United States Department of Agriculture

TIMBER PRODUCTS MONITORING:

Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for 

Roundwood Receiving Facilities

Matthew F. Winn, Larry A. Royer, James W. Bentley, Ronald J. Piva, 

Todd A. Morgan, Erik C. Berg, and John W. Coulston

Forest Service

Southern Research Station

e-General Technical Report SRS-251

May 2020
Cover Photograph 

Mixed hardwood logs, Tony Johnson, USDA Forest Service

Product Disclaimer

The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information 

and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department 

of Agriculture of any product or service.

Forest Service

Research & Development

Southern Research Station

e-General Technical Report SRS-251

Southern Research Station

200 W.T. Weaver Blvd.

Asheville, NC 28804

www.srs.fs.usda.gov

May 2020

Authors

Matthew F. Winn is a Forestry Technician, U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Blacksburg, VA 24060.

Larry A. Royer is an Information Technology Specialist, University of Nevada, 

Las Vegas, NV 89154. 

James W. Bentley is a Forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 

Southern Research Station, Knoxville, TN 37919.

Ronald J. Piva is a Forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 

Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN 55108. 

Todd A. Morgan is the Director of Forest Industry Research, University of 

Montana, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Missoula, MT 59812.

Erik C. Berg is a Research Forester, University of Montana, Bureau of Business 

and Economic Research, Missoula, MT 59812.

John W. Coulston is a Research Forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Blacksburg, VA 24060.

Abstract

The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Inventory 

and Analysis (FIA) program surveys primary roundwood receiving 

facilities in the United States to determine industrial uses of roundwood. 

The questionnaires provide general mill information such as location, 

type, and size, as well as procurement information such as the volume 

of roundwood received by product type, species, and geographic origin. 

The questionnaires are also used to estimate the volume, type, and use 

of mill residues. For ease of reporting, few restrictions are placed on the 

units of measure, meaning mills can report volume estimates in whatever 

units they choose. Conversion factors or procedures are then used to 

transform the survey data into regional and national standardized units. 

These conversion factors can vary by region, State, product type, species, 

survey year, or other variables. This report provides a compilation and 

discussion of the regional conversion factors used by FIA to transform mill 

survey roundwood and residue volume estimates into standard units of 

measurement.

Keywords: Conversion factors, Forest Inventory and Analysis, mill 

residues, roundwood, timber products, unit of measurement.
TIMBER PRODUCTS MONITORING:

Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for 

Roundwood Receiving Facilities

Matthew F. Winn

Larry A. Royer

James W. Bentley

Ronald J. Piva

Todd A. Morgan

Erik C. Berg

John W. Coulston
Contents

Index of tables 1

Introduction 4

General Survey Procedures 4

Residues 6

Conversion Factors 6

Saw Logs 7

Southern Region 7

Northern Region 7

Western Region 8

Saw Logs Tables 8

Veneer/Plywood Logs 15

Southern Region 15

Northern Region 15

Western Region 15

Veneer/Plywood Logs Tables 16

Pulp Mill Logs 19

Southern Region 19

Northern Region 19

Western Region 19

Pulp Mill Logs Tables 20

Composite Panels/Engineered 

Wood Products 50

Southern Region 50

Northern Region 50

Western Region 50

Composite Panels/

Engineered Wood Products Tables 51

Bioenergy/Industrial Fuelwood 52

Southern Region 52

Northern Region 52

Western Region 52

Bioenergy/Industrial Fuelwood Tables 53

Posts, Poles, and Pilings 55

Southern Region 55

Northern Region 57

Western Region 57

Posts, Poles, and Pilings Tables 58

House/Cabin Logs 63

Southern Region 63

Northern Region 63

Western Region 64

House/Cabin Logs Tables 64

Residential Fuelwood 67

Southern Region 67

Northern Region 67

Western Region 67

Residential Fuelwood Tables 68

Other Products 70

Southern Region 70

Northern Region 70

Western Region 70

Other Products Section Tables 71

Residues 76

Southern Region 76

Northern Region 77

Western Region 78

Residues Tables 79

Conversion Factor Variability 88

Expected Variability 88

Actual Variability 91

Variability Comparison 105

Conversion Factor Variability Tables 109

Summary 135

Literature Cited 136

Definition of Terms 137

Appendix A: 

Conversion factor tables 139

Appendix B:

Measurement unit descriptions 140

Appendix C: 

Northern tree species, species group, 

and bark thickness 144
1Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities INDEX OF TABLES

Index of tables

(A quick reference for conversion factor tables by roundwood type and region is available in Appendix 

A: Conversion factor tables)

6 Table 1—National and regional standard measurement units for each roundwood type

8 Table 2—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis in the Southern Region to convert saw log and 

veneer log volume measured using Doyle log rule to International 1⁄4-inch

9 Table 3—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis in the Southern Region to convert saw log and 

veneer log volume measured using Scribner Decimal C log rule to International 1⁄4-inch

10 Table 4—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis in the Southern Region to convert saw log and 

veneer log volume measured using Cedar log rule to International 1⁄4-inch

11 Table 5—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for saw logs in the Southern Region 

of the United States

12 Table 6—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for saw logs in the Northern Region 

of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

13 Table 7—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for saw logs in the Western Region 

of the United States (includes all western tree species)

14 Table 8—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for stud logs in the Western Region 

of the United States (includes all western tree species)

16 Table 9—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for veneer logs in the Southern 

Region of the United States17 Table 10—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis 

for veneer logs in the Northern Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

18 Table 11—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for veneer logs in the Western 

Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

20 Table 12—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs in the Southern 

Region of the United States

21 Table 13—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped roundwood as 

well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United States (includes all 

Northeastern States)

35 Table 14— Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped roundwood as 

well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central States of the United States (includes all 

North Central States)

49 Table 15—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs in the Western 

Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

51 Table 16—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into composite 

panels or engineered wood products in the Southern Region of the United States

51 Table 17—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into composite panels 

or engineered wood products in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

53 Table 18—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into bioenergy and 

industrial fuelwood in the Southern Region of the United States

53 Table 19—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into bioenergy and 

industrial fuelwood in the Northern Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree 

species)

54 Table 20—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for energywood logs in the Western 

Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

59	 Table 22—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into posts ≤9 feet in

length in the Southern Region of the United States (includes all Southern States and southern tree species)

60 Table 23—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into posts in the 

Northern Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

60 Table 24—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into poles in the 

Northern Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)
2Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities INDEX OF TABLES

60 Table 25—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into pilings in the 

Northern Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

61 Table 26—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into poles and posts 

in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

62 Table 27—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into pilings and utility 

poles in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

64 Table 28—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for house and cabin logs in the Northern 

Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

65 able 29—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for house and cabin logs in the 

Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

66 Table 30—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into vigas in the 

Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

66 Table 31—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into latillas in the 

Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

68 Table 32—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for residential fuelwood in the Southern Region 

of the United States

68 Table 33—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for residential fuelwood in the Northern Region 

of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

69	 Table 34—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for firewood logs in the Western

Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

71 Table 35—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for other products in the Northern Region of the 

United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

72 Table 36—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for furniture logs in the Western 

Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

73 Table 37—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for cedar logs in the Western 

Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

74	 Table 38—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for fiber logs in the Western Region

of the United States (includes all western tree species)

75 Table 39—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into other wood 

products in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

79 Table 40—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for saw logs in the 

Southern Region of the United States

80 Table 41—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for veneer/plywood logs 

in the Southern Region of the United States

81 Table 42—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for composite panel/

engineered wood product logs in the Southern Region of the United States

81 Table 43—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for piling/pole/post logs, 

pulp mill logs, house/cabin logs, bioenergy/fuelwood logs, and other products in the Southern Region of the United 

States

82 Table 44—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for all residue types in the Southern Region of 

the United States

82 Table 45—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for saw logs in the 

Northern Region of the United States

83 Table 46—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for veneer logs in the 

Northern Region of the United States

83 Table 47—Roundwood/chips-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp and 

composite panels in the Northern Region of the United States

83 Table 48—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for house/cabin logs in 

the Northern Region of the United States

84 Table 49—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pilings in the 

Northern Region of the United States

84 Table 50—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for poles in the Northern 

Region of the United States

84 Table 51—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for posts in the Northern 

Region of the United States

85 Table 52—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for other products in the 

Northern Region of the United States

85 Table 53—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for mill residues used in pulp and composite 

panel production in the Northern Region of the United States (includes all Northern States)
3Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities INDEX OF TABLES

87 Table 55—Residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis in the Western Region of the United 

States (includes all Western States and western tree species)

109 Table 56—Expected sources of variability for roundwood and residue conversion factors used in Forest Inventory 

and Analysis Timber Product Output data processing

110 Table 57—Roundwood and residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, and input/output units of measure 

for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data conversions 

118 Table 58—Roundwood-to-residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, residue type, and roundwood/

residue units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data conversions 

119 Table 59—Inter-State percentage differences in saw log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used in the Southern 

Region of the United Statesa

119 Table 60—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly saw log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used in the 

Western Region of the United States

120 Table 61—Inter-State percentage differences in veneer log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used in the Southern 

Region of the United Statesa

120 Table 62—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly veneer log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used in 

the Western Region of the United States

121 Table 63—Inter-State percentage differences in pulp mill log conversion factors (standard cords to MBF) used in the 

Southern Region of the United States

122 Table 64—Mean, ranges, maximum percentage difference from the mean (PDM), and number of observations for 

species group conversion factors used to convert pulp mill logs to standard cords in the Northern Region of the 

United States

123 Table 65—Species groups associated with lower and upper ranges and maximum percentage difference from the 

mean (PDM) for conversion factors used to convert pulp mill logs to standard cords in the Northern Region of the 

United States

124 Table 66—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly pulp mill log conversion factors and composite panel/

engineered wood product logs (MCF to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United States

124 Table 67—Inter-State percentage differences in conversion factors (MCF to standard cords) for logs manufactured 

into composite panels or engineered wood products in the Southern Region of the United Statesa

125 Table 68—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly energywood log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) 

used in the Western Region of the United States

125 Table 69—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly post and pole log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) 

used in the Western Region of the United States

125 Table 70—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly utility pole and piling roundwood conversion factors 

(MCF to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United States

126 Table 71—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly house/cabin log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) 

used in the Western Region of the United States

126 Table 72—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly viga/latilla log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used 

in the Western Region of the United States

126	 Table 73—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly firewood log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used

in the Western Region of the United States

127 Table 74—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly furniture log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used 

in the Western Region of the United States

127 Table 75—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly cedar log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used in 

the Western Region of the United States

127	 able 76—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly fiber log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used in the

Western Region of the United States

128 Table 77—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly log conversion factors 

(MCF to MBF) for other logs used in the Western Region of the United States

128 Table 78—Inter-State percentage differences in residue conversion factors (standard cords to MCF) in the Southern 

Region of the United States

129 Table 79—Inter-State percentage differences in roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for saw logs (MBF to green 

tons) in the Southern Region of the United States

131 Table 80—Inter-State percentage differences in roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for veneer logs (MBF to 

green tons) in the Southern Region of the United States

133 Table 81—Inter-State percentage differences in roundwood-to-bark residue conversion factors for composite panel/

engineered wood product logs (standard cords to green tons) in the Southern Region of the United States

134 Table 82—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly roundwood-to-residue conversion factors (MBF 

lumber tally to BDU) for western sawmills
4Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Roundwood products are logs, bolts, or chips cut from trees for industrial or consumer use. The U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program categorizes 

roundwood based on product output. Standard roundwood types include: saw logs, veneer and plywood 

logs, pulp mill logs and chipped roundwood, composite panels and engineered wood products, 

bioenergy and fuelwood, house and cabin logs, pilings, poles, posts, residential fuelwood, and other 

miscellaneous types. In order to determine the nationwide usage of industrial roundwood, FIA conducts 

Timber Product Output (TPO) surveys. All primary roundwood receiving facilities (from here on out 

referred to as “mills”) within each State are canvassed to determine use of roundwood by product, 

species, and geographic location. In addition, the volume, type, and use of wood residues generated 

during primary processing operations are also determined. Survey units are divided into three regions 

(fig. 1). The Southern Region includes Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kentucky, Virginia, and all States 

to the south and east. The Western Region includes New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and 

all States to the west (including Alaska). All other States to the north and east are grouped into the 

Northern Region. Through 2018 (data year 2017), regional mill surveys were administered periodically, 

with the South canvassed every 2 years, the North every 3–5 years, and the West every 4–7 years. 

Beginning in 2019 (data year 2018), TPO mill studies began adopting an annual sample-based approach. 

A stratified sampling approach that approximates probability proportional to size sampling (Coulston 

and others 2018) was implemented in the Eastern United States. This approach targets a 40-percent 

sample of roundwood receiving facilities. The 40-percent sample of roundwood receiving facilities 

accounts for approximately 85–95 percent of all roundwood volume received for products.

General Survey Procedures

Mill questionnaires are typically administered through the U.S. Postal Service, e-mail, telephone calls, 

fax, or in-person mill visits. Once the mill information is collected, the regional administrators check 

the data for accuracy, consistency, and completeness. Survey information is then prepared for data 

entry by assigning numerical codes to the different data items, with each region having their own set 

of codes or using the national standard codes for mill data (e.g., mill type, roundwood type received, 

measurement units, tree species, product type, residue type, etc). Coded mill data from the hard-copy or 

electronic survey forms are then entered into a database/compilation system where the data are stored 

and summarized as needed for reporting purposes.

Figure 1—Regional division of Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Timber Product Output (TPO) primary wood-using mill 

canvassing.
5Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities INTRODUCTION

Measurement Units

All roundwood estimates that are entered into the database have associated units of measure based on 

data provided by the mills and can vary by mill, region, species, log size, and/or product type. Though 

the regional survey administrators may suggest units of measure for different roundwood types, few 

restrictions are placed on the mills regarding the units they can report. With the exception of roundwood 

used for residential fuelwood, which can be reported in various miscellaneous units, the units of 

measure in the subsequent paragraphs encompass the majority of the primary wood products industry 

(see app. B for descriptions of measurement units referenced in this report).

Roundwood entering mills is scaled by weight, volume, or linear measurements, usually dependent on 

the type of product manufactured. Weight is typically reported in tons, metric tonnes (usually Canadian 

mills), or pounds and can represent either green or dry wood material. In general, there is a strong 

correlation between wood weight and volume, so many mills estimate roundwood volume from weight 

measurements (Fonseca 2005). However, in some States (such as Maine), it is illegal to convert weight 

measurements to volume for the purpose of payment (Maine Revised Statutes Title 10. Commerce and 

Trade § 2363-A. Measurement of wood [2013]).

Volume scaling of roundwood can be performed on an individual log or stacked logs basis. Stacked 

volume measurement includes the area occupied by solid wood, bark, and the air space between the 

individual pieces. In some cases, the stacked logs have been peeled, so the volume estimate does not 

include bark. The most common measure of stacked volume is the standard cord, which occupies 

a space of 128 cubic feet (4 feet x 4 feet x 8 feet). Other measurement units associated with stacked 

roundwood include the Lake States cord (4 feet x 4 feet x 100 inches, or ~133 cubic feet), 102-inch cord, 

104-inch cord, and the 4,600-pound cord.

Individual log scaling uses length and diameter measurements to estimate volume either in cubic 

volumetric units or in product output units. Cubic volumetric units include cubic feet, cunits (100 cubic 

feet), and cubic meters, and estimates using this scaling method include the full volume of sound wood 

including lumber, chips, sawdust, shavings, etc. Scaling methods based on product output are used to 

predict the portion of a log that is recoverable as a finished primary product and does not include saw 

kerf, slabs, or mill residues. They typically rely on reference tables or formulas with log length and 

diameters as the input variables. According to Bond (2011), the most common unit of measure in the 

United States for output-based scaling is board feet (1 inch x 1 inch x 1 foot), but some mills tally in 

linear feet, pieces, or lath bundles (multiple pieces), depending on the end product. The major board 

foot log rules in use include Doyle, International 1⁄4-inch, Scribner, and Scribner Decimal C, and mill 

preference tends to vary by region (Bond 2011). The Scribner log rule, which is the most widely used in 

the United States, can be further subdivided into eastside (short log) and westside (long log), the latter of 

which is primarily used in the coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest (Spelter 2003). In lieu of scaling 

logs to determine roundwood volume, some mills determine volume based on a board foot tally of the 

lumber produced.

To simplify analysis of roundwood usage data and to allow for consistent reporting, each TPO regional 

program uses its own standard measurement units for each roundwood type. If mills report data in 

units other than the designated standard units, the values are converted using regional conversion 

factors. Additionally, conversions are made to national standardized units of measure if they differ from 

regional units. Table 1 lists the national and regional standard units associated with each roundwood 

type. The units used by the Northern and Southern Regions vary by roundwood type while the Western 

Region uses thousand board feet (MBF) Scribner for all types.
6Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities INTRODUCTION

Residues

In addition to roundwood usage data, the TPO mill surveys also collect information on the volume 

and disposition of wood residues generated during primary processing of each roundwood and species 

type (hardwood/softwood). Mill residues can be classified as bark, coarse (slabs, edgings, trims, cores, 

etc.), sawdust (fine), planer or lathe shavings (fine), or logs/short sections chipped or not processed as 

the mill’s primary product. The Northern and Southern Regions have no standard unit of measure for 

residues but typically use green tons or thousand cubic feet (MCF). Standard cords are sometimes 

used in the North for regional reporting. The standard unit of measurement for residues in the Western 

Region are bone dry units (BDU). Other residue measurement units occasionally reported by mills 

include cubic meters, cunits, 200-cubic-foot units (200 CFU), pounds, dry tons, and bone dry tons 

(BDT). Note that “bone dry tons” is the terminology used in the Western Region but is equivalent to 

“dry tons,” which is the terminology used in the other regions.

Conversion Factors

Mills report the volume of roundwood received in a variety of measurement units. If the mill-reported 

units differ from the regional standard units, conversion factors must be applied to the raw data. 

Measurement units used in regional and national TPO reports often differ from the standard units used 

by each region; therefore, volume conversions to various reporting units are also necessary. Though 

the majority of conversions are done using a single factor, there are some cases where conversions are 

performed using formulas or conversion tables that take into account multiple dependent variables. 

Residue conversions are performed in the same manner as roundwood conversions but have their 

own set of conversion factors. In situations where residue amounts cannot be provided by the mills, 

roundwood volumes are used to estimate the volume of each type of mill residue produced. 

Once mill survey data have been collected and processed, the summarized information is disseminated 

to the public through published reports and through the online TPO Reporting Tool at https://

www.fs.usda.gov/srsfia/php/tpo_2009/tpo_rpa_int1.php. The purpose of this report is to provide a 

comprehensive compilation of all roundwood conversion factors/processes used by each region in order 

to illustrate how the data presented to the public are derived. Mill residue and roundwood-to-residue 

conversion factors are also given. Accompanying the list of conversion factors are specific examples 

illustrating how conversion factors/processes for each product type and region are applied. A discussion 

of factor variability between and within regions is also presented, as well as recommendations for 

improving factor consistency and accuracy.

Table 1—National and regional standard measurement units for each roundwood type

Roundwood type National Southern Region Northern Region Western Region

Saw logs MBF International 

1⁄4-inch

MBF International 

1⁄4-inch

MBF International 

1⁄4-inch

MBF Scribner

Veneer and plywood 

logs

MBF International 

1⁄4-inch

MBF International 

1⁄4-inch

MBF International 

1⁄4-inch

MBF Scribner

Pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood

Standard cords Standard cords Standard cords MBF Scribner

Composite panels/

engineered wood 

products

Standard cords Standard cords Standard cords MBF Scribner

Bioenergy/

industrial fuelwood

Standard cords Standard cords Standard cords MBF Scribner

House and cabin logs MCF MCF MCF MBF Scribner

Pilings MCF C-pieces MLF MBF Scribner

Poles MCF C-pieces Pieces MBF Scribner

Posts MCF M-pieces M-pieces MBF Scribner

Residential fuelwood Standard cords Standard cords Standard cords MBF Scribner

Other MCF MCF MCF MBF Scribner

For a list of abbreviations, see p. 137.
7Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities SAW LOGS

Saw Logs

Saw logs are roundwood products, usually 8 feet in length or longer, processed into a variety of sawn 

products such as lumber, cants, blocks, and squares. Saw log volume is typically determined using a log 

rule (a formula or table used to estimate the board feet of lumber inside a log of a given diameter and 

length). Allowances for losses due to slabs, saw kerf, edgings, and shrinkage are built into each rule. 

Though not as common, some mills estimate volume in cubic feet, in which case allowances for wood 

losses are typically not considered in the volume determination. Log rules tend to vary by region, so 

what is frequently used in one part of the country may not be as common in another. 

Southern Region

In the Southern Region, the FIA standard unit for saw log volume is MBF and is calculated using the 

International 1⁄4-inch log rule. Three other commonly used log rules in the South are Doyle, Scribner 

Decimal C, and Cedar. Tables 2–4 list the factors used to convert log volume estimates based on Doyle, 

Scribner Decimal C, and Cedar log rules, respectively, to the standard rule of International 1⁄4-inch. The 

log scale conversion factors vary by scaling diameter and log length. The factors used to convert the 

various other units of measurement to standard units are listed in table 5 and vary by State and species 

type. (Note that State-specific conversion factors are based on the State where the mill resides, not the 

State where the roundwood originated. This is the case for all regions.)

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 1: A sawmill in Tennessee reports that it processed 4,000 MBF Doyle log 

rule of hardwood logs to lumber. On average the logs have a scaling diameter of 15 inches and a 

length of 12 feet.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (MBF Doyle to MBF International 1⁄4-inch) using table 2:

4,000 MBF Doyle × 1.264 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Doyle = 5,056 MBF International 1⁄4-inch

Conversion to MCF (MBF International 1⁄4-inch to MCF) using table 5:

5,056 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 0.163 MCF per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 824 MCF

Northern Region

The Northern Region also uses MBF International 1⁄4-inch as the standard unit of measure for log 

volume. Other log rules used in the North include Doyle, Scribner, and Scribner Decimal C. Whereas 

the Southern Region uses log rule tables to convert between the various log rules, the Northern 

Region uses straight conversion factors (table 6). Average log length and diameter are not taken into 

consideration. The factors used to convert all units to standard units are listed in table 6 and are used for 

all Northern States and northern species.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 2: A sawmill in New York reports that it processed 5,000 MBF Scribner 

Decimal C of hardwood logs to lumber.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (MBF Scribner Decimal C to MBF International 1⁄4-inch) using table 6:

5,000 MBF Scribner Decimal C × 1.08 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Scribner Decimal C = 5,400 MBF International 1⁄4-inch

Conversion to MCF (MBF International 1⁄4-inch to MCF) using table 6:

5,400 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 0.158 MCF per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 853 MCF
8Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities SAW LOGS

Western Region

In the Western Region, the standard unit for saw log volume is MBF Scribner, and mills rarely report 

log volumes using other log rules. However, the Scribner rule comes in two variations which mainly 

differ by maximum log length allowed. The westside rule, which is used in the coastal regions of the 

Pacific Northwest, allows for maximum log lengths of 40 feet. The eastside rule is typically used for 

areas east of the Cascade Range and allows for a maximum log length of 20 feet. Table 7 lists the factors 

used to convert Scribner log volume to International 1⁄4-inch and cubic foot volume, as well as several 

other weight and volume conversion factors related to saw logs. In the West, separate factors are used 

for stud logs for conversion to standard cords and weight. Stud logs are typically from smaller trees 

8–12 inches diameter at breast height (DBH) or from larger diameter tree “top logs.” Products derived 

from stud logs are generally products such as 2 by 4s and 2 by 6s. Conversion factors for stud logs are 

shown in table 8. Saw log and stud log factors used to convert between Scribner volume and MCF vary 

by State and survey year. Other conversion factors apply to all logs.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 3: In 2016, a sawmill in Colorado reported that it processed 3,000 MBF 

Scribner of logs to lumber.

