CHAPTER 1 3

Marriage, Motherhood, and Dependent Husbands

Marriage—Motherhood—Dependency Regulations—The Military Couple—Marine Wife, Civilian Husband

Right from the start, Colonel Towle had to field

questions from newspeople insinuating that the Marine Corps was against matrimony for women Marines.

Tactfully, she, and then later, her successors, Colonel s

Hamblet and Henderson, assured the reporters tha t

Marines certainly were not antimarriage. The laws,

Department of Defense regulations, and Marine Corp s

regulations of the time supported their statements:

marriage was indeed acceptable ; husbands and children, however, posed some problems . Generally, it ca n

be said that from 1948 until 1964 a woman Marin e

could marry, and almost immediately ask for a discharge ; the acquisition of natural, adopted, foster, o r

stepchildren under 18 years of age, in fact required

discharge . Husbands were not considered dependents

unless they were actually dependent upon the wife fo r

more than 50 percent of their support.

Marriage

Under the policy in effect from 1949 until the Vietnam War, enlisted WMs who married could ask fo r

an administrative discharge based solely on marriage .

Providing they had completed one year of their enlistment beyond basic training, they were discharge d

for the convenience of the government . Regular officers

were eligible for release two years after their appointment. During the Korean War, regulations were mor e

stringent, but were relaxed immediately after th e

emergency.' This liberal view toward discharges and

release from contractual obligations reflected society' s

negative attitude toward working wives . Needless to

say, it contributed to instability in the WM program .

With changing values, a manpower crisis in the

1960s, and a need to improve the attrition rate of women Marines, Colonel Barbara J . Bishop, by then the

Director, led the fight to tighten the rules. Colonel

Bishop reasoned that women must honor their enlistment contract. To make it easier, husbands and wives ,

whenever possible, would be stationed at the same or

nearby bases. A joint household policy was put int o

effect on 14 July 1964 which stated :

A married enlisted Woman Marine may be discharge d

at her written request, provided she is not stationed at o r

sufficiently close to the duty station or residence of her husband to permit the maintenance of a joint residence, an d

provided she meets all of the following conditions.

a. A transfer request to the same or nearby duty statio n

or place of residence of her husband has been submitte d

to the Commandant of the Marine Corps and has been

denied .

b. The separation of husband and wife has exceeded 1 8

months.

c. The enlisted woman is not serving on an extension o f

enlistment or reenlistment entered into subsequent t o

marriage .

d. The enlisted woman has completed 24 months of service subsequent to completion of a service school if the lengt h

of school was more than 24 weeks .

A married woman Marine officer does not become eligible for separation or release from active duty, simply be -

cause of her marital status, until she has completed her

period of obligated service (3 years). 2

In August of the following year, 1965, due to th e

demands of the Vietnam War, discharges based upo n

marriage were suspended regardless of place of residence . Then, once again, on 31 October 1966, th e

joint household policy was reinstated .

The desired effect of these new regulations—to

lengthen the service of many WMs—was realize d

almost immediately. The rate of discharges for reasons

of marriage was dramatically reduced from 18 .6 percent in fiscal year 1964 to 6.3 percent in fiscal year 196 5

and, finally, to 2 .3 percent in fiscal year 1966 .3

Motherhood

A study group in 1948 meeting to discuss proposed regulations governing the discharge of wome n

stated:

It is believed that pregnancy and motherhood ipso facto

interfere with military duties. . . . Granting of maternit y

leave would result in having ineffectives; replacement coul d

not be procured while the woman remained on the active

list; and the mother of a small child would not be readil y

available for reassignment. Necessary rotation of duty assignments would require the family unit to be broken up

for considerable periods of time, or at least until the husband made the necessary provisions to establish the hom e

at the mother's new duty station . . . . It is believed that

a woman who is pregnant or a mother should not be a member of the armed forces and should devote herself to th e

responsibilities which she had assumed, remaining with he r

husband and child as a family unit 4

151
152 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

In 1971 a change in regulations allowed natural mothers to continue on active duty service . Capt Joan Collins, company commander, reenlists pregnant GySgt Donna Murray .

This sort of reasoning, typical of the times, forme d

the basis for Marine Corps regulations on the subjec t

until 1970. The rules were very strictly enforced, an d

any responsibility for children forced the separatio n

of a woman Marine from the service .

The first step toward a more liberal view was take n

in the fall of 1970 when Headquarters announced tha t

a WM who is the stepparent of, or who has persona l

custody of, or adopts, a child could ask to stay on active duty. Each case had to be reviewed, taking into

consideration such factors as length of service, performance record, ages and number of children involved ,

and the commanding officer's evaluation of the situation. Waivers were granted if it could be determined

that parenthood would not interfere with the Marine' s

job.5

On 12 August 1970, Colonel Jeanette I. Sustad,

Director of Women Marines, startled the women at -

tending the Women Marines Association Conventio n

in Philadelphia by predicting the possibility of allow-
MARRIAGE, MOTHERHOOD, AND DEPENDENT HUSBANDS 15 3

ing natural mothers to continue on active duty. It was,

in fact, due to her personal efforts that many of the

long-standing regulations were set aside . Times ha d

changed, women had changed, mores had changed .

It was 1970 and women no longer accepted the ol d

order as dogma .

Colonel Sustad invested a great deal of her tim e

locating and attempting to gain acceptance of this vie w

at Headquarters. Colonel John L . Ostby of the Legal

Division was her trusted advisor and mentor, supplying her with facts, legal interpretations, and whateve r

ammunition she needed to get by each stumblin g

block. Certain that success was within reach, Colone l

Sustad kept at least one Reserve officer's separation

papers in staffing—lost in the administrative maze--

until the regulations were changed allowing for a mor e

favorable disposition of her case .6

And, change did come in 1971 when a waiver policy for natural mothers was tested . Again, each case was

carefully considered by Headquarters and women wit h

good records who were able to show that they coul d

adequately care for the child were allowed to remai n

on duty? Gunnery Sergeant Frances L. Gonzales, the

first WM to take advantage of the program, neve r

missed a day of work other than annual leave and th e

travel time involved with her transfer at the time, Lieutenant Colonel Carolyn Auldridge Walsh, the first

officer to remain on active duty after having a child ,

lost little time as well. Colonel Sustad credits the positive example of these first cases with helping to calm

the fears of some, but not all, of the opponents to the

idea.9

Women who had been discharged from the Marine

Corps for pregnancy took new hope, and some asked

to be allowed to return. Major Mary Sue Stevens

League, separated in March 1970 because of pregnancy,

was one of these former WMs who sought to regai n

her commission. On 24 January 1972, she was given

the commissioning oath in the Marine Corps Reserv e

by her husband, Lieutenant Commander William C .

League, a Navy chaplain, in ceremonies at the Marin e

Barracks in the Naval Shipyard at Portsmouth, Virginia . She reportedly was the first woman Marine to

regain her commission after becoming pregnant an d

being separated. 1 0

The Department of Defense in 1975 published instructions which precluded the involuntary separation

of servicewomen on the sole basis of pregnancy. Marine Corps Order 5000.12, dated 16 July 1975, specified that WMs who are pregnant may, upon request,

be discharged or retained on active duty if otherwise

qualified . Women who chose to remain in the Service were cautioned that parenthood did not entitl e

them to special treatment or consideration in duty assignments, and commanding officers had the obligation to initiate action for discharge in cases wher e

women failed to carry out their duties after the birth

of the child."

Pregnant WMs could wear civilian clothes when th e

uniform no longer looked appropriate . The seemingly unlikely prospect of a regulation maternity outfi t

was under study by the military services and later approved .

Under normal circumstances, and based upon the

advice of a medical officer, a pregnant servicewoma n

was expected to lose no more than 10 weeks of duty —

four before delivery and six after. If the mother wanted more time off, for reasons other than medical, sh e

could ask for annual leave . A 1977 study showed that

even with time off for maternity leave and other strictl y

female matters, servicewomen lost much less time than

men because of their lower incidence of absenc e

without leave, desertion, and drug- and alcohol-relate d

problems.' 2

Finally, in respect to the demands of both motherhood and her job, if a Marine asked to remain on duty ,

but later found it impossible to do justice to he r

responsibilities, she could ask for an administrative discharge .

In early 1949, when the policies were being formulated that would eventually cause the discharge o f

all pregnant servicewomen, Rear Admiral Clifford A.

Swanson, Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, stood alone in an attempt to protect the careers of women in the military .

Taking a somewhat radical position, one not even espoused by the leading military women of the day, he

wrote:

Inasmuch as pregnancy is a normal biological phenomenon in women in the military age group it must be assumed

that the possibility that women entering the regular military service become pregnant was recognized by Congress

when reference (a) [Women's Armed Services Integration Ac t

of 1948] was enacted . It would appear to this Bureau that

the apparent purpose . . . was to afford women an opportunity to enter into and remain in the military service a s

a career and that the subject proposed regulation is inconsistent with this apparent purpose of the Women's Arme d

Services Integration Act of 1948 .

In connection with the foregoing, it cannot be presume d

to be the policy of the military service to regard either th e

institution of marriage or the raising of a family with disfavor. However, it is recognized that if such personal interests
154 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

seriously interfere with military duties, or if female militar y

personnel desire to give up their military career voluntaril y

in order to raise a family . . . it would be desirable to have

means available whereby such personnel can be expeditiousl y

separated from the service. Aside from these considerations

there would appear to this Bureau to be no reason for terminating the service of personnel who are pregnant but physically able to perform their duties. . . .1 3

Admiral Swanson made specific recommendation s

regarding time off, maternity leave, and discharges,

and while the regulations published 27 years later ar e

not precisely his, the philosophy is unmistakable.

Dependency Regulations

In a report to the House Armed Services Committee on 6 March 1972, Colonel Sustad wrote :

Title 37 contains different criteria for defining dependent s

of men and women military members . This results in a n

inequality of treatment between the married military ma n

and the married military woman . It also causes a difference

in treatment between the military man married to a civilia n

and the military man married to a military woman .

To this simple statement of fact, she added her personal view, "The present law is clearly unfair to th e

military woman . In recent years this inequity has be -

come the primary complaint among women in the Marine Corps." 1 4

The question of dependency had long been an irritant causing ever increasing dissatisfaction to those

who found themselves adversely affected by the law

and policies. When women first entered military serChaplain (LCdr) William C . League, USN, pins leaves on his wife, MajMary Sue League,

the first woman to regain her commission after being separated for pregnancy. Joining

in the ceremony are Maj Nannette I. Beavers, USMCR (second from right), and he r

mother, Mrs. Leola A . Beavers (far right), a World War I Marine, on 24 January 1972 .
MARRIAGE, MOTHERHOOD, AND DEPENDENT HUSBANDS 15 5

vice, the traditional American family concept was tha t

of a unit financially supported by the male member .

For many years, women accepted the inequities wit h

only a minimal amount of grumbling ; but few, if any,

considered challenging the law until the era of women's rights—approximately 1970.

The Military Couple

For WMs married to servicemen the problems focused on quarters and the basic allowance for quarters (BAQ) normally provided to members of th e

Armed Forces with dependents . Since the Marine wife

in a military family received military pay, she was no t

considered a dependent . It then followed that the husband was entitled only to the lower BAQ provided

to members without dependents. Furthermore, if the

husband was assigned to sea duty, field duty, FMF

duty, or combat, where presumably adequate quarters were furnished him, even the without-dependent s

allowance was denied to him as it was denied to all

of the bachelors . The wife was not entitled to any allowance for quarters unless she was a major or above ,

and unless there was no available space for her in th e

Bachelor Officers' Quarters (BOQ) .

Put into effect, this policy financially penalized no t

only WMs, but their service husbands . The experienc e

of two lieutenants stationed at Camp Lejeune in th e

mid-1960s is typical of the inconvenience caused

many. Since there was at Camp Lejeune a BOQ for

women with plenty of available space, the WM lieu -

tenant, although married, was assigned a room . She ,

therefore, was not entitled to a monetary allowance .

Her Marine husband, because he was married, was not

required to live in the BOQ, but since his wife wa s

a Marine, he was paid BAQ at the rate of a single man .

They rented a house together and she merely ignore d

the assigned quarters . When the husband left for a

six-month Mediterranean cruise, his entitlement to an

allowance stopped and they were left with two alternatives : maintain the house anyway or put their furnishings in storage at their own expense for six

months, and have the wife move into the BOQ. They

kept their house .

As to public quarters for families on board a base ,

when they were available, only the husband was eligible, and the assignment was based upon his grad e

regardless of who was senior.

Marine Wife — Civilian Husban d

During the legislative hearings that preceded th e

passage of the Women's Armed Services Integration

Act of 1948, much attention was paid to the questio n

of military women with civilian husbands . There was,

in the minds of many, a real fear of an army of indigent men—camp followers, in effect—who would tak e

unscrupulous advantage of the largesse of the Unite d

States Government and military wives . The ensuin g

laws, Title 10 and 37 of the United States Code, laid

down specific tests of dependency which were interpreted for 25 years to mean that a civilian husban d

was not the dependent of his military wife unless h e

was dependent upon her for more than 50 percent o f

his support due to total and permanent mental o r

physical disability. The ramifications were considerable, and especially difficult for young Marines wh o

upon discharge enrolled in college while their Marine

wives continued on active duty.

The civilian husband had no type of identificatio n

card and hence had to obtain a visitor's pass each tim e

he came on the base, and could not, of course, go t o

the service club, post exchange, or commissary, or us e

any recreational facilities such as the swimming pool ,

golf course, or theater unless accompanied by his wife

as her guest. Additionally, he was not entitled to medical care . The couple was not eligible for family housing, travel and transportation allowances for th e

husband, dislocation allowance, overseas station allowances, or a family separation allowance .'s

Because of a quirk in commissary regulations whic h

used the term " authorized agent " rather than "dependent," occasionally local authorities ruled that civilian

husbands could, with a special pass, shop for groceries. Other times, under stricter interpretations, th e

man was given a pass that only allowed him to accompany his wife into the store and help her carry out th e

purchase, but not to shop on his own . Most often, th e

civilian husband was not allowed to enter the commissary at all. The Armed Services Exchange Regulations, on the other hand, specifically limited the us e

of post exchanges to dependents, thereby summaril y

barring all civilian husbands of servicewomen . 1 6

Lieutenant Colonel Clowers, perhaps the only wom -

an Marine officer of her time to be married to a civilia n

husband for the majority of her career, was never permitted to live on board a Marine base with her husband. In fact, although she was always permitted t o

draw the single quarters allowance, she lived unde r

the constant threat of being assigned quarters in a

BOQ and losing that entitlement. In 1956, the colonel

was ordered to Parris Island to take command of th e

Woman Recruit Training Battalion and she was advised
156 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

of the commanding general's desire that all battalion

commanders live on board the base. The Quartermaster General at Headquarters, however, ruled that

her husband absolutely could not live with her on base

except for visits of a maximum of 30 days since he wa s

not dependent on her due to mental and physical incompetence . In the end, the dilemma was solved b y

cancelling Lieutenant Colonel Clower's orders to Parris Island, and sending her instead to Quantico to command the Women Officers Training Detachment .

The first major change in interpretation of the law

came on 3 July 1972 when it was ruled that a husband could be considered a dependent when ther e

is sufficient evidence to establish his dependence o n

his service wife for over half of his support withou t

regard to his mental or physical capacity to support

himself. Thus, a student husband, for example, if hi s

veteran's benefits did not make up more than 50 percent of his support, became eligible for an identification card and the attendent privileges . Women Marines, as all married servicewomen, stil l

resented the narrow interpretation of the term "de -

pendent " since wives of servicemen were automaticall y

granted all privileges regardless of their financial, physical, or mental status. Morale was significantly raised

in the female ranks therefore, when on 14 May 1973,

in the Frontiero vs. Richardson case, the Supreme

Court ruled that servicewomen were eligible for al l

benefits, privileges, and rights granted servicemen under the same circumstances. Furthermore, former o r

retired servicewomen could file claims for retroactive

payment of with-dependents quarters allowances fo r

periods of active duty during which they were married but not receiving the increased allowances. 19 The

single, major complaint of WMs at the time of th e

ruling was thus resolved.
CHAPTER 14

Uniforms

The Beginnings of Change, 1950 —The Mainbocher Wardrobe, 1950-1952—After Mainboche r

Grooming and Personal Appearance —Utilities

A composite of the 1943 Marine Corps Women' s

Reserve uniform regulations with several changes mad e

during World War II was published on 30 April 194 5

as Uniform Regulations, U.S. Marine Women's

Reserve, 1945 .' These regulations remained in forc e

until 1952 when newly designed uniforms were introduced. When women joined the Regular Marine

Corps in November 1948, the subject of uniforms was

on their minds since fashions had changed, most

noticeably skirt lengths. From short knee-length styles,

hems dropped to midcalf with the coming of the "Ne w

Look" Male Marines responsible for supplies and

money were unshakeable. There would be no new uniforms until the wartime stocks were depleted.

Generally, women Marines, officer and enlisted ,

wore identically styled uniforms of the same fabric .

This was not true of male Marines. Women officers

wore green, detachable epaulets on the shoulder straps

of summer uniforms and had additional dress uniforms. For dress, officers wore gilt and silver-colored

emblems traditionally worn by Marine officers whil e

the enlisted women wore the gilt emblems of enlisted Marines. Both wore the bronze eagle, globe, an d

anchor on their service uniforms. While the vertical

axis of the hemisphere paralleled the crease line of th e

jacket collar for officers, it was worn perpendicular t o

the floor for enlisted women. Coats, caps, shoes,

gloves, handbags, and mufflers were the same for al l

ranks. Enlisted women wore the same large chevrons

as the men . Winter Service : The winter service uniform consiste d

of a man-tailored jacket and straight-lined skirt mad e

of forest green serge. A long-sleeved khaki shirt wit h

four-in-hand necktie, green cap, brown shoes an d

gloves, and bronze metal buttons completed the out -

fit. A heavy green overcoat or khaki trenchcoat wit h

detachable lining, and a red wool muffler were wor n

when needed. All women Marines were required to

maintain a pair of plain black galoshes, boots, or rubbers to fit the oxfords.

Officer Winter Dress: Women Marines did not have

a dress blue uniform until 1952 . During World War

II and the seven years following, officers turned th e

winter service uniform into a dress uniform by ex -

changing the khaki shirt for one of white and the khak i

necktie for one of forest green . Enlisted women had

no comparable dress outfit .

Summer Service: The summer service uniform was

a two-piece green and white seersucker or plisse dress.

It was V-necked and was fastened with green plasti c

buttons. The jacket came in both short and lon g

sleeves. The traditional dress cap in matching green ,

with white cap cord and bronze buttons, or a garrison style cap in the same shade was worn with the sum -

mer service uniform. Shoes, oxfords or pumps, were

brown. When the trenchcoat was worn, a white rayo n

muffler was requited .

Officers' uniforms were distinguished by green

shoulder boards worn over the regular epaulets and

held in place by the shoulder strap button and ran k

insignia.

Summer Dress: Perhaps the favorite uniform of

World War II WRs was the short-sleeved, V-necked

white twill uniform worn with gilt buttons on the jack -

et and cap, dress emblems, and white pumps. The stiffly starched uniform never failed to evoke

compliments. Enlisted women Marines were disappointed when a white uniform was not included i n

the new 1952 wardrobe . It was discontinued because

male enlisted Marines had no equivalent uniform .

Officer Summer Dress: Officers had three summer

dress uniforms: the one worn by the enlisted women

with the green shoulder straps, summer dress "B," and

summer undress "C" The latter two were made of

white twill, worsted, or palm beach fabric . Both wer e

worn with a short-sleeved white blouse, and withou t

a necktie or shoulder strap, The "C" uniform was long -

sleeved and collarless. On these two uniforms the dress

uniform emblems were worn, not on the collar as

usual, but on the epaulet, three-fourths of an inc h

from the armhole seam. The insignia of rank was then

centered between the ornament and epaulet button .

Lieutenant Colonel Nita Bob Warner remembere d

that even a lieutenant looked like a four-star genera l

with so much metal on her shoulders ?

Handbags, Shoes, and Hose: There was only on e

handbag, a brown, rough textured leather purse with

a spring closure and shoulder strap. It was always wor n

157
158 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

was the olive-drab, cotton utility uniform . The trousers were topped by a bib front and long crossed straps

in back. A short-sleeved, matching shirt was worn underneath, and a long-sleeved jacket over all . Enlisted

women stenciled their rank on the shirt and jacke t

sleeves.

The exercise suit was a light beige, seersucker, one -

piece bloomer outfit covered by a front-buttoned skirt .

Known as the peanut suit, because of the color an d

the crinkled appearance, it was issued until the late

1950s.

Grooming, Handkerchiefs, and Unmentionables :

During this period, the regulations specified that, if

worn, lipstick and nail polish would harmonize with

the color of the red cap cord on the winter service cap .

The same rule applied in the summer, even though

the red cap cord was stored out of sight for the sea -

son. Rouge, mascara, and hair tints, if used, had to

be inconspicuous. It was nearly impossible for a woman

to color or bleach her hair since it had to be the colo r

indicated on her identification card . Hair could touch ,

but not cover, the collar.

Issued uniform items and gear, cleaned, ironed, an d

labeled are displayed according to regulations for a

`junk on the bunk" inspection in the early 1950s.

over the left shoulder, leaving the right arm free t o

salute, and until 1952 the strap could be worn either

over or under the epaulets of coats. A green cover and

strap were added for wear with the summer service and

summer dress uniforms.

Women Marines wore smooth leather oxfords or

pumps in dark brown, dark russet, or cordovan color

with the service uniform. The pumps, with heels between one and one-half and two and one-half inche s

were trimmed with a flat bow. Similar white pumps

were prescribed for wear with the summer dress

uniforms.

Full length, beige stockings were worn with all uniforms. Mesh and seamless hose were prohibited, an d

cotton hose were worn in ranks. When, during Worl d

War II and immediately after, nylon, rayon, and sil k

stockings were rationed, some women in the othe r

Services used leg makeup, but the Directors of the

Women Marines remained firm . Women in the Marine Corps would wear stockings, but never with more

than three runs.3

Utilities and Exercise Suits: During World War II, WRs had covert slacks which could be worn for certain duties. The most common work uniform, however,

The woman Marine winter service "A" uniform

is modeled by "PFC" Sgt Mary Ann Kennedy, in 1952 .
UNIFORMS 15 9

six on each side, was worn open . Its scarlet collar and

the cuffs of the sleeves were adorned with gold and

silver bullion embroidery in the form of oak leaves and

acorns.

A broad, square-tipped tie was worn at the neck ,

held with a silver ring bearing the Marine Corps officer's dress ornament.

Colonel Towle's insignia of rank, the eagle, was emCol Katherine A. Towle poses in the evening dress

suggested for women officers . The uniform designe d

by Mainbocher was patterned after the evening dress

uniform of the men . It was officially adopted one day

prior to the Marine Corps' 175th birthday celebration .

Officer summer dress "A" adorned 2dLt Marcella J.

Greene in 1950 . Emblems are worn on the epaulets.

Slips and girdles were required in uniform . At the

time, the regulations did not specify color or style.

Handkerchiefs could be khaki when the khaki shirt

was worn, otherwise, they had to be white .

The Beginnings of Change—195 0

Formal Evening/Mess Dress Uniforms

Officers: A new uniform was added in November

1950 when the famed designer, Mainbocher, designed a formal evening dress uniform for Colonel Towle .

She wore it, the first time, to the Marine Corps Birth -

day Ball on 10 November, held at the Sail Loft of the

Naval Gun Factory in Washington, D.C.

Tall and stately, Colonel Towle wore the uniform

beautifully, and Major Harry D . Elms, a member of

the Uniform Board at the time, remembers that Mainbocher was much taken with Colonel Towle's appearance and demeanor? When she suggested to the

couturier that the uniform fit too closely, Mainboche r

told her 'just remember, Colonel, when you drink a

martini, do not eat the olive" 5

Patterned after the full dress uniform of the men ,

Colonel Towle's uniform consisted of a midnight blue

mess jacket with a straight, formal skirt slightly flared

at the hem, over a tailored blouse of white silk ,

trimmed at the waist with a scarlet silk cummerbund .

The jacket, which bore an even dozen gilt buttons,
160 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

broidered in silver bullion on the shoulder tabs . Also

in silver and gold bullion were small replicas of the

Marine insignia on the collar points. The headpiec e

was a scarlet wool tiara, also embroidered . Colonel

Towle carried a small, envelope-style handbag of he r

own on which she pinned her insignia of rank . A cloak

was not designed so she borrowed a male officer's boa t

cloak for the occasion . Newspaper accounts spoke of

the stunning ensemble and dazzled guests .6

The evening dress uniform was initially intende d

to be worn by women officers at state and diplomati c

functions, but its manufacture presented some problems. The original had been made, in the manner

of high fashion, expressly for Colonel Towle . There was

no pattern to be adopted for general use . All the embroidery had been done by hand by an Italian woman in New York City and mass production was out o f

the question?

When Colonel Hamblet became Director of Women Marines in 1953, she had a similar uniform made

up by Rienzi in Philadelphia. She selected a softer,

more feminine shirt with a pleated front to concea l

the buttons.8 She felt, however, that the new uniform

fit her poorly, so Mainbocher was commissioned t o

make another and she subsequently gave the Rienzi

uniform to Colonel Henderson, her successor. When

Colonel Hamblet left for Naples in 1959, it was discovered that there was no sample woman's cloak at th e

Marine Corps Uniform Board, so she left her own be -

hind. The third Director of Women Marines, Colone l

Henderson, borrowed the cloak on the occasions whe n

she wore the evening dress uniform . Between 1950 an d

1964, only two evening dress uniforms for women were

made: one for Colonel Towle and the other for Colone l

Hamblet9

Colonel Henderson was not completely satisfied

with the tiara . To begin with, the scarlet color was no t

becoming to the redheaded Director . During her tenure a black tiara was made optional, a unifor m

modification that caused no concern since only th e

Director was required to have the formal dress outfit .

When asked by the President of the Uniform Board

for comments on the evening dress uniform, she submitted:

Tiara—It is suggested that an attempt be made to slightly redesign this tiara . As it is presently designed, the wearer

has difficulty in keeping it on her head . In addition, the

extreme points on the tiara makes the wearer feel as if sh e

had wings or horns on her head—depending upon her

mood' o

The tiara was not redesigned . When in 1964 evening dress uniforms finally became available to all officers, a plain unembroidered one in keeping with

tradition was made for company grade officers. Field

grade officers still wore the tiara decorated with gol d

bullion embroidery. Finally, in 1973, to the pleasur e

of some, and the dismay of others, it was deleted as

a uniform item.

In 1964, Major Jenny Wrenn, on her own initiative ,

designed an evening dress uniform that resembled a

long, formal, evening suit . It was much less complicated than the Mainbocher model . Master Sergeant

Barbara Jean Dulinsky made the sketches which wer e

sent to the Marine Corps Supply Depot at Philadelphia for evaluation . The Marine Corps tailors made

a uniform, of Major Wrenn 's design, for the Director

of Women Marines, Colonel Barbara J. Bishop ."

The Wrenn uniform included a white mess dres s

jacket, as well as the midnight blue evening dress jack -

et, both trimmed with a scarlet collar. The collar o f

the field grade model was lightly embroidered . Rank

insignia and Marine emblems were the standard

detachable type rather than of embroidered gold bullion. A short skirt was added for less formal occasion s

and a plain black envelope style handbag was carried .

Shoes were black suede or fabric .

In November of 1964, when Lyndon B. Johnson was

elected President, the Presidential Inaugural Commit -

tee asked for Marine field grade officers to act as military aides during the Inaugural events. For the first

time, two women were nominated, Lieutenan t

Colonels Wrenn and Mary E . Bane. Since neithe r

owned the requisite evening dress uniform, the Marine Corps tailors in Philadelphia again made up th e

Wrenn-designed uniform . There was little time between the election and the Inauguration, so the women had to make several quick round trips t o

Philadelphia and at the very last moment the uniform s

were delivered to them in Washington by staff car. Unfortunately, the beautifully tailored uniforms were not

worn for the intended occasion as the women officers

were assigned to less formal functions, a reception fo r

the governors and a distinguished ladies reception a t

the National Gallery of Art to which they wore thei r

dress blues.1 2

By 1966, the pattern and a kit of fabric and findings was available to women officers. Due to the small

number involved no manufacturer was interested in

making the uniform, so each had to find a willing

tailor. It was not an easy task because the pattern and
UNIFORMS 16 1

Sergeant Major June V. Andler was the first to wear

the test uniform. She introduced it at the Marin e

Corps League Banquet on 11 August 1972 in Anaheim, California, and at the Woman Marine Association convention a week later in Hawaii. She took it

on inspection trips and modeled it for the WMs a t

Parris Island, El Toro, Camp Pendleton, San Diego ,

Hawaii, and, of course at Headquarters Marine Corps.

The response was enthusiastic and the uniform was

approved on 30 May 1973 . Subsequently, long skirt s

became very stylish and acceptable at even casual affairs, a fashion change that prompted the Marin e

Corps to add a long skirt to the staff noncommissione d

officers' evening dress uniform on 13 September 1976 .

The Mainbocher Wardrobe, 1950-195 2

The Commandant, General Clifton B. Cates, wantSgtMaj June V. Andler, Sergeant Major of Wome n

Marines, is photographed in 1972 wearing the staf

noncommissioned officer evening dress uniform with

short skirt, red cummerbund, and miniature medals.

Col Barbara J. Bishop, the Director of Women Marines, wears the officer mess dress uniform with a short

black skirt, a red cummerbund, white gloves, an d

white jacket trimmed with scarlet collar, in June 1964.

specifications resembled a technical manual . The ki t

cost between $70 and $100, depending upon rank.

The tailoring could run an additional $500 .

StaffNoncommissioned Officers: On 11 May 1972 ,

the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Cushman, approved a recommendation of the Uniform

Board that an experimental staff noncommissione d

officer evening/mess dress uniform be made for, an d

tested by the Sergeant Major of the Women Marines .

It was styled after the officer uniform with a few

modifications. There were no shoulder straps, nor collar or cuff ornamentation. The sleeves were finished

with the traditional peaked cuffs. Since male staff noncommissioned officers had no corresponding formal

uniform, it was decided to forego the long skirt . The

dress insignia of grade, gold on scarlet, was sewn o n

the sleeves. Gilt Marine Corps emblems were worn.
162 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

ed dress blue uniforms for the women Marines. In the

fall of 1950 well-known American designers were con -

tacted, and First Lieutenant Ben Alice Day (late r

Munn), a World War II supply officer, and Captain

Harry Elms of the Uniform Board personally interviewed couturiers including Hattie Carnegie and

Mainbocher.13 Mainbocher was the unanimous choic e

of the Uniform Board, Quartermaster General of th e

Marine Corps, and the Director of Women Marines .

The Chicago-born designer, most expensive of th e

world's dressmakers, was not very interested, but his

enormous respect for Colonel Towle prevailed and he

accepted . Lieutenant Colonel Munn believes his lac k

of enthusiasm stemmed from the fact that when he

designed the World War II WAVE uniform he was no t

paid the one dollar stipulated in the contract an d

would have liked it as a remembrance . When the new

WM uniforms were finished, Lieutenant Day and Captain Elms made a point of presenting him a frame d

dollar bill, the price agreed upon .

Mainbocher, once involved, asked to do an entir e

new wardrobe, redesigning the current uniforms to b e

more feminine and more becoming. Further, he wanted to work with the accessories, to include chevron s

and service stripes, which he found too large and ou t

of proportion for women . One item he did not chang e

was the cap which Mainbocher said was the most at -

tractive hat worn by women of any service.

He not only designed the uniform but coordinate d

manufacturing and fabric selection. He personally supervised every run at the manufacturers, since at th e

time quality control was not yet a standard business

practice .

Lieutenant Day and Captain Elms visited his elegant salon in New York bringing with them photo -

graphs of the male Marines' complete wardrobe as wel l

as historical prints of old Marine Corps uniforms . Working with these and aware of Marine Corps traditions and standards of appearance, he produced a blue

uniform, winter and summer service uniform, raincoat and overcoat for all WMs along with new chevrons

for the enlisted women and a white uniform for th e

officers.

When interviewed by the press, Mainbocher expressed his theories on feminine uniforms thus:

Whether a woman is wearing a custom designed suit o r

a uniform, she should look feminine . That was the though t

I kept in mind while working on the Marine uniforms, an d

it was quite a job, considering all the traditions that ha d

to be incorporated in the design'"

The final designs, approved on 27 December 1951,

went into production, with the exception of the

officer's white uniform. Mainbocher supervised all fittings and was a meticulous taskmaster not only of his

tailors, but of the women Marine models. With a

glance, by the drape of the uniform, he could tell

whether or not a model was wearing a girdle and slip.

He never allowed his fashions to be worn withou t

either item no matter how thin and svelte the wearer.

When all was ready, a formal presentation was hel d

on 28 August 1952 in the auditorium of the Marine

Barracks, 8th & I Streets, Washington, D .C. The Commandant sent invitations to a selected guest list including all the Marine Corps general officers in th e

area . At the showing, each model was escorted by a

male Marine in comparable uniform . Colonel Towle

modeled her formal evening dress ensemble .

Sergeant Mary Ann Kennedy modeled the summe r

uniform, a one-piece shirtwaist dress of green an d

white striped nylon-dacron, with a matching long -

sleeved jacket . The jacket worn over the short sleeve d

dress had a nipped-in waist and its collar, epaulets,

and cuffs were outlined in green piping. The accompanying overseas cap was of the same fabric . Washing

ease and wrinkle resistance were the chief features o f

the new summer fabric .

Sergeant Lois King modeled the forest green serg e

winter uniform. The fitted jacket featured sleeves

finished with the traditional peaked cuff. A six-gore

skirt, an entirely new pale green cotton broadclot h

skirtwaist, and an ascot-shaped forest green neckti e

completed the outfit.

Technical Sergeant Margaret Babcock introduced the

new dress blue uniform of a design similar to the gree n

serge. Inspiration for the trim was provided by a prin t

of an 1859 Marine officer's overcoat . Scarlet piping emphasized the collar and shoulder detail of the blue

jacket, traditional Marine bracket-shaped cuffs ha d

three gold buttons. Chevrons for the enlisted wome n

were gold on scarlet. A short-sleeved, action-backed

dacron shirtwaist was worn with a blue, ascot-shape d

tie .

Sergeant Patricia Norman modeled the lightweight ,

green raincoat of nylon and rayon . It featured a

squared-off collar rather than points, bone buttons ,

and a full belt.

Sergeant Jo Anne Monette wore the forest gree n

double breasted overcoat of kersey. Of a modified prin -

cess design, a box pleat held in by a belt gave fullness

in the back .
UNIFORMS 16 3

Designed by Mainbocher in 1952, new uniforms are modeled on the lawn of the Nation -

al Capitol by PFC Margaret Keefe and Sgts Margaret Dill and Jo Anne Monette .
164 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

The fashion show over, the guests attended a sun -

set parade followed by a reception at Quarters 1 hosted by the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps ,

Lieutenant General Gerald C. Thomas and Mrs. Thomas15 This was the same General Thomas who, as the

Director, Plans and Policy Division in 1946, oppose d

so steadfastly the integration of women into the Regular Marine Corps.

The new uniforms were well received and a mode l

in dress blues was featured on the cover ofParade, the

Sunday picture magazine, on 31 August 1952 .

Mainbocher was willing to design a utility uniform

but since there were plans for a standardized utilit y

uniform among the services, his offer was declined .

Rather, Headquarters Marine Corps had the bib overalls redesigned . The bib was removed and the oliv e

green slacks were made of the male Marines ' utilit y

fabric . The aim was to keep it simple . The overseas

cap was redesigned slightly to follow the new dacro n

one which fit the women better. To get a manufacturer to accept such a small order, it was appende d

to a much more lucrative order for men's uniforms ,

a ploy often used in procuring WM uniform items .

Male Marines at Headquarters became uncommonl y

interested in the new uniforms, not because of styl e

but due to the new fabrics. Dupont Corporation sen t

a team of scientists to demonstrate the properties of

dacron, a new material at the time . It was a pure, fire -

proof fabric and the men were greatly impressed . They

could picture its usefulness for men's uniforms to save

laundry expense and for combat purposes . When first

introduced this particular dacron was used to mak e

firehoses.

Eventually the World War II uniforms were declare d

obsolete ; old summer uniforms could not be worn after December 1956, winter uniforms after June 1957 .

Officers' Dress White Uniform : Mainbocher

designed a white uniform at the time he did the ne w

wardrobe in 1952. Distribution was delayed until 1958

due to difficulty in obtaining a suitable wash-and-wea r

fabric that would remain white . The uniform was

styled after the winter service uniform, and worn with

the same white short-sleeved dacron shirt prescribe d

for the dress blues. A bright blue-green cap, asco t

shaped tie, and white pumps completed the outfit .

At first, a green cover was worn over the brown hand -

bag, just as was done in World War II. When the

brown handbag was later replaced by a new style, a

small envelope-styled purse was adopted for certain

dress uniforms. When carried with the whites, it was ,

of course, slipped into a blue-green cover .

The white uniform is worn only by officers, in keep -

ing with Marine Corps tradition . During World Wa r

II, enlisted WRs had a dress white uniform while the

men did not. Conversely, the men had a dress blue

uniform while the women did not.

After Mainboche r

The Mainbocher wardrobe was the only large-scale

uniform change for women Marines . His theories on

dressing military women have proved sound since a t

least two of his designs, the dress blue and winter service uniforms, have remained virtually unchanged fo r

the 25 years from 1952 until this writing. Ensuing

changes came piecemeal and usually were directed b y

economy rather than style .

The Department of Defense plan to standardize certain items and fabrics made their impact on WM uniforms in the early 1960s.

Summer Uniforms 1961-1977 : There was no middle ground for the acceptance of the one-piece dress .

Either a woman liked it or did not . For those who were

long- or short-waisted, the summer uniform with its

band at the waist was nearly impossible to alter proper -

ly. But the fabric was all it was touted to be. After wearing and caring for the easily wrinkled seersucke r

uniform which by custom was starched so that a skir t

could stand at attention, unsupported on the laundry room floor, the women Marines found the dacro n

dress to be truly carefree . One could wear it all day,

get caught in the rain, and still look fresh. Unfortunately, the fabric became scarce and expensive an d

the Marine Corps had no choice but to consider a

material shared by the other services since the increase d

quantity ordered reduced the price . Colonel Margaret

M. Henderson remembers that one of her most disappointing days as Director of Women Marines wa s

one when she had to acquiesce on the fabric for th e

summer uniforms.1 6

In 1962, a dacron-cotton cloth used by the Women's Army Corps was approved for use by women Marines. Logistically, it became very complicated sinc e

uniforms of mixed fabric could not be worn. The dress,

jacket, and cap had to match, and supplies availabl e

for each issue to recruits varied from one item to

another and from one size to another. When the fabric

was again changed to polyester-cotton, more confusion resulted .

In 1966, an entirely new two-piece dress made of

the same polyester-cotton, corded, green-and-white
UNIFORMS 16 5

visor, without gold embroidery. In 1969, the regulations were broadened and officers could wear the dres s

cap on an everyday basis except when in formation.

This privilege was extended to staff noncommissioned

officers in 1971.

Coats: In time the nipped-in waist and full-pleate d

back of the Mainbocher coat went out of style . Furthermore, the complicated styling, and excess fabric

made it expensive to manufacture . It clearly did not

flatter short, stocky figures. In 1966 Mario Mariani,

the Marine Corps' designer, introduced a straight -

lined, serge overcoat styled after the civilian coats in

vogue at the time ! ? By the winter of 1967, as old stock s

were depleted the new overcoat was issued to recruits.

Shoes: In 1954 the bows on the brown dress shoe s

became optional except that they could not be re -

moved from the issue pumps. By 1962, long after they

became socially acceptable, women Marines were al -

lowed to wear seamless hose as an optional item, bu t

The green utility uniform with rank stenciled on th e

sleeves is worn by Sgt Mary A . Kennedy in 1952 .

