexpansa

a

Species 

Shrub layer Vaccinium uliginoHerb layer Carex lasiocarpa Deschampsia caespitosa Aster occidentalis Juncus balticus Carex utriculata Galium trifidum Potamogeton gramineus Epilobium ciliatum Calamagrostis stssp. inexpansa Carex aquatilis va

dives 

Utricularia intermVeronica scutellaMoss layer Moss 
Carex lenticularis Lakeshore sedge Plots sampled: 14 (13 macro, 1 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4151 (3240-5146) Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-2) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins, benches 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some sandy 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane wet meadows interspersed with forest edge. Trees and shrubs are mostly peripheral, occuring with low constancy and in trace amounts

The herb 

Specie

Mature trees Salix scouleriana Picea engelmannReproducing tPicea engelmannAbies amabilis Shrub layer Salix Cornus sericea Spiraea douglasiHerb layer Carex lenticularis Senecio triangulaPolygonum bistoViola Carex luzulina Carex exsiccata Agrostis thurberiaVeronica americaMoss layer Moss 
Carex limosa Mud sedge Plots sampled: 9 (micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 3360 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: perennially 

flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens and poor fens. Thpoor, with low species cover and with coninches deep, mud, or Sphagnum betwTsuga heterophylla is the only tree rehummocks where it may be chlorotic an

primary species in the herb layer with covaveraging only 25 percent. Menyantheabundant herb, with lesser amounts of arundinaceum, and Carex utriculata, th

conditions bordering on reedswamp

Alth

Spec

ReproducinTsuga heteropHerb layer Carex limosa Menyanthes tDrosera rotunDulichium aruCarex utriculaSpiranthes roMoss layer Moss UnvegetateBare ground 
Carex luzulina Woodrush sedge Plots sampled: 8 (6 macro, 2 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4378 

(3460-4760) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-3) Landform position: 

floodplains, flats, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally to 

perennially moist 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is mostly montane fens. While not recorded in these plots, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Picea engelmannii, or Abies 

lasiocarpa may be present with shrubs on hummocks or "tree islands

" The herb 

Spec

Shrub layer Vaccinium uliginSpiraea douglaHerb layer Carex luzulina Hypericum anaDeschampsia cDodecatheon jeCaltha leptosep

howellii 

Carex aquatilis Eleocharis quinPedicularis groeRanunculus gorMicroseris boreDrosera anglica Trifolium longipMoss layer Moss Unvegetated Water 
Carex nebrascensis Nebraska sedge Plots sampled: 3 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 5415 

(5200-5700) 

Slope (deg): 1 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens and wet meadows. The association is very common in montane meadows of the intermountain west and is barely present along the eastern edge of the Cascade Range. Picea engelmannii and Pinus 

Species 

Reproducing tPicea engelmaPinus contorta latifolia Shrub layer Vaccinium uliginosum Lonicera involuSalix sitchensis Herb layer Carex nebrascePolygonum bistortoides Dodecatheon alpinum Eleocharis quinqueflora Carex atrata va

atrosquama 

Carex micropteEquisetum arveEpilobium brachycarpum Carex brunnescDeschampsia caespitosa Ranunculus populago 
Carex nigricans Black alpine sedge Plots sampled: 14 (3 macro, 11 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 5747 

(5175-6557) 

Slope (deg): ave. 9 (0-

25) 

Landform position: 

various slope positions, floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: organic or loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is depressions and seepy alluvial fans in subsomewhat drier than the Salix commutata aIt also intergrades with the Carex scopPhyllodoce empetriformis heath

Stand

Speci

Shrub layer Salix commutata Kalmia microphyllPhyllodoce empeGaultheria humifuVaccinium uliginoSpiraea densiflora Salix Salix planifolia Herb layer Carex nigricans Carex scopulorum Pedicularis attolleEleocharis quinquLigusticum grayi Tofieldia glutinosa occidentalis Packera cymbala
Carex obnupta Slough sedge Plots sampled: 57 (15 macro, 42 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 394 

(20-2800) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-4) Landform position: 

floodplains, flats, benches 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist or flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: organic, muck, or 

loam 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitats incinternal drainage, peatlands, shrub swamdeflation plains. The Carex obnupta asdifficult to segregate into meaningful typesassemblages to monotypes, and dense twith only bare mud or sphagnum between inches in diameter, closely spaced and 1-3 feet apart and growing up to 6 feet tall

Tr

Species 

Mature trees Alnus rubra Fraxinus latifolia Calocedrus decReproducing trAlnus rubra Acer macrophyShrub layer Rubus ursinus Herb layer Carex obnupta Athyrium filix-feRorippa nasturtaquaticum Moss layer Moss 
Carex pachystachya Chamisso sedge Plots sampled: 3 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats 

Hydrology: seasonally wet 

to moist 

Soils: clay loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is clay This association is presumably a relic comwet prairie. Because of its low elevation, hagriculture, it is full of exotic species. It is significant cover of native Carex 

brachyantherum, and it may represent one native prairie types now mostly decimated in better condition can be found and docu

Speci

Herb layer Carex pachystaAgrostis stoloniHordeum brachPoa pratensis Cirsium arvense Vicia tetraspermAgrostis capillarPhalaris arundinRumex acetose
Carex scopulorum Mountain sedge Plots sampled: 8 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 5747 

(5175-6557) 

Slope (deg): ave. 9 (0-25) Landform position: various 

slope positions, floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: organic or loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is depressions and seepy alluvial fans in subalpine heath. Stands of this association occur in transitional areas between the slightly wetter Carex nigricans association and slightly drier associations of 

Spec

Shrub layer Salix commutSalix sitchensSalix myrtillifoKalmia micropSpiraea densiPhyllodoce emHerb layer Carex scopuloDeschampsia Ligusticum grDodecatheon Packera cymbMuhlenbergia Tofieldia glutinAster alpigenuCarex nigricanEpilobium alpEquisetum arMoss layer Moss 
Carex simulata Analogue sedge Plots sampled: 5 (4 macro, 1 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4736 

(4730-4760) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, flats, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens. This association is better known from east of the Cascade Range, area. The hydroperiod for the plots repornorm for this association and they must be spectrum. No trees or shrubs are prereported from the herb layer. Stands may water 1-3 inches deep, mud, or Sphagnuplants

Carex simulata is the most abu

Spec

Herb layer Carex simulatJuncus balticuDeschampsia Carex utriculaRanunculus flVeronica scutEleocharis quUtricularia inteAster occidenMimulus primMoss layer Moss UnvegetateWater 
Carex utriculata Beaked sedge Plots sampled: 53 (30 macro, 23 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4475 

(1080-5428) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-2) Landform position: 

floodplains, flats, basins, benches 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to moist 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens. This is a common and important association in the Cascade Range. Stands are usually seasonally flooded to a depth of 1

2 feet

or may 

Spec

Mature trees Pinus contorta vReproducing Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophShrub layer Spiraea douglaAlnus viridis sspLonicera caerulVaccinium uliginVaccinium oxycSpiraea densifloKalmia microphHerb layer Carex utriculata Deschampsia cCarex aquatilis Hypericum anaCalamagrostis cMoss layer Moss Unvegetated Litter 
Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail Plots sampled: 0 Environment:Elevation (ft): 10-1000 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins Hydrology: aquatic, perennially flooded Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is low-estreams and rivers, ponds, lakes, and slouassociation that is widespread in westesampled and little information is available. 

dense, monotypic submerged beds that do the water. Eutrophic conditions favoreenhanced by enriched runoff in agriculturanative species, Ceratophyllum demersum lakes where rank aquatic vegetation inter
Deschampsia caespitosa montane "weTufted hairgrass Deschampsia caespitosa probably has thany native wetland species in Oregon and most important grasses. It occurs from wetlands on a variety of environmental intergrading vegetation types that are meaningful entities. Added to this mix is tplayed in farming and livestock grazing beffect that these uses had on condition aelevations, some stands of Deschampsicoastal or Willamette Valley prairie, wdeveloped on land previously plowed by and high elevations were grazed by sheep the relative intensity of historic grazing covariety of intergrading combinations of sthree subspecies of Deschampsia caespiclear that any correlation exists between tthe different Deschampsia associations. caespitosa have been sampled by many resulting in a huge species matrix rephistories. Because of the difficulty of sepvegetation types, many workers have ch"wet meadow", "mountain meadow", "momeadow

" 
(2) Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii.