National standard unit conversion (MBF Scribner to MBF International 1⁄4-inch) using table 7:

3,000 MBF Scribner × 1.12 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Scribner = 3,360 MBF International 1⁄4-inch

Conversion to MCF (MBF Scribner to MCF) using table 7:

3,000 MBF Scribner / 4.8 MBF Scribner per MCF = 625 MCF

Saw Logs Tables

Table 2—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis in the Southern Region 

to convert saw log and veneer log volume measured using Doyle log rule to International 

1⁄4-inch

Scaling 

diameter

Log length (feet)

6 8 10 12 14 16 >16

inches -----------------------------MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Doyle----------------------------

6 2.500 5.000 3.333 5.000 3.750 5.000 1.320

7 3.333 2.000 2.500 2.857 3.125 3.333 1.320

8 1.667 1.875 2.000 2.083 2.500 2.500 1.320

9 1.667 1.538 1.875 1.842 2.045 2.000 1.320

10 1.429 1.667 1.522 1.667 1.719 1.806 1.320

11 1.389 1.400 1.452 1.486 1.628 1.633 1.320

12 1.250 1.406 1.375 1.458 1.518 1.484 1.320

13 1.333 1.341 1.373 1.393 1.408 1.420 1.320

14 1.184 1.300 1.270 1.333 1.307 1.350 1.320

15 1.222 1.230 1.250 1.264 1.274 1.322 1.320

16 1.111 1.181 1.222 1.204 1.230 1.250 1.320

17 1.111 1.118 1.179 1.181 1.216 1.213 1.320

18 1.081 1.122 1.138 1.156 1.163 1.173 1.320

19 1.071 1.106 1.099 1.124 1.142 1.156 1.320

20 1.042 1.055 1.094 1.094 1.116 1.133 1.320

21 1.065 1.069 1.077 1.083 1.107 1.107 1.320

22 1.025 1.049 1.059 1.070 1.074 1.096 1.320

23 1.037 1.022 1.040 1.052 1.060 1.080 1.320

24 1.000 1.025 1.020 1.033 1.057 1.063 1.320

25 1.000 0.995 1.014 1.027 1.036 1.043 1.320

26 0.989 0.992 1.007 1.019 1.026 1.033 1.320

27 0.985 0.981 0.997 1.008 1.015 1.021 1.320

28 0.972 0.972 0.986 0.995 1.012 1.016 1.320

29 0.962 0.974 0.985 0.991 0.996 1.008 1.320

30 0.965 0.962 0.969 0.976 0.988 0.999 1.320
9Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities SAW LOGS

Table 3—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis in the Southern Region 

to convert saw log and veneer log volume measured using Scribner Decimal C log rule to 

International 1⁄4-inch

Scaling 

diameter

Log length (feet)

6 8 10 12 14 16 >16

inches -----------------------------MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Doyle----------------------------

6 1.000 2.000 1.000 1.500 1.500 1.000 1.120

7 2.000 1.000 1.500 1.000 1.250 1.000 1.120

8 1.000 1.500 1.000 1.250 1.750 1.333 1.120

9 1.500 1.000 1.000 1.167 1.500 1.250 1.120

10 1.000 1.000 1.167 1.500 1.375 1.083 1.120

11 1.250 1.167 1.125 1.375 1.400 1.143 1.120

12 1.000 1.125 1.100 1.167 1.214 1.188 1.120

13 1.000 1.100 1.167 1.214 1.250 1.150 1.120

14 1.125 1.083 1.143 1.111 1.150 1.227 1.120

15 1.100 1.071 1.056 1.045 1.125 1.143 1.120

16 1.000 1.063 1.100 1.083 1.107 1.125 1.120

17 1.000 1.056 1.042 1.071 1.125 1.139 1.120

18 1.000 1.000 1.077 1.063 1.053 1.095 1.120

19 1.000 1.042 1.033 1.056 1.071 1.083 1.120

20 0.909 0.964 1.029 1.000 1.042 1.036 1.120

21 0.958 1.033 1.026 1.022 1.037 1.067 1.120

22 0.962 1.000 1.024 1.040 1.052 1.076 1.120

23 1.000 0.974 1.022 1.018 1.015 1.026 1.120

24 1.000 0.976 1.020 1.033 1.057 1.063 1.120

25 0.971 0.957 0.966 1.063 1.000 1.000 1.120

26 0.947 0.960 0.984 1.000 0.989 1.000 1.120

27 0.929 0.963 0.971 0.976 0.979 0.982 1.120

28 0.955 0.966 0.986 0.977 1.000 1.009 1.120

29 0.978 0.984 1.013 1.011 1.028 1.033 1.120

30 0.980 0.985 1.000 1.010 1.026 1.023 1.120
10Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities SAW LOGS

Table 4—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis in the Southern 

Region to convert saw log and veneer log volume measured using Cedar log rule to 

International 1⁄4-inch

Scaling 

diameter

Log length (feet)

6 8 10 12 14 16 >16

inches -----------------------------MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Doyle----------------------------

6 0.625 0.909 0.769 0.938 0.789 0.952 0.952

7 0.909 0.667 0.833 0.909 1.000 1.034 1.034

8 0.714 0.789 0.833 0.893 1.061 1.053 1.053

9 0.833 0.833 1.000 0.972 1.071 1.042 1.042

10 0.909 1.000 0.946 1.023 1.058 1.102 1.102

11 0.926 0.972 1.000 1.019 1.111 1.111 1.111

12 0.938 1.047 1.038 1.094 1.133 1.118 1.118

13 1.053 1.100 1.111 1.133 1.149 1.150 1.150

14 1.023 1.121 1.096 1.149 1.127 1.164 1.164

15 1.100 1.119 1.145 1.150 1.154 1.203 1.203

16 1.053 1.118 1.158 1.140 1.165 1.184 1.184

17 1.094 1.105 1.168 1.163 1.200 1.199 1.199

18 1.111 1.146 1.167 1.181 1.190 1.198 1.198

19 1.125 1.168 1.157 1.180 1.203 1.215 1.215

20 1.124 1.134 1.182 1.180 1.202 1.224 1.224

21 1.173 1.183 1.196 1.199 1.223 1.226 1.226

22 1.157 1.181 1.201 1.209 1.215 1.237 1.237

23 1.186 1.178 1.199 1.213 1.218 1.246 1.246

24 1.172 1.199 1.192 1.211 1.237 1.246 1.246
11Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities SAW LOGS

Table 5—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for saw logs in the 

Southern Region of the United Statesa

State

Species 

type

Input unit 

of measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

All Southern States All species Board feet 

(lumber tally)

MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.00105 MBF per board foot

Georgia All species MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

Oklahoma All species MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

All Southern States Hardwood Dry tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 3.139 Tons per MBF

All Southern States Hardwood Green tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 6.278 Tons per MBF

All Southern States Hardwood Standard cords MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.420 MBF per cord

Alabama Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.165 MCF per MBF

Arkansas Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.159 MCF per MBF

Florida Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.170 MCF per MBF

Kentucky Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.163 MCF per MBF

Louisiana Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.166 MCF per MBF

Mississippi Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.165 MCF per MBF

North Carolina Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

South Carolina Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.163 MCF per MBF

Tennessee Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.163 MCF per MBF

Texas Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.163 MCF per MBF

Virginia Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.164 MCF per MBF

All Southern States Softwood Dry tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 2.92125 Tons per MBF

All Southern States Softwood Green tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 5.84250 Tons per MBF

All Southern States Softwood Standard cords MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.415 MBF per cord

Alabama Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.167 MCF per MBF

Arkansas Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

Florida Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

Kentucky Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.165 MCF per MBF

Louisiana Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

Mississippi Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

North Carolina Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.171 MCF per MBF

South Carolina Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

Tennessee Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

Texas Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

Virginia Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.171 MCF per MBF

a This table does not include log rule conversions for saw logs. See tables 2, 3, and 4 for log rule conversions.
12Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities SAW LOGS

Table 6—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for saw logs in the 

Northern Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

Input unit of measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

102-inch cord MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.53125 MBF per cord

Cubic feet MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.006329114 MBF per cubic foot

Cubic meters MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.22351 MBF per cubic meter

Green tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.2174 MBF per ton

Lake States cord MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.52085 MBF per cord

Mine ties (pieces) MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.01 MBF per piece

Pallets (pieces) MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.013 MBF per piece

Small ties (pieces) MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.025 MBF per piece

Standard cords MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.5 MBF per cord

MBF Doyle MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.38 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Doyle

MBF lumber tally MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.0 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF lumber tally

MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.08 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Scribner

MBF Scribner Decimal C MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.08 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Scribner 

Decimal C

MBF International 1⁄4-inch MCF 0.158 MCF per MBF

Ties (pieces) MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.035 MBF per piece
13Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities SAW LOGS

Table 7—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis 

for saw logs in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree 

species)

State

Survey

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Western 

States

All MBF 

Scribner

MBF 

International 

1⁄4-inch

1.12 MBF International 1⁄4-inch 

per MBF Scribner

All Western 

States

All Standard 

cords

Cubic feet 

(inside bark)

83 Cubic feet per cord

All Western 

States

All Standard 

cords

Cubic feet 

(including bark)

93 Cubic feet per cord

All Western 

States

All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western 

States

All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western 

States

All Standard 

cords

Green pounds 

(inside bark)

4150 Pounds per cord

All Western 

States

All Standard 

cords

Green pounds 

(including bark)

4650 Pounds per cord

All Western 

States

All Standard 

cords

Green tons 

(inside bark)

2.08 Tons per cord

All Western 

States

All Standard 

cords

Green tons 

(including bark)

2.33 Tons per cord

All Western 

States

All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western 

States

All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meter per cunit

Alaska 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 5.3 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 5.78 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 5.3 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.61 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 5.61 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.95 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.60 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 5.22 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 5.35 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.44 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.32 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.25 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 5.27 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.32 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.8 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2001 MCF MBF Scribner 4.172 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 4.7 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 4.99 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 4.49 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2004 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2009 MCF MBF Scribner 3.89 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 3.93 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 5.22 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.86 MBF Scribner per MCF

(Continued)
14Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities SAW LOGS

Table 7 (Continued)—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory 

and Analysis for saw logs in the Western Region of the United States (includes all 

western tree species)

State

Survey

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

New Mexico 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 5.75 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.55 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 4.19 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 4.35 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 4.08 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.42 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 5.15 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.08 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 4.19 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 4.35 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.08 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 4.08 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.08 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 4.68 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 4.78 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 6.48 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 4.62 MBF Scribner per MCF

Table 8—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for stud logs in the 

Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)a

State

Survey 

year

Input unit of 

measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 81 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 91 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 4050 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4550 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 2.03 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.28 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

a All MCF to MBF conversion factors for stud logs are the same as for saw logs.
15Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities VENEER/PLYWOOD LOGS

Veneer/Plywood Logs

Veneer and plywood logs are roundwood products peeled, sliced, stamped, or sawn into a variety of 

veneer products. On the low end (in terms of log value), this includes softwood logs manufactured into 

plywood and sheathing and on the high end includes appearance-grade hardwood veneer logs. 

Southern Region

Board foot volume of veneer logs in the Southern Region is estimated using the same log rules as those 

used for saw logs, and the conversion factors for the various log rules are also the same (tables 2–4). 

The standard unit for veneer logs is MBF International 1⁄4-inch. Some of the conversion factors used 

for veneer logs differ slightly from those used for saw logs, so a complete list of veneer log conversion 

factors is shown in table 9.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 4: A plywood mill in South Carolina reports that it processed 20,000 MBF 

Scribner Decimal C of softwood logs with an average scaling diameter of 12 inches and a length of 

18 feet.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (MBF Scribner Decimal C to MBF International 1⁄4-inch) using table 3:

20,000 MBF Scribner Decimal C × 1.120 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Scribner Decimal C = 22,400 MBF International 1⁄4-inch

Conversion to MCF (MBF International 1⁄4-inch to MCF) using table 9:

22,400 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 0.169 MCF per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 3,786 MCF

Northern Region

The standard unit of measure for veneer logs in the Northern Region is MBF International 1⁄4-inch. 

Other log rules used in the region include Doyle, Scribner, and Scribner Decimal C. Similar to saw 

logs, single factors are used to convert these log rules to the standard log rule of International 1⁄4-inch 

(table 10). Conversion factors for the various units of measure are shown in table 10 and are used for all 

Northern States and northern species.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 5: A veneer mill in West Virginia reports that it processed 10,000 MBF 

Scribner of hardwood logs.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (MBF Scribner to MBF International 1⁄4-inch) using table 10:

10,000 MBF Scribner × 1.04 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Scribner = 10,400 MBF International 1⁄4-inch

Conversion to MCF (MBF International 1⁄4-inch to MCF) using table 10:

10,400 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 0.158 MCF per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 1,643 MCF

Western Region

In the Western Region, the standard measurement unit for veneer logs is MBF Scribner, and as is the 

case with saw logs, other log rules are rarely used. All western conversion factors associated with veneer 

logs are shown in table 11. Conversions between MBF Scribner and MCF vary by State and survey year 

while all other conversion factors apply to all logs.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 6: In 2009, a veneer mill in Montana reported that it processed 9,000 MBF 

Scribner of Douglas-fir logs.

National standard unit conversion (MBF Scribner to MBF International 1⁄4-inch) using table 11:

9,000 MBF Scribner × 1.12 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Scribner = 10,080 MBF International 1⁄4-inch

Conversion to MCF (MBF Scribner to MCF) using table 11:

9,000 MBF Scribner / 5.56 MBF Scribner per MCF = 1,619 MCF
16Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities VENEER/PLYWOOD LOGS

Veneer/Plywood Logs Tables

Table 9—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for veneer logs in 

the Southern Region of the United Statesa

State

Species 

type

Input unit of 

measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

All Southern States All species Board feet 

(lumber tally)

MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.00105 MBF per board 

foot

Florida All species MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

All Southern States Hardwood Dry tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 3.139 Tons per MBF

All Southern States Hardwood Green tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 6.278 Tons per MBF

All Southern States Hardwood Standard cords MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.420 MBF per cord

Alabama Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.165 MCF per MBF

Arkansas Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.159 MCF per MBF

Georgia Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.163 MCF per MBF

Kentucky Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.163 MCF per MBF

Louisiana Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.161 MCF per MBF

Mississippi Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.163 MCF per MBF

North Carolina Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

Oklahoma Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.157 MCF per MBF

South Carolina Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.163 MCF per MBF

Tennessee Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.162 MCF per MBF

Texas Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.163 MCF per MBF

Virginia Hardwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.164 MCF per MBF

All Southern States Softwood Dry tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 2.92125 Tons per MBF

All Southern States Softwood Green tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 5.84250 Tons per MBF

All Southern States Softwood Standard cords MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.415 MBF per cord

Alabama Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.167 MCF per MBF

Arkansas Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

Georgia Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

Kentucky Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.164 MCF per MBF

Louisiana Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

Mississippi Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

North Carolina Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.170 MCF per MBF

Oklahoma Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.168 MCF per MBF

South Carolina Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

Tennessee Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

Texas Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.169 MCF per MBF

Virginia Softwood MCF MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.170 MCF per MBF

a This table does not include log rule conversions for veneer logs. See tables 2, 3, and 4 for log rule conversions.
17Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities VENEER/PLYWOOD LOGS

Table 10—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for veneer logs in 

the Northern Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

Input unit of measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

104-inch cord MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.54165 MBF per cord

Board feet – Doyle MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.00114 MBF per board foot

Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.001 MBF per board foot

Board feet (lumber tally) MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.001 MBF per board foot

Board feet – Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.00104 MBF per board foot

Board feet – Scribner Decimal C MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.00104 MBF per board foot

Cubic feet MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.006329114 MBF per cubic foot

Green tons MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.2174 MBF per ton

Lake States cord MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.52085 MBF per cord

Standard cords MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.5 MBF per cord

MBF Doyle MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.14 MBF International 1⁄4-inch 

per MBF Doyle

MBF International 1⁄4-inch MCF 0.158 MCF per MBF

MBF lumber tally MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.0 MBF International 1⁄4-inch 

per MBF lumber tally

MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.04 MBF International 1⁄4-inch 

per MBF Scribner

MBF Scribner Decimal C MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.04 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per 

MBF Scribner Decimal C
18Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities VENEER/PLYWOOD LOGS

Table 11—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for veneer logs 

in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit of 

measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 85 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 95 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 4250 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds 

(including bark)

4750 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 2.13 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.38 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

California 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 5.22 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.7 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.92 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2001 MCF MBF Scribner 4.997 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 4.7 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 6.26 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 6.16 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2004 MCF MBF Scribner 5.04 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2009 MCF MBF Scribner 5.56 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 4.21 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 4.28 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 4.48 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 4.79 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 4.28 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 4.48 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.79 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 4.79 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.79 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 4.58 MBF Scribner per MCF
19Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Pulp Mill Logs

Pulpwood refers to roundwood logs, bolts, or chips reduced to individual wood fibers by chemical or 

mechanical means for the manufacture of a variety of paper and paperboard products. Roundwood 

products used in the production of pulp are also referred to as pulp mill logs. 

Southern Region

Standard units for pulpwood in the Southern Region are standard cords. Conversion factors for pulp mill 

log volume are listed in table 12 and vary by both State and species.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 7: A pulp and paper mill in Mississippi processed 1.8 million green tons of 

softwood logs.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (green tons to standard cords) using table 12:

1,800,000 green tons / 2.7 green tons per standard cord = 666,667 standard cords

Conversion to MCF (standard cords to MCF) using table 12:

666,667 standard cords × 0.0766 MCF per standard cord = 51,067 MCF

Northern Region

The standard unit of measure for pulpwood logs in the Northern Region is the standard cord. 

Conversions from standard cords to cubic volumetric units vary by sub-region. Factors for Northeastern 

States are listed in table 13 and apply to Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New 

Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and West Virginia. 

Factors for the North Central States are listed in table 14 and apply to Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, 

Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. All other 

pulpwood conversion factors apply to all Northern States but vary by species group.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 8: A pulp and paper mill in Maryland processed 1.6 million green tons of 

logs, 70 percent of which is yellow-poplar (1,120,000 tons) and the rest is loblolly pine (480,000 tons).

Regional/national standard unit conversion (green tons to standard cords) using table 13:

Yellow-poplar: 1,120,000 green tons × 0.4219 standard cords per green ton = 472,528 standard cords

Loblolly pine: 480,000 green tons × 0.3956 standard cords per green ton = 189,888 standard cords

Conversion to MCF (standard cords to MCF) using table 13:

Yellow-poplar: 472,528 standard cords × 0.085 MCF per standard cord = 40,165 MCF

Loblolly pine: 189,888 standard cords × 0.085 MCF per standard cord = 16,140 MCF

Western Region

In the Western Region, the standard measurement unit for pulpwood logs is MBF Scribner. All western 

conversion factors associated with pulpwood logs are shown in table 15. Conversions between MBF 

Scribner and MCF vary by State and survey year while other conversion factors apply to all logs.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 9: In 2013, a mill in Oregon reported that it processed 600,000 green tons of 

unpeeled pulpwood logs.

Regional standard unit conversion (green tons to MBF Scribner) using table 15:

600,000 green tons / 25 green tons per MCF × 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF = 63,360 MBF Scribner

National standard unit conversion (green tons to standard cords) using table 15:

600,000 green tons / 2.25 green tons per standard cord = 266,667 standard cords
20Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Pulp Mill Logs Tables

Table 12—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp 

mill logs in the Southern Region of the United States

State

Species 

type

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Virginia All species Standard cords MCF 0.0763 MCF per cord

All Southern States Hardwood Green tons Standard cords 2.8 Tons per cord

Alabama Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0755 MCF per cord

Arkansas Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0766 MCF per cord

Florida Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0750 MCF per cord

Georgia Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0774 MCF per cord

Kentucky Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0764 MCF per cord

Louisiana Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0750 MCF per cord

Mississippi Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0750 MCF per cord

North Carolina Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0770 MCF per cord

Oklahoma Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0766 MCF per cord

South Carolina Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0706 MCF per cord

Tennessee Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0766 MCF per cord

Texas Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.0706 MCF per cord

All Southern States Softwood Green tons Standard cords 2.7 Tons per cord

Alabama Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0770 MCF per cord

Arkansas Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0775 MCF per cord

Florida Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0760 MCF per cord

Georgia Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0770 MCF per cord

Kentucky Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0773 MCF per cord

Louisiana Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0760 MCF per cord

Mississippi Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0766 MCF per cord

North Carolina Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0765 MCF per cord

Oklahoma Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0770 MCF per cord

South Carolina Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0750 MCF per cord

Tennessee Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0770 MCF per cord

Texas Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.0750 MCF per cord
21Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped roundwood 

as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United States 

(includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Softwoods 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound) 

Softwoods Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Softwoods Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Softwoods Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Softwoods Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Softwoods Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Softwoods Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Softwoods Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Softwoods Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Softwoods Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56349 Cords per ton

Softwoods Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2521 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States) 

Softwoods Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.202 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Softwoods Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.213 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.93016 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Dry tons Standard cords 0.84384 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.58135 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Green tons Standard cords 0.5274 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States) 

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1771 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.13 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.4557 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.39529 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Dry tons Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.69765 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Green tons Standard cords 0.6329 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States) 

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.43038 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.71519 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1771 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.57671 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.78835 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.13 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Cypress 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9099 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound) 

Cypress Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Cypress Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

(Continued)
22Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Cypress Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Cypress Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.95935 Cords per tonne

Cypress Dry tons Standard cords 0.87032 Cords per ton

Cypress Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.43607 Cords per tonne

Cypress Green tons Standard cords 0.3956 Cords per ton

Cypress Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States) 

Cypress Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1771 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States) 

Cypress Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.13 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Cypress Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Douglas-fir 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Douglas-fir Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Douglas-fir Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Douglas-fir Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Douglas-fir Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Douglas-fir Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Douglas-fir Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Douglas-fir Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Douglas-fir Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Douglas-fir Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2136 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Douglas-fir Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.165 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Douglas-fir Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

True firs (Abies spp.) 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

True firs (Abies spp.) Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

True firs (Abies spp.) Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

True firs (Abies spp.) Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

True firs (Abies spp.) Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.13687 Cords per tonne

True firs (Abies spp.) Dry tons Standard cords 1.03136 Cords per ton

True firs (Abies spp.) Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

True firs (Abies spp.) Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

True firs (Abies spp.) Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States) 

True firs (Abies spp.) Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.20159 Cords per ton

True firs (Abies spp.) Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.54618 Cords per ton

True firs (Abies spp.) Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2136 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

True firs (Abies spp.) Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.32452 Cords per tonne

True firs (Abies spp.) Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.60205 Cords per tonne

True firs (Abies spp.) Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.165 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

True firs (Abies spp.) Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Hemlock 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9545 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound) 

Hemlock Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Hemlock Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Hemlock Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Hemlock Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.96065 Cords per tonne

Hemlock Dry tons Standard cords 0.8715 Cords per ton

Hemlock Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.45745 Cords per tonne

Hemlock Green tons Standard cords 0.415 Cords per ton

(Continued)
23Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Hemlock Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Hemlock Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.09641 Cords per ton

Hemlock Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.5221 Cords per ton

Hemlock Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.3105 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States) 

Hemlock Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.20857 Cords per tonne

Hemlock Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.57551 Cords per tonne

Hemlock Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.258 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Hemlock Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Jack pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Jack pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Jack pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Jack pine Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Jack pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Jack pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Jack pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Jack pine Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Jack pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Jack pine Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.07872 Cords per ton

Jack pine Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56774 Cords per ton

Jack pine Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2615 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Jack pine Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.18907 Cords per tonne

Jack pine Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.62583 Cords per tonne

Jack pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.211 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Jack pine Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Loblolly/shortleaf pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9099 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.87214 Cords per tonne

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.7912 Cords per ton

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.43607 Cords per tonne

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Green tons Standard cords 0.3956 Cords per ton

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.95419 Cords per ton

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.4771 Cords per ton

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.05181 Cords per tonne

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.5259 Cords per tonne

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Longleaf/slash pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9099 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Longleaf/slash pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Longleaf/slash pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Longleaf/slash pine Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

(Continued)
24Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Longleaf/slash pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.87214 Cords per tonne

Longleaf/slash pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.7912 Cords per ton

Longleaf/slash pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.43607 Cords per tonne

Longleaf/slash pine Green tons Standard cords 0.3956 Cords per ton

Longleaf/slash pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Longleaf/slash pine Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Longleaf/slash pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Longleaf/slash pine Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.1417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.03965 Cords per tonne

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.94316 Cords per ton

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.54718 Cords per tonne

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Green tons Standard cords 0.4964 Cords per ton

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Red pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Red pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Red pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Red pine Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Red pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Red pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Red pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Red pine Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Red pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Red pine Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.0707 Cords per ton

Red pine Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56353 Cords per ton

Red pine Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2615 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Red pine Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.18023 Cords per tonne

Red pine Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.62117 Cords per tonne

Red pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.211 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Red pine Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

White pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0987 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

White pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

White pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

White pine Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

White pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.00048 Cords per tonne

White pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.90763 Cords per ton

White pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.52657 Cords per tonne

White pine Green tons Standard cords 0.4777 Cords per ton

(Continued)
25Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

White pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

White pine Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.09453 Cords per ton

White pine Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.57607 Cords per ton

White pine Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

White pine Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.2065 Cords per tonne

White pine Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.635 Cords per tonne

White pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

White pine Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Other pines 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Other pines Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Other pines Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Other pines Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Other pines Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Other pines Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Other pines Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Other pines Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Other pines Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Other pines Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.07421 Cords per ton

Other pines Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56538 Cords per ton

Other pines Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Other pines Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.1841 Cords per tonne

Other pines Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.62321 Cords per tonne

Other pines Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Other pines Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Spruce 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.1532 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Spruce Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Spruce Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Spruce Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Spruce Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.07775 Cords per tonne

Spruce Dry tons Standard cords 0.97773 Cords per ton

Spruce Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.55269 Cords per tonne

Spruce Green tons Standard cords 0.5014 Cords per ton 

Spruce Lake State cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Spruce Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.10744 Cords per ton

Spruce Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56792 Cords per ton

Spruce Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1802 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Spruce Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.22074 Cords per tonne

Spruce Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.62602 Cords per tonne

Spruce Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.133 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Spruce Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Tamarack/larch 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9869 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Tamarack/larch Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Tamarack/larch Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Tamarack/larch Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

(Continued)
26Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Tamarack/larch Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.85139 Cords per tonne

Tamarack/larch Dry tons Standard cords 0.77238 Cords per ton

Tamarack/larch Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.473 Cords per tonne

Tamarack/larch Green tons Standard cords 0.4291 Cords per ton

Tamarack/larch Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Tamarack/larch Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.88281 Cords per ton

Tamarack/larch Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.49045 Cords per ton

Tamarack/larch Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1907 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Tamarack/larch Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.97313 Cords per tonne