A green dacron raincoat worn with the winter red wool

scarf is modeled by Cpl Carla J. Sacco in 1959 .

striped material was approved . Recruits began to

receive it in July 1967 . The old-style uniform became

obsolete and could no longer be worn after 1 July 1972 . Women officers did not wear rank insignia on thei r

new summer caps. Because male Marines continued

to wear rank ornaments on their garrison caps, this

difference for the women caused a certain amount o f

confusion. Marines who failed to salute were justifie d

in their claim that it was difficult to recognize women officers. On 20 October 1971, the rank insignia offi -

cially was reinstated on the women officers' caps .

Another change involving summer uniforms was

seen in 1966 when women officers were authorized t o

wear the summer dress cap, a bright green version o f

the winter service and dress blue cap, as an optiona l

item when on leave or liberty. When worn with summer uniform, bronze buttons and insignia were worn

rather than gilt buttons and dress insignia . Field grade

officers, if they elected to wear the dress cap with th e

service uniform, were required to wear one with a plain
166 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

never in formation. The regulation was reversed i n

1965 when hose with seams became optional an d

could not be worn in formation. Finally in 1966, snagproof, run-resistant stockings of inconspicuous mes h

were authorized. In January 1971, the color of hos e

to be worn with dress blues changed from everyda y

beige to a gray, smoke shade.

The cotton hose worn by WRs in World War II and

for years by WM recruits and officer candidates were

universally unpopular. Because of the extreme hea t

and strenuous schedule followed at both training commands, the absorbent property of cotton stockings wa s

long considered to be a health and comfort feature .

Civilian women, upon arriving at Parris Island or

Quantico and seeing staff members wearing the unbecoming lisle hose were disbelieving that anyon e

The woman officer white dress "A" uniform with a

green tie, purse, and field grade gold embroidere d

hat, is modeled by Maj Adele Graham in 1971 .

younger than a grandmother would allow themselve s

to be seen in public in such an item. It was not an

unwelcome announcement that Colonel Bishop mad e

in the Woman Marine Newsletter, Winter 1968, when

she wrote :

A traditional article of clothing—not altogether appreciated by the recruits wearing them—will be obsolet e

when the current stock of cotton hose is exhausted . The old

lisle or cotton hose were a necessity for WRs when nylon s

"went to war". . . . Discarded years before by other women's

services, the Marine Corps—always long on tradition—became the "sole user" of cotton hose . At some future date this year, Women Marine recruits may have "lighter "

pocketbooks and tender feet, but higher morale and trimmer limbs 1 8

Umbrellas: All Marines know that umbrellas are no t

a military item. There is a theory that several armie s

of old who carried umbrellas went down in defeat be -

cause they were more concerned with keeping dry than

winning the battle . Women Marines had a plastic cove r

called a havelock that fit over their cap and a hoo d

that matched their raincoat, but there was always som e

question about wearing them without the outer coat .

The havelocks were difficult to procure and tore easily ; the rainhoods were not authorized with the over -

coat. Clearly, many WMs wanted an umbrella. In

1972, the Commandant authorized WMs to carry a n

all-black, plain, standard or folding umbrella as a n

optional item. The announcement included the caution to carry the umbrella in the left hand so that salutes could be properly rendered . They were not

permitted in formation. A story circulated that

Colonel Sustad, Director of Women Marines, in her

effort to have the umbrella adopted as a uniform item,

slipped the proposal through the Commandant by

asking him to approve a red umbrella to harmoniz e

with the red cord . He was said to have replied, "Absolutely not! They'll carry a black umbrella," thereb y

sanctioning its use . When asked about the story,

Colonel Sustad disclaimed it saying, "I would neve r

have been so fresh with the Commandant" 1 9

Handbags: When black accessories became mandatory, and women of all services adopted a singl e

handbag, WMs lost the rough-textured leather ba g

for a black vinyl model . In 1970 regulations changed

to permit the individual option to carrying the handbag over the left shoulder as usual or with a shortened strap, over the arm . A woman sergeant major asked ,

"How can you stand at attention for morning colors

with a handbag over your arm?" The question remain s

unanswered .
UNIFORMS 16 7

Grooming and Personal Appearanc e

The grooming and personal appearance of women

Marines changed slowly. World War II regulations

prevailed for nearly 30 years. Bright red lipstick, "Montezuma Red," created by Elizabeth Arden for the WRs ,

and later Revlon's "Certainly Red" were the only shades

sold at post exchanges that catered to WMs . The policy

was clear: lipstick had to harmonize with the red cap

cord of the blue and green caps and the scarlet trim

on the formal evening dress uniform, even when th e

wearer was in the green and white summer uniform

or dress whites. In 1971, the regulations were relaxed

to allow others shades of lipstick in the summer. Extremes of lavender, purple, white, or flesh color remained prohibited . Nail polish, if worn, had t o

harmonize with the lipstick or be colorless.

Hairstyles and Wigs: The first major change to hair

styles and color regulations came in 1970 when specifi c

hairstyles were not prohibited as long as they were

feminine and allowed for the proper wearing of the

cap. One reason for the change was the popularity of

the Afro hairdo worn by young black women . It als o

accommodated chignons and twists . Hair tints and

bleaches were no longer taboo but were required t o

harmonize with the person 's complexion and color

tone . Natural looking wigs were permitted as long a s

they conformed to regulations.

Lingerie: Girdles and light-colored, full-length slip s

were the modest underpinning of WMs for 30 years.

Paula W. Sentipal remembers that when she reported to boot camp in 1950 she was so thin that with

a girdle on her uniform could not be taken in enough

to fit her, so she was ordered to buy a larger girdl e

that would not hold her in?° Bras were one unmentionable that did not have to be mentioned. Until the

women's liberation movement made going braless

fashionable in the 1970s, it was never an issue . The

uniform regulations of 1976, in the spirit of the times,

stated:

Adequate undergarments to include support garments

shall be worn to ensure the proper fit, appearance, and

opaqueness of the uniform . The conservative appearance of

the uniform shall be maintained and undergarments shal l

not be conspicuously visible? ,

Hem lengths: The style of the uniform was able t o

withstand fashion changes from 1952 to 1977, but hem

lengths were as controversial for servicewomen a s

civilians. When the Mainbocher wardrobe was issued,

the regulations specified that skirts would be of a conventional sweep and length, approximately mid-calf.

The green and white striped two-piece summer service dacron uniform with black handbag and pumps

was worn by officers and enlisted women in the 1970s .

By the early 1960s, fashion dictated shorter skirts, but

regulations persisted. At one point, Lieutenant

Colonel Elsie E. Hill, Commanding Officer, Woman

Recruit Training Battalion, wrote to the Director of

Woman Marines, Colonel Henderson, and asked for

guidelines since she agreed with the women that

. . we look like a bunch of hicks from the sticks ." 2 2

Women's fashions being fickle, Headquarters did not

want to give specific rules that would necessitate printed changes as skirts went up and down, so in 1963 ,

following the phrase "midcalf' a parenthetical guide -

line was added that read, "(adjusted to current style s

but not extreme)." 23 At the same time, the Director's
168 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

office passed the word informally that two inches be -

low the knee was officially considered acceptable . In

more than one women Marine company, skirt shortening parties were held under the watchful eyes of staff

noncommissioned officers and officers, who, on their

knees and using the width of two fingers as a measuring device, passed judgement on the length of uniform skirts, dresses, and coats.

Skirts continued to rise to the mini-length, and al l

services except the Marine Corps relented . In a Woman Marine Newsletter of 1970, Colonel Bishop wrote :

. . . conventional sweep and length is currently interprete d

as mid-knee, i .e., between the top of the knee and the bottom of the knee . Since the skirt can be worn anywhere between the top of the knee and the bottom of the knee, thi s

allows for some flexibility so that the individual can wea r

her skirt the length that is most becoming to her.

No doubt the young WMs hoped for more flexibility

since civilian skirts were being worn 4 to 6 inches abov e

the knee, but the message from the top woman Marine clearly marked the limits.

The 1976 regulations called for knee-length skirts ,

not more than one inch above the top of the knee ca p

nor one inch below the bottom of the knee cap . Alas,

as the order was being printed, civilian skirts were bac k

down to mid-calf, completing the full cycle.

Utilities

The hastily designed green utilities available in the

early 1950s were not beautiful, but they served their

intended purpose as a work uniform . Unfortunately,

they were part of the woman Marine wardrobe whe n

most WMs were working in offices. Wearing utilities

was vigorously discouraged except when considered absolutely essential because the effect was too masculine .

Great pains were taken to keep them out of view an d

it was an unwritten law that photographs of WMs i n

utilities were not to be published . The standardization of uniforms by the four services resulted in a com -

mon blue utility outfit, dark blue slacks, cap, an d

sweater, and a light blue shirt . Recruits received th e

new blue utilities in July 1967 and the green ones were

not permitted after July 1971 . The new uniform, whil e

more feminine in appearance, was never truly accepted by WMs because it made them look like WAVE s

and was not durable . Even male Marines who were

chauvinistic about keeping the Marine Corps for me n

found the blue uniform offensive and decided tha t

they preferred their women Marines to look like Marines. At first, the black insignia of service was wor n

on the blue cap but the dark color lacked contrast and

the gold emblem was adopted on the utility cap i n

1970 .

The blue utilities were threadbare by the time a

woman graduated from boot camp and commanders

made their dissatisfaction known to Headquarters .

With women Marines subject to assignment as heavy

equipment operators, welders, and to similar occupations, a more functional work uniform was needed. On 22 September 1975 the Commandant

authorized as an interim measure, a supplementary

allowance of male utilities to women to be worn under restricted conditions depending upon their job 2 4

Wear-testing of several styles began in an effort to find

a suitable uniform to replace the blue, which by 197 5

had been abandoned by all the other services. In June

1977, General Wilson approved the wearing by women of the male camouflaged field uniform . Combat

boots replaced the black oxfords and cushion-sole socks

took the place of anklets for WMs at work in certai n

jobs and in training 25

Consistent with an age when male/female roles were

less clearly defined, there appeared to be less urgenc y

to prove that service women were feminine . Photographs of the jet mechanics, welders, and officer candidates wearing utilities were taken and published an d

only the older officers and staff noncommissione d

officers were scandalized .
CHAPTER 1 5

Laurels and Traditions

Legion of Merit—Navy and Marine Corps Medal—Bronze Star Medal—Joint Service Commendation Meda l

Dominican Republic—WM Anniversary —Women Marines and Mess Nigh t

Molly Marine—Women Marines Association

Women Marines recognized for meritorious performance and bravery have been awarded many of the

same medals, ribbons, and letters of appreciation an d

commendation presented to male Marines under similar circumstances. The highest decoration, at this writing, worn by women in the Corps is the Legion of

Merit. A few are privileged to wear the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, Bronze Star, and the Navy Commendation Medal, and a number have been awarded

the Joint Service Commendation Medal and the Nav y

Achievement Medal .

Legion of Merit

Following a tradition set in World War II, the Legion

of Merit, the Navy's fifth ranking decoration, fallin g

immediately below the Silver Star and conferred on

individuals ". . . who have distinguished themselve s

by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services. . . " has been awarded to all Directors of Women Marines . Their citations

underscore the particular challenges faced by each one ,

and read consecutively, they trace the history of women in the Marine Corps through the stages of organization, expansion, and total integration .'

Only one woman Marine, other than the Directors,

was the recipient of the Legion of Merit . Upon retirement in May 1975, Colonel Hazel E . Benn, Head ,

Educational Services Branch, was cited for her work

in formulating educational programs for both officers

and enlisted Marines?

Colonel Benn's career was unique in that as a Reserve

officer on active duty, she worked for 24 years at th e

same job . She was the Marine Corps ' expert on education and as new programs developed, her responsibilities increased. A member of the second office r

candidate class at Mount Holyoke College in 1943, sh e

served as a personnel/administrative officer in Worl d

War II. Following the war, after receiving a graduat e

degree in education, she worked for the Navy as a n

education specialist, and in 1951, was asked to retur n

to the Marine Corps. A principal architect of the Serviceman's Opportunity College, she helped to develop

the concept that removed the traditional academic barrier in the areas of residency, transfer of credit by examination, and acceptance of service schools an d

service experience for academic credit, thereby easin g

the road to college degrees for countless Marines.3

Colonel Benn was among the first women Marines t o

be promoted to colonel in 1968, only months afte r

that rank was opened to women .

Navy and Marine Corps Medal

The Navy and Marine Corps Medal, ranking eighth

in precedence—between the Distinguished Flyin g

Cross and the Bronze Star—and the Naval Service's

highest recognition for heroism not involving comba t

has been awarded to four women Marines. Staff Sergeant Barbara O. Barnwell, first woman ever to win

the medal, was decorated on 7 August 1953 by Genera l

Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., Commandant of the Marine

Corps, for saving a Marine's life in the Atlantic Ocea n

off Camp Lejeune . A Marine since May 1949, she was

attached to the staff of the Inspector-Instructor, 1st

Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company at Fort

Schuyler, New York, at the time of the incident' He r

citation reads:

Hearing a cry for help from a man struggling in the heav y

surf some 50 feet outward from her position while she wa s

swimming in deep water approximately 120 yards from th e

shore, Sergeant Barnwell immediately swam to the rescu e

and, although severely scratched on the arm and repeatedly dragged beneath the surface by the drowning Marine, se -

cured a hold on him and commenced to swim to the beach .

Despite the treacherous undertow which constantly carrie d

her outward from the shore, she bravely maintained her hold

until she had reached shallow water and, assisted by a

lifeguard, succeeded in bringing the unconscious man t o

the safety of the beach . By her exceptional courage, darin g

initiative and selfless efforts on behalf of another in face o f

grave peril, Sergeant Barnwell was directly instrumental i n

saving the Marine's life and upheld the highest traditions

of the United States Naval Service s

Staff Sergeant Barnwell struggled for 20 exhaustin g

minutes to rescue Private First Class Frederick Hernan -

dez Roman. Once she saw that artificial respiratio n

was successful and that the man was going to live, sh e

walked away without even giving her name . Roman's

was, after all, the third life she had saved . When she

169
170 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

herself was only a child of 11 she saved a seven-year -

old from drowning . Later, at 16 she brought a youn g

woman safely to shore .

In addition to the medal presentation in the Commandant's office, Staff Sergeant Barnwell was honored ,

along with six male officers, at a retreat ceremony a t

the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. It was the first

time that a woman was so honored .°

Gunnery Sergeant Dorothy L. Kearns became th e

second woman Marine in history to receive the Nav y

and Marine Corps Medal when it was presented to he r

by Colonel Margaret M . Henderson, Director of Wom -

en Marines, on 25 June 1963 at a parade at the Iwo

Jima Memorial in Arlington? The award read :

In 1955, Maj Hazel E. Benn, USMCR, was head of

Education and Information Section, Special Services ,

Personnel Department, HQMC. She received the

Legion of Merit upon retirement in 1975 for formulating innovative educational programs for Marines .

For heroic conduct on the morning of 5 February 196 1

while serving with the United States Marine Corps Recruiting Station, San Francisco, California . Hearing cries from

help emanating from an upstairs apartment in the same

building in which she resided, Gunnery Sergeant Kearns immediately rushed to the assistance of a woman who was being attacked with a knife by a mentally deranged man . Afte r

SSgt Barbara O. Barnwell (third from left) was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Me -

dal on 7 August 1953 by Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., for saving a Marine's life in

the Atlantic Ocean off Camp Lejeune . Director Col Julia E. Hamblet (right) attended.
LAURELS AND TRADITIONS 17 1

pulling the assailant from the victim, disarming him, an d

forcing him away, she rendered first aid to the victim an d

attempted to calm the attacker. She then telephoned th e

hospital which, in turn, notified the police . While Gunnery

Sergeant Kearns was admitting the police at the apartmen t

building entrance, the deranged man again armed himself

and succeeded in inflicting fatal wounds upon the victim

as the police were entering the room . By her courageous an d

selfless efforts in the face of grave personal risk, Gunner y

Sergeant Kearns upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service ?

A World War II Marine, Gunnery Sergeant Kearns ha d

been one of the women retained at Headquarters Marine Corps after the war, serving continuously until

her retirement in May 1966 .

First Lieutenant Vanda K. Brame (later Bresnan),

serving at the Marine Corps Officer Selection Offic e

in Des Moines, Iowa, was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for thwarting the holdup of a blin d

man's shop on 10 April 1970 . Having lunch in the Federal Building Lunch Shop, the petite lieutenant saw

a man taking money from an unattended cash draw -

GySgt Dorothy L. Kearns is presented the Navy and

Marine Corps Medal by Col Margaret M . Henderson,

Director of Women Marines, in 25 June 1963 ceremonies, for rushing to the assistance of a woman bein g

attacked with a knife by a mentally deranged man .

1 stLt Vanda K. Brame was presented the Navy and

Marine Corps Medal by BGen Harry C . Olson, Commanding General, Marine Corps Supply Center, Barstow, California, on 24 November 1970, for herois m

in thwarting the holdup ofa blind man's shop in Iowa.

et while an accomplice stood guard. The citatio n

describing her heroic reaction read :

Immediately realizing that the owner was unaware of th e

attempted robbery and helpless to defend his property, Firs t

Lieutenant Brame unhesitantly, and without regard for he r

own safety, pursued, seized, and threw the thief to the floor.

The accomplice became unnerved by her aggressive actio n

and fled. The thief succeeded in breaking away, but h e

dropped the stolen money as he attempted to escape on foot .

She continued to pursue him and attracted the attentio n

of several onlookers who joined the chase and apprehende d

the man after he had run several blocks . It was through he r

courageous and heroic determination in the face of dange r

that the handicapped owner was saved from bodily harm

and personal loss, and the thief was captured, placed in th e

hands of the police, and finally identified as a potentiall y

dangerous user of narcotics. First Lieutenant Brame's heroic

action reflected great credit upon herself and upheld th e

highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United State s

Naval Service ?

Brigadier General Harry C. Olson, Commanding

General, Marine Corps Supply Center, Barstow ,

presented the medal to Lieutenant Brame, then commanding officer of the Woman Marine Company

there, at an awards and retirement parade on 2 5

November 197010

Lance Corporal Sheryl L . Young received the highest

noncombat decoration for heroism in June 1977 for

her part in freeing a mother and two small childre n

from a wrecked car moments before it exploded. On

15 October 1976, while students at the Legal Services
172 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

LCpl Sheryl L . Young was presented the Navy and Marine Corps Medal by BGen Rober t

J. Chadwick, Director, Judge Advocate Division, in June 1977, for her part in freein g

a mother and two small children from a wrecked car moments before it exploded.

School at Camp Pendleton, then Private Young and

a companion, Private First Class Thomas J . Maue, were

walking in town when they heard a crash. Running

to the intersection, they heard cries from an auto engulfed in flames. Private First Class Maue removed th e

occupants one by one, handed them to Private Young ,

and both Marines administered first aid and comforted

the victims until the police and fire departments

arrived. "

Brigadier General Robert J. Chadwick, Director of

the Judge Advocate Division, presented the Navy and

Marine Corps Medal to Lance Corporal Young on be -

half of the President of the United States for the daring rescue . Her citation read :

Upon arriving at the scene of a traffic accident in Ocean -

side, which left three victims pinned in a burning automobile, lance Corporal Young, with complete disregard for he r

own safety and fully aware of the personal dangers involved ,

unhesitatingly assisted her Marine companion in removing

the victims from the vehicle before the gas tank exploded .

Her courageous and prompt actions in the face of great personal risk undoubtedly saved three lives; thereby reflecting

great credit upon herself and upholding the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Nava l

Service1 2

Bronze Star Medal

The Bronze Star, with combat "V," awarded to per,

sons who have distinguished themselves by heroic o r

meritorious achievement or service in connection wit h

military operations against an armed enemy, has bee n

awarded to three women Marine officers, all of who m

served in Vietnam. The first recipient, Captain Shirle y

E. Leaverton, served as the Marine Corps Officer in

Charge, Marine Corps Personnel Section, on the staff

of the Commander, Naval Forces, Vietnam, from April

1970 until 1971 . Serving as Historians, Military History Branch, Secretary, Joint Staff, United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, Lieutenan t

Colonel Ruth J. O'Holleran and later Lieutenant

Colonel Ruth F. Reinholz were also awarded the

Bronze Star Medal .

t 3

Joint Service Commendation Medal

Women Marines recognized for superior performance on joint staffs, especially for duty in Europ e

and in Vietnam, have often been awarded the Join t

Service Commendation Medal . The first recipient,

Captain Elaine I. Primeau, who was fatally injured in

an automobile accident while on duty on the staff of
LAURELS AND TRADITIONS 17 3

the Commander in Chief, U. S. Forces, Europe, was

decorated posthumously in the spring of 19641 4

Dominican Republic

The first woman Marine to be assigned attache duty coincidentally became the first to serve under hostil e

fire. Staff Sergeant Josephine S . Gebers (later Davis),

intelligence specialist and administrative assistant t o

the Air Force attache, reported to Santo Domingo in

July 1963 . During the turmoil that followed the over -

throw of the government in April 1965, Staff Sergean t

Gebers was offered the opportunity to leave with th e

American women and children but chose to remai n

at her post. She assisted in the evacuation and then ,

in addition to her duties, took charge of the commissary to ensure equitable distribution of available sup -

plies; prepared food armed with only an electric fr y

pan, a toaster, and a hot plate ; brought meals to th e

ambassador twice daily ; and took turns at the embass y

switchboard .'

At the outbreak of the revolt, rebels surrounded th e

embassy complex and the staff was confined for nearly 10 days until the 6th Marine Expeditionary Uni t

landed. In a letter to Staff Sergeant Joan S . Ambrose,

dated 7 May 1965, Staff Sergeant Gebers wrote :

I have been living in the Attache office, sleeping on th e

floor, chair or anything I can grab, fixing chow for the attaches and male clerks etc ., running across the street wit h

messages as the telephones were out under gunfire, wandering around in the dark . . . no electricity or water, every -

thing was out . Almost all the Americans here have investe d

in freezers and we all lost hundreds of dollars of frozen foods .

I managed to get back to my apartment in time to give al l

my frozen food to my Dominican neighbors, so I don't fee l

it was a total loss. My apartment is located in a neutral zon e

and has not been the center of activity. My landlord an d

neighbors are watching my apartment so no one can loot it .

Joannie, I still can't believe all that has happened. The

first day, the Marines landed of course, was quite a thril l

and all so exciting . They drove in in trucks, jeeps, tanks,

LVTs, etc . and scattered into their positions all around th e

embassy. Of course that night and for a few days following,

SSgt Josephine S. Gebers, who later was authorized to wear the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal and Combat Action Ribbon as a result of hostile action in the overthrow

of the Dominican Republic government in April 1965, reads the Commandant's Marin e

Corps birthday message on 10 November 1965, at the U.S. Embassy, Santo Domingo .
174 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Capt Elaine T. Camille, company commander, serves cake to TSgt Mary Quinn on the

8th anniversary of the Women Marines, 13 February 1951, at Marine Corps Schools .

it wasn't so thrilling as we were being fired on by nearb y

snipers1 9

On 1 September 1966, in a ceremony in his office ,

General Wallace M. Greene, Jr., presented the Join t

Service Commendation Medal to Gunnery Sergean t

Gebers, then administrative chief to the Commandant. Additionally, she was authorized to wear th e

Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal and later, th e

Combat Action Ribbon—reportedly the first WM t o

do so. First Sergeant Josephine Gebers Davis remained on active duty until August 1971 .1 7

WM Anniversary

The tradition began on 13 February 1944 when

much was made of the first anniversary of the entry

of women into the Marine Corps . Mrs. Franklin D.

Roosevelt, wife of the President ; Acting Secretary of

the Navy Ralph A. Baird; the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Vandegrift ; and Colonel Streeter

headed the list of dignitaries at a ceremony conducted at Fort Myer, Virginia .18 Since then, the anniversary of the women Marines has been the subject of

some controversy—at times celebrated with much,encouragement and at other times purposely neglected

by the upper levels at Headquarters in an effort to encourage all Marines to acknowledge one birthday, th e

10th of November. To further complicate the issue ,

the women who served in World War I questioned th e

use of 1943 as a point of reference . Colonel Towle wrote

a memorandum on the subject in 1951 stating :

The formation of the Marine Corps Women's Reserve o f

World War II was officially announced by the CMC, General

Thomas Holcomb, on 13 February 1943, under the provisions of the Naval Reserve Act of 1938, as amended . It is

that anniversary which is recognized each year by wome n

who served in World War II; hence the Eighth Anniversary,

13 February 1951 . 1 9

During World War II and immediately after, the

celebration of the occasion was an effective way to raise

morale, keep up the interest of former WMs, and in

general to enhance the prestige of women in the service . Celebrations have varied according to local customs, but normally included a cake-cutting ceremony

attended by the commanding general, the battalion

commander, and all WMs, officers and enlisted, at the
LAURELS AND TRADITIONS 17 5

noon meal at the mess hall; formal messages from the

Commandant and the Director of Women Marines;

a women Marine color guard to raise the flag ; and an

evening party, often a formal dance. A sizable number of male Marines took up the habit of joining the

women in celebrating the anniversary. Long after he

retired, former Commandant General Greene continued to call the Director of Women Marines on 1 3

February to wish her a "Happy Anniversary." 2 0

Mrs. John B. Cook, wife of Brigadier General Cook ,

said that she never can forget the date of the WM anniversary since it coincides with her wedding anniversary. Twice the battalion commander of women

Marines, the general made it a point to celebrate their

mutual anniversaries together . Mrs. Cook remembers

that one 13 February in Philadelphia, when he wa s

not commanding women Marines, the general too k

her to a restaurant for dinner, but as soon as the mea l

was finished, he said, "Well, let's go the club and have

a drink with the WMs" 2 1

Colonel Randolph McC. Pate, Director of Division

of Reserve during the post World War II period, inaugurated the tradition of giving red roses to th e

Director of Women Marines on 13 February—one fo r

each year being commemorated. Major Hamblet, as

Woman Marine anniversary cake prepared by the Mess

Hall, Camp Pendleton, California, in February 1966.

Director of the Women's Reserve, received the firs t

bouquet. Later, when the Director became a membe r

of the Commandant's staff, each succeeding Commandant continued the custom22 Sometime in the 1970s,

as emphasis on a separate anniversary for wome n

waned, Colonel Sustad received the last bouquet o f

red roses from General Cushman .

In addition to the roses, for many years, the Commandant sent a formal message to all women Marine s

to mark the special day. On the occasion of the eighth

anniversary of the founding of the Women's Reserve ,

General Cates, then Commandant, wrote gallantly t o

Colonel Towle:

It was a proud day in the annals of the Corps when th e

women joined us in 1943 . Your record of achievement since

then well merited the permanent recognition of Women Marines. The filling of your ranks by Regulars and Reserves sinc e

the outbreak in Korea has greatly aided our Corps to attai n

new glories. All ranks in the Corps join me today in a fon d

salute to our "lady Marines" 2 3

In 1953, Headquarters encouraged all command s

to promote, celebrate, and publicize the observance,

but in 1954, the Chief of Staff directed that nothing

should ". . . emanate from this Headquarters in connection with the 11th anniversary of the women Marines, 13 February 1954" 24 Two years later, th e

Commandant, General Pate sent a similar message to

the Director which stated :

I have directed no specific Marine Corps-wide observanc e

of the 13th Anniversary of the service of women in our Corps .

This was for the sound and satisfying reason that Wome n

Marines are now a completely integrated part of our Corps.

I felt certain that as a permanent and integral part of our

Corps and sharing alike in all our traditions, our Wome n

Marines would consider a separate celebration to be inappropriate .

However, I cannot let this occasion pass without extending a greeting to you as the representative of all Wome n

Marines. I should also like to congratulate you on the splen -

did manner in which you are discharging this responsibility .

My very best wishes to you and all Women Marines fo r

the future 25

The local celebrations continued, nevertheless, an d

General Pate relented by resuming the habit of sending greetings to all women Marines in the ensuing

years.

Apparently, when General David M. Shoup became

Commandant the propriety of the observance was

again questioned . Colonel Henderson, the director,

prepared a year-by-year study of the celebrations an d

concluded with the thoughts:
176 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

The women Marines of Camp Pendleton are aided in celebrating their 28th anniversary

at the traditional cake-cutting ceremony by Col Emil]. Radics, base chief ofstaff. From

left are PFCs Julia Krauss and Brenda Baker, Col Radics, and Maj Georgia Swickheimer .

It is my personal belief that the Women Marines thin k

of 13 February 1943 not as a birthday, but as the date whic h

commemorates the opportunity given them to become a part

of the Marine Corps and to share in all its traditions. Be -

cause of this belief and their esprit de corps, I recommen d

that they continue to celebrate their anniversary .

I know that it will please every woman in the Corps t o

have a personal message of recognition from the Commandant and make her prouder than ever of being a woma n

Marine 2 6

And so it went until the question was settled onc e

and for all in 1974 . The Commandant made know n

that in the future only 10 November would be acknowledged by a CMC message . Colonel Brewer,

Director of Women Marines, agreed with the theory

that, with ". . . increased effectiveness in the utilization of women Marines as an integral part of the Corps,

it is appropriate and timely to discontinue the practice of publishing 'WM Anniversary' messages by the

Commandant and the Director of Women Marines" 27

Referring, however, to the wide reaching changes i n

policy approved by the Commandant in 1973, she reasoned that a final message would be an excellent wa y

to reemphasize the increased opportunties for women Marines and to announce the discontinuance of th e

tradition 28 General Cushman, therefore, in the fina l

anniversary message, said :

With each passing year, we Marines working together wil l

meet the challenges of the future, willing and able to fulfill our responsibilities as the "Nation's Force In Readiness."

In recognition of the role of the women members of ou r

Corps in fulfilling this mission, and since all Marines shar e

one Birthday, it seems appropriate to recognize your achievements for this, the last time, as a separate, special occasion .

Accordingly, we pause today to reflect on the day 31 years

ago when women became members of our Marine Corp s

team ready to meet all challenges 29
LAURELS AND TRADITIONS 17 7

The tradition of giving red roses, one for each year,

to the Director of Women Marines on 13 February wa s

begun by Col Randolph McC . Pate, post-World War

II Director of Reserve . Col Jeanette I. Sustad receives

the bouquet of roses from the Commandant, Ge n

Leonard F. Chapman, Jr., in the early 1970s.

Women Marines and Mess Nigh t

For a number of years, it was generally understoo d

that formal mess nights were for men only3 0 Women

officers did not expect to be included and indeed the y

were not. As women were assigned to more and more

billets outside the WM program, the situation became

increasingly awkward, and on rare occasions, they were

invited to take part in the ancient social custom . The

first woman to attend a mess night was probabl y

Colonel Helen A. Wilson.*

* " In August, 1957, while on active duty for training at the Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, to attend the U.S . Marine Corps

Reserve Administrative Course, I took part in a formal mess night .

The announcement was made that I was the first woman in histor y

to participate in this ancient and solemn ceremony. For me, it was

almost a terrifying experience, having been direly warned and incriminated by my fellow Marines as to the solemnity of the occasion . They coached me and warned me of the deep significance o f

a formal mess night, and the importance of my role on this auspicious occasion . My memorized speech dissolved into a few halting

(but sincere) phrases memorializing the important event itself, an d

the Marine Corps. After the meat was declared "fit for human consumption;" the feast began, the wine flowed freely—and glasses wer e

raised in countless toasts, each more fervent than the last . Then ,

as I quivered, my turn came -"Gentlemen—a toast to the Directo r

of Women Marines!''—which was by then most enthusiasticall y

received . In my "memento box" I still have the cigar they gave m e

that night, carefully wrapped and labeled—and unsmoked!" Col

Helen A. Wilson comments on draft manuscript, dtd 1Jan80 .

The date of the first formal mess night sponsore d

by a WM unit is known—12 February 1970 . To

celebrate the 27th anniversary of the women Marines ,

officers of the Women Marine Recruit Training Battalion, Parris Island, and the women officers of th e

neighboring Marine Corps Air Station at Beaufort,

gathered at the officers' club and followed the time -

honored procedures under the direction of Major

Roberta N. Roberts (later Patrick), Madam President .

Madam Vice, the junior officer present, was Chief War -

rant Officer Bertha Peters Billeb, who had been on e

of the original staff members when the battalion was

activated in 1943, and later in 1961 became the firs t

Sergeant Major of Women Marines.

The battalion commander, Lieutenant Colonel Jenny Wrenn, invited the guests of honor, Major General Oscar F. Peatross, Commanding General, Marin e

Corps Recruit Depot, and Colonel Richard J. Schriver,

Commanding Officer, Marine Corps Air Station . In

his remarks, General Peatross praised the women fo r

their patriotism. He said:

You have no obligation to serve in the military. You are

not subject to the draft or to any other impetus to serve except your own patriotism and desire to serve your countr y

and fellow man . You must be counted as the most patrioti c

among the citizens of our nation 3 1

Subsequently, the most frequent WM-sponsored

mess nights occurred at The Basic School, Quantico ,

when the training schedule precluded a joint affair .

With the complete integration of women into the Basic School program in 1977, scheduling problems disappeared and separate mess nights along with them.

At all commands where women now serve, they tak e

their place at formal mess nights along with their mal e

colleagues.

Molly Marin e

"Molly" is the nickname of a statue which has stood

at the intersection of Elk Place and Canal Street i n

downtown New Orleans, Louisiana, since it was originally dedicated on the Marine Corps Birthday in

1943 .32 Originally cast in marble chips and granite be -

cause of wartime restrictions, Molly had becom e

weather beaten . In 1961, a local committee decide d

to erect a monument to women who had served i n

all branches of the service in all wars, but, they proposed to erect their monument on Molly's beachhead, an d

remove the statue of the woman Marine .

Molly's many friends blocked this action. Heading

the long list of her benefactors was Mr. Frank Zito,
178 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Jr., former State Commandant, Marine Corps League ,

Louisiana, who pledged that Molly would be bronze d

and placed on a new pedestal . Thus, Mr. Zito established the Molly Restoration Fund for her refurbishing.

During the ensuing controversy, it was pointed ou t

that New Orleans was the site of the first statue of a

woman in the United States, that of Margaret Haughery, erected in 1884 ; that the first statue of a woman

in uniform anywhere in the world was Joan of Arc ,

in her armor, in Orleans, France ; that New Orleans

was the namestake of Orleans, France ; and that there -

fore, it was appropriate that Molly Marine, the first

statue of a woman in uniform in the United States ,

should remain in New Orleans.

At the 1964 national convention for the Women Marines Association and the Marine Corps League, bot h

organizations unanimously passed resolutions pledging support to the restoration project. The Marine

Corps Reserve Officers Association added its aid wit h

a Support the Restoration of Molly Marine resolutio n

passed by the national delegates in 1966 at Houston ,

Texas. Through the efforts of the New Orleans Caju n

Chapter of the Women Marines Association, and lo -

cal friends of the Corps, a full-scale drive was launched

for the final completion of Molly.

After many years of working and waiting, Moll y

received her new dress. She was taken from her post

to be returned dressed in her new bronze finery wher e

she awaited her unveiling which took place during th e

Women Marine Association National Convention, 2 9

June-1 July 1966 .

On hand for the occasion, as personal representative

of the Commandant, was Brigadier General Edward

H. Hurst, Director, Marine Corps Landing Force Development Center, Quantico, who as a major in 194 3

had been the commanding officer of the Marine Training Detachment, Naval Reserve Midshipmen Schoo l

(WR), Northampton, Massachussetts, and later the

commanding officer of the Officer Training School ,

MCWR, Camp Lejeune ; Colonel Barbara J. Bishop ,

Director of Women Marines; and Gunnery Sergean t

Helen Hannah Campbell, USMCR, President, Women Marines Association . Many of Molly's benefactors

were at the ceremonies to see the culmination of their

efforts in the restoration .

The original inscription, which read:

LtCol Jenny Wrenn, Commanding Officer, Woman Recruit Training Battalion, Parris

Island, presides at the first Mess Night sponsored by a woman Marine unit, in 1970 .
LAURELS AND TRADITIONS 17 9

Molly Marine, monument in New Orleans, dedicated to women who served as Marines.
180 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Dedicated by the People of New Orleans

'10 THE WOMEN OF AMERICA

In the U.S. Marine Corps Women's Reserve

for recognition of the patriotic servic e

rendered their country

10 November 194 3

was changed to :

Molly Marine

November 10, 194 3

FREE A MARINE TO FIGHT

REDEDICATED JULY 1, 1966 IN HONOR O F

WOMEN MARINES WHO SERVE THEIR COUNTR Y

IN KEEPING WITH THE HIGHEST TRADITION S

OF THE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

Women Marines Association

The Women Marines Association (WMA) traces its

origin to a 1923 dream of a couple of World War I

veterans, Florence Miller and Louise Budge, who trie d

without success to organize the "Girl Marine Veterans."33 The idea lay dormant for years until a hand -

ful of members at large met at the first WMA

convention in Denver in 1960 . The founders who lai d

the groundwork for the unofficial organization of

women Marines were headed by Reserve Major Jea n

Durfee and included former WRs Marion A. Hooper

Swope, Mary Jeane Olson Nelson, June E. Hansen, Lois

Lighthall, Ila Doolittle Clark, and Barbara Kees Meeks.

Colonel Margaret M. Henderson, the Director of

Women Marines, attended the convention and gave

her support and encouragement.

A constitution was adopted, setting forth WMA objectives and providing for biennial conventions, national officers and directors were elected ; and the

attendees returned home to mount a vigorous membership campaign which netted approximately 35 0

charter members by February 1961 . Shortly thereafter,

the first issue of a quarterly newsletter, WMA Nouncements appeared. Subsequent conventions were held

in Cleveland, Saint Louis, New Orleans, San Francis -

co, Philadelphia, Honolulu, Galveston, and in 1976 ,

the nation's bicentennial birthday, in Boston . For the

first time in WMA history, the women were addresse d

by a Commandant of the Marine Corps, Genera l

Robert E. Cushman, Jr., at the 1974 Texas meeting.

The WMA is the only national organization open exclusively to women who serve or have served as United States Marines.
CHAPTER 16

The Sergeants Major of Women Marine s

Bertha L. Peters—Evelyn E. Albert — Ouida W Craddock —Mabel A .R. Otten—June V. Andler— Grace A. Carle

With the publication of MCO 1421 .6 in April 1960 ,

three WM sergeant major billets were designated, on e

of which was marked for the senior enlisted woma n

in the office of the Director of Women Marines . The

system at that time provided for the temporary appointment to sergeant major of women already in the

ninth pay grade, master gunnery sergeant . The first

woman to be promoted to master gunnery sergeant ,

Geraldine M. Moran, was stationed at El Toro where

no billet for a WM sergeant major existed. The second

woman to be selected for the top enlisted pay grad e

was Bertha Peters (later Billeb), who at the time was

in the Director's office . Promoted on 18 January 1961

to master gunnery sergeant, Peters coincidentally be -

came eligible and was appointed as the first Sergeant

Major of Women Marines.

Officially, no special provisions were made for th e

billet, but much ceremony and publicity attended th e

appointment. Colonel Henderson strongly believe d

that an experienced staff noncommissioned officer,

through close liaison with enlisted WMs in the field ,

could provide the Director with valuable insights

which would help in the development of meaningfu l

policies concerning women Marines. She enhanced the

prestige and position of the sergeant major most notably by taking her on trips to inspect women Marin e

units. The top enlisted WM visited the women on th e

job and in their barracks. She spoke to work supervisors and the WM company staff. Back at Headquarters, she made public appearances and she was the

expert in residence on enlisted women Marine matters .

Selection of the succeeding sergeants major was

done by a special board convened at Headquarters.

The senior member was a woman officer and the

Director of Women Marines was an advisor. The

guidance given board members describing the desirable qualifications specified :

1.In personal appearance, an outstanding representativ e

woman Marine for her age and grade. Feminine in mannerism and person ; impeccable in uniform and knowledge -

able in presenting an appearance in civilian clothin g

appropriate to any social occasion .

2. Poised and mature in military presence ; socially aware

and approachable; tactful and capable of achieving a nicely

balanced relationship with officers, senior staff NCOs, an d

personnel of lower pay grades, men and women .

3. Possessed of an excellent ability to communicate orally and in writing ; particularly well qualified to speak be -

fore a sizable audience .

4. A Marine Corps career of widest possible experience ,

particularly in regard to billets in the women's program and

in contrast to assignments limited solely to duty in her MOS .