(3) Carex aquatilis var. dives. (4) Carex buxbaumii phase: (5) Carex exsiccata.(6) Dodecatheon jeffreyi. (7) Eleocharis quinqueflora. Similar in 

the Eleocharis quinqueflora association, species-rich. (8) Hypericum anagalloides.(9) Microseris borealis.

(10) Muhlenbergia filiformis.(11) Ranunculus gormanii. Restricted tLane, Deschutes, Douglas, and northwescoinciding with the primary range of Ranu

(12) Scirpus congdonii.(13) Trifolium logipes. Habitat is monta

fens, transitional between wet Deschampmore widespread but drier Deschampsia 

seasonally moist loam or pumice. It conta
Deschampsia caespitosa - Artemisia liTufted hairgrass - Columbia River wormwPlots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 40 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to moist 

Soils: river cobbles, silt Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is cobble beds and silt along the Columbia River at the western end of the Columbia River Gorge. The cobble beds are inundated when Bonneville Dam releases surplus water, usually in spring, summer flows. Deschampsia caespitosa two plots sampled here but was present nOregon site, and so is considered to be layer with at least 35 percent cover

The 

Spe

Mature trSalix lucida lasiandra ReproducFraxinus latShrub laySalix fluviatAmorpha fruHerb layeArtemisia linCoreopsis tatkinsonianTrifolium arAster Medicago luXanthium sDeschampscaespitosa 
Deschampsia caespitosa - Danthonia cTufted hairgrass - California oatgrass Plots sampled: 3 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, flats Hydrology: seasonally wet Soils: clay loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is clay prairie with perched water table. This association is one of the better-known components of relic native Willamette Valley wet prairie. Stands sampled or observed elsewhere often have a higher component of Danthonia californica, and this has traditionally been used to identoccurs at low elevation, has a history oagriculture

there are a variety of few exo

Spec

Shrub layer Rosa eglanterHerb layer Deschampsia Galium parisieLeucanthemuCarex unilateEpilobium ciliaPlantago lancHolcus lanatuHypochaeris rPlagiobothrys Potentilla gracMentha arvenCamassia quaAlopecurus saMoss layer Moss 
Deschampsia caespitosa - Juncus baltTufted hairgrass - Baltic rush Plots sampled: 7 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): 5167 (4618-6317) Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist 

Soils: organic and loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is wet to moist montane meadows and fens, and the association is more typical of meadows than fens. Trees are not well represented but would include Picea en

The shrub layer contains only Salix geyecover, which in many areas provides elePicea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa. species

Deschampsia caespitosa and Ju

Specie

Shrub layer Salix geyeriana Herb layer Deschampsia caespitosa Juncus balticus Muhlenbergia fiTrifolium longipAster foliaceus Antennaria roseGentiana newbPotentilla drumRanunculus alisDodecatheon jeAster alpigenus Carex pachystaFragaria virginiMoss layer Moss 
Dulichium arundinaceum Threeway sedge Plots sampled: 9 (2 macro, 7 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2406 

(80-4730) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

basins, benches 

Hydrology: perennially 

flooded to saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some sand 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is fenforms emergent stands around the edges oor seasonally flooded shallow depressionDulichium arundinaceum with an averagfrom 10-90 percent. Menyanthes trifoliata 

plots but with low average cover. The remavery sparse, and much of the space beexposed mud in seasonally-flooded stanonexistent or 100 percent cover of Sph

Species 

Herb layer Dulichium arundinaceum Menyanthes trifDrosera rotundiPotamogeton gramineus Lysichiton amerCarex aquatilis Utricularia macrCarex utriculata Carex lasiocarpMoss layer Moss 
Eleocharis acicularis Needle spikerush Plots sampled: 1 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): 4730 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally flooded to perenniaSoils: organic or loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is monmeadows. Plants may be relatively sparse mud. This association is more common emostly a monotype of Eleocharis acicular

canadensis, Callitriche heterophylla, a

recorded in this single plot. Pools may remains moist. 

Species 

Herb layer Eleocharis acicElodea canadenCallitriche heterophylla Sparganium angustifolium Moss layer Moss 
Eleocharis ovata - Ludwigia palustris Ovate spikerush - water purslane Plots sampled: 5 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 800 

(500-2000) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins Hydrology: perennially moist to perenniallSoils: silt loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is seasonal lakes, pools, and in freshwaterivers. Stands are either monotypes of Elwith Ludwigia palustris, submerged early mudflats as water levels drop. Considerabmud may be present. A few other emerpresent but in low amounts. There may Lilaeopsis occidentalis association on mu

Species 

Herb layer Eleocharis ovatLudwigia palustLamiaceae Bidens cernua Agrostis exarata Epilobium ciliatussp. watsonii 
Eleocharis palustris Creeping spikerush Plots sampled: 8 (7 macro, 1 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 1201 

(8-4730) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-1) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

wet to perennially flooded 

Soils: organic, sand, loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is shfens, and marshes. Stands are predominais sparse, dominated by Salix hookerianconstancy and very low percent cover. E

species in the herb layer, with average ranging from 30-100 percent. About 40 olow constancy, but with some have nevadensis, Polygonum hydropiperoides, 

on elevation

The diversity of species is 

Species 

Shrub layer Salix hookerianSpiraea douglaHerb layer Eleocharis paluDeschampsia caespitosa Carex obnupta Phalaris arundinJuncus nevadeSchoenoplectus americanus Myosotis laxa 
Eleocharis quinqueflora Few-flowered spikerush Plots sampled: 34 (9 macro, 25 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4190 

(3120-5410) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-2) Landform position: 

basins, benches 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens, wet edges of meadows, and sometimes on floating lake-fill mats. The association is primarily a wet lawn with woody vegetation confined to 

Species 

Reproducing trPicea engelmanPinus contorta vlatifolia Tsuga mertensiAbies lasiocarpShrub layer Vaccinium uliginVaccinium oxycHerb layer Eleocharis quinqueflora Drosera anglica Carex simulata Carex aquatilis dives Mimulus primulDodecatheon jeHypericum anagalloides Moss layer Moss Unvegetated Water 
Elodea canadensis Canadian waterweed Plots sampled: 0 Environment:Elevation (ft): 10-5000 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins Hydrology: aquatic, submerged Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is lakesThis is a rooted or free-floating aquatic bed western Oregon. It has not been sampled Elodea canadensis forms dense mats benmay provide important habitat for aquatassociation may favor eutrophic conditienriched runoff in agricultural or urban lan
Equisetum arvenseField horsetail Plots sampled: 2 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2115 

(1900-2329) 

Slope (deg): ave. 7 (0-

13) 

Landform position: 

various slope positions, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist to saturated 

Soils: mostly loam, some 

organic 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is seepy alluvial fans, slopes, wmostly a low to mid-elevation association, groundwater movement. It is often small-p

plots suggest considerable inclusions of artifact of plot size or configuration in a Discounting the trees and shrubs that are primary species in the herb layer is Equise

Species 

Mature trees Pseudotsuga menziesii Pinus ponderosReproducing tQuercus garryaShrub layer Rosa nutkana Alnus incana Symphoricarpoalbus Rubus ursinus Herb layer Equisetum arveHypericum anagalloides Mimulus guttatu
Eragrostis hypnoides - Gnaphalium paTeal lovegrass - western marsh cudweed Plots sampled: 4 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 385 

(40-500) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to saturated 

Soils: silt loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is low-elevation beds of dried shallow seasonal pools and lakes. Trees are peripheral but may include Fraxinus latifolia, Populus 

balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, and Salix fluviatilis. The herb layer contains species adapted 

Species 

Mature trees Salix lucida ssplasiandra Herb layer Eragrostis hypnoides Gnaphalium paRorippa curvisiBidens frondosPolygonum hydropiperoideBidens cernua Solanum dulcaCirsium arvensLindernia dubia Eleocharis ovaLudwigia palusEchinochloa crusgalli Limosella aquaPolygonum amphibium Panicum capillaRumex crispus 
Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 20 Slope (deg): 2 Landform position: floodplains Hydrology: moist Soils: silt loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is gexposed at seasonal low flows, between water line. No trees are present below tfluviatilis and Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra a

the cutbank and sometimes form extensadjacent to this association. The exot

spreading along the riverbanks in this hab20 different species, some exotics and sscoured and inundated shorelines. Euth

species and forms tall stands with an avranging from 30-45 percent. Most of the have low cover values, but are of interesexcept in this habitat. 

