For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are 

kindly asked to bring their copies to meetings and not to request additional copies.

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

IMO 

E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 

COMMITTEE 

59th session 

Agenda item 2 

MEPC 59/2/7

 16 December 2008

 Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN BALLAST WATER

Application for Final Approval of the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Treatment System 

Submitted by the Republic of Korea 

SUMMARY

Executive summary: This document contains the non-confidential information related to the 

application for Final Approval of the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water 

Treatment System under the ìProcedure of approval of ballast water 

management systems that make use of Active Substance (G9)î 

adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57). The documentation complies 

with the requirements related to assessments for Final Approval. 

Strategic direction: 7.1 

High-level action: 7.1.2 

Planned output: 7.1.2.4 

Action to be taken: Paragraph 6 

Related documents: BWM/CONF/36; MEPC 57/2/4; MEPC 58/23 and BWM.2/Circ.15 

Introduction 

1 Regulation D-3.2 of the International Convention for the Control and Management 

of Shipsí Ballast Water and Sediments stipulates that ballast water management systems that 

make use of Active Substances to comply with the Convention shall be approved by 

the Organization. 

2 The ìProcedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use 

of Active Substances (G9)î stipulates the required information (MEPC 57/21, annex 1, 

paragraph 4.2.1) and contains provisions for risk characterization and analysis (MEPC 57/21, 

annex 1, paragraph 5.3). According to section 6 of Procedure (G9), the Organization should 

evaluate the information provided in the application. 

3 According to BWM.2/Circ.15, a document on the proposal for approval containing all the 

non-confidential data related to the respective ballast water management systems that make use 

of Active Substances should be submitted to the Committee.
MEPC 59/2/7 - 2 - 

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4 The competent authority in the Republic of Korea has verified the application dossier 

prepared by PANASIA Co., Ltd. and believes it to satisfy the data requirements of 

Procedure (G9) adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57). 

5 The Republic of Korea therefore submits the non-confidential part of the manufacturerís 

application dossier in the annex of this document to the Organization for evaluation according 

to Procedure (G9). The complete dossier will be made available to the experts of 

the GESAMP-BWWG with the understanding of confidential treatment. 

Action requested of the Committee 

6 The Committee is invited to consider the proposal for approval and decide as appropriate.

*** 
MEPC 59/2/7 

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ANNEX 

NON-CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ON THE GloEn-Patrolô BALLAST 

WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM (THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA) 

1 INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Terms and definitions 

1.1.1 ìGloEn-Patrolô Ballast Water Treatment Systemî is the commercial name of the ballast 

water treatment system developed by ìPANASIA CO., LTD.î This system is composed 

of filtration modules configured in a parallel as a pre-treatment process, followed by 

a UV irradiation process equipped with a medium-pressure ultraviolet (MPUV) lamp as the main 

treatment unit. 

1.1.2 ìBallast Waterî means the seawater treated by the GloEn-Patrolô Ballast Water 

Treatment System. 

1.1.3 ìTreated Waterî is the seawater treated by the GloEn-Patrolô Ballast Water Treatment 

System. 

1.1.4 ìPre-treated Waterî is the seawater treated by only a filtration system, which is a 

pre-treatment part of the GloEn-Patrolô Ballast Water Treatment System. 

1.1.5 ìBallast Water Dischargeî means the ballast water as would be discharged overboard 

through the GloEn-Patrolô Ballast Water Treatment System. 

1.1.6 ìActive Substanceî means a substance or organism, including a virus or a fungus that has 

a general or specific action on or against harmful aquatic micro-organisms and pathogens. 

In the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Treatment System, the MPUV process produces a ìPhotonî 

as the only ìActive Substanceî, which is completely responsible for inactivating all harmful 

aquatic micro-organisms and pathogens present in the ballast water (de Mora et al., 2000; 

Anderson et al., 2003). 

1.1.7 ìPreparationî means any commercial formulation containing one or more ìActive 

Substances,î including any additives. 

The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Treatment System does not intentionally add any 

ìPreparationî besides UV light. 

1.1.8 ìRelevant Chemicalsî means transformation or reaction products that are produced 

during the treatment process or in the receiving environment and may be of concern to the 

aquatic environment and human health when discharged. 

The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Treatment System regards only hydroxyl radical (ïOH) as a 

ìRelevant Chemicalî. However, the amount of ïOH produced in the system is extremely small 

(de Mora et al., 2000; Zepp, 1987; Brezonik and Fulkerson-Brekken, 1998; Vaughan and 

Blough, 1998) and that was confirmed in the land-based testing. 
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1.2 Abbreviations used in the proposal 

Table 1.1: List of abbreviations 

BWTS Ballast Water Treatment System 

DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon 

DOM Dissolved Organic Matter 

DMPO 5,5í-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide 

HAAs Haloacetic Acids 

H2O2 Hydrogen Peroxide 

HOBr Hypobromous Acid 

HOCl Hypochlorous Acid 

IMO International Maritime Organization 

ïOH Hydroxyl Radical 

OBr- Hypobromite Ion 

OCl- Hypochlorite Ion 

IUVA International Ultraviolet Association 

LPUV Low-pressure Ultraviolet 

MPUV Medium-pressure Ultraviolet 

NOM Natural Organic Matter 

pCBA para-chlorobenzoic Acid 

PQL Practical Quantification Limit 

SUVA Specific UV Absorbance 

TOC Total Organic Carbon 

TRO Total Residual Oxidant 

THMs Trihalomethanes 

TSS Total Suspended Solid 

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 

UV dose Ultra Violet dose 

mJ/cm2 Milli Jule per Centimeter Square 

mW sec/cm2 Milli Watt Second per Centimeter Square 

EPA IRIS EPA Integrated Risk Information System 

EPA HEAST EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables 

WHO World Health Organization 

WHO IARC WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer 

1.3 Test facilities 

The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Treatment System is installed on a special barge that has been 

designed and manufactured to meet IMOís requirement for the land-based testing. It has length 

of 44 metres, a width of 14 metres, a height of 3.3 metres and has four (4) ballast tanks, each of which 

has a capacity of 237 m3

. Two of them are used as control tank (No. 4 W.B.TK) and simulated ballast 

tank (No.1.W.B.TK) during the type approval test according to Guidelines (G8) and the others are 

used for culture tanks/dosing tanks (No.2 and No.3 W.B.TK). 

Internal structures conform to shipís practice. The ballast pumps are centrifugal type, and the 

piping is galvanized steel pipe. 
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1.4 GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast Water Treatment System 

The PANASIA Ballast Water Treatment System (called the ìthe GloEn-Patrolô Ballast Systemî 

hereinafter) for land-based test consisted of filtration unit, a UV unit, and Monitoring and Control 

Panel (called the ìcontrol panelî hereinafter) as specified below: 

.1 Filtration system as a pre-treatment. 

Flow rate: 250 m3/h 

Filtration degree: 50 micron 

Material 

- Filter housing: SS 316L 

- Filter screen: SS 316L 

- Cleaning mechanism: SS 316L 

.2 UV disinfection system as a main treatment installed with: 

UV chamber (SS316L, flow rate 250 m3/h) 

Medium pressure UV lamps 

UV monitor 

Temperature sensor 

Automatic washing wiper for quartz sleeves. 

.3 Control and monitoring panel 

Power supply: 3-phase 380/440V, 50/60Hz 

Controller: Siemens PLC 

- CPU: CPU 315-2 DP (Memory: 2 MB) 

- Power Supply: PS 307 5A 

- DI: 16 X DC24V 

- DO: 16 X Rel. AC120V/230V 

- AI: 8 X 12bit 

The whole system (the filter unit and the UV unit) is connected in series to the pipeline.

The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System operates in-line and so treats the ballast water as it passes 

through the system during the uptake of the ballast water and at discharge. At discharge the 

ballast water passes the UV unit only and the filter unit is bypassed to avoid backflushing water 

from the filter unit. 

1.5 Advantages and validity for use of the MPUV-based GloEn-PatrolTM 

The summary of specific advantages for the MPUV-based GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System is as 

follows: 

- UV is the most environmentally friendly way to reduce the number of viable 

micro-organisms, without causing polluting the local seawater ecology; 

- no biocide chemicals are required; 

- no toxic by-products are formed; 

- no corrosion problems in ballast tanks; 
MEPC 59/2/7 

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- the process requires little maintenance and is easy to handle; 

- the use of medium-pressure lamp technology allows small space requirements; and 

- minimum operating costs and maximum operating safety. 

Also, internationally recognized associations, International UV Association (IUVA) and the 

USEPA, guarantee water treatment by UV irradiation as a clean process: 

The IUVA describes the UV technology as shown below: 

Since UV is light, it travels through air and water at the speed of light, and when the 

UV source is turned off, the UV is gone. There are no residuals, and the water that has 

been exposed to UV is the same as it was before exposure, and certainly the water is 

not radioactive. UV water disinfection units are designed to provide enough of a UV dose 

so that any pathogenic micro-organisms in the water are rendered inactive. What happens is 

that the UV is absorbed by the DNA in micro-organisms; the DNA is damaged so that the 

organism cannot reproduce. Cells that cannot reproduce cannot cause disease. The good 

thing about UV is that it does its job while the water is passing through the unit, but 

after the water has passed through, it has been disinfected, but its water quality has 

not changed. (Quotation source: http://www.iuva.org/public/faqs.php) 

Also, the USEPA regards the UV technology as a clean technology that does not form any 

specific harmful by-products. 

Disinfection using a UV system is well-known as a clean process that does not generate 

disinfection by-products, according to the rule (Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection 

By-products Proposed Rule (Stage 2 DBPR)) regulated by the EPA, which addresses risks 

from microbial pathogens and disinfectants/disinfection by-products (D/DBPs). The Stage 

2 DBPR focuses on public health protection by limiting exposure to DBPs, 

specifically total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and five haloacetic acids (HAA5), which can 

form in water through disinfectants used to control microbial pathogens. However, 

this rule will apply to all community water systems (CWSs) and non-transient 

non-community water systems (NTNCWSs) that add a primary or residual 

disinfectant other than ultraviolet (UV) light or deliver water that has been 

disinfected by a primary or residual disinfectant other than UV. Quotation source: 

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/stage2/index.html) 

1.6 Efficacy test 

Test water was prepared in two tanks of 440 m3 in total (about 220 m3 per tank) using high 

salinity seawater at the Busan coast or brackish water at downstream of the Nakdong River 

considering the required salinity (>32 PSU or 3-32 PSU, respectively, with a minimum 

difference of 10 PSU). The 440 m3 of test water was used for both of the testing and control. 

The natural seawater as test water was pumped from the sea 2 miles off harbour a day before test 

in order to meet salinity requirement while brackish water was taken at Nakdong River. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

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Cultured organisms are poured into test water in No.2 and 3 ballast water tanks to meet target 

concentrations. 

The ballast tanks were pressure-washed with tap water by general service pump on the barge 

after each test. 

The treatment sequence is illustrated in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 below. 

The GloEn-Patrolô Ballast System treats the ballast water both on uptake and at discharge. 

At discharge the ballast water passes the UV unit and the filter unit is bypassed to avoid filter 

backflushing. 