Consideration should be given to her performance in he r

OF and to the past selection for such other assignments as

instructor, recruiter, DI, or as lstSgt/SgtMaj . '

Six women were eventually designated through 197 6

as Sergeant Major of Women Marines . They are :

Sergeant Major Bertha L. Peters (Billeb)—18Jan1961-13Nov196 3

Sergeant Major Evelyn E. Albert—13Nov1963-1Dec196 6

Sergeant Major Ouida W. Craddock—1Dec1966-1Aug1969

Sergeant Major Mabel A . R. Otten—1Aug1969-30Apr197 2

Bertha L. Peters, Sergeant Major of Women Marine s

18 January 1961-13 November 1963 .

181
182 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Evelyn E. Albert, Sergeant Major of Women Marine s

13 November 1963-1 December 1966.

Sergeant Major June V. Andler—30Apr1972-30Apr197 4

Sergeant Major Grace A . Carle—30Apr1974-300ct197 6

Sergeant Major Bertha L. Peters

Sergeant Major Bertha L . Peters (Billeb) of Wasco ,

California, having been recruited by Lieutenant Colonel Lily H. Gridley (who was still in a WAVES uniform) in San Francisco, was enlisted in the Marine

Corps Reserve on 5 March 1943 and entered training

on 19 April 1943 in the second recruit class of WRs

at Hunter College in New York . She served on continuous active duty at Headquarters Marine Corps i n

the Division of Aviation throughout World War II . On

10 November 1948 she was one of the first eight en -

listed WRs to be sworn into the regular Marine Corp s

by General Clifton B. Cates.

In February 1949, she was transferred to Parris Island where she became the Battalion Chief Clerk fo r

the newly organized 3d Recruit Training Battalion .

Upon the discharge of MSgt Elsie Miller, the Battalion Sergeant Major, GySgt Peters assumed the dutie s

of Sergeant Major. Subsequently she was assigned as

Sergeant Major of the Woman Marines Officer Train -

ing Command, Quantico; First Sergeant, Company A,

Pearl Harbor, and in 1955 once again, as Sergeant

Major, Women Recruit Training Battalion. In 1959 she

was selected and assigned to the senior enlisted woman Marine billet, Office of the Director of Woman Marines. She was selected for promotion to master

gunnery sergeant in 1961 and redesignated as sergeant

major. She became the first Sergeant Major of Women Marines. After her marriage in 1962 to Gunnery

Sergeant William N. Billeb she joined her husband

at Quantico and was assigned for the second time as

Sergeant Major, Women Officers Training . In 1966 after her husband had been promoted to warrant office r

(temporary) she accepted promotion to warrant office r

(temporary) and was transferred to her third tour of

duty with the Woman Recruit Training Battalion, Parris Island, where she was assigned to the billet of Battalion adjutant. In 1970 the Billebs, bot h

commissioned officers, reverted to their permanen t

ranks. Master Gunnery Sergeant Bertha Billeb was

transferred to MCB, Camp Pendleton . She was redesignated to permanent sergeant major in 1972 when all

women Marines who held that rank were given permanent warrants. At this time the Billebs were the onl y

husband-wife sergeant major team in the Marin e

Corps. In 1973, Sergeant Major Bertha Billeb, bein g

the first woman to complete 30 years' continuous active duty, was retired with honors at MCB, Camp Pendleton. She requested and was placed on the retire d

list as a commissioned warrant officer .

Sergeant Major Evelyn E. Albert

Sergeant Major Evelyn E. Albert assumed the assignment as Sergeant Major of Women Marines, Headquarters Marine Corps, on 13 November 1963. She was

the second woman to hold that billet since its creation in April 1960 .

A 1943 graduate of Wagner College, Staten Island ,

New York, with a BA degree in English, Sergeant

Major Albert enlisted from her native New Jersey i n

April 1943, following the call to active duty of the Ma -

rine Corps Women's Reserve in February. She was in

the third class of WRs to train at the Naval Training

School at Hunter College prior to the transfer of th e

WR training to Camp Lejeune. One of the first WRs

assigned to Camp Lejeune, she served there until Jul y

1943, when she was transferred to the Marine Corp s

Air Station, Cherry Point . While at Cherry Point, she was temporarily

detached to the Aerological School Training Unit a t

the Naval Air Station, Lakehurst, New Jersey. Upon
THE SERGEANTS MAJOR OF WOMEN MARINES 18 3

completion of school, she was promoted to corpora l

and returned to Cherry Point as an aerographer. She

remained there until the general demobilization of

the Marine Corps Women's Reserve in December 1945 .

On her return to civilian life, she completed the Executive Secretary Course at Berkley School in New Yor k

City.

In July 1948, Staff Sergeant Albert enlisted in the

Inactive Reserve and, following the 1948 Women's

Armed Forces Integration Act, enlisted in the U.S . Marine Corps and returned to active duty. She was the

first woman Marine to serve as a receptionist to th e

Secretary of Defense . She served in this capacity until

December 1951 under Secretaries Louis A. Johnson,

George C. Marshall, and Robert A. Lovett.

After serving as a recruiter for a few years she at -

tended Personnel Administration School at Parris Is -

land and upon graduation she was assigned to Marin e

Corps Schools, Quantico, as first sergeant of the Wom -

an Marine Company.

From December 1958 until December 1960, Alber t

served on the staff of Commander in Chief, Allie d

Forces, Southern Europe, Naples, Italy, where she wa s

promoted to master sergeant. She then served as Sergeant Major, Woman Recruit Training Battalion, Parris Island, and during this tour was promoted to first

sergeant in February 1961 . In October 1963, she was

detached from her duties and reported to Headquarters as Sergeant Major of Women Marines . At the end

of her tour she was transferred to the Marine Corp s

Air Station Facility, Santa Ana, where she was promot -

ed to master gunnery sergeant . From January 1968 until her retirement in December 1969, she served with

the Awards Unit, Force Adjutant Section, FMFPac .

Ouida W. Craddock, Sergeant Major of Women Marines, 1 December 1966-1 Augus t

1969, is congratulated at the appointing ceremony by Gen Wallace M. Greene, Jr.
184 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Sergeant Major Ouida W. Craddock

Ouida Wells Craddock was born in Haskell, Oklahoma, and grew up in Oakland, California . During

World War II she enlisted in the U .S . Marine Corps

Reserve at San Francisco and served on active duty as

a private first class in San Francisco and El Toro unti l

discharged in April 1946 .

She reenlisted in July 1949 and was integrated into

the Regular Marine Corps in August 1951 . Assigne d

to active duty, she served as electric accountin g

machine operator, and later, noncommissioned office r

in charge, Civilian Payroll and Fiscal Accounts ,

Machine Records Section, San Francisco, California .

She was promoted to staff sergeant in June 1952 and

to technical sergeant in May 1953 .

From August 1953 until July 1954, Sergeant Craddock served at Headquarters as assistant projects planner, and later, as supply accountant. She attended the

Recruiters School, then was transferred to the 12th Marine Corps Reserve and Recruitment District, San Francisco, where she served as WM recruiter from

September 1954 until October 1958 .

She returned to Parris Island and joined the Woman Recruit Training Battalion, serving as recruit platoon sergeant. She attended Noncommissioned

Officer Leadership School at Quantico and then was

assigned duty as chief drill instructor back at the Woman Recruit Company, serving in that capacity from August 1959 until September 1960 .

For the next three years she saw duty with the Woman Marine Company at Camp Smith, Hawaii . She

served first as project planner and later became th e

first woman to be designated as a data processing installation chief. While serving in Hawaii, she was

promoted to master sergeant in January 1962 .

In January 1964, Sergeant Craddock returned to

Headquarters and was assigned as operation analyst ,

Operation Management Branch, Data Processing Di -

vision. Transferred in February 1965, she was assigne d

duty once again as recruiter in San Francisco . Whil e

there, she was selected as the top ranking noncommissioned woman Marine in the Corps, with the ran k

of sergeant major . At the time of her selection she wa s

the senior enlisted woman in the data processing field ,

and was the first woman to be promoted to the senio r

pay grade from outside of the administrative field .

Sergeant Major Craddock served as Sergeant Major

of Women Marines until she retired on 2 August 1969 .

Sergeant Major Mabel A . R. Otten

Sergeant Major Mabel Annie Rosa Otten becam e

the fourth Sergeant Major of Women Marines i n

ceremonies held at Headquarters on 1 August 1969 .

Born in Centerville, Illinois, she graduated from Dupo

Community High School . She enlisted in the Marine

Corps Reserve during the national emergency on 1 6

May 1944, in St. Louis, Missouri, and received recrui t

training at the Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune .

During World War II, she served at the Depot of

Supplies in San Francsico, in Hawaii, at Mare Island ,

and again at the Depot of Supplies, San Francisco . While stationed in San Francisco, she was discharge d

as a sergeant following demobilization of the Marin e

Corps Women 's Reserve in August 1946 .

In April 1947, she reenlisted in the Marine Corp s

Reserve and in November 1948 integrated into th e

Regular Marine Corps. Following her return to active

duty, Staff Sergeant Otten served in the disbursin g

field at Headquarters from April 1948 to October 195 1

and at Cherry Point from October 1951 to June 1954 ,

where she was promoted to master sergeant on 1 June

1952 . Master Sergeant Otten completed Recruiters

Mabel A. R. Otten, Sergeant Major of Women Marine s

1 August 1969-30 April 1972
THE SERGEANTS MAJOR OF WOMEN MARINES 18 5

School in August 1954, then served on recruiting dut y

at South Charleston, West Virginia.

In October 1957, she became disbursing chief a t

Quantico and in March 1960 was assigned duty as S- 3

operations chief at the Woman Recruit Training Battalion at Parris Island serving there until June 1962.

For the next seven years, she served as disbursing

chief consecutively at Camp Lejeune, Treasure Island ,

and at Futema in Okinawa . She was promoted to

master gunnery sergeant on 1 August 1967 an d

returned to the United States in June 1969 .

Sergeant Major Otten served as Sergeant Major o f

Women Marines until she retired on 30 April 1972 .

Sergeant Major June V Andler

Sergeant Major June (Judy) V. Andler became th e

fifth Sergeant Major of Women Marines on 30 April

1972 . Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, she graduated from

St. Paul High School in 1940 . She enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve on 9 March 1944 and receive d

recruit training at Camp Lejeune . During the war, she

served at Quantico and at Headquarters Marine Corps.

In 1948, she integrated into the Regular Marin e

Corps and in February 1949 was transferred to Parri s

June V. Andler, Sergeant Major of Women Marine s

30 April 1972-30 April 1974

Grace A. Carle, Sergeant Major of Women Marine s

30 April 1974-30 October 1976

Island as one of the original members of the staff o f

the 3d Recruit Training Battalion . She served there until September 1952, first as battalion chief clerk, the n

as a drill instructor. While at Parris Island, she completed the Personnel and Administrative Course in

1950 .

Transferred to the Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, California, she saw duty as Chief Clerk, Office r

Personnel Section and, later, served as an investigato r

in the Base Provost Marshal's Office. During this assignment, in 1953, she attended the Non -

commissioned Officers Leadership School at Cam p

Lejeune and the Criminal Investigation Course at

Camp Gordon, Georgia . For the next 28 months, sh e

saw duty as administrative chief of the Woman Marine Company at Camp H . M. Smith in Hawaii.

Promoted to gunnery sergeant in December 1959 ,

during the same month she was assigned to El Toro

and subsequently served as administrative chief o f

Woman Marine Detachment One . From April 196 2

until November 1963, Gunnery Sergeant Andle r

served, successively, as First Sergeant, Woman Officer s

Candidate Class, and Administrative Chief of Woman Marines Detachment at Quantico.
186 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Following this assignment, she returned to Camp

Pendleton for duty as noncommissioned officer in

charge, Officer Personnel Section, Marine Corps Base ,

and later as administrative chief of Headquarters Regiment. She was promoted to master sergeant in Jun e

1966, and that September, became S-3, operations/special subjects instructor for the Woman Recrui t

Training Battalion at Parris Island .

Transferred to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot a t

San Diego, she served from April 1969 until February

1970 as First Sergeant, Woman Marine Company . She

was promoted to first sergeant on 1 May 1969 . Upon

promotion to master gunnery sergeant on 1 February

1970, she became the Headquarters and Service Battalion administrative chief.

In January 1971, Master Gunnery Sergeant Andler

assumed duty as Personnel Chief, Marine Corps Communications Electronics School at Twentynine Palms .

While serving in this capacity, she was named the fifth

Sergeant Major of Women Marines.

Completing 30 years of continuous active duty, Sergeant Major Andler retired on 30 April 1974 .

Sergeant Major Grace A . Carle

Sergeant Major Grace A . Carle became the sixth and

last Sergeant Major of Women Marines in ceremonies

held at Marine Barracks, Washington, D .C., on 30

April 1974 . Born in Yankton, South Dakota, she

graduated from Pender High School, Pender, Nebraska, in 1940. She enlisted in the Marine Corps in Apri l

1943 and was a member of the last regiment trained

at Hunter College, New York. During World War II ,

she saw service at Headquarters Marine Corps and i n

Hawaii. She was released from active duty in November 1945 .

The all-woman Volunteer Training Unit which sh e

joined in 1948 became the nucleus of the WR Platoon, 13th Infantry Battalion and was mobilized in

1950 at the beginning of the Korean War. Before leaving for San Francisco, she, along with others in th e

platoon, was ordered to the home armory for two

weeks active duty during which the women helped th e

men to pack and to get their paperwork in order. Initially, she served in San Francisco as a Reservist an d

then integrated into the Regular Marine Corps in

1951 .2

Other duty assignments took her to El Toro, Parris

Island, Camp Pendleton, and to New Orleans, as assistant to the woman officer selection officer . She

served as first sergeant of the Woman Marine Companies at Camp Lejeune and on Okinawa . At the time

of her selection as Sergeant Major of Women Marines ,

she was Sergeant Major, Woman Officer School ,

Quantico.

At the end of her tour as Sergeant Major of Women Marines, a woman Marine mess night was held a t

the Sheraton Hotel on 29 October 1976, an occasio n

attended by women Marine officers and enlisted, from

all East Coast posts. The next day, upon retirement,

she was awarded the Navy Achievement Medal an d

honored at parade at the Marine Barracks, 8th an d

I Streets, Washington, D.C.

An era ends as the last Sergeant Major of Women Marines, Grace A . Carle retires at

ceremonies held at Marine Barracks, 8th and I, Washington, on 30 October 1976 .
CHAPTER 17

The Directors of Women Marines

Katherine A. Towle—Julia E. Hamblet— Margaret M. Henderson—Barbara J. Bishop—Jeanette I. Sustad

Margaret A . Brewer—The Position

Colonel Katherine A. Towle

Originally of Vermont stock, Colonel Katherin e

Amelia Towle was born in Towle, California, a lumber mill hamlet in the Sierras founded by her grandfather. She earned her bachelor's degree in 1920 at th e

University of California at Berkeley with honors in political science and received her master's degree there

in 1935 . Prior to 13 February 1943, she had served successively as an assistant in the admissions office at th e

University of California; resident dean and headmistress of Miss Ronsom and Miss Bridges School for Girls

at Piedmont, California; a teaching fellow in politica l

science at the University of California ; and senior editor of the University of California Press. '

On 15 March 1943, she accepted an appointment

as captain in the Marine Corps Reserve with rank as

of 24 February. Having never attended basic trainin g

of any sort, Colonel Towle in later years laughingl y

remarked that she was not even a 90-day wonder. After six days of indoctrination with the Division of

Reserve at Headquarters Marine Corps, Captai n

Towle was assigned as a staff officer (WR) with th e

Training Brigade, Marine Training Detachment, U .S .

Naval Training School, Bronx, New York .

When the WR battalion was established at Cam p

Lejeune in June 1943, she was transferred there and

became the senior Marine Corps Women's Reserve

School officer and assistant executive officer. In that

position, she was promoted to major on 2 February

1944, and in September of that year she became Colonel Streeter's assistant at Headquarters Marine Corps .

She remained at Headquarters, was appointed a

lieutenant colonel on 15 March 1945, and succeede d

Colonel Streeter as Director nine months later on 8

December. A colonel by virtue of her billet, she spen t

her remaining months in the Marine Corps directin g

the demobilization of the women Reservists and laying plans and policies for a postwar Marine Corps

Women's Reserve .

On 14 June 1946, certain that all World War II WRs

would be released within a few months, Colone l

Towle returned to the Berkeley campus as assistan t

dean of women. For her meritorious wartime service,

she carried with her the Letter of Commendation with

ribbon by the Secretary of Navy and a letter of appreciation from General Alexander A . Vandegrift, th e

Commandant of the Marine Corps .

When Congress provided for Regular components

of women in the Armed Forces, General Clifton B.

Cates, then Commandant, asked Colonel Towle t o

direct the new Regular women Marines . She returne d

to Washington as one of the first 20 women Regular

officers and became the first Director of Wome n

Marines.

Recruit and officer training programs were organized and a gradual buildup of women in the Regular

Marine Corps began. At the same time, 13 women' s

platoons were established in the Marine Corps Organized Reserve . Colonel Towle was particularly prou d

ColKatherine A. Towle, Director of Women Marines

18 October 1948-1 May 1953

187
188 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Col Katherine A . Towle, Director of Women Marines, reviews a parade in honor of her

retirement on 1 May 1953 . Commandant of the Marine Corps Gen Lemuel C . Shepherd,

Jr., stands in the rank behind her with (from left to right) LtCol Julia E. Hamblet, Col

Towles successor; LtCol Foster La Hue, aide-de-camp to the Commandant; and Col Jack

C. Juhan, commanding officer of Marine Barracks, Eighth and I, Washington, D. C.

of the response of these women and the low percentage of deferments among women Reservists upon

mobilization in 1950. Following the Korean War th e

Reserve units were reorganized, this time with a tota l

of 19 platoons.

As an educator, Colonel Towle recognized the valu e

of formal training and continually worked for increase d

school opportunities for WMs. Her national statur e

in the academic community enhanced the prestige o f

the women Marines and contributed to her success i n

gaining access to colleges and universities to recrui t

women officers. Among her honors is the Doctor of

Laws conferred on her by Mills College in June 1952 .

The Oakland Tribune said of her, "Behind the formidably admirable public record is one of the mos t

charming women in the world,"2 Colonel Towle, a lad y

of style and grace who loved feminine hats, was a para -

dox in the overtly masculine Marine Corps . Yet, in the

opinion of Colonel Hamblet, "She was the perfect on e

for the job at the time ."3 She had made her reputation as an able administrator and commander in Worl d

War II . She was firm but never aggressive and won th e

respect of Marines—irrespective of their personal view s

of women in military service .

To a newsman's question regarding the acceptance

of women in the Marine Corps by senior officers,
THE DIRECTORS OF WOMEN MARINES 18 9

Colonel Towle frankly answered that there were varying degrees of enthusiasm but with one or two exceptions the feminine presence had been taken with goo d

grace . The day after the interview was published nearl y

every general officer at Headquarters stopped by her

office, poked in his head, and asked, "You didn't mean

me, did you, Colonel?" The Colonel replied, "Oh no ,

sir, of course not," but by the end of the day neither

she nor her administrative assistant, Lieutenan t

Colonel Kleberger, could keep a straight face as th e

parade by her office continued ?

On 1 May 1952, Colonel Towle was retired unde r

the statutory age provision of the Women's Armed

Services Integration Act of 1948 which required retirement for colonels at age 55 . A special sunset parad e

had been held in her honor the evening before at th e

Marine Barracks in Washington, D.C., and for the first

time in the history of the famous barracks, a platoon

of women Marines joined the contingent of Marine s

who passed in review. Upon retirement, the colonel

was awarded a Letter of Commendation from th e

Commandant of the Marine Corps and a Legion o f

Merit from the President of the United States .*

Colonel Julia E. Hamblet

The third Director of the Marine Corps Women's

Reserve and the second Director of Women Marine s

was Colonel Julia Estelle Hamblet, called Judy by her

friends. Born in Winchester, Massachusetts, Colone l

Hamblet attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield ,

New Jersey, and graduated from Vassar College in 193 7

with a bachelor of arts degree .5 The first woman Marine to be afforded the opportunity to attend graduate school while on active duty, she earned a maste r

of science degree in public administration at Ohi o

State University in 1951. Appropriately, her thesis was

entitled, "The Utilization of Women in the Marine

Corps."

Colonel Hamblet worked for the U.S . Information

Service in Washington, D.C., from 1937 until 194 3

when she became the first woman from the nation's

capital to join the Marine Corps. Her motive for entering military service, like thousands of Americans

during those critical days, was a patriotic desire to d o

her part. Her reason for choosing the Marine Corp s

*Colonel Towle returned to the University of California at Berkeley as the dean of women and associate dean of students . Late r

she filled the very demanding post of dean of students during th e

famous free speech movement and anti-war demonstrations on th e

Berkeley campus.

Col Julia E. Hamblet, Director of Women Marines

1 May 1953-2 March 1959

was less noble; with one brother in the Army and

another in the Navy, she wanted to remain impartial .

Graduating from the first woman officer trainin g

class on 4 May 1943, she, along with several of her

classmates, was commissioned a first lieutenant . Captain Towle, then senior woman officer on the staff at

the Marine Corps Training Detachment in the Bronx ,

personally selected Lieutenant Hamblet to fill th e

billet of adjutant of that unit. She served in that post

at Hunter College and later at Camp Lejeune whe n

the Women's Reserve schools were transferred there i n

July 1943. Her subsequent tours during World War

II included six months with the Marine Corps Women's Reserve Battalion at Camp Lejeune, first as adjutant and then as executive officer; adjutant and

executive officer, Women's Reserve Battalion, Cam p

Pendleton; commanding officer, Women's Reserve Battalion, Quantico; assistant for the Women's Reserve o n

the staff of the commanding general at Quantico ; and

finally commanding officer, Aviation Women's Reserve

Group 1, Cherry Point. For her services during Worl d

War II, she was awarded a letter of commendation .

In a distinguished career marked by numerous

achievements, one stands out as having the most direc t

impact on the entire Marine Corps . As a major and
190 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

the Director of the postwar Women's Reserve ,

1946-1948, she was responsible for maintaining the interest of the WRs during those critical years and for

organizing the WR platoons, all of which were ready

when the Korean War erupted .

The year of graduate work was followed by a tour

of duty in Honolulu as the assistant G-1, FMFPac . Lieu -

tenant Colonel Hamblet was the first WM to retur n

to Hawaii since the departure of the WRs in 1946 . In

less than a year, she was assigned as officer in charge

of the Women Officer Training Detachment at

Quantico.

On 1 May 1953, she assumed the position of th e

second Director of Women Marines, again succeedin g

Colonel Towle, who was retiring . Only 37 years old,

she was the youngest director of women in the arme d

services. Colonel Towle, in praising her successor said ,

"She has had practically every type of duty a woman

Marine officer can have . I have followed her military

career since her assignment as my adjutant . She has

brains, ability, personality, and looks."e Colonel Hamblet held the post of Director until March 1959, longer

than any other woman.

Col Margaret M. Henderson

Director of Women Marines

2 March 1959-3 January 1964

Legal provisions at the time prohibited women,

other than the Director, to serve in the rank of colonel, so Colonel Hamblet reverted to her permanen t

rank of lieutenant colonel and was then transferre d

to Naples, Italy, where she served as military secretar y

to the Commander in Chief, Allied Forces, Souther n

Europe . Before leaving, her friends feted her with a

"demotion" party which featured a large cake deco -

rated with an eagle flying away.

Lieutenant Colonel Hamblet, uncommonly at -

tractive and poised, became a favorite among the serv -

icewomen at Naples. When the enlisted women gave

a New Year's party in 1961 to which many officers ,

American and foreign, were invited, she was the onl y

woman officer to accept. "In fact," said Sergeant Major

Judge, a WM in Naples at the time, "she was the onl y

woman officer to give us the time of day. She was so

gracious; she didn't just come to say hello, she staye d

and had a good time . No one forgot that . It was mentioned for a long time by the WAVEs and the WACs."7

In April 1962, Lieutenant Colonel Hamblet wa s

transferred to Parris Island, where she was commanding officer, Woman Recruit Training Battalion, until her retirement on 1 May 1965 . Colonel Hamblet

was awarded the Legion of Merit and according to

regulations, upon retirement she was reappointed t o

the rank of colonel, the highest rank in which she

served.

Colonel Margaret M. Henderson

Colonel Margaret Henderson became the fourth

Director of Women Marines on 2 March 1959, succeeding Colonel Hamblet. Born in Cameron, Texas,

Colonel Henderson earned a bachelor of business ad -

ministration degree from the University of Texas in

1932 and taught in the secondary schools of Lubbock,

Texas, before her enlistment in the Marine Corps in

1943 .8

After completing the Marine Corps Women's

Reserve Officer Training School at Mount Holyoke ,

Massachusetts, she was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Reserve on 29 June 1943 . Lieutenan t

Henderson began her career as a general subjects instructor at the Marine Corps Women's Reserve School s

at Camp Lejeune and was later assigned as officer i n

charge of the Business School, Marine Corps Institute , Washington, D.C. In later years, Colonel Streete r

wrote:

As this was a teaching job, it was natural enough for he r

to be assigned to it; but it soon became evident that he r

capacity was far greater than this job would give her oppor-
THE DIRECTORS OF WOMEN MARINES 19 1

tunity to develop . Unfortunately, she was doing it so well

that her Commanding Officer would not let her be transferred! Willie and I put our heads together and she finall y

wheedled him into letting Margaret go to a better job, where

she promptly showed her fine qualities?*

The "better job" was that of executive officer, Marine Corps Women's Reserve Battalion, Camp Lejeune.

On 14 June 1946, Captain Henderson was released

from active duty.

She went home to Lubbock where she taught a t

Texas Technological College for two years . Selected t o

be one of the first 20 Regular woman Marine officers,

Captain Henderson returned to the Marine Corps in

December 1948 .

Her academic and professional background mad e

her the obvious choice to head the embryonic 3 d

Recruit Training Battalion . Interviews with officers an d

enlisted members of the original staff confirm the wisdom of the assignment. From Parris Island, Majo r

Henderson was transferred in 1950 to the Division of

Plans and Policy at Headquarters Marine Corps where ,

in addition to her regular duties, she was concerned

with developing personnel and assignment policies fo r

the newly integrated WMs. She played an importan t

role in the return of women Marines to posts and stations during the Korean War.

During subsequent tours she served consecutivel y

as commanding officer, Woman Officer Trainin g

Detachment; assistant G-1, Marine Corps Base, Camp

Pendleton ; and as head, Women's Affairs Section, Di -

vision of Plans and Policy at Headquarters Marin e

Corps.

As Director of Women Marines, Colonel Henderson worked to establish the billet for Sergeant Majo r

of Women Marines, since she believed that enlisted

women would speak more freely to the Sergeant Major than to the Director. Sergeant Major Bertha L.

Peters (later Billeb), already assigned to the Directo r's

office since June 1959, was elevated to the new position of Sergeant Major of Women Marines in Januar y

1961 .

Completing her tour as Director in January 1964,

and, once again a lieutenant colonel, she was assigned as assistant G-1, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San

Diego . Colonel Henderson, reappointed to the ran k

of colonel, received the Legion of Merit, by the commanding general, Major General Bruno A . Hoch-

*Willie, referred to by Colonel Streeter, was Major Corneli a

D. T. Williams, World War II detail officer .

Col Barbara J. Bishop, Director of Women Marine s

3 January 1964-31 January 1969

muth, at a parade marking her retirement on 3 1

January 1966?

Colonel Barbara J. Bishop

Colonel Barbara J . Bishop, the fifth Director o f

Women Marines, was born in Boston, schooled i n

Everett, Massachusetts, and graduated from Yal e

University in January 1943 with a bachelor of fine art s

degree . l o

She enlisted in the Marine Corps on 18 Februar y

1943, just five days after the public announcement o f

the new Women's Reserve program . Colonel Bishop

received her Marine officer training as a member o f

the second officer candidate class at Mount Holyoke

and was commissioned a Reserve second lieutenant o n

1 June 1943.

Throughout World War II Lieutenant Bishop hel d

a variety of command and administrative assignments:

commanding officer, Marine Training Detachment at

the University of Indiana ; executive officer, Marine

Aviation Detachment at the Naval Air Station in Atlanta, Georgia ; commanding officer, Aviation Wom-
192 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

en's Squadron 21 at Quantico; and officer-in-charge,

S&C Files, Division of Aviation, Headquarters, U.S .

Marine Corps. She was released to inactive duty on

10 November 1946 with the rank of captain .

During the next two years, Captain Bishop earned

a master of arts degree at the University of Chicago

and was working toward a doctorate when, followin g

the passage of the Women's Armed Services Integration Act, she returned to active duty, selected a s

one of the original 20 Regular women officers. She

served at Headquarters as officer-in-charge, S&C Files,

until January 1952 when she went to Headquarters ,

Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, in Hawaii .

In September 1953 she assumed command of the

Woman Marine Company at Camp Lejeune, and was

reassigned to Headquarters in 1955 as head, Women's Branch, Division of Reserve, with the additiona l

duty as Deputy Director of Women Marines. A lieutenant colonel, she returned to the field in October

1956 for consecutive tours as commanding officer ,

Woman Recruit Training Battalion, Parris Island; and

assistant G-1, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico . In

March 1962 she went to Europe, reporting for duty

in Naples, Italy, as military secretary to the Commander in Chief, Allied Forces, Southern Europe .

From Italy, she was once again assigned to Headquarters, this time to succeed Colonel Henderson a s

the leading woman Marine on 3 January 1964 . Colonel Bishop served as Director during a time of sweeping changes in programs and policies affecting wome n

Marines. When she was named Director there were

about 1,500 WMs serving at 10 Marine Corps posts

and stations throughout the United States and in a

few overseas billets. Four years later, there were 2,600

active duty WMs serving 25 posts and stations as wel l

as in Europe, the Philippines, Okinawa, Japan, an d

the Republic of Vietnam.

Colonel Bishop worked toward improving the living accommodations of women Marines, increasing

their assignment opportunities, and raising the rate

of their retention. During her tour, women officers

for the first time were assigned to career militar y

schools.

When Public Law 90-130 was signed by Presiden t

Johnson on 8 November 1967, removing certain restrictions to the promotion to field grade of wome n

officers, Colonel Bishop was among the first group o f

WMs to be selected for promotion to the permanen t

rank of colonel . Therefore, she, unlike Colonels Ham -

blet and Henderson, retained her rank when she eventually left the position of Director of Women Marines

on 31 January 1969 .

Colonel Bishop, whose last assignment was congressional liaison officer to the Senate, retired i n

November 1969 and was awarded the Legion of Merit

during ceremonies held in the office of the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Leonard F. Chapman, Jr. Colonel Sustad, her successor, presented

Colonel Bishop a citation lauding her for her servic e

to the women in the Marine Corps. The unofficial

award was signed by all active duty WM officers an d

was given in recognition of personal efforts on their

behalf.

Colonel Jeanette I. Sustad

Colonel Jeanette I. Sustad, sixth Director of Women Marines, was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and

raised in Tacoma, Washington . She earned a bachelor

of arts degree in sociology at the University o f

Washington in Seattle in 1943 ." On 8 May of that

year she enlisted in the Marine Corps Wome n 's Reserve,

received officer training at Camp Lejeune, and was

commissioned a Reserve second lieutenant on 27 December.

Her first assignment was special services liaiso n

officer, at the Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point .

Subsequently she served as field operations officer a t

the Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Facility, Oak Grove ,

North Carolina, and assistant communications watc h

officer at the Marine Corps Air Station in Ewa ,

Honolulu. She returned to inactive status on 17 December 1945 .

Following demobilization, she spent a year in graduate study at the University of Minnesota and later was

employed as a veterans counselor by the U.S . Employment Services in Tacoma . Upon passage of the Women's Armed Services Integration Act in 1948, sh e

accepted a Regular commission as a first lieutenan t

and reported to Headquarters in December.

Transferred to Parris Island the following month, sh e

was assigned as executive officer of the newly forme d

3d Recruit Training Battalion. From May to July 1950 ,

she served temporarily as the executive officer of th e

Woman Officer Training Detachment at Quantico .

The Korean War brought changes to the WM assignment policies, and she was one of the first to hea d

west to assume duties at Camp Pendleton . Captain

Sustad became the adjutant of the Marine Corps Base ,

perhaps the first postwar WM to be so assigned; and

upon activation of the first post World War II WM
THE DIRECTORS OF WOMEN MARINES 19 3

ColJeanette I. Sustad, Director of Women Marines

31 January 1969-31 January 197 3

Company at Camp Pendleton, became its commanding officer, serving in that capacity until August 1952 .

The first woman Marine officer to be assigned duty in Europe, she served in the Staff Message Control

Branch, Headquarters, United States European Command, Frankfurt, Germany. After her promotion to

major in July 1953, she became assistant head of th e

branch and in the spring of 1954, when the Head -

quarters was moved to Paris, France, Major Sustad con -

tinued her assignment there .

Upon her return to the United States in September 1954, she served consecutive tours as the executive officer, Woman Recruit Training Battalion, Parris

Island; officer-in-charge, Procurement Aids Branch,

Headquarters, 9th Marine Corps Reserve District ,

Chicago; assistant to the executive officer and plans

officer, G-1 Division, Headquarters, U.S . Marine

Corps; and as operations officer, Marine Corps Education Center, Quantico .

Lieutenant Colonel Sustad became the first fulltime

Deputy Director of Women Marines in July 1965 . Back

at Camp Pendleton serving as the assistant G-1, in June

1968, she was one of the first Regular women Marines

to be promoted to the rank of colonel after promotion restrictions were lifted by Congressional legislation.

Colonel Sustad was named Director of Women Marines in 1968, the same year she celebrated her 25t h

anniversary as a WM, and she assumed the top pos t

on 1 February 1969. Wider assignment and training

opportunities materialized under the guidance of

Colonel Sustad, and she worked to either change o r

to set aside many outmoded regulations regarding

grooming, marriage, pregnancy, and dependency .

Colonel Sustad retired on 31 January 1973 . In the

citation accompanying her Legion of Merit was writ -

ten, "She worked tirelessly for the welfare of each individual under her purview . . " a sentiment endorse d

by many of the WMs who knew her. 1 2

Brigadier General Margaret A . Brewer

Then-Colonel Margaret A. Brewer, seventh and las t

Director of Women Marines, was the only post Worl d

War II woman to hold that position . She succeede d

Colonel Sustad on 1 February 1973 . Born in Durand ,

Michigan, she received her primary education in

Michigan but graduated from the Catholic High

School of Baltimore, Maryland, prior to entering th e

University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. She received a

bachelor's degree in geography in January 1952 and

was commissioned a Marine second lieutenant i n

March of that year. 1 3

Candidate Brewer attended the Woman Officer

Training Class as an undergraduate during the summers of 1950 and 1951 at the time of the Korean War.

Although the policy was to offer Regular commission s

to only a few women graduates of Officer Candidate s

School, and to release the remaining to inactive dut y

as Reserve officers, rumors were rampant during the

summer of 1951 that all would be retained

involuntarily— and undergraduates as candidate Brewer would be ordered to active duty in enlisted status .

The scuttlebutt proved foundless and candidate Brewe r

returned to college to complete her last semester, expecting to graduate in January and attend the Woman Officer Indoctrination Course the following fall .

She notified Headquarters of her graduation, an d

promptly received an unexpected set of orders to the

Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, where she serve d

as a communications watch officer until June 1953 .

The personnel shortage was so acute that Lieutenan t

Brewer was assigned with no more than 12 weeks of

officer candidate training. She attended neither th e

Woman Officer Indoctrination Course nor the Corn-
194 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

munications Officers School . Plans were made to send

her to the WOIC in September, but when the tim e

came she had already successfully served as an office r

for six months and the command at El Toro decline d

to release her. 1 4

She was then transferred to Brooklyn to activate th e

post-Korea WM Communications Platoon to be attached to the 2d Signal Company, USMCR . Lieutenant

Brewer served as the assistant inspector-instructor until late summer 1955 . From September 1955 until June

1958, in the rank of captain, she served as commanding officer of the Woman Marine companies at Nor -

folk, Virginia, and Camp Lejeune . During the 1 8

months following, she was a platoon commander for

women officer candidates at Quantico, during summer training sessions, and a woman officer selectio n

officer during winter and spring, with headquarters

in Lexington, Kentucky. Transferred to Camp Pendleton in November 1959 for duty with the Commissioned Officers Mess, she was promoted to major i n

September 1961 . In April 1963 she returned to Quantico to serve as executive officer and later, as command -

ing officer, of the Woman Officer School . From 1966

to February 1968, Major Brewer was assigned to the

Public Affairs Office, 6th Marine Corps District, in

Atlanta, Georgia, and she was promoted to lieutenan t

colonel in December 1966 .

Lieutenant Colonel Brewer served as Deputy Director of Women Marines at Headquarters Marine Corps

from March 1968 to March 1971 . Reporting to Quantico, she assumed duty as special assistant to the Director, Marine Corps Education Center. Promoted to

colonel in December 1970, she became chief of the

Support Department, Marine Corps Education Center,

in June 1972, and served in that capacity until she be -

came the Director of Women Marines in February

1973 .

During her last weeks as Director, Colonel Brewe r

spoke enthusiastically, not only of the increased opportunities for women in the Marine Corps, but of th e

notable change in attitude on the part of male Marines in positions of influence at Headquarters . For

several years she had devoted her energies to effecting

a smooth transfer of responsibility for women in the

Marine Corps to the agencies at Headquarters wher e

it rightly belonged . She confidently turned the rein s

over, certain that these agencies had come to recognize women Marines as Marines . 15 Colonel Brewer was

reassigned as the deputy director, Division of Information, Headquarters, Marine Corps on 1 July 1977 .

General Brewer became the Marine Corps' first

woman general officer when, on 11 May 1978, she wa s

assigned as the Director of Information, Headquarters Marine Corps, and appointed a brigadier general .

At the time there was no legal provision for the routine selection and promotion of a woman to flag rank

in either the Navy or the Marine Corps. Women could ,

however, be designated by the Secretary of the Nav y

for the billet of a rear admiral or brigadier general.

A woman officer so designated could be appointe d

to that rank while so serving . A Navy woman of th e

time had previously been so appointed. A specia l

board was convened at Headquarters to select th e

Director of Information. Four women colonels were

considered .

The Position

As women became more accepted in the Marine

Corps; as policies, law, and traditions were changed;

as discriminatory restrictions fell ; the position of the

Director of Women Marines evolved from one of nearl y

complete control to one of an advisory nature .

Although technically they were always considered ad -

visors, the early Directors, with the exception o f

Col Margart A. Brewer, Director of Women Marines

31 January 1973-30 June 1977
THE DIRECTORS OF WOMEN MARINES 19 5

Colonel Streeter, were members of the Commandant's

staff and were directly involved in recruiting, training, uniforming, and assigning women Marines . The

careers of senior officers and enlisted women wer e

managed by the Director and all were personally

known to her.

The Director's stated mission belied her real influence . According to the Marine Corps Manual, "The

Director of Women Marines advises the Commandan t

and staff agencies on all matters of policy and procedure concerning women in the Marine Corps and Marine Corps Reserve" The functions of the officer wer e

listed as:

(1) Initiates policies and makes recommendations on all

policies and procedures affecting women initiated by othe r

divisions and departments.

(2) Advises and makes recommendations on duty assignments of Women Marines.

(3) Advises cognizant staff agencies in the execution of

approved policies affecting Women Marines .

(4) Visits and assists in the inspection of activities where

Women Marines are stationed .

(5) Maintains liaison with directors of women in the othe r

Armed Services and with the Office of the Secretary of

Defense in connection with the Defense Advisory Committee

on Women in the Armed Services." '

As a result of a reorganization of Headquarters Ma -

rine Corps in October 1973, the Director was place d

under the cognizance of the Manpower Department ,

which encompassed the major areas of concern to her.

Colonel Brewer spent increasingly more time transferring the functions of her office to the appropriate

Headquarters departments. The 26th Commandant ,

General Louis H. Wilson, Jr., had directed that women Marines were to be treated more truly as Marines ;

recruited, trained, and assigned as members of a

single and united Corps"

The news that there would no longer be a Directo r

of Women Marines was made public on 16 June 197 7

and on that day Colonel Brewer reaffirmed her confidence in the planned disestablishment of the position.1 8 The office created in 1943 and reinforced i n

1948 was to be disbanded at a time when the Corp s

proposed to almost triple the women's strength of

3,700. Only the Army would be left with a directo r

of women.