Species 

Reproducing tSalix fluviatilis Herb layer Euthamia occidArtemisia vulgaCyperus erythro
Glyceria striata 

Fowl mannagrass Plots sampled: 5 (3 macro, 2 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3818 

(2800-4720) 

Slope (deg): ave. 2 (0-3) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic, loam, or 

sand 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane marshes, fens, and edges of wet meadows. Glyceria striata forms tall and often nearly monotypic stands, and some standing water may be present into reported here document occurrences of 

Species 

Mature trees Picea engelmanTsuga mertensiReproducing trTsuga mertensiShrub layer Ribes Alnus viridis sspsinuata Spiraea douglaVaccinium Herb layer Glyceria striata Viola Veratrum viride Deschampsia caespitosa Caltha leptosepssp. howellii Veronica ameriEpilobium ciliatussp. watsonii 
Hippuris vulgaris Common mare's-tail Plots sampled: 5 (micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): 20 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins Hydrology: seasonally flooded to perenniaSoils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is shmarshes and fens. This association is wiThe plots reported here are from the coarange of subordinate species that may be often extensive monotypes of Hippuris vul

percent and ranging from 25 to 50 percenopen water or mud if water levels drop. Th

as an associate, and other species suSchoenoplectus tabernaemontani, or Pota

pools dry up, the substrate remains moist 

survive complete desiccation. 

Species 

Herb layer Hippuris vulgariCicuta douglasiUnvegetated Water 
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating marshpennywort Plots sampled: 0 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 0-5000 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, flats, basiHydrology: seasonally flooded to perenniaSoils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is sha

gradient streams, sometimes in fens. association that is widespread in western has not been sampled and little informatmonotypic emergent stands that may colakes, ponds, and pools in peatlands. Covis not clear if this association favors eenhanced by enriched runoff in agricultur
Isoetes nuttallii Nuttall's quillwort Plots sampled: 5 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially moist 

Soils: silt loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is bseasonally-flooded pools in clay prairie, rsoiled basalt scabland. This association foephemeral streams and pools. Trees and sdescribed here that were sampled in open herb layer, Isoetes nuttallii is the principal percent and ranging from 40-85 percent. L

grass had 60 percent constancy and respectively. Most of the remaining herbs number of these species, including Isoetes midsummer

Other stands have been obs

Specie

Herb layer Isoetes nuttalliLotus pinnatus Poaceae Veronica scuteMimulus guttatTriteleia hyacinCamassia quaGratiola Epilobium ciliaJuncus tenuis 
Juncus balticus Baltic rush Plots sampled: 6 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 5070 

(4400-6300) 

Slope (deg): ave. 2 (0-9) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins, benches 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist to perennially flooded 

Soils: mostly loam, some 

organic 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is montane meadows and fens. This association occurs in both seasonally moist meadows as well as perennially wet fens

Species 

Mature trees Picea engelmanAbies lasiocarpa Reproducing trees Abies lasiocarpa Picea engelmanShrub layer Rubus lasiococcVaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium scopHerb layer Juncus balticus Polygonum bistortoides Carex scopuloruPedicularis groenlandica Caltha leptosepssp. howellii Deschampsia caespitosa Senecio trianguMimulus guttatu
Juncus effusus Soft rush Plots sampled: 6 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 1848 

(0-3450) 

Slope (deg): ave. 2 (0-7) Landform position: 

slopes, floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seaonally 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly loam, some 

organic 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is meadows, fens, and old pastures. This association is generally thought of as a disturbance type resulting from grazing, but some occurrences suggest that it is native in 

Species 

Mature trees Alnus rubra Reproducing trPseudotsuga menziesii Shrub layer Salix sitchensis Herb layer Juncus effusus Juncus ensifoliuHypericum anagalloides Galium trifidum Scirpus microcaEquisetum arveOenanthe sarmCarex obnupta Mimulus moschLotus corniculaAthyrium filix-feMoss layer Moss 
Juncus nevadensis Nevada rush Plots sampled: 2 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 4560 

(4389-4730) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic or loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is montane marshes and fens. Juncus nevadensis usually forms nearly monotypic stands in seasonally or perennially flooded shallow depressions and requires more water than Juncus balticus

It is widespread 

Species 

Reproducing trPicea engelmanPinus contorta vlatifolia Shrub layer Vaccinium uliginSalix geyeriana Alnus incana Herb layer Juncus nevadenMimulus primuloCarex utriculata Hypericum anagalloides Triantha occideCarex simulata Menyanthes trifPoa palustris Carex aquatilis dives Deschampsia caespitosa Muhlenbergia filiformis Lysichiton amerSanguisorba occidentalis 
Lemna minor Common duckweed Plots sampled: 2 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 650 

(sea level-800) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally to perennially floodSoils: silt loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is sealakes, and sloughs, usually at lower elebright green floating mats on the surface dense that no open water is visible. Lemnin winter and spring but it tolerates being sand pools dry out in summer. Although other small floating species are common particularly Spirodela polyrrhiza, Azolla, W

Ricciocarpos natans and Riccia fluitans, b

Lemna. All of these species can survivsurvive complete desiccation. It is not cleby eutrophic conditions caused by enrich

Specie

Herb layer Lemna minor Carex obnupta Lysichiton americanus Callitriche heterophylla 
Lilaeopsis occidentalis Western grasswort Plots sampled: 3 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 5 (1-10) Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist 

Soils: silt loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is mudflats in seasonal ponds and within or just above freshwater tidal zone of larger coastal rivers. This peculiar association is made up primarily of small, annual species on mud with a scattering of perennial species near the upper 

Speci

Herb layer Lilaeopsis occidCrassula aquatiLimosella aquaEleocharis paluEleocharis acicCallitriche Schoenoplectus americanus Bidens cernua Sium suave Polygonum hydropiperoides Juncus oxymeriElodea canadenEquisetum arveMyriophyllum spAlisma triviale Gratiola neglecSagittaria latifolMyriophyllum us
Ludwigia palustris - Polygonum hydroWater-purslane - swamp smartweed Plots sampled: 16 (12 macro, 4 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 288 

(10-500) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally flooded to moist Soils: mostly silt loam, some organicVegetation and ecology: Habitat is shalllakes, ponds, and sloughs at low elevationis more common in interior valleys on F

occurs sporadically along the coast. Salix 

tree or shrub present but it has low coextensive seasonal ponding. Polygonum species with an average cover of 57 percenot always present, and when absent the conspicuous. Ludwigia has a constancy o

34 percent, and may range to 90 percenherb layer occur at low constancy and cov

Species 

Mature trees Salix lucida ssplasiandra Herb layer Polygonum hydropiperoides Ludwigia palusBidens cernua Eleocharis palu
Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean Plots sampled: 5 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3664 

(sea level-4580) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, benches, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

flooded or saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is in perennially flooded or saturated depressions, the edges of ponds, and iassociation is usually composed of nearly trifoliata, with an average cover of 32 ppercent. Most of the remaining space betor Sphagnum. About 10 other herbaceous 

plots but all occur at low constancy and csummer but the substrate remains moist 

Species 

Herb layer Menyanthes triCicuta douglasCarex limosa Lysichiton americanus Carex echinata echinata Carex arcta Carex utriculatCarex aquatilis 

dives 

Drosera rotundCarex aquatilis Cinna latifolia Poa palustris Moss layer Moss 
Nephrophyllidium crista-galli Deer cabbage Plots sampled: 2 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3585 