Figure 1.1: Schematic of the test at ballasting 

Sampling point was determined as per Guidelines (G8). Sampling numbers are indicated by 

SP1-SP8. 

- Sampling points: Day 0; 

- Sampling point SP 1 represents an untreated water sample; 

- Sampling point SP 2 represents treated water with the GloEn-Patrolô Ballast System; 

and 

- Sampling Point SP 3 represents a control water sample. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

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During ballasting, water passes through the filter unit to remove any particles and organisms and 

then continues/flows to the UV unit. Back flushing water is returned to the sea in situ at the 

ballasting site. 

During discharge, the water passes the UV unit again to destroy any organisms, bacteria that 

might have re-grown in the tanks during storage. 

Treated ballast water has been tested after a 5-day holding. 

The treated water is stored in No.1 W.B.TK and control water is stored in No. 4 W. B. TK 

for 5 days. After 5 days, the water is transferred by ballast pump to be treated and then the 

control water is pumped for sampling before discharging to the sea. 

In order to meet IMO Guidelines (G8), the land-based test for the type approval, chemical 

analysis testing and whole-effluent toxicity (WET) testing were simultaneously performed under 

the same conditions. 

Figure 1.2: Schematic of the land-based test at discharge 

- Sampling points after 3 days storage: Day 3 

- Sampling point SP 7 represents a control water sample after 3 days storage 

- Sampling point SP 2 represents a treated water sample 3 days storage 

- Sampling points after 5 days storage: Day 5 

- Sampling point SP 6 represents an untreated water sample after 5 days storage 

- Sampling point SP 4 represents a treated water sample 5 days storage 

- Sampling point SP 5 represents a control water sample after 5 days storage 
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1.6.1 Land-based test 

1.6.1.1 Seawater in Busan: test cycles 1, 2 and 6 

The organism concentrations of test water for the land-based test sampling were set following 

Guidelines (G8). The water quality of the location is summarized in Table 1.2. In this test, 

after GloEn-PatrolTM treatment, the number of living organisms for all groups in control and 

treated water met regulation D-2 of the BWM Convention. 

Table 1.2: Water quality of seawater (Busan) 

Date Sample pH Temp. 

(°C) 

Salinity

(PSU) 

DO 

(mg/L) 

TSS 

(mg/L) 

DOC 

(mg/L) 

POC 

(mg/L) 

2008.07.24 Test water 8.4 23.3 32.6 7.5 18.1 2.8 2.7 

2008.07.29 Control 7.9 25.3 32.5 5.3 18.6 1.9 0.7 

2008.07.29 Treated 7.9 27.0 32.4 4.5 16.0 2.0 1.1 

2008.08.08 Test water 8.2 24.7 33.4 8.4 18.9 3.4 2.1 

2008.08.13 Control 7.8 28.2 32.0 8.6 11.1 1.8 0.7 

2008.08.13 Treated 7.9 29.2 32.3 8.3 12.5 1.7 1.4 

2008.10.15 Test water 8.1 23.6 33.1 7.2 19.7 2.4 1.7 

2008.10.20 Control 7.8 22.5 33.2 7.1 10.2 2.5 0.4 

2008.10.20 Treated 7.9 23.2 33.0 6.9 16.5 2.4 0.3 

1.6.1.2 Brackish water in Nakdong River: test cycles 3 to 5 

The organism concentrations of test water for the land-based test sampling were set following 

Guidelines (G8). The water quality of the location is summarized in Table 1.3. In this test, after 

GloEn-PatrolTM treatment, the number of living organisms for all groups in control and treated 

water met regulation D-2 of the BWM Convention. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

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Table 1.3: Water quality of brackish water (Nakdong River) 

Date Sample pH Temp. 

(°C) 

Salinity 

(PSU) 

DO 

mg/L 

TSS 

mg/L 

DOC 

mg/L 

POC 

mg/L 

2008.09.24 Test water 8.0 25.4 21.2 6.7 53.2 5.3 6.3 

2008.09.29 Control 7.7 24.2 21.0 7.4 87.1 2.5 4.6 

2008.09.29 Treated 7.7 24.3 20.9 6.4 88.7 3.0 11.0 

2008.10.01 Test water 7.7 23.1 20.9 8.9 82.4 7.1 5.7 

2008.10.06 Control 7.5 24.2 21.1 7.7 49.6 2.5 4.0 

2008.10.06 Treated 7.3 25.0 21.1 6.4 51.8 2.6 5.4 

2008.10.08 Test water 8.2 23.0 20.6 8.4 66.5 7.2 5.8 

2008.10.13 Control 7.4 23.3 21.0 6.9 52.3 3.2 2.5 

2008.10.13 Treated 7.3 24.3 21.0 6.3 47.8 2.7 0.8 

2 ACTIVE SUBSTANCE AND RELEVANT CHEMICAL 

2.1 Identification of the ìActive Substanceî and ìRelevant Chemicalsî 

2.1.1 ìActive Substanceî (Photon) 

.1 The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System was designed to disinfect most of harmful 

aquatic micro-organisms and pathogens present in seawater. The key method of 

this system to inactivate harmful aquatic micro-organisms and pathogens is use of 

direct photolysis with the MPUV irradiation process. The MPUV lamp radiates 

photonic energy of polychromatic wavelengths (200~300 nm) of UV light which 

makes it possible to kill all kinds of marine microbes that have their specifically 

sensitive wavelength (Giese and Darby, 2000). 

.2 Since the general definition of ìActive Substanceî is a substance or organism, 

including a virus or a fungus that has a general or specific action on or against 

harmful aquatic micro-organisms and pathogens, ìPhotonî is defined as the 

ìActive Substanceî in the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System. 

2.1.2 ìRelevant Chemicalî (ïOH) 

.1 Through the sunlight (especially UV light) exposure of natural water, ïOH could 

be formed photochemically by a variety of mechanisms. The absorption of light 

by DOM (dissolved organic matter) initially results in the formation of a single 

excited state species (DOM*

) that subsequently decays through a series of 

photophysical and photochemical pathways producing ïOH (de Mora et al., 2000). 

 DOM + hv ! DOM* !! ïOH 
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.2 Another route of ïOH production is the irradiation of nitrate in its 

long-wavelength absorption band (maximum 302 nm), resulting in ïO- production 

as an intermediate. The produced ïO- is rapidly protonated to its conjugate acid, 

ïOH (Zepp, 1987; Brezonik and Fulkerson-Brekken, 1998; Vaughan and Blough, 

1998). 

NO3

-

 + hv ! ! ïOH 

.3 As described above, the MPUV system could generate ïOH in theory through the 

mechanisms as described above. Therefore, ïOH is defined as the ìRelevant 

Chemicalî in the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System. 

2.2 Test strategy of the ìTreated Waterî formed by the ìActive Substanceî and 

ìRelevant Chemicalî 

2.2.1 Other chemicals residual testing: 

.1 HOBr/OBrAccording to the literature, bromide ion (Br-

) can be oxidized by ïOH according to 

following sequential reactions. (Zehavi and Rabani, 1972; von Gunten, 2003) 

Br- + ïOH ↔ BrOH- k+ = 1.06×108 M-1s

-1, k- = 3.3×107

 s

-1 

BrOH-

 + H+ ↔ Brï + H2O k+ = 1.06×108 M-1s

-1, k- = 1.36 s-1 

Brï + Br- ! Br2ï- k = 1010 M-1s-1 

Br2ï- + Br2ï- ! Br- + Br3ï- k = 2×109

 M-1s-1 

Br3ï- + H2O ! HOBr + 2Br- + H+ 

HOBr ↔ H+

 + OBr- 

.2 HOCl/OClChloride ion can also be oxidized by ïOH according to following analogous 

reactions (Jayson and Parsons, 1973; von Gunten, 2003) 

Cl-

 + ïOH ↔ ClOHClOH-

 + H+ ↔ Clï + H2O 

Clï + Cl- !!! HOCl/OCl-

 

Hypobromous acid/hypobromite ion (HOBr/OBr-) and hypochlorous 

acid/hypochlorite ion (HOCl/OCl-) are relatively stable oxidants in water once 

formed,. In practice, however, chances of formation of tertiary oxidants (HOCl and 

OCl- etc.) are low since oxidation of chloride ion to Clï by ïOH can be neglected 

under typical natural pH condition (Buxton et al., 1988). 

To investigate any formation of these oxidants (i.e. HOCl/OCl-), residual 

concentrations of HOCl/OCl-

 and HOBr/OBr- in the ìTreated Waterî were 

measured using the Total Residual Oxidant (TRO) analysis method 

(Perrins et al., 2006). HOCl/OCl- and HOBr/OBr- were not detected 

(DL= 0.03 mg/L) in the ìTreated Waterî. 
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.3 Hydrogen peroxide 

In theory, the recombination of ïOH or naturally caused reactions (e.g., natural 

water exposed to sunlight) can produce another oxidant, hydrogen peroxide 

(H2O2) (Buxton et al., 1988, Cooper et al., 1988; de Mora et al., 2000). 

ïOH + ïOH ! H2O2

DOM + hv ! H2O2 (λ > 295 nm) 

For H2O2 analysis, the fluorometric method was used with the specifically devised 

H2O2-analyser (Lazrus et al., 1985; Oh et al., 2005). A trace of residual H2O2 

(18 μg/L ~ 48 μg/L) was detected in the ìTreated Waterî, but was close to the 

detection limit (PQL= 10 μg/L). It is known that hydrogen peroxide could be 

naturally produced by many living organisms either within the organism itself or 

in the surround medium (Anders et al., 1970, Zepp, 1987). In fact, the 

concentration level of hydrogen peroxide formed during photolysis is not 

considered to be problematic in the marine aquatic environment. 

2.2.2 By-products formation testing 

Once the oxidants, HOCl/OCl-

 and HOBr/OBr- are formed, that could react with dissolved 

organic matters (DOM) in seawater to form several harmful halogenated organics such as 

Thrihalomethanes (THMs), Haloacetic acid (HAAs), and others (Westerhoff et al., 2004). 

ìTreated Waterî was analyzed halogenated organics by USEPA methods (EPA methods 

No.524.2, 552.2, and 90209). In result, none of halogenated by-products was detected in the 

Treated Water. 

The above results support the fact that both the ìActive Substanceî (Photon) and ìRelevant 

Chemicalî (ïOH) must not be residual in both of ìBallast Waterî and ìBallast Water Dischargeî 

not affecting the marine aquatic environment, which means that this process is safe in chemical 

perspective. 

Further to that, the toxicity tests of treated water were followed to confirm any harmful effects to 

the marine aquatic environment. 

2.3 List of water quality parameters for chemical analysis testing 

For this proposal, samples of the ìUntreated Waterî and ìTreated Waterî (defined as 

ìBallast Waterî) were collected from the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System and were analyzed to 

see any changes in the water characteristics between the samples. All sample analysis was carried 

out according to standard methods (or equivalent) except ïOH and H2O2, which requires specific 

analytical set-up. The testing is accredited by KORDI for the performance efficacy test, 

Yonsei University for specific analysis of ïOH, H2O2 and TRO, and by the SGS Testing Korea 

Co., Ltd., for general chemical analysis, and NeoEnbiz for toxicity test, respectively. 