Ceremonies marking the dissolution of the Director's position were held on 30 June 1977 in the Commandant's office . Among the guests was retire d

Colonel Julia E. Hamblet, the woman who had hel d

the position of Director of Women Marines longe r

than any other, and who additionally had served as

Director of the Women's Reserve immediately after

World War II . General Wilson traced the history an d

accomplishments of women Marines since World Wa r

II, and he recalled the often-told story that whe n

General Thomas A. Holcomb authorized the acceptance of women into the Marine Corps, former Commandant Archibald Henderso n's portrait fell from the

wall. The 1977 Commandant gallantly added that if

sometime in the future, the announcement should b e

made that there would no longer be women Marines,

he hoped that his portrait too, would fall to the floor .

Notes

INTRODUCTION

The primary source for material in this book is the Women Marines files, 1918-1973, 7 boxes, Headquarters U.S . Marine Corps

Records (RG 127-76-36, Federal Records Center, Suitland, Maryland) ,

hereafter WMs HQMC Records; Office of the Director of Women

Marines files (Collections Section, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter

Dir WMs files; Women Marines Research File, (Hist&Mus Div ,

HQMC), hereafter WM Research file .

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this section is derive d

from: Postwar MCWR I file, box 3, WMs HQMC Records, here -

after Postwar MCWR I file ; Col Julia E . Hamblet interview with

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, hereafter Hamblet Interview.

1. Gen Gerald C. Thomas memo to CMC, dtd 30Oct45 (Postwar MCWR I file).

2. Ibid.

3. Maj Julia E. Hamblet memo to CMC, dtd 4Feb48 (File 1527 ,

Women Reserve & Regular, box 7, WMs HQMC Records) .

4. Col Ruth C. Streeter interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 31May7 7

(WM Research file).

5. Col Ruth C. Streeter memo to Director of Personnel, Marine

Corps, dtd 29Aug45 (Postwar MCWR I file )

6. Col Edward W. Snedeker memo to Director, Division of Plans

and Policies, dtd 10Dec45 (Postwar MCWR I file )

CHAPTER 1

A TIME OF UNCERTAINTY, 1946-194 8

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derive d

from: File 2385-50-30, Organizations, Central Files, HQMC, here -

after Organizations file ; Postwar MCWR I file; Hamblet interview;

Muster rolls, Company E, 1st HqBn, HQMC, 19Apr46-31Jan47 (RefSec, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) ; Scrapbook loaned by Col Julia E . Hamblet to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, hereafter Hamblet scrapbook ; LtCol

Mary J. Hale interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 14Dec77 (Oral His t

Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Hale interview ; Personal papers loaned by LtCol Emma H . Clowers to Hisc&MusDiv,

HQMC, hereafter Clowers papers ; Scrapbook and papers loaned by

Dorothy M. Munroe to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, hereafter Munro e

scrapbook ; The Reserve Bulletin, Division of Reserve, HQMC, here -

after The Reserve Bulletin ; WM Research File .

1.ChiefNavPer ltr to CMC, dtd 27Feb46 (Postwar MCWR I file) .

2. CMC Itr to ChiefNavPer, dtd 12Mar46 (Organizations file).

3. Gen Gerald C. Thomas memo to CMC, dtd 19Nov45 (Post -

war MCWR I file).

4. Col Joseph W. Knighton memo to CMC, dtd 13Mar46 (Organizations file) .

5. Gen Gerald C. Thomas memo to CMC, dtd 15Mar46 (Organizations file) .

6. CMC ltr to Col Randolph McC. Pate, dtd 28Mar46 (Postwar

MCWR I file).

7. Board to recommend policy for administration of postwa r

MCWR, HQMC, dtd 17Apr46 (Postwar MCWR I file) .

8. Col Joseph W. Knighton memo to Gen Allan H . Turnage, dt d

15May46 (Postwar MCWR I file).

9. Cited from Joy Hancock, Lady in the Navy (Annapolis: Naval

Institute Press, 1972), p. 223, hereafter Hancock, Lady in the Navy .

10. Stevenson, Burton Egbert, The Home Book of Quotations:

Classical and Modern (New York : David, Mead & Co ., 1958), p .

2298 .

11.Col Katherine A . Towle memo to Director of Personnel, dtd

6May46 (Postwar MCWR I file).

12.Col Katherine A . Towle memo to Director of Personnel, dtd

14Jun46 (Postwar MCWR I file) .

13.Headquarters Memorandum No. 50-1946, dtd 7Aug46, Subj :

Retention of WRs on active duty (Postwar MCWR I file).

14.Admin Div, CMC office memo to multiple addresses, Subj :

Retention of WRs on active duty until 30Jun47 (Postwar MCW R

I file).

15. Gen Alexander A . Vandegrift ltr to Maj Julia E. Hamblet,

dtd 14Jun46 (Hamblet scrapbook).

16. Maj Julia E. Hamblet ltr to Gen Alexander A . Vandegrift ,

dtd 25Jun46 (Hamblet scrapbook).

17. CMC ltr to Maj Julia E. Hamblet, dtd 3Jul46 (Hamble t

scrapbook).

18.Maj Julia E. Hamblet memo to Director, Division of Reserve,

dtd 80ct46 (Postwar MCWR I file).

19.Headquarters Memorandum No. 80-1946, dtd 16Oct46, Subj :

MCWR, policies for administration of (Postwar MCWR I file).

20. Maj Julia E. Hamblet memo to Director, Division of Reserve ,

dtd 80ct46 (Postwar MCWR I file).

21. The Reserve Bulletin, Mar47 .

22. Hale interview.

23. Maj Julia E. Hamblet ltr to Capt Emma H. Hendrickson, dtd

16Dec46 (Clowers papers).

24. Maj Julia E . Hamblet ltr to former WRs, dtd 9Jan47 (Munroe scrapbook) .

25. Letter of Instruction 1397, dtd 9Jan47 .

26. "Be a Marine And a Civilian Too;" undtd Marine Corps Reserve

pamphlet (Munroe scrapbook).

27. Capt Constance Risegari-Gai Itr to former WRs, undtd (Munroe scrapbook) .

28.VTU 1-1(WR), Notices for the week of 12Nov47, undtd (Munroe scrapbook) .

29. VTU 3-1 admin records 1947-57, loaned by Bertha Santo s

to Hist&MusDiv, hereafter Santos papers .

30. The Reserve Bulletin, Nov47 and Dec54 .

31. Santos papers.

32. PAU 4-1, The Marine Corps Reserve—A History (Washington : Division of Reserve, Headquarters, U.S . Marine Corps, 1966) ,

p . 130 .

33. LtCol Ben A . Munn ltr to Hist&MusDiv, dtd 26Jan77 (WM

Research file).

197
198 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

34. CMC report to SecNav, Subj: MarCor Per Plan for Fiscal Yr49 ,

dtd 18Ju147 (Postwar MCWR I file).

35. The Reserve Marine, Apr47 .

36. Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., memo to Gen Gerald C . Thomas, dtd 17Apr47 (Postwar MCWR I file).

37. Ibid .

38. Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., memo to CMC, dtd 23Apr47 ,

with CMC endorsement (Postwar MCWR I file).

39. Maj Julia E. Hamblet memo to Director, Division of Reserve ,

dtd 29Apr47 (Postwar MCWR I file) .

40. Director of Aviation memo to CMC, dtd 27May47 (Postwa r

MCWR I file).

41. Gen William T. Clement memo to CMC, dtd 29May47 (Post -

war MCWR I file).

42. AdminDiv, Office of CMC memo to multiple addresses, dt d

9Jun47 (Postwar MCWR I file) .

43. Gen Gerald C. Thomas memo to CMC, dtd 11Jun47, wit h

CMC endorsement (Postwar MCWR I file).

44. WMs HQMC Records.

45. CMC ltr to former WRs, dtd 27Oct47 (Munroe scrapbook) .

46. Our World; A National Magazine for the People of Tupperware, Jan77, p .5 (WM Research file).

CHAPTER 2

WOMEN'S ARMED FORCES LEGISTATION:

PUBLIC LAW 62 5

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derive d

from: Hearings—WR Bill file (Dir WMs file), hereafter WM Bil l

file; Postwar MCWR I file ; File 1527 Women Reserve & Regular fil e

(Dir WMs file), hereafter Res&Reg file ; and P.L . 625, 80th Congress.

1. Hancock, Lady in the Navy, p. 223 .

2. Col Katherine A . Towle statement before the House Naval Affairs Committee on H .R. 5915, undtd (WR Bill file).

3. House of Representatives Naval Affairs Committee, U .S . Congress, To Amend the Naval Reserve Act of 1938, As Amended, So

as to Establish the Women's Reserves on a Permanent Basis, an d

for Other Purposes, House Report 226, 79th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, 1946), p. 3335 .

4. Ibid, p. 3334 .

5. Maj Julia E. Hamblet memo to Director, Division of Reserve ,

dtd 29Apr47 (Res&Reg file) .

6. Senate Committee on Armed Services, U . S . Congress, A Bill

to Establish the Women's Army Corps in the Regular Army, To

Authorize the Enlistment and Appointment of Women in the Regular Navy and Marine Corps and the Naval and Marine Corps Reserv e

and for Other Purposes, Hearings on S. 1103, S . 1527, and S . 1641 ,

80th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, 1947), p. 10 .

7. Ibid ., p . 13 .

8. Ibid ., p . 68 .

9. Col Joseph W. Knighton memo to Gen Lemuel C . Shepherd ,

Jr., dtd 8Ju147 (Res&Reg file).

10.Director, Division of Plans and Policies memo to CMC, Subj :

Reg WMs, proposed program for (Women's Reg Service & Discharge

file, Dir WMs file).

11.Capt Ira H . Nunn, USN, ltr to CMC, dtd 13 Feb48 (WR file).

12. Woman Veteran, Apr48 (Women Veterans file, Dir WMs file) .

13. Cited from Hancock, Lady in the Navy, p . 231 .

14.Mrs. Ruth Streeter ltr to CMC, dtd 4Aug47 (Res&Reg file) .

CHAPTER 3

GOING REGULA R

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derive d

from: WMs HQMC Records; The Reserve Bulletin, 1948-1949 ; WM

Research File; Old Studies Matters Women Marines, box 3, WMs

HQMC Records, hereafter Old Studies ; Clowers papers; Personal

Papers, copies, donated by LtCol Doris V. Kleberger to Hist&MusDiv,

HQMC, hereafter Kleberger papers ; Hamblet interview; Col Margaret M. Henderson interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd Oct76 (Ora l

Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Henderson interview; LtCol Elsie E. Hill interview with Hist&MusDiv, dt d

30Apr77 (WM Research file), hereafter Hill interview ; Hale interview ; LtCol Elaine T. Carville interview with Hist&MusDiv, dt d

1May77 (WM Research file), hereafter Carville interview ; Paulin e

Riley Wilson interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 1Apr77 (Oral Hist

Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Wilson interview ;

SgtMaj Ruth Ryan interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 24Mar77 (WM

Research file), hereafter Ryan interview; lstSgt Bertha J. Schultz interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 10Feb77 (Oral Hist Collection ,

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Schultz interview ; SSgt Jack W.

Draughon interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 24Mar77 (WM Researc h

file), hereafter Draughon interview; lstSgt Esther D. Waclawski interview with Hist&MusDiv dtd Nov76 (WM Research file), hereafte r

Waclawski interview.

1. Col Katherine A . Towle, Women in the Marine Corps draft

(File, Mission of Women Marines, box 3, WMs HQMC Records) .

2. Hamblet interview.

3. Katherine A . Towle, Administration and Leadership (Berkeley :

The University of California, 1970), pp . 122, 138-139 .

4. Ibid., p . 139 .

5. DP&P Study No. 12785, dtd 4Dec47 (Organizations file).

6. DirWM Study No. 1-48, dtd 29Nov48 (Old Studies).

7. CMC ltr to all enlisted women and former enlisted women ,

MCWR, dtd 15Ju148 (Munroe scrapbook).

8. CMC ltr to all officers and former officers, MCWR, dtd 12Jul4 8

(File, Requirement for WM, box 7, WMs HQMC Records) .

9. DP&P Study No. 179-48, dtd 2Nov48 (File Women Reserve

& Regular, box 7, WMs HQMC Records) .

10.DP&P Study No . 152-48 (File, Requirement for WM, Box 7 ,

WMs HQMC Records).

11.DirWM Study No. 1-48, dtd 29Nov48 (Old Studies) .

12. Reserve Bulletin, Nov48 .

13.Ruth Cheney Streeter, History of the Marine Corps Women 's

Reserve (Washington, 6Dec45), pp . 31-32 .

14. Ibid ., p. 52 .

15. DP&P Study No. 171-48, dtd 20Oct48 (File, History of th e

Office of the Dir WMs, box 5, WMs HQMC Records) .

16. Reserve Bulletin, Dec 48 .

17. Waclawski interview.

18. WM Research file .

19. Henderson and Hill interviews .

20. Clowers papers.

21.Col Katherine A. Towle memo to LtCol Jackson, dtd 22Nov4 8

(File, Reindoctrination Training-WMs, USMCR to USMC, box 7 ,

WMs HQMC Records).

22. Schultz interview.

23. Wilson interview.

24. Hamblet interview.

25. Ibid.
NOTES 19 9

26. Clowers papers.

27. Col Katherine A . Towle ltr to MajGen Leroy P. Hunt, dtd

23Dec48 (File A1/8, Reserve, Division of, box 8, WMs HQM C

Records).

28. Marine Corps Memorandum No. 7-48, dtd 16Nov48 (Fil e

1300, Assignment & Distribution 1944-1956, box 3, WMs HQM C

Records).

29. DirWM Study No 1A-1949, undtd (Old Studies).

30. Ibid ., appd, 17Mar50 .

31.Col Katherine A. Towle comments on proposed General Order,

dtd 26Sep49 (File 1412, Promotions, box 5, WMs HQMC Records).

32. DirWM Study No 1-48, dtd 29Nov48 (Old Studies) .

33. Henderson interview.

34. Hale interview.

35.Muster Roll, 3d Recruit Training Bn, Parris Island, S .C., Feb49 .

36. Henderson interview .

37. Hq, MCRD, PISC, Post General Order, Subj : 3rdRTB, Organization of, draft (File P. 11/2, Recruit Training, box 5, WM s

HQMC Records) .

38. Henderson, Hale, Ryan, and Schultz interviews .

39. Ryan interview.

40. Draughon interview.

41. Ibid .

42. Reserve Bulletin, Feb49 .

43. Parris Island Boot, 26Feb49 .

44. Ibid ., 16Apr49 .

45. Henderson interview.

46. Schultz interview.

47. Hale interview.

48. SSgt Ann Estelle Lamb's Case File (Manpower Department ,

HQMC).

49. Henderson interview.

50. Schultz interview.

51. Henderson interview.

52. Henry I. Shaw, Jr., and Ralph W. Donnelly, Blacks in the

Marine Corps (Washington : History and Museums Division, HQMC ,

1975), p. 57 .

53. Reserve Bulletin, Apr49 .

54. Carville interview.

55. Col Katherine A . Towle ltr to Doris V. Kleberger, dtd 30Mar4 9

(Kleberger papers).

56. Muster Rolls, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Schools,

Quantico, Virginia, Ju149 .

57. Hill interview.

58. Ibid .

59. Quantico Sentry, 30Jun49 .

60. Hill interview.

61. Reserve Bulletin, Oct49 .

62. Kleberger papers.

63. Col Katherine A . Towle comments (Kleberger papers) .

64. Kleberger papers.

65. Reserve Bulletin, Oct49 .

66. Kleberger papers.

67. Hill interview.

68. Ibid .

CHAPTER 4

THE KOREAN WAR YEARS

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derive d

from: Women's Organized Reserve Units, box 3, WM's HQMC

Records, hereafter WR Units file ; File A 1/8 Reserve, Division of,

box 7, WM's HQMC Records, hereafter DivRes file ; File P 11/3-1 ,

Organized Reserve, box 7, WM's HQMC Records, hereafter Organized Reserve file ; Colonel Valeria F Hilgart interview wit h

Hist&MusDiv, dtd 23Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv,

HQMC), hereafter Hilgart interview ; Lieutenant Colonel Nita Bob

Warner interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Judge interview ; GySg t

Frances Curwen Bilski interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 23Mar7 7

(WM Research file), hereafter Bilski interview ; Theresa " Sue " Sousa interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 31Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection ,

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Sousa interview ; Personal papers

loaned by Lieutenant Colonel Pauline B. Beckley to Hist&MusDiv,

HQMC, hereafter Beckley papers ; Clowers papers; Scrapbook donated by MSgt Julia Bennke Stacy to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, here -

after Stacy scrapbook ; Munroe scrapbook .

1. Hamblet interview.

2. WR Units file .

3. Reserve Bulletin, Mar49 .

4. Ibid ., undtd.

5. DivRes file .

6. Ibid .

7. Ibid .

8. Reserve Bulletin, Apr49 .

9. Wilson interview.

10. Munroe scrapbook .

11.Judge and Bilski interviews.

12.Judge interview.

13. Munroe scrapbook .

14. Ibid .

15. Organized Reserve file .

16.MGySgt Rocita A . Martinez ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd

18Apr77 (WM Research file).

17. Frances M . Exum interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 13Apr7 7

(WM Research file).

18. Organized Reserve file .

19. Stacy scrapbook .

20. Sousa interview.

21. Warner interview.

22. Kleberger papers.

23. Hale interview.

24. WR Units file .

25. Director of WMs scrapbook (WM Research file).

26. Carville interview.

27. WR Units file .

28. Beckley papers.

29. WR Units file .

30. The Reserve Marine (Division of Reserve, HQMC), hereafte r

Reserve Marine, Jan51.

31. SgtMaj Ethyl Wilcox interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 21Jan7 7

(Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC).

32. Mary Sue Mock Milton interview with Hist&MusDiv, dt d

26Mar77 (WM Reserve file) .

33. Maj Mary E . Roddy interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 17Mar7 7

(WM Research file).

34. WR Units file .

35. Reserve Marine, Nov51.

36. Beckley papers.

37. Stella Uhorczuk ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 7Mar7 7

(WM Research file).
200 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

38. Judge interview.

39. Waclawski interview.

40. WR Units file .

41.Judge interview.

42. Bilski interview.

43. Old Studies.

44. Pendleton Scout, 11Aug50 .

45. Waclawski interview.

46. San Diego Chevron, 8Dec50 .

47. Clowers papers.

48. Warner interview.

49. El Toro Flight Jacket, 200ct50 .

50. Quantico Sentry, 10Nov50 .

51. Carville interview.

52. Katherine Keefe interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC,

3Aug77 .

53. Cherry Point Windsock, 30Nov51 .

54. Kleberger papers.

55. Anna Orlanda Hopkins ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd

25Feb77 (WM Research file) .

56. Hilgart interview, and Lieutenant Colonel Virginia Caley interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 17Feb77 (Oral Hist Collection ,

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC).

57. Hilgart interview.

58. Kleberger interview.

59. San Diego Chevron, undtd.

60. The Windward Marine, (Kaneohe, MCAS), 16Mar56 .

61. File P 11/2, Recruit Training, box 5, WMs HQMC Records, .

62. Hale interview.

63. Ardella Wheeler Butts interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

dtd 23Mar77 (WM Research file) .

64. Schultz interview.

65. Reserve 46, box 7, WMs HQMC Records .

66. Colonel Margaret A. Brewer interview with Hist&MusDiv,

dtd 30Dec77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

CHAPTER 5

UTILIZATION AND NUMBERS, 1951-196 3

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derive d

from: "Maximum Utilization of Women in the Marine Corps," report

by Procedures Analysis Office, Nov51, File, Approved Policies o n

Utilization, Assignment of WMs since 1943, box 1, WMs HQMC

Records, hereafter Procedures Analysis Report Nov51 ; File 1300, Assignment & Distribution (1944-1956), box 3 WMs HQMC Records ,

hereafter Assignment file 44-56 ; File, Utilization of Women Marines, DirWMs files, hereafter Util WMs file; File Utilization of

Women, box 7, WMs HQMC Records, hereafter Util of Wome n

file ; DirWM reports on Women on Active Duty By MOS compile d

by author on chart, Utilization Section, box 1, WM Research File ,

hereafter MOS Chart ; "Enlisted Jobs In the Marine Corps Whic h

Can Be Performed By Women In the Event of Mobilization," a thesis by Major Julia E. Hamblet, Ohio State University, 1951 (File 1951 ,

box 1, WM Research file), hereafter Hamblet thesis.

1. Procedures Analysis Report Nov51 .

2. Newsclippings, unidentified, DirWMs scrapbook on Parris Is -

land, box 4, WMs HQMC Records .

3. Administrative Officer memorandum to Director, Division of

Plans and Policies, dtd 12Dec50 (Assignment File 44-56) .

4. DirWM memorandum to Director, Plans and Policies, dt d

5Jan51 (Assignment file 44-56).

5. Ibid .

6. Procedures Analysis Report Nov51 .

7. Ibid .

8. Ibid .

9. Util WMs file .

10. Marine Corps Memorandum Number 41-52, MOS's appropriate for enlisted women Marines, dtd 17Apr52 (Util WMs file).

11.MOS Chart.

12. Sousa interview.

13. MOS Chart.

14. Hilgart interview.

15. MOS Chart .

16.MGySgt Rocita A . Martinez ltr to Hist&MusDiv, dtd 18Apr7 7

(WM Response file, WM Research file).

17. MOS Chart .

18. Util WMs file .

19.Asst Chief of Staff memorandum to Director, Plans and Policies, dtd 26Jan53 (Util WMs file) .

20. Head, Classification Section memorandum to Head, Detail

Branch, dtd 9Mar53 (Util WMs file).

21. Personnel Control Branch memorandum to Asst Chief of Staff,

G-1, dtd 26Feb53 (Util WMs file) .

22. Head, Classification Section memorandum to Head, Detai l

Branch, dtd 9Mar53 (Util WMs file).

23. Dir Personnel memorandum to Asst Chief of Staff, G-1, dt d

24Mar53 (Util WMs file) .

24. Asst Chief of Staff memorandum to Military Personnel Policy Division, Office of Asst SecDef, dtd 31Mar53 (File, Requiremen t

for WMs, box 7, WMs, HQMC Records).

25. Women's Armed Forces Integration Act of 1948 .

26. Hamblet thesis.

27. Hamblet interview.

28. Comments furnished by PIO for release by DOD to free-lance

writer, dtd 21Mar55 (Util WMs file) .

29. Lieutenant Colonel Gail M. Reals interview wit h

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 6Jan77 (Oral Hist Collection ,

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Reals interview.

30. Clowers papers.

31.LtCol Emma H. Clowers' Navy Commendation Citation (Man -

power Department, HQMC) .

32. Ryan interview.

33. Bilski interview.

34. DirWMs memorandum to Asst Chief of Staff, G-3, dt d

12May52 (File 1500, Training and Education, box 3, WMs HQM C

Records), hereafter Training file .

35. DirWMs memorandum to Asst Chief of Staff, G-3, dt d

11Aug52 (Training file).

36. Camp Lejeune Globe, 23Jan53 .

37. Ibid ., 8Jan53 .

38. Unit Diary, WM Co, MBCL, 8Jan-13Feb 53 .

39. MSgt Lillian J. West ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd

22May77 (WM Response file, WM Research file) .

40. DirWMs memorandum to Asst Chief of Staff, G-3, dt d

7May54 (File 1510, Enlisted Training, Box 3, WMs HQMC Records) .

41. Camp Lejeune Globe newsclippings, undtd, loaned by GySg t

Frances Curwen Bilski .

42. Carville interview.
NOTES 20 1

CHAPTER 6

UTILIZATION AND NUMBERS : PEPPER BOARD,

1964-1972

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derived

from: File 5300, WM Program Study Group, box 6, WMs HQMC

Records, hereafter WMPSG file ; Notebook, Pepper Board Backup

Material, box 2, WM Research file, hereafter Pepper Board note -

book ; File, Study No. 1-64, box 6, WMs, HQMC Records, here -

after Study 1-64 file ; File, Major Accomplishments (Code AW )

1967-1973, box 1, WM Research file, hereafter Maj Accomplishment

file ; Woman Marine Newsletters, box 2, WM Research file, here -

after WM Newsletter, File, 1200 Classification and Designation, Bo x

3, WMs HQMC Records, hereafter Classification and Designation

file ; File, Assignment & Distribution (1957-1971), box 3, WM s

HQMC Records, hereafter Assignment & Distribution file ; File 5200 ,

General Management file, box 5, WMs HQMC Records, hereafte r

General Management file ; File, Assignment of WMs to WestPac ,

box 7, WMs HQMC Records, hereafter WMs to WestPac file; File ,

Assignment of WMs Overseas Box 6, WMs HQMC Records; LtCo l

Jane L. Wallis interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 9Mar77 ,

hereafter Wallis interview; LtCol Vea J. Smith interview with

Hist&MusDiv, dtd 2Feb77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv ,

HQMC), hereafter Smith interview.

1. DirWMs comments on replies from MCBulletin 5312 o f

27Feb63, dtd 24Dec64 (WMPSG file).

2. Ibid .

3. Col Barbara J. Bishop ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 31Ju17 7

(WM Response file, WM Research file).

4. Study 1-64 file .

5. Ibid .

6. Ibid .

7. CMC la to LtGen Robert H. Pepper, dtd 3Aug64 (Pepper Board

notebook).

8. Ibid .

9. Director of Personnel memorandum to CMC, dtd 18Dec6 4

(Pepper Board Notebook).

10. Ibid .

11.Ibid .

12. Ibid .

13.DirWMs memorandum to CMC, dtd 2Dec65 (WMPSG file).

14. Ibid .

15. CMC handwritten comments on memorandum from Asst

Chief of Staff, G-1 to CMC, dtd 22Nov65 (WMPSG file).

16. Maj Accomplishment file.

17. Ibid .

18. Ibid .

19. Ibid .

20. Maj Accomplishments, 30Jun67 (Maj Accomplishment file).

21. WM Newsletter, Spring 67.

22. LtCol Lillian H. Gridley official biography (RefSec ,

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

23. WM Newsletter, Spring 67.

24. Dir WMs memorandum to Dir Policy Analysis Div, dt d

15Jan70 (File Miscellaneous White House/Ref Book Items/Fac t

Sheets, box 5, WMs HQMC Records), hereafter White House file .

25. DirWMs memorandum to Chief of Staff (AD), dtd 20Jan65

(White House File).

26. Maj Joan M. Collins interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC,

dtd 7Jan77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter

Collins interview.

27. Maj Carol Vertalino Deliberto interview with Hist&MusDiv ,

dtd 25Apr77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC).

28. Maj Accomplishments, 30Jun69 (Maj Accomplishment file).

29. Dir WMs memorandum to Asst Chief of Staff, G-3, dt d

3Jan68 (File 1520, Officer Training, Box 5, WMs HQMC Records).

30. Ibid .

31.Asst Chief of Staff, G-3 memorandum to DirWMs, dtd 9Feb68

(Officer Training file).

32. Dir WMs memorandum to Dir Policy Analysis Div, dt d

15Jan70 (White House file).

33. Col Mary E . Bane interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dt d

30Dec76 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) hereafte r

Bane interview.

34. Ibid .

35. DirWMs memorandum to Dir Policy Analysis Div, dt d

22Aug66 (File 1080, Personnel, Box 5, WMs HQMC Records).

36. WM Newsletter, Winter 67.

37. DirWMs memorandum to Chief of Staff, G-1, dtd 7Ju16 6

(Classification and Designation file) .

38. CMC la to CO, MAD, NATTC, Memphis, Tenn, dtd 21Ju16 6

(Classification and Designation file) .

39.DirWMs comment, subj : Establishment of WM billet in Offic e

of Dep Under Secretary Navy (Mpr), dtd 13Jan67 (Assignment &

Distribution file).

40. Statement of Col Jeanette I. Sustad before the Special Sub -

committee, House of Representatives, Dec69 (Laws and Legal Mat -

ters file, box 5, WMs HQMC Records) .

41. Pepper Board notebook.

42. Smith interview.

43. Desert Dispatch, Barstow, Calif., 21Jun66 .

44. Command Chronology, MCSC, Barstow, Calif, 30Dec67 (Archives, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC).

45. Prospector, Barstow, Calif., 21Ju167 .

46. Unit Diaries, MCSC, Barstow, Calif., 1967-1971 (RefSec,

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

47. Public Info Office memorandum, MCSC, Albany, Ga ., donated by LtCol Vea J. Smith (Albany file, box 1, WM Research file).

48. Albany Emblem, 21Mar69 .

49. Ibid ., 18Aug67 .

50. Ibid ., 9Feb68 .

51.Unit Diary, MCSC, Albany, Ga ., Nov72 (RefSec, Hist&MusDiv ,

HQMC).

52.DirWMs input for CMC Ref Book Items, dtd 28Nov66 (General Management file) .

53. WM Newsletter, Autumn 66.

54. DirWMs report to Chief of Staff, dtd 16Sep66 (WMs to West -

Pac file).

55. Ibid .

56. Ibid .

57. Bishop letter.

58. Command Chronology, MCAS, Iwakuni, Japan, 1Jul-31Dec6 6

(Archives, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

59. Torii Teller, Iwakuni, Japan, 29Mar67 .

60. WM Newsletter, Spring 67.

61. Torii Teller, 27Mar67 .

62. WM Newsletter, Autumn 66 .

63. Stars & Stripes, 23Oct66 .

64. Maj Nancy A . Carroll ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd
202 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

17Apr77 (Wm Response file, WM Research file) .

65. Wallis interview.

66. Stars & Stripes, 19Jul67 .

67. Wallis interview.

68. Ibid .

69. Ibid .

70. Ibid .

71. Sustad interview.

72. Connolly interview.

73. Quoted from MSgt B. J. Dulinsky ltr to DirWMs, dtd

18Mar67, WM Newsletter, Spring 67.

74. Quoted from Captain E. E. Filkins ltr to DirWMs, dtd

16Aug68, WM Newsletter, Summer 68 .

75. Lieutenant Colonel E . E. Davis interview with Hist&MusDiv,

HQMC, dtd 22Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

76. LtCol Vera M . Jones interview with Hist&MusDiv, dt d

24Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

77. " Information on Saigon," booklet by DirWMs (File Wome n

Marines in Vietnam, box 1, WM Research file) .

78. Quoted from Captain E . E. Filkins ltr to DirWMs, dtd 7Jan69 ,

WM Newsletter, Spring 69.

79. Quoted from Captain Vera M . Jones ltr to DirWMs, dt d

3Feb68, WM Newsletter, Winter 68 .

80. Quoted from MSgt B. J. Dulinsky Itt to DirWMs, dtd 9Feb68 .

81. Quoted from Captain E. E. Filkins ltr to DirWMs, dt d

15Aug68 .

82. Quoted from SSgt E. Salazar hr to GySgt H. Dowd, dt d

10Sep69, WM Newsletter, Winter 69.

83. ComUSMACV msg to CMC, dtd Jun70 (WM Research file) .

84. Maj Charlene S . Itchawitch ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dt d

19Jan77 (WM Response file, WM Research file).

85. Maj Accomplishment file, 30Jun67 .

86. Woman Marine Geographical Assignments, 30Jun71 (Assignment & Distribution file) .

CHAPTER 7

UTILIZATION AND NUMBERS : SNELL

COMMITTEE, 1973-197 7

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derive d

from Ad Hoc Committee on Increased Effectiveness and Utilization of Women in the Marine Corps File, box 1, WM Research file ,

hereafter Ad Hoc Committee file; Speeches and articles by DirWMs,

notebook, box 2, WM Research file, hereafter DirWMs speech note -

book ; File, WMs in FMF, Pilot Program, box 1, WM Research file ,

hereafter WMs in FMF file; Bane interview ; Maj Kathleen V. Abbott Ables ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 7Ju177 (WM Respons e

file, WM Research file), hereafter Ables ltr; Biographies of WMs

in the Marine Corps Band file, Box 1, WM Research file, hereafter

Marine Corps Band file.

1. Ad Hoc Committee file .

2. Quoted from Deputy C/S (Manpower) ltr to Assistant C/S ,

et. al., dtd 18Sep72 (Ad Hoc Committee file) .

3. Quoted from DirWMs memorandum to CMC, dtd 18Oct7 3

(Ad Hoc Committee file) .

4. Senior Member, Ad Hoc Committee memorandum to Deputy C/S (Manpower), dtd 3Ju173 (Ad Hoc Committee file) .

5. Recommendation No. 7, Report of Ad Hoc Committee (Ad

Hoc Committee file).

6. Report of Ad Hoc Committee (Ad Hoc Committee file).

7. Remarks by Col Margaret A . Brewer, Defense Manpower Commission, dtd 15May75 (DirWMs speech notebook).

8. Parris Island Boot, 9Ju176 .

9. Navy Times, 28Mar77 .

10.Col Margaret A . Brewer, "The Marine Team," Marine Corps

Gazette, Apr76 .

11.Ibid .

12. Navy Times, 13Aug75 .

13.Capt Charles Barber, Provost Marshal, Parris Island memorandum to Captain Weda, dtd 5Feb74 (WM Research file) .

14.Headquarters Marine Corps Hotline, Apr75 .

15. Cpl Mary F. Bungcayo interview with Hist&MusDiv, dt d

21Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC).

16. Hilgart interview.

17. 2dLt Judith Cataldo ltr to Hist&MusDiv, dtd 22Mar77 (WM

Response file, WM Research file).

18. Ibid .

19. Navy Times, 27Apr74 .

20. Daily News, Jacksonville, N.C., 9Jan75 .

21. Ibid .

22. Divinfo news release no. DLS-145-C2-77 (WM Research file).

23. MCRD Command Chronology, Jun-Dec73 (Archives,

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC).

24. Quantico Sentry, 14Jan74 .

25. Twentynine Palms Observation Post, 14Mar75 .

26. The Newport News (Va .) Times Herald, 11Jul75 .

27. PIO, Camp Lejeune, N.C., news release no. 08-103-75, dt d

2Sep75 .

28. Camp Lejeune Globe, 17Feb77 .

29. Beaufort Jet Steam, 21Jan77 .

30. Sgt Geneva Jones interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 21Mar7 7

(Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

31. Camp Lejeune Globe, Apr77 .

32. LCpI Katie Jones Dixon interview with Hist&MusDiv, dt d

21Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

33. Cherry Point Windsock, 19Ju174 .

34. WM Newsletter, Winter 68 .

35. SgtMaj Jaunal ltr to Hist&MusDiv, dtd 1Feb77 (WM Respons e

file, WM Research file) .

36. Brewer interview.

37. Johnson biography (Marine Corps Band file) .

38. Brewer interview.

39. Individual biographies, Women in the Marine Corps Ban d

(Marine Corps Band file) .

40. WMs in FMF file .

41. CMC msg to FMF commanders, dtd 19Feb74 (WMs in th e

FMF file).

42. Cherry Point Windsock, 19Ju174 .

43. Ibid .

44. CG, 1stMarDiv msg to CMC, dtd 4Nov74 (WMs in FMF file) .

45. Ibid .

46. CG, 2d MAW ltr to CMC, dtd 25Nov74 (WMs in FMF file).

47. CG, FMFPac msg to CMC, dtd 30Oct74 (WMs in FMF file) .

48. Los Angeles Times, 29Aug76 .

49. Ibid .

50. Ibid .

51.Capt K. A. Gordon interviews with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

dtd 9Sep77 (WM Research file).

52. Bane interview.
NOTES 20 3

53. Ibid .

54. Ibid .

55. Ables Itr.

56. Ibid .

57. Col Margaret A . Brewer, "The Marine Team," Marine Corp s

Gazette, Apr76 .

CHAPTER 8

RESERVES AFTER KOREA

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derived

from Files, Reserve 46, box 7, WMs HQMC Records, hereafter

Reserve 46 file ; File 1510/6, Reserves, box 6, WMs HQMC Records,

hereafter Reserves file ; File Pll/3-1, Organized Reserve, box 7, WMs ,

HQMC Records; File, Reserves after Korea, box 1, WM Researc h

file, hereafter Res after Korea file ; Sousa interview ; MSgt Laura J.

Dennis interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, hereafter Dennis interview. (The author was I&I, WM Platoon, Boston, 1957-1958, an d

in 1975-1976 prepared two staff studies for the Division of Reserv e

on the training of senior Women Reserve Officers . )

1. Reserve Memorandum 2-52, concept of the Woman Marin e

Platoons of the Organized Marine Corps Reserve, dtd 22Jan5 2

(Reserve 46 file) .

2. Dennis interview.

3. Sousa interview.

4. Reserve Marine, Feb52 .

5. Navy Times, 24Dec55 .

6. Roster of Platoons (Reserve 46 file).

7. Reserve Structure Board, DivRes, dtd 6May58 (Res after Kore a

file).

8. LtCol Elsie E . Hill comments, dtd 14May58 (Reserve 46 file) .

9. DirWMs memorandum to Division of Reserve, dtd 16May5 8

(Reserve 46 file).

10.DirWMs memorandum to Chief of Staff, dtd 30Jun58 (Reserv e

46 file).

11.LtCol Mary E . Roddy scrapbook loaned to Hist&MusDiv.

12. DirWMs comments, dtd 28Jun67 (Reserve file) .

13.Women Marines Reservists, Ad Hoc Committee Report, dt d

13Sep67 (Res after Korea file).

14. MCO 1001R.47, dtd 10Jun71 (Res after Korea file).

15. DivRes talking paper, dtd 3May76 (Res after Korea file) .

16.MajGen Michael P. Ryan memorandum to CMC, dtd 23Ju17 5

(Res after Korea file) .

17. CMC msg to CG 4th MarDiv and CG 4th MAW (Res afte r

Korea file).

18.LtCol Patricia A. Hook interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

dtd Jun77 .

19. News clipping, dateline Ft. Benning, Ga . (Ref Card, WM

Research file) .

20. Ibid .

21. Ibid .

22. Ibid .

CHAPTER 9

RECRUIT TRAININ G

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derive d

from WRTB Order 5000 .3B, SOP for recruit training, 15Apr63 ,

loaned by SgtMaj Eleanor E . Judge to the Hist&MusDiv, HQMC,

hereafter SOP63 ; WRTB Order P5000 .3D, SOP for recruit training, 15Sep71, loaned by Maj Joan M . Collins to Hist&MusDiv,

HQMC, hereafter SOP71 ; MCRD Order P1510 .26, SOP for female

recruit training, dtd 20Dec76 (WM Research file), hereafter SOP76 ;

File P11/2, Recruit Training, box 5, WMs HQMC Records, here -

after Recruit Training file ; File 1510, Enlisted Training, box 3, WMs

HQMC Records, hereafter Enlisted Training file ; File 1103/1, Ne w

WM Complex, Woman Recruit Training Command files, PISC, here -

after WM Complex file; Hill interview ; Judge interview; LtCol Ver a

M . Jones interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 24Mar77 (Oral

Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) hereafter Jones interview ;

Capt Nancy A . Davis interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dt d

7Jun77 (WM Research file), hereafter Davis interview ; CWO Virginia R. Painter interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 22Mar7 7

(WM Research File), hereafter Painter interview; MSgt Bridget V.

Connolly interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 4Jan77 (Ora l

Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Connolly interview. (The author served as S-3, WRTB ; commanding officer, Recrui t

Company; and executive officer, WRTB from Oct6l-Aug63 . )

1. SOP76 .

2. Ibid .

3. CO 3d RTB ltr to CMC, dtd 15Sep52 (Recruit Training file) .

4. CO 3d RTB ltr to DirWMs, dtd 31May51 (Recruit Training file) .

5. Ibid .

6. Col Katherine A . Towle, 2d endorsement on CO 3d RTB lt r

to CMC, dtd 15Sep52 (Recruit Training file).

7. CMC msg to CG MCRD, PISC, dtd 18Aug52 (Recruit Training file).

8. CMC ltr to CG MCRD, PISC, dtd 24Apr58 (Enlisted Training file).

9. Leatherneck, Dec58, p. 35 .

10. Ibid ., p . 38 .

11.Ibid ., p . 39 .

12. CG MCRD, PISC, ltr to CMC, dtd 6Mar61 (Enlisted Training file).

13. WY/M Newsletter, 1967-1969 (WM Research file); Maj Accom -

plishments file 1967-1970 .