(3550-3620) 

Slope (deg): ave. 4 (2-6) Landform position: slopes Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is montane fens, forming extensive wet lawns or flushes on gentle to moderate slopes below springs and seeps. The slopes are laced with rivulets and are also irrigated by sheet flow. Nephrophyllidium cristagalli resembles Caltha leptosepala ssp. ho

stands in similar sloping

seepy habitats

Specie

Herb layer Nephrophyllidium galli Carex aquatilis vaquatilis Boykinia major Tofieldia glutinoPolygonum bistoParnassia fimbrAgrostis thurberSenecio trianguCarex laeviculmPoaceae Platanthera stricLuzula campestPlatanthera dilaEpilobium ciliatuwatsonii Hypericum anagMoss layer Moss 
Plots sampled: 5 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2732, range 100-5010 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins Hydrology: seasonally to perennially flooded Soils: mostly loam, some organicVegetation and ecology: Habitat is eutrNuphar lutea ssp. polysepala forms rooted It tolerates seasonal drying that may reveafleshy rhizomes at the bottom of mud peripheral to the wetland. The herb layer idominated by Nuphar with an average of 32-60 percent. Potamogeton natans, Myriophyllum sibiricum form significant pcommonly associated species include 

schreberi, Dulichium arundinaceum, Mmacrorhiza, and Carex exsiccata. The lea

of the water or protrude 1-2 feet above areas or be relatively sparse. 

Species 

Shrub layer Spiraea douglasHerb layer Nuphar lutea sspolysepala Potamogeton nSparganium angustifolium Myriophyllum sibiricum Lemna minor 
Oenanthe sarmentosa Water parsley Plots sampled: 7 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 820 

(500-2340) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-1) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is muddy openings in forested wetland (swamp), marsh, or shrubswamp. Oenanthe sarmentosa typically forms stands in muddconiferous swamp and is most common at Fraxinus latifolia are the primary deciduouPicea sitchensis are the primary conifers, bconstancy or cover and are mostly periph

Specie

Mature trees Alnus rubra Fraxinus latifolia Thuja plicata Frangula purshiShrub layer Salix sitchensis Herb layer Oenanthe sarmCarex deweyanleptopoda Callitriche heterTypha latifolia Eleocharis paluPoa trivialis Moss layer Moss 
Paspalum distichum Knotgrass Plots sampled: 3 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 33 

(20-40) 

Slope (deg): ave. 2 (0-5) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially moist 

Soils: silt loam, sand Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is shallow depressions in floodplains and wet prairie. This association forms dense, nearly monotypic stands on mud or sand flats. Stands are flooded seasonally but dry out in summer, although the water table is never far 

Specie

Mature trees Salix lucida ssplasiandra Reproducing trees Salix lucida ssplasiandra Shrub layer Salix fluviatilis Salix sitchensis Herb layer Paspalum disticEquisetum arveEleocharis paluPhalaris arundiCarex vulpinoidHelenium autumJuncus effusus Mentha pulegiuPolygonum hydropiperoideSchoenoplectutabernaemontaCarex interruptCarex feta Carex aperta Lindernia dubia 
Polygonum amphibium Water smartweed Plots sampled: 0 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 10-1000 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins Hydrology: submerged aquatic Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is low-and sloughs. This is a rooted aquatic bed western Oregon but has not been sampled Polygonum amphibium may form extensivlakes and ponds but it also tolerates seelsewhere are usually monotypic, with association provides important habitat for is likely that it is enhanced by enriched landscapes. 
Potamogeton natans Floating-leaved pondweed Plots sampled: 3 (2 macro, 1 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 633 

(100-1200) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, benches, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally to 

perennially flooded 

Soils: silt loam, sand, organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is pondassociation forms rooted aquatic beds witsurface of the water, and can tolerate sremains wet. Potamogeton natans is the cover of 70 percent and ranging from 60-8with significant patches include Utriculari

polysepala, and Brasenia schreberi. Po

with adjoining associations and many ecolorather than the monotypic stands

Specie

Herb layer Potamogeton nUtricularia Sparganium angustifolium Spirodela polyrPolygonum Eleocharis paluArgentina egedMyosotis laxa Veronica scutePolygonum hydropiperoide
Ranunculus aquatilis Water crowfoot Plots sampled: 3 (2 macro, 1 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 1483 

(500-2800) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, benches 

Hydrology: seasonally to perennially floodSoils: organic or loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is shwooded situations. Ranunculus aquatili

vegetation, usually in nearly monotypic staforests of Fraxinus latifolia, Alnus rubra, anforests of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Thuj

recorded from these plots. Twelve specieRanunculus aquatilis being the most abunpercent and ranging from 75-98 percent. A

scutellata occur in slightly over half the unidentified Callitriche and Eleocharis apatches

but the rest of the species occ

Species 

Herb layer Ranunculus aqAlopecurus aeVeronica scuteCallitriche Eleocharis acicMentha arvensMoss layer Moss 
Ranunculus flammula Creeping buttercup Plots sampled: 8 (1 macro, 7 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3886 

(2800-5410) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially moist 

Soils: organic or loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is seaspeat or mud are exposed at low water. Ra

to dense aquatic mats in shallow depreprogresses, when plants persist and flowmud. Woody vegetation is peripheral tvarious species of Salix, Vaccinium ulig

Ranunculus flammula is the principal herbcover of 51 percent and ranging from 15 tof herbs are recorded, all with low constanof an unidentified Potamogeton and Car

Species 

Herb layer Ranunculus flammula Carex aquatilis 

dives 

Potamogeton Carex utriculata Dodecatheon jeCarex lenticularMoss layer Moss 
Sagittaria latifolia Broadleaf arrowhead Plots sampled: 14 (8 macro, 6 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 121 (6-

500) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally or 

perennially flooded to perennially saturated 

Soils: silt loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is seafreshwater tidal mudflats. This associatioprimarily a low-elevation wetland type iflooded early in the season and may dry oremain flooded throughout the growing sefreshwater tides along the lower Columbfloodplain openings ringed by often extens

lasiandra association and are generally Spiraea douglasii

Twenty

nine herbace

Species 

Reproducing tSalix lucida sslasiandra Herb layer Sagittaria latifoEleocharis palBidens cernua SchoenoplectutabernaemontaLindernia dubia Eleocharis ovaElatine Ludwigia palus
Sanguisorba officinalis - Carex aquatilBurnet - Sitka sedge Plots sampled: 13 (8 macro, 5 micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3148 

(1650-3800) 

Slope (deg): ave. 1 (0-3) Landform position: 

slopes, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is montane fens.  This association forms sloping to level wet lawn vegetation intersor "tree islands." Stands are irrigated by s Some stands occur in aapamire or "string formation where clusters of small ellipticadiameter form on gentle slopes of peat, ththe contour much like a series of small r

Species 

Shrub layer Vaccinium uliginSalix commutatHerb layer Sanguisorba offCarex aquatilis dives Caltha leptosepssp. howellii Hypericum anagalloides Parnassia fimbrTrientalis europssp. arctica Tofieldia glutinoEquisetum arvePlatanthera dilaMoss layer Moss 
Schoenoplectus acutus Hardstem bulrush Plots sampled: 7 (4 macro, 3 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 26 (5-

100) 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially flooded 

Soils: mostly organic, some loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is emerlakes and ponds. Schoenoplectus acutus monotypic stands that may tolerate summremains damp. Total herb cover is lowesPotamogeton natans and Brasenia schrflooded sites, but much of the remaining astems of Schoenoplectus. Other herbs iTypha latifolia, and Scirpus microcarpus. 