All experiments (sampling and data analysis) were carefully performed under the well planned 

quality assurance project plan (QAPP). 
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2.4 Alternatives to testing and non-submission of data 

Both photon and ïOH defined, as the ìActive Substanceî and ìRelevant Chemicalî, respectively, 

are not residual. Therefore, chemical analysis and toxicological testing for the both could not be 

conducted. Instead, intrinsic properties with efficacies for the both (photon and ïOH) were 

investigated from references. 

Also, the literature on the disinfection with UV irradiation demonstrates that the process is 

effective against most all bacteria, viruses, and protozoa relevant for the current drinking and 

waste water practices (Craik et al., 2001; Oguma et al., 2004; Hijnen et al., 2006): 

- Several researchers reported that bacterial and viral fish pathogens including 

infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus 

(VHSV), and Vibrio species were very sensitive to UV-C irradiation, showing a 2-4 log 

inactivation of infectivity in fresh, brackish and seawater at 100-300 mJ/cm2

 of UV 

dose (Liltved et al., 1995; Frerichs et al., 2000; Liltved et al.2006). 

- Linden et al. (2007) reported that 4-log (99.99%) inactivation of adenovirus, the most 

UV resistant waterborne pathogen of concern to public health, is achieved at less 

than 60 mJ/cm2 of UV fluence by use of MPUV lamp. 

- Ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection systems play an important role in a total water 

treatment process used in fish hatcheries and rearing facilities. UV disinfection 

systems have been proven to be the most cost effective systems for destroying 

pathogenic micro-organisms in hatchery waters. Similar UV doses are effective at 

inactivating a host of bacteria, viruses and protozoa which can initiate disease in the 

hatchery and its rearing facilities. 

- Hanovia Ltd., one of UV manufacturing companies, has installed 

over 300 aquaculture systems using medium pressure UV disinfection in 14 countries 

around the world. Their UV treatment units have been widely applied to water 

treatment in hatcheries, fish farms (salmon, sea bream and sea bass) shellfish 

depuration tanks and fry rearing tanks as well as treating recirculation water in 

marine parks and aquaria 

(http://www.water-technology.net/contractors/disinfection/hanovia/press13.html). 

- Aquafine/Trojan UV systems have been employed extensively in the aquaculture 

industry and have, over the last 25 years, globally installed in excess of 150 UV 

systems in private and public hatcheries. These facilities disinfect over 275 million 

gallons of water per day to rear 1,000ís of tons of commercial and sport fish 

(http://www.aquafineuv.com/Markets/Aquaculture.aspx). 

Also, UV technology is particularly suited to the brewing, beverage, bottled water and 

food processing industries, where extremely high standard of hygiene are expected 

(Aquionics Inc. News) (http://halmapr.com/news/aquionics/). 

UV irradiation (200-400 nm wavelengths) is a physical disinfection process. No chemicals are 

added and there is no residual effect once the water leaves the UV reactor. UV disinfection does 

not significantly change the water quality and thus does not produce significant levels of regulated 

disinfection by-products (DBPs) (Bolton, J.R, 2008). 
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2.5 Procedures and timelines 

The procedures and timelines for all tests in this proposal followed in accordance with QAPP. 

3 DATA-SET REQUIRED IN THE APPLICATION 

3.1 Identification of the Active Substance or Preparation (G9: 4.1) 

3.1.1 Preparations

ìPreparationî means any commercial formulation containing one or more Active Substances 

including any additives: 

The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System does not intentionally add any ìPreparationî besides UV 

light. 

Not applicable. 

3.1.2 Active Substance

3.1.2.1 The MPUV based GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System produces photons as an 

only Active Substance that is available to kill and inactivate micro-organisms. The definition of 

the ìPhotonî is a particle of electromagnetic radiation that travels at the speed of light, used to 

explain phenomena that require light to behave as particles rather than as waves. Because the 

photons are only available upon turning on the MPUV lamp, there must be no residual photons in 

both ìBallast Waterî and ìBallast Water Discharge.î 

3.1.2.2 The information required by IMO as listed below is not applicable for Photon. 

.1 the Trade name (where relevant); 

.2 the chemical (IUPAC) name; 

.3 the CAS number; 

.4 the UN number and proper shipping name (where relevant); 

.5 the molar mass; 

.6 the empirical formula; 

.7 the structural formula; 

.8 the classification in accordance with the UN GHS system; 

.9 the purity of the technical material and identification of impurities (chemical name 

and CAS-numbers, etc.); and 

.10 the identity of any stabilisers or necessary additives. 

3.1.2.3 It is because a photon is not a chemical substance but a physical matter, a ìParticle.î 

Thus, the physical properties and the relevant definitions of a photon are summarized as follows 

(Bolton, 2001): 
MEPC 59/2/7 

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I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

.1 Light has both particle and wave properties. It is transmitted in discrete packets of 

energy (photons) and yet has a frequency and a wavelength. The connection 

between these two properties is embodied in the Planck Law of Radiation: 

Where u is the energy (J) of one photon, v is frequency (s-1), λ is the wavelength 

(m), is the wavenumber (m-1), c is the speed of light (2.9929 x 108 m/s1) in a 

vacuum, h is the planck constant (6.6261 x 10-34 J s), NA is the Avogadro number 

(6.02214 x 1023 mol-1), and U is energy per Einstein. The units here have been 

given in the standard SI forms; however, for applications in ultraviolet light and 

photochemistry, λ is usually given in nanometres (nm) and in cm-1, with 

appropriate numerical factors to make the left-hand side of the equation come out to 

joules (J). 

.2 Fluence (UV dose): Fluence (symbol H, unit J/m2

) (also called UV dose) is defined 

as the total radiant energy of all wavelengths passing from all directions through an 

infinitesimally small sphere of a cross-sectional area. If the fluence rate is constant 

overtime, the fluence is given by the fluence rate times the exposure time in seconds. 

The term UV dose is often used in the UV disinfection literature. UV dose 

represents the UV exposure of a given organism in the germicidal range. Many 

authors have used the unit mJ/cm2, but the equivalent mJ/cm2 (=10 J/m2) is 

preferred. The term ìFluenceî is preferred over that of ìUV dose,î since the term 

ìDoseî is used to imply total absorbed energy (e.g., the ìUV Doseî required to 

induce sunburn on the skin). Fluence represents the radiant energy ìIncidentî on a 

micro-organism, and in most cases only a small fraction (about 1%) of the radiant 

energy is absorbed. 

.3 Quantum yield: The quantum yield (unitless), Φ, is a measure of the photon 

efficiency of a photochemical reaction. Φ is defined as the number of moles of a 

product formed or a reactant removed (P) per Einstein (one mole of photon) of 

photons absorbed. If steady-state is achieved, Φ can also be defined in terms of rates 

as: 

Where the rate of generation of P is in mol s-1 and Na is the absorbed photon flow 

(einstein s-1). Note that ΦP is based on the absorbed and not the incident photon flow. 

This is an error often made in the literature. 

.4 UV sensors: Certain semiconductors absorb only in the UV region 

(e.g., diamond, 190-230 nm; SiC, 210-380 nm and GaN, 250-370 nm) and are 

insensitive to visible light. These semiconductors can be incorporated into an 

electronic circuit and thus serve as convenient online UV sensors in UV reactors. 

However, UV sensor circuits based on these semiconductors tend to drift with age; 

hence, they must be calibrated periodically with a radiometer. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

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3.1.3 Relevant Chemicals (G9: 2.1.4): 

3.1.3.1 The by-product that the MPUV-based GloEn-PatrolTM system might produce when 

reacting with ballast water has been determined to be only ïOH. 

3.1.3.2 The following information for ïOH (hydroxyl radical) is deemed to be a ìRelevant 

Chemicalî (NDRL/NIST Solution Kinetics Database, 2005): 

.1 the Chemical (IUPAC) name: InChI=1/HO/h1H 

.2 the CAS number: 3352-57-6 

.3 the Molar mass: 17.0073 (g/mol) 

.4 the empirical formula: HO 

.5 the structural formula: O* H 

.6 the classification in accordance with the GHS system. 

3.1.3.3 Results of ïOH residual testing 

For ïOH residual testing, 100 mM DMPO and 2 μ M pCBA were spiked into the ìUntreated 

Waterî, ìTreated Waterî (immediately after MPUV irradiation, after 10 min, 20, 40, 60 min 

retention, respectively). There were no residual ïOH in water treated with GloEn-patrolTM Ballast 

System. 

3.1.4 Other Chemicals 

According to the IMO Procedure (G9), where the processes might produce by-products not 

deemed to be ìRelevant Chemicalsî by the applicant, a justification for such a conclusion should 

be provided. 

3.1.4.1 The MPUV-based GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System might produce other chemicals such as 

HOCl/OCl-

, HOBr/OBr-, THMs, HAAs, other halogenated organics, and H2O2 due to the 

possibility of ïOH production during MPUV irradiation. The information on each chemical 

defined as ìOther Chemicalî is as follows: 

.1 HOCl/OCl-

 

HOCl is a weak acid (pKa = 7.5 at 25 oC), which partially dissociates to OCl-: 

HOCl = H+

 + OClThe ratio of HOCl to OCl-

 may be calculated from the expression: 

log([HOCl]/[OCl-

] = 7.5 ñ pH 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

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I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

The sum of the three species, Cl2, HOCl, and OCl-, is commonly referred to as 

free available chlorine (FAC), and the concentrations of the individual species and 

their sum are usually expressed in units of mg/L as Cl2. The species of chlorine 

present in water will depend on the total concentration of chlorine, pH, and 

temperature (Letterman, 1999). 

.2 HOBr/OBr- (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypobromite) 

Hypobromous acid (HOBr) is a weak, unstable acid. It occurs only in solution and 

has chemical and physical properties that are very similar to those of HOCl. 

In aqueous solution, HOBr partially decomposes into the hypobromite anion OBr−

and the proton H+. The salts of HOBr are also called HOBr. Just as the acid, these 

salts are unstable and when evaporated or boiled to dryness, they undergo a 

disproportionation reaction, yielding the respective bromate and bromide salts. 

When pure bromine is added to water, HOBr and hydrobromic acid (HOBr) form: 

Br2(l) + H2O(l) → HOBr(aq) + HBr (aq) 

HOBr dissociates to some degree to form the OBr-, depending upon the pH: 

HOBr ↔ OBr- + H+ (pKa = 8.7) 

HOBr is used as bleach, an oxidizer, a deodorant, and a disinfectant, due to its 

ability to kill the cells of many pathogens. The compound is generated in 

warm-blooded vertebrate micro-organisms especially by eosinophils, which 

produce HOBr by the action of esoinophil peroxidase, an enzyme that 

preferentially uses bromide. Br- is also used in hot tubs and spas as a germicidal 

agent, using the action of an oxidizing agent to generate OBr- in a similar fashion 

to the peroxidase in eosinophils. It is especially effective when used in 

combination with its coneger, HOCl. 