Tamarack/larch Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.54063 Cords per tonne

Tamarack/larch Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.143 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Tamarack/larch Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Hardwoods 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.906 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Hardwoods Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Hardwoods Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Hardwoods Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Hardwoods Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.80326 Cords per tonne

Hardwoods Dry tons Standard cords 0.72872 Cords per ton

Hardwoods Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4342 Cords per tonne

Hardwoods Green tons Standard cords 0.3939 Cords per ton

Hardwoods Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Hardwoods Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.46219 Cords per ton

Hardwoods Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2223 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Hardwoods Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.1734 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Hardwoods Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Alder 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.09867 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Alder Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Alder Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Alder Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Alder Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.94782 Cords per tonne

Alder Dry tons Standard cords 0.85986 Cords per ton

Alder Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.52657 Cords per tonne

Alder Green tons Standard cords 0.4777 Cords per ton

Alder Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Alder Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Alder Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Alder Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Ash 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9959 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Ash Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Ash Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Ash Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Ash Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.8114 Cords per tonne

Ash Dry tons Standard cords 0.7361 Cords per ton

Ash Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4773 Cords per tonne

Ash Green tons Standard cords 0.433 Cords per ton

(Continued)
27Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Ash Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Ash Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.43847 Cords per ton

Ash Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.25792 Cords per ton

Ash Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2417 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Ash Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.48333 Cords per tonne

Ash Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.28431 Cords per tonne

Ash Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.192 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Ash Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Aspen/balsam poplar 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9869 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Aspen/balsam poplar Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Aspen/balsam poplar Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Aspen/balsam poplar Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Aspen/balsam poplar Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.04059 Cords per tonne

Aspen/balsam poplar Dry tons Standard cords 0.94402 Cords per ton

Aspen/balsam poplar Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.473 Cords per tonne

Aspen/balsam poplar Green tons Standard cords 0.4291 Cords per ton

Aspen/balsam poplar Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.13941 Cords per ton

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.51791 Cords per ton

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2573 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.25597 Cords per tonne

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.5709 Cords per tonne

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.207 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Aspen/balsam poplar Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Basswood 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.1884 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Basswood Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Basswood Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Basswood Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Basswood Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.13912 Cords per tonne

Basswood Dry tons Standard cords 1.0334 Cords per ton

Basswood Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.56956 Cords per tonne

Basswood Green tons Standard cords 0.5167 Cords per ton

Basswood Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Basswood Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.23379 Cords per ton

Basswood Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.61689 Cords per ton

Basswood Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2438 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Basswood Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.36001 Cords per tonne

Basswood Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.68 Cords per tonne

Basswood Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.194 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Basswood Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Beech 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9099 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Beech Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Beech Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Beech Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

(Continued)
28Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Beech Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.74132 Cords per tonne

Beech Dry tons Standard cords 0.67252 Cords per ton

Beech Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.43607 Cords per tonne

Beech Green tons Standard cords 0.3956 Cords per ton

Beech Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Beech Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.71954 Cords per ton

Beech Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.42326 Cords per ton

Beech Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1146 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Beech Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.79315 Cords per tonne

Beech Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.46656 Cords per tonne

Beech Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.07 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Beech Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

White (paper) birch 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9241 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

White (paper) birch Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

White (paper) birch Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

White (paper) birch Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

White (paper) birch Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.79723 Cords per tonne

White (paper) birch Dry tons Standard cords 0.72324 Cords per ton

White (paper) birch Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4429 Cords per tonne

White (paper) birch Green tons Standard cords 0.4018 Cords per ton

White (paper) birch Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

White (paper) birch Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.84051 Cords per ton

White (paper) birch Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.46695 Cords per ton

White (paper) birch Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2105 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

White (paper) birch Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.92649 Cords per tonne

White (paper) birch Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.51472 Cords per tonne

White (paper) birch Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.162 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

White (paper) birch Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Yellow birch 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8563 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Yellow birch Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Yellow birch Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Yellow birch Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Yellow birch Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.7387 Cords per tonne

Yellow birch Dry tons Standard cords 0.67014 Cords per ton

Yellow birch Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.41039 Cords per tonne

Yellow birch Green tons Standard cords 0.3723 Cords per ton

Yellow birch Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Yellow birch Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.76463 Cords per ton

Yellow birch Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.4248 Cords per ton

Yellow birch Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1886 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Yellow birch Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.84285 Cords per tonne

Yellow birch Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.46825 Cords per tonne

Yellow birch Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.141 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Yellow birch Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

(Continued)
29Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Other birch 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8903 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Other birch Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Other birch Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Other birch Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Other birch Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.76806 Cords per tonne

Other birch Dry tons Standard cords 0.69678 Cords per ton

Other birch Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4267 Cords per tonne

Other birch Green tons Standard cords 0.3871 Cords per ton

Other birch Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Other birch Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.80234 Cords per ton

Other birch Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.44574 Cords per ton

Other birch Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1995 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Other birch Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.88442 Cords per tonne

Other birch Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.49134 Cords per tonne

Other birch Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.1515 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Other birch Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Black cherry 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Black cherry Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Black cherry Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Black cherry Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Black cherry Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.93016 Cords per tonne

Black cherry Dry tons Standard cords 0.84384 Cords per ton

Black cherry Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Black cherry Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Black cherry Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Black cherry Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.92999 Cords per ton

Black cherry Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.51666 Cords per ton

Black cherry Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Black cherry Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.02513 Cords per tonne

Black cherry Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.56952 Cords per tonne

Black cherry Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Black cherry Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Black walnut 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9391 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Black walnut Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Black walnut Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Black walnut Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Black walnut Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.81012 Cords per tonne

Black walnut Dry tons Standard cords 0.73494 Cords per ton

Black walnut Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.45007 Cords per tonne

Black walnut Green tons Standard cords 0.4083 Cords per ton

Black walnut Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Black walnut Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.81284 Cords per ton

Black walnut Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.45158 Cords per ton

Black walnut Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Black walnut Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.89599 Cords per tonne

(Continued)
30Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Black walnut Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.49777 Cords per tonne

Black walnut Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Black walnut Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Cottonwood 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9869 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Cottonwood Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Cottonwood Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Cottonwood Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Cottonwood Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.04059 Cords per tonne

Cottonwood Dry tons Standard cords 0.94402 Cords per ton

Cottonwood Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.473 Cords per tonne

Cottonwood Green tons Standard cords 0.4291 Cords per ton

Cottonwood Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Cottonwood Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.13379 Cords per ton

Cottonwood Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.51536 Cords per ton

Cottonwood Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2407 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Cottonwood Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.24978 Cords per tonne

Cottonwood Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.56808 Cords per tonne

Cottonwood Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.191 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Cottonwood Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Elm 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9241 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Elm Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Elm Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Elm Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Elm Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.88581 Cords per tonne

Elm Dry tons Standard cords 0.8036 Cords per ton

Elm Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4429 Cords per tonne

Elm Green tons Standard cords 0.4018 Cords per ton

Elm Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Elm Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.94434 Cords per ton

Elm Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.47217 Cords per ton

Elm Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.224 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Elm Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.04095 Cords per tonne

Elm Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.52048 Cords per tonne

Elm Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.175 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Elm Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Hickory 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8512 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Hickory Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Hickory Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Hickory Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Hickory Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.65274 Cords per tonne

Hickory Dry tons Standard cords 0.59216 Cords per ton

Hickory Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.40796 Cords per tonne

Hickory Green tons Standard cords 0.3701 Cords per ton

Hickory Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

(Continued)
31Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Hickory Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.65209 Cords per ton

Hickory Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.40756 Cords per ton

Hickory Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1907 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Hickory Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.7188 Cords per tonne

Hickory Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.44925 Cords per tonne

Hickory Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.143 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Hickory Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Hard maplec 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8319 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Hard maplec Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Hard maplec Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Hard maplec Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Hard maplec Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.71766 Cords per tonne

Hard maplec Dry tons Standard cords 0.65106 Cords per ton

Hard maplec Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.3987 Cords per tonne

Hard maplec Green tons Standard cords 0.3617 Cords per ton

Hard maplec Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Hard maplec Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.74018 Cords per ton

Hard maplec Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.41121 Cords per ton

Hard maplec Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1844 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Hard maplec Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.8159 Cords per tonne

Hard maplec Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.45328 Cords per tonne

Hard maplec Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.137 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Hard maplec Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Soft mapled 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9391 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Soft mapled Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Soft mapled Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Soft mapled Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Soft mapled Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.81012 Cords per tonne

Soft mapled Dry tons Standard cords 0.73494 Cords per ton

Soft mapled Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.45007 Cords per tonne

Soft mapled Green tons Standard cords 0.4083 Cords per ton

Soft mapled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Soft mapled Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.8401 Cords per ton

Soft mapled Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.46672 Cords per ton

Soft mapled Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1907 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Soft mapled Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.92604 Cords per tonne

Soft mapled Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.51447 Cords per tonne

Soft mapled Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.143 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Soft mapled Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Red oak 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.7921 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Red oak Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Red oak Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Red oak Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Red oak Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.68334 Cords per tonne

(Continued)
32Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Red oak Dry tons Standard cords 0.61992 Cords per ton

Red oak Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.37963 Cords per tonne

Red oak Green tons Standard cords 0.3444 Cords per ton

Red oak Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Red oak Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.74066 Cords per ton

Red oak Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.41148 Cords per ton

Red oak Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.236 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Red oak Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.81643 Cords per tonne

Red oak Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.45357 Cords per tonne

Red oak Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.1865 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Red oak Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

White oak 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8563 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

White oak Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

White oak Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

White oak Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

White oak Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.65662 Cords per tonne

White oak Dry tons Standard cords 0.59568 Cords per ton

White oak Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.41039 Cords per tonne

White oak Green tons Standard cords 0.3723 Cords per ton

White oak Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

White oak Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.66895 Cords per ton

White oak Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.41809 Cords per ton

White oak Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.2813 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

White oak Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.73738 Cords per tonne

White oak Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.46086 Cords per tonne

White oak Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.23 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

White oak Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Sweetgum 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8439 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Sweetgum Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Sweetgum Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Sweetgum Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Sweetgum Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.84931 Cords per tonne

Sweetgum Dry tons Standard cords 0.77049 Cords per ton

Sweetgum Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.40443 Cords per tonne

Sweetgum Green tons Standard cords 0.3669 Cords per ton

Sweetgum Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Sweetgum Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.85215 Cords per ton

Sweetgum Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.40579 Cords per ton

Sweetgum Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Sweetgum Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.93933 Cords per tonne

Sweetgum Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.4473 Cords per tonne

Sweetgum Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Sweetgum Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Sycamore 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9391 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

(Continued)
33Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Sycamore Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Sycamore Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Sycamore Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Sycamore Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.90014 Cords per tonne

Sycamore Dry tons Standard cords 0.8166 Cords per ton

Sycamore Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.45007 Cords per tonne

Sycamore Green tons Standard cords 0.4083 Cords per ton

Sycamore Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Sycamore Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.9376 Cords per ton

Sycamore Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Sycamore Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Sycamore Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.03352 Cords per tonne

Sycamore Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Sycamore Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Sycamore Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Tupelo/black gum 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8692 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Tupelo/black gum Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Tupelo/black gum Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Tupelo/black gum Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Tupelo/black gum Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.83312 Cords per tonne

Tupelo/black gum Dry tons Standard cords 0.7558 Cords per ton

Tupelo/black gum Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.41656 Cords per tonne

Tupelo/black gum Green tons Standard cords 0.3779 Cords per ton

Tupelo/black gum Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Tupelo/black gum Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.83591 Cords per ton

Tupelo/black gum Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.41796 Cords per ton

Tupelo/black gum Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Tupelo/black gum Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.92143 Cords per tonne

Tupelo/black gum Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.46071 Cords per tonne

Tupelo/black gum Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Tupelo/black gum Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Yellow-poplar 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9704 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Yellow-poplar Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Yellow-poplar Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Yellow-poplar Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Yellow-poplar Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.97663 Cords per tonne

Yellow-poplar Dry tons Standard cords 0.88599 Cords per ton

Yellow-poplar Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.46506 Cords per tonne

Yellow-poplar Green tons Standard cords 0.4219 Cords per ton

Yellow-poplar Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Yellow-poplar Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.9799 Cords per ton

Yellow-poplar Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.46662 Cords per ton

Yellow-poplar Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Yellow-poplar Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.08014 Cords per tonne

Yellow-poplar Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.51435 Cords per tonne

(Continued)
34Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 13 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the Northeastern States of the United 

States (includes all Northeastern Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Yellow-poplar Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Yellow-poplar Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

Other hardwoods 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.09867 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Other hardwoods Cubic feet Standard cords 0.011765 Cords per cubic foot

Other hardwoods Cubic meter Standard cords 0.415477 Cords per cubic meter

Other hardwoods Cunits Standard cords 1.1765 Cords per cunit

Other hardwoods Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.94782 Cords per tonne

Other hardwoods Dry tons Standard cords 0.85986 Cords per ton

Other hardwoods Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.52657 Cords per tonne

Other hardwoods Green tons Standard cords 0.4777 Cords per ton

Other hardwoods Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake 

States)

Other hardwoods Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.92999 Cords per ton

Other hardwoods Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.51666 Cords per ton

Other hardwoods Peeled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord (peeled 

Lake States)

Other hardwoods Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.02513 Cords per tonne

Other hardwoods Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.56952 Cords per tonne

Other hardwoods Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Other hardwoods Standard cords MCF 0.085 MCF per cord

a Northeastern States include Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 

Rhode Island, Vermont, and West Virginia.

b See table C.1 in appendix C for a list of tree species and associated species groups found in the Northern Region.

c Includes all Acer spp. with specific gravity ≥0.5.

d Includes all Acer spp. with specific gravity <0.5.
35Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14— Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and chipped 

roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central States of 

the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Softwoods 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Softwoods Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Softwoods Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Softwoods Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Softwoods Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Softwoods Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Softwoods Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Softwoods Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Softwoods Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Softwoods Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56349 Cords per ton

Softwoods Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2521 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Softwoods Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.202 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Softwoods Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.213 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.93016 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Dry tons Standard cords 0.84384 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.58135 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Green tons Standard cords 0.5274 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1771 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.13 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Cedar/juniper (eastern redcedar) Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.4557 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.39529 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Dry tons Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.69765 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Green tons Standard cords 0.6329 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.43038 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.71519 Cords per ton

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1771 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.57671 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.78835 Cords per tonne

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.13 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Cedar/juniper (Northern white-cedar) Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Cypress 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9099 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Cypress Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Cypress Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

(Continued)
36Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Cypress Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Cypress Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.95935 Cords per tonne

Cypress Dry tons Standard cords 0.87032 Cords per ton

Cypress Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.43607 Cords per tonne

Cypress Green tons Standard cords 0.3956 Cords per ton

Cypress Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Cypress Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1771 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Cypress Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.13 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Cypress Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Douglas-fir 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Douglas-fir Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Douglas-fir Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Douglas-fir Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Douglas-fir Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Douglas-fir Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Douglas-fir Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Douglas-fir Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Douglas-fir Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Douglas-fir Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2136 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Douglas-fir Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.165 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Douglas-fir Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

True firs 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

True firs Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

True firs Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

True firs Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

True firs Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.13687 Cords per tonne

True firs Dry tons Standard cords 1.03136 Cords per ton

True firs Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

True firs Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

True firs Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

True firs Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.20159 Cords per ton

True firs Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.54618 Cords per ton

True firs Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2136 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

True firs Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.32452 Cords per tonne

True firs Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.60205 Cords per tonne

True firs Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.165 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

True firs Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Hemlock 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9545 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Hemlock Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Hemlock Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Hemlock Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Hemlock Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.96065 Cords per tonne

Hemlock Dry tons Standard cords 0.8715 Cords per ton

Hemlock Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.45745 Cords per tonne

Hemlock Green tons Standard cords 0.415 Cords per ton

(Continued)
37Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Hemlock Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Hemlock Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.09641 Cords per ton

Hemlock Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.5221 Cords per ton

Hemlock Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.3105 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Hemlock Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.20857 Cords per tonne

Hemlock Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.57551 Cords per tonne

Hemlock Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.258 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Hemlock Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Jack pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Jack pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Jack pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Jack pine Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Jack pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Jack pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Jack pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Jack pine Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Jack pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Jack pine Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.07872 Cords per ton

Jack pine Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56774 Cords per ton

Jack pine Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2615 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Jack pine Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.18907 Cords per tonne

Jack pine Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.62583 Cords per tonne

Jack pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.211 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Jack pine Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Loblolly/shortleaf pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9099 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.87214 Cords per tonne

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.7912 Cords per ton

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.43607 Cords per tonne

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Green tons Standard cords 0.3956 Cords per ton

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.95419 Cords per ton

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.4771 Cords per ton

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.05181 Cords per tonne

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.5259 Cords per tonne

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Loblolly/shortleaf pine Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Longleaf/slash pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9099 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Longleaf/slash pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Longleaf/slash pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Longleaf/slash pine Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

(Continued)
38Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Longleaf/slash pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.87214 Cords per tonne

Longleaf/slash pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.7912 Cords per ton

Longleaf/slash pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.43607 Cords per tonne

Longleaf/slash pine Green tons Standard cords 0.3956 Cords per ton

Longleaf/slash pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Longleaf/slash pine Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Longleaf/slash pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Longleaf/slash pine Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.1417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.03965 Cords per tonne

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.94316 Cords per ton

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.54718 Cords per tonne

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Green tons Standard cords 0.4964 Cords per ton

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Ponderosa/Jeffrey pine Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Red pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Red pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Red pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Red pine Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Red pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Red pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Red pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Red pine Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Red pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Red pine Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.0707 Cords per ton

Red pine Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56353 Cords per ton

Red pine Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2615 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Red pine Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.18023 Cords per tonne

Red pine Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.62117 Cords per tonne

Red pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.211 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Red pine Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

White pine 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0987 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

White pine Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

White pine Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

White pine Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

White pine Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.00048 Cords per tonne

White pine Dry tons Standard cords 0.90763 Cords per ton

White pine Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.52657 Cords per tonne

White pine Green tons Standard cords 0.4777 Cords per ton

(Continued)
39Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

White pine Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

White pine Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.09453 Cords per ton

White pine Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.57607 Cords per ton

White pine Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

White pine Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.2065 Cords per tonne

White pine Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.635 Cords per tonne

White pine Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

White pine Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Other pines 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Other pines Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Other pines Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Other pines Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Other pines Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.98184 Cords per tonne

Other pines Dry tons Standard cords 0.89072 Cords per ton

Other pines Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Other pines Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Other pines Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Other pines Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.07421 Cords per ton

Other pines Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56538 Cords per ton

Other pines Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2563 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Other pines Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.1841 Cords per tonne

Other pines Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.62321 Cords per tonne

Other pines Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.206 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Other pines Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Spruce 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.1532 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Spruce Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Spruce Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Spruce Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit 

Spruce Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.07775 Cords per tonne

Spruce Dry tons Standard cords 0.97773 Cords per ton

Spruce Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.55269 Cords per tonne

Spruce Green tons Standard cords 0.5014 Cords per ton 

Spruce Lake State cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Spruce Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.10744 Cords per ton

Spruce Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.56792 Cords per ton

Spruce Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1802 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Spruce Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.22074 Cords per tonne

Spruce Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.62602 Cords per tonne

Spruce Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.133 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Spruce Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Tamarack/larch 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9869 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Tamarack/larch Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Tamarack/larch Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Tamarack/larch Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

(Continued)
40Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Tamarack/larch Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.85139 Cords per tonne

Tamarack/larch Dry tons Standard cords 0.77238 Cords per ton

Tamarack/larch Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.473 Cords per tonne

Tamarack/larch Green tons Standard cords 0.4291 Cords per ton

Tamarack/larch Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Tamarack/larch Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.88281 Cords per ton

Tamarack/larch Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.49045 Cords per ton

Tamarack/larch Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1907 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Tamarack/larch Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.97313 Cords per tonne

Tamarack/larch Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.54063 Cords per tonne

Tamarack/larch Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.143 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Tamarack/larch Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Hardwoods 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.906 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Hardwoods Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Hardwoods Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Hardwoods Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Hardwoods Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.80326 Cords per tonne

Hardwoods Dry tons Standard cords 0.72872 Cords per ton

Hardwoods Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4342 Cords per tonne

Hardwoods Green tons Standard cords 0.3939 Cords per ton

Hardwoods Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Hardwoods Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.46219 Cords per ton

Hardwoods Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2223 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Hardwoods Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.1734 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Hardwoods Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Alder 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.09867 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Alder Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Alder Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Alder Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Alder Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.94782 Cords per tonne

Alder Dry tons Standard cords 0.85986 Cords per ton

Alder Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.52657 Cords per tonne

Alder Green tons Standard cords 0.4777 Cords per ton

Alder Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Alder Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Alder Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Alder Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Ash 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9959 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Ash Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Ash Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Ash Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Ash Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.8114 Cords per tonne

Ash Dry tons Standard cords 0.7361 Cords per ton

Ash Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4773 Cords per tonne

Ash Green tons Standard cords 0.433 Cords per ton

(Continued)
41Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Ash Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Ash Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.43847 Cords per ton

Ash Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.25792 Cords per ton

Ash Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Ash Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.48333 Cords per tonne

Ash Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.28431 Cords per tonne

Ash Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.192 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Ash Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Aspen/balsam poplar 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9869 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Aspen/balsam poplar Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Aspen/balsam poplar Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Aspen/balsam poplar Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Aspen/balsam poplar Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.04059 Cords per tonne

Aspen/balsam poplar Dry tons Standard cords 0.94402 Cords per ton

Aspen/balsam poplar Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.473 Cords per tonne

Aspen/balsam poplar Green tons Standard cords 0.4291 Cords per ton

Aspen/balsam poplar Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.13941 Cords per ton

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.51791 Cords per ton

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2573 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.25597 Cords per tonne

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.5709 Cords per tonne

Aspen/balsam poplar Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.207 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Aspen/balsam poplar Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Basswood 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.1884 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Basswood Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Basswood Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Basswood Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Basswood Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.13912 Cords per tonne

Basswood Dry tons Standard cords 1.0334 Cords per ton

Basswood Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.56956 Cords per tonne

Basswood Green tons Standard cords 0.5167 Cords per ton

Basswood Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Basswood Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.23379 Cords per ton

Basswood Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.61689 Cords per ton

Basswood Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2438 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Basswood Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.36001 Cords per tonne

Basswood Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.68 Cords per tonne

Basswood Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.194 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Basswood Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Beech 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9099 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Beech Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Beech Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Beech Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

(Continued)
42Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Beech Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.74132 Cords per tonne

Beech Dry tons Standard cords 0.67252 Cords per ton

Beech Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.43607 Cords per tonne

Beech Green tons Standard cords 0.3956 Cords per ton

Beech Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Beech Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.71954 Cords per ton

Beech Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.42326 Cords per ton

Beech Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1146 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Beech Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.79315 Cords per tonne

Beech Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.46656 Cords per tonne

Beech Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.07 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Beech Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

White (paper) birch 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9241 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

White (paper) birch Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

White (paper) birch Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

White (paper) birch Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

White (paper) birch Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.79723 Cords per tonne

White (paper) birch Dry tons Standard cords 0.72324 Cords per ton

White (paper) birch Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4429 Cords per tonne

White (paper) birch Green tons Standard cords 0.4018 Cords per ton

White (paper) birch Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

White (paper) birch Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.84051 Cords per ton

White (paper) birch Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.46695 Cords per ton

White (paper) birch Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2105 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

White (paper) birch Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.92649 Cords per tonne

White (paper) birch Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.51472 Cords per tonne

White (paper) birch Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.162 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

White (paper) birch Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Yellow birch 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8563 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Yellow birch Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Yellow birch Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Yellow birch Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Yellow birch Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.7387 Cords per tonne

Yellow birch Dry tons Standard cords 0.67014 Cords per ton

Yellow birch Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.41039 Cords per tonne

Yellow birch Green tons Standard cords 0.3723 Cords per ton

Yellow birch Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Yellow birch Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.76463 Cords per ton

Yellow birch Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.4248 Cords per ton

Yellow birch Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1886 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Yellow birch Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.84285 Cords per tonne

Yellow birch Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.46825 Cords per tonne

Yellow birch Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.141 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Yellow birch Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

(Continued)
43Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Other birch 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8903 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Other birch Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Other birch Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Other birch Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Other birch Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.76806 Cords per tonne

Other birch Dry tons Standard cords 0.69678 Cords per ton

Other birch Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4267 Cords per tonne

Other birch Green tons Standard cords 0.3871 Cords per ton

Other birch Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Other birch Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.80234 Cords per ton

Other birch Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.44574 Cords per ton

Other birch Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1995 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Other birch Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.88442 Cords per tonne

Other birch Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.49134 Cords per tonne

Other birch Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.1515 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Other birch Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Black cherry 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.0782 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Black cherry Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Black cherry Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Black cherry Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Black cherry Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.93016 Cords per tonne

Black cherry Dry tons Standard cords 0.84384 Cords per ton

Black cherry Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Black cherry Green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Black cherry Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Black cherry Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.92999 Cords per ton

Black cherry Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.51666 Cords per ton

Black cherry Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Black cherry Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.02513 Cords per tonne

Black cherry Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.56952 Cords per tonne

Black cherry Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Black cherry Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Black walnut 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9391 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Black walnut Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Black walnut Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Black walnut Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Black walnut Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.81012 Cords per tonne

Black walnut Dry tons Standard cords 0.73494 Cords per ton

Black walnut Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.45007 Cords per tonne

Black walnut Green tons Standard cords 0.4083 Cords per ton

Black walnut Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Black walnut Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.81284 Cords per ton

Black walnut Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.45158 Cords per ton

Black walnut Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Black walnut Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.89599 Cords per tonne

(Continued)
44Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Black walnut Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.49777 Cords per tonne

Black walnut Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Black walnut Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Cottonwood 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9869 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Cottonwood Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Cottonwood Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Cottonwood Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Cottonwood Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 1.04059 Cords per tonne

Cottonwood Dry tons Standard cords 0.94402 Cords per ton

Cottonwood Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.473 Cords per tonne

Cottonwood Green tons Standard cords 0.4291 Cords per ton

Cottonwood Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Cottonwood Peeled dry tons Standard cords 1.13379 Cords per ton

Cottonwood Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.51536 Cords per ton

Cottonwood Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2407 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Cottonwood Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.24978 Cords per tonne

Cottonwood Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.56808 Cords per tonne

Cottonwood Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.191 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Cottonwood Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Elm 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9241 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Elm Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Elm Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Elm Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Elm Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.88581 Cords per tonne