with dense litter from the previous year's the site has been burned

Although Scho

Species 

Shrub layer Vaccinium uligiSpiraea douglaHerb layer Schoenoplectus 

acutus 

Athyrium filix-feIris pseudacoruOenanthe sarmAster subspicatLotus cornicula
Scirpus microcarpus Small-fruited bulrush Plots sampled: 20 (15 macro, 5 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 2732 

(560-4100) 

Slope (deg): ave. 2 (0-25) Landform position: 

slopes, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: organic, loam, sand Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is marshes, fens, or springs. Stands are highly variable and a number of different phases could be segregated with further study. Stands are usually monotypic and may reach heights the wetlands and can be both deciduoureported from these stands but all have 

Specie

Shrub layer Alnus incana Rosa pisocarpSalix Salix commutaRubus laciniatSpiraea douglaRubus spectabRubus ursinus Herb layer Scirpus microcGlyceria striata Mimulus guttaLysichiton americanus Athyrium filix-fOenanthe sarmentosa Stachys ajugovar. rigida Moss layer Moss 
Senecio triangularis Arrowleaf groundsel Plots sampled: 21 (16 macro, 5 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3805, range 3120-5150 Slope (deg): ave. 17, range 0-70 Landform position: floodplains, basins, slopes Hydrology: seasonally moist to perennially saturated Soils: organic, loam, or rocky Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is hummocks or "tree islaat edges of wetlands, or in openings on sas forest ecotone with at least seasonextremely diverse because it contains 

Species 

Mature trees Picea engelmanniAbies lasiocarpa Reproducing trPicea engelmanniTsuga heterophyllShrub layer Vaccinium ovalifolAlnus incana Herb layer Senecio triangularAconitum columbiaPlatanthera stricta Trautvetteria caroliniensis Stachys ciliata Valeriana sitchensTiarella trifoliata vaunifoliata 
Sparganium angustifolium Simplestem bur-reed Plots sampled: 11 (6 macro, 5 micro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 1810 

(100-2800)t 

Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: seasonally 

flooded to perennially flooded 

Soils: organic or loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is sshallow pools, ponds, and freshwater tida

forms nearly monotypic stands and can fidown of water levels in summer but the suare absent from these plots and shrubs are stands sampled. Salix hookeriana an

associates. About 25 species are reportoccur only in trace amounts. Spargani

species with average cover of 60 percent 

Species 

Shrub layer Spiraea douglasHerb layer Sparganium angustifolium Callitriche heterophylla Veronica scutelOenanthe sarmJuncus effusus Callitriche Torreyochloa pa

var. pauciflor
Sparganium eurycarpum Broadfruit bur-reed Plots sampled: 5 (micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 20-200 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins Hydrology: seasonally to perennially floodSoils: organic, loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is shaSparganium eurycarpum forms nearly monof the space between plants occupied by has an average cover of 34 percent and rNo other vegetation is reported here exce

any common emergent species could be association appears to be limited to low e

Species 

Herb layer Sparganium eurycCicuta douglasii Unvegetated Litter Water 
Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora Pale false mannagrass Plots sampled: 6 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 1848 

(880-3825) 

Slope (deg): ave. 0 (0-2) Landform position: 

floodplains, basins, benches 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist to flooded 

Soils: mostly loam, some 

sand or organic 

Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is sodden edges of fens, meadows, and marshes, including beaver marshes. Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora forms sparse to dense stands of low to moderate diversity

Most 

Species 

Reproducing trees Alnus rubra Shrub layer Salix sitchensis Rubus ursinus Herb layer Torreyochloa pavar. pauciflora Veronica ameriScirpus microcaJuncus effusus Typha latifolia Oenanthe sarmLysichiton amerCallitriche Sparganium angustifolium Carex obnupta Myosotis laxa Phalaris arundinStellaria calycaMoss layer 
Trichophorum caespitosum Tufted clubrush Plots sampled: 9 (macro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 3442 

(2650-4240) 

Slope (deg): ave. 5 (0-

15) 

Landform position: 

floodplains, basins 

Hydrology: perennially 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: mostly organic, 

some loam 

Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is montane fens, forming wet lawns on flats or gentle to moderate slopes below springs and seeps. Trichophorum caespitosum forms conspicuous tussocks

Species 

Mature trees Pinus monticola Reproducing trThuja plicata Shrub layer Vaccinium uliginGaultheria ovatHerb layer Trichophorum caespitosum Tofieldia glutinoHypericum anagalloides Caltha leptosepssp. howellii Sanguisorba officinalis Eriophorum graDodecatheon jeDrosera rotundiAgrostis thurbeParnassia fimbrGentiana sceptCarex aquatilis 
Triteleia hyacinthina White brodiaea Plots sampled: 12 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): 500 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: 

floodplains 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist 

Soils: loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is seasover basalt bedrock, with a perched water from these plots but may include Quercus 

or Spiraea douglasii. A shallow mantle of prairie species (e.g., Poa scabrella, FestuLomatium utriculatum, Plectritis congestprairie species in concave surfaces. The winter and spring and support at least 25 these plots, about one-third of which are contain Polytrichum piliferum and Racomitdrying later in the summer

Conspicuous 

Species 

Herb layer Triteleia hyacinHypochaeris radicata Camassia quamDanthonia califPrunella vulgarLotus pinnatus Centaurium erythraea Hypericum anagalloides Eleocharis acicMoss layer Moss 
Typha latifolia Broadleaf cattail Plots sampled: 4 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): ave. 1299 

(500-1950) 

Slope (deg): 0-1 Landform position: 

floodplains, basins, flats 

Hydrology: seasonally 

moist to perennially saturated 

Soils: loam Vegetation and ecology:Habitat is shallow depressions, marshes, edges of lakes, and freshwater tidal flats. This is a common association but is overlooked and undersusually a monotype of Typha latifolia, budifferentiation based on patches of othe

Species 

Reproducing trFrangula purshiShrub layer Salix hookerianHerb layer Typha latifolia Myosotis laxa Mentha Scirpus microcaEquisetum arveCarex stipata Cirsium arvense Glyceria striata Stachys ciliata Veronica scutelCicuta douglasiElymus glaucus Moss layer Moss 
Utricularia macrorhizaCommon bladderwort Plots sampled: 0 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 10-2000 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins Hydrology: submerged aquatic Soils: organic Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is perennial water. This is an unrooted widespread in western Oregon but it hinformation is available. Utricularia m

characterized by its large bladders blackeinvertebrates. It forms sparse to dens

submerged vegetation with cover ranging important habitat for aquatic invertebrates Utricularia at lower elevations and the only it is not as common as some other aquatic this association favors eutrophic conditions runoff in agricultural or urban landscapes
IV. NONVASCULAR A

Fontinalis antipyretica Fountain moss Plots sampled: 1 (macro) Environment:Elevation (ft): 3800 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: floodplains, basins, beHydrology: seasonally flooded to perenniaSoils: organic or loam Vegetation and ecology: Habitat is sepools, ponds, and sloughs. Fontinalis ant

submerged beds that tolerate both pereexposure. Beds may be 2-3 feet thick whe6-inch thick turf if the pool loses all its wassociation is represented by only one ploit is widespread in the region. The plot dflooded pool with a cover of only 10 percenorm. There is no evidence that this assoconditions, and only a few stands have be

Species 

Moss layer Moss 
Polytrichum commune Haircap moss Plots sampled: 5 (micro) 

Environment:Elevation (ft): 5410 Slope (deg): 0 Landform position: basins Hydrology: perennially to 

seasonally moist 

Soils: organicVegetation and ecology: This associatioflooded depressions in the Tsuga mertenssmall depressions among trees, but moswith no forest canopy. Heavy snow accugrowing season and together with subseother vegetation. Stands are usually monthe moss Polytrichum commune up to 6 indepressions are steep enough, Polytrichu

zone between upland and late-season pCarex utriculata, Nuphar lutea ssp. polyse

caespitosa is often present at the upper depressions with less perceptible slope

carpet the bottom of the depression

form

Specie

Herb layer Carex utriculata Moss layer Moss Unvegetated Litter Bare ground 
Appendix I: Species list Alphabetized by scientific name 