.3 THMs 

Trihalomethanes (THM) are a group of four chemicals that are formed along with 

other disinfection by-products when chlorine or other disinfectants used to control 

microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring organic 

and inorganic matter in water. The trihalomethanes are chloroform, 

bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform. The EPA has 

published the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rule to regulate 

total trihalomethanes (TTHM) at a maximum allowable annual average level 

of 80 parts per billion. This standard replaced the standard of a maximum 

allowable annual average level of 100 parts per billion in December 2001 for large 

surface water public water systems. The standard became effective for the first 

time in December 2003 for small surface water and all ground water systems 

(http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/icr/gloss_dbp.html). 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 16 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

.4 HAAs 

Haloacetic acids (HAA5) are a group of chemicals that are formed along 

with other disinfection by-products when chlorine or other disinfectants used to 

control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring 

organic and inorganic matter in water. The regulated haloacetic acids, known as 

HAA5, are: monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic 

acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid. The EPA has 

published the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rule to regulate 

HAA5 at 60 parts per billion annual averages. This standard became 

effective for large surface water public water systems in December 2001 and for 

small surface water and all ground water public water systems in December 2003 

(http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/icr/gloss_dbp.html). 

.5 H2O2

 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solutions are clear, colorless, and water-like in 

appearance, and can be mixed with water in any proportion. At high 

concentrations, H2O2 has a slightly pungent or acidic odor. H2O2 has a molecular 

weight of 34.02 and is nonflammable at any concentration. Its Chemical Abstracts 

Service Registry Number is 7722-84-1 (www.h2o2.com). 

H2O2 dissociates into the hydroperoxide ion (HO2

-

): 

H2O2 ↔ H2O- + H+ (pKa = 11.6) 

H2O2 (ORP = 1.8 V) is one of the most powerful oxidizers known stronger than 

chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and potassium permanganate. 

Despite its power, H2O2 is a natural metabolite of many micro-organisms, which 

decompose the H2O2 they produce into oxygen and water. H2O2 is also formed by 

the action of sunlight on water a natural purification system for our environment. 

Consequently, H2O2 has none of the problems of gaseous release or chemical 

residues that are associated with other chemical oxidants. And since H2O2

is totally miscible with water, the issue of safety is one of concentration. 

Industrial-strength H2O2 is a strong oxidizer and thus requires special handling 

precautions. 

The fact that H2O2 is used for seemingly converse applications proves its 

versatility. For example, H2O2 can inhibit microbial growth (as in the biofouling 

of water circuits) and encourage microbial growth (as in the bioremediation of 

contaminated groundwaters and soils). Similarly, H2O2 can treat easy-to-oxidize 

pollutants (iron and sulfides) and difficult to oxidize pollutants (solvents, 

gasolines and pesticides). 

The reason why H2O2 can be used for such diverse applications is the different 

ways in which its power can be directed termed selectivity. By simply adjusting 

the conditions of the reaction (e.g., pH, temperature, dose, reaction time, and/or 

catalyst addition), H2O2 can often be made to oxidize one pollutant over another, 

or even to favour different oxidation products from the same pollutant. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

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Page 17 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

Since H2O2 was first commercialized in the 1800s, H2O2 production has now 

grown to over ₤1 billion per year (as 100%). In addition to pollution control, 

H2O2 is used to bleach textiles and paper products, and to manufacture or process 

foods, minerals, petrochemicals, and consumer products (detergents). The use of 

H2O2 for pollution control parallels those of the movement itself municipal 

wastewater applications in the 1970s, industrial waste/wastewater applications in 

the 1980s, and more recently, air applications in the 1990s. Today, H2O2 is readily 

available throughout the United States in drum, tote, mini-bulk, and bulk 

quantities in concentrations of 35% or 50% by weight. 

3.2 Data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish, and other biota, including 

sensitive and representative organisms for Active Substance and Relevant 

Chemical (G9: 4.2.1.1) 

3.2.1 Acute aquatic toxicity 

3.2.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity 

3.2.3 Endocrine disruption 

3.2.4 Sediment toxicity 

3.2.5 Bioavailability/biomagnification/bioconcentration 

3.2.6 Food web/population effects 

Since the ìActive Substance,î photon, is in the UV chamber only when the UV lamp is on and 

immediately disappears after stopping UV, the above items 3.2.1 to 3.2.6 are not relevant to the 

Active Substance. 

Regarding Relevant Chemical, ïOH: 

.1 Data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish, and other biota, including 

sensitive and representative organisms is not available even from US EPA IRIS, 

EPA HEAST and WHO IAR. 

.2 ïOH instantaneously disappears within milli-seconds as soon as the water leaves 

the UV chamber due to its extremely short life-time (~10-9 sec) in water and 

furthermore no residual ïOH was observed in the ìTreated Waterî. 

.3 Results of toxicity test show that no significant acute / chronic toxicity and 

sediment toxicity was observed. 

Judging from the above, the above items 3.2.1 to 3.2.6 are not relevant to the Relevant Chemical. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 18 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

3.3 Data on mammalian toxicity for Active Substance and Relevant Chemical 

3.3.1 Acute toxicity 

3.3.2 Effects on skin and eye 

3.3.3 Repeated-dose toxicity 

3.3.4 Chronic toxicity 

3.3.5 Developmental and reproductive toxicity 

3.3.6 Carcinogenicity 

3.3.7 Mutagenicity/genotoxicity 

3.3.8 Toxicokinetics 

As described the ìActive Substanceî, photon, is in the UV chamber only when the UV lamp is 

on and immediately disappears after stopping UV, the above items 3.3.1 to 3.3.8 are not relevant 

to the Active Substance. 

Regarding Relevant Chemical, ïOH: 

.1 Data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish, and other biota, including 

sensitive and representative organisms is not available even from US EPA 

database. 

.2 ïOH instantaneously disappears within milli-seconds as soon as the water leaves 

the UV chamber due to its extremely short life-time (~10-9 sec) in water and 

furthermore no residual ïOH was observed in the ìTreated Waterî. 

.3 Results of toxicity test show that no significant acute / chronic toxicity and 

sediment toxicity was observed. 

Judging from the above, the above items 3.3.1 to 3.3.8 are not relevant to the Relevant Chemical. 

3.4 Data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic condition 

(G9: 4.2.1.3) 

3.4.1 Modes of degradation (biotic and abiotic) 

According to the Procedure of the approval of ballast water management systems that make use 

of Active Substances (G9), testing should include a study on hydrolysis at pH 5, 7, and 9 under 

aerobic conditions according to OECD guideline 111. In addition, studies on ready 

biodegradability according to OECD guidelines 301 and 306 (or equivalent guidelines) should be 

conducted, if the Active Substances, any other components of preparations, and Relevant 

Chemicals are discharged into water. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 19 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

.1 Active Substances (photon)

Photon is available and active only during UV irradiation, but, photon 

immediately disappears after stopping UV irradiation. (Ref: International 

UV association (IUVA), http://www.iuva.org/public/faqs.php). Consequently, the 

testing for hydrolysis and biodegradability of photon is not available. 

.2 Relevant Chemical (ïOH): 

In theory, maximum 10-13 ~10-15 M of ïOH can be produced during 

MPUV irradiation with GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System. However, ïOH can not 

remain in seawater due to short-life time (~milliseconds) and the high reactivity 

(109~1010 M-1s

-1) with background components presence in seawater as described 

above (1.3.2). The results of ïOH residual testing support the fact that ïOH is not 

to remain in treated water (see section 3.1.3). Therefore, the testing for 

degradation of Relevant Chemical (ïOH) is not available with GloEn-PatrolTM

Ballast System. 

Required data 

Active 

Substance 

(Photon) 

Relevant 

Chemicals 

(ïOH) 

Treated 

Water 

3.4.2 Bioaccumulation, Partition 

Coefficient, Octanol/Water 

Partition Coefficient 

N.A. N.A. - 

3.4.3 Persistence and Identification of 

the Main Metabolites in the 

Relevant Media 

N.A. Extremely 

short half-lifea - 

3.4.4 Reaction with Organic Matter N.A.b

 N.A.c - 

3.4.5 Potential Physical Effects on 

Wildlife and Benthic Habitats N.A. N.A. None 

3.4.6 Potential Residues in Seafood N.A. N.A. - 

3.4.7 Any Known Interactive Effects None None - 

- Not required 

N.A Not applicable 

A The half-life of ïOH is close to 10-9 sec in water (Buxton et al., 1988). 

b A photon reacts with organics at relatively slow rates, and the reaction rate is dependant on the 

chemical properties of matter, such as quantum yield, molar extinction coefficient, and photolysis 

fraction (Bolton, 2001). For the case of DOC, a significantly high UV dose is required for its 

reduction (Buchanan et al., 2004). 

c ïOH reacts with organics at extremely high rates ranging 108

~1010 M-1s

-1 (Buxton et al., 1988). 

These reactions of ïOH with organics are possible under the continuously ïOH produced 

condition, which can be provided by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ozone/high 

pH, ozone/H2O2, UV/H2O2, ozone/UV, UV/TiO2, gamma-ray, sonication, (Photo) Fenton, etc. 

(Arbon et al., 1994; Rechardson et al., 1996; Kang and Hoffmann, 1998; Park et al., 2001; 

Moraes et al., 2004; Garoma and Gurol, 2005; Oh et al, 2005; Chen et al., 2006). In general, these 

AOPs can produce high amounts (10-9~10-11 M) of ïOH. So, it should be noted that the amount of 

ïOH produced from the MPUV irradiation of seawater is significantly low, at most 10-13~10-15 M, 

which is not a significant level to affect any change in background organics present in seawater. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

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3.5 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances (N.A) and treated ballast 

water, if applicable (G9: 4.2.1.4) 

Required data 

Active 

Substance 

(Photon) 

Relevant 

Chemicals 

(ïOH) 

Treated Water 

3.5.1 Melting Point N.A. - - 

3.5.2 Boiling Point N.A. - - 

3.5.3 Flammability (Flash 

Point) N.A. N.A. - 

3.5.4 Density (Relative 

Density) N.A. N.A. Brackish water:1.012 

Seawater:1.017 g/mL 

3.5.5 Vapour Pressure, 

Vapour Density N.A. N.A. - 

3.5.6 Water Solubility/ 

Dissociation Constant (pKa) N.A. N.A./11.9a

 - 

3.5.7 Oxidation/Reduction 

Potential (ORP) N.A. 2700 mVb Brackish water: 733 mV, c

Seawater: 727 mVc

3.5.8 Corrosivity to the 

Materials or Equipment of 

Normal Ship Construction 

N.A. N.A. - 

3.5.9Auto-ignition 

Temperature N.A. N.A. - 

3.5.10 Explosive Properties N.A. N.A. - 

3.5.11 Oxidizing Properties N.A. 

Nonselectived 

Various 

routese

- 

3.5.12 Surface Tension N.A. - - 

3.5.13 Viscosity N.A. - - 

3.5.14 Thermal Stability 

and Identity of Relevant 

Breakdown Products 

N.Af - - 

3.5.15 Reactivity towards 

Container Material N.A. N.A. None 

3.5.16 pH - - 7.3-8.4 

3.5.17 Salinity - - Brackish water:20.9-21.2 PSU 

Seawater: 32.0-33.4 PSU 

3.5.18 DOC - - Brackish water:5.3-7.1 mg/L 

Seawater: 2.4-3.4 mg/L 

3.5.19 POC - - Brackish water:5.7-6.3 mg/L 

Seawater: 1.7-2.7 mg/L 

3.5.20 Other Known 

Relevant Physical or 

Chemical Hazards 

N.A. N.A. None 

- Not required 

N.A. Not applicable. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 21 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

a It is of little importance at the pH values that prevail in biological systems, but it must be 

mentioned that at high pH the ïOH deprotonates as the following equilibrium (Weeks and 

Rabani, 1996; Poskrebyshev et al., 2002). 