Elm Dry tons Standard cords 0.8036 Cords per ton

Elm Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.4429 Cords per tonne

Elm Green tons Standard cords 0.4018 Cords per ton

Elm Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Elm Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.94434 Cords per ton

Elm Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.47217 Cords per ton

Elm Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.224 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Elm Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.04095 Cords per tonne

Elm Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.52048 Cords per tonne

Elm Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.175 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Elm Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Hickory 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8512 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Hickory Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Hickory Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Hickory Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Hickory Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.65274 Cords per tonne

Hickory Dry tons Standard cords 0.59216 Cords per ton

Hickory Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.40796 Cords per tonne

Hickory Green tons Standard cords 0.3701 Cords per ton

Hickory Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

(Continued)
45Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Hickory Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.65209 Cords per ton

Hickory Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.40756 Cords per ton

Hickory Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1907 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Hickory Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.7188 Cords per tonne

Hickory Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.44925 Cords per tonne

Hickory Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.143 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Hickory Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Hard maplec 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8319 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Hard maplec Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Hard maplec Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Hard maplec Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Hard maplec Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.71766 Cords per tonne

Hard maplec Dry tons Standard cords 0.65106 Cords per ton

Hard maplec Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.3987 Cords per tonne

Hard maplec Green tons Standard cords 0.3617 Cords per ton

Hard maplec Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Hard maplec Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.74018 Cords per ton

Hard maplec Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.41121 Cords per ton

Hard maplec Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1844 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Hard maplec Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.8159 Cords per tonne

Hard maplec Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.45328 Cords per tonne

Hard maplec Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.137 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Hard maplec Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Soft mapled 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9391 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Soft mapled Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Soft mapled Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Soft mapled Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Soft mapled Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.81012 Cords per tonne

Soft mapled Dry tons Standard cords 0.73494 Cords per ton

Soft mapled Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.45007 Cords per tonne

Soft mapled Green tons Standard cords 0.4083 Cords per ton

Soft mapled Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Soft mapled Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.8401 Cords per ton

Soft mapled Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.46672 Cords per ton

Soft mapled Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1907 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Soft mapled Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.92604 Cords per tonne

Soft mapled Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.51447 Cords per tonne

Soft mapled Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.143 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Soft mapled Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Red oak 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.7921 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Red oak Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Red oak Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Red oak Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Red oak Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.68334 Cords per tonne

(Continued)
46Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Red oak Dry tons Standard cords 0.61992 Cords per ton

Red oak Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.37963 Cords per tonne

Red oak Green tons Standard cords 0.3444 Cords per ton

Red oak Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Red oak Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.74066 Cords per ton

Red oak Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.41148 Cords per ton

Red oak Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.236 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Red oak Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.81643 Cords per tonne

Red oak Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.45357 Cords per tonne

Red oak Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.1865 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Red oak Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

White oak 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8563 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

White oak Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

White oak Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

White oak Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

White oak Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.65662 Cords per tonne

White oak Dry tons Standard cords 0.59568 Cords per ton

White oak Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.41039 Cords per tonne

White oak Green tons Standard cords 0.3723 Cords per ton

White oak Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

White oak Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.66895 Cords per ton

White oak Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.41809 Cords per ton

White oak Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.2813 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

White oak Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.73738 Cords per tonne

White oak Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.46086 Cords per tonne

White oak Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.23 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

White oak Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Sweetgum 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8439 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Sweetgum Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Sweetgum Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Sweetgum Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Sweetgum Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.84931 Cords per tonne

Sweetgum Dry tons Standard cords 0.77049 Cords per ton

Sweetgum Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.40443 Cords per tonne

Sweetgum Green tons Standard cords 0.3669 Cords per ton

Sweetgum Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Sweetgum Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.85215 Cords per ton

Sweetgum Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.40579 Cords per ton

Sweetgum Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Sweetgum Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.93933 Cords per tonne

Sweetgum Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.4473 Cords per tonne

Sweetgum Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Sweetgum Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Sycamore 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9391 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

(Continued)
47Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Sycamore Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Sycamore Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Sycamore Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Sycamore Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.90014 Cords per tonne

Sycamore Dry tons Standard cords 0.8166 Cords per ton

Sycamore Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.45007 Cords per tonne

Sycamore Green tons Standard cords 0.4083 Cords per ton

Sycamore Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Sycamore Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.9376 Cords per ton

Sycamore Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.4688 Cords per ton

Sycamore Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Sycamore Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.03352 Cords per tonne

Sycamore Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.51676 Cords per tonne

Sycamore Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Sycamore Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Tupelo/black gum 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.8692 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Tupelo/black gum Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Tupelo/black gum Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Tupelo/black gum Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Tupelo/black gum Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.83312 Cords per tonne

Tupelo/black gum Dry tons Standard cords 0.7558 Cords per ton

Tupelo/black gum Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.41656 Cords per tonne

Tupelo/black gum Green tons Standard cords 0.3779 Cords per ton

Tupelo/black gum Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Tupelo/black gum Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.83591 Cords per ton

Tupelo/black gum Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.41796 Cords per ton

Tupelo/black gum Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Tupelo/black gum Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 0.92143 Cords per tonne

Tupelo/black gum Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.46071 Cords per tonne

Tupelo/black gum Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Tupelo/black gum Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Yellow-poplar 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 0.9704 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Yellow-poplar Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Yellow-poplar Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Yellow-poplar Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Yellow-poplar Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.97663 Cords per tonne

Yellow-poplar Dry tons Standard cords 0.88599 Cords per ton

Yellow-poplar Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.46506 Cords per tonne

Yellow-poplar Green tons Standard cords 0.4219 Cords per ton

Yellow-poplar Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Yellow-poplar Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.9799 Cords per ton

Yellow-poplar Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.46662 Cords per ton

Yellow-poplar Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Yellow-poplar Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.08014 Cords per tonne

Yellow-poplar Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.51435 Cords per tonne

(Continued)
48Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 14 (Continued)—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs and 

chipped roundwood as well as composite panels and engineered wood products in the North Central 

States of the United States (includes all North Central Statesa)

Species groupb

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Yellow-poplar Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Yellow-poplar Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

Other hardwoods 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.09867 Cords (standard) per cord 

(4,600-pound)

Other hardwoods Cubic feet Standard cords 0.01266 Cords per cubic foot

Other hardwoods Cubic meter Standard cords 0.44701 Cords per cubic meter

Other hardwoods Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

Other hardwoods Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.94782 Cords per tonne

Other hardwoods Dry tons Standard cords 0.85986 Cords per ton

Other hardwoods Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.52657 Cords per tonne

Other hardwoods Green tons Standard cords 0.4777 Cords per ton

Other hardwoods Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord 

(Lake States)

Other hardwoods Peeled dry tons Standard cords 0.92999 Cords per ton

Other hardwoods Peeled green tons Standard cords 0.51666 Cords per ton

Other hardwoods Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords 1.1521 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled Lake States)

Other hardwoods Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords 1.02513 Cords per tonne

Other hardwoods Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords 0.56952 Cords per tonne

Other hardwoods Peeled standard cords Standard cords 1.106 Cords (standard) per cord 

(peeled)

Other hardwoods Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

a North Central States include Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and 

Wisconsin.

b See table C.1 in appendix C for a list of tree species and associated species groups found in the Northern Region.

c Includes all Acer spp. with specific gravity ≥0.5.

d Includes all Acer spp. with specific gravity <0.5.
49Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities PULP MILL LOGS

Table 15—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp mill logs in 

the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit of 

measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 80 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 90 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50a Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 4000 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4500 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 2.0 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.25 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Alaska 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 3.9 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 5.3 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 2.5 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.21 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2001 MCF MBF Scribner 3.454 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 2.4 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 2.43 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 2.81 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2004 MCF MBF Scribner 3.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2009 MCF MBF Scribner 2.49 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 2.2 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.02 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 2.41 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 2.41 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 2.41 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 2.41 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF

a 50 green pounds per cubic foot is equivalent to 25 green tons per MCF.
50Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities COMPOSITE PANELS / ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

Composite Panels/Engineered Wood Products

This classification includes roundwood products that are manufactured into chips, wafers, strands, 

flakes, shavings, or sawdust and then reconstituted into a variety of panel and engineered lumber 

products. 

Southern Region

In the Southern Region, FIA standard units for composite products are standard cords. Table 16 lists the 

factors used by FIA to convert mill-reported values to standard units. Note that conversions from MCF 

vary by State.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 10: A mill in North Carolina reports that 300,000 green tons of softwood 

chips were produced from roundwood to make composite panels.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (green tons to standard cords) using table 16:

300,000 green tons / 2.7 green tons per standard cord = 111,111 standard cords

Conversion to MCF (standard cords to MCF) using table 16:

111,111 standard cords × 0.0780 MCF per standard cord = 8,667 MCF

Northern Region

In the Northern Region, the standard unit for roundwood processed into composite panel or engineered 

product material is the standard cord. The conversion factors used in the Northern Region for these 

product types are the same as those used for pulpwood logs. Factors vary by sub-region for cubic 

volumetric conversions and vary by species group for all other conversions. Pulpwood factors for 

Northeastern States are shown in table 13, and factors for North Central States are shown in table 14. 

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 11: A mill in Ohio reports that 90,000 green tons of aspen roundwood was 

processed to make oriented strand board.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (green tons to standard cords) using table 13:

90,000 green tons × 0.4291 standard cords per green ton = 38,619 standard cords

Conversion to MCF (standard cords to MCF) using table 13:

38,619 standard cords × 0.085 MCF per standard cord = 3,283 MCF

Western Region

The standard measurement unit for logs processed into composite panel or engineered product material 

is MBF Scribner in the Western Region. Conversions between MBF Scribner and MCF vary by State 

and survey year while other conversion factors apply to all logs. Regional conversion factors for the 

West are shown in table 17.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 12: In 2016, an oriented strand board plant in Washington reported that it 

processed 12,000 MBF Scribner of peeled logs.

Conversion to MCF (MBF Scribner to MCF) using table 15:

12,000 MBF Scribner / 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF = 4,545 MCF

National standard unit conversion (MCF to standard cords) using table 17:

4,545 MCF / 0.08 MCF per standard cord = 56,813 standard cords
51Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities COMPOSITE PANELS / ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

Composite Panels/Engineered Wood Products Tables

Table 16—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood 

processed into composite panels or engineered wood products in the Southern 

Region of the United States

State

Species 

type

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Southern States Hardwood Green tons Standard cords 2.8 Tons per cord

Alabama Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0740 MCF per cord

Arkansas Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0766 MCF per cord

Florida Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0750 MCF per cord

Georgia Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0750 MCF per cord

Kentucky Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0764 MCF per cord

Louisiana Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0750 MCF per cord

Mississippi Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0750 MCF per cord

North Carolina Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0766 MCF per cord

Oklahoma Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0766 MCF per cord

South Carolina Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0705 MCF per cord

Tennessee Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0726 MCF per cord

Texas Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0705 MCF per cord

Virginia Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0763 MCF per cord

All Southern States Softwood Green tons Standard cords 2.7 Tons per cord

Alabama Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0772 MCF per cord

Arkansas Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0779 MCF per cord

Florida Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0776 MCF per cord

Georgia Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0774 MCF per cord

Kentucky Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0773 MCF per cord

Louisiana Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0780 MCF per cord

Mississippi Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0754 MCF per cord

North Carolina Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0780 MCF per cord

Oklahoma Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0780 MCF per cord

South Carolina Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0777 MCF per cord

Tennessee Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0781 MCF per cord

Texas Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0777 MCF per cord

Virginia Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0771 MCF per cord

Table 17—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into 

composite panels or engineered wood products in the Western Region of the United States (includes 

all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factora Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All MBF Scribner BDT 3.0 BDT per MBF

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 80 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 90 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 4000 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4500 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 2.0 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.25 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.38 Cubic meters per cunit

a All conversions from MCF to MBF Scribner are the same as those for pulp mill logs (see table 15).
52Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities BIOENERGY / INDUSTRIAL FUELWOOD

Bioenergy/Industrial Fuelwood

Roundwood products that are used in industrial settings to produce some form of energy (heat, steam, 

etc.) are classified as bioenergy or industrial fuelwood. 

Southern Region

The standard unit of measure for bioenergy/industrial fuelwood in the Southern Region is the standard 

cord. Table 18 lists the factors used by FIA to convert mill-reported roundwood consumption to 

standard units of measure. Conversion factors apply to all Southern States.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 13: A mill in Georgia reports that 50,000 green tons of softwood roundwood 

was used to produce industrial fuelwood.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (green tons to standard cords) using table 18:

50,000 green tons / 2.70 green tons per standard cord = 18,519 standard cords

Conversion to MCF (standard cords to MCF) using table 18:

18,519 standard cords × 0.0770 MCF per standard cord = 1,426 MCF

Northern Region

As in the Southern Region, standard cords are the standard units of measure for bioenergy/industrial 

fuelwood in the Northern Region. Table 19 lists conversion factors used for roundwood processed into 

bioenergy/fuelwood. The factors are used for all Northern States and northern species.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 14: A mill in Indiana reports that it uses 500 green tons of hardwood/

softwood roundwood for industrial fuelwood.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (green tons to standard cords) using table 19:

500 green tons × 0.4167 standard cords per green ton = 208 standard cords

Conversion to MCF (standard cords to MCF) using table 19:

208 standard cords / 14.3 standard cords per MCF = 15 MCF

Western Region

In the Western Region, bioenergy and industrial fuelwood are referred to as energywood. As with all 

other roundwood categories in the region, the standard unit of measure for energywood is MBF Scribner. 

Conversions between MBF Scribner and MCF vary by State and survey year while other conversion 

factors apply to all logs. Table 20 lists the conversion factors used for energywood in the West.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 15: In 2015, a bioenergy mill in Idaho processed 4,000 MBF Scribner of 

unpeeled roundwood.

Conversion to MCF (MBF Scribner to MCF) using table 20:

4,000 MBF Scribner / 3.51 MBF Scribner per MCF = 1,140 MCF

National standard unit conversion (MCF to standard cords) using table 20:

1,140 MCF / 0.09 MCF per standard cord = 12,667 standard cords
53Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities BIOENERGY / INDUSTRIAL FUELWOOD

Bioenergy/Industrial Fuelwood Tables

Table 18—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for 

roundwood processed into bioenergy and industrial fuelwood in the Southern 

Region of the United States

State

Species 

type

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Southern States Hardwood Dry tons Standard cords 1.40 Tons per cord

All Southern States Hardwood Green tons Standard cords 2.80 Tons per cord

All Southern States Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0755 MCF per cord

All Southern States Softwood Dry tons Standard cords 1.35 Tons per cord

All Southern States Softwood Green tons Standard cords 2.70 Tons per cord

All Southern States Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0770 MCF per cord

Table 19—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for 

roundwood processed into bioenergy and industrial fuelwood in the Northern 

Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree 

species)

Input unit of 

measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Cubic feet Standard cords 0.0143 Cords per cubic foot

Dry tons Standard cords 0.6667 Cords per ton

Green tons Standard cords 0.4167 Cords per ton

Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake States)

Standard cords MBF 0.25 MBF per cord

MCF Standard cords 14.3 Cords per MCF
54Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities BIOENERGY / INDUSTRIAL FUELWOOD

Table 20—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for energywood 

logs in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All MBF Scribner BDT 3.0 BDT per MBF

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 80 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 90 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 4000 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4500 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 2.0 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.25 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Alaska 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 3.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 3.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.5 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 2.4 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 3.51 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2009 MCF MBF Scribner 2.49 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 2.41 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.64 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 1.67 MBF Scribner per MCF
55Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities POSTS, POLES, AND PILINGS

Posts, Poles, and Pilings

Posts, poles, and pilings are roundwood products milled (cut, peeled, etc.) into standard sizes (lengths 

and circumferences) to be put in the ground to provide vertical and lateral support in buildings, 

foundations, utility lines, and fences. They may also include nonindustrial (unmilled) roundwood. 

Southern Region

The standard unit for poles and pilings in the Southern Region is hundred pieces (C-pieces) while the 

standard unit for posts is thousand pieces (M-pieces). All three of these roundwood products can also 

be reported in green tons or MCF. The units of measure of the input determine the conversion process. 

For poles and pilings, if the input units of measure are cubic feet, equation (1) is used to convert to the 

standard unit of C-pieces.

C_PIECES = POLE_CF / POLE_CF_FACTOR / 100 (1)

where

C_PIECES = hundred pieces (poles, pilings, and posts >9 feet long)

POLE_CF = pole and piling input amount in cubic feet

POLE_CF_FACTOR = value from the CF factor column in table 21 that corresponds to the average 

log scaling diameter and length

If the input units of measure are tons, equation (2) is used to convert to the standard unit of C-pieces.

C_PIECES = POLE_T / (POLE_WT_FACTOR / 2000) / 100 (2)

where

C_PIECES = hundred pieces (poles, pilings, and posts >9 feet long)

POLE_T = pole and piling input amount in tons

POLE_WT_FACTOR = value from the WT factor column in table 21 that corresponds to the 

average log scaling diameter and length

To convert the pole and piling standard unit of C-pieces to MCF, use equation (3). To convert to green 

tons, use equation (4).

MCF = C_PIECES × POLE_CF_FACTOR / 10 (3)

where

MCF = thousand cubic feet (poles, pilings, and posts >9 feet long)

C_PIECES = hundred pieces (poles, pilings, and posts >9 feet long)

POLE_CF_FACTOR = value from the CF factor column in table 21 that corresponds to the average 

log scaling diameter and length

GT = C_PIECES × 100 × (POLE_WT_FACTOR / 2000) (4)

where

GT = green tons (poles, pilings, and posts >9 feet long)

C_PIECES = hundred pieces (poles, pilings, and posts >9 feet long)

POLE_WT_FACTOR = value from the WT factor column in table 21 that corresponds to the 

average log scaling diameter and length

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 16: A mill in Georgia reports that it processed 500,000 cubic feet of yellow 

pine roundwood to make power line poles. The average log scaling diameter is 6 inches, and the 

average length is 40 feet.

Regional standard unit conversion (cubic feet to C-pieces) using table 21:

500,000 cubic feet / 16.75 cubic feet per piece / 100 pieces per C-piece = 299 C-pieces

Conversion to green tons (C-pieces to green tons) using table 21:

299 C-pieces × 100 pieces per C-piece × (1,005 pounds per piece / 2,000 pounds per green ton) = 15,025 green tons
56Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities POSTS, POLES, AND PILINGS

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 17: A mill in North Carolina reports that it processed 20,000 green tons 

of yellow pine roundwood to make pilings. The average log scaling diameter is 4 inches, and the 

average length is 22 feet.

Regional standard unit conversion (green tons to C-pieces) using table 21:

20,000 green tons / (200 pounds per piece / 2,000 pounds per green ton) / 100 pieces per C-piece = 2,000 C-pieces

Conversion to MCF (C-pieces to MCF) using table 21:

2,000 C-pieces × 100 pieces per C-piece × 3.34 cubic feet per piece / 1,000 cubic feet per MCF = 668 MCF

If roundwood material is processed into posts and the log length is >9 feet, the pole and piling 

conversion formulas for standard and reporting units are used. Otherwise, conversions for posts ≤9 feet 

in length use different formulas and a different set of conversion factors (table 22). If the input unit of 

measure is cubic feet, equation (5) is used to convert to the standard unit of M-pieces. If the post input 

unit of measure is anything other than cubic feet, equation (6) is used. 

M_PIECES = POST_CF / POST_CF_FACTOR / 1000 (5)

where

M_PIECES = thousand pieces (posts ≤9 feet long)

POST_CF = post input amount in cubic feet

POST_CF_FACTOR = value from the CF factor column in table 22 that corresponds to the average 

log scaling diameter and length

M_PIECES = POST_T / (POST_WT_FACTOR / 2000) / 1000 (6)

where

M_PIECES = thousand pieces (posts ≤9 feet long)

POST_T = post input amount in tons

POST_WT_FACTOR = value from the WT factor column in table 22 that corresponds to the average 

log scaling diameter and length

To convert the post standard unit of M-pieces to MCF, use equation (7). To convert to green tons, use 

equation (8).

MCF = M_PIECES × POST_CF_FACTOR (7)

where

MCF = thousand cubic feet (posts ≤9 feet long)

M_PIECES = thousand pieces (posts ≤9 feet long)

POST_CF_FACTOR = value from the CF factor column in table 22 that corresponds to the average 

log scaling diameter and length

GT = M_PIECES × 1000 × POST_WT_FACTOR / 2000 (8)

where

GT = green tons (posts ≤9 feet long)

M_PIECES = thousand pieces (posts ≤9 feet long)

POST_WT_FACTOR = value from the WT factor column in table 22 that corresponds to the average 

log scaling diameter and length

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 18: A post mill in Alabama reports that it processed 650,000 cubic feet of 

yellow pine roundwood to make fence posts. The average log scaling diameter is 5 inches, and the 

average length is 7 feet.

Regional standard unit conversion (cubic feet to M-pieces) using table 22:

650,000 cubic feet / 1.21 cubic feet per piece / 1,000 pieces per M-piece = 537 M-pieces

Conversion to green tons (M-pieces to green tons) using table 22:

537 M-pieces × 1,000 pieces per M-piece × 54 pounds per piece / 2,000 pounds per green ton = 14,499 green tons
57Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities POSTS, POLES, AND PILINGS

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 19: A post mil-l in Texas reports that it processed 8,000 green tons of 

yellow pine roundwood to make fence posts. The average log scaling diameter is 4 inches, and the 

average length is 8 feet.

Regional standard unit conversion (green tons to M-pieces) using table 22:

8,000 green tons / (36 pounds per piece / 2,000 pounds per green ton) / 1,000 pieces per M-piece = 444 M-pieces

Conversion to MCF (M-pieces to MCF) using table 22:

444 M-pieces × 0.82 MCF per M-piece = 364 MCF

Northern Region

In the Northern Region, the standard units for posts, poles, and pilings are M-pieces, pieces, and 

thousand linear feet (MLF), respectively. The conversion factors for posts, poles, and pilings are found 

in tables 23–25, respectively, and apply to all Northern States and northern species.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 20: A mill in New Jersey reports that it processed 500 MBF Doyle of 

roundwood into poles.

Regional standard unit conversion (MBF to pieces) using table 24:

500 MBF × 27.6 pieces per MBF = 13,800 pieces

Conversion to MCF (pieces to MCF) using table 24:

13,800 pieces × 0.0079 MCF per piece = 109 MCF

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 21: A mill in Michigan reports that it processed 35,000 Lake States cords of 

roundwood to make dock pilings.

Regional standard unit conversion (Lake States cords to MLF) using table 25:

35,000 Lake States cords × 0.06491 MLF per cord = 2,272 MLF

Conversion to MCF (MLF to MCF) using table 25:

2,272 MLF × 0.79 MCF per MLF = 1,795 MCF

Western Region

The standard measurement unit for poles, posts, and pilings/utility poles in the Western Region is MBF 

Scribner. Posts and poles use the same set of conversion factors (table 26) while separate factors are used 

for pilings and utility poles (table 27). For all product types, conversions between MBF Scribner and 

MCF vary by State and survey year. Other conversion factors apply to all logs.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 22: In 2014, a utility pole mill in Washington processed 3,600 MBF (Scribner 

eastside) of peeled roundwood.