Scientific name Common name Abies amabilis Silver fir Abies grandis Grand fir Abies lasiocarpa Subalpine fir Abies procera Noble fir Acer circinatum Vine maple Acer glabrum var. douglasii 

Rocky Mountain maple 

Acer macrophyllum Big leaf maple Achillea millefolium Yarrow Achlys triphylla Vanilla leaf Aconitum columbianum 

Columbian monkshood 

Aconitum columbianum ssp. columbianum 

Columbian monkshood 

Aconitum columbianum ssp. viviparum 

Columbian monkshood 

Actaea rubra Red baneberry Adenocaulon bicolor Pathfinder Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair fern Ageratina occidentalis Western snakeroot Agoseris elata Tall agoseris Agrostis capillaris Colonial bentgrass Agrostis exarata Spike bentgrass Agrostis humilis Alpine bentgrass Agrostis oregonensis Oregon bentgrass Agrostis pallens Dune bentgrass 
Scientific name Common name Angelica genuflexa Kneeling angelica Antennaria argentea Silver pussytoes Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernalgrass Aquilegia formosa Sitka columbine Aralia californica California spikenarArenaria Sandwort species Arnica amplexicaulis Streambank arnica Arnica latifolia Broadleaf arnica Artemisia douglasiana Douglas' sagewort Aruncus dioicus Nettle Asarum caudatum Wild ginger Aster alpigenus Alpine aster Aster modestus Great northern asteAthyrium filix-femina Lady fern Berberis aquifolium Tall Oregon grape Berberis nervosa Dwarf Oregon grapBlechnum spicant Deer fern Borago Borage species Botrychium multifidum Leathery grapefern Boykinia major Large boykinia Boykinia occidentalis Coastal boykinia Bromus inermis Smooth brome Bromus pacificus Pacific brome Bromus rigidus Ripgut brome Bromus sitchensis Alaska brome Bromus vulgaris Colombian brome 
Scientific name Common name Carex athrostachya Slenderbeak sedge Carex deweyana Dewey's sedge Carex echinata Prickly sedge Carex hendersonii Henderson's sedge Carex integra Smoothbeak sedge Carex interrupta Greenfruit sedge Carex laeviculmis Smoothstem sedge Carex lenticularis Tufted sedge Carex luzulina Woodrush sedge Carex mertensii Merten's sedge Carex multicostata Manyrib sedge Carex obnupta Slough sedge Carex pachystachya Thick-headed sedgCarex saxatilis Russet sedge Carex spectabilis Showy sedge Castilleja miniata 

Common red paintbrush 

Ceanothus velutinus 

Snowbrush ceanothus 

Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare Big chickweed Cerastium glomeratum Sticky chickweed Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Alaska yellow-cedaChamerion angustifolium var. canescens Fireweed Chimaphila umbellata Prince's pine Chrysolepis chrysophylla Chinquapin Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Water

carpet 
Scientific name Common name Collinsia parviflora 

Small-flowered blueyed Mary 

Collomia heterophylla Varied leaf collomiCoptis laciniata Gold thread Corallorhiza maculata Western coral root Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood Cornus sericea Red osier dogwood Cornus unalaschkensis Dogwood bunchbeCorydalis aquae-gelidae Cold-water corydaCorydalis scouleri Scouler's corydalis Corylus cornuta California hazel Crataegus douglasii Black hawthorn Cynoglossum 

Hound's-tongue species 

Cytisus scoparius Scotch broom Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass Delphinium glareosum Olumpic larkspur Delphinium nuttallianum Two-lobe larkspur Delphinium occidentale Western larkspur Delphinium trolliifolium 

Trollius-leaved larkspur 

Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia elongata Slender hairgrass Dicentra formosa Pacific bleedingheaDigitalis purpurea Common foxglove Distichlis spicata Seashore saltgrass Dodecatheon dentatum Dentate shooting sDryopteris carthusiana Wood fern 
Scientific name Common name Equisetum hyemale Scouring-rush Equisetum telmateia Giant horsetail Erechtites minima Coastal burnweed Erigeron peregrinus Subalpine daisy Festuca idahoensis Idaho fescue Festuca occidentalis Western fescue Festuca subulata Bearded fescue Festuca trachyphylla Krajina hard fescue Fragaria vesca Woodland strawbeFragaria virginiana Wild strawberry Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash Fritillaria Fritillaria species Galium aparine Cleaver Galium oreganum Oregon bedstraw Galium trifidum Small bedstraw Galium triflorum 

Sweetscented bedstraw 

Gaultheria ovatifolia Oregon wintergreeGaultheria shallon Salal Geranium columbinum Longstalk cranesbiGeum macrophyllum Large-leaved avenGlechoma hederacea Ground-ivy Glyceria grandis Reed mannagrass Glyceria striata Tall mannagrass Goodyera oblongifolia Rattlesnake plantaGymnocarpium dryopteris Western oakfern Hedera helix English ivy 
Scientific name Common name Hypericum formosum 

Western St. John'swort 

Hypericum perforatum 

Common St.John'swort 

Hypochaeris radicata Hairy cat's ear Impatiens capensis Jewelweed Juncus arcticus var. balticus Arctic rush Juncus bufonius Toad rush Juncus covillei Coville's rush Juncus effusus Common rush Juncus ensifolius Dagger-leaved rusJuncus parryi Parry's rush Juncus patens Spreading rush Juncus regelii Regel's rush Lactuca biennis Tall blue lettuce Lactuca muralis Wall-lettuce Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce Lapsana communis Common nipplewoLathyrus nevadensis Purple peavine Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy Ligusticum grayi Gray's lovage Lilium columbianum Columbian lily Linnaea borealis Twinflower Listera borealis Northern twayblade Listera caurina 

Northwestern twayblade 

Listera convallarioides 

Broad-leaved twayblade 
Scientific name Common name Lysichiton americanum Skunk cabbage Maianthemum dilatatum False lily of the valMaianthemum racemosum False Solomon's-sMaianthemum stellatum 

Starry false Solomon's-seal 

Marah oreganus Manroot Melica subulata Alaska oniongrass Mentha spicata Spearmint Mentha Xpiperita Peppermint Menziesia ferruginea Fool's huckleberry Mertensia ciliata Ciliate bluebells Mertensia paniculata Tall bluebells Mimulus alsinoides 

Chickweed monkeflower 

Mimulus dentatus 

Tooth-leaved monkeyflower 

Mimulus guttatus Yellow monkeyflowMimulus lewisii Pink monkeyflower Mimulus moschatus Musk-flower Mitella breweri Brewer's miterwort Mitella caulescens Leafy mitrewort Mitella ovalis Oval-leaved mitrewMitella pentandra 

Five=stamen mitrewort 

Moehringia macrophylla Big-leaved sandwoMontia linearis 

Narrow-leaved Montia 

Montia parvifolia 

Streambank springbeauty Slender 
Scientific name Common name Parnassia californica 

California grass-ofParnassus 

Parnassia fimbriata 

Fringed grass-ofParnassus 

Paxistima myrsinites Oregon boxwood Pedicularis bracteosa Bracted lousewort Penstemon serrulatus Coast penstemon Perideridia montana Common yampah Petasites frigidus Coltsfoot Phacelia hastata Silverleaf phacelia Phacelia nemoralis Shade phacelia Phalaris arundinacea Reed canarygrass Phlox gracilis Pink phlox Physocarpus capitatus Ninebark Picea engelmannii Engelmann's sprucPicea sitchensis Sitka spruce Pinus contorta Lodgepole pine Pinus monticola Western white pine Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Platanthera stricta Slender bog-orchid Pleuropogon refractus 