ïOH + OH- ↔ Oï + H2O pKa = 11.9 

b OH shows the highest ORP value compared to the other oxidants summarized in the table below. 

Oxidants ORP (V)

ïOH 2.70 

Ozone 2.07 

H2O2 1.77 

KMnO4 1.67 

ClO2 1.50 

HOCl 1.36 

c The ORP value of ìTreated Waterî is almost same as that (727~733 mV) of ìPre-treated Waterî. 

d The ïOH (hydroxyl radical) is one of the most powerful oxidizing agents known 

(E ̊ = +2.7 V in acid solution) and reacts with most organic compounds at almost 

diffusion-controlled rates (Letterman, 1999; Bolton, 2001). 

e The following are possible reaction types (Bolton, 2001): 

- Abstraction of a hydrogen atom ñ usually with aliphatic hydrocarbon groups; for example: 

CH3OH + ïOH ! ïCH2OH + H2O 

- Insertion ñ usually with unsaturated or aromatic hydrocarbon groups; for example: 

CHCl=CCl2 (TCE) + ïOH ! ïCHCl-C(OH)Cl2 

- Electron transfer ñ usually with inorganics; for example: 

I- + ïOH ! ïI + OH- 

- Radical-radical reactions ñ for example: 

HO2ï + ïOH ! O2 + H2O 

- The ïOH radical absorbs UV weakly (ε230 = 530 M-1cm-1; ε260 = 370 M-1cm-1). 

3.5.21 Corrosivity to the materials or equipment of normal ship construction 

The influential factors on corrosion in seawater are salt content, solute gases such as oxygen, 

carbon dioxide, and pH level. Of the several factors, the solute oxygen content is of primary 

importance as a component influencing the corrosion behaviour of most metals in seawater. 

The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System does not cause oxygen gas evolution. There was no change 

of pH in the effluent water (ìTreated Waterî) as compared to influent water (ìUntreated Waterî). 

The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System does not produce any corrosive by-products, such as TRO 

(Total Residual Oxydants) and acidic compounds. It should be also noted that the ORP 

(Oxidation-Reduction Potential) value of ìTreated Waterî is almost the same as that 

(727~733 mV) of ìPre-treated Water.î In addition, the TRO was not detected after treatment, the 

above support the fact that the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System is free of corrosion risk. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 22 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

3.6 Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentrations (G9: 4.2.1.5) 

3.6.1 Other chemical analysis 

All analyses of backgrounds and by-products were conducted in accordance with the standard 

operation procedures (SOPs) and quality manual (KS A ISO/IEC 10275) of SGS Testing Korea. 

Quality assurance and control were preformed based on the separated study plan as outlined 

in QAPP. 

4 USE OF THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE (PHOTON) OR THE RELEVANT 

CHEMICAL (ïOH) 

4.1 Handling of Active Substances (Photon) and hydroxyl radicals

The Photon and ïOH s are produced from a specified number of UV lamps which is designed at 

specified flow rate for specified application. 

Furthermore the UV dose is continuously monitored by a sensor equipped on the UV chamber 

and limited on fixed power by control panel. 

Since the control system adjusts the lamp power to limit the required UV dose 350 mJ/cm2

, the

maximum dosage (or maximum allowable discharge concentration) is not exceeded at any time. 

5 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (G9: 4.2.7) 

Not available. 

6 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 

6.1 Screening for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (G9: 5.1) 

The half-life of the ìActive Substanceî (photon) and the ìRelevant Chemicalî (ïOH) is so 

extremely short (about 10-9 sec) and the ïOH have no residual property. As refer to the Criteria 

for identification of PBT substances, the ìActive Substanceî (photon) and the 

ìRelevant Chemicalî (ïOH) produced from the GloEn-Patrolô are not regarded as the 

PBT substance. Therefore, the assessment of PBT does not seem to be necessary. 

6.2 Evaluation of the treated ballast water (G9: 5.2) 

6.2.1 Chemical analysis of treated ballast water 

Results of chemical analysis 

The analysed backgrounds (anions, organic) compounds and potential by-products that might be 

formed after GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System in the brackish water and the seawater were 

summarized in Tables 6.1 and 6.2. 

Tables 6.1(1) and (2) (Report No. G280-1), and Tables 6.1(3) and (4) (Report No. G280-2) list 

the results of seawater (>32 PSU) samples taken during the biological efficacy test cycles 1 

and 2, respectively. Tables 6.2(1) and (2) (Report No. G280-3) show the results obtained using 

the brackish water (3~32PSU) for biological efficacy test cycle 4. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 23 

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- Background (anions): There were no significant changes on bromide, sulfate, 

fluoride, and nitrate concentrations in ìUV treated waterî compared to ìuntreated 

water (control water)î and ìcontrol waterî for both in the seawater and brackish 

water. 

- Bromide: 62 ~64 mg/L (control 63 mg/L), 63 ~ 62 mg/L (control 65 mg/L) in 

seawater treated, 40 ~ 40 mg/L (control 40 mg/L) in brackish water. 

- Sulfate: 2410 ~ 2530 mg/L (control 2310 mg/L), 2690 ~ 2680 mg/L 

(control 2680 mg/L) in treated seawater (Data shown in Table 6.1(1), (2)), 

1490 ~ 1480 mg/L, 1540 ~ 1520 mg/L in brackish water (1450 ~ 1550 mg/L 

in brackish control) (Data shown in Tables 6.2(1) and (2)) 

- Fluoride: Fluoride concentration seemed to be slightly decreased both in the 

seawater and in the brackish water, but the concentrations were low 

(< 2.2 mg/L). 

- Nitrate: Background nitrate is regarded as important source compound that can 

produce ïOH as described in previous (see section 2.1.2). However, nitrate 

was not detected in seawater samples. In brackish water, nitrate was detected 

in both of control water (0.27~0.37 mg/L) and treated water (0.27~0.53 mg/L), 

which were significantly low level and existed in raw water itself. 

- Bromate (BrO3

-

) is known to be the most toxic health related inorganic 

by-products but was not detected (PQL = 0.25 mg/L, MDL = 4.3 μ g/L) in all of 

the test conditions. 

- TOC: TOC concentrations in the test water were added with soluble lignin, starch 

(or seaweed powder) and kaolin (or prepared mud) to adjust the initial level 

of <1 mg/L in seawater (> 32 PSU) and >5 mg/L in brackish water (3-32 PSU) 

according to IMO Guidelines (G8). Sample TOCs were slightly increased 

(3.35 to 4.2, 3.05 to 3.61, 4.09 to 5.45, and 2.2 to 2.55 mg/L in seawater, 

and 8.14 mg/L to 8.2 mg/L in the brackish water) but some TOC data were 

fluctuated. This is because, the PQL and MDL values of TOC in seawater were 

determined to be 1~3 mg/L and 0.3~1 mg/L, respectively, due to the interference 

of seawater constituents. 

- Potential by-products (THMs, HAAs, TCE, PCE, and TOX): In seawater tests, 

any halogenated organic by-products such as THMs, HAAs, TCE, and PCE were 

not detected in both of untreated and treated water samples. In brackish water, 

however, low level of HAAs were detected both in control (0.89 ~ 29.6 μ g/L) 

and in ìTreated Waterî (0.74 ~ 26.5 μg/L). The detected levels of HAAs were less 

than US EPA drinking water standard (60 μg/L). The raw water contamination 

with trace level of HAAs is understandable since the river is the most polluted 

river contaminated with synthetic organic chemicals in the Republic of Korea. It is 

worthwhile to note that the HAAs decrease as the increase of storage time, but not 

because of the treatment. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 24 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

- TRO: Possible formation of HOCl/OCl- and HOBr/OBr- in the ìTreated Waterî 

was determined by directly measuring Total Residual Oxidant (TRO) 

concentration in situ. TRO was not detected (PQL= 0.03 mg/L) both in untreated 

and treated water samples, which implies that the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System 

does not produce any secondary stable oxidants such as HOCl/OCl- and 

HOBr/OBr-. 

- Hydrogen peroxide: A trace level of residual H2O2 (18 μg/L ~ 48 μg/L for 

seawater and 21 μg/L for blackish water) was detected in the ìTreated Waterî 

after MPUV irradiation, but concentration level was close to the detection limit 

(PQL= 10 μg/L). Knowing that hydrogen peroxide could be naturally produced by 

many living organisms either within the organism itself or in the surround medium 

(Anders et al., 1970, Zepp, 1987), the concentration level of hydrogen peroxide 

formed during photolysis is not considered to be problematic in the marine aquatic 

environment. 

In summary, no significant change on the concentration of backgrounds was observed and the 

other chemicals mentioned above were found not to be produced or detected at trace 

(insignificant) level during the GloEn-PatrolTM system. Consequently, these results confirm 

that the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System employing MPUV physical process does not alter 

the seawater chemical characteristics.
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 25 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

Table 6.1: List of backgrounds (anions, organic compounds) and potential by-products in 

the seawater (>32 PSU) of Busan port after GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System

(1) Treated water 

Test dates: 24-29 July 2008 (Report No.: G280-1) 

Test period Day 0 Day 3 Day 5 

Procedure Ballasting Storage Discharge 

Parameter Unit 

Untr

eated 

wate

r 

(SP1

) 

Treat

ed 

wate

r 

(SP2) 

Treated 

water 3 

days 

storage 

(SP8) 

Untreate

d water 

after 5 

days 

storage 

(SP6) 

Treated 

water 

after 5 

days 

storage 

(SP4) 

MDL 

Bromide ion (Br-) mg/L 62 64 60 63 62 <25c

Fluoride ion (F-) mg/L 1.91 2.13 1.84 1.40 0.513 <0.0390 

Bromate ion (BrO3

-

) mg/L N.Db N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.250c

Nitrate ion (NO3

-

) mg/L 

as N N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.0760 

Sulfate ion (SO4

2-) mg/L 2410 2530 2720 2690 2680 <0.0574 

TOC mg/L 3.35 4.20 3.40 3.05 3.61 <1 

CODa mg/L 96 128 168 128 136 <3.07 

TCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

PCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.78 

Chloroform μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.73 

Bromodichloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.68 

Dibromochloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

Bromoform μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.63 

Total THMs μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D - 

Dibromoacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.02 

Dichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.14 

Monobromoacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.10 

Monochloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.07 

Trichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.04 

Total HAAs μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D - 

TOX μg/L 120 61 93 67 66 <20 c

TRO mg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.03 

Hydrogen peroxide mg/L N.D 0.048 N.D N.D 0.018 <0.0006 

a Chloride ion contained in seawater is the primary interference when determining COD 

concentration. To reduce interference from chloride ion, all samples were diluted by 4-hold 

and added 0.5g HgSO4. In addition, suspended solids (SS) were formed during COD analysis 

test. Sample dilution and suspended solids (SS) might cause the measured COD values to be 

too high. 

b N.D: Not detected with the analytical method tested, < detection limit. 

c

 Detection limit: PQL (Practical Quantification Limit (reporting limit)), The PQL is the lowest 

level that can be reliably measured within specified limits of precision and accuracy during 

routine laboratory operating conditions. The SGS reporting limits are PQLs. This laboratory 

strives to establish PQLs at or near 3.18 times that of the maximum MDL. 

