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Filed 9/7/21; certified for partial publication 9/28/21 (order attached)

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Placer)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

GREGORY LEE WISE,

Defendant and Appellant.

C090234

(Super. Ct. No. 62141458)

Defendant Gregory Lee Wise texted and called a woman, R.F., hundreds of times 

for three years after they had gone on two dates despite her continued demands for him to 

stop. During this period, defendant stored hundreds of pictures of R.F. on his computer

taken from the internet and used in a sexual manner. He also took and stored pictures of 

other women without their knowledge as they parked their cars or walked down the 

street. After defendant’s arrest, police officers searched his home and discovered the 
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photographs along with several assault weapons and ammunition. At trial, the court 

permitted admission of both sets of photographs over defendant’s objections. Defendant 

was convicted of stalking, unlawfully manufacturing an assault weapon, and possession 

of several assault weapons, among other crimes.

On appeal, defendant challenges the admission of both sets of photographs arguing 

they were irrelevant and prejudicial. He also asserts the court improperly failed to 

provide a lesser included offense jury instruction for the unlawfully manufacturing an 

assault weapon charge. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

I

Defendant’s Stalking of R.F.

Defendant met R.F. through a dating website in 2011. After a couple of casual 

dates involving walking around public parks, she relayed to defendant she was not 

interested in pursuing the relationship. Defendant still continued to text and call her over 

900 times for the following three years, even though R.F. only responded to tell him to 

stop and attempted to pretend she had changed her number. In 2015, defendant resorted 

to threatening to kill himself if she did not reciprocate his feelings towards her. 

Defendant had also changed his profile on the dating website to say, “[R.F.] you are the 

only one for me,” call R.F. his “soulmate,” and that: “She just confuzzled [sic] and 

continues to play games with me as she had from the very beginning. . . . I been 

‘stalkering’ her lately. Whatever that word means that concept means. She so fraidy

[sic] of me she won’t even dare respond so I guesses [sic] I will have to confront her.” 

Around discovering defendant’s profile changes, R.F. also found a video defendant 

uploaded showing him shooting guns while running through a forest in a military fashion.

On June 19, 2015, defendant sent R.F. two messages on two different messaging 

platforms. The first said: “I stalkered [sic] you on the 15th of June 2015.” The second 
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said: “You have to understand please please just talk to me I don’t want to have to come 

after you I just want for you to do what is right I have to be with you.”

On June 22, 2015, defendant was arrested after a light rail rider called 911 

reporting defendant had a gun in his pocket on the train. Officers found on defendant a 

map to R.F.’s house and a document titled “Plan Trackering [sic]” that discussed placing 

a tracking device on a vehicle. Defendant also had a document with R.F.’s license plate 

number and a description of her vehicle.

Police officers later searched defendant’s home and electronic storage devices. 

R.F.’s name appeared over 2,000 times in one device, along with hundreds of photos of 

her and other women. Officers also found in defendant’s home several weapons and 

containers of ammunition. Among the guns recovered was an FN Herstal Belgium 

SCAR 176 (Herstal). The store defendant bought the Herstal from had to convert the gun 

to make it compliant with California gun laws by adding a bullet button and reducing the 

magazine capacity. Defendant asked the store if he could watch them make the gun 

compliant but they refused. When police found the Herstal in defendant’s house the gun 

did not have the bullet button and the magazine capacity had been increased.

Police also later determined defendant had on three separate occasions stolen some 

of the ammunition found at his house from two sporting goods stores.

Defendant was charged with stalking (Pen. Code,1 § 646.9, subd. (a)—count 1), 

unlawfully manufacturing an assault weapon as to the Herstal (§ 30600, subd. (a)—

count 2), nine counts of possession of an assault weapon, including one for the Herstal

(§ 30605, subd. (a)—counts 3-11), felony commercial burglary (§ 459—count 12), felony 

grand theft of property (§ 487, subd. (a)—count 13), and petty theft (§ 488—count 14).