Nodding semaphograss 

Poa laxiflora 

Lax-flowered bluegrass 

Poa palustris Fowl bluegrass Poa trivialis Rough bluegrass Polemonium carneum Great Jacob's-laddPolemonium occidentale Western polemoniuP

l

bi

t

t

id

A

i

bi

t

t 
Scientific name Common name Pyrola asarifolia Pink wintergreen Pyrrocoma uniflora Plantain goldenweQuercus garryana Oregon white oak Ranunculus flammula Lesser spearwort Ranunculus muricatus Spinyfruit buttercup Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens var. repens Creeping buttercup Ranunculus uncinatus Little buttercup Rhamnus purshiana Cascara buckthorn Rhododendron albiflorum Cascade azalea Rhododendron macrophyllum Pacific rhododendrRibes bracteosum Stink currant Ribes divaricatum Wild gooseberry Ribes lacustre Black gooseberry Ribes sanguineum Red-flowering currRosa eglanteria Sweetbriar rose Rosa gymnocarpa Baldhip rose Rosa nutkana Nootka rose Rosa pisocarpa Clustered wild rose Rubus armeniacus Himalayan blackbeRubus lasiococcus Dwarf bramble Rubus leucodermis Black raspberry Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry Rubus pedatus Five-leaved brambRubus spectabilis Salmonberry 
Scientific name Common name Saxifraga nuttallii Nuttall's saxifrage Saxifraga odontoloma Stream saxifrage Saxifraga odontoloma Stream saxifrage Saxifraga oregana Oregon saxifrage Scirpus congdonii Congdon's bulrush Scirpus microcarpus 

Small-flowered bullrush 

Scoliopus hallii Slink lily Scrophularia californica California figwort Sedum Sedum species Senecio jacobaea Tansy ragwort Senecio pseudaureus 

Streambank groundsel 

Senecio triangularis Arrowleaf groundseSenecio vulgaris Common groundseSolanum dulcamara Bittersweet Sorbus scopulina 

Western mountainash 

Sorbus sitchensis Sitka mountain ash Spiraea douglasii Douglas spiraea Stachys cooleyae Cooley's betony Stachys mexicana Mexican betony Stellaria calycantha Northern starwort Stellaria crispa Crisp sandwort Stellaria media Chickweed Stellaria umbellata Umbellate starwort Stenanthium occidentale Mountainbells Streptopus amplexifolius Clasping twistedsta
Scientific name Common name Tiarella trifoliata Coolwort foamflowTiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata Coolwort foamflowTiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata Coolwort foamflowTolmiea menziesii Piggyback plant Torilis Hedgeparsley Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora Weak alkali grass Toxicodendron diversilobum Poison oak Trautvetteria caroliniensis False bugbane Trientalis arctica Northern starfloweTrientalis latifolia Western starflower Trifolium howellii Howell's clover Trifolium longipes Long-stalked cloveTrillium ovatum Pacific trillium Trisetum canescens Tall trisetum Trisetum cernuum Nodding trisetum Tsuga heterophylla Western hemlock Tsuga mertensiana Mountain hemlock Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Nettle Vaccinium alaskaense Oval-leaf hucklebeVaccinium deliciosum Blueleaf huckleberVaccinium membranaceum Big huckleberry Vaccinium ovalifolium Oval-leaf hucklebeVaccinium ovatum 

Evergreen huckleberry 

Vaccinium parvifolium Red huckleberry 
Scientific name Common name Vicia sativa Garden vetch Vinca Periwinkle Viola canadensis Canada violet Viola glabella Stream violet Viola orbiculata Round-leaved violeViola palustris Marsh violet Viola sempervirens Evergreen violet Whipplea modesta Whipple vine Xerophyllum tenax Beargrass 
Appendix I (continued): Species list Alphabetized by common name 

Common name Scientific name Alaska brome Bromus sitchensis Alaska oniongrass Melica subulata Alaska yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensAlpine aster Aster alpigenus Alpine bentgrass Agrostis humilis Alpine willowherb Epilobium anagallidifolium American bistort Polygonum bistortoides American brooklime Veronica americana American vetch Vicia americana Angled bittercress Cardamine angulata Arctic rush Juncus arcticus var. balticuArrowleaf groundsel Senecio triangularis Baldhip rose Rosa gymnocarpa Bearded fescue Festuca subulata Beargrass Xerophyllum tenax Beautiful alumroot 

Heuchera cylindrica var. glabella 

Big chickweed 

Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare 

Big deervetch Lotus crassifolius Big huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum Big leaf maple Acer macrophyllum Big-leaved sandwort Moehringia macrophylla Bird-eye pearlwort Sagina procumbens 
Common name Scientific name Blueleaf huckleberry Vaccinium deliciosum Bog St.John's-wort Hypericum anagalloides Borage species Borago Bracted lousewort Pedicularis bracteosa Brewer's bittercress Cardamine breweri Brewer's miterwort Mitella breweri Broadleaf arnica Arnica latifolia Broad-leaved marsh-marigold Caltha leptosepala Broad-leaved twayblade Listera convallarioides Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare California false hellebore Veratrum californicum California figwort Scrophularia californica California grass-ofParnassus Parnassia californica California hazel Corylus cornuta California spikenard Aralia californica Canada thistle Cirsium arvense Canada violet Viola canadensis Cascade azalea Rhododendron albiflorum Cascara buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana Chickweed Stellaria media Chickweed monkey-flower Mimulus alsinoides Chinquapin Chrysolepis chrysophylla Ciliate bluebells Mertensia ciliata Clasping 
Common name Scientific name Columbian monkshood 

Aconitum columbianum sscolumbianum 

Columbian monkshood 

Aconitum columbianum ssviviparum 

Common camas Camassia quamash Common dandelion Taraxacum officinale Common foxglove Digitalis purpurea Common groundsel Senecio vulgaris Common gypsyweed Veronica officinalis Common horsetail Equisetum arvense Common nipplewort Lapsana communis Common red paintbrush Castilleja miniata Common rush Juncus effusus Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus Common St.John'swort Hypericum perforatum Common velvetgrass Holcus lanatus Common yampah Perideridia montana Congdon's bulrush Scirpus congdonii Cooley's betony Stachys cooleyae Coolwort foamflower Tiarella trifoliata Coolwort foamflower Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliaCoolwort foamflower 

Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata 

Coville's rush Juncus covillei Cow-parsnip Heracleum lanatum 
Common name Scientific name Dogwood bunchberry Cornus unalaschkensis Dotted smartweed Polygonum punctatum Douglas' sagewort Artemisia douglasiana Douglas spiraea Spiraea douglasii Douglas' waterhemlock Cicuta douglasii Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Dune bentgrass Agrostis pallens Dwarf bramble Rubus lasiococcus Dwarf Oregon grape Berberis nervosa Enchanter'snightshade Circaea alpina Engelmann's spruce Picea engelmannii English ivy Hedera helix Evergreen huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum Evergreen violet Viola sempervirens False bugbane Trautvetteria caroliniensis False hellebore Veratrum viride False lily of the valley Maianthemum dilatatum False Solomon'sseal Maianthemum racemosum Few-sided bittercress Cardamine oligosperma Fireweed 

Chamerion angustifolium vcanescens 

Five=stamen mitrewort Mitella pentandra Five-leaved 
Common name Scientific name Great Jacob'sladder Polemonium carneum Great northern aster Aster modestus Greenfruit sedge Carex interrupta Ground-ivy Glechoma hederacea Grouse whortleberry Vaccinium scoparium Hairy cat's ear Hypochaeris radicata Heartleaf bittercress Cardamine cordifolia Heartleaf twayblade Listera cordata Heart-leaved springbeauty Claytonia cordifolia Hedgeparsley Torilis Henderson's sedge Carex hendersonii High-bush cranberry Viburnum edule Himalayan blackberry Rubus armeniacus Hooker's fairybells Prosartes hookeri Hound's-tongue species Cynoglossum Howell's clover Trifolium howellii Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis Incense cedar Calocedrus decurrens Indian plum Oemleria cerasiformis Insideout flower Vancouveria hexandra Jewelweed Impatiens capensis Kneeling angelica Angelica genuflexa Krajina hard fescue Festuca trachyphylla 
Common name Scientific name Lupine species Lupinus Lyall's anemone Anemone lyallii Maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum Manroot Marah oreganus Many-flowered wood-rush Luzula multiflora Many-flowered wood-rush 