Conversion to MCF (MBF Scribner to MCF) using table 27:

3,600 MBF Scribner / 4.61 MBF Scribner per MCF = 781 MCF

National standard unit conversion (MCF to standard cords) using table 27:

781 MCF / 0.086 MCF per standard cord = 9,081 standard cords
58Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities POSTS, POLES, AND PILINGS

Scaling 

diameter Length

CF 

factor

WT 

factor

inches feet

cubic 

feet per 

piece

pounds 

per 

piece

3 10 0.77 46

3 12 0.93 56

3 14 1.24 74

3 16 1.41 85

3 18 1.80 108

3 20 2.00 120

3 22 2.20 132

3 25 2.82 169

3 28 3.56 214

3 30 3.82 229

3.5 10 0.90 54

3.5 12 1.09 65

3.5 14 1.45 87

3.5 16 1.65 99

3.5 18 2.10 126

3.5 20 2.34 140

3.5 22 2.57 154

3.5 25 3.30 198

3.5 28 4.17 250

3.5 30 4.47 268

4 10 1.24 74

4 12 1.49 89

4 14 1.92 115

4 16 2.19 131

4 18 2.61 157

4 20 3.04 182

4 22 3.34 200

4 25 4.20 252

4 28 4.93 295

4 30 5.52 331

4 35 7.07 424

4.5 10 1.51 90

4.5 12 1.81 108

4.5 14 2.32 139

4.5 16 2.66 160

4.5 18 3.13 188

4.5 20 3.64 218

4.5 22 4.00 240

4.5 25 4.98 298

4.5 28 6.07 364

4.5 30 6.51 390

4.5 35 7.91 475

Scaling 

diameter Length

CF 

factor

WT 

factor

inches feet

cubic 

feet per 

piece

pounds 

per 

piece

5 10 1.81 108

5 12 2.17 130

5 14 2.76 165

5 16 3.15 189

5 18 3.70 222

5 20 4.30 258

5 22 4.73 284

5 25 5.83 350

5 28 6.80 408

5 30 8.25 495

5 35 11.75 705

5 40 14.67 880

5 45 17.75 1,065

6 10 2.50 150

6 12 3.00 180

6 14 3.75 225

6 16 4.29 257

6 18 5.18 310

6 20 5.76 345

6 22 6.34 380

6 25 7.75 465

6 30 10.00 600

6 35 13.50 810

6 40 16.75 1,005

6 45 20.25 1,215

6 50 24.17 1,450

7 10 3.28 197

7 12 3.94 236

7 14 4.90 294

7 16 5.60 336

7 18 6.71 403

7 20 7.46 448

7 22 8.20 492

7 25 9.92 595

7 30 13.12 787

7 35 16.96 1,018

7 40 20.70 1,242

7 45 24.70 1,482

7 50 28.90 1,734

8 10 4.20 252

8 12 5.00 300

8 14 6.20 372

Scaling 

diameter Length

CF 

factor

WT 

factor

inches feet

cubic 

feet per 

piece

pounds 

per 

piece

8 16 7.09 425

8 18 8.44 506

8 20 9.38 563

8 22 10.32 619

8 25 11.33 680

8 30 15.50 930

8 35 19.60 1,176

8 40 23.80 1,428

8 45 28.25 1,695

8 50 32.80 1,968

9 10 5.19 311

9 12 6.23 373

9 14 7.65 459

9 16 8.75 525

9 18 10.35 621

9 20 11.50 690

9 22 12.65 759

9 25 15.10 906

9 30 19.02 1,141

9 35 23.31 1,398

9 40 27.90 1,674

9 45 32.85 1,971

9 50 38.20 2,292

10 10 6.31 379

10 12 7.57 454

10 14 9.25 555

10 16 10.58 635

10 18 12.45 747

10 20 13.84 830

10 22 15.22 913

10 25 18.10 1,086

10 30 22.71 1,363

10 35 27.69 1,661

10 40 33.04 1,982

10 45 38.75 2,325

10 50 44.90 2,694

11 10 7.53 452

11 12 9.03 542

11 14 11.00 660

12 10 8.87 532

12 12 10.64 638

12 14 12.92 775

Posts, Poles, and Pilings Tables

Table 21—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into poles, pilings, 

and posts >9 feet in length in the Southern Region of the United States (includes all Southern States and southern 

tree species)
59Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities POSTS, POLES, AND PILINGS

Scaling 

diameter Length CF factor

WT 

factor

inches feet

cubic feet 

per piece

pounds 

per piece

<3 5.0 0.22 10

3.0–3.5 5.0 0.36 16

4.0–4.5 5.0 0.56 25

5.0 5.0 0.86 39

6.0 5.0 1.20 54

7.0 5.0 1.50 68

8.0 5.0 1.95 88

3 to 5a 5.0 0.43 20

4 to 6a 5.0 0.68 31

<3 5.5 0.25 11

3.0–3.5 5.5 0.40 18

4.0–4.5 5.5 0.62 27

5.0 5.5 0.95 43

6.0 5.5 1.32 59

7.0 5.5 1.65 74

8.0 5.5 2.15 97

3 to 5a 5.5 0.48 22

4 to 6a 5.5 0.74 34

2.5 6.0 0.28 12

3.0 6.0 0.38 16

3.5 6.0 0.50 22

4.0 6.0 0.62 27

4.5 6.0 0.75 33

5.0 6.0 1.04 47

6.0 6.0 1.44 65

7.0 6.0 1.80 81

8.0 6.0 2.35 105

3 to 5a 6.0 0.52 24

4 to 6a 6.0 0.81 37

2.5 6.5 0.30 13

3.0 6.5 0.41 18

3.5 6.5 0.54 23

4.0 6.5 0.67 29

4.5 6.5 0.81 36

5.0 6.5 1.13 51

5.5 6.5 1.34 60

6.0 6.5 1.55 70

7.0 6.5 2.00 90

8.0 6.5 2.55 115

3 to 5a 6.5 0.57 26

4 to 6a 6.5 0.88 40

Scaling 

diameter Length CF factor

WT 

factor

inches feet

cubic feet 

per piece

pounds 

per piece

2.5 7.0 0.33 14

3.0 7.0 0.44 19

3.5 7.0 0.59 25

4.0 7.0 0.73 32

4.5 7.0 0.87 39

5.0 7.0 1.21 54

6.0 7.0 1.67 75

7.0 7.0 2.20 100

8.0 7.0 2.80 126

3 to 5a 7.0 0.60 27

4 to 6a 7.0 0.97 44

2.5 8.0 0.37 15

3.0 8.0 0.51 23

3.5 8.0 0.66 31

4.0 8.0 0.82 36

4.5 8.0 1.12 50

5.0 8.0 1.38 62

6.0 8.0 1.99 90

7.0 8.0 2.55 117

8.0 8.0 3.25 150

3 to 5a 8.0 0.70 32

4 to 6a 8.0 1.11 50

<3 9.0 0.43 20

3.0 9.0 0.60 28

3.5 9.0 0.72 35

4.0 9.0 1.01 45

4.5 9.0 1.26 57

5.0 9.0 1.65 73

6.0 9.0 2.25 102

7.0 9.0 2.95 133

8.0 9.0 3.75 169

3 to 5a 9.0 0.80 36

4 to 6a 9.0 1.25 56

a Used when a mill reported a range of scaling diameters 

instead of an average diameter.

Table 22—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood 

processed into posts ≤9 feet in length in the Southern Region of the United States (includes 

all Southern States and southern tree species)
60Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities POSTS, POLES, AND PILINGS

Table 23—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for 

roundwood processed into posts in the Northern Region of the United 

States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Cubic feet M-pieces 0.001265823 M-pieces per cubic foot

Green tons M-pieces 0.04167 M-pieces per ton

Lake States cords M-pieces 0.104 M-pieces per cord

Pieces M-pieces 0.001 M-pieces per piece

Standard cords M-pieces 0.1 M-pieces per cord

MBF Doyle M-pieces 0.276 M-pieces per MBF

MBF International 1⁄4-inch M-pieces 0.2 M-pieces per MBF

MBF lumber tally M-pieces 0.2 M-pieces per MBF

MBF Scribner M-pieces 0.216 M-pieces per MBF

MBF Scribner Decimal C M-pieces 0.216 M-pieces per MBF

MCF M-pieces 1.265823 M-pieces per MCF

M-pieces MBF 5.0 MBF per M-piece

M-pieces MCF 0.79 MCF per M-piece

Table 24—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for 

roundwood processed into poles in the Northern Region of the United 

States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Green tons Pieces 4.348 Pieces per ton

Lake States cords Pieces 10.4 Pieces per cord

Standard cords Pieces 10.0 Pieces per cord

Pieces MBF 0.05 MBF per piece

Pieces MCF 0.0079 MCF per piece

MBF Doyle Pieces 27.6 Pieces per MBF

MBF International 1⁄4-inch Pieces 20.0 Pieces per MBF

MBF lumber tally Pieces 20.0 Pieces per MBF

MBF Scribner Pieces 21.6 Pieces per MBF

MBF Scribner Decimal C Pieces 21.6 Pieces per MBF

MCF Pieces 126.582278 Pieces per MCF

M-pieces Pieces 1000.0 Pieces per M-piece

Table 25—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for 

roundwood processed into pilings in the Northern Region of the United 

States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Green tons MLF 0.04167 MLF per ton

Lake States cords MLF 0.06491 MLF per cord

Linear feet MLF 0.001 MLF per linear foot

Pieces MLF 0.025 MLF per piece

Standard cords MLF 0.0623116 MLF per cord

MBF Doyle MLF 0.30912 MLF per MBF

MBF International 1⁄4-inch MLF 0.224 MLF per MBF

MBF lumber tally MLF 0.224 MLF per MBF

MBF Scribner MLF 0.24192 MLF per MBF

MBF Scribner Decimal C MLF 0.24192 MLF per MBF

MCF MLF 1.265823 MLF per MCF

MLF MBF 5.0 MBF per MLF

MLF MCF 0.79 MCF per MLF

M-pieces MLF 25.0 MLF per M-pieces
61Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities POSTS, POLES, AND PILINGS

Table 26—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into 

poles and posts in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit of 

measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 78 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 88 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 3900 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4400 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 1.95 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.2 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Arizona 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.31 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 1.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 7.07 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 3.29 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.21 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 1.01 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2001 MCF MBF Scribner 3.093 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 3.1 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 1.56 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 1.3 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2004 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2009 MCF MBF Scribner 2.49 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 2.81 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 2.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.06 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.02 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.13 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 1.54 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 4.52 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 3.72 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.52 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 4.52 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.52 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 3.39 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 3.39 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 1.15 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 1.81 MBF Scribner per MCF
62Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities POSTS, POLES, AND PILINGS

Table 27—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into 

pilings and utility poles in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 86 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 96 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 4300 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4800 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 2.15 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.4 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

California 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 5.35 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2001 MCF MBF Scribner 3.093 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 4.87 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 4.17 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.06 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.58 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.54 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 4.61 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 4.19 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.61 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 4.61 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.61 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF
63Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities HOUSE/CABIN LOGS

House/Cabin Logs

Roundwood used in the primary construction of log homes or cabins is classified by FIA as house/cabin 

logs. These logs are typically either peeled and used in roundwood form or processed into two-, three-, 

or four-sided cants. 

Southern Region

In the Southern Region, the standard unit of measure for house/cabin logs is MCF, and the conversion 

factors vary by processing method. For logs that are peeled only, the conversion factors for poles and 

pilings are used (table 21). If the logs are processed into cant form, saw log factors are used (tables 2–5).

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 23: A mill in Virginia peeled 35,000 pine logs for cabin construction. No 

further milling was performed on the logs. The average log scaling diameter is 9 inches, and the 

average length is 30 feet.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (pieces to MCF) using table 21:

35,000 pieces × 19.02 cubic feet per piece / 1000 = 666 MCF

Conversion to green tons (pieces to green tons) using table 21:

35,000 pieces × 1,141 pounds per piece / 2,000 pounds per green ton = 19,968 green tons

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 24: A mill in Tennessee processed 2,400 MBF of cedar logs to cants for 

use in log home construction. The log rule used by the mill to scale the logs is the Cedar rule, and on 

average, the logs have a scaling diameter of 14 inches and a length of 20 feet.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (MBF Cedar to MCF) using tables 4 and 5:

2,400 MBF Cedar × 1.164 MBF International 1⁄4-inch per MBF Cedar = 2,794 MBF International 1⁄4-inch

2,794 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 0.169 MCF per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 472 MCF

Conversion to green tons (MBF International 1⁄4-inch to green tons) using table 5:

2,794 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 5.84250 green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 16,324 green tons

Northern Region

In the Northern Region, the standard unit for house/cabin logs (both roundwood and cants) is MCF. 

Conversion factors for house/cabin logs are found in table 28 and are used for all Northern States and 

northern species.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 25: A mill in Maine reports that 3,000 MBF International 1⁄4-inch of pine logs 

are processed into cants for use in cabin construction.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (MBF to MCF) using table 28:

3,000 MBF × 0.158 MCF per MBF = 474 MCF

Conversion to green tons (MCF to green tons) using table 28:

474 MCF / 0.0329193 MCF per ton = 14,399 green tons
64Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities HOUSE/CABIN LOGS

Western Region

The standard unit for house/cabin logs in the Western Region is MBF Scribner. Conversion factors for 

house/cabin logs are shown in table 29. There are two other product categories that fall under the house/

cabin logs roundwood type, and each has a separate set of conversion factors. Vigas are rough-hewn 

roof timbers or rafters used primarily in adobe building in Arizona and New Mexico. Latillas are wood 

pieces laid between beams of a ceiling or above vigas for decoration. Conversion factors for roundwood 

manufactured into vigas and latillas are shown in tables 30 and 31, respectively. For all product types, 

conversions between MBF Scribner and MCF vary by State and survey year, while all other conversion 

factors apply to all logs.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 26: In 2016, a mill in New Mexico processed 400 MBF Scribner of viga logs.

National standard unit conversion (MBF Scribner to MCF) using table 30:

400 MBF Scribner / 4.54 MBF Scribner per MCF = 88 MCF

Conversion to green tons (MCF to green tons) using table 30:

88,000 cubic feet × 50 green pounds per cubic foot / 2000 green pounds per green ton = 2,200 green tons

House/Cabin Logs Tables

Table 28—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis 

for house and cabin logs in the Northern Region of the United States 

(includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

Input unit of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Cubic feet MCF 0.001 MCF per cubic foot

Green tons MCF 0.0329193 MCF per ton

Lake States cords MCF 0.0822943 MCF per cord

Linear feet MCF 0.00049375 MCF per linear foot

Pieces MCF 0.0079 MCF per piece

Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

MBF Doyle MCF 0.21804 MCF per MBF

MBF International 1⁄4-inch MCF 0.158 MCF per MBF

MBF lumber tally MCF 0.158 MCF per MBF

MBF Scribner MCF 0.17064 MCF per MBF

MBF Scribner Decimal C MCF 0.17064 MCF per MBF

MCF MBF 3.1646 MBF per MCF

MLF MCF 0.49375 MCF per MLF
65Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities HOUSE/CABIN LOGS

Table 29—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for house and 

cabin logs in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit of 

measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 86 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 94 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 37.5 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 3225 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 3525 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 1.61 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 1.76 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Alaska 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 5.3 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 5.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 6.54 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.98 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 5.98 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.97 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.75 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.02 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.74 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 5.08 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.8 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.54 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2001 MCF MBF Scribner 3.093 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 5.1 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 5.23 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 4.6 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2004 MCF MBF Scribner 4.95 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2009 MCF MBF Scribner 4.75 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 4.91 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.23 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 5.17 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.56 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.54 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 4.94 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.54 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 4.81 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.5 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.6 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.94 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 4.94 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.94 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 5.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 5.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 5.7 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 5.61 MBF Scribner per MCF
66Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities HOUSE/CABIN LOGS

Table 30—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into 

vigas in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 86 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 94 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 4300 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4700 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 2.15 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.35 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Arizona 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.98 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.9 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.04 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.74 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 5.23 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 5.17 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.5 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.54 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 5.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Table 31—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into 

latillas in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree speciesa)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 1⁄4-inch 

per MBF Scribner 

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 78 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 88 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 3900 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4400 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 1.95 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.2 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

a All MCF to MBF conversion factors for logs manufactured into latillas are the same as those for vigas (see table 30).
67Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDENTIAL FUELWOOD

Residential Fuelwood

Wood used as fuel in households is classified as residential fuelwood. It can be used as a primary or 

secondary source of heat, or it can simply be used for pleasure. Estimates for residential fuelwood are 

primarily obtained from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), though some States conduct their own 

fuelwood surveys. The DOE fuelwood estimates are reported in standard cords.

Southern Region

The standard unit of measure for residential fuelwood in the Southern Region is the standard cord. All 

conversion factors vary by species type and are listed in table 32.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 27: The DOE reports that Oklahoma residents used 250,000 standard cords 

of hardwood last year for home heating or pleasure.

Conversion to green tons (standard cords to green tons) using table 32:

250,000 standard cords × 2.8 green tons per standard cord = 700,000 green tons

Conversion to MCF (standard cords to MCF) using table 32:

250,000 standard cords × 0.0764 MCF per cord = 19,100 MCF

Northern Region

Standard cords are the standard unit of measure for residential fuelwood in the Northern Region as well. 

The conversion factors for residential fuelwood in the Northern Region are listed in table 33 and apply 

to all Northern States and northern species.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 28: A tate survey from Minnesota estimated that 125 million pieces of wood 

were used for residential heating.

Regional/national standard unit conversion (pieces to standard cords) using table 33:

125,000,000 pieces × 0.0033 standard cords per piece = 412,500 standard cords

Conversion to MCF (standard cords to MCF) using table 33:

412,500 standard cords / 14.3 standard cords per MCF = 28,846 MCF

Western Region

In the Western Region, the standard unit for roundwood processed into residential fuelwood is MBF 

Scribner. Residential fuelwood can also be measured in green or dry tons/pounds, MCF, cunits, and 

standard cords. Table 34 lists the conversion factors for residential fuelwood logs. For all product types, 

conversions between MBF Scribner and MCF vary by State and survey year, while all other conversion 

factors apply to all logs.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 29: A mill in Alaska processed 450 MBF Scribner of bark-on roundwood 

into firewood in 2011.

Conversion to MCF (MBF Scribner to MCF) using table 34:

450 MBF Scribner / 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF = 90 MCF

National standard unit conversion (MCF to standard cords) using table 34:

90 MCF / 0.088 MCF per standard cord = 1,023 standard cords
68Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDENTIAL FUELWOOD

Residential Fuelwood Tables

Table 32—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for residential 

fuelwood in the Southern Region of the United States

State

Species 

type

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Southern States Hardwood Green tons Standard cords 2.8 Tons per cord

All Southern States Hardwood MCF Standard cords 0.0764 MCF per cord

All Southern States Softwood Green tons Standard cords 2.7 Tons per cord

All Southern States Softwood MCF Standard cords 0.0755 MCF per cord

Table 33—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for residential fuelwood in the 

Northern Region of the United States (includes all Northern States and northern tree species)

Input unit of measure Output unit of measure Factor Factor units

100 pieces Standard cords 0.3333 Cords per 100 pieces

10-inch trees Standard cords 0.166 Cords per tree

10x cords Standard cords 10.0 Cords per 10x cord

150 pieces Standard cords 0.5 Cords per 150 pieces

15-inch trees Standard cords 0.4 Cords per tree

200 pieces Standard cords 0.6667 Cords per 200 pieces

20-inch trees Standard cords 0.8 Cords per tree

25-inch trees Standard cords 1.25 Cords per tree

300 pieces Standard cords 1.0 Cords per 300 pieces

30-inch trees Standard cords 1.85 Cords per tree

40-inch trees Standard cords 2.65 Cords per tree

50 pieces Standard cords 0.1667 Cords per 50 pieces

5-inch trees Standard cords 0.033 Cords per tree

Car trunk Standard cords 0.1667 Cords per trunk

Cubic feet Standard cords 0.0143 Cords per cubic foot

Dry pounds Standard cords 0.0003 Cords per pound

Dry tons Standard cords 0.6667 Cords per ton

Face cord 4 x 8 x 12 inches Standard cords 0.25 Cords (standard) per cord (face)

Face cord 4 x 8 x 16 inches Standard cords 0.3333 Cords (standard) per cord (face)

Face cord 4 x 8 x 18 inches Standard cords 0.375 Cords (standard) per cord (face)

Face cord 4 x 8 x 24 inches Standard cords 0.5 Cords (standard) per cord (face)

Green pounds Standard cords 0.0002 Cords per pound

Green tons Standard cords 0.4167 Cords per ton

Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake States)

Pallets (pieces) Standard cords 0.033333333 Cords per piece

Pieces Standard cords 0.0033 Cords per piece

Small bundle Standard cords 0.03 Cords per bundle

Small car trunk Standard cords 0.1 Cords per trunk

Small hatchback Standard cords 0.125 Cords per hatchback

Small truck Standard cords 0.24 Cords per truck

Small van Standard cords 0.4 Cords per van

Small wagon Standard cords 0.1667 Cords per wagon

Standard cords MBF International 1⁄4-inch 0.4 MBF per cord

Standard cords MCF 0.07 MCF per cord

Station wagon Standard cords 0.25 Cords per wagon

Suburban Standard cords 0.5 Cords per Suburban

MCF Standard cords 14.3 Cords per MCF

Van Standard cords 0.5 Cords per van

1/2-ton truck Standard cords 0.385 Cords per truck

3/4-ton truck Standard cords 0.46 Cords per truck
69Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDENTIAL FUELWOOD

Table 34—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for firewood logs in 

the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 78 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 88 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 3900 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4400 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 1.95 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.2 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Alaska 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 3.9 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 3.12 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 3.2 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.3 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 3.29 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.21 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 3.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.8 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 2.4 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 3.51 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2004 MCF MBF Scribner 2.66 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2009 MCF MBF Scribner 2.49 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 3.39 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.06 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.02 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.47 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 3.346 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.08 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.2 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 3.346 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 3.346 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.346 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 2.38 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 2.38 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 2.96 MBF Scribner per MCF
70Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities OTHER PRODUCTS

Other Products

The category “other products” is a miscellaneous category of roundwood products such as cooperage, 

excelsior, shingles, artisan products, etc. 

Southern Region

The standard unit for these “other products” in the Southern Region is MCF but can also be reported 

in green tons. For hardwoods, the conversion factor is 37.5 green tons per MCF, and for softwoods, the 

conversion factor is 35 green tons per MCF.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 30: A stave mill in Kentucky produces 500 green tons of white oak staves 

for whisky barrels.

Standard unit conversion (green tons to MCF):

500 green tons / 37.5 green tons per MCF = 13.3 MCF

Northern Region

The standard unit of measure for the “other products” category in the Northern Region is MCF. The 

conversion factors apply to all Northern States and northern species and can be found in table 35.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 31: A mill in Maine processes 2,000 MBF International 1⁄4-inch of eastern 

white-cedar logs to produce shingles.

Standard unit conversion (MBF to MCF) using table 35:

2,000 MBF × 0.158 MCF per MBF = 316 MCF

Western Region

The Western Region has several product categories that fall under the national “other product” category. 

Each category has its own set of unique conversion factors. The first category, furniture logs, includes 

any roundwood timber product used to directly manufacture furniture (often rustic western furniture). 

The second product category includes cedar logs (usually western redcedar) that are used to produce 

shakes, shingles, fence posts, and rails. The third product category includes fiber logs that are used to 

produce miscellaneous fiber products such as excelsior, shavings, animal bedding, etc. The conversion 

factors used for furniture logs, cedar logs, and fiber logs are listed in tables 36–38, respectively. For all 

other product types that don’t fall into one of the above categories, the conversion factors in table 39 are 

used. The standard unit of measure for all categories is MBF Scribner, while green or dry tons/pounds, 

MCF, cunits, and standard cords are also used on occasion. Conversions between MBF Scribner and 

MCF vary by State and survey year, while all other conversion factors apply to all logs.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 32: A log furniture manufacturer in Montana processed 600 MBF Scribner 

of roundwood in 2014.

National standard unit conversion (MBF Scribner to MCF) using table 36:

600 MBF Scribner / 3.24 MBF Scribner per MCF = 185 MCF

Conversion to green tons (MCF to green tons) using table 36:

185,000 cubic feet × 50 green pounds per cubic foot / 2000 green pounds per green ton = 4,625 green tons
71Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities OTHER PRODUCTS

Other Products Tables

Table 35—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis 

for other products

a in the Northern Region of the United States 

(includes all Northern States and northern tree species

b

)

Input unit of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

Cubic feet MCF 0.001 MCF per cubic foot

Cubic yards MCF 0.016875 MCF per cubic yard

Green tons MCF 0.0329193 MCF per ton

Lake States cords MCF 0.0822943 MCF per cord

Lath bundle (1,000 pieces) MCF 0.0451 MCF per bundle

Lath bundle (50 pieces) MCF 0.0016 MCF per bundle

Linear feet MCF 0.00049375 MCF per linear foot

Pieces MCF 0.0079 MCF per piece

Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

MBF Doyle MCF 0.21804 MCF per MBF

MBF International 1⁄4-inch MCF 0.158 MCF per MBF

MBF lumber tally MCF 0.158 MCF per MBF

MBF Scribner MCF 0.17064 MCF per MBF

MBF Scribner Decimal C MCF 0.17064 MCF per MBF

MCF MBF 3.1646 MBF per MCF

MLF MCF 0.49375 MCF per MLF

a The category “other products” is a miscellaneous category of roundwood products such as 

cooperage, excelsior, shingles, artisan products, etc.

b Conversion factors listed in the table can also be applied to excelsior/shavings.
72Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities OTHER PRODUCTS

Table 36—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for furniture logs in 

the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 78 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 88 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 3900 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4400 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 1.95 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.2 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Alaska 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 3.29 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.21 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 1.01 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2001 MCF MBF Scribner 3.093 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 3.1 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 1.99 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 1.99 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2004 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2009 MCF MBF Scribner 2.49 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 3.24 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.06 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 1.91 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.01 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.47 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 1.91 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 1.91 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 1.91 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 1.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 1.18 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 1.21 MBF Scribner per MCF
73Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities OTHER PRODUCTS

Table 37—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for cedar logs in 

the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 75 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 85 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 38 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 19 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 2850 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 3230 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 1.43 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 1.62 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Alaska 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 5.297 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 5.35 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 5.35 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2001 MCF MBF Scribner 3.093 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 3.4 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 3.58 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 3.48 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2004 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 3.58 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 3.58 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 3.58 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.58 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 3.41 MBF Scribner per MCF
74Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities OTHER PRODUCTS

Table 38—Roundwood conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for fiber logs in the 

Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 84 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 94 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 4200 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4650 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 2.1 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.33 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Arizona 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 4.9 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 3.5 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 3.29 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 3.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.8 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 2.43 MBF Scribner per MCF

Nevada 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.06 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.02 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.47 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 2.41 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 2.41 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 1.91 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.75 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.47 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2010 MCF MBF Scribner 2.41 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 1.91 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 1.91 MBF Scribner per MCF

Washington 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 1.91 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 2.38 MBF Scribner per MCF
75Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities OTHER PRODUCTS

Table 39—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for roundwood processed into 

other wood products in the Western Region of the United States (includes all western tree species)

State

Survey 

year

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Western States All MBF Scribner MBF International 1⁄4-inch 1.12 MBF International 

1⁄4-inch per MBF 

Scribner 

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (inside bark) 84 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Cubic feet (including bark) 94 Cubic feet per cord

All Western States All Cubic feet Green pounds 50 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Cubic feet Dry pounds 25 Pounds per cubic foot

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (inside bark) 4200 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green pounds (including bark) 4650 Pounds per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (inside bark) 2.1 Tons per cord

All Western States All Standard cords Green tons (including bark) 2.33 Tons per cord

All Western States All Cunit Cubic feet 100 Cubic feet per cunit

All Western States All Cunit Cubic meter 2.83 Cubic meters per cunit

Alaska 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 5.03 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 4.53 MBF Scribner per MCF

Alaska 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 6.2 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 1.8 MBF Scribner per MCF

Arizona 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 2.69 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 3.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 5.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

California 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 4.29 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 3.29 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.21 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.79 MBF Scribner per MCF

Colorado 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 1.72 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2001 MCF MBF Scribner 3.0 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2006 MCF MBF Scribner 2.4 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2011 MCF MBF Scribner 2.43 MBF Scribner per MCF

Idaho 2015 MCF MBF Scribner 3.52 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2004 MCF MBF Scribner 2.49 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2009 MCF MBF Scribner 2.69 MBF Scribner per MCF

Montana 2014 MCF MBF Scribner 2.36 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 1.06 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 1.02 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.1 MBF Scribner per MCF

New Mexico 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.13 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2003 MCF MBF Scribner 4.45 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2008 MCF MBF Scribner 3.71 MBF Scribner per MCF

Oregon 2013 MCF MBF Scribner 4.85 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2002 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2007 MCF MBF Scribner 2.05 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2012 MCF MBF Scribner 2.75 MBF Scribner per MCF

Utah 2016 MCF MBF Scribner 3.33 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2000 MCF MBF Scribner 3.01 MBF Scribner per MCF

Wyoming 2005 MCF MBF Scribner 3.19 MBF Scribner per MCF
76Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

Residues

Mill residues are wood and bark materials generated at primary wood-using mills when roundwood 

products are processed into primary wood products. This includes slabs, edgings, trimmings, sawdust, 

veneer clippings and cores, and pulp screenings. This also includes mill residues recycled as byproducts 

as well as those left unutilized and disposed of as waste. FIA has five classifications for residues 

(though not all regions use all classifications): bark, coarse, fine (shavings), fine (sawdust), and whole 

log chipped. Bark residue refers to the exterior cover of the log that is removed during the debarking 

process. Coarse residue is solid wood material produced during timber processing operations and 

includes slabs, edgings, trimmings, veneer cores, etc., and includes chips that are produced from these 

residues. Shavings are small, thin slices of wood that develop from wood machining operations such as 

planing, molding, shaping, boring, routing, and turning. Sawdust refers to fine wood residues resulting 

from the cutting and breaking action of saw teeth. Finally, “whole log chipped” refers to any log sent 

to the chipper without going through a saw. Most of these are logs that are too small to economically 

process or logs that are too defective (cull logs). 