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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II

Admission of Photographs at Trial

Before trial, the prosecutor sought admission of the photographs recovered from 

defendant’s devices. The first set of pictures were nearly 300 screenshots of a computer 

desktop with various images of R.F. next to other images including those of legs and feet 

of other women and monster-like cartoons eating women. These screenshots were

consistent with vorarephilia, or vore pornography, which is characterized by a neurotic 

desire to consume or be consumed by another person or creature. Defendant also labeled 

the screenshots with the description of what he was doing, often sexually, when he took 

the screenshot, such as “1-1-13 0915 knees right sex stared into her eyes snow 

white.bmp” and “6-6-12 2404 focusing on her face of her in the costume on kn.bmp.”

The prosecutor described these photos as getting “to the meat and potatoes of the 

defendant’s intent and obsession with the victim.” Defense counsel argued the photos 

were private and not used in any way to harass or annoy. The trial court found these 

pictures admissible without explaining its reasoning.

The second set were photographs surreptitiously taken of 14 other women totaling 

over 350 pictures. Most of these pictures were taken in parking lots while the women 

were getting in or out of their cars, or while they walked down the sidewalk, and many 

focused on their legs. The prosecutor argued these were admissible under Evidence Code 

sections 1101, subdivision (b) and 1109. The trial court permitted these photos because 

they were “relevant to his intent in the stalking charge.”

III

Verdict and Sentencing

The jury found defendant guilty of all charges except two of the automatic weapon 

possession counts. The court sentenced defendant to eight months (midterm) for stalking, 

eight years (upper term) for unlawful assault weapon activity of the Herstal, eight months 

(one-third midterm) each for six of the assault weapon possessions, and eight months 
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(one-third midterm) for commercial burglary, all to run consecutively. The court 

imposed and stayed pursuant to section 654 three years (upper term) for both grand theft 

and the remaining possession conviction for the Herstal.

DISCUSSION

I

Admission of Photographs

Defendant challenges the admission of both sets of photographs as being irrelevant 

and prejudicial. We disagree.

A. Legal Standards

Relevant evidence is evidence “having any tendency in reason to prove or 

disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action.” 

(Evid. Code, § 210.) “No evidence is admissible except relevant evidence.” (Evid. Code, 

§ 350.) But relevant evidence may nonetheless be excluded under Evidence Code section 

352 if the probative value of the evidence is outweighed by its prejudicial effect. (People 

v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 404.) As the California Supreme Court has explained, 

“ ‘The prejudice which exclusion of evidence under Evidence Code section 352 is 

designed to avoid is not the prejudice or damage to a defense that naturally flows from 

relevant, highly probative evidence. “[A]ll evidence which tends to prove guilt is 

prejudicial or damaging to the defendant’s case. The stronger the evidence, the more it is 

‘prejudicial.’ The ‘prejudice’ referred to in Evidence Code section 352 applies to 

evidence which uniquely tends to evoke an emotional bias against the defendant as an 

individual and which has very little effect on the issues. In applying section 352, 

‘prejudicial’ is not synonymous with ‘damaging.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Gionis (1995) 

9 Cal.4th 1196, 1214.) “Evidence is not inadmissible under section 352 unless the 

probative value is ‘substantially’ outweighed by the probability of a ‘substantial danger’ 

of undue prejudice or other statutory counterweights.” (People v. Holford (2012) 

203 Cal.App.4th 155, 167.)
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The crime of stalking is committed when a person “willfully, maliciously, and 

repeatedly follows or willfully and maliciously harasses another person and who makes a 

credible threat with the intent to place that person in reasonable fear for his or her safety.” 

(§ 646.9, subd. (a).) “Someone acts maliciously when he or she intentionally does a 

wrongful act or when he or she acts with the unlawful intent to disturb, annoy, or injure 

someone else.” (CALCRIM No. 1301.)

We review a trial court’s rulings on the admissibility of evidence for abuse of 

discretion. (People v. Benavides (2005) 35 Cal.4th 69, 90.)