Luzula multiflora ssp. multiflora 

Manyrib sedge Carex multicostata Marsh violet Viola palustris Marshpepper smartweed Polygonum hydropiper Meadow birds-foot trefoil Lotus denticulatus Merten's sedge Carex mertensii Mexican betony Stachys mexicana Miner's lettuce Claytonia perfoliata Mount Hood bugbane Cimicifuga laciniata Mountain alder Alnus incana Mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana Mountainbells Stenanthium occidentale Musk-flower Mimulus moschatus Narrow-leaved Montia Montia linearis Nettle Aruncus dioicus Nettle Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus Noble fir Abies procera Nodding 
Common name Scientific name Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia Oregon bedstraw Galium oreganum Oregon bentgrass Agrostis oregonensis Oregon boxwood Paxistima myrsinites Oregon oxalis Oxalis oregana Oregon saxifrage Saxifraga oregana Oregon white oak Quercus garryana Oregon wintergreen Gaultheria ovatifolia Oval-leaf huckleberry Vaccinium alaskaense Oval-leaf huckleberry Vaccinium ovalifolium Oval-leaved mitrewort Mitella ovalis Oval-leaved viburnum Viburnum ellipticum Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare Pacific bleedingheart Dicentra formosa Pacific brome Bromus pacificus Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii Pacific rhododendron Rhododendron macrophyllPacific trillium Trillium ovatum Pacific waterleaf Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific willow Salix lucida Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia Parry's rush Juncus parryi Pathfinder Adenocaulon bicolor Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea 
Common name Scientific name Prince's pine Chimaphila umbellata Purple peavine Lathyrus nevadensis Purple-leaved willowherb 

Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum 

Purple-leaved willowherb 

Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii 

Queencup beadlily Clintonia uniflora Rattlesnake plantain Goodyera oblongifolia Red alder Alnus rubra Red baneberry Actaea rubra Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa Red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium Red osier dogwood Cornus sericea Red-flowering currant Ribes sanguineum Reed canarygrass Phalaris arundinacea Reed mannagrass Glyceria grandis Regel's rush Juncus regelii Ribwort Plantago lanceolata Ripgut brome Bromus rigidus Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum var. douglasRosy twistedstalk 

Streptopus lanceolatus varcurvipes 

Rough bluegrass Poa trivialis Round-leaved violet Viola orbiculata Russet sedge Carex saxatilis Salal Gaultheria shallon Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis 
Common name Scientific name Shade phacelia Phacelia nemoralis Sharptooth angelica Angelica arguta Showy sedge Carex spectabilis Siberian miner's lettuce Claytonia sibirica Sidebells wintergreen Orthilia secunda Silver fir Abies amabilis Silver pussytoes Antennaria argentea Silverleaf phacelia Phacelia hastata Sitka alder Alnus viridis Sitka columbine Aquilegia formosa Sitka mountain ash Sorbus sitchensis Sitka sedge Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis Sitka valerian Valeriana sitchensis Sitka willow Salix sitchensis Skunk cabbage Lysichiton americanum Slender bog-orchid Platanthera stricta Slender hairgrass Deschampsia elongata Slender hawkweed Hieracium gracile Slender muhlenbergia Muhlenbergia filiformis Slenderbeak sedge Carex athrostachya Slink lily Scoliopus hallii Slough sedge Carex obnupta Small bedstraw Galium trifidum Small twistedstalk Streptopus streptopoides 
Common name Scientific name Smooth brome Bromus inermis Smooth willowherb Epilobium glaberrimum Smoothbeak sedge Carex integra Smoothstem sedge Carex laeviculmis Snowbrush ceanothus Ceanothus velutinus Snowqueen Synthyris reniformis Spearmint Mentha spicata Spike bentgrass Agrostis exarata Spinyfruit buttercup Ranunculus muricatus Spreading rush Juncus patens Star mustard Huperzia chinensis Starry false Solomon's-seal Maianthemum stellatum Sticky chickweed Cerastium glomeratum Stink currant Ribes bracteosum Stream saxifrage Saxifraga odontoloma Stream saxifrage Saxifraga odontoloma Stream violet Viola glabella Streambank arnica Arnica amplexicaulis Streambank groundsel Senecio pseudaureus Streambank springbeauty Montia parvifolia Subalpine daisy Erigeron peregrinus Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa Suksdorf woodsorrel Oxalis suksdorfii Sweet cecily Osmorhiza berteroi 
Common name Scientific name Tall western meadowrue Thalictrum polycarpum Tansy ragwort Senecio jacobaea Thick-headed sedge Carex pachystachya Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus Three-leaved anemone Anemone deltoidea Toad rush Juncus bufonius Tooth-leaved monkeyflower Mimulus dentatus Trailing blackberry Rubus ursinus Trailing snowberry Symphoricarpos mollis Trillium-leaved sorrel Oxalis trilliifolia Trollius-leaved larkspur Delphinium trolliifolium Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted sedge Carex lenticularis Twinflower Linnaea borealis Two-lobe larkspur Delphinium nuttallianum Umbellate starwort Stellaria umbellata Vanilla leaf Achlys triphylla Varied leaf collomia Collomia heterophylla Vine maple Acer circinatum Wall-lettuce Lactuca muralis Water sedge Carex aquatilis Water-carpet 

Chrysosplenium glechomifolium 

Waterparsley Oenanthe sarmentosa 

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Common name Scientific name Western polemonium Polemonium occidentale Western redcedar Thuja plicata Western snakeroot Ageratina occidentalis Western St. John'swort Hypericum formosum Western starflower Trientalis latifolia Western valerian Valeriana occidentalis Western white pine Pinus monticola Whipple vine Whipplea modesta White hawkweed Hieracium albiflorum Wild ginger Asarum caudatum Wild gooseberry Ribes divaricatum Wild strawberry Fragaria virginiana Willamette false rue anemone Enemion hallii Willow dock Rumex salicifolius Wood fern Dryopteris carthusiana Wood reedgrass Cinna latifolia Wood saxifrage Saxifraga mertensiana Woodland penstemon Nothochelone nemorosa Woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca Woodrush sedge Carex luzulina Woolly-weed Hieracium scouleri Yarrow Achillea millefolium Yellow monkeyflower Mimulus guttatus Yellow willowherb Epilobium luteum 
Appendix II: References Benner, P.A. & J.R. Sedell. 1997. Upper historic perspective. Pp. 23-47 in: A. Laequality: dynamics and restoration. CRC PYork. 480 pp. Boyd, R. 1999. Strategies of Indian burni94-138 i

n: R. Boyd (ed.). Indians, fire, an

Northwest. Oregon State University PresFrenkel, R.E., W.H. Moir & J.A. Christy. 1

Mire, central Cascade Range, Oregon. MGolinski, K. 1999. Bogs of the lower Frasregional significance. Report to British CoAssessment Office. University of VictoriaHill, M. O. 1979. TWINSPAN: a FORTRAmultivariate data in an ordered two-way tindividuals and attributes. Ecology and SIthaca, N. Y. Kunze, L.M. 1994. Preliminary classificatfreshwater wetland vegetation in western Program, Department of Natural ResourcMarkle, D.F., T.N. Pearsons & D.T. Bills. Oregonichthys (Pisces: Cyprinidae), with from the Umpqua River of Oregon. CopeM

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Seyer, S. C. 1979. Vegetative ecology of National Park, Oregon. M.S. thesis. Oreg187 pp. Seyer, S. C. 1981. Survey of vegetation oNational Forest, Oregon. USDA Forest SLaboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. 47 pp. Seyer, S. C. 1983. Ecological analysis, MThe Nature Conservancy, Oregon Field Smith, B. 1997. ECOTOOLS. Version 2.3Okanogan National Forest, Washington. Sundberg, S. 2002. Personal communicU.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1948. Reand tributaries. Appendix L. Main ColumbU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North PacU.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1987. Codelineation manual. Technical Report Y-8Wetlands Research Program EnvironmenMississippi. 100 pp. + appendices. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1988. Lowstudy. River mile 0 to 145. Summary Reptributaries review study CRT 69. U.S. ArmDistrict. USDA-NRCS PLANTS database. 1999, UC

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