14. Input for DirWM newsletter from LtCol Jenny Wrenn, dt d

8Apr70 (WM Research file).

15.Judge interview.

16. Connolly interview.

17. Input for DirWM newsletter from LtCol Jenny Wrenn, dt d

8Apr70 (WM Research file).

18.Judge interview.

19. Collins interview.

20. Reals interview.

21. SOP71 .

22. Quoted in Parade, 1958 (Hamblet scrapbook).

23. SOP63 ; SOP71 ; SOP76 .

24. SOP76 .

25. Painter interview.

26. SOP63 ; SOP71 .

27. Davis interview.

28. Hill interview.

29. Parris Island Boot, 10Oct55 .

30. Hill interview.

31. Pams Island Boot, 7May76 .

32. SOP63 ; SOP71 ; SOP76 .

33. Constance Shafter ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 4Mar7 7

(WM Research file).
204 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

34. SOP63 ; SOP71 ; SOP76 .

35. Pamir Island Boot, 16Mar68 .

36. Jones interview ; Davis interview.

37. Parris Island Boot, 4Nov50 .

38. Marine Corps Gazette, Feb63, p . 74 .

39. Parris Island Boot, 4Oct64 .

40. Public Works Officer la to CO WRTB, dtd 31Aug67 (W M

Complex file).

41. CO WRTB la to CG MCRD, PISC, dtd 9Feb75 (WM Complex file).

42. Jones interview.

CHAPTER 10

OFFICER TRAININ G

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derived

from File, Woman Officer School, MCDEC, MCB, Quantico, 2 0

December 1974, Disestablishment, WM Research file, hereafte r

WOS File ; LtCol Barbara E. Dolyak interview with Hist&MusDiv,

HQMC, dtd 13Sep77, hereafter Dolyak interview. (The author at -

tended officer candidate training in 1953 and 1954, attended WOIC

in 1955, and served on the staff as supply officer and instructor i n

1957 and 1958 . She served as instructor at WOS from 1965 unti l

1970 .)

1. Clowers papers.

2. Hamblet interview.

3. CMC ltr AO3C53-ch, dtd 14Sep71, referenced in Col William s

F. Saunders la to CG, MCDEC, dtd 31May72 (WOS file) .

4. CMC la to CG, MCDEC, dtd 20Feb73 (WOS file) .

5. Ibid .

6. Ibid .

7. CG, MCDEC Its to CMC, dtd 16Oct74 (WOS file) .

8. Ibid .

9. Ibid .

10. Dolyak interview.

11. CMC ltr to multiple addresses, White letter No. 5-76, dtd

23Jun76 (WOS file).

12. Ibid .

13. Dolyak interview.

14.Basic School mission, quoted from briefing paper (WOS file).

15. Dolyak interview.

16. Ibid .

17. CG MCDEC Itr to CMC, dtd 20Dec76 (WOS file).

18. Ibid .

19. Ibid .

20. CMC Its to CG, MCDEC, dtd 30Dec76 (WOS file) .

21. Capt Robin L. Austin, quoted in Camp Lejeune Globe ,

28Apr77 .

22. CG MCDEC Itr to CMC, dtd 29Jun77 (WOS file).

23. BGen Paul X . Kelley, quoted in Quantico Sentry, 21Jun77 .

24. Cruise Book BC 3-77 loaned to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, by

LtCol Barbara E . Dolyak .

CHAPTER 1 1

ADMINISTRATION OF WOMEN

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derived

from a compilation of information, oral, written, and taped ,

gathered by means of letters and interviews . All women Marines

interviewed for this history, active and former, were asked to comment on the subject of WM companies, barracks, and regulation s

and the relationship between officers and enlisted women . Regulations vary from post to post so that the information presente d

in this chapter is representative of most WM commands but no t

necessarily all of them . In March 1977, the author visited the WM

Company, Headquarters Battalion, HQMC; the WM Barracks at

Cherry Point, and Headquarters and Service Company, Base Materia l

Battalion, MCB, Camp Lejeune, N .C.

1. Col Katherine A. Towle ltr to MajGen Leroy P. Hunt, dtd

23Dec48 (File A1/8, Reserve, Division of, box 7, WMs HQM C

Records).

2. Col Julia E. Hamblet memo to Asst C/S G-1, dtd 14Nov4 8

(File 5321 Allowances T/Os, box 6, WMs HQMC Records).

3. Gen Louis H. Wilson, White Letter No. 5-76, to all General

Officers, all Commanding Officers, and all Officers In Charge, dt d

23Jun76 (WM Research file) .

4. Maj Gerald W. Sims interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC,

upon visit of author to Base Material Battalion, Marine Corps Base,

Camp Lejeune, N .C., 22Mar77 .

5. Quantico Sentry, 25Mar77 .

6. Sgt Carol Fox interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dt d

21Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

7. Ibid .

8. LCpI Judith Coy and PFC Katie Dixon Jones interviews wit h

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 21Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection ,

Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Coy interview and Dixon interview.

9. Col Margaret A. Brewer interview with Hist&MusDiv, dt d

16Jun77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafte r

Brewer interview.

10. Schultz interview.

11. Painter and Bilski interviews.

12. Hilgart interview.

13. Collins interview.

14. CWO-3 Eileen R. Scanlon interview with Hist&MusDiv,

HQMC, dtd 12Jan77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

15. Woman Marine Program Study Group, dtd 30Nov64 (W M

Research file).

16. Paula Wiltshire Sentipal ltr to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dt d

24Jan77 (WM Research file) .

17. Lt Cathy A . Fremin interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

dtd 20Jun77 (WM Research file).

18.LtCol Ruth F. Reinholz interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

dtd 11Jan77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Reinholz interview.

19. Maj Ruth D. Woidyla interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

dtd 20Jun77 (WM Research file).

20. Ibid .

CHAPTER 1 2

PROMOTIONS

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter was derive d

from File 1412, Promotions, box 5, WMs HQMC Records, hereafter Promotions file ; and Director of WMs Newletters 1966-1970 .

All women Marines interviewed for this history were asked to comment on promotion policies and their effect on careers and on

morale .

1 . Public Law 90-130 .
NOTES 20 5

2. CWO-4 Ruth L. Wood la to Hist&MusDiv, HQMC, dtd 1Apr7 7

(Response file, WM Research file).

3. Dir WMs Newsletter, Winter 68 (WM Research file).

4. Remarks of the President upon signing H .R. 5894, Office o f

the White House Press Secretary (Promotions file) .

5. Col Margaret A. Brewer, "The Marine Team," Marine Corps

Gazette, Apr76 .

6. WMs Newsletter, Spring68 (WM Research file).

7. Dir WMs comments on study to reevaluate the first sergeant/sergeant major program, dtd 21Sep56 (Promotions file) .

8. Ibid .

9. Ibid .

10.Col Julia E. Hamblet memo to Chief of Staff, dtd 21Nov58 ,

Subj: Report of conversation with the Commandant relative to th e

first sergeant/sergeant major program (Promotion file) .

11.MCO 1421 .6, dtd 3May60.

12. Parris Island Boot, 19Feb65 .

13.Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps memo to the Commandant, dtd 1Nov71 (Promotion file) .

14. Ibid .

15. Dir WMs comments, dtd 19Nov71 (Promotion file).

16. Asst Chief of Staff memo to Deputy Chief of Staff, Man -

power, dtd 7Aug72 (Promotion file).

17. News article undtd, Dir of WMs scrapbook (WMs HQM C

Records).

CHAPTER 1 3

MARRIAGE, MOTHERHOOD, AND DEPENDENT

HUSBANDS

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter was derived

from File 5730, Congressional legislative liaison, box 5, WMs ,

HQMC Records; file, Marriage-Discharge/Transfers, box 3, WMs ,

HQMC Records, hereafter Marriage file ; Dir WMs Newsletter,

1966-1970, WM Research file ; File, Miscellaneous (White House/Re f

Book items/Fact Sheet), box 5, WMs HQMC Records, hereafter Mis c

file ; Col Jeanette I . Sustad interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

dtd 20Jun77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), here -

after Sustad interview ; Capt Katherine A. Gordon, interview wit h

Hist&MusDiv, dtd 29Jun77 (WM Research file), hereafter Gordo n

interview.

1. Dir WMs comment, dtd 21Sep59 (Marriage file) .

2. WMs Newsletter, 16Aug66 (WM Research file) .

3. Ibid .

4. Proposed Executive Order, Regulations Governing Discharg e

from the Armed Forces of Women Serving under the Army-Nav y

Nurses Act of 1947 and the Women's Armed Forces Integration Act

of 1948 (Marriage file).

5. LtCol Margaret A. Brewer comments to Mary Ann Kuhn of

the Washington Daily News, dtd 10ct70 (Misc file).

6. Sustad interview.

7. Gordon interview.

8. Judge interview.

9. Sustad interview.

10. Maj Mary Sue League papers donated to the Hist&MusDiv ,

HQMC (WM Research file) .

11. MCO 5000 .12, dtd 16Jul75 (WM Research file) .

12. Office of the Asst SecDef (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, an d

Logistics) Background Study, Use of Women in the Military, dtd

May77 (WM Research file).

13. RAdm Clifford A . Swanson Its to Office of the Judge Advocate General, dtd 5Jan49 (Marriage file) .

14.Col Jeanette I. Sustad remarks to Special Subcommittee on

Utilization of Manpower in the Military, House Armed Services Com -

mittee, dtd 6Mar72 (File Laws and Legal Matters, box 5, WM s

HQMC Records).

15. Equal Opportunity Actions Affecting Military Wome n

(1972-1976) (WM Research file) .

16.B . J. Simmons, Jr., Department of Navy Bureau of Personne l

memo to Deputy Under Secretary of Navy (Manpower), dtd 13Mar68

(File 5200, General Management, box 5, WM HQMC Records).

17. Clowers papers.

18. Dir WMs memo to Head, Career Planning Branch, dt d

10Aug72 (File 5600, Publications, box 5, WMs HQMC Records) .

19. Equal Opportunity Actions Affecting Military Wome n

(1972-1976) (WM Research file) .

CHAPTER 14

UNIFORMS

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derived

from: Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Uniform Regulations U S.

Marine Corps Women 's Reserve, 1945, dtd 30Apr45 (Marine Corps

Historical Library, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC), hereafter Uniform Regulations, 1945 ; Marine Corps Manual, 1949, with all changes (Marine Corps Historical Library, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) ; Marine Corps

Order P1020 .34, dtd 2Jun61, with all changes to include MC O

P1020 .34C, dtd 12Mar76 (Central Files, HQMC), hereafter MC O

P1020 .34 ; WM Newsletter, and Munn interview.

1. Uniform Regulations, 1945 .

2. Warner interview.

3. Carville interview.

4. Maj Harry D . Elms interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

Nov76, (WM Research file).

5. Munn interview.

6. Parris Island Boot, Nov50 .

7. Munn interview.

8. Hamblet interview.

9. DirWMs memorandum to Secretary-Recorder, Permanent Marine Corps Uniform Board, dtd 13Mar62 (Uniform notebook, bo x

2, WM Research file), hereafter Uniform notebook .

10.DirWMs memorandum to President, Permanent Marine Corp s

Uniform Board, dtd 2Ju162 (Uniform notebook).

11. Col Mary E. Bane interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

Nov76 .

12. Ibid .

13. Munn interview.

14.Newsclippings marked Journal, 31Aug52, otherwise unidentified, donated by LtCol Munn (box 2, WM Research file).

15. "The Premier Presentation of Women Marines Uniforms

designed by Mainbocker, Marine Barracks, Washington, D .C.,"

28Aug52, program donated by LtCol Ben Alice Day Munn (bo x

2, WM Research file) .

16. Henderson interview.

17.Parris Island Boot, 26Jan66 .

18. WM Newsletter, Winter 68.

19.Col Jeanette I: Sustad interview with Hist&MusDiv, HQMC ,

dtd Nov76 .

20. Paula Wiltshire Sentipal interview with Hist&MusDiv, dt d

Nov76 .
206 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

21. MCO P1020 .34C, dtd 12Mar76 .

22. LtCol Elsie E. Hill ltr to Col Margaret M . Henderson, dt d

7Dec61 (File 1021, Clothing & Uniform, box 1, WMs HQM C

Records).

23. MCO P1020 .34A, Cl, dtd 4Nov63 .

24. MCB 1020, dtd 22Sep75 (Central Files, HQMC) .

25. Navy Times, 20Jun77 .

CHAPTER 15

LAURELS AND TRADITIONS

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter was derive d

from Laurels and Traditions Section, WM Research Notebook 3 ,

box 2, WM Research file, hereafter Laurels file; WM Anniversary

file, box 2, WM Research file, hereafter Ann file ; and Molly Marine file, box 2, WM Research file, hereafter Molly Marine file .

1. Director of WMs File, box 2, WM Research file .

2. Col Hazel E . Benn's Legion of Merit citation (Manpower Dept ,

HQMC).

3. Col Hazel E. Benn interview with Hist&MusDiv, dtd 17Jan7 7

(Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC).

4. Leatherneck, undated 1953 .

5. SSgt Barbara 0 . Barnwell's Navy and Marine Corps Medal citation (Manpower Dept, HQMC) .

6. Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-American, 9Aug53 .

7. Navy Times, 17Jul63 .

8. GySgt D. L. Kearns' Navy and Marine Corps Medal citation

(Manpower Dept, HQMC) .

9. lstLt V. K. Brame 's Navy and Marine Corps Medal citatio n

(Manpower Dept, HQMC) .

10. Reidsville (N.C.) Review, undated (Laurels file).

11. Oceanside (Calif.) Breeze, 18Nov76 .

12. LCpI Sheryl L. Young's Navy and Marine Corps Medal citation (Manpower Dept, HQMC) .

13.Capt Leaverton, LtCol O'Hollern, and LtCol Reinholz' Bronze

Star medal citations (Manpower Dept, HQMC).

14. Leatherneck, Jul64 .

15. 1stSgt Josephine S . Davis letter and papers donated t o

Hist&MusDiv, dtd 14Dec76 (Response file, box 2, WM Researc h

file), hereafter Davis papers.

16. SSgt J. Gebers ltr to SSgt Joan Ambrose, dtd 7May65 (Laurel s

file)

17. Davis papers.

18. Headquarters Marine Corps photo No. 12358, dtd 13Feb44 .

19.Dir WMs memo to Col Dana C . Hart, dtd 7Mar51(Ann file).

20. Brewer interview.

21. Mrs. John B. Cook telecon to Hist&MusDiv, dtd 18May77 .

22. Hamblet interview.

23. Gen Clifton B. Cates ltr to Col Katherine A . Towle, dt d

13Feb51 (Ann File).

24. Memo for file, unsigned, dtd 21Jan54 (Ann file).

25. Gen Randolph McC. Pate ltr to Col Julia E. Hamblet, dtd

13Feb56 (Ann file).

26. Dir WMs memo to Chief of Staff, dtd 12Jan60 (Ann file) .

27. Dir WMS comment on proposed CMC message on the occa -

sion of the 31st anniversary of WMs, dtd 7Jan74 (Ann file) .

28. Ibid .

29. Message from the Commandant, dtd 13Feb74 (Ann file) .

30. Parris Island Boot, 20Feb70 .

31. Ibid .

32. Molly Marine file .

33. WMA file, box 2, WM Research file .

CHAPTER 1 6

THE SERGEANTS MAJOR OF WOMEN MARINES

Unless otherwise noted, the material in this chapter is derive d

from the official biographies of the sergeants major (File Sergean t

Major, WM Research file) .

1.Qualification for Sergeant Major of Women Marines (File Sergeant Major, WM Research file).

2. Sergeant Major Grace A . Carle interview with Hist&MusDiv,

dtd 15Mar77 (Oral Hist Collection, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

CHAPTER 1 7

THE DIRECTORS OF WOMEN MARINES

Unless otherwise noted, the material for this chapter was derived from the official biographies of each of the Directors of Women Marines and collected news articles filed under each one's name,

Dir WMs File, box 2, WM Research file, hereafter Dir WMs file;

and Women Marines File, RefSec, Hist&MusDiv, HQMC . (The

author attended the ceremony marking the disestablishment of th e

Director of Women Marines office on 30Jun77 . )

1. Katherine A . Towle File (Dir WMs file) .

2. Oakland Tribune, 16May63 .

3. Hamblet interview.

4. Munn interview.

5. Julia E. Hamblet File (Dir WMs file) .

6. Boston Post, 19Apr53 .

7. Judge interview.

8. Margaret M . Henderson File (Dir WMs file).

9. Col Ruth C. Streeter, Tales of an Ancient Marine (privatel y

published), p . 56 (Hist&MusDiv, HQMC) .

10. Barbara J. Bishop file (Dir WMs file).

11.Jeanette I. Sustad file (Dir WMs file) .

12.Col Jeanette I. Sustad's Legion of Merit citation (Manpowe r

Dept, HQMC).

13. Margaret A. Brewer file (Dir WMs file).

14. Brewer interview, 30Dec76 .

15. Brewer interview, 16Jun77 .

16. Col Margaret M . Henderson briefing of Indonesian WAVE

officers, 20Nov63 (Speeches by Directors and CMC, box 2, W M

Research file) .

17. Brewer interview, 16Jun77 .

18. Ibid .
Appendix A

Women Marines Strength, 1948-197 7

DATE OFFICERS ENLISTED TOTAL

30 June 48 8 159 16 7

30 June 49 31 322 353

30 June 50 45 535 580

30 June 51 63 2,002 2,065

30 June 52 115 2,347 2,462

30 June 53 160 2,502 2,662

30 June 54 163 2,339 2,502

30 June 55 135 2,113 2,248

30 June 56 113 1,634 1,747

30 June 57 107 1,510 1,61 7

30 June 58 115 1,530 1,64 5

30 June 59 123 1,703 1,826

30 June 60 123 1,488 1,61 1

30 June 61 117 1,495 1,612

30 June 62 121 1,576 1,697

30 June 63 135 1,563 1,698

30 June 64 128 1,320 1,448

30 June 65 140 1,441 1,581,

30 June 66 153 1,697 1,832

30 June 67 189 2,122 2,31 1

30 June 68 228 2,555 2,780

30 June 69 284 2,443 2,727

30 June 70 299 2,119 2,41 8

30 June 71 277 1,981 2,25 8

30 June 72 282 2,066 2,348

30 June 73 315 1,973 2,288

30 June 74 336 2,402 2,73 8

30 June 75 345 2,841 3,186

30 June 76 386 3,133 3,519

30 June 77 407 3,423 3,830

207

Appendix B

Occupational Fields for Women Officers

Occupational fields in which women officers are eligible to serve, and percentages in each, as of 3 1

December 1976.*

NO. PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE

WOMEN OF WOMEN OF USMC

OFFICERS OFFICERS OFFICER S

01 PERSONNEL AND ADMINISTRATION 142 33.41 30.8 0

02 INTELLIGENCE 18 4 .23 9 .42

04 LOGISTICS 0 0 .00 0 .00

13 ENGINEER AND SHORE PARTY 4 0 .94 0 .5 6

14 DRAFTING, SURVEYING, AND MAPPING 0 0 .00 0 .00

15 PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION 0 0 .00 0 .00

21 ORDNANCE 0 0 .00 0 .0 0

23 EXPLOSIVES ORDNANCE DISPOSAL 0 0 .00 0 .0 0

25 OPERATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS 20 4 .70 2 .2 2

26 SIGNALS INTEL/GROUND ELECT WF 0 0 .00 0 .0 0

28 TELECOM MAINTENANCE 0 0 .00 0 .0 0

30 SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION/OPERATIONS 28 6 .59 2 .25

31 TRANSPORTATION 5 1 .17 16 .6 7

32 REPAIR SERVICES 0 0 .00 0 .0 0

33 FOOD SERVICES 8 1 .90 20.5 1

34 AUDITING, FINANCE, AND ACCOUNTING 46 10 .80 21 .0 0

35 MOTOR TRANSPORT 6 1 .40 4 .41

40 DATA SYSTEMS 18 4 .23 6 .4 7

41 MC EXCHANGE 12 2 .82 44 .4 4

43 PUBLIC AFFAIRS 14 3 .29 35 .9 0

44 LEGAL SERVICES 26 6 .11 5 .2 1

46 PHOTOGRAPHY 5 1 .17 5 .2 6

49 TRAINING AND TRAINING AIDS 3 0 .70 17 .6 5

55 BAND 0 0 .00 0 .0 0

57 NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL 0 0 .00 0 .0 0

58 MILITARY POLICE AND CORRECTIONS 5 1 .15 5 .2 6

59 ELECTRONICS MAINTENANCE 1 0 .23 0 .7 1

60/61 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE 4 0 .94 1 .9 8

65 AVIATION ORDNANCE 0 0 .00 0.0 0

66 AVIONICS 0 0 .00 0.0 0

68 WEATHER SERVICE 3 0 .70 21 .4 3

70 AVIATION OPERATIONS 1 0 .23 4.1 7

72 AIR CONTROL/SUPPORT/ANTIAIR WF 9 2 .11 1 .61

73 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL 13 3 .05 13 .4 0

99 IDENTIFYING AND REPORTING MOS'S 34 8 .00 3 .01

03, 08, 18, 75—not eligible for assignmen t

*(Source : WM Research file)

209

Appendix C

Occupational Fields for Enlisted Women

Occupational fields in which enlisted women are eligible to serve, and percentages in each, as of 3 1

December 1976 .*

NO. PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE

ENLISTED OF ENLISTED OF ENLISTE D

WOMEN WOMEN MARINES

01 PERSONNEL AND ADMINISTRATION 950 30.42 9 .0 5

02 INTELLIGENCE 4 0 .12 0 .3 3

04 LOGISTICS 22 0 .70 1 .8 4

00 UTILITIES 38 1 .21 1 .6 3

13 ENGINEER AND SHORE PARTY 31 0.99 0 .3 7

14 DRAFTING, SURVEYING, AND MAPPING 5 0.16 1 .5 9

15 PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION 14 0 .44 6 .9 0

21 ORDNANCE 2 0 .06 0 .0 7

23 EXPLOSIVES ORDNANCE DISPOSAL 0 0 .00 0 .0 0

25 OPERATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS 155 4 .96 1 .2 1

26 SIGNALS INTEL/GROUND ELECT WF 0 0 .00 0 .00

28 TELECOM MAINTENANCE 166 5 .31 4 .1 1

30 SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION/SUPPLY 443 14 .18 3 .87

31 TRANSPORTATION 69 2 .21 8 .5 9

32 REPAIR SERVICES 8 0 .25 2 .6 0

33 FOOD SERVICES 16 0 .51 0 .3 9

34 AUDITING, FINANCE, AND ACCOUNTING 139 4.45 8 .1 7

35 MOTOR TRANSPORT 186 5 .95 1 .4 1

40 DATA SYSTEMS 101 3 .23 6 .1 8

41 MC EXCHANGE 75 2 .40 12 .0 2

43 PUBLIC AFFAIRS 53 1 .69 15 .1 9

44 LEGAL SERVICES 91 2 .99 16 .9 8

46 PHOTOGRAPHY 19 0.60 4.5 2

49 TRAINING AND TRAINING AIDS 47 1 .50 14,7 8

55 BAND 28 0.89 3 .7 6

57 NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL 0 0.00 0.0 0

58 MILITARY POLICE AND CORRECTIONS 90 2 .88 2 .1 2

59 ELECTRONICS MAINTENANCE 1 0.03 0.0 5

60/61 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE 13 0 .41 0 .1 2

65 AVIATION ORDNANCE 0 0 .00 0.00

66 AVIONICS 57 1 .84 0 .8 1

68 WEATHER SERVICE 22 0 .70 7 .2 4

70 AVIATION OPERATIONS 25 0 .80 1 .2 7

72 AIR CONTROL/SUPPORT/ANTIAIR WF 0 0 .00 0 .00

73 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL 15 0 .48 1 .86

98 U.S . MARINE CORPS BAND 11 0 .35 7 .5 9

99 IDENTIFYING AND REPORTING MOS'S 226 7 .23 2 .4 4

03, 08, 18, 75—not eligible for assignmen t

*(Source : WM Research file)

211

Appendix D

Women Marine Units, 1946-197 7

Company E, Headquarters Battalion, Headquarters Marine Corps, Henderson Hall ,

Arlington, Virginia; activated 19 August 1946; disbanded 31 May 195 0

COMMANDING OFFICERS

First Lieutenant Regina M . Durant 19 Aug 1946-30 Dec 1946

Captain Elizabeth J . Elrod 31 Dec 1946-19 Dec 1948

Captain Pauline B . Beckley 20 Dec 1948-31 May 195 0

Officers carried on rolls of Company C, Headquarters Battalion ; enlisted women carried on rolls

of Companies D and E, Headquarters Battalion, according to their work section .

Company D, Headquarters Battalion, Headquarters Marine Corps, Henderson Hall, Arlington, Virginia, activated 1 July 1952

Redesignated Woman Marine Company, Headquarters Battalion, Headquarters Marine Corps, Henderson Hall, Arlington, Virginia, 20 May 1970 ; deactivated 4 August 1977

COMMANDING OFFICERS

First Lieutenant Elaine T. Carville 1 Jul 1952-7 Jul 195 3

Major Jeanette Pearson 8 Jul 1953-2 Jun 195 4

Captain Joyce M . Hamman 3 Jun 1954-9 Nov 1954

Second Lieutenant Elizabeth M . Faas 11 Nov 1954-1 Feb 195 5

Second Lieutenant Florence E . Land 2 Feb 1955-6 Mar 195 5

Second Lieutenant Valeria F. Hilgart 7 Mar 1955-19 Jan 195 6

Captain Virginia Caley 31 Jan 1956-31 Jul 195 7

Captain Patricia A . Maas 1 Aug 1957-9 Jun 1959

First Lieutenant Dorothy A . Olds 10 Jun 1959-5 Jan 196 0

Captain Patricia A . Watson 6 Jan 1960-25 Nov 1962

Captain Carol J . Carlson 26 Nov 1962-31 Jan 1964

Captain Gail M. Reals 3 Feb 1964-23 Dec 196 6

Captain Nancy J . Mackie 24 Dec 1966-13 Jun 196 8

Captain Melba J. Myers 14 Jun 1968-3 Jul 196 8

First Lieutenant Mary G. Nitsch 4 Jul 1968-23 Jul 196 8

Captain Jeanne A . Botwright 24 Jul 1968-1 Apr 197 0

Captain Charlene M . Summers 2 Apr 1970-23 Jan 197 2

First Lieutenant Karen I . Kelly 24 Jan 1972-7 Feb 197 2

Captain Joan M . Collins 8 Feb 1972-11 Jul 1974

Captain Shelley B . Mayer 12 Jul 1974-18 Jul 197 7

First Lieutenant Cathy A . Fremin 19 Jul 1977-30 Aug 1977

213
214 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Woman Officer Training Detachment, Basic School, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia : Captain Elsie E. Hill and staff attached to Headquarters Battalion ; operational control under G-3, Basic School. Unit activated only when class in session

during summers of 1949 and 1950. First class began 20 June 1949 .

Woman Officer Training Detachment, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico ,

Virginia, activated 16 May 1952 as permanent unit under Basic Schoo l

Redesignated Women Marines Training Detachment, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Schools ,

Quantico, Virginia

Redesignated Woman Marine Detachment, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia, 17 December 195 8

Redesignated Woman Officer School, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia, 16 April 196 5

Woman Officer School redesignated as a school under the Education Center, Marine Corps Schools,

Quantico, Virginia 12 June 1973 ; disestablished 20 December 197 4

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Captain Elsie E. Hill 20 Jun 1949-24 Sep 195 1

Captain Emma H. Hendrickson 25 Sep 1951-30 Nov 195 1

Lieutenant Colonel Julia E . Hamblet 16 May 1952-6 Apr 195 3

Major Dorothy M . Knox 7 Apr 1953-31 May 195 3

Major Margaret M . Henderson 1 Jun 1953-10 Dec 195 4

Major Mary Janice Hale 11 Dec 1954-11 May 195 5

Lieutenant Colonel Pauline B . Beckley 12 May 1955-10 Feb 195 7

Major Nita Bob Warner 11 Feb 1957-15 May 1957

Lieutenant Colonel Emma Henderickson Clowers 16 May 1957-23 Mar 195 9

Major Nita Bob Warner 24 Mar 1959-1 May 195 9

Lieutenant Colonel Dorothy M . Knox 2 May 1959-11 Jun 196 2

Lieutenant Colonel Doris V . Kleberger 12 Jun 1962-16 Jun 196 5

Major Margaret A . Brewer 17 Jun 1965-30 Jul 1965

Lieutenant Colonel Elsie E. Hill 31 Jul 1965-31 Oct 196 6

Major Ruth F. Reinholz 1 Nov 1966-31 Jan 1967

Lieutenant Colonel Valeria F . Hilgart 1 Feb 1967-9 Apr 1970

Lieutenant Colonel Theresa M . Hayes 10 Apr 1970-10 Jan 197 2

Lieutenant Colonel Carolyn J. Auldridge Walsh 11 Jan 1972-10 Jul 197 3

Lieutenant Colonel Roberta N . Roberts Patrick 12 Jul 1973-20 Dec 197 4

3d Recruit Training Battalion, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina, activated 23 February 1949

Redesignated Woman Recruit Training Battalion, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, Sout h

Carolina, 1 May 195 4

Redesignated Woman Recruit Training Command, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, Sout h

Carolina, 28 May 1976

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Captain Margaret M . Henderson 23 Feb 1949-19 Jun 195 0

Captain Mary J. Hale 29 Aug 1950-17 Sep 1950
WOMEN MARINE UNITS, 1946-1977 21 5

Major Pauline B. Beckley 18 Sep 1950-25 Nov 195 2

Major Helen M. Tatum 26 Nov 1952-11 Jan 195 3

Major Nita Bob Warner 12 Jan 1953-7 Apr 195 4

Lieutenant Colonel Elsie E. Hill 8 Apr 1954-2 Sep 195 6

Major Jeanette I . Sustad 3 Sep 1956-21 Oct 1956

Lieutenant Colonel Barbara J . Bishop 22 Oct 1956-25 Jul 195 9

Major Doris V. Kleberger 26 Jul 1959-2 Dec 1959

Lieutenant Colonel Elsie E . Hill 3 Dec 1959-15 May 1962

Lieutenant Colonel Julia E . Hamblet 16 May 1962-25 Apr 196 5

Lieutenant Colonel Dorothy M. Knox 26 Apr 1965-4 Apr 196 7

Major Mary E. Bane 5 Apr 1967-26 Oct 196 7

Lieutenant Colonel Ruth J. O'Holleran 27 Oct 1967-15 Jul 196 9

Lieutenant Colonel Jenny Wrenn 16 Jul 1969-9 Feb 197 1

Lieutenant Colonel Roberta N . Roberts 10 Feb 1971-11 Jul 1972

Major Gail M. Reals 12 Jul 1972-15 Aug 197 2

Lieutenant Colonel Ruth F. Reinholz 16 Aug 1972-20 Dec 1972

Major Gail M. Reals 21 Dec 1972-6 May 1973

Lieutenant Colonel Jenny Wrenn 7 May 1973-30 Jul 197 5

Lieutenant Colonel Vera M . Jones 31 Jul 1975-14 Sep 1977

Lieutenant Colonel Gail M. Reals 15 Sep 1977 -

Post Troops, 3d Recruit Training Battalion, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Is -

land, South Carolina, activated 11 January 195 0

SECTION COMMANDER

Second Lieutenant Mary S . Mock 11 Jan 1950-21 Aug 195 1

Captain Emily Schultz 22 Aug 1951-14 Nov 195 1

Company W, Marine Barracks, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, activated 13 October

1950

Redesignated Camp Headquarters Women Marines Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion, Marine Barracks, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 29 November 1951

Redesignated Woman Marine Company, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune,

North Carolina, 1 June 195 4

Redesignated Woman Marine Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion, Marine Corps Base ,

Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 9 June 1961 ; dectivated 2 August 197 7

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Captain Mary J. Fischer Elder 13 Oct 1950-5 Sep 1953

Captain Elaine T . Carville 6 Sep 1953-16 Oct 1953

Major Barbara J . Bishop 17 Oct 1953-11 Apr 195 5

First Lieutenant Nancy L. White 12 Apr 1955-11 Jul 195 5

Captain Mary Sue Mock 12 Jul 1955-4 Mar 195 7

Captain Margaret A. Brewer 8 Mar 1957-12 May 195 8

Captain Ellen B . Moroney 13 May 1958-11 Sep 1961
216 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Captain Jane L. Wallis 12 Sep 1961-20 Mar 196 4

Captain Carol A . Vertalino 21 Mar 1964-26 May 196 6

Major Elsa L. Farman 27 May 1966-10 May 196 7

Captain Jo H. Hall 11 May 1967-23 Jan 196 9

Captain Della J. Elden 24 Jan 1969-19 Jul 197 0

Captain Ruby J . Chapman 20 Jul 1970-29 Nov 197 1

Captain Juanita A . Lamb 30 Nov 1971- 20 Jun 197 3

Captain Carol L . Pollack 21 Jun 1973-13 Nov 197 5

Captain Linda Essex Edwards 14 Nov 1975-2 Aug 1977

Woman Marine Company, Service Battalion, Marine Barracks, Camp Joseph H. Pendleton, California, activated 1 June 195 1

Redesignated Woman Marine Company, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Barracks, Camp Pendleton, California, 20 September 1952

Redesignated Woman Marine Company, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, California, 195 4

Redesignated Woman Marine Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion, Marine Corps Base ,

Camp Pendleton, 21 January 195 8

Redesignated WM Company, Headquarters Battalion, Headquarters Regiment, Marine Corps Base ,

Camp Pendleton, 1 July 1962; deactivated 1 April 1974

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Captain Jeanette I . Sustad 1 Jun 1951-27 Aug 195 2

Second Lieutenant Valeria F . Hilgart 28 Aug 1952-29 Nov 1952

Second Lieutenant Catherine M . Gregory 30 Nov 1952-27 Mar 195 3

Captain Frances M. Johnson 28 Mar 1953-6 Sep 195 4

Second Lieutenant Ruth J. O'Holleran 7 Sep 1954-3 Dec 195 5

Captain Jenny Wrenn 4 Dec 1955-28 Feb 195 7

First Lieutenant Dorothy A . Olds 1 Mar 1957-10 Mar 195 7

Captain Marguerita C . Russell 11 Mar 1957-26 Jan 195 8

Captain Clarabelle M. Merritt 27 Jan 1958-10 Jan 196 0

Captain Martha A . Cox 11 Jan 1960-19 Sep 196 1

Captain Shirley L. Mink 20 Sep 1961-9 Oct 1963

Major Florence E . Land 10 Oct 1963-4 Jul 196 4

First Lieutenant Carla H . Bednar 5 Jul 1964-1 Dec 1964

First Lieutenant Sara R. Beauchamp 2 Dec 1964-1 Mar 196 5

First Lieutenant Jolana Johnson 2 Mar 1965-1 Oct 196 6

Captain Estella C . Rhodes 2 Oct 1966-30 Jun 196 7

Captain Mary S . Stevens League 1 Jul 1967-2 Dec 1968

Captain Anna H . Williams 3 Dec 1968-2 Jul 1969

Captain Sharyll A . B . Plato 3 Jul 1969-9 Sep 1969

Captain Anna H. Williams 10 Sep 1969-19 Nov 196 9

Second Lieutenant Alice F . Jones 20 Nov 1969-30 Dec 1969

Captain Barbara A . Schmidt 31 Dec 1969-29 Nov 1970

Major Georgia L . Swickheimer 30 Nov 1970-6 Apr 197 1

First Lieutenant Sue E. Vanhaastert 7 Apr 1971-19 Jul 197 1

Second Lieutenant Roberta M . Baro 20 Jul 1971-2 Aug 1971
WOMEN MARINE UNITS, 1946-1977 21 7

Captain Lillian Hagener 3 Aug 1971-16 Aug 1973

Captain Nancy J . Lewis Hackett 17 Aug 1973-12 Jan 1974

First Lieutenant Donna M. Hug 11 Jan 1974-10 Feb 1974

First Lieutenant Maria T . Hernandez 11 Feb 1974-1 Apr 1974

Post Personnel Company, 3d Recruit Training Battalion, Marine Corps Recruit Depot ,

Parris Island, South Carolina, activated 15 November 195 1

Redesignated Permanent Personnel Company, Woman Recruit Training Battalion, Marine Corp s

Recruit Depot, Pamir Island, South Carolina, 1 May 195 4

Redesignated Headquarters Company, Woman Recruit Training Battalion, Marine Corps Recrui t

Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina (date unknown )

Redesignated Permanent Personnel Company, Woman Recruit Training Battalion, Marine Corps

Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina, 1 April 1958

Redesignated Headquarters Company, Woman Marine Training Battalion, Marine Corps Recruit

Depot, Path Island, South Carolina, 27 April 1964 ; deactivated 25 May 1976

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Captain Emily Schultz 15 Nov 1951-25 Nov 195 2

Second Lieutenant Phyllis J . Young 26 Nov 1952-26 Jun 195 3

First Lieutenant Muriel J . Katschker 27 Jun 1953-18 Jul 1954

Captain Essie M . Lucas 19 Jul 1954-12 Mar 195 5

First Lieutenant Ruth F. Reinholz 14 Mar 1955-12 Jun 195 6

Second Lieutenant Francis B . Newman 13 Jun 1956-7 Jul 195 6

Captain Constance Baker 8 Jul 1956-1 Nov 195 7

Captain Gussie R . Calhoun 2 Nov 1957-2 Mar 195 9

Major Doris V. Kleberger 3 Mar 1959-5 Jul 195 9

Captain Donrue Wever 6 Jul 1959-11 Jun 196 0

First Lieutenant Betty L . Leonard 12 Jun 1960-20 Aug 196 0

Captain Patsy A . Twilley 21 Aug 1960-22 Mar 196 2

First Lieutenant Jo Ann Kilday 23 Mar 1962-10 Sep 196 2

Captain Leah M. Draper 12 Sep 1962-30 Jun 196 3

First Lieutenant Jacqueline Leffler White 1 Jul 1963-31 Jan 196 4

Second Lieutenant Barbara J . Oliver 1 Feb 1964-16 Feb 196 4

First Lieutenant Vera M. Jones 17 Feb 1964-3 Jan 196 5

Captain Mary S . Stevens 4 Jan 1965-15 Aug 1966

First Lieutenant Johnena J. Cochran 15 Aug 1966-6 Feb 196 7

First Lieutenant Suellen A . Beaulieu 7 Feb 1967-1 Aug 196 7

Captain Loretta J . Ross 2 Aug 1967-17 Mar 196 8

First Lieutenant Marie L . Arnold 18 Mar 1968-22 Dec 196 8

Captain Jean M . Panzer 23 Dec 1968-23 Sep 196 9

Major Karen G. Wheeler 24 Sep 1969-31 Oct 1969

First Lieutenant Bonnie J. Tervo 1 Nov 1969-21 May 197 0

Second Lieutenant Elizabeth T . Agaisse 24 May 1970-3 Jul 197 0

Captain Emma G . Ramsey 5 Jul 1970-28 Feb 197 1

First Lieutenant Elizabeth T. Agaisse 1 Mar 1971-15 Apr 197 1

First Lieutenant Cheryl J . McCauley 18 Apr 1971-20 May 197 1

Captain Shirley E. Leaverton 21 May 1971-16 Jul 1973
218 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

First Lieutenant Barbara J . Gard 17 Jul 1973-11 Sep 1973

Captain Carolyn Bever Wiseman 12 Sep 1973-23 Apr 197 4

First Lieutenant Susan V . Wagner 24 Apr 1974-26 Sep 197 4

Captain Carol A . Barber 30 Sep 1974-9 Jul 197 5

Second Lieutenant Bonnie L. Duphiney 10 Jul 1975-2 Aug 197 5

Captain Barbara A. Martin 3 Aug 1975-25 May 1976

Woman Marine Detachment-1, Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, California, activated 15 May 1951

Woman Marine Detachment-1 redesignated Sub Unit-2, Headquarters Squadron, Marine Corp s

Air Station, upon reorganization of the air station on 15 March 1972 ; deactivated 20 February 1974

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Captain Nita Bob Warner 15 May 1951-15 Dec 195 2