SP1: Untreated water (Ballasting, untreated water) 

SP2: Treated water (Ballasting, treated water) 

SP3: Control water (Ballasting, Control water) 

SP4: Treated water after 5 days storage (Discharge procedure, treated water) 

SP5: Control water after 5 days storage (Discharge procedure, Control) 

SP6: Untreated water after 5 days storage (Discharge, untreated water) 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 26 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

SP7: Control water for 3 days storage 

SP8: Treated water 3 days storage 

(2) Control water 

Test dates: 24-29 July 2008 (Report No.: G280-1) 

Test period Day 0 Day 3 Day 5 

Procedure Ballasting Storage Discharge 

Parameter Unit 

Control 

water 

(SP3) 

Control 

water after 

3days 

storage 

(SP7) 

Control 

water after 

5 days 

storage 

(SP5) 

MDL 

Bromide ion (Br-) mg/L 63 64 65 <25c

Fluoride ion (F-) mg/L 1.24 1.92 3.41 <0.0390 

Bromate ion (BrO3

-

) mg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.250 c

Nitrate ion (NO3

-

) mg/L 

as N N.D N.D N.D <0.0760 

Sulfate ion (SO4

2-) mg/L 2310 2510 2680 <0.0574 

TOC mg/L Fb F F <1 

CODa mg/L 156 92 128 <3.07 

TCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

PCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.78 

Chloroform μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.73 

Bromodichloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.68 

Dibromochloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

Bromoform μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.63 

Total THMs μg/L N.D N.D N.D - 

Dibromoacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.02 

Dichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.14 

Monobromoacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.10 

Monochloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.07 

Trichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.04 

Total HAAs μg/L N.D N.D N.D - 

TOX μg/L 85 100 260 <20c

TRO mg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.03 

Hydrogen peroxide mg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.0006 

a The same as above(table 6.1(1)).

b F: the analyte was positively identified but the associated numerical values were between 

MDL(Method detection limit, 1 mg/L) and the PQL (Practical quantification limit, 3 mg/L). 

c The same as above(table 6.1(1)). 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 27 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

(3) Treated water

Test dates: 8-13 August 2008 (Report No.: G280-2) 

Test period Day 0 Day 3 Day 5 

Procedure Ballasting Storage Discharge 

Parameter Unit 

Untreated

Water 

(SP1) 

Treated 

water 

(SP2) 

Treated 

water 3 

days 

storage 

(SP8) 

Untreated 

water after 

5 days 

storage 

(SP6) 

Treated 

water 

after 5 

days 

storage 

(SP4) 

MDL 

Bromide ion (Br-) mg/L -b - - - - <0.50d

Fluoride ion (F-) mg/L 0.693 0.41 1.18 1.10 0.317 <0.0390

Bromate ion (BrO3

-

) mg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.10d

Nitrate ion (NO3

-

) mg/L 

as N N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.0760

Sulfate ion (SO4

2-) mg/L 3070 3240 2840 2770 2780 <0.0574

TOC mg/L 4.09 5.45 1.75 2.20 2.55 <0.30 

CODa mg/L 344 360 360 316 360 <3.07 

TCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

PCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.78 

Chloroform μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.73 

Bromodichloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.68 

Dibromochloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

Bromoform μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.63 

Total THMs μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D - 

Dibromoacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.02 

Dichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.14 

Monobromoacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.10 

Monochloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.07 

Trichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.04 

Total HAAs μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D - 

TOX μg/L 12000c 97 260 170 N.D <20d

TRO mg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.03 

Hydrogen peroxide mg/L N.D 0.047 N.D N.D N.D <0.0006

a The same as above (Table 6.1 (1)). 

b Samples for anions analysis were filtered with the OnGuard II Ag cartridges 

(P/N 057090) to remove chloride ion before analysis. Bromide ions in test sample were also 

removed by the pre-treatment.

c It might be contamination with unknown halogenated organic during sampling. However, it 

was from raw water not in treated water. 

d The same as above (Table 6.1 (1)). 

 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 28 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

(4) Control water

Test dates: 8-13 August 2008 (Report No.: G280-2) 

Test period Day 0 Day 3 Day 5 

Procedure Ballasting Storage Discharge 

Parameter Unit Control 

water (SP3)

Control 

water after 

3 days 

storage 

(SP7) 

Control 

water after 

5 days 

storage 

(SP5) 

MDL 

Bromide ion (Br-) mg/L - b - - <0.50c

Fluoride ion (F-) mg/L 1.39 1.17 1.17 <0.0390 

Bromate ion (BrO3

-

) mg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.10 c

Nitrate ion (NO3

-

) mg/L 

as N N.D N.D N.D <0.0760 

Sulfate ion (SO4

2-) mg/L 3050 2870 2770 <0.0574 

TOC mg/L 3.36 3.25 1.94 <0.30 

CODa mg/L 392 584 308 <3.07 

TCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

PCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.78 

Chloroform μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.73 

Bromodichloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.68 

Dibromochloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

Bromoform μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.63 

Total THMs μg/L N.D N.D N.D - 

Dibromoacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.02 

Dichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.14 

Monobromoacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.10 

Monochloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.07 

Trichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.04 

Total HAAs μg/L N.D N.D N.D - 

TOX μg/L 160 77 97 <20 c

TRO mg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.03 

Hydrogen peroxide mg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.0006 

a The same as above (Table 6.1 (1)). 

b The same as above (Table 6.1 (3)). 

c The same as above (Table 6.1 (1)). 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 29 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

Table 6.2 List of backgrounds (anions, organic compounds) and potential by-products in 

the brackish water (3-32 PSU) of Nakdong River after GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast 

System 

(1) Treated water

Test dates: 1-6 October 2008 (Report No.: G280-3) 

Test period Day 0 Day 3 Day 5 

Procedure Ballasting Storag

e Discharge 

Parameter Unit 

Untreated 

water 

(SP1) 

Treated 

water 

(SP2) 

Treated 

water 3 

days 

storage 

(SP8) 

Untreated 

water 

after 5 

days 

storage 

(SP6) 

Treated 

water 

after 5 

days 

storage 

(SP4) 

MDL 

Bromide ion (Br-) mg/L 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 <0.0563 

Fluoride ion (F-) mg/L 0.555 0.60 0.423 0.477 0.402 <0.0390 

Bromate ion (BrO3

-

) mg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.0043 

Nitrate ion (NO3

-

) mg/L 

as N 0.366 0.528 0.268 N.D N.D <0.0517 

Sulfate ion (SO4

2-) mg/L 1490 1480 1480 1540 1520 <0.0574 

TOC mg/L 8.14 8.20 3.25 2.95 8.13 <0.30 

CODa mg/L 194 238 278 290 288 <3.07 

TCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

PCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.78 

Chloroform μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.73 

Bromodichlorometh

ane μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.68 

Dibromochlorometh

ane μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

Bromoform μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.63 

Total THMs μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D - 

Dibromoacetic acid μg/L 4.64 3.87 3.61 N.D N.D <0.02 

Dichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.14 

Monobromoacetic 

acid μg/L N.D N.D 0.72 0.60 0.74 <0.10 

Monochloroacetic 

acid μg/L 4.93 3.06 N.D N.D N.D <0.07 

Trichloroacetic acid μg/L 16.9 19.6 N.D N.D N.D <0.04 

Total HAAs μg/L 26.5 26.5 4.33 0.60 0.74 - 

TOX μg/L 4.78 6.99 2.14 2.14 2.21 <2b

TRO mg/L N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D <0.03 

Hydrogen peroxide mg/L N.D 0.021 N.D N.D N.D <0.0006 

a, b The same as above (Table 6. 1 (1)). 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 30 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

(2) Control water

Test dates: 1-6 October 2008 (Report No.: G280-3) 

Test period Day 0 Day 3 Day 5 

Procedure Ballasting Storage Discharge 

Parameter Unit 

Control 

water 

(SP3) 

Control 

water after 

3days 

storage 

(SP7) 

Control 

water after 

5 days 

storage 

(SP5) 

MDL 

Bromide ion (Br-) mg/L 40 40 40 <0.0563 

Fluoride ion (F-) mg/L 0.725 0.442 0.399 <0.0390 

Bromate ion (BrO3

-

) mg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.0043 

Nitrate ion (NO3

-

) mg/L 

as N 0.345 0.274 0.37 <0.0517 

Sulfate ion (SO4

2-) mg/L 1450 1490 1550 <0.0574 

TOCa mg/L 4.18 3.65 3.06 <0.3 

CODb mg/L 232 170 264 <3.07 

TCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

PCE μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.78 

Chloroform μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.73 

Bromodichloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.68 

Dibromochloromethane μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.76 

Bromoform μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.63 

Total THMs μg/L N.D N.D N.D - 

Dibromoacetic acid μg/L 4.36 N.D N.D <0.02 

Dichloroacetic acid μg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.14 

Monobromoacetic acid μg/L N.D 0.89 1.00 <0.1 

Monochloroacetic acid μg/L 5.62 N.D N.D <0.07 

Trichloroacetic acid μg/L 19.6 N.D N.D <0.04 

Total HAAs μg/L 29.6 0.89 1.00 - 

TOX μg/L 4.18 4.05 3.68 <2c

TRO mg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.03 

Hydrogen peroxide mg/L N.D N.D N.D <0.0006 

a Control limit for TOC analysis was 70~130 %. 

b,c The same as above (Table 6. 1 (1)). 

6.2.2 Assessment of treated ballast water 

As outlined above, these tests were conducted on the whole-effluent from the GloEn-PatrolTM 

Ballast System of PANASIA CO., LTD. 

Field water samples were collected at three appropriate time intervals after treatment 

(immediately after treatment, after 72 hrs (hours) interval, and final ballast water discharge 

after 5 days interval). Test substances for WET tests were prepared from the field water samples 

immediately on delivering to the laboratory. The water samples were passed through the filtering 

system (pore size 0.45 μm) by using peristaltic pump, and then water parameters ñ pH, 

temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) ñ were measured. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 31 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

6.2.2.1 Acute aquatic toxicity 

.1 Acute toxicity test with the Rotifer, Brachionus

This study was performed to the effect of whole effluent (WET) 

by GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System on the acute aquatic toxicity with Rotifer, 

Brachionus. We evaluated the ability to kill 50% (LC50) of Brachionus plicatilis, 

marine water rotifer for 24 hrs of treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water) 

and this compared to control water (seawater or brackish water). 