Southern Region

Unlike roundwood, there are no FIA standard units for residues in the Southern Region, but volumes are 

typically reported in green tons or MCF.

Estimating Residue from Roundwood—If a mill provided residue estimates on the mill questionnaire, 

those values are used in the TPO reports (after unit conversion if necessary). If no amount of residue 

was provided by the mill, the residues are estimated using the type and volume of roundwood processed. 

Residue conversion factors for saw logs, veneer logs, and composite panel/engineered wood product 

logs are listed in tables 40–42, respectively. Conversion factors for piling/pole/post logs, pulp mill 

logs, house/cabin logs, bioenergy/fuelwood, and “other” products are listed in table 43. All conversions 

are to residue green tons and can vary by State, species type, roundwood type, residue type, or any 

combination thereof.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 33: A sawmill in Arkansas reported that it processed 3,000 MBF of 

hardwood logs. The mill uses the International 1⁄4-inch rule to scale their logs and did not report 

residue amounts on the mill questionnaire.

Bark residue conversion (roundwood MBF to residue green tons) using table 40:

3,000 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 0.5535 residue green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 1,661 residue green tons

Coarse residue conversion (roundwood MBF to residue green tons) using table 40:

3,000 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 1.8386 residue green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 5,516 residue green tons

Sawdust residue conversion (roundwood MBF to residue green tons) using table 40:

3,000 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 1.0747 residue green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 3,224 residue green tons

Shavings residue conversion (roundwood MBF to residue green tons) using table 40:

3,000 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 0.4715 residue green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 1,415 residue green tons

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 34: A pole mill in Mississippi reported that it manufactured 150,000 yellow 

pine poles. No mill residue was reported.

Bark residue conversion (roundwood C-pieces to residue green tons) using table 43:

1,500 C-pieces × 6.2649 residue green tons per C-piece = 9,397 residue green tons

Coarse residue conversion (roundwood C-pieces to residue green tons) using table 43:

1,500 C-pieces × 4.5115 residue green tons per C-piece = 6,767 residue green tons

Residue Conversion Factors—If residue amounts were directly reported by mills, the conversion 

factors in table 44 are used to convert to reporting units of green tons or MCF solid wood equivalent 

(SWE). Thousand cubic foot conversion factors vary by State and species while green ton factors vary 

by species only.
77Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 35: A hardwood sawmill in Virginia reported that it generated 37,000 

green tons of residues (5,800 tons bark, 18,400 tons coarse, 11,300 tons sawdust, and 1,500 tons 

shavings).

Bark residue conversion (green tons to MCF) using table 44:

5,800 green tons × 0.4057 cords per green ton = 2,353 cords

2,353 cords × 0.07610 MCF per cord = 179 MCF

Coarse residue conversion (green tons to MCF) using table 44:

18,400 green tons × 0.4057 cords per green ton = 7,465 cords

7,465 cords × 0.07610 MCF per cord = 568 MCF

Sawdust residue conversion (green tons to MCF) using table 44:

11,300 green tons × 0.4057 cords per green ton = 4,584 cords

4,584 cords × 0.07610 MCF per cord = 349 MCF

Shavings residue conversion (green tons to MCF) using table 44:

1,500 green tons × 0.4057 cords per green ton = 609 cords

609 cords × 0.07610 MCF per cord = 46 MCF

Northern Region

Like the Southern Region, there are no FIA standard units for residues in the Northern Region, but 

volumes are typically reported in green tons or MCF. If no residue amounts are reported on the mill 

questionnaire, residues are estimated from roundwood production.

Estimating Residue from Roundwood—Conversion factors used for estimating residues from 

roundwood are dependent upon product type, product source, residue type, and bark thickness. Product 

types include saw logs, veneer logs, pulpwood, bioenergy/fuelwood, house/cabin logs, pilings, poles, 

posts, and other products. Residue types include bark, coarse, or fine, and bark thickness is classified 

as either thin or thick, depending upon species. Bark thickness only affects bark residue estimates. 

Table C.1 in appendix C lists the bark thickness classifications for all northern tree species. Product 

sources for saw logs include band saw mill logs and “other” mill logs, and this classification only 

affects fine residue conversions. This log classification is based on the premise that band saws typically 

have a smaller kerf and thus produce less fine residues. Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors 

for saw logs are found in table 45. Product source for veneer logs includes roundwood logs and bolts. 

Conversion factors for veneer logs are listed in table 46. Pulpwood conversion factors are shown in 

table 47, and sources include roundwood logs and bolts and whole tree chips. Product source for house/

cabin logs, pilings, poles, posts, and other products are roundwood logs and bolts. Roundwood-toresidue conversion factors for these product types are listed in tables 48–52 respectively. Conversion 

factors apply to all Northern States.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 36: A circular sawmill in Minnesota reported that it processed 650 MBF 

International 1⁄4-inch of red pine logs to lumber. They did not report any residue amounts on the mill 

questionnaire.

Bark residue conversion (roundwood MBF to residue green tons) using tables C.1 and 45:

650 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 0.57 residue green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 370.5 residue green tons

Coarse residue conversion (roundwood MBF to residue green tons) using table 45:

650 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 1.34 residue green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 871 residue green tons

Fine residue conversion (roundwood MBF to residue green tons) using table 45:

650 MBF International 1⁄4-inch × 0.78 residue green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch = 507 residue green tons

Residue Conversion Factors—Table 53 lists the factors used to convert between various residue 

measurement units. Green weight conversion factors differ by species type. Factors apply to all residue 

types and all Northern States.
78Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 37: A hardwood sawmill in Missouri reported that it generated 1,400 

standard cords of residues (700 cords bark, 420 cords coarse, and 280 cords fine).

Bark residue conversion (standard cords to green tons) using table 53:

700 standard cords / 0.4545 standard cords per green ton = 1,540 green tons

Coarse residue conversion (standard cords to green tons) using table 53:

420 standard cords / 0.4545 standard cords per green ton = 924 green tons

Fine residue conversion (standard cords to green tons) using table 53:

280 standard cords / 0.4545 standard cords per green ton = 616 green tons

Western Region

The standard units for mill residues in the Western Region are BDU (equivalent to 2,400 pounds) but are 

sometimes reported in 200 CFU. If no residue amounts are reported on the mill questionnaire, residues 

are estimated from roundwood consumption.

Estimating Residue from Roundwood—In the Western Region, conversion factors used for estimating 

residues from roundwood apply only to sawmills and vary by State, survey year, and residue type, 

including bark, coarse, sawdust, and planer shavings. Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for the 

West are shown in table 54 and apply to all timber species. 

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 38: Lumber production for a sawmill in Idaho was 40,000 MBF lumber tally 

in 2011. No residue amounts were reported by the mill.

Bark residue conversion (MBF lumber tally to residue BDU) using table 54:

40,000 MBF lumber tally × 0.24 residue BDU per MBF lumber tally = 9,600 residue BDU

Coarse residue conversion (MBF lumber tally to residue BDU) using table 54:

40,000 MBF lumber tally × 0.39 residue BDU per MBF lumber tally = 15,600 residue BDU

Sawdust residue conversion (MBF lumber tally to residue BDU) using table 54:

40,000 MBF lumber tally × 0.15 residue BDU per MBF lumber tally = 6,000 residue BDU

Planer shaving residue conversion (MBF lumber tally to residue BDU) using table 54:

40,000 MBF lumber tally × 0.08 residue BDU per MBF lumber tally = 3,200 residue BDU

Residue Conversion Factors—Western factors used to convert residue amounts to SWE are shown in 

table 55. Acceptable residue measurement units include BDU, BDT, green tons, pounds, cubic feet, cubic 

yards, and 200 CFU. Conversions to/from 200 CFU vary by residue type while all other residue conversions 

apply to all types. Residue types include bark, sawdust, planer shavings, hogged fuel, and pulp chips.

CONVERSION EXAMPLE 39: A sawmill in Utah reported that it generated 5,000 MCF of residues 

(1,200 MCF bark, 800 MCF sawdust, 700 MCF planer shavings, and 2,300 MCF hogged fuel).

Bark residue conversions (MCF to BDU, cubic feet [SWE], and green tons) using table 55:

1,200 MCF × 5 200 CFU per MCF × 0.83 BDU per 200 CFU = 4,980 BDU

4,980 BDU × 96 cubic feet (SWE) per BDU = 512,640 cubic feet (SWE)

4,980 BDU × 2.4 green tons per BDU = 12,816 green tons

Sawdust residue conversions (MCF to BDU, cubic feet [SWE], and green tons) using table 55:

800 MCF × 5 200 CFU per MCF × 0.83 BDU per 200 CFU = 3,320 BDU

3,320 BDU × 96 cubic feet (SWE) per BDU = 318,720 cubic feet (SWE)

3,320 BDU × 2.4 green tons per BDU = 7,968 green tons

Planer shaving residue conversions (MCF to BDU, cubic feet [SWE], and green tons) using table 55:

700 MCF × 5 200 CFU per MCF × 0.52 BDU per 200 CFU = 1,820 BDU

1,820 BDU × 96 cubic feet (SWE) per BDU = 174,720 cubic feet (SWE)

1,820 BDU × 2.4 green tons per BDU = 4,368 green tons

Hogged fuel residue conversions (MCF to BDU, cubic feet [SWE], and green tons)using table 55:

2,300 MCF × 5 200 CFU per MCF × 0.75 BDU per 200 CFU = 8,625 BDU

8,625 BDU × 96 cubic feet (SWE) per BDU = 828,000 cubic feet (SWE)

8,625 BDU × 2.4 green tons per BDU = 20,700 green tons
79Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

State Residue type

Species 

type Factora

Alabama Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Alabama Bark Softwood 0.5375

Alabama Coarse Hardwood 1.6543

Alabama Coarse Softwood 1.8519

Alabama Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.1579

Alabama Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.8945

Arkansas Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Arkansas Bark Softwood 0.4005

Arkansas Coarse Hardwood 1.8386

Arkansas Coarse Softwood 1.7622

Arkansas Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.0747

Arkansas Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.0581

Florida Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Florida Bark Softwood 0.5375

Florida Coarse Hardwood 1.7057

Florida Coarse Softwood 1.7969

Florida Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.1579

Florida Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.8945

Georgia Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Georgia Bark Softwood 0.5375

Georgia Coarse Hardwood 1.6543

Georgia Coarse Softwood 1.8519

Georgia Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.1579

Georgia Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.8945

Kentucky Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Kentucky Bark Softwood 0.4005

Kentucky Coarse Hardwood 1.7455

Kentucky Coarse Softwood 1.6241

Kentucky Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.0747

Kentucky Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.0581

Louisiana Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Louisiana Bark Softwood 0.5375

Louisiana Coarse Hardwood 1.7057

Louisiana Coarse Softwood 1.7969

Louisiana Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.1579

Louisiana Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.8945

Mississippi Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Mississippi Bark Softwood 0.5375

Mississippi Coarse Hardwood 1.6543

Mississippi Coarse Softwood 1.8519

Mississippi Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.1579

Mississippi Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.8945

State Residue type

Species 

type Factora

North Carolina Bark Hardwood 0.5535

North Carolina Bark Softwood 0.4005

North Carolina Coarse Hardwood 1.8386

North Carolina Coarse Softwood 1.7622

North Carolina Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.0747

North Carolina Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.0581

Oklahoma Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Oklahoma Bark Softwood 0.4005

Oklahoma Coarse Hardwood 1.8386

Oklahoma Coarse Softwood 1.7622

Oklahoma Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.0747

Oklahoma Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.0581

South Carolina Bark Hardwood 0.6305

South Carolina Bark Softwood 0.5375

South Carolina Coarse Hardwood 1.8060

South Carolina Coarse Softwood 1.5524

South Carolina Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.1579

South Carolina Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.8945

Tennessee Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Tennessee Bark Softwood 0.4005

Tennessee Coarse Hardwood 1.8386

Tennessee Coarse Softwood 1.7622

Tennessee Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.0747

Tennessee Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.0581

Texas Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Texas Bark Softwood 0.4005

Texas Coarse Hardwood 1.8386

Texas Coarse Softwood 1.7622

Texas Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.0747

Texas Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.0581

Virginia Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Virginia Bark Softwood 0.4005

Virginia Coarse Hardwood 1.7455

Virginia Coarse Softwood 1.6241

Virginia Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.0747

Virginia Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.0581

All Southern 

States

Fine (shavings) Hardwood 0.4715

All Southern 

States Fine (shavings) Softwood 0.5704

a Factor units are green tons of residue per MBF International 

1⁄4-inch.

Residues Tables

Table 40—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for saw 

logs in the Southern Region of the United States
80Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

State Residue type Species type Factora

Alabama Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Alabama Bark Softwood 0.5375

Alabama Coarse Hardwood 1.6543

Alabama Coarse Softwood 1.8519

Alabama Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.6294

Alabama Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.4649

Alabama Fine (shavings) Hardwood 1.6294

Alabama Fine (shavings) Softwood 1.4649

Arkansas Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Arkansas Bark Softwood 0.4005

Arkansas Coarse Hardwood 0.8911

Arkansas Coarse Softwood 1.9171

Arkansas Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 0.4573

Arkansas Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.6635

Arkansas Fine (shavings) Hardwood 0.4573

Arkansas Fine (shavings) Softwood 0.6635

Florida Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Florida Bark Softwood 0.5375

Florida Coarse Hardwood 1.7057

Florida Coarse Softwood 1.7969

Florida Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.6294

Florida Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.4649

Florida Fine (shavings) Hardwood 1.6294

Florida Fine (shavings) Softwood 1.4649

Georgia Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Georgia Bark Softwood 0.5375

Georgia Coarse Hardwood 1.6543

Georgia Coarse Softwood 1.8519

Georgia Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.6294

Georgia Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.4649

Georgia Fine (shavings) Hardwood 1.6294

Georgia Fine (shavings) Softwood 1.4649

Kentucky Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Kentucky Bark Softwood 0.4005

Kentucky Coarse Hardwood 0.8911

Kentucky Coarse Softwood 1.9171

Kentucky Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 0.4573

Kentucky Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.6635

Kentucky Fine (shavings) Hardwood 0.4573

Kentucky Fine (shavings) Softwood 0.6635

Louisiana Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Louisiana Bark Softwood 0.5375

Louisiana Coarse Hardwood 1.7057

Louisiana Coarse Softwood 1.7969

Louisiana Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.6294

Louisiana Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.4649

Louisiana Fine (shavings) Hardwood 1.6294

Louisiana Fine (shavings) Softwood 1.4649

Mississippi Bark Hardwood 0.6305

Mississippi Bark Softwood 0.5375

Mississippi Coarse Hardwood 1.6543

Mississippi Coarse Softwood 1.8519

Mississippi Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.6294

State Residue type Species type Factora

Mississippi Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.4649

Mississippi Fine (shavings) Hardwood 1.6294

Mississippi Fine (shavings) Softwood 1.4649

North Carolina Bark Hardwood 0.5535

North Carolina Bark Softwood 0.4005

North Carolina Coarse Hardwood 0.8911

North Carolina Coarse Softwood 1.9171

North Carolina Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 0.4573

North Carolina Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.6635

North Carolina Fine (shavings) Hardwood 0.4573

North Carolina Fine (shavings) Softwood 0.6635

Oklahoma Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Oklahoma Bark Softwood 0.4005

Oklahoma Coarse Hardwood 0.8911

Oklahoma Coarse Softwood 1.9171

Oklahoma Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 0.4573

Oklahoma Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.6635

Oklahoma Fine (shavings) Hardwood 0.4573

Oklahoma Fine (shavings) Softwood 0.6635

South Carolina Bark Hardwood 0.6305

South Carolina Bark Softwood 0.5375

South Carolina Coarse Hardwood 1.8060

South Carolina Coarse Softwood 1.5524

South Carolina Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 1.6294

South Carolina Fine (sawdust) Softwood 1.4649

South Carolina Fine (shavings) Hardwood 1.6294

South Carolina Fine (shavings) Softwood 1.4649

Tennessee Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Tennessee Bark Softwood 0.4005

Tennessee Coarse Hardwood 0.8911

Tennessee Coarse Softwood 1.9171

Tennessee Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 0.4573

Tennessee Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.6635

Tennessee Fine (shavings) Hardwood 0.4573

Tennessee Fine (shavings) Softwood 0.6635

Texas Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Texas Bark Softwood 0.4005

Texas Coarse Hardwood 0.8911

Texas Coarse Softwood 1.9171

Texas Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 0.4573

Texas Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.6635

Texas Fine (shavings) Hardwood 0.4573

Texas Fine (shavings) Softwood 0.6635

Virginia Bark Hardwood 0.5535

Virginia Bark Softwood 0.4005

Virginia Coarse Hardwood 0.8911

Virginia Coarse Softwood 1.9171

Virginia Fine (sawdust) Hardwood 0.4573

Virginia Fine (sawdust) Softwood 0.6635

Virginia Fine (shavings) Hardwood 0.4573

Virginia Fine (shavings) Softwood 0.6635

a Factor units are green tons of residue per MBF International 1⁄4-inch.

Table 41—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for veneer/plywood 

logs in the Southern Region of the United States
81Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

Table 42—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors 

used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for composite 

panel/engineered wood product logs in the Southern 

Region of the United States

State Residue type Species type Factora

Alabama Bark Hardwood 0.3051

Alabama Bark Softwood 0.2485

Arkansas Bark Hardwood 0.3120

Arkansas Bark Softwood 0.2485

Florida Bark Hardwood 0.3051

Florida Bark Softwood 0.2431

Georgia Bark Hardwood 0.3051

Georgia Bark Softwood 0.2485

Kentucky Bark Hardwood 0.3096

Kentucky Bark Softwood 0.2508

Louisiana Bark Hardwood 0.3051

Louisiana Bark Softwood 0.2431

Mississippi Bark Hardwood 0.3051

Mississippi Bark Softwood 0.2485

North Carolina Bark Hardwood 0.3120

North Carolina Bark Softwood 0.2485

Oklahoma Bark Hardwood 0.3120

Oklahoma Bark Softwood 0.2485

South Carolina Bark Hardwood 0.2868

South Carolina Bark Softwood 0.2348

Tennessee Bark Hardwood 0.3120

Tennessee Bark Softwood 0.2485

Texas Bark Hardwood 0.3120

Texas Bark Softwood 0.2485

Virginia Bark Hardwood 0.3095

Virginia Bark Softwood 0.2508

a Factor units are green tons of residue per standard cord.

Table 43—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis 

for piling/pole/post logs, pulp mill logs, house/cabin logs, bioenergy/fuelwood logs, and 

other products in the Southern Region of the United States

Roundwood type State Residue type Species type Factor Factor unitsa

Bioenergy/fuelwood All Southern States Bark Hardwood 4.0678 Tons per MCF

Bioenergy/fuelwood All Southern States Bark Softwood 3.4234 Tons per MCF

House/cabin logs All Southern States Bark All species 6.2649 Tons per C-pieces

House/cabin logs All Southern States Coarse Hardwood 4.6240 Tons per C-pieces

House/cabin logs All Southern States Coarse Softwood 4.5115 Tons per C-pieces

Pilings/poles All Southern States Bark All species 6.2649 Tons per C-pieces

Pilings/poles All Southern States Coarse Hardwood 4.6240 Tons per C-pieces

Pilings/poles All Southern States Coarse Softwood 4.5115 Tons per C-pieces

Posts All Southern States Bark All species 2.6771 Tons per M-pieces

Pulp mill logs All Southern States Bark Hardwood 4.0678 Tons per MCF

Pulp mill logs All Southern States Bark Softwood 3.4234 Tons per MCF

Other products All Southern States Bark Hardwood 4.0678 Tons per MCF

Other products All Southern States Bark Softwood 3.4234 Tons per MCF

a Tons represent green tons of residue produced.
82Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

Table 44—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for all residue types in the 

Southern Region of the United States

State Species type

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit

of measure Factor Factor units

Alabama Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07500 MCF per cord

Alabama Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07255 MCF per cord

Arkansas Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07663 MCF per cord

Arkansas Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07255 MCF per cord

Florida Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07500 MCF per cord

Florida Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07100 MCF per cord

Georgia Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07500 MCF per cord

Georgia Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07255 MCF per cord

Kentucky Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07610 MCF per cord

Kentucky Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07326 MCF per cord

Louisiana Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07500 MCF per cord

Louisiana Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07100 MCF per cord

Mississippi Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07050 MCF per cord

Mississippi Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.06860 MCF per cord

North Carolina Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07663 MCF per cord

North Carolina Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07255 MCF per cord

Oklahoma Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07500 MCF per cord

Oklahoma Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07255 MCF per cord

South Carolina Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07663 MCF per cord

South Carolina Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07255 MCF per cord

Tennessee Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07663 MCF per cord

Tennessee Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07255 MCF per cord

Texas Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07663 MCF per cord

Texas Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07255 MCF per cord

Virginia Hardwood Standard cords MCF 0.07610 MCF per cord

Virginia Softwood Standard cords MCF 0.07326 MCF per cord

All Southern States Hardwood Green tons Standard cords 0.4057 Cords per ton

All Southern States Softwood Green tons Standard cords 0.4158 Cords per ton

All Southern States All species Green tons Dry tons 0.5 Dry tons per green ton

Table 45—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and 

Analysis for saw logs in the Northern Region of the United States

Product source

Residue 

type

Bark 

thicknessa Residue units Factor Unitsb

All Bark Thin Green tons 0.34 Tons per MBF

All Bark Thin Dry tons 0.21 Tons per MBF

All Bark Thin Cubic feet 18.00 Cubic feet per MBF

All Bark Thick Green tons 0.57 Tons per MBF

All Bark Thick Dry tons 0.37 Tons per MBF

All Bark Thick Cubic feet 31.00 Cubic feet per MBF

All Coarse All Green tons 1.34 Tons per MBF

All Coarse All Dry tons 0.79 Tons per MBF

All Coarse All Cubic feet 48.00 Cubic feet per MBF

Band saw mill logs Fine All Green tons 0.45 Tons per MBF

Band saw mill logs Fine All Dry tons 0.27 Tons per MBF

Band saw mill logs Fine All Cubic feet 16.00 Cubic feet per MBF

Other mill type logs Fine All Green tons 0.78 Tons per MBF

Other mill type logs Fine All Dry tons 0.46 Tons per MBF

Other mill type logs Fine All Cubic feet 28.00 Cubic feet per MBF

a Table C.1 contains bark thickness classifications for all northern tree species.

b Roundwood units are MBF International 1⁄4-inch.
83Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

Table 46—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for veneer logs 

in the Northern Region of the United States

Product source

Residue 

type

Bark 

thicknessa Roundwood units

Residue 

units Factor Units

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MBF International 1⁄4-inch Green tons 0.34 Tons per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MBF International 1⁄4-inch Dry tons 0.21 Tons per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MBF International 1⁄4-inch Cubic feet 18.00 Cubic feet per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MBF International 1⁄4-inch Green tons 0.57 Tons per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MBF International 1⁄4-inch Dry tons 0.37 Tons per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MBF International 1⁄4-inch Cubic feet 31.00 Cubic feet per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MBF International 1⁄4-inch Green tons 1.79 Tons per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MBF International 1⁄4-inch Dry tons 1.05 Tons per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MBF International 1⁄4-inch Cubic feet 62.10 Cubic feet per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MBF International 1⁄4-inch Green tons 0.08 Tons per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MBF International 1⁄4-inch Dry tons 0.05 Tons per MBF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MBF International 1⁄4-inch Cubic feet 2.70 Cubic feet per MBF

a Table C.1 contains bark thickness classifications for all northern tree species.