Major Shirley J. Fuetsch 16 Dec 1952-8 Jan 195 3

First Lieutenant Wilma Morris 9 Jan 1953-4 Feb 195 3

Major Ben Alice Day 5 Feb 1953-30 Dec 195 4

First Lieutenant Shirley A . Tate 1 Jan 1955-14 Mar 195 5

Major Helen A . Tatum 15 Mar 1955-29 Apr 195 5

Major Dorothy M . Knox 30 Apr 1955-3 Apr 195 8

Captain Valeria F . Hilgart 4 Apr 1958-17 Oct 196 0

First Lieutenant Sonia Rivera-Cuevas 18 Oct 1960-16 Jan 196 1

Captain Marie J . Halvorsen 17 Jan 1961-11 Feb 196 2

First Lieutenant Nancy Talbot Rick 12 Feb 1962-13 Nov 196 3

Captain Nanette L. Beavers 14 Nov 1963-5 Nov 1966

Major Roberta N. Roberts 6 Nov 1966-20 Aug 1967

Captain Judith K. Lund 21 Aug 1967-26 Nov 1969

First Lieutenant Eleanor J . McElroy 27 Nov 1969-22 Sep 197 0

Lieutenant Colonel Jane L. Wallis 23 Sep 1970-8 Mar 197 1

Major Barbara E. Dolyak 9 Mar 1971-1 May 197 2

Captain Marcia A . Biddleman 1 Jul 1972-1 Mar 197 3

CWO-3 June R . Doberstein 2 Mar 1973-20 Feb 197 4

Woman Marine Detachment-2, Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, activated 1 March 1951 ; deactivated 31 December 1974

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Major Helen A . Wilson 1 Mar 1951-3 May 195 1

First Lieutenant Nancy J. Mecartney 4 May 1951-8 Sep 195 3

Captain Emily Schultz 9 Sep 1953-17 May 195 4

First Lieutenant Louise M . Snyder 18 May 1954-12 Sep 1954

Captain Sara F. Hanan 13 Sep 1954-24 Jan 195 5

Captain Jeanne Fleming 25 Jan 1955-25 May 195 6

Captain Ruth F . Reinholz 16 Jun 1956-25 Nov 195 7

Captain Ruth J . O'Holleran 26 Nov 1957-24 May 1959
WOMEN MARINE UNITS, 1946-1977 21 9

Captain Inger R. Beaumont 25 May 1959-19 Jul 195 9

Major Anne S . Ritter 20 Jul 1959-17 Mar 196 2

Captain Martha A . Cox 18 Mar 1962-10 Dec 196 4

Captain Carolyn J . Auldridge 11 Dec 1964-15 Oct 196 6

First Lieutenant Elizabeth D. Doize 1 Nov 1966-28 May 1968

Captain Loretta J. Liehs 29 May 1968-16 Jan 196 9

Major Nanette L. Beavers 17 Jan 1969-14 Jan 197 0

Captain Donna J. Sherwood 15 Jan 1970-23 Aug 1970

Captain Sara A . Beauchamp 24 Aug 1970-25 Mar 197 2

Captain Sharon L. Sherer 28 Mar 1972-31 May 197 3

Captain Marguerite K . Campbell 16 Jul 1973-31 Dec 1974

Woman Marine Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion, Fleet Marine Force ,

Atlantic, Camp Elmore, Norfolk, Virginia ; activated 1 April 1952 ; deactivated 15

April 1977

SUPERVISOR OF WOME N

Second Lieutenant Doris V. Kleberger Nov 195 0

First Lieutenant Joan McCormick Nov 195 1

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Second Lieutenant Mary E . Sullivan 1 Apr 1952-25 Jun 195 2

First Lieutenant Natalie Noble 4 Aug 1952-29 May 195 3

Captain Dolores A . Thorning 13 Jun 1953-23 Jan 195 5

Second Lieutenant Rita A . Ciotti 24 Jan 1955-13 Aug 195 5

Second Lieutenant Martha A . Cox 14 Aug 1955-4 Oct 195 5

Captain Margaret A. Brewer 5 Oct 1955-6 Feb 195 7

First Lieutenant Shirley J. Gifford 7 Feb 1957-30 Jun 195 8

First Lieutenant Eleanor H . Bispham 1 Jul 1958-26 Aug 195 8

Captain Margaret R. Pruett 27 Aug 1958-3 Aug 1960

First Lieutenant Valeria M . Dayton 4 Aug 1960-25 May 1962

Captain Georgia L. Swickheimer 26 May 1962-20 Dec 196 5

First Lieutenant Mary L. Howard 21 Dec 1965-30 Oct 196 7

First Lieutenant Lois J . Bertram 31 Oct 1967-13 Mar 196 9

First Lieutenant Mary J. Stoakes 14 Mar 1969-6 Aug 197 0

First Lieutenant Carolyn K. Bever Wiseman 7 Aug 1970-24 Nov 197 1

First Lieutenant Patricia A . Perkins 25 Nov 1971-13 Feb 197 4

First Lieutenant Mary E . Mitchell 14 Feb 1974-12 Dec 197 4

Captain Kathryn A . Jacob MacKinney 13 Dec 1974-15 Apr 197 7

Company D, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia, activated 1 March 195 2

Redesignated Headquarters Company, Women Marines Detachment, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia, 1 May 1959

Reorganized, Headquarters Company, Woman Officer School, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico ,

Virginia, 16 April 1965
220 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Redesignated Headquarters Company, Woman Officer School, Marine Corps Development an d

Education Command, Quantico, Virginia, 1 January 1968; decativated 12 June 1973

OFFICER IN CHARGE, WM BARRACK S

Second Lieutenant Elaine T . Carville 7 Nov 1950-31 Jan 195 1

First Lieutenant Marion R. Moore 1 Feb 1951-28 Feb 195 2

COMMANDING OFFICERS

First Lieutenant Marion R. Moore 1 Mar 1952-20 Dec 195 2

Second Lieutenant Ruth F . Reinholz 23 Dec 1952-11 Jan 195 3

Captain Bernice M. Pitman 12 Jan 1953-20 Apr 195 4

First Lieutenant Ruth F. Reinholz 21 Apr 1954-30 Apr 195 4

Captain Jeanne Fleming 1 Mar 1954-9 Aug 195 4

First Lieutenant Anne S . Ritter 10 Aug 1954-6 Dec 195 5

First Lieutenant Ellen B. Moroney 7 Dec 1955-19 Nov 1956

Captain Eileen F . Parker 20 Nov 1956-31 Dec 1956

Second Lieutenant Marion L . Call 1 Jan 1957-22 Jan 195 7

Captain Virginia A . Hajek 23 Jan 1957-3 Aug 1958

Second Lieutenant Grace Ann Entriken 6 Aug 1958-7 Sep 195 8

Captain Beverly Schofield Love 8 Sep 1958-31 May 196 0

First Lieutenant Shirley N . Arnold 1 Jun 1960-5 Jul 196 0

Second Lieutenant Nanette L. Beavers 6 Jul 1960-31 Jul 196 0

Captain Jane L . Wallis 1 Aug 1960-11 Aug 196 1

Captain Grace A. Overholser 21 Aug 1961-5 Jun 196 2

Captain Margaret R . Pruett 6 Jun 1962-18 Nov 196 2

First Lieutenant Gail M . Reals 7 Feb 1963-24 Mar 196 3

First Lieutenant Nancy A. Carroll 26 Mar 1963-21 Apr 1964

First Lieutenant Vea J . Smith 22 Apr 1964-5 Dec 196 5

Captain Jo Anne Kilday 6 Dec 1965-5 Dec 196 6

Captain Vera M . Jones 6 Dec 1966-20 Jan 1967

First Lieutenant Dolores R. Noguera 21 Jan 1967-7 Aug 1967

First Lieutenant Ruth D . Walsh 8 Aug 1967-12 Nov 1968

First Lieutenant Barbara A . Schmidt 13 Nov 1968-30 Nov 1969

Captain Janice C . Scott 1 Dec 1969-11 Oct 197 1

First Lieutenant Sharon F . Daugherty 12 Oct 1971-30 Apr 197 3

Captain Shirley L. Bowen 1 May 1973-11 Jun 197 3

Woman Marine Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion, Marine Corps Recrui t

Depot, San Diego, California, activated 16 June 1952 ; deactivated 24 February 197 7

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Major Emma H. Clowers 16 Jun 1952-23 Apr 1953

First Lieutenant Eileen F . Parker 24 Apr 1953-31 May 195 3

Major Helen A . Wilson 1 Jun 1953-2 Jun 195 4

Major Shirley J. Fuetsch 3 Jun 1954-31 Oct 1955
WOMEN MARINE UNITS, 1946-1977 22 1

Captain Donrue Wever 1 Nov 1955-30 Nov 1956

Captain Mary L. Voight 2 Dec 1956-8 Apr 1958

Second Lieutenant Margaret H . Frank 9 Apr 1958-17 Apr 195 8

First Lieutenant Katherine M . Donohue 18 Apr 1958-12 Jun 195 8

Captain Patricia A . Watson 13 Jun 1958-17 Dec 195 9

Major Theresa M. Hayes 18 Dec 1959-15 Jan 1963

Captain Marilyn F . Day 16 Jan 1963-8 Feb 196 5

Captain Winifred B . Paul 9 Feb 1965-24 Jul 1965

Major Barbara J . Lee 26 Jul 1965-26 Dec 196 6

Second Lieutenant Elizabeth A . Wilson 27 Dec 1966-4 Feb 196 7

Captain Gail A . Waugh 5 Feb 1967-7 Aug 196 8

Captain Susan Sommers 13 Aug 1968-29 Aug 1969

Captain Marie J. Halvorsen 30 Aug 1969-1 Feb 197 0

Captain Lillian Hagener 2 Feb 1970-31 Jul 197 1

Captain Barbara Weinberger 3 Sep 1971-25 Jan 197 4

Captain Eleanor F . Pekala 26 Jan 1974-2 Sep 197 5

First Lieutenant Mary K. P. Lowery 25 Sep 1975-9 May 197 6

First Lieutenant Candice A. Lewis 10 May 1976-24 Feb 1977

Woman Recruit Training Company, Women Recruit Training Battalion, Marine Corp s

Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina

The company was never a reporting unit. What information as recorded here has been gainedthrough

personal interviews and a review of various records, recruit platoon books, newspaper articles, etc .

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Second Lieutenant Margaret L. Grammer Brown 1 Jan 1952-4 Sep 195 2

First Lieutenant Virginia Caley 11 Oct 1952-31 Jul 195 3

Captain Essie M . Lucas 1 Aug 1953-23 Aug 1954

Captain Elaine T . Carville 24 Aug 1954-6 Nov 1956

Captain Theresa M . Hayes 7 Nov 1956-22 Dec 1957

Captain Mary E . Bane 21 Jan 1958-11 Jun 1960

First Lieutenant Georgia Swickheimer 6 Aug 1960-29 Sep 1960

First Lieutenant Mary A. Johnson 30 Sep 1960-27 Mar 196 1

First Lieutenant Betty L . Leonard 22 Jun 1961-30 Jul 196 1

First Lieutenant Dolores A . Schleichert 31 Jul 1961-29 Apr 196 2

Captain Mary L . Vertalino 30 Apr 1962-24 Jun 1963

Captain Annie Muriel Trowsdale 25 June 1963-3 Jan 1965

Captain Vera M. Jones 4 Jan 1965-23 May 1966

Captain Eleanor Elaine Filkins 8 Jul 1966-5 Apr 1968

First Lieutenant Suellen A . Beaulieu May 1968

Captain Joan M. Collins 17 Jul 1969-17 Aug 197 1

Captain Vanda K . Brame 18 Aug 1971-13 Jun 197 2

Major Gail M . Reals 14 Jun 1972-27 Jun 197 2

Captain Carolyn K. Bever Wiseman 28 Jun 1972-11 Sep 197 3

Captain Linda K. Adams Priest 12 Sep 1973-31 Oct 197 5

Captain Nancy A . Davis 1 Nov 1975-June 1977
222 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Company A, Headquarters and Service Battalion, FMFPac, U .S. Naval Base, Pear l

Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, activated 24 June 195 2

Redesignated Woman Marine Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion, FMFPac, Camp H.

M. Smith, Oahu, Hawaii, 10 July 1956; deactivated 12 February 1976

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Second Lieutenant Margaret M . Schafer 24 Jun 1952-22 Dec 195 2

Captain Valeria F . Hilgart 23 Dec 1952-13 Jan 195 5

Captain Virginia Caley 14 Jan 1955-2 Dec 1955

First Lieutenant Theresa M. Hayes 3 Dec 1955-6 Jan 195 6

Captain Doris V . Kleberger 7 Jan 1956-25 Feb 195 7

Captain Jenny Wrenn 10 Apr 1957-5 Apr 195 9

First Lieutenant Nancy J . Durkin 6 May 1959-15 Jul 195 9

Captain Ruth J . O'Holleran 16 Jul 1959-30 Oct 196 1

Captain Ellen B . Moroney 2 Nov 1961-18 Nov 1962

Captain Carol A. Vertalino 19 Nov 1962-1 Feb 196 4

Captain Elaine E. Filkins 2 Feb 1964-14 Dec 196 5

Captain Roberta N. Roberts 15 Dec 1965-30 Dec 1966

Captain Jeanne A . Botwright 31 Dec 1966-5 Dec 1967

Captain Judybeth D . Barnett 6 Dec 1967-16 Dec 1970

First Lieutenant Cheryl S . Gillespie 21 Dec 1970-16 Jun 197 2

Captain Antoinette Meenach 17 Jun 1972-1 May 197 4

Captain Karen S . De Wolf 2 May 1974-12 Feb 197 6

Woman Marine Detachment-3, Marine Corps Air Station, Kaneohe, Hawaii, activated 2 November 1953 ; deactivated 1 September 1956

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Captain Phyllis J . Young 2 Nov 1953-2 Oct 1954

Captain Patricia A . Maas 10 Oct 1954-1 Sep 1956

Woman Marine Company, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Supply Center, Bar -

stow, California ; activated 1 July 1967 ; deactivated August 197 1

COMMANDING OFFICERS

Captain Rebecca M. Kraft 1 Jul 1967-8 Sep 196 7

Captain Joan Hammond 9 Sep 1967-26 Oct 1968

First Lieutenant Diane L . Hamel 27 Oct 1968-4 Nov 1969

Captain Alice K . Kurashige 5 Nov 1969-14 May 1970

First Lieutenant Geraldine E . Peeler 15 May 1970-15 Jul 1970

First Lieutenant Vanda K. Brame 16 Jul 1970-31 Apr 197 1

First Lieutenant Linda J . Lenhart 7 Jul 1971-31 Jul 1971
WOMEN MARINE UNITS, 1946-1977 22 3

Woman Marine Company, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Supply Center, Albany, Georgia, activated 13 September 1967 ; deactivated August 197 1

COMMANDING OFFICERS

First Lieutenant Emma G . Ramsey during forming

Captain Sara R. Beauchamp 13 Sep 1967-5 Jan 196 9

Captain Mary S . League 6 Jan 1969-20 Mar 197 0

Captain Bonnie J. Allman May 1970-May 1971

Appendix E

Women Marines Who Served in Vietnam

1967-197 3

Officers

First Lieutenant Lois J . Bertram

Captain Elaine E. Filkins (Davies)

Captain Vera M. Jones

CWO-2 Ernestine A . Koch

First Lieutenant Shirley E . Leaverto n

Lieutenant Colonel Ruth J. O'Holleran

Lieutenant Colonel Ruth F. Reinhol z

First Lieutenant Lila Jean Sharpstee n

Enlisted Wome n

Sergeant Barbara J. Aaron (Avant )

Staff Sergeant Bridget V. Connoll y

Sergeant Doris L . Denton

Staff Sergeant Adelina Diaz (Torres)

Lance Corporal Teresa A. Dickerso n

Corporal Marilyn L. Dorse y

Master Sergeant Barbara J . Dulinsky

Corporal Andrea L. Edwards

Corporal Jeanne L. Francoeur (Bell)

Corporal M. R. Gehant

Sergeant Mary E. Glaudel

Staff Sergeant Frances I . Gonzales (Shore)

Staff Sergeant Donna L . Hollowell (Murray )

Corporal Alaine K. Ivy

Sergeant Carol E . Leste r

Lance Corporal Jeanette I . Hensley

Corporal Nellie Mach (Perkins)

Corporal M. Del Martine z

Corporal Nola E . Mackinste r

Staff Sergeant Loretta M . Morrison

Sergeant Ella L. Netherton

Corporal Diane L . Potter

Sergeant Jacqueline K . Roach

Staff Sergeant Ermelinda Salazar (Esquibel )

Corporal Sandra Spaat z

Sergeant Helen J . Varden

Sergeant Mary P . Walsh (McDermott)

Corporal Pauline W. Wilson

225

Appendix F

Enlisted Women Marines Retaine d

After World War II Who Serve d

Until Retirement

List provided by Master Sergeant Annette Parziale . She titles it, "Chronological listing of continuou s

active duty retirees fortunate enough to be in the right place, at the right time, and holding the righ t

SSN number to be retained after WW IP" (MSgt Parziale ltr to Hist&MusDiv, WM Research file).

Catherine G. Murray E-7 29Mar43-30Nov62

Geraldine M . Moran E-9 22Feb43-31Mar6 3

Ruth M . Haungs E-7 25Jun43-31Mar6 3

Annette Parziale E-7 2Ju143-31Mar6 3

Bertha J. Schultz E-8 29Oct43-31Jul6 3

Helen Gardner Redmond E-6 25Mar43-25Dec63

Myrtle Butler Borg Stinson E-7 21Sep43-31Jan64

Bettye R. Hollis E-7 8Oct43-29Feb64

Beatrice M . Kent E-6 9May44-31Mar64

Martha E. Kirchman E-7 6Apr44-31May64

Lucy Cozzi E-7 20Feb45-30Sep6 4

Marion O . Ahearn E-8 9Nov43-310ct64

Dorthea E. Hard E-6 26May44-31Oct6 4

Esther D . Waclawski E-8 10Oct44-30Nov6 4

Alice J. Connolly E-8 9Jun43-28Feb6 5

Juel C . Pensock E-7 15Nov43-6May6 6

Elizabeth Pinter E-8 20Sep43-31May66

Dorothy L . Kearns E-7 16Oct44-31May6 6

Betty J. Alley E-6 18Jun45-31Jan6 7

Jessie L. Van Dyke E-9 6May43-31Ju16 8

Anna Peregrim E-8 1Feb45-22Aug68

Martha J. Clark E-8 1Mar45-31Aug69

Vera E. Piippo E-8 17Ju143-30Sep6 9

Catherine L. Quinlan E-9 16Oct43-30Sep6 9

Margaret H . Crowel E-8 18May45-31May7 0

Loraine G . Bruso E-8 15Dec43-31Jan7 1

Elizabeth M. Tarte E-8 1Oct43-23Nov7 1

Bertha Peters Billeb E-9 5Mar43-30Apr7 3

June V. Andler E-9 9Mar44-30Apr7 4

Sarah N. Thornton E-9 11Dec43-31Jul74

227

Index

A-4 Skyhawk power plant ; illus ., 95

Ables, Maj Charles K., 100

Ables, Maj Kathleen V., 99-100 ; illus., 99

Acting Secretary of the Navy, 17 4

Active Duty for Training, 43-44, 101-102, 105-106 ,

177n

Adam, TSgt Dolores M ., 7

Adams, SSgt Carmen, 81 ; illus ., 7 5

Adams, Pvt Norma, 4 8

Ad-Hoc Committee on Increased Effectiveness in th e

Utilization of Women in the Marine Corps (Se e

Snell Committee )

Ad Hoc Committee to Study Reserve Training fo r

Women Marines (See Pepper Board)

Administration/Gymnasium Building 914, MCRD ,

Parris Island, South Carolina, 2 8

Administration of women's affairs, 18, 2 4

Administrative discharge, 144, 151, 15 3

Advanced Communication Officer Course, 9 3

Aerial Surveillance Officer Course, Fort Holabird ,

Maryland, 74

Aerological School Training Unit, NAS, Lakehurst ,

New Jersey, 18 2

Air Force Attache, Santo Domingo, 17 3

Air Force Reserve, 1 8

AFSE, Naples, Italy, 8 8

Air Traffic Control Officers Course, NAS, Glynco, Georgia, 74

Airmen's Open Mess, Kadena AFB, Okinawa, Japan ,

8 3

Albert, PFC Dennis M ., 7 9

Albert, PFC Donna L., 79

Albert, SgtMaj Evelyn E ., 80, 181-184 ; illus., 182

Albertson, Capt Eileen M ., 92-93 ; illus., 93

Alexander, Sgt Judith A., 97

Allegree, 2dLt Patricia A ., 74

Allgood, Cpl Doris, 5 2

All-volunteer force, 89-90

Almon, SSgt Lucille, 4 2

Almonte, GySgt Virginia, 7 8

Ambrose, SSgt Joan S ., 173

American Nazi Party, 9 9

American Spirit Honor Medal, 12 1

Ames, TSgt Barbara A., 28

Amphibious Warfare School, 34, 36, 73-74, 76, 107

Anderson, Gen Earl E., 99

Anderson, lstLt Fern D ., 42

Anderson, lstLt Marie K., 12n

Anderson, Sgt Norine, 6 0

Anderson, 2dLt Sara J ., 3 7

Anderson, Cpl Shirley, 52

Andler, SgtMaj June V., 25, 28, 161, 182, 185-186 ;

illus ., 161, 185

Andlott, Cpl Mary J., 82

Anniversary of the Marine Corps Women's Reserve ,

8 ; illus., 1 3

Anniversary of the Women Marines, 67, 83, 85 ,

174-177 ; illus ., 174-177

Appointments, 3, 5, 17, 21-23, 36 (See also Promotions)

Appropriations, 12, 22, 39, 104, 106, 125-12 6

Arcure, SSgt Mary K ., 50

Arden, Elizabeth, 16 7

Arlington, Virginia, 26, 170

Armed Forces Day, 43, 10 1

Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, 174 ; illus ., 1,7 3

Armed Forces Leave Act of 1946, 6

Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia, 7 7

Armed Forces Television Station, Saigon, Vietnam, 8 5

Armed Services Exchange Regulations, 15 5

Armitage, Maj Gerald T ., 30

Armstrong, BGen Harry G ., 1 7

Army Airborne School, Fort Benning, Georgia, 10 7

Army I Corps, 8 5

Army Officer Candidates School, Fort Benning, Georgia, 134

Arnby, SgtMaj John W ., 8 1

Arney, lstLt Kathleen J ., 23, 28

Artz, SSgt Muriel V., 50 ; illus., 5 1

Assistant Secretary of Defense, Manpower and Reserv e

Affairs, 15 0

Assistant to the Commandant for Woman Marin e

Matters (See Director of Women Marines)

Atau, LCpI A. Digman; illus ., 70

Atlanta, Georgia, 11, 39, 6 5

Atlantic Ocean, 16 9

Attaya, Sgt Mary L., 40

Austin, Capt Robin L., 135-136

229
230 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Automotive Mechanics School, MCB, Camp Lejeune ,

North Carolina, 94

Aviation Radar Repair Course, (See CommunicationsElectronic School)

Aviation Women's Reserve Group 1, MCAS, Cherr y

Point, North Carolina, 189

Aviation Women's Squadron 21, Quantico, Virginia ,

191-192

Awards, 79n, 82n 86-87, 120-123, 129, 169-174 ,

186-193 ; illus., 10, 84, 121-12 2

Babcock, TSgt Margaret, 16 2

Bach, 2dLt Eleanor M ., 36 ; illus ., 34

Bachelor Enlisted Quarters (BEQ), 84-85, 13 9

Bachelor Officers' Quarters (BOQ), 36, 81, 84-85 ,

125, 129, 15 5

Baird, Ralph A. (See Acting Secretary of the Navy )

Baker, PFC Brenda; illus., 17 6

Baker, Maj Charles E ., 7 1

Baker, LCpI Virginia E ., 82

Ballard, LtCol George J., 138

Baltimore, Maryland, 10, 103, 11 3

Baltimore Signal Depot, Fort Holabird, Maryland, 6 0

Bandsmen, 94-9 5

Bane, Col Mary E ., 77, 98-100, 160

Bantzhaff, OC Joan G . ; illus., 126

Barnes, TSgt Marion O., 25

Barnes, SSgt Rose M., 25

Barnett, Capt Judybeth D ., 76

Barnwell, SSgt Barbara O ., 169-70 ; illus., 17 0

Barracks 60, MCB, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 4 8

Barracks 63, MCB, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 4 8

Barracks 65, MCB, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 6 6

Barracks 182, Marine Corps Supply Center, Barstow ,

California, 79

Barracks 901, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina ,

5 3

Barracks 902, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina ,

28, 30

Barracks 903, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina ,

12 4

Barracks 914, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina ,

12 3

Barracks 3076, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 34, 12 5

Barracks 3091, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

Barracks 3094, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

Barracks 7103, Marine Corps Supply Center, Albany ,

Georgia, 79

Base Materiel Battalion, MCB, Camp Lejeune, North

Carolina, 13 8

Base Materiel Battalion, MCB, Camp Pendleton ,

California; illus., 94

Basic Allowance for Quarters (BAQ), 15 5

Basic Class 3-77, 134-136

Basic Electronic Course (See CommunicationsElectronic School)

Basic Music School, NAB, Little Creek, Norfolk, Virginia, 9 5

Basic School Landing Exercise, 13 6

Basic Supply School, 7 2

Baughman, lstLt Debra J., 91 ; illus ., 92

Beach and Port Operations Company, Headquarters

and Service Battalion, 4th FSSG, FMF, USMCR ,

San Jose, California, 10 7

Bean, 1stLt Annie V., 39

Beauchamp, Capt Sara R ., 74, 79

Beaufort, South Carolina, 31-32, 11 4

Beavers, Mrs. Leola A. ; illus ., 154

Beavers, Maj Nannette I, ; illus., 154

Beck, LCpI Linda C ., 82

Beckley, LtCol Pauline B ., 23, 46-47, 53, 109 ; illus. ,

58, 147

Belanger, 2dLt Linda L., 136

Belcher, PFC Henrietta L., 52

Belletto, SSgt Mary S., 6 7

Benjamin, TSgt Grace L. ; illus., 1 3

Benn, Col Hazel E., 64, 148, 169 ; illus., 170

Bennett, Pvt Nancy L., 57

Bennke, MSgt Julia L., 42

Benson, 2dLt Christine A ., 136

Benziger, MSgt Marie B . ; illus., 1 3

Berkeley, California, 5, 21, 34, 187, 189 n

Berkley, School, New York, New York, 18 3

Bien Hoa, Vietnam, 83

Bierlein, lstLt Ardath, 4 2

Billeb, CWO Bertha P ., 25, 177, 181-182, 191 ; illus ., 24, 18 1

Billeb, GySgt William N., 182

Billet Assignments, 3-4, 6, 12, 21, 23, 27, 34, 41-43 ,

48-53, 57, 62-69, 72, 77-83, 87-88, 91-100, 106 ,

109, 118, 133, 137, 146, 148-150, 155-156, 177 ,

182-195

Billeting, 6, 11, 18, 26, 28-31, 33-34, 36, 46-52 ,

53-55, 57, 66, 68-69, 71-72, 78-79, 81, 83-85 ,

90-91, 97-100, 110, 112-116, 123-126, 131 ,

137-139, 141-144 ; illus ., 142-143

Billings Bachelor Enlisted Quarters, Saigon, Vietnam ,

84-85
INDEX 23 1

Bills

H.R 5919, 4

S . 1529, 16

S . 1103, 1 6

S . 1641, 16-1 7

Bilski, lstSgt Frances A ., 65-66

Bishop, Col Barbara J ., 23, 64, 69-71, 73-74, 76-80 ,

83, 85, 88, 94, 110, 117, 146-148, 151, 160, 166 ,

168, 178, 191-192 ; illus., 58, 161, 191

Black, Cpl R. F., 50

Black Women Marines, 31-33

Blacks in the Marine Corps, 32 n

Blaha, 2dLt Patricia P ., 136

Blair, Cpl Susan W ., 8 2

Blessing, Sgt Alameda, 4 2

Bloomsburg State College, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, 93

Blue Book (See Combined Lineal List of Officers on

Active Duty)

Board of Corrections of Naval Records, 3 7

Boberg, PFC Inga, 48

Boerner, SSgt Margaret E., 52

Boot Camp, 48, 57, 63, 109, 113, 123, 167 (See also

Recruit Training )

Boston, Massachusetts, 8-10, 39-41, 47-48, 51, 59n ,

65, 102, 180, 19 1

Botwright, Capt Jeanne B . (See Humphrey, Maj

Jeanne B . )

Bouker, MajGen John G ., 82n, 83

Bowe, Cpl Sharon L., 82

Bowen, Capt Shirley L ., 93

Bowlin, GySgt Gail A., 9 5

Boyd, lstSgt Charlie L., 13 8

Bradek, LCpI Barbara L ., 79

Bradley, Gen Omar N., 17

Brame, Capt Vanda K . (See Bresnan, Capt Vanda K . )

Breckenridge Hall, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

Bresnan, Capt Vanda K ., 79, 79n, 171 ; illus., 17 1

Brevet system, 148-14 9

Brewer, BGen Margaret A ., 54, 89, 95, 101, 139, 176 ,

193-195 ; illus ., 103, 131, 194

Brigotti, Capt Elena D, ; illus ., 58

Brink, lstLt Eunyce L ., 23, 33-34

Broe, Col Ruth H., 148

Bronze Star Medal, 169, 17 2

Brooklyn, New York, 104 ; illus ., 103

Brown LCpI Brenda R ., 82

Brown Field, Camp Barrett, Quantico, Virginia, 13 2

Brown, Cpl Lillian, 5 2

Brusack, GySgt Helen A ., 10, 60

Bruso, TSgt Loraine G ., 67

Bryant, LCpl Suzanne, 7 9

Budge, Louise, 18 0

Bungcayo, Cpl Mary F ., 9 1

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, 153-154

Bureau of the Budget, 3 9

Burger, Col J. C. ; illus ., 34

Burger, LCpI Maryann, 8 1

Burke, Sgt J. S . ; illus., 94

Burkland, SSgt Annette, 4 8

Burns, 2dLt Mary S., 96

Brynes, OC Jean M . ; illus ., 126

C-9B Skytrain, 94

Calender, 2dLt Nedra C., 37

Cameron, Texas, 190

Camp Barrett, Quantico, Virginia, 125, 130, (See als o

The Basic School)

Camp Butler, Okinawa, Japan 79-80, 8 8

Camp Fuji, Okinawa, Japan, 8 3

Camp H . M . Smith, Oahu, Hawaii, 53, 88, 184-18 5

Camp Smedley D . Butler Law Center, Okinawa ,

Japan ; illus ., 93

Campbell, GySgt Helen H ., 178

Capitol Hill, 1 5

Carey, Cpl Joan A ., 81

Carle, SgtMaj Grace A ., 111, 182, 186 ; illus., 185-186

Carlson, Cpl Maxine H ., 49

Carlson, LCpI Priscilla, 59n

Carnegie, Hattie, 162

Carpenter, Capt Bernice V., 10 3

Carrera, Pvt Jo, 48

Carrillo, LCpl Victoria, 97-98

Carroll, OC Nancy A . ; illus ., 130

Carville, LtCol Elaine T., 36-37, 42-43, 45, 50-51, 67 ;

illus ., 66-68, 17 4

Casual Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion, MCRD, San Diego, California, 10 0

Cataldo, 2dLt Judith A ., 92

Cates, Gen Clifton B ., 21, 23, 161-162, 175, 182 ,

187; illus ., 22, 24

Cathcart, Cpl Helen C ., 34

Catholic University, Washington, D .C ., 7 5

"Cattle car" ; illus., 13 1

Centerville, Illinois, 18 4

"Certainly Red" (lipstick), 16 7

Certificate of Commendation, 82 n

Cessna, PFC Daryl R., 7 9

Chadwick, BGen Robert J ., 172 ; illus., 172
232 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Chaffer, lstLt Elva B., 39

Chambers, Maj Helen T., 40

Champlin, 2dLt Anna F ., 36; illus., 34

Chance, PFC Jessie, 6 0

Chapman, Gen Leonard F . Jr., 80, 192; illus., 177

Chapman, Cpl Olive G., 5 2

"Charlie's Angels" (See Company C, The Basic School )

Chicago, Illinois, 11, 32, 39, 42, 46, 10 2

Chief of Naval Operations, 16-17, 89 .

Chief of Naval Personnel, 3-4, 1 7

Childers, TSgt Eleanor L., 67

Christopher, LCpI Christina M ., 79

Cinder City BOQ, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

Ciotti, lstLt Rita A. ; illus ., 58

Citizen Committee of the Army, Navy and Air Force ,

12 1

Civil Service, 13, 7 2

Clark Ila, 180

Clark, Pvt Jay C ., 94

Clark, SSgt Martha J., 49

Class 9, NCO Leadership School, MCB, Camp

Lejeune, North Carolina; illus ., 67

Clement, BGen William T., 12

Clements, LtCol F .D . ; illus., 73

Clements, PFC Mary H ., 5 2

Clerk Typist School, MCRD, Parris Island, South

Carolina, 10 9

Cleveland, Ohio, 103, 180

Clowers, LtCol Emma H ., 8, 23, 25, 49, 64, 125-126 ,

155-156 ; illus ., 64

Collins, Maj Joan M ., 76, 113, 140 ; illus., 15 2

Collins, MajGen W. R., 10-1 1

Combat, 7, 15, 18, 50, 59, 62, 78, 83, 85, 95, 97-98 ,

101, 106, 118, 133-134, 148, 155, 164, 17 2

Combat Action Ribbon ; illus., 173-174

Combat Engineer School, 9 7

Combined Lineal List of Officers on Active Duty, 14 5

Command and Staff College, 34, 70-73, 76-77, 10 7

Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC), 3-4, 6-7 ,

12, 15-18, 21, 23-25, 31, 69, 71-73, 76-78, 88 ,

90-91, 93, 95, 98, 106, 130, 132, 134, 137, 146 ,

148-150, 161-162, 166, 168-169, 174-176, 180 ,

187, 189, 192, 195 ; illus ., 5, 22, 24, 177, 18 8

Commander in Chief, 146

Commander in Chief, Allied Forces, Southern Eu -

rope, Naples Italy, 160, 183, 190, 19 2

Commander in Chief, U.S . Forces, Europe, 17 3

Commander, Naval Forces, Vietnam, 83, 17 2

Commanding Officer's Trophy, 10 2

Commissioned Officers Mess, MCB, Camp Pendleton ,

California, 194

Committee on Naval Affairs, 1 5

Communication Officers Orientation Course, MCS ,

Quantico, Virginia, 74, 194

Communications-Electronic School, MCRD, San Die -

go, California, 59 n

Communications Electronics School, MCB, Twenty -

nine Palms, California, 18 6

Company A, Headquarters and Service Battalion ,

FMFPac, U .S. Naval Base, Pearl Habor, Oahu,

Hawaii, 52-53, 60, 149, 182

Company B, Headquarters Battalion, MCDEC, Quantico, Virginia, 13 1

Company B, Headquarters Battalion, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 9 8

Company B, Marine Security Guard Battalion, Beirut ,

Lebanon, 8 7

Company B, 2d Infantry Battalion, USMCR, 10 (Se e

also Hingham Naval Ammunition Depot)

Company C, Marine Security Guard Battalion, Mani -

la, Philippines, 8 7

Company C, The Basic School, Camp Barrett, Quantico, Virginia, 135-13 6

Company D, Headquarters Battalion, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

Company D, Marine Security Guard Battalion, Panama Canal Zone, 8 7

Company E, Headquarters Battalion, Headquarters

Marine Corps, Henderson Hall, Arlington, Virginia, 6, 12n, 46, 14 9

Company L, The Basic School, Camp Barrett, Quantico, Virginia, 13 2

Company W., Officer Candidates School, Quantico ,

Virginia, 13 1

Condon, Col Mary L., 43, 148

Conference of Women Marine Commanding Officers

and Women Representatives of Marine Corps

Reserve and Recruitment Districts; illus., 5 8

Congress, 6, 15-17, 78, 145-146, 153, 18 7

Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, 8

Congressional Liaison Officer to the Senate, 19 2

Conley, Cpl Sue ; illus ., 96

Connell, 1stLt Mary J ., 66-67

Connolly, SgtMaj Alice J., 25, 33n, 51 ; illus., 5 1

Connolly, MSgt Bridget V ., 83, 112, 120

Cook, BGen John B ., 175

Cook, Mrs. John B ., 17 5

Cook, Col John H., 68

Cooke, lstLt Mildred N ., 39

Cookson, SSgt Mary S., 34

Cooper, PFC Margaret, 48
INDEX 23 3

Correll, LCpI Donna L ., 79, 94

Cottingham, Sgt Karen ; illus ., 9 1

Court-martial, 14 4

Court of Military Appeals, 7 6

Coy, Maj Betty F ., 103

Coy, LCpI Judith C., 139

Craddock, SgtMaj Ouida W., 42, 79, 146, 181, 184 ;

illus ., 18 3

Criminal Investigation Course, Camp Gordon ,

Georgia, 185

Crites, Capt Rosalie ; illus., 58

Crosby, Cpl San, 8 1

Crowell, SSgt Margaret H., 49

Curtiss, SSgt Phyllis J., 48, 67

Curwen, GySgt Frances A., 40, 66 ; illus ., 65, 113 (See

also Bilski, lstLt Frances A. )

Cushman, Gen Robert E . Jr., 90, 95, 98, 130, 161 ,

175-176, 180

Daily, SgtMaj Joseph W., 149

Dale, Cpl Anita F., 5 2

Dallas, Texas, 11, 43, 103, 10 5

DaNang, Vietnam, 8 5

Davenport, lstLt Judith, 7 6

Davies, LtCol Elaine E., 76, 84-85 ; illus., 82

Davis, Honorable James V., 79

Davis, lstSgt Josephine G ., 173-174 ; illus ., 173

Davis, 2dLt Phyllis, 4 2

Davis, LCpI Suzanne, 81

Dawson, 2dLt Dorothy, 4 8

Day, lstLt Ben A ., 10, 23, 40, (See also Munn, LtCol

Ben A. )

Day, 2dLt Diana C., 136

Day, LCpI William ; illus., 90

Deactivation of WM companies, 138-13 9

Deactivation of WM Organized Reserve platoons ,

104-105

Dean, Col Clyde D ., 132

Deberry, 2dLt JoAnn, 74

Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the

Armed Services, 19 5

DeGarmo, Charlotte ; illus., 4 1

Dehart, Sgt Connie, 9 4

Delaney, Cpl Anna M., 34

Deleskiewicz, LCpI Sue, 94 ; illus ., 96

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), 83

Demobilization, 3, 5-6, 11-12, 16, 183-184, 187, 19 2

Denbo, lstLt Frances A ., 2 3

Denfeld, VAdm Louis E ., 3-4, 15-16

Dennis, MSgt Laura J., v

Denton, Sgt Doris ; illus ., 82, 8 7

Denver, Colorado, 104, 18 0

Department of Defense, 16, 19, 53, 70, 72, 121, 142 ,

151, 153, 164

Department of the Pacific, San Francisco, California ,

17, 26-27, 42, 46-48, 62 ; illus., 45

Department of the Air Force, 1 7

Department of the Army, 1 7

Department of the Navy, 17

Dependents of servicewomen, 18, 21, 71, 141 ,

151-156, 193

Depot Development Board, MCRD, Parris Island ,

South Carolina, 12 4

Depot of Supplies, San Francisco, California, 17, 48 ,

62, 184

Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 78

Deputy Director ofWomen Marines, 72, 148, 192-19 4

Deputy Surgeon General, 1 7

Derrick, SgtMaj Doris, 14 9

Designation of Women Marines, 2 7

Detroit, Michigan, 10, 31, 43, 54, 102 ; illus., 44

Devers, Gen Jacob L., 1 7

Devlin, 2dLt Mary A ., 136

Dewaele, PFC Linda A ., 79

Dickey, SSgt Leona, 4 2

Dietz, Col Dorothy R., 8, 148

Dignan, 2dLt June M., 136

Diliberto, Capt Carol A., 76 ; illus., 74

Dill, Sgt Margaret, 163

Director, Marine Corps Women Reserves, 1 (See also

Director, Marine Corps Women 's Reserve )