The assay was performed in basic accordance with ìASTM E1440 Standard Guide 

for Acute Toxicity Test with the Rotifer, Brachionus.î 

Using 24 hrs old rotifers (<24 hrs neonate) hatched from the resting eggs, acute 

toxicity tests were carried out for treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water) 

and control water (seawater or brackish water). Five rotifers were transferred to 

individual wells of a 48 well polystyrene plate, each containing 1 ml of test 

substances. The plates were incubated at 25oC in darkness. After 24 hrs, the 

rotifers were observed under the stereomicroscope. Rotifers were considered dead 

if no movement of the cilia and mastax was observed over a period of 30s. 

The dead and alive rotifers were counted. Statistical evaluation was performed 

according to methods for lethal and sub-lethal tests. A nominal error rate 

of 0.05 was applied when testing hypothesis to determine the test results. 

The results of the tests were reported as table showing survival at each 

experimental condition. The value of LC50 was the concentrations (expressed as % 

treated ballast water) that caused the mortality 50% of rotifers. 

These results showed that there was no mortality to Brachionus plicatilis at all at 

any experimental condition. When treated ballast water (seawater or brackish 

water; SP2, SP8, SP4) was compared to control water (seawater or brackish water; 

SP3, SP7, SP5), there was no significant difference in the survival rate. The LC50 

and actual NOEC could not be determined because these data was 100% over 

concentration. 

Therefore, the treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water) 

by GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System did not induce the aquatic acute toxicity 

in 24 hrs for Brachionus plicatilis. 

.2 Growth inhibition test with Microalgae

This study was performed to the effect of whole effluent (WET) 

by GloEn PatrolTM Ballast System on the aquatic acute toxicity of microalgae. 

We evaluated the ability to 50% growth inhibition (EC50) of Dunaliella tertiolecta 

and Skeletonema costatum or Phaeodactylum tricornutum, marine water 

microalgae for 96 hrs of treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water) and this 

compared to control water (seawater or brackish water). 

The assay was performed in basic accordance with ìASTM E1218-97a Standard 

Guide for Conducting Static 96-h Toxicity Tests with Microalgaeî. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 32 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

Three strains of microalgae, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Skeletonema costatum or

Phaeodactylum tricornutum were used. They were inoculated at 25T flask and 

cultured for 96 hrs in shaking incubator. Cell number was counted by using of 

hemocytometer. 

Statistical evaluation was performed according to methods for growth inhibition 

test. A nominal error rate of 0.05 was applied when testing hypothesis to 

determine the test results. The results of the tests were reported as table showing 

the progress of growth in the cultures at each experimental condition. The value 

of EC50 were the concentrations (expressed as % treated ballast water) that 

caused 50% reduction of the growth of the algae. 

In these results, test substances did not induce growth inhibition to Dunaliella 

tertiolecta and Skeletonema costatum or Phaeodactylum tricornutum at any 

concentrations. When treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water; SP2, SP8, 

SP4) was compared to control water (seawater or brackish water; SP3, SP7, SP5), 

there was no significant difference in the growth rate. The EC50 and actual NOEC 

could not be determined because these data was 100% over concentration. 

Therefore, the treated ballast water by GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System did not 

induce growth inhibition in 96 hrs for Dunaliella tertiolecta and Skeletonema 

costatum or Phaeodactylum tricornutum, marine waters microalgae. 

.3 Survival toxicity test with the fish, Cyprinodon variegatus (larvae) 

This study was performed to the effect of whole effluent (WET) by 

GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System on the survival test with sheepshead minnow. 

We evaluated the ability to kill 50% (LC50) of Cyprinodon variegatus (larvae),

marine water fish for 96 hrs of treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water) 

and this compared to control water (seawater or brackish water). 

The assay was performed in basic accordance with ìUSEPA 821/R-02/014 

Standard Guide for Short-term Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of 

Effluents and Receiving Waters to Marine and Estuarine Organismsî. 

Using 24 hrs old fish hatched from the resting eggs, acute toxicity test was 

carried out for a treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water), or a control 

water (seawater or brackish water). Ten of fish larvae were transferred to 

individual chambers of 1L beakers of glass, each containing 500 ml of test 

substances. The chambers were incubated at 20oC for 96 hrs. Daily, the fish were 

observed the survival. The dead and alive fish were counted. After 96 hrs, the test 

was end, and calculated the survival (%). 

Statistical evaluation was performed according to methods for lethal and 

sub-lethal tests. A nominal error rate of 0.05 was applied when testing hypothesis 

to determine the test results. The results of the tests were reported as table 

showing survival at each experimental condition. The value of LC50 was the 

concentrations (expressed as % treated ballast water) that caused the 

mortality 50% of Cyprinodon variegatus (larvae). 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 33 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

These results showed that there was no mortality to Cyprinodon variegatus 

(larvae) at all at any experimental condition. When treated ballast water (seawater 

or brackish water; SP2, SP8, SP4) was compared to control water (seawater or 

brackish water; SP3, SP7, SP5), there was no significant difference in the 

survival rate. The LC50 and actual NOEC could not be determined because these 

data was 100% over concentration. 

Therefore, the treated ballast water by GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System did not 

induce the aquatic acute toxicity in 96 hrs for sheepshead minnow, 

Cyprinodon variegatus (larvae).

6.2.2.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity 

.1 Reproduction (or population growth) toxicity test with the Rotifer, 

Brachionus

This study was performed to the effect of whole effluent (WET) by 

GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System on reproduction (or population growth) toxicity 

with Rotifer, Brachionus. We evaluated the ability to 50% population growth 

inhibition (EC50) of Brachionus plicatilis, marine water rotifer for 96 hrs of treated 

ballast water (seawater or brackish water) and this compared to control water 

(seawater or brackish water). 

The assay was performed in basic accordance with ìCyst-based toxicity tests 

(Janssen et al., 1994) Standard Guide for Short-chronic toxicity tests with the 

freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorusî. 

Using 24 hrs old rotifers (<24 hrs neonate) hatched from the resting eggs, the 

short chronic toxicity tests were carried out for treated ballast water (seawater or 

brackish water) and control water (seawater or brackish water). Five rotifers were 

transferred to individual wells of a 48 well polystyrene plate, each containing 1 ml 

of test substances. The plates were incubated at 25o

C in darkness for 96 hrs. The 

medium which contained 1 x 106

 cells per ml of N. oculata, was not renew 

throughout the exposure period. After 96 hrs, the rotifers were observed under the 

stereomicroscope. Rotifers were considered dead if no movement of the cilia and 

mastax was observed over a period of 30 s. The dead and alive rotifers were 

counted. 

Statistical evaluation was performed according to methods for growth inhibition 

tests. A nominal error rate of 0.05 was applied when testing hypothesis to 

determine the test results. The results of the tests were reported as table showing 

the progress of growth in the cultures at each experimental condition. The value of 

EC50 were the concentrations (expressed as % treated ballast water) that 

caused 50% reduction of the population growth of the rotifers. 

In these results, all test substances did not induce population growth inhibition to 

Brachionus plicatilis at any concentrations. When treated ballast water (seawater 

or brackish water; SP2, SP8, SP4) was compared to control water (seawater or 

brackish water; SP3, SP7, SP5), there was no significant difference in the growth 

rate. The EC50 and actual NOEC could not be determined because these data 

was 100% over concentration. 
MEPC 59/2/7 

ANNEX 

Page 34 

I:\MEPC\59\2-7.doc 

Therefore, the treated ballast water by GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System did not 

induce reproduction (or population growth) inhibition in 96 hrs for Brachionus 

plicatilis, marine waters rotifers. 

.2 Growth toxicity test with the larval fish, Cyprinidon variegatus (larvae) 

This study was performed to the effects of whole effluent (WET) by 

GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System on population growth toxicity with sheepshead 

minnow. We evaluated the ability to 50% growth inhibition (EC50) of Cyprinodon 

variegatus (larvae), marine water fish for 96 hrs of treated ballast water (seawater 

or brackish water) and this compared to control water (seawater or brackish water). 

The assay was performed in basic accordance with ìUSEPA 821/R-02/014 

Standard Guide for Short-term Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of 

Effluents and Receiving Waters to Marine and Estuarine Organismsî. 

Using 24 hrs old fish hatched from the resting eggs, the short chronic toxicity test 

was carried out for a treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water), or a 

control water (seawater or brackish water). Ten fish larvae were transferred to 

individual chambers of 1L beakers of glass, each containing 500 ml of test 

substances. The chambers were incubated at 20oC for 7 days. The test substances 

(treated ballast water or control water) were renewed daily using freshly prepared 

solution. Sheepshead minnow larvae were fed newly-hatched (less than 24-h old) 

Artemia nauplii once a day from hatch day 0 through day 6; larvae were not fed on 

day 7. Daily, the fish were observed the survival. At test termination on day 7, 

dead larvae were recorded and fish larvae were removed measured for weight 

determinations (towel dried) to 10 fish larvae per treatment replicate and 

calculated the growth rate. 

Statistical evaluation was performed according to methods for growth inhibition 

test. A nominal error rate of 0.05 was applied when testing hypothesis to 

determine the test results. The results of the tests were reported as table showing 

the progress of growth in the cultures at each experimental condition. The value 

of EC50 was the concentrations (expressed as % treated ballast water) that 

caused 50% reduction of the population growth rate of Cyprinodon variegatus 

(larvae). 

 

In these results, all test substances did not induce population growth inhibition to 

Cyprinodon variegatus (larvae) at any concentrations. When treated ballast water 

(seawater or brackish water; SP2, SP8, SP4) was compared to control water 

(seawater or brackish water; SP3, SP7, SP5), there was no significant difference in 

the growth rate. The EC50 and actual NOEC could not be determined because 

these data was 100% over concentration. 

Therefore, the treated ballast water by GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System did not 

induce population growth inhibition in 7 days for Cyprinodon variegatus (larvae), 

marine water fish. 
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6.2.2.3 Sediment toxicity 

.1 Sediment toxicity test with amphipod 

This study was performed to the effect of whole effluent (WET) by 

GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System on sediment toxicity with amphipod. We 

evaluated the ability to kill 50% (LC50) of Monocorophium acherusicum, marine 

water amphipod for 10 days of treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water) 

and this compared to control water (seawater or brackish water). 

The assay was performed in basic accordance with ìUSEPA 600/R-94/025 

Standard Guide for Short-term Methods for Assessing the Toxicity of 

Sediment-associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Amphipodsî. 

Benthic amphipods Monocorophium acherusicum were reared in the laboratory 

(NeoEnBiz Co.) which the initial strain had been collected from a mudflat in 

Daebudo (37○

17'N; 126○34'E), located in the Western coast of Korea. They were 

reared in the 20-L containers with clean sediment and overlying water with 

continuous aeration under static renewal condition with a biological filtering 

system, and fed ground fish meal (Tetra-Min) and diatoms. Salinity, temperature 

and dissolved oxygen were maintained at 30 PSU, 20o

C and over 80%. 