B. Photographs of R.F.

Defendant argues the computer-enhanced pictures of R.F. were not relevant to the 

stalking charges because R.F. was not aware of them and they did not exhibit an intent to 

harass or follow her, or place her in fear. Unlike the texts and map to her house, these 

private thoughts and fixations bore no relevance to the stalking charges. These photos 

were also prejudicial, defendant argues, because they likely humiliated defendant and 

biased the jury against him.

These photographs tended to establish the obsession fueling defendant’s stalking 

of R.F. Defendant crafted these hundreds of pictures with R.F. over the course of several 

years though he had only met her in person twice. The pictures were also sexual in 

nature, and this feeling was emphatically not reciprocated by R.F. Defendant was also

found with a map of R.F.’s home and had admitted to “stalkering” her in multiple 

communications. The pictures of R.F. tended to show this obsession was not innocent, 

but that defendant intentionally did the wrongful act, thereby being relevant to the 

malicious intent element of the stalking charge.

These pictures were also not unduly prejudicial. Though they were explicit and 

sexual in nature, any tendency to evoke a negative emotional bias against defendant was 

due to the relevant issues in the case — whether defendant was maliciously stalking R.F. 

They were therefore prejudicial in the sense they tended to prove the prosecution’s case. 
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This is not the type of prejudice required to overcome the photographs’ probative nature. 

The trial court therefore did not abuse its discretion in admitting these pictures.

C. Photographs of Other Women

Defendant next argues the photographs of the other women are not admissible 

under Evidence Code section 1101 or 1109 because they were not evidence of him 

stalking these women and they do not show any malicious or willful harassment of these 

women. The photos are also prejudicial, he asserts, because they painted him as “a 

person interested in taking secret pictures of women, with the intention of satisfying a 

possible fetish involving their legs and hosiery,” which has no bearing on whether he 

stalked R.F. Defendant contends it was reasonably likely the jury convicted defendant 

not because he stalked R.F., but because of their emotional response to the pictures he 

took of these other women.

These photographs were relevant and admissible under Evidence Code section 

1101. This section prohibits past crimes and bad acts from being admitted to show 

propensity or bad character, but permits admission of evidence a person “committed a 

crime, civil wrong, or other act” for other reasons, such as to establish “motive, 

opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or 

accident.” (Evid. Code, § 1101, subd. (b).) The uncharged act must be sufficiently 

similar to the charged offense, but “ ‘[t]he least degree of similarity (between the 

uncharged act and the charged offense) is required in order to prove intent. [Citation.]

. . . In order to be admissible to prove intent, the uncharged conduct must be sufficiently 

similar to support the inference that the defendant “ ‘probably harbor[ed] the same intent 

in each instance.’ [Citations.]” [Citation.]’ ” (People v. Foster (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1301, 

1328.)

Though these photos were not of R.F., they were relevant for similar reasons as 

the photos of R.F. — they tended to show defendant’s intent to maliciously follow R.F. 

These photos show defendant following women without their knowledge or permission 
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from positions of hiding, usually in a car out of sight from the women, establishing 

defendant intentionally followed these women without their consent. Though not 

precisely in the same manner defendant stalked R.F., there is a sufficient degree of 

similarity to support the inference he likely harbored the same intent. That all the 

elements of stalking are not established by these photos does not render them irrelevant

as they help establish at least one necessary element of stalking.

No substantial prejudice existed here either for the same reason. Any negative 

inference drawn by the jury is derived from the defendant’s act of following women 

without their knowledge. This type of prejudice does not overcome the probative value 

of the evidence.

II

Lesser Included Assault Weapons Instruction

Defendant also contends the court failed to instruct the jury on assault weapon 

possession (§ 30605) for the Herstal, a lesser included offense of unlawfully 

manufacturing an assault weapon (§ 30600) because there was substantial evidence 

defendant possessed the Herstal.