Director, Marine Corps Women's Reserve, v, 3-7, 21 ,

23-24, 175, 187, 189-190, 195 (See also Director

of Women Marines)

Director ofWomen Marines, v, 13, 18, 21, 23-25, 27 ,

34, 54, 62, 65, 69-73, 76, 78, 81, 85, 88-89, 95 ,

101, 104, 115, 117-118, 137, 139-141, 145-148,

150-152, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166-170, 175-176,

177n, 178, 180-181, 187-195 ; illus., 24, 52, 61 ,

138, 146-147, 161, 170-171, 177, 187-191 ,

193-194

Director of Women Marines Study No . 1-64, 71, 78

Director, Women's Army Corps, 76, 14 5

Discharge of WRs, 3, 8, 11, 15, 2 3

Distinguished Flying Cross, 16 9

Dixon, PFC Katie J., 94, 139 ; illus., 95

Doberstein, TSgt June V ., 67

Dobson, Col Charles E . ; illus., 149

Doctor of Laws, 18 8

Doize, Capt Elizabeth D ., 107
234 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Dolence, MSgt Lillian V ., 66

"Dolly Company", 137

Dolyak, LtCol Barbara E ., 89-90, 132-134

Dominican Republic, 173-17 4

Donnelly, Ralph W ., 32 n

Doolittle, Ila (See Clark, Ila )

Dooner, lstLt Genevieve M ., 42

Doser, 1stLt Nancy L, ; illus., 58

Dougherty, Capt Margaret E . ; illus., 5 8

Douglas, LCpI Marsha A., 96

Dowd, GySgt Helen A ., 82, 86

Dowler, 2dLt Essie M ., 36, 52 ; illus., 34

Draughon, SSgt Jack W ., 30-3 1

Dress Blue Uniform Award, 121-123 ; illus., 12 2

Drew, PFC Elizabeth, 6 0

Drill Instructor School, MCRD, Parris Island, Sout h

Carolina, 116, 11 8

Drill instructors (D .I.$), 30, 63, 101, 107, 109 ,

112-121, 123, 184-185 ; illus ., 118-119, 12 8

Drill pay, 39-40, 105

Drum and Bugle Team, MB, Treasure Island, Sa n

Francisco, California, 94 ; illus., 96

Drummond, LtCol John F ., 94

Dubinsky, 1stLt Dolores L ., 39

Dugan, LtCol James, 40

Dulinsky, MSgt Barbara J ., 52, 60, 83-85, 160

Duncan, Sgt Donna K ., 8 1

Dupont Corporation, 164

Dupont, Capt Mildred, 8

Dupuy, Cpl Joyce R., 5 2

Durand, Michigan, 19 3

Durant, lstLt Regina M ., 6, 12n

Durfee, Maj Jean, 18 0

Eastman, PFC Dorothy P ., 5 2

Education Center, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 33-34 ,

6 3

80th Congress, 16, 22, 3 1

Eisenhower, Gen Dwight D ., 16-17

Eitel, GySgt Elizabeth A., 95 ; illus ., 97

Elms, Maj Harry D ., 159, 162

Elrod, Capt Elizabeth J ., 12 n

Embassy duty (See Marine Security Guard Battalion )

Enlisted transfer program, 23, 26-27, 182

Enlistments, 7, 17, 21-25, 31, 40, 43, 63, 72, 74, 90,

95, 105-106, 140, 151, 182-186 (See also Reenlistments)

Equal opportunity/affirmative action plans, 89-9 1

Esposito, LtCol Robert J., 93

Esprit de corps, 8, 27, 42, 107, 109, 133, 139, 176

Esquibel, SSgt Ermelinda, 86-87 ; illus ., 84

Europe, 62n, 88, 172-173, 183, 19 2

Evans, Sgt Rosalie C ., 34

Evans, Sgt Ruby A ., 25

Eveland, PFC Martha, 94 ; illus., 96

Extended active duty, 42-43, 46, 53-5 4

Exum, lstLt Frances M ., 39, 42

F8 link trainer; illus., 70

Fairbanks, Alaska, 4 6

Fagan, Pvt Nita L ., 48

Family Assistance Program, 6 4

Fargo Building, Boston, Massachusetts (See Navy

Building-Marine Corps Reserve Armory )

Fegan, LtGen Joseph C . Jr., 132, 134

Field night, 114-115, 137

Fields, Capt Grace "San" O ., 18n

Fields, MajGen Lewis J ., 7 1

Figueroa, SSgt Elnora T ., 95

Filkins, Capt Elaine E ., (See Davies, LtCol Elaine E . )

Finnigan, SSgt Anna M., 67

Fiocca, OC Helen L . ; illus., 126

1st Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company, USMCR ,

Fort Schuyler, New York, 169

1st Infantry Battalion, USMCR, 1 0

1st Marine Corps Reserve District Headquarters, 8, 4 1

1st Marine Division, FMF, MCB, Camp Pendleton,

California, 95-98

First Sergeants School, 14 8

Fischer, MSgt D . W., 10 7

Fisher, GySgt Frances J., 81

Fisher, Capt Mary J., 23, 28, 48

Fleet Home Town News Center, Great Lakes, Illinois,

7 2

Fleet Marine Corps Reserve, 14 0

Fleet Marine Force, 62-63, 68-69, 79, 90, 93-98 ,

104-105, 133-134, 13 6

Fleming, Capt Jeanne, 23, 98 ; illus., 5 8

Flight Jacket, 5 0

Flynn, 2dLt Colleen M., 13 6

Foley, SSgt Michelle, 9 5

Ford, lstSgt K.L., 81 ; illus., 75

Formal training, 57-63, 68-74, 76-78, 89, 92-95, 97 ,

101, 107, 116, 118, 126-127, 132, 144, 182 ,

184-185, 188, 19 2

Former WRs, 7-8, 11, 21, 34, 36, 40, 46, 65, 91, 18 0

Forrestal, James V. (See Secretary of the Navy)

Fort Lee, Virginia, 74
INDEX 23 5

Fort Schuyler, New York, 42, 102

.45 caliber pistol, 11 9

14th Signal Company, USMCR, 1 0

14th U .S. Army Band, 145

4th Force Service Support Group, FMF, USMCR, 10 7

4th Marine Aircraft Wing, FMF, USMCR, 10 6

4th Marine Division (Rein), FMF, USMCR, 106

Fox, Sgt Carol, 139

Fox, Cpl Leona M ., 46

Fraser, PFC Beth A., 107

Frazer, lstLt Mary W., 39

Frazier, 2dLt Catherine L ., 3 7

Frazier, Cpl Kay, 13 9

Freeman, Sgt Carolyn J ., 67

Freeman, CWO Elaine G ., 74, 145

Freeman, Rachel ; illus., 4 1

Frisbie, BGen Jack M., 10 7

Fritts, lstLt Ethel D ., 43

Frontiero vs Richardson, 15 6

Fuetsch, Maj Shirley J ., 39, 42 ; illus., 58

Futterman, Sgt Elsie F. ; illus ., 1 3

G .I. Bill, 1

Gaffney, lstLt Esther N ., 42

Gallo, Col James A . Jr., 82

Galveston, Texas, 180

Gannon, Maj Mildred D ., 42, 102

Garden party, 11 5

Garrett, 2dLt Robin C ., 136

Gebers, SSgt Josephine S . (See Davis, lstSgt Josephine

G.

Geiger Hall, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

General Office Procedures Course, MCRD, Parris Is -

land, South Carolina, 110-11 1

George, lstLt Dian S ., 93, 96

George, SSgt Nellie C., 67

Gibbs, Sgt Mary E ., 118

Gibson, Edmund A ., 47

Gibson, TSgt Josephine R., 47

Gillespie, Pvt Mary E., 12 1

Gillespie, 2dLt Megan A ., 13 6

Girl Marine Veterans, 180

Globe and Anchor (See Marine Corps Emblem)

Goings, MSgt Margaret A ., 25, 59n, 66 ; illus., 24

Gonzales, GySgt Frances L., 100, 15 3

Gonzales, LCpI Virginia, 7 9

Good, MajGen George F . Jr., 68

Goodrich, Cpl Victoria, 11 8

Gormley, Capt Patricia M ., 75-76, 92 ; illus., 73

Graham, Maj Adele ; illus., 166

Graham, Pvt Annie E., 31-32 (See also Black Women Marines)

Graham, BGen Paul, 99

Graham, Capt Vernon C ., 138

Grande, TSgt Mary E ., 52

Grant, Capt Karen G ., 76

Graves Hall, Camp Barrett, Quantico, Virginia, 13 1

Greathouse, Maj Evelyn J ., 102

Green, Sgt Sonya A ., 67

Greene, LCpI Kimberly, 9 8

Greene, 2dLt Marcella J. ; illus ., 159

Greene, Gen Wallace M. Jr., 69, 72n, 72-73, 76, 80n,

88, 146, 174-175, 18 3

Greifenstein, SSgt Wilma, 2 5

Gridley, LtCol Lily H., 63-64, 75, 182

Griffith, LtCol Joe B. Jr., 105 ; illus ., 105

Grimes, CWO Annie L., 32 ; illus., 32, (See also Black

Women Marines)

Groht, Cpl Marjorie W., 79, 94

Gruetzemacher, SSgt M . M. ; illus ., 120

Guenther, SSgt Betty, 4 2

Guidon, 120 ; illus., 120-12 1

Guyman, Cpl Suzanne T ., 8 2

Haasarud, Capt Florence I ., 103

Hagener, Cpl Lillian, 11 8

Hair styles, 31, 158, 167

Hajek, lstLt Virginia A., 104

Hale, LtCol Mary J., 6-7, 12n, 23, 26, 28, 30-31, 39 ,

43, 53 ; illus., 22

Halla, Col John, 1 1

Hallaway, PFC Naomi M ., 5 2

Hamblet, Col Julia E., v, 3n, 5-7, 10-12, 15-18, 21 ,

23-24, 26, 39, 48, 52, 62, 67, 76n, 104, 106n, 115 ,

129, 137, 140, 145-148, 151, 160, 175, 188-190 ,

195 ; illus., 9, 22, 58, 61, 147, 170, 188-18 9

Hamel, lstLt Diane L ., 79

Hemel, Col Lester S ., 2 2

Hamman, 2dLt Joyce M ., 49

Hammond, Capt Joan M ., 79

Hancock, Capt Joy, 1 5

Hanley, 2dLt Gayle W., 136

Hannah, TSgt Helen L ., 1 3

Hansen, June F., 180

Hard, SSgt Dorothea E ., 5 0

Hardy, Pvt Joy, 48

Harper, PFC Beatrice I., 52

Harper, Maj Sara J., 93
236 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Harrington, SgtMaj Rosa V ., 29, 44, 146

Harris, Cpl J ., illus ., 70

Harry Lee Hall, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 9

Hart, MajGen Franklin A ., 47

Hartley, CWO Lillian, 145 ; illus ., 146

Harwell, TSgt Margaret L., 67

Haskell, Oklahoma, 184

Haughery, Margaret, 17 8

Hawaii, 7, 52-53, 60, 65, 88, 95, 161, 180, 184-186 ,

190, 192

Hayes, GySgt Carol, 9 5

Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, MCAS ,

Cherry Point, North Carolina, 100

Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, MCAS, E l

Toro, California, 100

Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, MCAS ,

Futema, Okinawa, Japan, 8 1

Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, MCAS ,

Iwakuni, Japan, 8 1

Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron-32 ,

MAG-32, 94 ; illus., 95

Headquarters and Service Battalion, MCB, Camp

Lejeune, North Carolina, 59n

Headquarters and Service Battalion, MCB, Camp Pendleton, California, 98-99

Headquarters and Service Battalion, MCRD, San Die -

go, California, 186

Headquarters and Service Company, Base Materie l

Battalion, MCB, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina ,

13 8

Headquarters and Service Company, Supply Battalion, 4th FSSG, FMF, USMCR, Newport News, Virginia, 93

Headquarters Battalion, Headquarters Marine Corps,

Henderson Hall, Arlington, Virginia, 25-2 6

Headquarters Battalion, MCB, Camp Lejeune, Nort h

Carolina, 68

Headquarters Battalion, MCDEC, Quantico, Virginia ,

130

Headquarters Battalion, MSC, Quantico, Virginia, 51 ,

125 (See also Headquarters Battalion, MCDEC)

Headquarters Company, Headquarters and Servic e

Battalion, FMFLant, Camp Elmore, Norfolk, Virginia, 5 2

Headquarters Company, Headquarters and Servic e

Battalion, FMFPac, Camp H. M . Smith, Oahu ,

Hawaii, 5 2

Headquarters Company, Headquarters and Servic e

Battalion, MCB, Twentynine Palms, California ,

100

Headquarters Company, Headquarters and Servic e

Battalion, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina ,

28, 124

Headquarters Company, Headquarters and Servic e

Battalion, MCRD, San Diego, California, 48-49

Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion, Ma -

rine Barracks, Camp Pendleton, California, 48

Headquarters Company, Women Marines Detach -

ment, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

Headquarters, EUCOM, Stuttgart, Germany, 62, 88

Headquarters, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic (FMFLant) ,

Norfolk, Virginia, 52, 54, 62, 138 ; illus., 54

Headquarters, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPac) ,

Oahu, Hawaii, 52, 62, 97, 150, 184, 190, 192 ; illus ., 74

Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC), 1, 4-8, 12-13 ,

15, 17-18, 21, 25-26, 28, 31, 39, 43, 49, 57, 59 ,

62, 67, 69-72, 75-77, 89-90, 118, 140, 145 ,

147-148, 152-153, 164, 167-168, 171, 174-175 ,

181-187, 191-195 ; illus., 63-64

Classification and Assignment Branch, 60, 72, 11 7

Data Processing Division, 184

Decorations and Medals Section, 1 2

Division of Aviation, 12n, 59, 61, 71, 182, 19 2

Division of Information, 148, 194

Division of Plans and Policies, 1, 4, 23, 39, 53, 57 ,

164, 19 1

Women's Affairs Section, 19 1

Division of Recruiting, 1 7

Division of Reserve, 4, 7, 12, 39-40, 64, 89, 106 ,

175, 187 ; illus ., 177

Women's Branch, 69, 104, 19 2

Educational Services Branch, 16 9

Fiscal Division, 7 1

G-1 Division, 71, 73, 77, 89, 193 ; illus., 64

G-3 Division, 65, 71, 7 6

G-4 Division, 7 1

History and Museums Division, 36, 80

Judge Advocate Division, 153, 172 ; illus ., 172

Manpower Department, 195

Personal Affairs Branch, 64

Personnel Department, 5-7, 18, 60-62, 64, 70-72 ,

8 9

Procurement Branch, 36, 19 3

Separation and Retirement Branch, 77 n

Special Services Branch, 148

Supply Department, 12 n

Headquarters Regiment, MCB, Camp Pendleton ,

California, 186

Headquarters Squadron, MCAS, Cherry Point, North

Carolina, 51
INDEX 23 7

Headquarters, U.S. European Command, Frankfurt,

Germany, 193

Headquarters, U .S. Military Assistance Command ,

Saigon, Vietnam, 7 9

Heidelberg, Germany, 16 n

Heitman, lstSgt Gayle R., 99-100

Henderson, Gen Archibald, 19 5

Henderson Hall, 11, 17, 21, 25-27, 138, 140, 143

Henderson, Col Margaret M ., 23, 25-26, 28-32, 69 ,

109, 124, 146, 151, 160, 164, 167, 170, 175-176 ,

180-181, 190-191 ; illus., 28, 171, 190

Hendrickson, Capt Emma H . (See Clowers, LtCo l

Emma H. )

Hendrickson, June, 26

Henritze, SSgt May A . ; illus ., 1 3

Henry, 2dLt Marie L., 3 7

Hensley, Cpl, 8 5

Hernandez, Capt Manuela, 7 9

Hernadnez, lstLt Maria T ., 96

Hilgart, Col ValeriaF ., 60, 72, 91, 140, 150 ; illus ., 5 8

Hill, Col Elsie E., 10, 23, 25-26, 33-34, 36, 38, 64 ,

104, 111, 118, 167 ; illus., 35, 37, 58

Hill, MajGen William P ., 26

Hingham Naval Ammunition Depot, 1 0

Hirshinger, TSgt Agnes T ., 10; illus ., 1 3

Hochmuth, MajGen Bruno A., 191

Hockenhull, LCpI Brenda ; illus., 90

Hodges, LtCol Charles T ., 2 5

Holcomb, Gen Thomas A., 174, 195

Holloway, LCpI Robin M., 79

Holmberg, lstLt Dorothy A., 42, 53

Homan, Sgt Carol J., 67

Homza, Sgt Anna, 4 2

Honor Graduate, 121-123 ; illus., 122

Hook, Maj Patricia A ., 107

Hoolailo, SSgt Sandra, 13 9

Hooper, Marion A . (See Swope, Marion A. )

Horner, Maj Emily, 41 ; illus., 58

Hornsby, 2dLt Julia M., 1 0

Horton, Capt (USN) Mildred H ., 3

Hostess House, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

House Armed Services Committee, 17, 15 4

House Armed Services Subcommittee, 9 0

House Naval Affairs Committee Hearings on H .R. Bill

5919, 4

Houston, Texas, 178

Hovatter, LtCol Eugenous E., 7 1

Hull, 2dLt Laura A ., 98

Humphrey, Senator Hubert H ., 26

Humphrey, Maj Jeanne B ., 76, 106-107

Humphrey, 2dLt Margaret A ., 96

Hunt, SSgt Dorothy T ., 10, 29 (See also Stephenson,

SSgt Dorothy T .)

Hunt, MajGen Leroy P., 26

Hurlburt, Cpl Patricia, 8 1

Hurst, BGen Edward H., 178

Hutcheon, Capt Lily S . (See also Gridley, LtCol Lil y

H. )

Hutchinson, SSgt Naomi, 6 7

Illich, Capt Mary V ., 5-7, 12n, 25-26

Image Development Course, MCRD, Parris Island ,

South Carolina and MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 72n ,

111-112 ; illus., 134

Inactive status, 22, 25, 33, 40, 42, 191-19 2

Inactive Women's Reserve, 1, 3, 183 (See also Volunteer Marine Corps Women Reserves)

Indianapolis, Indiana, 1 1

Inspections, 72, 99-101, 112, 114, 116, 119-121, 127 ,

137-139, 161, 181, 195 ; illus., 35, 105, 112, 114 ,

117, 121, 131-132, 134, 158

Inspector-Instructor (I-I), 10, 25, 36, 39-40, 42-43 ,

45, 48, 53, 93, 101-102, 169, 194 ; illus ., 41, 43 ,

103-104

Instruction Company, MCB, Camp Lejeune, North

Carolina, 30

Integration into Regular Marine Corps, 8, 10-11, 13 ,

16-17, 22, 24-25, 31, 36-37, 39, 42, 57, 182 ,

184-18 6

Itchkawich, lstLt Charlene M ., 87

Iwo Jima Memorial (Marine Corps War Memorial),

Arlington, Virginia, 170

Jackson, TSgt Beatrice J ., 6 7

Jackson, 2dLt Pearl A ., 10, 3 7

James, Cpl Veda R ., 11 8

Jaquet, LCpI Linda C. (See Beck, LCpI Linda C .)

Jason, Capt Mary R., 102

Jet Hangar Service Club, 51-5 2

Joan of Arc, 17 8

Jobusch, 2dLt Georgia J., 136

Johnson, SSgt Jeanette M ., 2 5

Johnson, Louis A ., 18 3

Johnson, President Lyndon B ., 145-146, 160, 19 2

Johnson, lstLt Maralee J., 96

Johnson, Capt Rosalie B ., illus., 4 1

Johnson, GySgt Ruth S ., 95 ; illus., 97

Johnson, 2dLt Virginia M ., 36; illus., 34, (See also
238 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Sherman, 2dLt Virginia M .)

Joint Army-Navy Personnel Board, 4

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 14 5

Joint Examining and Induction Stations, 104

Joint household policy, 15 1

Joint Service Commendation Medal, 87, 169 ,

172-174 ; illus., 87

Jones, Cpl Geneva, 94

Jones, 2dLt Phyllis L., 3 7

Jones, LtCol Vera M ., 85, 121 ; illus., 120-12 1

Jordhal, Col Russell N ., 30

Joseph, 2dLt Bonnie J ., 136

Judge Advocate General (JAG), 12, 37, 7 6

Judge Advocate General of the Navy, 89

Judge Advocate General School, Charlottesville, Virginia, 93

Judge, SgtMaj Eleanor L ., 40, 48, 100, 112, 19 0

Juhan, Col Jack C., illus., 188

Junior School (See Amphibious Warfare School)

Junk on the bunk, illus., 114, 158 (See also Inspections)

Kadena Air Force Base, Okinawa, Japan, 81 ; illus ., 80

Kansas City, Missouri, 11, 39-40, 10 4

Karl, Sgt Grace M ., 29, 44

Kasdorf, 2dLt Barbara B ., 3 7

Kathan, lstLt Grace E ., 43

Katherine Towle Trophy, 10 2

Kearns, GySgt Dorothy L., 67, 170-171 ; illus ., 17 1

Keefe, SSgt Katherine, 40, 5 1

Keefe, PFC Margaret, illus ., 163

Keeler, 2dLt Doris M ., 82-8 3

Kees, Barbara (See Meeks, Barbara )

Kegel, Cpl Virginia S., 47

Kegel, W . G., 47

Keller, LtGen Robert P., 13 1

Kelley, BGen Paul X ., 133, 136

Kelley, Roger T. (See Assistant Secretary of Defense ,

Manpower and Reserve Affairs)

Kelly, 2dLt JoAnne, 94

Kennedy, President John F ., 140

Kennedy, Sgt Mary A., 162 ; illus., 158, 165

Kent, Sgt Beatrice M., 47-48

Kindig, Sgt Carol A., 81

King, Sgt Lois, 16 2

King, Sgt Mary E ., 67

Kinser, Capt George A ., 81

Kirchman, SSgt Martha E., 50

Kisczik, PFC Kathleen A ., 7 9

Kleberger, Cpl Audrey E ., 52

Kleberger, LtCol Doris V ., 33-34, 36-37, 43, 52-54 ,

189; illus., 34, 43, 54, 61, 12 2

Knight, 2dLt Rosa K., 136

Knighton, Col Joseph W ., 3-4, 13, 16-1 7

Knox, Col Dorothy M., 10, 41, 129; illus., 58

Koeppler Compound, Saigon, Vietnam, 83, 8 5

Kohen, MSgt Bette A., 49

Kopp, TSgt Ann M ., 5 2

Korea, 10-11, 37, 44-46, 48, 52, 54-55, 57-58, 59n ,

60, 62-63, 65, 99, 125-126, 151, 175, 186, 188 ,

190-194

Kovar, PFC Theresa S ., 52

Kraft, lstLt Rebecca M., 78-79

Krauss, PFC Julia, illus., 176

Krulak, LtGen Victor H ., 80

Krusa, 2dLt Mary A., 92

Kurashige, Capt Alice K ., 74, 79

Lady In The Navy (See Hancock, Capt Joy)

Lafond, lstSgt Gene A ., 100

LaHue, LtCol Foster; illus., 188

Laing, Col Robert B. Sr., 82

Laird, Melvin R., 89

Lamb, Pvt Ann E., 31-32 (See also Black Women

Marines)

Lamb, 2dLt Carol S., 98

Lamont, LCpI Rosemary, 79

Lanagan, BGen William H . Jr., 26

Landing Force Development Center, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, illus ., 50

Lane, OC Mary E. ; illus., 12 6

Larison, LCpI Cheryl L ., 79

Laws, Capt Ellen T ., 76

Lawyer's Course, Naval Justice School, Newport ,

Rhode Island, 75-7 6

League, Maj Mary S., 153; illus ., 154

League, LCdr William C., 153 ; illus., 154

Leatherneck, v, 30, 12 3

Leatherneck Award, 121-123 ; illus ., 12 2

Leaverton, Capt Shirley E ., 172

Lee, Capt Barbara J., 76

Lee, Sgt Payton L., 3 0

Legal Services School, MCB, Camp Pendleton ,

California, 171-17 2

Legion of Merit, 169, 189-19 3

Legislation, v, 4, 7, 11-12, 15-19, 22, 64, 19 3

Leier, Sgt Margaret K., 29

Leigh, Vivien, 4 2

Lemnke, PFC Betty, 42
INDEX 23 9

Lenhart, lstLt Linda J ., 7 9

Leppaluoto, lstLt Diane, 7 9

Le Qui Don Hotel, Saigon, Vietnam, 84-8 5

Letter of Commendation, 187, 189

Lexington, Kentucky, 19 4

Ley, Sgt Dorothy L ., 67

Liberty, 51, 52n, 72, 80, 101, 111, 114, 127, 13 7

143-144

Liddle, 2dLt Lynn A ., 74

Lighthall, Lois, 180

Limited Duty Officer (LDO), 145-14 6

Lindahl, SSgt Hazel A ., 40, 59n

Linscott, MajGen Henry D ., 66

Locksburg, Arkansas, 3 1

Loftis, 2dLt Janie D., 136

London, England, 6, 88

Loper, PFC Pamela, 94

Los Angeles, California, 11, 25, 39, 42, 10 2

Los Angeles Times, 9 7

Love, lstLt Katherine W ., 42

Lovelace, lstLt Florence E., 102

Lovett, Robert A ., 183

Lovil, Pvt Connie J., 3 1

Lowrie, Capt Janet M ., 104

Lubbock, Texas, 190-191

Lucas, 2dLt Essie M ., 36, 52 ; illus., 34 (See also Dowler, 2dLt Essie M. )

Ludlow, Representative Louis L ., in

Ludwig, PFC Martha M ., 52

Lugo, Cpl Eva J., 96

I.undin, Col William M., 81 ; illus ., 7 5

Lute, Cpl Paul D ., 30

Lyon, Cpl Evangeline L., 52

M-16 service rifle, 11 9

Maas, Maj Patricia A ., 7 1

McCall, TSgt Blossom J., 67

McCarty, Capt Olive P ., 102

McCullough, BGen William L., 97

MacDonald, lstLt Mary C., 39, 42

McDonnell Douglas School, 94

MaGauren, LCpI Maureen, 8 3

McGraw, Capt Helen J ., 23

McIntyre, CWO Alice, 10, 66, 14 5

McKeown, Pvt Mary P., 93

MacKinnon, lstLt Marjorie B., 104

McLain, SSgt Mary L., 81 ; illus., 75

McLamore, 2dLt Sara F ., 62n

McLaughlin, LtGen John N., 150

MacPherson, 2dLt Bonnie L ., 136

Mahaffey, LCpI Joan, 94 ; illus., 96

Mainbocher, 159-165, 16 7

Malnar, Sgt Patricia, 8 1

Mangrum, Col Richard C ., 4

Mare Island, 184

Mariani, Mario, 16 5

Marine Air Reserve Training Center, Glenview, Illinois, 7 2

Marine Auxiliary, 1

Marine Aviation Detachment, NAS, Atlanta, Georgia, 19 1

Marine Aviation Detachment, NAS, Memphis, Tennessee, 77-7 8

Marine Band, 47, 95, 145 ; illus., 97

Marine Barracks, 8th and I Streets, Washington, D .C. ,

162, 170, 186, 189 ; illus., 186, 188

Marine Barracks, Naval Base, Long Beach, California ,

2 5

Marine Barracks, Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia, 15 3

Marine Barracks, Treasure Island, San Francisco ,

California, 76, 185

Marine Barracks and Marine Corps Supply Depot ,

Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 4 5

Marine Barracks and Marine Corps Supply Depot ,

Camp Pendleton, California, 45

Marine Corps Air Station, Beaufort, South Carolina ,

72, 78, 94, 177

Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 8, 33n, 45-46, 48, 51-52, 62, 91-93, 182, 184 ,

192 ; illus., 95

Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, California, 45 ,

49-50, 54, 62, 92, 181, 184, 193 ; illus ., 70

Marine Corps Air Station, Ewa, Honolulu, 192

Marine Corps Air Station, Futema, Okinawa, Japan ,

81-83, 88, 18 5

Marine Corps Air Station, Iwakuni, Japan, 79-81, 83 ,

88; illus., 7 5

Marine Corps Air Station, Kaneohe, Hawaii, 52, 62 ,

72, 78-79, 88

Marine Corps Air Station, New River, North Carolina, 72, 78

Marine Corps Air Station, Santa Ana, California, 72 ,

78, 18 3

Marine Corps Air Station, Yuma, Arizona, 72, 78

Marine Corps Association, 12 9

Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Facility, Oak Grove, Nort h

Carolina, 19 2

Marine Corps Aviation History Board, 1 2

Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina ,

46-48, 53, 59n, 62, 65-66, 75, 91, 93-94, 138, 169,
240 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

182, 184-185, 187, 189 ; illus ., 92, 14 1

Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, California, 46 ,

48, 60, 62, 72, 77, 99, 177n, 182, 185-186 ,

191-193 ; illus., 47, 91, 176

Marine Corps Base, Twentynine Palms, California, 72 ,

78, 94, 139 ; illus., 91

Marine Corps Birthday, 25, 159, 174, 176-177 ; illus . ,

17 3

Marine Corps Development and Education Comman d

(MCDEC), Quantico, Virginia, 63n, 125n, 130 ,

13 9

Marine Corps Education Center, Quantico, Virginia ,

125-126, 193-194

Marine Corps Emblem, 121 ; illus ., 12 1

Marine Corps Gazette, v

Marine Corps Institute, 17, 28, 190

Marine Corps Landing Force Development Center ,

Quantico, Virginia, 17 8

Marine Corps Landing Force Tactics and Technique s

Board, Quantico, Virginia, 5 0

Marine Corps League, 161, 17 8

Marine Corps Letter of Instruction 1391, 7

Marine Corps Letter of Instruction 1397, 8

Marine Corps Manual, 27, 90, 98, 19 5

Marine Corps Officer Selection Office, Federal Build -

ing, Des Moines, Iowa, 17 1

Marine Corps Postal School, 6 5

Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South

Carolina, 10, 27-33, 44-46, 48-50, 53, 57, 62, 65 ,

68, 91, 95, 102, 106-107, 109-124, 127-128, 166 ;

illus., 13 8

Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California ,

45, 48-49, 59n, 62, 68, 72, 95, 105, 109, 19 1

Marine Corps Recruiting Station, San Francisco ,

California, 170

Marine Corps Reserve, in, 3, 7-8, 17, 36, 107

Marine Corps Reserve Administrative Course, MCB ,

Camp Pendleton, California, 177 n

Marine Corps Reserve Data Services Center, Kansa s

City, Missouri, 72

Marine Corps Reserve Districts, 17, 39, 46, 62, 10 4

Marine Corps Reserve Officers Association, 17 8

Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia, 11, 17, 33 ,

38, 45-46, 48, 50-51, 53-54, 62-63, 66-68, 71, 93 ,

107, 111, 125, 127-128, 140, 166, 185, 192 ; illus. ,

50, 74, 126-127, 130, 174 (See also Marine Corp s

Development and Education Command )

Marine Corps Supply Center, Albany, Georgia, 70 ,

72, 78-7 9

Marine Corps Supply Center, Barstow, California, 70 ,

72, 78

Marine Corps Supply Center Band, Albany, Georgia ,

9 4

Marine Corps Supply Depot, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 160

Marine Corps Uniform Board, 159-16 2

Marine Corps Women Reserves (MCWR), 1, 5-8, 1 2

Marine Corps Women's Reserve, 3, 6-8, 13, 23, 27 ,

31, 36, 174-175, 182-184, 187, 191-192

Marine Corps Women's Reserve Battalion, MCB ,

Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 187, 189, 19 1

Marine Corps Women's Reserve Battalion, MCB ,

Camp Pendleton, California, 189

Marine Corps Women's Reserve Battalion, MCS ,

Quantico, Virginia, 18 9

Marine Corps Women 's Reserve Post 907, American

Legion, Chicago, Illinois, 8

Marine Corps Women's Reserve Schools, MCB, Camp

Lejeune, North Carolina, 184-185, 187, 189-190 ,

19 2

Marine Detachment, London, England, 8 8

Marine Fighter Squadron 132, USMCR, 1 0

Marine Security Guard Battalion, 87-8 8

Marine Training Detachment, Naval Reserve Midshipmen School (WR), Northampton, Massachusetts,

17 8

Marine Training Detachment, University of Indiana ,

191

Marriage, 1, 22, 63, 71, 73, 130, 151, 19 3

Married Officers' Quarters (MOQ) 3078, MCS, Quan -

tico, Virginia, 34

Marshall, George C ., 18 3

Marshall Wythe School of Law, College of William

and Mary, 9 3

Martell, 2dLt Jennifer J., 13 6

Martin, Sgt Cynthia, 9 4

Martin, PFC Gertrude, 7 9

Martin, PFC Margaret M., 52

Martin, 1stLt Pearl, 8

Martinez, MGySgt Rosita A., 42, 60

MAS NATO Brussells, Beligum, 8 8

Maue, PFC Thomas J., 172

MCWR Band, MCB, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 94

Medford, Maj Ernest L. Jr., 4

Meeks, Barbara, 18 0

Meid, LtCol Patricia A ., 107

Memorial Day, 10 1

Mess Hall 900, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina, 28

Mess Night, 177, 186 ; illus., 178
INDEX 24 1

Metal Body Repair Course, Ordnance Center an d

School, Aberdeen, Maryland, 9 3

Meyer, Capt Leontone A ., 102

Meyers, Capt Margaret E ., 103

Miami, Florida, 104

Mickey's Bootery, Beaufort, South Carolina, 11 4

Midshipman's School, Northampton, Massachusetts ,

7 5

Milburn, TSgt Josephine R ., 66

Milholen, lstSgt Doris P ., 53

Milinovich, 2dLt Ann M ., 136

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), Saigon, 83-84, 86, 8 8

Military Career, 6, 15, 21-22, 25, 32, 40, 42, 57, 60 ,

70, 76, 112, 130, 137, 150, 153-154, 190, (See also

Retirement)

Military History Branch, Secretary Joint Staff, U .S .

MACV, 83, 87, 17 2

Military Intelligence Officer Course, Fort Holabird ,

Maryland, 74

Military Intelligence Orientation Course, For t

Holabird, Maryland, 74

Military Occupational Specialties (MOS), 1, 6, 9-11 ,

13, 15, 45-46, 50, 52, 57-65, 68-69, 72-75, 77-78 ,

89-94, 96-97, 101, 107, 117-118, 133, 181

Military Police, 91-9 2

Military Police Officer Orientation Course, Fort

McClellan, Alabama, 9 2

Military Police School, Fort Gordon, Georgia, 9 1

Military subjects, 26, 30-31, 40, 48, 66, 101, 109-112 ,

134-135 ; illus ., 11 3

Miller, MSgt Elsie J., 25, 28, 182 ; illus., 24

Miller, Florence, 18 0

Mills College, Oakland, California, 18 8

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1 1

Minneapolis, Minnesota, 11, 42, 45, 50, 103, 19 2

Miss Ronsom and Miss Bridges School for Girls, Pied -

mont, California, 18 7

Moak, PFC Grace, 42

Mobilization, 11, 28, 39-40, 43-49, 57, 59, 62, 65 ,

69, 78, 101, 104, 106, 186, 18 8

Mobilization Stations, 104

Mock, Capt Mary S., 37, 46, 50 ; illus., 58

Mockler, LtCol Edward M ., 13 3

Moesel, Capt Karyl L ., 96

Molly Marine, 129, 177-180 ; illus., 179

Molly Restoration Fund, 178

Monette, Sgt JoAnne, 162 ; illus., 163

"Montezuma Red" (lipstick), 167

Montford Point Branch Post Office, MCB, Camp

Lejeune, North Carolina, 6 5

Moore, SgtMaj J. F., 81 ; illus., 75

Moore, LCpI Sheryl L ., 79

Moore, SSgt Virginia L ., 48

Moran, MGySgt Geraldine M ., 6, 150, 18 1

Moran, Cpl Marion M., 118

Morise, PFC Gail F ., 94

Moroney, Col Ellen B ., illus., 126

Morrissey, 2dLt Joan, 36, 38, 44

Morrow, 2dLt Mildred D ., 37

Mort, CWO Lotus T., 13, 145; illus ., 138, 14 7

Mortenson, PFC Ruth, 4 2

Motelewski, Col Joseph R., 93

Motherhood, 151-154, 19 3

Motor Transport and Maintenance Company, 2 d

Maintenance Battalion, Force Troops, 2d Forc e

Service Support, 94

Motor Transport Division, MCAS, Cherry Point ,

North Carolina, 94

Municipal Court, Cleveland, Ohio, 9 3

Munn, LtCol Ben A ., 10, 23, 40, 140, 162

Munn, LtGen John C ., 1 0

Munroe, Cpl Dorothy M ., v, 40

Murphy, Capt Patricia A . (See Gormley, Capt Patricia

M . )

Murray, PFC Betty S ., 68

Murray, MSgt Catherine G ., 48, 140 ; illus., 47

Murray, GySgt Donna H., illus ., 86, 15 2

Musselman, Peggy, 43

Musser, PFC Regina T. ; illus., 91

Nadeau, MSgt Cecilia, 42, 48

Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, 9 8

National Gallery of Art, 16 0

National Organization of Women (NOW), 9 9

National Women Reserve Rifle Team Trophy, 10 2

Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Training Center, Dal -

las, Texas, 105

Naval Gun Factory, Washington, D .C., 159

Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, California, 7 6

Naval Reserve Act of 1938, 4, 15, 17 4

Naval Reserve Officers' Training Corps (NROTC), 13 2

Naval Training School, Hunter College, New York ,

New York, 182, 186, 189

Navy Achievement Medal, 169, 18 6

Navy and Marine Corps Medal, 79n, 169-172 ; illus. ,

170-17 2

Navy Building-Marine Corps Reserve Armory, Boston,

Massachusetts, 10
242 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Navy Commendation Medal, 64, 16 9

Navy Field Medical Research Laboratory, MCB, Camp

Lejeune, North Carolina, 6 6

Navy Instructors School, Norfolk, Virginia, 6 6

Navy Judge Advocate General, 3-4, 17

Navy-Marine Corps Reserve Training Center, St .