Table 47—Roundwood/chips-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for pulp 

and composite panels in the Northern Region of the United States

Product source

Residue 

type

Bark 

thicknessa

Roundwood 

units

Residue 

units Factor Units

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin Standard cords Green tons 0.169850374 Tons per cord

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin Standard cords Dry tons 0.106650235 Tons per cord

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin Standard cords Cubic feet 9.006019813 Cubic feet per cord

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick Standard cords Green tons 0.285190627 Tons per cord

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick Standard cords Dry tons 0.183280403 Tons per cord

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick Standard cords Cubic feet 15.499834100 Cubic feet per cord

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All Standard cords Green tons 0.11 Tons per cord

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All Standard cords Dry tons 0.06 Tons per cord

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All Standard cords Cubic feet 3.80 Cubic feet per cord

Whole tree chips Fine All Standard cords Green tons 0.11 Tons per cord

Whole tree chips Fine All Standard cords Dry tons 0.06 Tons per cord

Whole tree chips Fine All Standard cords Cubic feet 3.80 Cubic feet per cord

a Table C.1 contains bark thickness classifications for all northern tree species.

Table 48—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for house/cabin 

logs in the Northern Region of the United States

Product source

Residue 

type

Bark 

thicknessa

Roundwood 

units

Residue 

units Factor Units

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MCF Green tons 2.15 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MCF Dry tons 1.35 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MCF Cubic feet 114.00 Cubic feet per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MCF Green tons 3.61 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MCF Dry tons 2.32 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MCF Cubic feet 196.20 Cubic feet per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MCF Green tons 1.99 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MCF Dry tons 1.00 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MCF Cubic feet 57.80 Cubic feet per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MCF Green tons 2.99 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MCF Dry tons 1.99 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MCF Cubic feet 94.60 Cubic feet per MCF

a Table C.1 contains bark thickness classifications for all northern tree species.
84Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

Table 49—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for 

pilings in the Northern Region of the United States

Product source

Residue 

type

Bark 

thicknessa

Roundwood 

units

Residue 

units Factor Units

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MLF Green tons 1.831255 Tons per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MLF Dry tons 1.1584 Tons per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MLF Cubic feet 96.9602 Cubic feet per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MLF Green tons 3.07 Tons per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MLF Dry tons 2.00 Tons per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MLF Cubic feet 167.00 Cubic feet per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MLF Green tons 1.47 Tons per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MLF Dry tons 0.87 Tons per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MLF Cubic feet 51.10 Cubic feet per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MLF Green tons 2.39 Tons per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MLF Dry tons 1.41 Tons per MLF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MLF Cubic feet 83.30 Cubic feet per MLF

a Table C.1 contains bark thickness classifications for all northern tree species.

Table 50—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for 

poles in the Northern Region of the United States

Product source

Residue 

type

Bark 

thicknessa

Roundwood 

units

Residue 

units Factor Units

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin Pieces Green tons 0.017895 Tons per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin Pieces Dry tons 0.011584 Tons per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin Pieces Cubic feet 0.969602 Cubic feet per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick Pieces Green tons 0.03 Tons per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick Pieces Dry tons 0.02 Tons per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick Pieces Cubic feet 1.67 Cubic feet per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All Pieces Green tons 0.02 Tons per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All Pieces Dry tons 0.01 Tons per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All Pieces Cubic feet 0.58 Cubic feet per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All Pieces Green tons 0.03 Tons per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All Pieces Dry tons 0.02 Tons per piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All Pieces Cubic feet 0.95 Cubic feet per piece

a Table C.1 contains bark thickness classifications for all northern tree species.

Table 51—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for 

posts in the Northern Region of the United States

Product source

Residue 

type

Bark 

thicknessa

Roundwood 

units

Residue 

units Factor Units

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin M-pieces Green tons 1.70 Tons per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin M-pieces Dry tons 1.06 Tons per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin M-pieces Cubic feet 90.00 Cubic feet per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick M-pieces Green tons 2.85 Tons per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick M-pieces Dry tons 1.83 Tons per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick M-pieces Cubic feet 155.00 Cubic feet per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All M-pieces Green tons 0.88 Tons per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All M-pieces Dry tons 0.52 Tons per M-pieces

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All M-pieces Cubic feet 30.60 Cubic feet per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All M-pieces Green tons 2.07 Tons per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All M-pieces Dry tons 1.22 Tons per M-piece

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All M-pieces Cubic feet 72.00 Cubic feet per M-piece

a Table C.1 contains bark thickness classifications for all northern tree species.
85Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

Table 52—Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for 

other products in the Northern Region of the United States

Product source

Residue 

type

Bark 

thicknessa

Roundwood 

units

Residue 

units Factor Units

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MCF Green tons 2.15 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MCF Dry tons 1.35 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thin MCF Cubic feet 114.00 Cubic feet per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MCF Green tons 3.61 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MCF Dry tons 2.32 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Bark Thick MCF Cubic feet 196.20 Cubic feet per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MCF Green tons 8.48 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MCF Dry tons 4.99 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Coarse All MCF Cubic feet 303.80 Cubic feet per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MCF Green tons 4.94 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MCF Dry tons 2.91 Tons per MCF

Roundwood logs and bolts Fine All MCF Cubic feet 177.20 CF per MCF

a Table C.1 contains bark thickness classifications for all northern tree species.

Table 53—Conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis for mill residues used in 

pulp and composite panel production in the Northern Region of the United States (includes all 

Northern States)

Species 

type

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit 

of measure Factor Factor units

All Standard cords MBF 0.5 MBF per cord

All Standard cords MCF 0.079 MCF per cord

All Lake States cords Standard cords 1.0417 Cords (standard) per cord (Lake States)

All Cubic feet Standard cords 0.012658 Cords per cubic foot

All Cubic meter Standard cords 0.447010941 Cords per cubic meter

All Cunits Standard cords 1.2658 Cords per cunit

All Dry tons Standard cords 0.8 Cords per ton

All Dry metric tonnes Standard cords 0.88184 Cords per tonne

Hardwood 1,000 green pounds Standard cords 0.22725 Cords per 1,000 pounds

Hardwood 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.04535 Cords (standard) per cord (4,600-pound)

Hardwood Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.50099535 Cords per tonne

Hardwood Green tons Standard cords 0.4545 Cords per ton

Softwood 1,000 green pounds Standard cords 0.2439 Cords per 1,000 pounds

Softwood 4,600-pound cord Standard cords 1.12194 Cords (standard) per cord (4,600-pound)

Softwood Green metric tonnes Standard cords 0.53770194 Cords per tonne

Softwood Green tons Standard cords 0.4878 Cords per ton
86Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

Statea Year Residue type Factorb

Alaska 2015 Bark 0.17

Alaska 2015 Coarse 0.60

Alaska 2015 Sawdust 0.17

Alaska 2015 Planer shavings 0.09c

Arizona 2002 Bark 0.28

Arizona 2002 Coarse 0.56

Arizona 2002 Sawdust 0.19

Arizona 2002 Planer shavings 0.16

Arizona 2007 Bark 0.17

Arizona 2007 Coarse 0.56

Arizona 2007 Sawdust 0.19

Arizona 2007 Planer shavings 0.10

Arizona 2012 Bark 0.19

Arizona 2012 Coarse 0.63

Arizona 2012 Sawdust 0.19

Arizona 2012 Planer shavings 0.06

Arizona 2016 Bark 0.23

Arizona 2016 Coarse 0.65

Arizona 2016 Sawdust 0.23

Arizona 2016 Planer shavings 0.10

California 2000 Bark 0.23

California 2000 Coarse 0.41

California 2000 Sawdust 0.15

California 2000 Planer shavings 0.13

California 2006 Bark 0.21

California 2006 Coarse 0.37

California 2006 Sawdust 0.15

California 2006 Planer shavings 0.11

California 2012 Bark 0.22

California 2012 Coarse 0.33

California 2012 Sawdust 0.14

California 2012 Planer shavings 0.08

California 2016 Bark 0.21

California 2016 Coarse 0.33

California 2016 Sawdust 0.14

California 2016 Planer shavings 0.10

Colorado 2002 Bark 0.28

Colorado 2002 Coarse 0.56

Colorado 2002 Sawdust 0.19

Colorado 2002 Planer shavings 0.16

Colorado 2007 Bark 0.17

Colorado 2007 Coarse 0.56

Colorado 2007 Sawdust 0.19

Colorado 2007 Planer shavings 0.10

Colorado 2012 Bark 0.19

Colorado 2012 Coarse 0.63

Colorado 2012 Sawdust 0.19

Colorado 2012 Planer shavings 0.06

Colorado 2016 Bark 0.23

Statea Year Residue type Factorb

Colorado 2016 Coarse 0.65

Colorado 2016 Sawdust 0.23

Colorado 2016 Planer shavings 0.10

Idaho 2001 Bark 0.20

Idaho 2001 Coarse 0.42

Idaho 2001 Sawdust 0.17

Idaho 2001 Planer shavings 0.13

Idaho 2006 Bark 0.20

Idaho 2006 Coarse 0.39

Idaho 2006 Sawdust 0.15

Idaho 2006 Planer shavings 0.09

Idaho 2011 Bark 0.24

Idaho 2011 Coarse 0.39

Idaho 2011 Sawdust 0.15

Idaho 2011 Planer shavings 0.08

Idaho 2015 Bark 0.17

Idaho 2015 Coarse 0.41

Idaho 2015 Sawdust 0.13

Idaho 2015 Planer shavings 0.09

Montana 2004 Bark 0.15

Montana 2004 Coarse 0.47

Montana 2004 Sawdust 0.19

Montana 2004 Planer shavings 0.20

Montana 2009 Bark 0.14

Montana 2009 Coarse 0.44

Montana 2009 Sawdust 0.21

Montana 2009 Planer shavings 0.19

Montana 2014 Bark 0.12

Montana 2014 Coarse 0.42

Montana 2014 Sawdust 0.21

Montana 2014 Planer shavings 0.16

New 

Mexico

2002 Bark 0.28

New 

Mexico

2002 Coarse 0.56

New 

Mexico

2002 Sawdust 0.19

New 

Mexico

2002 Planer shavings 0.16

New 

Mexico

2007 Bark 0.17

New 

Mexico

2007 Coarse 0.56

New 

Mexico

2007 Sawdust 0.19

New 

Mexico

2007 Planer shavings 0.10

New 

Mexico

2012 Bark 0.19

New 

Mexico

2012 Coarse 0.63

New 

Mexico

2012 Sawdust 0.19

Statea Year Residue type Factorb

New 

Mexico

2012 Planer shavings 0.06

New 

Mexico

2016 Bark 0.23

New 

Mexico

2016 Coarse 0.65

New 

Mexico

2016 Sawdust 0.23

New 

Mexico

2016 Planer shavings 0.10

Oregon 2003 Bark 0.17

Oregon 2003 Coarse 0.37

Oregon 2003 Sawdust 0.13

Oregon 2003 Planer shavings 0.08

Oregon 2008 Bark 0.16

Oregon 2008 Coarse 0.36

Oregon 2008 Sawdust 0.11

Oregon 2008 Planer shavings 0.08

Oregon 2013 Bark 0.17

Oregon 2013 Coarse 0.37

Oregon 2013 Sawdust 0.13

Oregon 2013 Planer shavings 0.08

Utah 2002 Bark 0.28

Utah 2002 Coarse 0.56

Utah 2002 Sawdust 0.19

Utah 2002 Planer shavings 0.16

Utah 2007 Bark 0.17

Utah 2007 Coarse 0.56

Utah 2007 Sawdust 0.19

Utah 2007 Planer shavings 0.10

Utah 2012 Bark 0.19

Utah 2012 Coarse 0.63

Utah 2012 Sawdust 0.19

Utah 2012 Planer shavings 0.06

Utah 2016 Bark 0.23

Utah 2016 Coarse 0.65

Utah 2016 Sawdust 0.23

Utah 2016 Planer shavings 0.10

Wyoming 2014 Bark 0.22

Wyoming 2014 Coarse 0.44

Wyoming 2014 Sawdust 0.30

Wyoming 2014 Planer shavings 0.19

a Nevada residue factors not reported as most saw logs 

are shipped out of State. Washington residue factors not 

reported.

b Factor units are BDU of residue per MBF lumber tally.

c This factor represents only the few pristine Alaskan 

sawmills that planed lumber. The combined planer 

shavings factor was <0.001 for all sawmills which only

produced lumber.

Table 54—Sawmill residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis in the Western Region of the United States 

(includes all western tree species)
87Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities RESIDUES

Table 55—Residue conversion factors used by Forest Inventory and Analysis 

in the Western Region of the United States (includes all Western States and 

western tree species)

Residue type

Input unit 

of measure

Output unit

of measure Factor Factor units

All BDU Pounds 2400 Pounds per BDU

All BDU Cubic feet (SWE) 96 Cubic feet per BDU

All BDU Cubic yards (SWE) 3.38 Cubic yard per BDU

All BDU BDT 1.2 BDT per BDU

All BDU Green tons 2.4 Tons per BDU

Pulp chips 200 CFU Cubic feet (SWE) 80 Cubic feet per 200 CFU

Sawdust 200 CFU Cubic feet (SWE) 80 Cubic feet per 200 CFU

Planer shavings 200 CFU Cubic feet (SWE) 50 Cubic feet per 200 CFU

Hogged fuel 200 CFU Cubic feet (SWE) 72 Cubic feet per 200 CFU

Bark 200 CFU Cubic feet (SWE) 85 Cubic feet per 200 CFU

Pulp chips 200 CFU Pounds 2000 Pounds per 200 CFU

Sawdust 200 CFU Pounds 2000 Pounds per 200 CFU

Planer shavings 200 CFU Pounds 1250 Pounds per 200 CFU

Hogged fuel 200 CFU Pounds 1800 Pounds per 200 CFU

Bark 200 CFU Pounds 2125 Pounds per 200 CFU

Pulp chips 200 CFU BDU 0.83 BDU per 200 CFU

Sawdust 200 CFU BDU 0.83 BDU per 200 CFU

Planer shavings 200 CFU BDU 0.52 BDU per 200 CFU

Hogged fuel 200 CFU BDU 0.75 BDU per 200 CFU

Bark 200 CFU BDU 0.89 BDU per 200 CFU
88Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Conversion Factor Variability

Each region has its own set of guidelines for collecting and compiling TPO data. Included in 

these regional guidelines are sets of conversion factors that are applied to raw mill data when the 

measurement units differ from the region’s standard units or the typical units used for reporting at 

the regional or national levels. Though the origin of many conversion factors in use is indeterminate, 

the consensus among regional survey administrators is that they were derived from past or ongoing 

mill studies. In some cases, reported mill over-run or under-run (percentage difference in scaled log 

volume and volume of lumber produced) is used to derive conversion factors. An example would be 

board-foot-to-cubic-foot volume conversions for saw logs in the Western Region. Due to the variability 

across the Nation in terms of species and size of harvested timber, the products manufactured, and 

common regional measurement units, one would expect there to be regional differences in conversion 

factors. Similarly, intra-regional differences in conversion factors are also common because much of 

the same ecological and manufacturing variability found between regions can also be found within 

regions. In order to ensure the accuracy and consistency of regional conversion factors used in TPO data 

processing, the expected versus actual variability was examined.

Expected Variability

All roundwood and residue measurement units used by FIA fall into one of three categories: weight, 

individual log volume, or stacked log volume. The individual log volume category can further be broken 

down into cubic volumetric units and product output units. The stacked log volume category can be 

subdivided into peeled and unpeeled logs. When converting volume/weight from one measurement 

category to another or even within categories, the first question that should be asked is whether variability 

among conversion factors is expected. If so, what are the dependent variables, and what amount of 

variability is reasonable? Even when variability is justified, the extent of acceptable variability is difficult 

to determine, and factor ranges that seem reasonable for one roundwood type or region may not be 

suitable for others. Expected conversion factor variability between and within each of the measurement 

unit categories is discussed below. In addition, expected sources of variability for roundwood-to-residue 

conversions are also given. A summary of all expected variability sources is shown in table 56.

Weight / Weight

Weight measurement units are commonly used for all roundwood types and residues. Conversions from 

one weight unit to another weight unit are not dependent upon any other factors, assuming that the input 

and output represent the same product type (e.g., converting softwood pulp mill logs from green metric 

tonnes to green tons). However, if the input and output represent roundwood/residue with differing 

characteristics, some variability should be expected. One example would be conversions from green 

weight units to dry weight units. The green/dry ratio for wood is directly related to moisture content, 

which can range from 30 to >200 percent in green wood (Ross 2010) and can vary by species, position 

in tree, tree age, heartwood/sapwood/ratio, geographic area, season, and time since felling (Clark and 

Daniels 2000, Fonseca 2005, Miles and Smith 2009). Glass and Zelinka (2010) list green heartwood and 

sapwood moisture contents for various domestic hardwood and softwood species. For the hardwoods 

listed, average moisture contents range from 44 to 162 percent for heartwood and 44 to 146 percent for 

sapwood. Softwood average moisture contents range from 31 to 121 percent for heartwood and 98 to 

249 percent for sapwood. Another study by Clark and others (1985, 1986a, 1986b) illustrates the effect 

of geography on moisture content. As part of the study, the moisture content of various tree species was 

measured in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Upland regions of the South. For white oak (Quercus 

alba), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and hickory 

(Carya spp.) (species which are found in all regions), average moisture content of the merchantable 

portion of sample trees ranged from 61 to 71 percent, 90 to 113 percent, 100 to 115 percent, and 53 to 61 

percent, respectively. Of the variability factors associated with moisture content, the only ones that can 
89Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

practically be applied to mill survey data are tree species, average log dimensions, and geographic area, 

as the majority of mills don’t provide information on the other factors. Due to the high variability in 

moisture content among different hardwood and softwood species, green/dry weight conversion factors 

should be based on individual species, not just species types. It is possible that conversion factors based 

on species group (e.g., hickories or spruces) would be sufficient, but further analysis of variability within 

groups would be necessary.

Another area where weight-to-weight conversion factors should show variability is when converting 

between peeled logs and logs containing bark. This conversion type is dependent upon the weight of 

the bark, which is a function of bark density, thickness, and moisture content. Bark characteristics can 

vary by species, tree age, and the position within the tree (Miles and Smith 2009), and moisture content 

is dependent upon the factors mentioned in the previous paragraph. In addition to bark characteristics, 

the amount of bark retained on a log when it arrives at a mill can also affect the peeled/unpeeled weight 

ratio. Bark retention can be substantially affected by harvest method and seasonality of harvest. As with 

green-to-dry weight conversions, tree species, average log dimensions, and geographic area would be 

the only practical variables to consider for peeled-to-bark-on log weight conversions.

Weight / Individual Log Volume

The weight of roundwood is a function of wood and bark density and volume. Bark weight on average is 

12 percent of the total weight of roundwood but can range from 6 to 25 percent (Fonseca 2005). Density is 

dependent upon two factors: the specific gravity of the wood material and the moisture content. As specific 

gravity and moisture content increase, wood density increases. For example, Ross (2010) found that wood 

with a specific gravity of 0.30 and a moisture content of 0 percent has a wood density of 19 pounds per 

cubic foot. Conversely, wood that has a specific gravity of 0.54 and a moisture content of 150 percent has a 

wood density of 84 pounds per cubic foot. Though these are extreme examples, they demonstrate the effect 

of varying specific gravity and moisture content on wood density. Factors that can affect moisture content 

are covered in the previous section. Wood specific gravity can be highly variable and can differ by species, 

within a given species, and even within a single stem (Fonseca 2005). Of commercially important tree 

species in the United States, average specific gravities range from 0.31 to 0.88 for hardwoods and 0.29 to 

0.59 for softwoods (Ross 2010).

If the density of wood and bark is known, conversions between weight and cubic volumetric units are 

straightforward. However, unless the density of every log is directly measured (which is impractical), 

density must be estimated from the dependent variables. Additionally, most cubic volumetric 

measurements of roundwood do not include bark, whereas weight measurements of roundwood do. 

Therefore, when converting between weight and cubic volumetric units, there must be a deduction/

accession for bark. Considering all of the variables that determine wood weight, species, average log 

dimensions, and geographic area are the only ones that can be practically applied to weight/cubic 

conversion factors. Because specific gravity of wood and bark plays a major role in determining density 

and because specific gravity is highly variable within species types, roundwood conversion factors 

based solely on species type are likely insufficient. As with green/dry weight conversion factors, weight/

cubic volume conversion factors based on species group may suffice but would require an analysis of 

variability within groups.

All of the variability factors associated with weight/cubic foot roundwood conversions also hold true to 

conversions between weight and board foot volume. Like cubic-scaled logs, roundwood scaled in board 

feet doesn’t include bark. The major difference between cubic foot scaling and board foot scaling is that 

board foot scaling estimates the volume of roundwood that is recoverable as an end product and does not 

include saw kerf, slabs, or mill residues. The minimum requirements for estimating board foot volume 

are the inside bark small-end diameter and log length. Board foot estimates are highly dependent on 

the log rule used. For example, a 16-foot log with a small-end diameter of 16 inches would have board 

foot volume estimates of 144, 159, and 180 for Doyle, Scribner, and International 1⁄4-inch log rules, 

respectively (Freese 1973). Due to the variability in volume estimates among log rules, conversions 

between weight and board foot volume are also dependent on the log rule used. A case study by 

Doruska and others (2006) examined the tons-per-thousand-board-feet ratio for Doyle, Scribner, and 
90Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

International 1⁄4-inch log rules for a collection of hardwood species in Arkansas. Conversion factors for 

2-inch diameter classes ranged from 4.5 to 20.0 tons per MBF for Doyle, 4.8 to 10.8 for Scribner, and 4.8 

to 8.2 for International 1⁄4-inch. Based on the information presented above, ideal roundwood conversions 

between weight and board feet should vary by average log dimensions (scaling diameter and length) 

and log rule, as well as by species and geographic area. Conversions between weight and other product 

output units such as linear feet, pieces, or lath bundles would require an estimate of the average volume 

per output unit. 

Weight / Stacked Log Volume

Conversions between weight and stacked log volume are common for pulp mill logs, composite panel/

engineered wood product logs, bioenergy/industrial fuelwood, residential fuelwood, and mill residues. 

The factors that affect roundwood weight are wood/bark specific gravity, moisture content, and volume 

and can vary by species, position in tree, tree age, heartwood/sapwood/ratio, geographic area, season, and 

time since felling. Conversions between weight and volume for stacked logs differ from individual log 

conversions in that stacked roundwood volume also includes the air space between pieces. The ratio of 

solid wood/bark to air space for stacked roundwood is mainly dependent upon the diameter, length, and 

taper of the individual logs. Stacked smaller, longer, and more tapered logs have less solid wood content. 

Spelter (2003) quantified the relationship between weight and stacked log volume for southern pine logs 

using fundamental wood property data on specific gravity, moisture content, sapwood-to-heartwood ratios, 

and bark volumes. Assuming no defects, no trim, and a taper of 0.125 inches per foot, conversion factors 

range from 2.9 tons per cord for medium-diameter logs to <2.6 tons per cord for small- diameter logs. 

Taking into consideration all of the variables that affect the weight-to-stacked-log-volume relationship, 

as well as the information available from mill surveys, the variables that should be considered when 

developing conversion factors are species, geographic area, and average log dimensions. 

Individual Log Volume / Individual Log Volume

The two most common measures of individual log volume are board feet and cubic feet. Board foot log 

volume is typically estimated with log rule tables or formulas, using the nominal log length and inside 

bark diameter of the small end as the input variables. The relationship between most log rules does not 

conform to any algebraic function, which prevents straight conversions of volume from one log rule 

to another. In addition, the methodology for measuring lengths and diameters can vary from one log 

rule to another. For accurate conversions between log rules, conversion tables that include average log 

length and diameter should be used. Conversions between board foot volume and other output-based 

measurement units such as pieces or linear feet should also take into account the average volume of the 

end product.