The issue here is not whether the trial court should have instructed on a lesser 

included offense, because the court did instruct the jury on possession of the Herstal

(count 3) in addition to instructing them on manufacturing the Herstal (count 2). The jury 

also found defendant guilty of both possessing the Herstal and unlawfully making the 

Herstal an assault weapon. The issue then, instead, is whether defendant was subject to 

multiple convictions because the possession is a lesser included offense of the 

manufacturing conviction. We conclude it is not.

When two offenses are charged, and the defendant is convicted of both, we apply 

the “elements test” to assess whether one is a necessarily included offense of the other 

and, in turn, whether multiple convictions are proper. (People v. Reed (2006) 38 Cal.4th 

1224, 1229 [“In deciding whether multiple conviction is proper, a court should consider 
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only the statutory elements”]; People v. Scheidt (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 162, 165-171

[“only a statutorily lesser included offense is subject to the bar against multiple 

convictions in the same proceeding”].) “Under the elements test, if the statutory elements 

of the greater offense include all of the statutory elements of the lesser offense, the latter 

is necessarily included in the former.” (Reed, at p. 1227.) In other words, “[i]f the 

crimes are defined in such a way as to make it impossible to commit the greater offense 

without also committing the lesser,” then the lesser is necessarily included in the greater 

and a defendant’s conviction of the lesser must be vacated. (People v. Miranda (1994) 

21 Cal.App.4th 1464, 1467; Reed, at p. 1227 [“ ‘[i]f a crime cannot be committed without 

also necessarily committing a lesser offense, the latter is a lesser included offense within 

the former’ ”].)2

Section 30600 is violated when a person “manufactures or causes to be 

manufactured, distributes, transports, or imports into the state, keeps for sale, or offers or 

exposes for sale, or who gives or lends any assault weapon.” (§ 30600, subd. (a).) 

Section 30605 is violated when a person “possesses any assault weapon.” (§ 30605, 

subd. (a).) Possession can be actual or constructive. “ ‘ “A defendant has actual 

possession when the weapon is in his [or her] immediate possession or control,” ’ i.e., 

when he or she is actually holding or touching it.” (People v. Bay (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 

126, 132.) “To establish constructive possession, the prosecution must prove a defendant 

knowingly exercised a right to control the prohibited item, either directly or through 

another person.” (People v. Sifuentes (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1410, 1417, disapproved

on another ground in People v. Farwell (2018) 5 Cal.5th 295, 304, fn. 6.)

2 Defendant relies on the accusatory pleading test, but this test is only applied “in 

deciding whether a defendant received notice, and therefore may be convicted, of an

uncharged crime.” (People v. Reed, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 1231.)
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It is possible to violate section 30600 without also violating section 30605 because 

possession is not necessary to satisfy several of the actions prohibited by section 30600. 

For example, one can “cause[] to be manufactured” an assault weapon without ever 

possessing it by paying one person to manufacture the assault weapon. Before the 

manufacturer ever transfers the weapon, the defendant would have violated section 30600 

but not section 30605. Similarly, with importing, one can cause someone else to import 

an assault weapon without ever obtaining possession of that weapon. The statutory 

elements test is therefore not satisfied so the convictions for both manufacturing and 

possessing the Herstal were therefore valid.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

 /s/

BLEASE, J.

We concur:

 /s/

RAYE, P. J.

 /s/

ROBIE, J.
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Filed 9/28/21

CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Placer)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

GREGORY LEE WISE,

Defendant and Appellant.

C090234

(Super. Ct. No. 62141458)

THE COURT:

The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed September 7, 2021, was not certified 

for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause it appears now that the opinion 

should be published in the Official Reports and it is so ordered.

*

 Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105 and 8.1110, this opinion is certified 

for publication with the exception of part II of the Background and part I of the 

Discussion.
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EDITORIAL LISTING

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Placer County, Jeffrey S. 

Penney, Judge. Affirmed.

James Bisnow, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Michael P. Farrell, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Catherine Chatman, 

Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Kimberley A. Donohue, Deputy Attorney 

General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

BY THE COURT:

 /s/

RAYE, P. J.

 /s/

BLEASE, J.

 /s/

ROBIE, J.