Louis, Missouri, 43

Navy nurses, 51, 52n, 53, 80-81, 145; illus ., 130

Navy Reserve, 1 7

Nelson, Mary J ., 180

Nelson, PFC Sonia, 123 ; illus., 122

New Orleans Cajun Chapter, Women Marines Association, 178

New Orleans, Louisiana, 11, 39, 177-178, 180, 186 ;

illus., 179

New York, New York, 7-8, 10-11, 31, 39, 160, 16 2

Nichols, BGen Robert L ., 98

Nickerson, LtCol Herman, Jr ., 30

Nigro, MSgt Petrina "Pete" C ., 25 ; illus., 45, 67

Nimitz, Adm Chester W., 16-1 7

19th Infantry Battalion, USMCR, 10

90th Officer Candidate Class, 13 1

9th Marine Amphibious Brigade Band, Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan, 82

9th Marine Corps Reserve District, Chicago, Illinois ,

46, 193

Noble, MajGen Alfred H., 28-29, 31 32 n

Noble, lstLt Elizabeth, 4 2

Noble, 2dLt Natalie, 37, 5 1

Noffke, Cpl Alma, 5 0

Noguera, 2dLt Alpha R., 74

Noncommissioned Officer Leadership School, 184-18 5

Nonjudicial punishment, 51, 10 0

Noren, Maj Wesley C ., illus., 61

Northwestern University Traffic Institute, Evanston ,

Illinois, 92

Novotny, Sgt Mildred A ., 13, 25 ; illus., 24

Nunn, Capt (USN) Ira H ., 17

Nurse Corps, 145

Oakland, California, 11, 18 4

Oakland Tribune, 18 8

Oberfell, PFC Ann, 6 0

"OC" pins, illus ., 129

Ocean Beach, North Carolina, 4 9

O'Donnel, 2dLt Mary E ., 37

Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpow -

er and Reserve Affairs) Central All-volunteer Tas k

Force on the Utilization of Military Women, 89

Officer Candidates School, Quantico, Virginia, 125 ,

131-13 2

Officer training, 4, 10, 22, 25-26, 33-38, 44, 46 ,

53-54, 63, 70, 72-77, 106, 125-136, 18 7

Officer Training School (MCWR), MCB, Cam p

Lejeune, North Carolina, 17 8

Officer transfer program, 23, 25-26, 36, 4 6

Ogborn, Pvt M. B., 9 1

Ogburn, 2dLt Emily C ., 37

O'Hanlon, 2dLt Marjorie E ., 144

Ohio State University, 73, 76n, 189

O'Keefe, TSgt Katherine, 33n

Okinawa, Japan, 79-83, 85, 88, 93, 186, 19 2

Old Corps, 1 3

Oliver, Laurence, 4 2

Oliver, PFC Nita M ., 5 2

Olsen, lstLt Lucille M ., 39

Olson, BGen Harry C., 171 ; illus ., 17 1

Olson, Mary J. (See Nelson, Mary J . )

O'Neil, 2dLt Joan P ., 37

Onslow Beach, MCB, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 136

Ordemann, 1stSgt Margaret S ., 2 3

Orden, Col George O ., 41

Organized Women's Reserve, 4, 6-8, 10-11, 15, 17-18 ,

39-46, 53, 18 7

Organized Women's Reserve Program, 17, 39 ,

101-107 (See also Organized Women 's Reserve )

Orleans, France, 17 8

Ostby, Col John L ., 153

Otten, SgtMaj Mabel A ., 43, 181, 184-185 ; illus., 184

Outstanding Recruit, (See Honor Graduate )

Packwood, Norval E ., 30

Pallant, LCpl Doris H ., 79

Palmer, OC June E., illus., 126

Pan American World Airways International Stewardess

College, 11 1

Parade, 16 4

Paris, France, 193

Parris Island Drum and Bugle Corps, 3 1

Pate, Gen Randolph M., 3n, 4, 16, 39, 148, 175 ; illus., 177

Paterson, TSgt Janet R., 34

Patrick, Maj Roberta N ., 177

Patriotism, 1, 8, 109, 177, 189

Paul, LtGen Willard S ., 1 7

Pauley, lstLt Mabel A ., 104

Peacetime Military Status, 1
INDEX 24 3

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 52-53, 60, 62, 13 7

Pearson, Capt Jeanette, 4 3

Pease, WO Mary E., 87

Peatross, MajGen Oscar F., 17 7

Pederson, LCpI Debora, 98

Pederson, Sgt Gladyce, 42

Peeler, lstLt Geraldine E., 79

Pender, Nebraska, 18 6

Pentagon, 78

Pepper Board, 57, 71-88, 90, 93, 105, 130, 14 1

Pepper, Maj Frances W., 12n

Pepper, LtGen Robert H ., 71, 88

Perate, Maj Pauline E ., 2 3

Peregrim, SSgt Anna, 25 ; illus ., 24

Permanent rank, 3, 18, 23, 14 5

Personnel Administration School, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina, 31-32, 57, 112, 183, 18 5

Personnel Monitors, 7 1

Pete, Maj Guy A . Jr., 13 5

Peters, SgtMaj Bertha L . (See Billeb, CWO Bertha P . )

Peters, GySgt Esther F ., 96

Pfeiffer, PFC Patricia, 4 8

Phelan, TSgt Eileen P ., 11 1

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 10-11, 25, 39, 41, 48,

102, 152, 160, 175, 18 0

Philippines, 99, 192

Physical fitness, 97, 100, 107, 109, 116, 119-121 ,

134-136 ; illus ., 11 9

Pierce, LCpI Cathy L ., 79

Pierce, Sgt Julia M ., 5 2

Piippo, MSgt Vera E ., 25, 49

Pirhalla, Maj Paul P ., 71

Pittman, Capt Bernice M., 5 1

Plans and Operations Branch, Marine Corps Education Center, Quantico, Virginia, 77

Platoon IA, 31, 121 ; illus., 120 (See also Recruit

Training

Platoon 2A, 44 (See also Recruit Training )

Platoon 7, 31 (See also Recruit Training)

Platoon 9A, 107 (See also Recruit Training )

Platoon 11-A, 123 (See also Recruit Training)

Platoon 15-A, 123 (See also Recruit Training )

Platoon Leaders Course, 3 3

Plourde, Sgt Jeanette M., 118

Plowman, SSgt Doris M., 49

Police Department, Westminster, California, 9 1

Policy, 1-4, 6-8, 11-12, 15, 27, 52-53, 57, 61-63 ,

69-70, 73, 78-79, 88-90, 98, 100, 107, 117, 134 ,

137, 144, 148-151, 153-155, 167, 176, 181, 187 ,

192-195 (See also Legislation)

Polvogt, SgtMaj Thomas, 42-43

Port Royal, South Carolina, 31, 11 3

Porter, Col Frank R . Jr., 7 1

Portland, Oregon, 1 1

Post Personnel Company, 3d Recruit Training Battalion, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina, 5 0

Post Theater, Henderson Hall, 26

Postwar Personnel Reorganization Board, 12n, 4 0

Postwar Women's Reserve, 1-11, 1 6

Postwar Women's Reserve Board, 4

Potomac River, 34, 12 5

Potter, Sgt Kathy A., 107

Pounders, Sgt Elva M ., 81

Powell, Sgt Lynn J., 97

Powell, Representative Adam C ., 3 1

Prackevich, Cpl Emilie, illus ., 13

President of the United States, 15, 18, 26, 140 ,

145-146, 160, 172, 189

Presidential Inaugural Committee, 16 0

Preston, 2dLt Betty J., 25, 36, 44 ; illus ., 24, 34

Primeau, Capt Elaine I ., 172

Pritzker, 2dLt Shirley A ., 37

Procedures Analysis Office Study, 57-5 9

Processing Centers, 105

Promotions, 3, 18, 21, 23, 63n, 64, 76-77, 107, 123 ,

145-150, 182-187, 193-194 ; illus., 66, 146-147 ,

149

Prospector, 7 8

Proulx, Sgt Marie A., 29

Provost Marshal General's School—Investigative

Officers Course, Camp Gordon, Georgia, 14 4

Provost Marshal Office, 91-92, 144, 18 5

Public Law 90-130, 76, 106, 145-148, 19 2

Public Law 625 (See Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948 )

Puller, MajGen Lewis B ., 68

Purdie, SSgt Denna S ., 95

Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

Quarters 1, MB, 8th and I Streets, Washington, D .C. ,

16 4

Querry, MSgt Bernice P ., 79

Quilici, Col Clifford P., illus., 149

Quinlan, PFC Frances, 48

Quinn, TSgt Mary C., 50 ; illus., 174

Racial Segregation, 23, 3 1

Radar Fundametnals Course (See CommunicationsElectronic School)
244 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Radics, Col Emil J., illus., 176

Ramos, Pvt Sunny, 113

Ramsey, Capt Emma G ., 52, 79

Range Company, Camp Fuji, Okinawa, Japan, 8 3

Rarrick, Pvt Rebecca, 4 8

Read, 2dLt Margaret B ., 74

Reals, BGen Gail M ., 63, 76, 87, 113, 120

Recall of released women, 12-13, 46

Recruit Company, Woman Recruit Training Battalion, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina, 112 ; illus ., 120, 122 (See also Recruit Training)

Recruit regulations, 11 6

Recruit Training, 10, 21, 23, 27-33, 38, 40, 44, 49 ,

52-53, 63, 69, 72, 94-95, 107, 109-124, 127, 18 7

(See also Henderson Hall ; Woman Recruit Training Battalion)

Recruiter School, MCRD, Parris Island, South Carolina, 112, 184-18 5

Recruitment, 1, 3, 8, 10, 23, 25-26, 33, 36, 40-44,

46, 53, 62, 65, 69-74, 88-90, 100-101, 106, 111 ,

140, 184-185, 19 5

Red Cross, 11 6

Redding, Cpl Sue, 94

Reenlistments, 3, 23, 40, 80, 90, 151, 184 ; illus., 152

Reeves, Cpl Edith M ., 11 8

Regular Air Force, 1 8

Regular Army, 3, 15-1 7

Regular commission, 8, 10, 21-23, 25, 33-34, 36-37,

40, 54, 187, 191-192

Regular Navy, 3-4, 15, 1 7

Regular status for women, 4, 11, 15-18, 21-26, 18 7

(See also Integration into Regular Marine Corps;

Transfer program )

Reinemond, Sgt Ida J., 118

Reinholz, LtCol Ruth F ., 83, 144, 172

Reny, MSgt Alice M., 66-67

Reserve commission, 3, 5, 33, 36-37, 40, 75, 93, 182 ,

184-185, 187, 190-19 2

Reserve of Women, 1

Reserve Structure Board, 104

Reservists on continuous active duty, 1-2, 4, 6-8 ,

10-12, 16, 18, 21-22, 33, 39-41, 46, 55, 64

Resignation of WRs, 3

Retention of Women Reserves at HQMC, 5-6, 11-13 ,

15, 23-25, 17 1

Retired Marine, v

Retirement, 6n, 10, 13, 18, 22, 32, 42-43, 45, 52 ,

60, 65, 105-106, 140-141, 145, 147, 149, 169, 171 ,

175, 182-186, 189-193 ; illus ., 186, 188

Revak, Cpl Anne, 4 6

Revlon, 167

Reynolds, Cpl Jane L ., 50

Rhindress, Sgt Chadeane A., 49

Ridgely, BGen Reginald H. Jr., 6 1

Rienzi, 160

Riley, 1stLt Pauline "Polly" F ., 12n, 23, 40

Risegari-Gai, Capt Constance, 8, 10, 39-41 ; illus., 9

Ritscher, 2dLt Angelica V ., 136

Ritter, lstLt Anne S ., illus., 58

Roach, Capt Mary E., illus., 103

Robbins, PFC Hazel E ., 60

Roberts, LtGen Carson A ., illus., 74

Roberts, 2dLt Margaret C ., 3 7

Roberts, Capt Nancy M ., 8, 23, 42

Roberts, Maj Roberta N . (See Patrick, Maj Roberta N . )

Robertson, CWO Margaret, 14 5

Robinson, Cpl Cynthia, 98

Roche, MSgt Mary E ., 25, 52 ; illus., 24

Rochester, New York, 1 1

Roddy, LtCol Mary E ., 39, 46, 105 ; illus ., 105

Roman, PFC Fredrick H ., 169

Roosevelt, Mrs . Franklin D., 174

Rowe, SFC Thomas, 107

Rubel, Sgt Deborah, A ., 94

Russia, 1 1

Ruth Cheney Streeter Trophy, 10 2

Ryan, MajGen Michael P ., 106

Ryan, MSgt Ruth, 29-30, 44, 48, 6 5

Rzepny, Cpl Dorothy, 11 8

Sacco, Cpl Carla J., illus ., 16 5

Saigon, Vietnam, 82-8 8

St. Francis Catholic Church, Triangle, Virginia, 14 0

Saint Francis Hotel, San Francisco, California, 2 1

St. Louis, Missouri, 11, 42-43, 49, 102, 180, 18 4

St. Paul, Minnesota, 18 5

St. Vincent DePaul Orphanage, Saigon, Vietnam, 86 ;

illus., 84

Salazar, SSgt Ermelinda (See Esquibel, SSgt Ermelinda)

Salzman, BGen Elmer H ., 42

San Bruno, California, 10 3

San Diego, California, 10-11, 45, 48-49, 59n, 6 8

San Diego Chevron, 53, 59 n

San Francisco, California, 8, 10-11, 21, 26, 39, 42 ,

46, 48, 50, 52, 62, 65, 76, 103, 180, 182, 184, 186 ;

illus ., 4 5

Saunders, Col William F . Jr., 130

Savage, LCpI Diana, 8 1

Savannah, Georgia, 32

Saxon, LCpI Carrie M ., 79
INDEX 24 5

Scanlon, WO Eileen R., 140

Schaffer, 2dLt Margaret ., 5 2

Scherman, TSgt Anna M ., 2 5

Schirmer, TSgt "A" Fern, 34, 44, 46, 4 8

Schneider, Capt David A ., 93

Schoenecker, PFC Kathleen, 4 2

Schools Company, Headquarters Battalion, MCS ,

Quantico, Virginia, 3 3

Schriver, Col Richard J ., 177

Schultz, SSgt Bertha J ., 25, 29, 44

Schultz, lstSgt Betty J ., 26, 31, 53, 140; illus ., 30

Schultz, Capt Emily, 5 0

Scott, 2dLt Janice C., 74

Scott, Cpl Pamela S ., 96

Scudder, CO Mary E ., 5 2

Seattle, Washington, 8, 11, 39, 42, 53, 10 2

2d Infantry Battalion, USMCR, Boston, Massachusetts, 1 0

2d Infantry Battalion Band, USMCR, Boston, Massachusetts, 47

2d Marine Aircraft Wing, FMF, MCAS, Cherry Point ,

North Carolina, 96-97

2d Marine Division, FMF, MCB, Camp Lejeune ,

North Carolina, 68

2d Platoon, Company C, Basic Class 3-77, 135-136 ;

illus., 135

2d Wing NCO Leadership School, 6 8

Secretary of Defense, 17, 89, 183, 19 5

Secretary of the Navy, 1, 187, 194

Seibi Yamanaka Orphanage, Okinawa, Japan, 8 3

Seman, PFC Mary A ., 5 2

Senate Armed Services Committee, 1 7

Senate Subcommittee Hearings (See 80th Congress)

Senior School (See Command and Staff College )

Sentipal, Pvt Paula W., 167

Separation Company, Headquarters Battalion, Headquarers Marine Corps, 2 5

Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, 149

Sergeant Major of Women Marines, 42, 79-80, 111 ,

161, 177, 181-186, 191 ; illus ., 161, 181-186

Service Battalion, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 5 1

Service benefits, 1 8

Serviceman 's Opportunity College, 16 9

79th Congress, 15-1 6

Sexton, Cpl Naomi J., 52

Shafer, Cpl Constance A., 120

Shaffer, Sgt Margaret A ., 6 7

Shaffer, MajGen Richard F ., illus., 87

Shaw, Henry I . Jr ., v, 32n

Shaw, 2dLt Judith C ., 136

Sheftz, GySgt Sharly E., 96

Shepherd, Gen Lemuel C . Jr., 3n, 11, 17, 36, 169;

illus ., 170, 188

Sheraton Hotel, Arlington, Virginia, 18 6

Sherman, 2dLt Virginia M ., 36 ; illus., 34

Sherwood, 2dLt Donna J ., 74

Shoup, Gen David M ., 17 5

Silver Star, 169

Silvey, lstLt Wanda R., 78

Simpson, LtGen Ormond R ., 89

Sims, Maj Gerald W., 138

6th Marine Corps District, Atlanta, Georgia, 19 4

6th Marine Expeditionary Unit, 17 3

Slaton, PFC Earlene, 5 2

Smith, PFC Cathy E ., 93

Smith, Capt Edna L., 1 2

Smith, SSgt Inez E., 67

Smith, Representative Margaret C., 4, 15-17

Smith, MajGen Oliver P., illus ., 47

Smith, Capt Vea J ., 78 ; illus., 133

Smith, PFC Vivia, 5 2

Snedeker, BGen Edward W ., 68

Snell, Col Albert W., 89-90, 98

Snell, Committee, 57, 89-100, 137

Snyder, lstLt Kathyrn E., 10, 39, 42, 48

Somers, Capt Barbara, 3 9

Sousa, Sgt Theresa "Sue" M ., 43, 60; illus ., 4 1

South Charleston, West Virginia, 18 5

Spaatz, Cpl, 85

Spaatz, Gen Carl T., 1 7

Spanjer, MajGen Ralph H., 97

SPARS, 1, 4 2

Special Education Program, 7 6

Speer, Albert, 16n

Squantum, 1 0

Staff NCO Leadership School, MCB, Camp Lejeune ,

North Carolina, 66-68 ; illus ., 66-67

Staff NCO Leadership School, MCB, Quantico, Virginia, 67-6 8

Staff Noncommissioned Officers Club, Camp Butler ,

Okinawa, Japan, 82-83

Standage, lstLt Marilyn J ., 104

Status of women in the Marine Corps, 6 9

Steele, SSgt Elizabeth J ., 7, 10

Stephenson, 2dLt Barbara J., 37

Stephenson, SSgt Dorothy T ., 10, 29

Stevenson, lstLt Margaret L ., 23, 2 7

Stolarchyk, SSgt Linda D ., 95

Stottlemyre, 2ndLt Gloria M ., 136

Strain, Capt Christine S ., 42, 102

Streeter, Col Ruth C., v, 1, 3, 6, 8, 15, 18, 23-24 ,

141, 146, 174, 187, 190, 195 ; illus., 5, 13
246 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Stremlow, Col Mary L ., illus., 122, 126

Strong, lstLt Beatrice R., 39

Strong, Capt Virginia B ., 102

Strothers, BGen Dean C ., 17

Stuart, Col Rilda M ., 148

Sullivan, SSgt Dorothy E ., 29, 31 ; illus., 30

Sullivan, 2dLt Mary E ., 52

Summer camp (See Active Duty for Training)

Summers, lstLt Charlene M . (See Itchkawich, lstLt

Charlene M. )

Supervisor of Women Marines, 48, 50-52

Supply Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion, MCB, Twentynine Palms, California, 99; illus ., 99

Supply School, MCB, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 48

Supported Activity Supply System, 9 3

Supreme Court, 156

Sustad, Col Jeanette I ., 18n, 23, 28, 31, 44, 48, 62n ,

72, 78, 148, 150, 152-154, 166, 175, 192-193 ; illus., 29, 47, 177, 193

Swanson, RAdm Clifford A ., 153-154

Swanson, LtCol Emmet O., 42

Swickheimer, Maj Georgia, illus., 176

Swope, Marion A ., 180

Table of Organization (T/0), 23, 53, 57-58, 67, 13 7

Tacoma, Washington, 192

Tallman, lstLt Anne S ., 81 ; illus ., 80

Tampa, Florida, 103-104

Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Saigon, Vietnam, 84

Tanalski, TSgt Katherine F., 60

Tanh Anh, Vietnam, illus., 86

Tarte, MSgt Elizabeth, 5 1

Tate, Cpl Ruth V ., 52

Tatus, Maj Helen M ., illus., 58

Taylor, Capt A ., 10 3

Taylor, 2dLt JoAnn, 13 6

Taylor, LtCol Robert W ., 8 1

Taylor, 2dLt Vicki B ., 96

Teletype Operator School, 7 2

Temporary rank, 18, 21, 23, 148-149, 182, 190-19 1

Tenteris, lstLt Carolyn, 4 0

Termination of Wartime Women's Reserve, 5

Test Instrument Course, Albany, Georgia, illus ., 90

Testing and Educational Unit, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 38, 14 5

Tet offensive of 1968, 83, 8 5

Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas, 19 1

The Ambassador Hotel, Saigon, Vietnam, 84

The Basic School, Camp Barrett, Quantico, Virginia ,

33-34, 37-38, 46, 54, 63, 98, 125-126, 130-134 ,

17 7

The Lord's Prayer, 115-116

The Plaza, Saigon, Vietnam, 84-8 5

The Washington Post, 13 6

Thies, Pvt Cynthia L ., 57

3d Recruit Training Battalion, MCRD, Parris Island ,

South Carolina, 27-33, 44, 46, 49-50, 53, 64, 109 ,

123-124, 182, 185, 191-192 (See also Woman

Recruit Training Battalion ; Woman Recruit Training Command )

32d Woman Officer Candidate Class (See Company

W)

35th Woman Officer Basic Course, 9 1

35th Woman Officer Candidate Class, 131-13 2

38th Woman Officer Basic Class, 13 2

39th woman Officer Basic Class, 134-13 5

Thomas, Sgt Agnes C ., 29, 44

Thomas, LtCol Alfred I ., 7 1

Thomas, Cpl Erlene A., 118

Thomas, LtGen Gerald C ., 1, 11-12, 164

Thomas, Mrs. Gerald C., 164

Thompson, CWO Mary, 14 5

Thorning, Capt Dolores A., illus., 58

Thornton, MSgt Sarah N., 67, 83

Tiffany, LCpI Judy A ., 94

Toledo, Ohio, 1 1

Tomlinson, 2dLt Norma L ., 74

Topping, LtCol Robert W ., 99

Towle, California, 187

Towle, Col Katherine A ., 3-6, 8, 15, 21, 23-28, 31 ,

33-34, 36, 41-42, 49, 52-53, 57, 59, 65-67, 109 ,

137, 140, 147, 151, 159-160, 162, 174-175 ,

187-189, 190 ; illus., 5, 13, 22, 24, 52, 138, 146 ,

159, 187-188

Toys for Tots, 10 1

Tracked Vehicle Maintenance Unit, MCB, Camp Pendleton, California, illus ., 91

Training, 1, 3-4, 7-8, 10-12, 19, 23, 26-27, 40, 43 ,

50, 53-55, 57, 60, 63, 65-70, 72, 77, 88, 97 ,

100-101, 104-106, 138-139, 195 (See also Active

Duty for Training ; Officer Training ; Recruit Train -

ing; Women's Volunteer Training Units)

Training Brigade, Marine Training Detachment, U .S.

Naval Training School, Bronx, New York, 187, 18 9

Transfer Program, 21-2 3

Travis Air Force Base, California, 8 1

Treasure, 2dLt Tommy L ., 74

Triangle, Virginia, 51, 140

Troche, PFC Adoree R., 52
INDEX 24 7

Trowsdale, LtCol Annie M ., 100

Truck Company, 4th Service Battalion, USMCR, Erie ,

Pennsylvania, 106

Truman, President Harry S., 15, 18, 26

Turner, Cpl Elizabeth, 8 1

12th Marine Corps Reserve and Recruitment District ,

San Francisco, California, 184

20th Woman Officers Basic Course, 7 4

Twilley, lstLt Patsy A ., illus., 133

Tyler, Capt Hazel C ., 43, 103

Uniform Regulations, U.S. Marine Women's Reserve,

1945, 15 7

Uniforms, 26, 40, 43, 46, 48, 50, 83-85, 90, 95 ,

98-99, 109, 113-116, 119-121, 123, 125, 139-141 ,

143, 153, 157-168, 195 ; illus., 52, 111, 119, 130 ,

158-159, 161, 163, 165-16 7

Union Station, Wasington, D.C ., 47

U.S . Embassy, Santo Domingo, 174 ; illus., 173

U.S . Naval Base, Norfolk, Virginia, 52

United States Code, Titles 10 and 37, 89, 15 5

U.S. Employment Services, Tacoma, Washington, 19 2

U.S . Information Service, Washington, D .C ., 189

United States Naval Academy, 13 4

University of California, 5, 21, 34, 187, 189n

University of California Press, 18 7

University of Chicago, 19 2

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 95, 19 3

University of Minnesota, 19 2

University of Montana, 9 5

University of Southern California, 2 5

University of Texas, 19 0

University of Washington, 19 2

Unsung Heroine Award, 86 ; illus., 84

USO, 32

Vandegrift, Gen Alexander A ., 3-4, 6, 12, 15, 18 ,

174, 187 ; illus., 5

VandenBossche, Capt Cecelia, 43 ; illus ., 44

VanDyke, MSgt Jessie, 5 1

VanStockum, BGen Ronald R., 82 ; illus ., 8 1

Vardy, Capt Sarah M ., 4, 12n

Vassar College, 189

Vaughn, MGySgt Mary G ., 150

Venne, 2dLt Michele D., 97

Vertalino, Capt Carol A . (See Diliberto, Capt Caro l

A. )

Vertalino, Capt Mary L. (See Stremlow, Col Mary L. )

Veterans, 6, 8, 22, 39-40, 44-46, 48, 53, 57, 63, 180

(See also Former WRs)

Veterans Administration, 5 3

Veterans of Foreign Wars Auxiliary, 86 ; illus ., 84

Victory, BGen Randall M ., 52

Victory, Mrs. Randall M ., 5 2

Vietnam, 52-53, 62, 64, 73, 80, 83-88, 99, 151, 172 ,

192 ; illus ., 8 2

Vietnamese Service Medal, 8 7

Villanueva, PFC Christin, 6 0

Vinson, Representative Carl, 1 5

Voisine, LCpI Harriett F ., 9 1

Vollmer, SSgt Dorothy L., 67

Volunteer Marine Corps Reserve, Class III, 44

Volunteer Marine Corps Women Reserve (VMCWR) ,

1, 3, 46

Volunteer Women's Reserve, 4, 6-13, 15, 53 (See als o

Women's Volunteer Training Units)

Vosler, lstLt Isabel F., 42

WAC Career Officers Course, Fort McClellan, Alabama, 76

Waclawski, lstSgt Esther D ., 25, 48

Wagner College, Staten Island, New York, 182

Walker, Sgt Dorothy, 4 8

Wall, PFC Allis V., 44

Wallace, Capt Marilyn E ., 8 1

Waller, Col Littleton W., in

Wallis, Maj Jane L., 81-83 ; illus ., 73, 81

Walsh, LtCol Carolyn J ., 125, 15 3

Walsh, Cpl Joan V ., 52

Walsh, MSgt Rita M., 49, 79

Walsh, lstLt Ruth (See Woidyla, lstLt Ruth )

Wancheck, TSgt Mary F ., 11, 25 ; illus., 24

Warner, LtCol Nita B ., 33-34, 37, 43, 49, 157 ; illus. ,

58, 13 8

Warrant Officer, 10, 13, 18, 32, 14 5

Warrant Officer Basic School, 145

Wartime Women's Reserve, 1-3, 5, 7 (See also Retention of Women Reserves at HQMC)

Wasco, California, 182

Washington, D .C ., 8, 11, 21, 25-26, 39, 41-43 ,

46-48, 54, 60, 72, 75, 95, 103, 160, 187 (See also

Headquarters Marine Corps)

Water Supply and Plumbing Course, MCB, Camp

Lejeune, North Carolina, 9 3

Watson, lstLt Patricia, illus., 112

WAVES, 1, 3-4, 7, 15, 17-18, 40, 42, 49, 52, 69, 76 ,

84-85, 145, 162, 168, 182, 190

Way, Maj John D ., 8 1

Wayne, John, 10 1

Weede, MajGen Richard G ., 71
248 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Wegener, Cpl Margaret G ., 79

Welchel, Pvt J . E., 9 1

Wendel, 2dLt Harriet T., 74

West, TSgt Lillian J ., 67, 11 1

WestPac, 79-88

West Point, 1 7

Wheeler, Sgt Ardella M ., 2 9

White House, 14 5

White Letter No . 5-76, 132, 134, 13 7

White, LtCol Robert D ., 98

Wiese, Sgt Charlene K ., 96

Wilbur, Col James R ., 34

Wilcox, Sgt Ethyl, 4 6

Wilkie, MSgt Margery R., 66

Willard, OC Antoinette S ., 12 6

Williams, Maj Cornelia D. T ., 4, 191n

Williams, MSgt Lucretia E., 140

Williams, Sgt Mary, 6 0

Williamson, Pvt M . L ., 50

Wilson, Cpl, 8 5

Wilson, Col Helen A ., 33n, 39, 41-42, 51, 52n, 89 ,

104, 148, 177, 177n; illus ., 51-5 2

Wilson, Gen Louis H . Jr., 31, 90-91, 93, 132, 168 ,

19 5

Winchester, Massachusetts, 18 9

Windsock, 96

Wing, Maj Marion, 4

WMA Nouncements, 18 0

Woidyla, lstLt Ruth, illus ., 134

Wold-Chamberlain Naval Air Station, 4 2

Woman Marine Company, Camp Butler, Okinawa ,

81-83; illus ., 73, 8 1

Woman Marine Company, Camp H. M . Smith,

Hawaii, 184-18 5

Woman Marine Company, Headquarters and Service

Battalion, FMFLant, Camp Elmore, Norfolk, Virginia, 149, 194

Woman Marine Company, Headquarters and Servic e

Battalion, MCB, Camp Pendleton, California, 137 ,

149, 186

Woman Marine Company, Headquarters and Servic e

Battalion, MCRD, San Diego, California, 49, 137 ,

149, 186

Woman Marine Company, Marine Barracks, MCB ,

Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, 48, 68, 149, 186 ,

192, 194

Woman Marine Company, MCAS, Kaneohe Bay ,

Hawaii, 7 9

Woman Marine Company, Marine Corps Suppl y

Center, Albany, Georgia, 7 9

Woman Marine Company, Marine Corps Supply

Center, Barstow, California, 78-79, 171 ; illus ., 17 1

Woman Marine Company, Service Battalion, Marin e

Barracks, MCB, Camp Pendleton, California, 4 8

(See also Woman Marine Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion)

Woman Marine Company, Service Battalion, MCS ,

Quantico, Virginia, 51, 149, 18 3

Woman Marine Complex, MCRD, Parris Island ,

South Carolina, 123-124; illus., 123 (See also

Billeting )

Woman Marine Platoon, Headquarters Company ,

Headquarters and Service Battalion, Marine Corp s

Supply Center, Barstow, California, 7 9

Woman Marine Platoon, Service Company, Head -

quarters and Service Battalion, Marine Corps Sup -

ply Center, Albany, Georgia, 7 9

Woman Marine Detachment-1 (WMD-1), MCAS, E l

Toro, California, 49, 140, 149-150, 181, 185-18 6

Woman Marine Detachment-2 (WMD-2), MCAS ,

Cherry Point, North Carolina, 33n, 51, 96, 137 ,

139, 149 ; illus., 51-5 2

Woman Marine Detachment-3 (WMD-3), MCAS ,

Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, 5 3

Woman Marine Drum Section, Drum and Bugle

Team, MB, Treasure Island, San Francisco, California, 94 ; illus ., 96

Woman Marine Newsletter, 74, 77, 166, 16 8

Woman Marine Organized Reserve Platoons (WM Pla -

toons), 10, 101-10 5

WM Administrative Platoon, 1st 4.5-inch Rocket

Battalion, USMCR, Dallas, Texas, 103, 105 ; illus. ,

10 5

WM Administrative Platoon, 2d 105mm Gun Battalion, USMCR, Miami, Florida, 104

WM Administrative Platoon, 3d Infantry Battalion ,

USMCR, St. Louis, Missouri, 102

WM Administrative Platoon, 4th Infantry Battalion, USMCR, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 10 3

WM Administrative Platoon, 5th Infantry Battalion, USMCR, Detroit, Michigan, 10 2

WM Classification Platoon, 1st Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company, USMCR, Fort Schuyler, Ne w

York, 102

WM Classification Platoon, 1st Engineer Battalion ,

USMCR, Baltimore, Maryland, 103

WM Classification Platoon, 2d 105mm Howitze r

Battalion, USMCR, Los Angeles, California, 102

WM Classification Platoon, 2d Infantry Battalion ,

USMCR, Boston, Massachusetts, 102

WM Classification Platoon, 9th Infantry Battalion ,

USMCR, Chicago, Illinois, 102
INDEX 24 9

WM Classification Platoon, 10th Infantry Battalion, USMCR, Seattle, Washington, 102

WM Communications Platoon, 2d Communications Company, USMCR, Brooklyn, New Yor k

(See WM Communications Platoon, 2d Signal

Company, USMCR)

WM Communications Platoon, 2d Signal Company, USMCR, Brooklyn, New York, 104, 194 ; illus., 10 3

WM Disbursing Platoon, 1st 155mm Gun Battalion, USMCR, Denver, Colorado, 104

WM Disbursing Platoon, 1st Amphibian Tractor

Battalion, USMCR, Tampa, Florida, 103-10 4

WM Disbursing Platoon, 1st Communications

Company, USMCR, Worcester, Massachusetts ,

102, 10 4

WM Disbursing Platoon, 2d Depot Supply Battalion, USMCR, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 102 (See

also WM Disbursing Platoon, 1st Communication s

Company)

WM Disbursing Platoon, 13th Infantry Battalion,

USMCR, Washington, D.C., 103

WM Supply Platoon, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery -

Automatic Weapons Battalion, USMCR, San Fran -

cisco, California, 103

WM Supply Platoon, 2d Depot Supply Battalion ,

USMCR, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 102

WM Supply Platoon, 7th Infantry Battalion ,

USMCR, San Bruno, California (See WM Supply

Platoon, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery-Automati c

Weapons Battalion, USMCR )

WM Supply Platoon, 10th Automatic Weapons

Battery, Kansas City, Missouri, 10 4

WM Supply Platoon, 11th Infantry Battalion,

USMCR, Cleveland, Ohio, 10 3

Woman Marine Program Study Group (See Peppe r

Board)

Woman Marine Reserve Company, 102

Woman Marine Special Enlistment Program, 106-10 7

Woman Officer Basic Course (WOBC), 127, 129-13 2

Woman Officer Candidate Course (WOCC), 40 ,

52-54, 64, 66-67, 70, 72, 74, 129, 131-132, 185 ,

193-194 ; illus ., 37, 128

Woman Officer Indoctrination Course (WOIC), 33 ,

37-38, 54, 63, 72, 75, 127, 193-194 (See als o

Woman Officer Basic Course )

Woman Officer Procurement, 33, 36, 40, 88, 90, 130 ,

186, 194

Woman Officer School (1965-1973), MCDEC, Quantico, Virginia, 125, 186, 194

Woman Officer School (1973-1974), Marine Corp s

Education Center, Quantico, Virginia, 125 ,

130-13 2

Woman Officer Training Class (WOTC), 33-36, 40 ,

43-44, 53, 126 ; illus ., 34-35, 126-127, 130 (See also

Woman Officer Candidate Course )

Woman Officer Training Class, Women Marines

Detachment, MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 12 5

Woman Officer Training Detachment (1949-1955) ,

MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 125, 129, 145, 156, 182 ,

190-192 (See also Woman Officer School)

Woman Recruit Training Battalion, MCRD, Parris Is -

land, South Carolina, 10, 106, 109, 111, 117 ,

123-124, 148-149, 155, 167, 177, 182-186, 190 ,

192-193 ; illus., 178 (See also 3d Recruit Training

Battalion; Woman Recruit Training Command )

Woman Recruit Training Command, MCRD, Parris

Island, South Carolina, 107, 109, 124 (See also 3 d

Recruit Training Battalion ; Woman Recruit Train -

ing Battalion)

Woman Reserve Liaison Officer, 10 1

Womanpower, 7, 16, 100

Women in the Air Force (WAFs), 18, 69, 14 5

Women Marines (WMs), 25-27 (See also Designatio n

of Women Marines)

Women Marines Association (WMA), 43, 129, 152 ,

161, 178, 18 0

Women Marines Detachment (1958-1965), MCS ,

Quantico, Virginia, 10, 68, 125, 148, 185 (See also

Woman Officer School )

Women Marines Training Detachment (1955-1958) ,

MCS, Quantico, Virginia, 125 (See also Woman

Officer School)

Women Officers' Quarters (WOQ), MCRD, Parris Is -

land, South Carolina, 3 1

Women Reserve Administration Platoon, Detroit , Michigan, 1 0

Women Reserves (WRs), 1-3, 5-8, 11, 13, 15, 21 ,

23-25, 28, 33-34, 36, 39-40, 42-44, 101, 109, 182 ,

187, 190 (See also Marine Corps Women Reserves)

Women's Armed Forces Integration Act of 1948, 4n ,

145, 183 (See also Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948)

Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948, v ,

15-19, 23, 26-27, 37, 60, 62, 153, 155, 189, 19 2

Women's Army Corps (WACs), 3, 15-17, 69, 76, 164 ,

19 0

Women's Medical Service Corps, 14 5

Women's Reserve, 3-6, 15, 39 (See also Marine Corps

Women's Reserve )

Women's Reserve Company, 11, 39
250 A HISTORY OF THE WOMEN MARINES, 1946-197 7

Women's Reserve Officer Training School, Moun t

Holyoke, Massachusetts, 169, 190-19 1

Women's Reserve Platoons (WR Platoons), 10, 39 ,

40-49, 53, 187, 19 0

WR Platoon, 1st Infantry Battalion, USMCR, For t

Schuyler, New York, 4 2

WR Platoon, 2d Infantry Battalion, USMCR ,

Boston, Massachusetts, 40, 47-48, 51, 59n, 6 5

WR Platoon, 3d Infantry Battalion, USMCR, St .

Louis, Missouri, 42-43, 49

WR Platoon, 4th Infantry Battalion, USMCR, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 42, 45, 5 0

WR Platoon, 105mm Howitzer Battalion, USMCR,

Kansas City, Missouri, 40

WR Platoon, 5th Infantry Battalion, USMCR,

Washington, D .C., 42-43, 47-48, 60 ; illus ., 4 1

WR Platoon, 6th Infantry Battalion, USMCR,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 41, 4 8

WR Platoon, 9th Infantry Battalion, USMCR,

Chicago, Illinois, 42

WR Platoon, 11th Infantry Battalion, USMCR,

Seattle, Washington, 42, 5 3

WR Platoon, 12th Infantry Battalion, USMCR,

Treasure Island, San Francisco, California, 42, 4 8

WR Platoon, 13th Infantry Battalion, USMCR, Lo s

Angeles, California, 42, 18 6

WR Platoon, 17th Infantry Battalion, USMCR,

Detroit, Michigan, 43 ; illus., 43-44

WR Platoon, 23d 155mm Howitzer Battalion ,

USMCR, Dallas, Texas, 4 3

Women's Volunteer Training Units (VTUs), 7-1 1

VTU (WR), Atlanta, Georgia, 1 1

VTU (WR), Baltimore, Maryland, 1 0

VTU 1-1 (WR), Boston Massachusetts, 8-10, 40, 6 5

VTU (WR), Chicago, Illinois, 1 1

VTU (WR), Indianapolis, Indiana, 1 1

VTU (WR), Kansas City, Missouri, 1 1

VTU (WR), Los Angeles, California, 11, 18 6

VTU (WR), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1 1

VTU (WR), Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1 1

VTU (WR), New Orleans, Louisiana, 1 1

VTU 3-1 (WR), New York, New York, 7, 1 0

VTU (WR), Oakland, California, 1 1

VTU 4-4 (WR), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 10, 41

(See also WR Platoon, 6th Infantry Battalion ,

USMCR)

VTU (WR), Portland, Oregon, 1 1

VTU (WR), Rochester, New York, 1 1

VTU (WR), St . Louis, Missiour, 1 1

VTU 11-2 (WR), San Diego, California, 10-1 1

VTU 12-4 (WR), San Francisco, California, 1 0

VTU 13-12 (WR), Seattle, Washington, 8

VTU (WR), Washington, D .C., 1 1

Wood, CWO Ruth L., 111, 145 ; illus ., 126, 149

Woodwind Quintet, U .S . Marine Band, illus., 97

Woodworth, GySgt Lea E., 78-79

Woolger, TSgt Laura H ., 67-68

Woolman, Capt Marjorie J ., 42, 103

Worcester, Massachusetts, 102, 10 4

World War I Marinettes, 174, 180 ; illus., 154

World War II, v, 1, 6n, 7, 10, 12, 16, 19, 21-23, 25 ,

28, 36, 40, 42, 45-48, 50, 53, 57, 59-61, 64-65 ,

74, 88, 91, 94, 106n, 109, 113, 124, 141, 148 ,

157-158, 162, 164, 166-167, 170, 171, 174-175 ,

182-184, 186, 188-189, 191n, 193, 195 ; illus., 111 ,

177

Wrenn, LtCol Jenny, 71, 76-77, 89, 160, 177 ; illus. ,

17 8

Wright, SSgt Dyane, 8 5

Wright, Sgt Kathleen, 8 2

Wright, Cpl Nancy, 94 ; illus ., 96

Wuerch, Cpl Ronelle, 8 1

Yale University, 19 1

Yanics, SSgt Vickie J ., 9 5

Yankton, South Dakota, 18 6

Yemessee, South Carolina, 11 3

Yeoman Course, San Diego, California, 5 7

Young, Cliff, 86; illus., 84

Young, lstLt Phyllis J., 5 3

Young, LCpI Sheryl L., 171-172 ; illus ., 172

Zabriskie, Sgt May E ., 29

Zaudtke, 2dLt Patricia M., 93

Zimmer, Cpl Barbara A., 79

Zimmerman, PFC Dawn, 4 8

Zito, Frank Jr., 177-17 8

Zumwalt, Adm Elmo R . Jr., 89
The device reproduced on the back cover is

the oldest military insignia in continuous use

in the United States . It first appeared, as

shown here, on Marine Corps buttons adopted in 1804. With the stars changed to five

points this device has continued on Marine

Corps buttons to the present day .