The treated ballast water (seawater or brackish water) or control water (seawater 

or brackish water) were spiked with sediment for 7 days. Individuals of 

M. acherusicum were exposed to aging test substances. Indeed, ten individuals of 

M. acherusicum allocated into each replicate 1 L beakers were exposed to test 

substances spiked sediment for 10 days. During the test substances exposure 

period, dead individuals were counted and removed on 10 days.

Statistical evaluation was performed according to methods for lethal and 

sub-lethal tests. A nominal error rate of 0.05 was applied when testing hypothesis 

to determine the test results. The results of the tests were reported as table 

showing survival at each experimental condition. The value of LC50 was the 

concentrations (expressed as % treated ballast water) that caused the 

mortality 50% of M. acherusicum. 

These results showed that there was no mortality to M. acherusicum at all at any 

experimental condition. When treated ballast water (SP2, SP8, SP4) was 

compared to control water (SP3, SP7, SP5), there was no significant difference in 

the survival rate. The LC50 and actual NOEC could not be determined because 

these data was 100% over concentration. 

Therefore, the treated ballast water by GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System did not 

induce the sediment toxicity in 10 days for amphipod, M. acherusicum. 

6.2.3 Determination of holding time 

This system is operated only during ballasting and discharge and does not produce any 

significant level of residual oxidants and by-products to be required for holding. Some trace level 

of hydrogen peroxide (approx. 18~48 μg/L) was detected in the ìTreated Water,î but the 
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detected concentration is not considered to be problematic in the marine aquatic environment. 

Hydrogen peroxide is commonly considered as a ìgreenî chemical and is non-persistent in the 

environment and does not accumulate in biota. In addition, hydrogen peroxide is naturally 

produced by living organisms either within the organism itself or in the surrounding 

medium. For blue-green algae produce hydrogen peroxide under the light irradiation at a rate 

of 1-50 μ g/L per hour (Zepp et al., 1987). Therefore, consideration of the holding time of the 

treated ballast water is not necessary. Not limited. 

6.3 Risk Characterization and analysis 

6.3.1 Reaction with organic matter (see G9: 4.2.1.3 and section 3.4.4 of this document) 

ìActive Substanceî (Photon) and ìRelevant Chemicalî (ïOH) can react with organic matters, but 

it is possible just in the UV chamber not in the ballast water and the ballast water discharge due 

to their non-residual property. Therefore, the evaluation on the reaction with organic matter in 

seawater is not applicable (see section 3.4.4). 

6.3.2 Characterization of Degradation Route and Rate (G9: 5.3.5) 

ïOH could be formed during the UV process: however, the formed ïOH is instantaneously 

scavenged by several specific chemical reactions with basic components present in seawater as 

described below (Jayson and Parsons, 1973; Zehavi and Rabani, 1972; Buxton et al., 1988; 

Hoigne and Bader, 1979): 

ïOH + Cl- ! k = 4.3×109

 M-1s

-1 (Overall rate constant) 

ïOH + Br- ! k = 1.1×109

 M-1s

-1 

ïOH + ïOH ! k = 109 M-1s

-1 

ïOH + NOM ! k = 2×104

 M-1s

-1 

ïOH + HCO3

- ! k = 8×106

 M-1s

-1 

ïOH + CO3

2- ! k = 4×108

 M-1s

-1 

The above reactions show that how rapidly ïOH could be dissipated. In fact, no risk associated 

with ïOH is expected due to non-residuality

6.3.3 Prediction of discharge and environmental concentrations 

As described above, all ïOH instantaneously disappear within milli-seconds once the water 

leaves the UV reactor due to its extremely short life-time (~10-9 sec) in water and high reactivity 

with the background components present in seawater. In this proposal, to confirm the 

non-residuality of ïOH in treated water, ïOH in untreated and treated water was monitored with 

spin trapping-ESR spectroscopy (quantification: 5×10-8 M) and competition kinetic method using 

ïOH probe compound, pCBA (Quantification: less than 10-12 M), which were the currently 

available representative detection methods for the detecting and quantifying ïOH. As a result, 

there were no residual ïOH in water treated with GloEn-patrolTM Ballast System. 

From the obtained information, it is concluded that a 100% concentration of ïOH in treated water 

during ballasting and discharge is close to zero, which is theoretically acceptable under any 

situation. 
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In this application, the toxicity tests were conducted on the whole-effluent water from the 

GloEn PatrolTM Ballast System. The results of WET testing support that the tested water 

(both of seawater and brackish water) does not induce any toxicity in aquatic environment. 

6.3.4 Assessment of Potential for Bioaccumulation 

Not applicable (see description under the section 3.4 ìData on environmental fate and effect 

under aerobic and anaerobic conditionsî) 

6.3.5 Effects on aquatic organisms 

No aquatic toxicity of the treated ballast water at discharge was found through WET testing of 

the treated ballast water.

6.3.6 PEC/PNEC ratio for the Active Substance and Relevant Chemical 

As described above, both of photon (Active Substance) and ïOH (Relevant Chemical) does not 

remain in treated water once the water leave a UV reactor. Consequently, modelling for 

calculation of the PEC with program is not applicable.

7 RISK ASSESSMENT 

7.1 Risk to safety of ship 

7.1.1 Increased Corrosion 

The influential factors on corrosion in seawater are salt content, solute gases such as oxygen, 

carbon dioxide, and pH level. Of the several factors, the solute oxygen content is of primary 

importance as a component influencing the corrosion behaviour of most metals in seawater. 

The GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System does not cause oxygen gas evolution. There was no change 

of pH in the effluent water (ìTreated Waterî) as compared to influent water (ìUntreated Waterî). 

The GloEn-PatrolTM system does not produce any corrosive by-products, such as TRO 

(Total Residual Oxydants) and acidic compounds. It should be also noted that the ORP 

(Oxidation-Reduction Potential) value of ìTreated Waterî is almost the same as that 

(727~733 mV) of ìPre-treated Waterî. In addition, the value of TRO was not observed after 

treatment, which support that the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System is free of corrosion risk. 

7.1.2 Fire and explosion (formation of gases) 

In theory, hydrogen gas can be produced by water photolysis in the absence of other constituents 

(i.e. only at ultra pure water) radiating only extremely short wavelength (120-190 nm) from 

a VUV (vacuum UV) system or excimer UV lamp system; 

H2O +hν→ ïOH + ïH (reaction 1) 

ïOH + ïH → H2O (reaction 2) 

ïH + ïH → H2 (reaction 3) 
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However, in the presence of other constituent, reaction 3 would not take place due to the 

presence of ïOH scavenger. For example, hydrogen radicals can react with dissolved oxygen to 

produce a perhydroxyl radical which is very unstable in aqueous system (reaction 4). 

ïH + O2 → ïHO2 (reaction 4) 

In GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System, the main UV spectra are 200 ñ 400 nm, which are longer than 

that of VUV (much lower energy flux is expected). As a matter of fact, hydrogen or any gas 

formation is not expected in the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System. 

 

7.1.3 Storage and handling of the substances 

Since the Photon and ïOH are produced during operation and not residual in ballast water, 

storage and handling is not issue. 

Any substances are not added in the process. Any chemical are not required to be stored on 

board. 

7.1.4 Contact with, or inhalation of, process products 

Since the Photon and ïOH are produced during operation and not residual in ballast water out of 

the UV chamber, an operator doesnít have any chance to contact with the Photon and ïOHs. 

7.1.5 Noise 

Assumed to be negligible. 

7.2 Risks to human health 

Important information on risks to human health is as follows: 

- electrical safety; 

- overheating of UV chamber; 

- burns from UV chamber; and 

- UV light exposure. 

To reduce the risk of electrical shock, the main electrical supply to the UV chamber should be 

disconnected and the operator should wait at least 5 minutes for the lamps to cool down and 

energy to dissipate before any maintenance is performed. 

The UV lamps produce a considerable amount of heat that is removed if the flow-rate of the 

liquid passing through the system is high enough. In order to monitor the temperature of the 

liquid, a temperature detector is fitted on the UV chamber so that unsafe situations caused by 

possible breakdowns can be prevented. 

As soon as the liquid temperature exceeds the pre-set value (default value: 45oC), an alarm is 

given and the system shuts down at the same time. 
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The chamber can also become hot during operation under abnormal. The temperature of the 

chamber should be assessed prior to contact. 

WARNING 

This chamber can produce hot temperature at abnormal. 

The temperature should be assessed prior to contact. 

UV lamps are housed within lamp sleeves to help keep the lamp at optimal operating temperature 

and to protect the lamp from breaking. Lamp sleeves are tubes of quartz. The sleeve length is 

sufficient to include the lamp and associated electrical connections. 

There is no risk to human health unless the UV light is directly exposed on the human under 

emergency, which is almost impossible in actual situation. 

To prevent eye and skin injuries, sources of UV light must be conspicuously labelled with 

a warning attached to the UV chamber. The warning sign states the following: 

WARNING 

DO NOT EXPOSE EYES AND SKIN TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT 

RAYS MAY BE HARMFUL TO UNPROTECTED EYES AND 

SKIN

7.2.1 Health effects in humans

There is no risk to human health and so information on health effects in humans is not available. 

7.2.2 Risks to the environment 

No aquatic toxicity of the treated ballast water at discharge was found through WET testing of 

the treated ballast water. From the results of WET testing and ïOH residual testing, it could be 

concluded that the treated water of ballasting and discharge in this system would not induce any 

adverse effect towards aquatic organisms and human. 

7.2.3 Human Exposure Scenario 

The ìActive Substance,î photon, is in the UV chamber only when the UV lamp is on and 

immediately disappears after stopping UV, there is no chance of operator exposure to the 

UV light. In the worst case, operator can open a flange on the chamber when water flows and 

switch is on. However this is almost impossible in actual situation. 
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The Relevant Chemical, ïOH, is also produced only when the UV lamp is on and immediately 

disappears after the ballast water leaves out of the UV chamber. 

In the worst case, the ballast water flows in case that operator opens a flange of the chamber, at 

this time the liquid temperature rises and then an alarm is given and the system shuts down at the 

same time. 

Any hazard from the GloEn-Patrolô Ballast System can not be identified. 

8 ASSESSMENT REPORT (G9: 4.3) 

8.1 From the chemical analysis, no significant change on the concentration of backgrounds 

was observed and the other chemicals mentioned above were found not to be produced or 

detected at trace (insignificant) level during the GloEn-PatrolTM system. Consequently, these 

results confirm that the GloEn-PatrolTM Ballast System employing UV physical process does not 

alter the seawater chemical characteristics.

8.2 ïOH instantaneously disappears within milli-seconds as soon as the water leaves the UV 

chamber due to its extremely short life-time (~10-9 sec) in water and furthermore no residual ïOH 

was observed in the ìTreated Waterî. 

8.3 Results of toxicity testing show that no significant acute/chronic toxicity and sediment 

toxicity was observed. 

The results of above show the evidence that humans, ships and environment are not at risk at all. 

Therefore risk assessment is not considered necessary. 

_______________