Cubic volume scaling of logs differs significantly from output-based scaling in that it is based on fiber 

yield, not product yield. Cubic volume scaling considers the full volume of sound wood, inclusive 

of lumber, slabs, chips, and sawdust. Cubic volume rules typically require measurement of both log 

ends, which accounts for taper, while most output-based log rules only require diameter measurement 

on the small end of the log and assume that the product comes from the cylindrical portion of the 

log defined by the small-end diameter. Accurate conversions between these two different log scaling 

methods are dependent upon log characteristics such as diameter, length, taper, and defects. Spelter 

(2003) examined the effect of changing log characteristics on the cubic-to-board-foot Scribner ratio and 

found that conversion factors generally increase with increasing log lengths, decreasing log diameters, 

and increasing taper. Though mill surveys include information on average log lengths and diameters, 

information on taper is not reported. A study by Clark and others (1991) found significant variation in 

tree form among 58 tree species as well as between different geographical areas within the Southern 

Region. Therefore, species and geographic location (information that is currently available from mill 

surveys) could be used to predict taper in the South. Similar results of the effect of geographic location 

on taper could not be found in published literature for the Northern and Western Regions, but it would 

be safe to assume that the taper/geographic location relationship is similar. Conversions between outputbased measurement units and cubic units should not only consider average log length, diameter, and log 

rule but also species and geographic location.
91Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Individual Log Volume / Stacked Log Volume

Unlike individual log volume, stacked log volume also includes bark (if unpeeled logs) and the air space 

between logs. According to Fonseca (2005), the percentage of solid wood in stacked measure normally 

ranges from 60 to 70 percent of the solid wood cubic volume, depending on the size of the timber, presence 

of bark and its thickness, straightness, presence of limbs, amount of taper, buttressing, presence of unsound 

wood, the tightness of the stacking, and to what degree wood is deducted. Because log length and diameter 

play a significant role in determining the solid wood content of stacked logs, both should be considered 

when formulating conversion factors. It has also been mentioned that both log form and bark thickness 

are species-dependent; therefore, conversion factors applied to cubic/stacked log volumes should also be 

species-dependent. As with other conversions, broad species categorization may be sufficient. Geographic 

location should also be considered as it can influence log taper within species.

The variability factors for conversions between stacked volume and board foot volume are the same as 

those for cubic foot conversions. However, board foot conversion factors should also take into account 

the log rule. For conversions to/from other output-based measurement units (e.g., pieces, linear feet), the 

average dimensions of the primary product manufactured should be considered.

Stacked Log Volume / Stacked Log Volume

Though the standard cord is the most common measurement unit for stacked log volume, occasionally 

volume is reported in face cords, Lake States cords, peeled Lake States cords, peeled standard cords, or 

weight-based cords. A face cord is primarily used for the measurement of residential fuelwood and has 

stacked dimensions of 4 feet x 8 feet x fuelwood length. Face cord conversions to/from standard cords are 

straight conversions and don’t depend on any other factors. A Lake States cord is the same as a standard 

cord but has a length of 100 inches instead of 96 inches. Like face cords, conversions between Lake States 

cords and standard cords are also straight conversions. Conversions between standard cords and both peeled 

standard cords and peeled Lake States cords are dependent upon bark thickness, which varies by species. 

Weight-based cords, which are primarily used as a measure for pulp mill logs and chipped roundwood, 

depend on the density of the wood material as well as moisture content. Therefore, conversions to/from 

weight-based cords should vary by species, average log dimensions, and geographic area.

Roundwood Volume / Estimated Residue Volume

Conversion factors are often used to estimate manufacturing residue from the volume of roundwood 

processed. The measurement units for the roundwood input are volumetric units, and residue output 

units are typically green/dry weight or cubic volume. Variability sources for each input and output 

measurement unit combination would be the same as those used for roundwood conversions. For 

example, roundwood volume measured in board feet converted to residue measured in green tons 

should consider species, geographic area, average log dimensions, and log rule. Two additional factors 

that should be considered are residue type and product type. The product being manufactured directly 

affects the type and volume of residue generated. A lumber-producing mill will not generate the same 

type or volume of residue that a veneer mill will produce. Similarly, a sawmill that produces structural 

lumber will have a substantially different residue yield than a sawmill producing appearance-grade 

lumber.

Actual Variability

In order to better understand the extent of the intra- and inter-regional variability in conversion factors, 

basic statistical analysis was performed on each roundwood type as well as on mill residues. When 

examining the data within a region, the conversion factors used to transform the data to regional standard 

units of measure are compared. For inter-regional analysis, weight units of green tons per national 

volumetric standard unit are used for comparisons within each roundwood type. Table 57 summarizes the 

intra-regional variability sources for each roundwood type as well as for residue-to-roundwood-equivalent 

conversions. (Note that this table includes all conversion types, not just conversions to regional standard 

units.) Variability source is defined as the roundwood, residue, geographic, manufacturing, or survey 

attribute for which conversion factors differ. Over all regions, sources of variability for roundwood and 
92Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

residue conversion factors include: State, sub-region, survey year, species type, species group, product 

type, log size, log rule, bark presence, average tree diameter, pieces per bundle, and residue type. A 

summary of the variability sources associated with intra-regional roundwood-to-residue conversions is 

shown in table 58. Sources of variability over all regions for roundwood-to-residue factors include: State, 

survey year, product type, product source, species type, and bark thickness.

One method used below to quantify the variability in conversion factors is the percentage difference 

(PD), which is simply the difference between two factors divided by the average of the two factors, 

expressed as a percentage. Because both factors are of equal importance, the percentage is expressed as 

an absolute value. The formula used to calculate PD is:

PD = 100 | (F1 – F2) / 2-1(F1 + F2) | (9)

where

PD = percentage difference

F1 = the first conversion factor being compared

F2 = the second conversion factor being compared

A slightly different method is used when comparing more than two factors and is referred to as the 

percentage difference from the mean (PDM). This method is used when comparing a single conversion 

factor to the mean of all factors for a product, region, species, survey year, etc. Higher PDs indicate a 

greater deviation from the mean. The formula below is used to calculate PDM.

PDMFi = 100FiF – 1 (10)

where

PDM = percentage difference of factor i (Fi) from the mean of factor F (F)

F = n – 1i = Fi

For all PD and PDM calculations within an analysis group, the variable(s) associated with the highest 

value is given. In addition, any variables that have a percentage value greater than one standard 

deviation from the mean percentage value are also mentioned. 

Saw Logs

Southern Region—The standard measurement unit in the Southern Region for saw logs is MBF 

International 1⁄4-inch. Standard unit conversions from other log rules (Doyle, Scribner Decimal C, and 

Cedar) use log rule tables with average scaling diameter and log length as input variables. Cubic foot 

conversions to standard units vary by species type and State. Among all States and species, conversion 

factors range from 0.159 to 0.171 MCF per MBF with a mean of 0.167. Hardwood conversion factors range 

from 0.159 to 0.170 MCF per MBF, and softwood conversion factors range from 0.165 to 0.171. The PDM 

for each State ranges from 0 to 3.7 percent for hardwoods and 0.3 to 2.1 percent for softwoods. Arkansas 

(3.7 percent) and Florida (3.0 percent) have the highest PDM values for hardwoods, while Kentucky (2.1 

percent), North Carolina (1.5 percent), and Virginia (1.5 percent) have the highest for softwoods. The 

PD between each State is shown in table 59 and ranges from 0 to 6.7 percent for hardwoods and 0 to 3.6 

percent for softwoods. Of adjacent States (shown with bold text in the table), hardwood conversion factors 

for Arkansas/Oklahoma have the highest PD at 5.5 percent while Kentucky/Virginia have the highest 

PD for softwood factors at 3.6 percent. Other State pairs that have PD values greater than one standard 

deviation from the mean include Arkansas/Louisiana (4.3 percent) and Arkansas/Mississippi (3.7 percent) 

for hardwoods and Kentucky/Tennessee (2.4 percent), Georgia/North Carolina (1.8 percent), and North 

Carolina/South Carolina (1.8 percent) for softwoods. Inter-species PD within each State range from 0 to 

6.1 percent with Arkansas having the greatest PD between hardwood and softwood conversion factors, 

followed by Virginia (4.2 percent). Conversions from standard cords, green tons, and dry tons to saw log 

standard units vary by species type only. For standard cords, conversion factors are 0.42 MBF per cord 

for hardwoods and 0.415 for softwood (PD of 0.6 percent). Green ton conversion factors are 6.278 tons per 

MBF for hardwoods and 5.8425 for softwood (PD of 3.6 percent). Dry ton conversion factors are 3.139 tons 

per MBF for hardwoods and 2.92125 for softwood (PD of 3.6 percent). All other standard unit conversions 

for saw logs in the South apply to all States and species types.
93Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Northern Region—The standard unit for saw logs in the North is MBF International 1⁄4-inch. Unlike in 

the Southern Region where log rule tables are used to convert between log rules, the Northern Region 

uses single conversion factors that apply to all logs in the region, regardless of species, size, geographic 

location, etc. Similarly, all other saw log conversion factors apply to the entire region, meaning there is 

no intra-regional variability in saw log conversion factors in the North. 

Western Region—In the West, the standard unit of measure for saw logs is MBF Scribner. 

International 1⁄4-inch is the only other log rule for which conversions from Scribner are performed, and a 

single conversion factor is used for all logs. Conversions between MCF and MBF Scribner vary by State 

and survey year. Among all States and survey years, conversion factors range from 3.71 to 6.48 MBF 

per MCF with a mean of 4.95. The PDM was calculated for each survey year within a State in order to 

quantify yearly variation and ranges from 0.1 to 26.1 percent over all States and years. Wyoming 2010 

has the greatest PDM value followed by Colorado 2012 (12.0 percent), Wyoming 2014 (10.1 percent), 

Idaho 2001 (9.1 percent), Wyoming 2000 (8.9 percent), and Idaho 2011 (8.8 percent). Average conversion 

factors for each State range from 3.84 to 5.72 MBF per MCF with a mean of 4.94 over all States. The 

PD between each State for average yearly conversion factors is shown in table 60 and ranges from 

0.4 to 39.2 percent. Of adjacent States, PD ranges from 0.4 to 28.9 percent, with Montana/Wyoming, 

California/Oregon, and Nevada/Oregon having the highest PD values at 28.9, 23.6, and 18.1 percent, 

respectively. All conversion factors other than MBF/MCF factors apply to all logs.

All Regions—In the Southern Region, the ratio of green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch is 6.28 

for hardwoods and 5.84 for softwoods. In the Northern Region, the ratio is 4.60 and applies to all logs. 

The ratio in the Western Region varies by State and survey year and ranges from 3.57 to 6.02 tons per 

MBF. Average regional ratios are 6.06, 4.60, and 4.59 tons per MBF for the South, North, and West, 

respectively, with PDM values of 19.2, 9.5, and 9.7 percent, respectively. PD for average regional values 

between the South and North is 30.9 percent for hardwoods and 23.8 percent for softwoods. PD between 

the South and West is 31.1 percent for hardwoods and 24.1 percent for softwoods. Between the Northern 

and Western Regions, PD is 0.3 percent for both hardwoods and softwoods.

Veneer/Plywood Logs

Southern Region—Like saw logs, the standard unit of measure for veneer/plywood logs in the Southern 

Region is MBF International 1⁄4-inch. Log rule conversions for veneer/plywood logs use the same log 

rule tables as those used for saw logs, but cubic foot conversions vary slightly. For all conversions from 

MCF to MBF, the factors range from 0.157 to 0.17 MCF per MBF with a mean of 0.166. Conversion 

factors for hardwoods range from 0.157 to 0.17 MCF per MBF while those for softwoods range from 

0.164 to 0.17. PDM for each State ranges from 0 to 3.7 percent for hardwoods and 0.2 to 2.6 percent for 

softwoods. Oklahoma has the highest PDM for hardwoods, followed by Florida and North Carolina 

(both 3.1 percent). Kentucky has the highest PDM for softwoods. Table 61 shows the PD between each 

State which ranges from 0 to 6.8 percent for hardwoods and 0 to 3.6 percent for softwoods. For adjacent 

States, hardwood conversion factors for Oklahoma/Texas have the highest PD at 3.8 percent, followed 

by North Carolina/Tennessee (3.6 percent), Florida/Georgia (3.0 percent), Georgia/North Carolina (3.0 

percent), and North Carolina/South Carolina (3.0 percent). Kentucky/Virginia and Kentucky/Tennessee 

have the highest PD for softwood factors at 3.6 and 3.0 percent, respectively. Oklahoma (6.8 percent) and 

Arkansas (6.1 percent) have the highest PD between hardwood and softwood conversion factors, which 

ranges from 0 to 6.8 percent among all States. All other standard unit conversions for veneer/plywood 

logs are the same as those used for saw logs, so the PD values are also the same.

Northern Region—MBF International 1⁄4-inch is the standard unit of measure for veneer/plywood logs 

in the Northern Region. Similar to saw logs, single conversion factors are used to convert between log 

rules. All veneer/plywood conversion factors used in the North apply to the entire region, so there is no 

intra-regional variability.

Western Region—The standard measurement unit for veneer logs in the Western Region is MBF 

Scribner. Conversions between MCF and MBF Scribner vary by State and survey year. Of the 11 

Western States, only six (California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming) have 
94Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

veneer/plywood conversion factors, dating back to 2000. Among all survey years and States that have 

veneer/plywood mills, conversion factors range from 4.21 to 6.26 MBF per MCF with a mean of 4.90. 

The PDM for each survey year within a State ranges from 0 to 15.0 percent, with Idaho 2006 having 

the largest, followed by Montana 2014 (14.7 percent), Idaho 2011 (13.2 percent), Montana 2009 (12.6 

percent), and Idaho 2015 (11.4 percent). Average conversion factors for each State range from 4.52 to 

5.53 MBF per MCF with a mean of 4.86 over all States. Table 62 lists the PD between each State for 

average yearly conversion factors and ranges from 0.5 to 20.2 percent. Of adjacent States, PD ranges 

from 2.4 to 20.2 percent, with Idaho/Oregon having the highest PD value. All conversion factors other 

than MBF/MCF factors have no variability among like conversions.

All Regions—In the Southern Region, the ratio of green tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch for veneer 

logs is 6.28 for hardwoods and 5.84 for softwoods. In the Northern Region, the ratio is 4.60 and applies 

to all logs. The ratio in the Western Region varies by State and survey year and ranges from 3.57 to 5.30 

tons per MBF. Average regional ratios are 6.06, 4.60, and 4.60 tons per MBF for the South, North, and 

West, respectively, with PDM values of 19.1, 9.6, and 9.5 percent, respectively. PD for average regional 

values between the South and North is 30.9 percent for hardwoods and 23.8 percent for softwoods. PD 

between the South and West is 30.8 percent for hardwoods and 23.7 percent for softwoods. Between the 

North and West regions, PD is 0.1 percent for both hardwoods and softwoods.

Pulp Mill Logs

Southern Region—The standard measurement unit for pulp mill logs in the Southern Region is standard 

cords. Cubic foot conversions to standard cords vary by State and species type. Conversion factors range 

from 0.0706 to 0.0775 MCF per cord over all States and species types with a mean of 0.0759. Hardwood 

factors range from 0.0706 to 0.0774 MCF per cord, and softwood factors range from 0.075 to 0.0775 MCF 

per cord. Among all Southern States, South Carolina and Texas have the highest PDM for both hardwoods 

and softwoods, which range from 0.3 to 6.2 percent for hardwoods and 0 to 1.9 percent for softwoods. The 

PD between each Southern State is shown in table 63 and ranges from 0 to 9.2 percent for hardwoods and 0 

to 3.3 percent for softwoods. Of adjacent States, hardwood conversion factors for Georgia/South Carolina 

have the highest PD at 9.2 percent, followed by North Carolina/South Carolina (8.7 percent), Arkansas/

Texas (8.2 percent), Oklahoma/Texas (8.2 percent), and Louisiana/Texas (6.0 percent). The largest PD for 

softwood conversion factors is between Arkansas and Texas at 3.3 percent, followed by Georgia/South 

Carolina (2.6 percent), Oklahoma/Texas (2.6 percent), and both Arkansas/Louisiana and North Carolina/

South Carolina (2.0 percent). Inter-species PD ranges from 0 to 6.0 percent, with South Carolina and Texas 

both having the greatest difference. Green ton conversions to standard cords vary by species type only and 

range from 2.7 to 2.8 tons per cord with a PD of 3.6 percent.

Northern Region—In the Northern Region, the standard unit of measure for pulp mill logs is the 

standard cord. Conversions to standard cords vary by species group for weight-based measurement units 

and units associated with peeled logs. There are 39 species groups, including all hardwoods combined 

and all softwoods combined in the Northern Region that have associated conversion factors for pulp mill 

logs. Table 64 shows the mean, ranges, and maximum PDM for the species group conversion factors 

and is summarized by species type (hardwood/softwood). Because not all measurement unit types 

have conversion factors for all species groups, the number of observations used in the calculations are 

also shown. Over all measurement unit types, the maximum PDM ranges from 7.4 to 48.7 percent for 

hardwoods and 6.5 to 39.5 percent for softwoods. Table 65 shows the species groups associated with 

the lower and upper ends of each range as well as the maximum PDM. The species groups associated 

with the maximum PDM values for each measurement unit type include basswood, ash, and white oak 

for hardwood and cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar) and hemlock for softwood. Conversions from 

standard cords to cubic volumetric units vary by sub-region. In the Northeastern States, a conversion 

factor of 0.085 MCF per standard cord is used, while a conversion factor of 0.079 MCF per standard 

cord is used in the North Central States. Conversions from Lake States cords to standard cords apply to 

all States and species groups.

Western Region—The standard measurement unit for pulp mill logs in the Western Region is MBF 

Scribner. Thousand cubic feet to MBF Scribner conversion factors vary by State and survey year. All 

Western States have conversion factors for pulp mill logs with the exception of three: Arizona, Nevada, 
95Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

and Wyoming. Among all States and survey years, conversion factors range from 1.02 to 5.30 MBF per 

MCF with a mean of 2.67. The PDM for each survey year within a State ranges from 0 to 24.5 percent, 

with Idaho 2001 having the highest value, followed by Montana 2004 (17.0 percent), Alaska 2005 and 

2015 (15.2 percent), and Montana 2014 (14.2 percent). Average conversion factors for each State range 

from 1.02 to 4.60 MBF per MCF with a mean of 2.53 over all States processing pulp mill logs. Table

66 lists the PD between each State for average yearly conversion factors and ranges from 0.5 to 127.4 

percent. Of adjacent States, PD ranges from 0.5 to 73.7 percent, with Colorado/New Mexico having the 

highest PD value, followed by New Mexico/Utah (67.1 percent). All conversion factors other than MBF/

MCF factors apply to all logs.

All Regions—In the Southern Region, the ratio of green tons per standard cord for pulp mill logs is 

2.8 for hardwoods and 2.7 for softwoods. The ratio in the Northern Region varies by species group and 

ranges from 1.94 to 2.90 tons per standard cord for hardwoods and 1.58 to 2.53 for softwoods. In the 

Western Region, the ratio is 2.25 tons per standard cord and applies to all logs. Average regional ratios 

are 2.75, 2.34, and 2.25 tons per standard cord for the South, North, and West, respectively, with PDM 

values of 12.3, 4.3, and 8.1 percent, respectively. PD for average regional values between the South and 

North is 12.7 percent for hardwoods and 21.8 percent for softwoods. PD between the South and West is 

21.8 percent for hardwoods and 18.2 percent for softwoods. Between the North and West regions, PD is 

9.1 percent for hardwoods and 3.7 percent for softwoods.

Composite Panels / Engineered Wood Products

Southern Region—The standard unit of measure in the Southern Region for composite panel and 

engineered wood product logs is the standard cord. Thousand cubic foot conversions to standard cords 

vary by State and species type. Overall, conversion factors range from 0.0705 to 0.0781 MCF per 

cord with a mean of 0.0761. Among States, the conversion factors range from 0.0705 to 0.0766 MCF 

per cord for hardwood and 0.0754 to 0.0781 for softwood. PDM for each State ranges from 0.5 to 5.5 

percent for hardwoods and 0.1 to 2.7 percent for softwoods. Maximum PDM for hardwoods is shared by 

South Carolina and Mississippi while Mississippi has the highest PDM for softwoods. The PD between 

each State ranges from 0 to 8.3 percent for hardwoods and 0 to 3.5 percent for softwoods (table 67). 

For adjacent States, the greatest PD for hardwoods (8.3 percent) is shared by Arkansas/Texas, North 

Carolina/South Carolina, and Oklahoma/Texas, with Georgia/South Carolina and Louisiana/Texas 

sharing the second highest PD (6.2 percent). The greatest PD among adjacent States for softwoods 

belongs to Mississippi/Tennessee at 3.5 percent, followed by Louisiana/Mississippi (3.4 percent), 

Arkansas/Mississippi (3.3 percent), and Alabama/Mississippi (2.4 percent). South Carolina and Texas 

share the highest inter-species PD, which ranges from 0.5 to 9.7 percent for all States, and Tennessee has 

the next highest at 7.3 percent. Green ton conversions to standard cords apply to all States but vary by 

species type. The PD between hardwood and softwood green ton conversion factors is 3.6 percent.

Northern Region—In the Northern Region, the conversion factors for logs manufactured into 

composite panels and engineered wood products are the same as those used for pulp mill logs, so the 

variability is the same as well (tables 64–65).

Western Region—In the Western Region, conversions between MCF and MBF Scribner for composite 

panel and engineered wood product logs are the same as those used for pulp mill logs, so the variability 

is also the same (table 66). Some of the other conversion factors differ from pulp mill logs but have no 

variability among like conversions.

All Regions—For all regions, the ratios of green tons per standard cord for composite panel and 

engineered wood product logs are the same as the ratios for pulp mill logs; therefore, all PD and PDM 

values between regions are also the same.

Bioenergy / Industrial Fuelwood

Southern Region—The standard measurement unit for bioenergy and industrial fuelwood in the 

Southern Region is the standard cord. Conversions to standard cords from other measurement units 

apply to all States but vary by species type. Thousand cubic foot conversion factors are 0.0755 MCF per 
96Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

cord for hardwoods and 0.0770 for softwoods (PD of 2.0 percent). Green ton conversion factors are 2.8 

tons per cord for hardwoods and 2.7 for softwoods (PD of 3.6 percent). Dry ton conversion factors are 

1.40 tons per cord for hardwoods and 1.35 for softwoods (PD of 3.6 percent). 

Northern Region—Standard cords are the standard unit of measure for bioenergy and industrial 

fuelwood in the Northern Region. All conversions to standard cords apply to all States and species; 

therefore, there is no factor variability within measurement unit types.

Western Region—The standard measurement unit for energywood logs in the Western Region is 

MBF Scribner. All States except New Mexico and Utah have factors for conversions between MCF and 

MBF Scribner, and they vary by State and survey year. Among all States and survey years, conversion 

factors range from 1.0 to 5.0 MBF per MCF with a mean of 2.17. The PDM for each survey year within 

a State ranges from 0 to 96.7 percent, with Arizona 2016 having the highest and five other State/year 

combinations having PDM values >31 percent. Average conversion factors for each State range from 

1.00 to 4.03 MBF per MCF with a mean of 2.31 over all States. Table 68 lists the PD between each 

State for average yearly conversion factors and ranges from 1.4 to 120.4 percent. Of adjacent States, PD 

ranges from 1.6 to 86.5 percent, with California/Oregon having the highest. Though all of the other State 

pairs are within one standard deviation of the mean, it should be noted that eight State pairs have PD 

values >39 percent. All conversion factors other than MBF/MCF factors apply to all logs.

All Regions—In the Southern Region, the ratio of green tons per standard cord for pulp mill logs is 2.8 

for hardwoods and 2.7 for softwoods. The ratios in the Northern and Western Regions are 2.40 and 2.25 

green tons per standard cord, respectively, and apply to all logs within each region. Respective PDM 

values of average regional ratios are 11.5, 2.7, and 8.8 percent for the Southern, Northern, and Western 

Regions. PD for average regional values between the South and North is 15.4 percent for hardwoods 

and 11.8 percent for softwoods. PD between the South and West is 21.8 percent for hardwoods and 

18.2 percent for softwoods. Between the Northern and Western Regions, PD is 6.4 percent for both 

hardwoods and softwoods.

Posts

Southern Region—Standard units for posts in the Southern Region are M-pieces. Conversion formulas 

that take into account the scaling diameter and length of the logs are used to convert cubic feet or green 

tons to the standard units. The conversion formulas apply to the entire region, so there is no State or 

species variability.

Northern Region—Thousand pieces are the standard unit of measure for posts in the Northern Region. 

There is no variability in conversion factors as they apply to all States and species within the region.

Western Region—In the Western Region, the standard measurement unit for roundwood used for 

posts is MBF Scribner. All States except Alaska have factors for conversions between MCF and MBF 

Scribner, and they vary by State and survey year. Among all States and survey years, conversion factors 

range from 1.00 to 7.07 MBF per MCF with a mean of 2.73. The PDM for each survey year within a 

State ranges from 0 to 54.6 percent, with Colorado 2002 having the highest, followed by Wyoming 2010 

(52.8 percent), Colorado 2016 (52.5 percent), Montana 2004 (52.4 percent), Utah 2012 (51.5 percent), 

New Mexico 2012 (48.2 percent), Arizona 2012 (44.1 percent), and Idaho 2015 (42.6 percent). Seven 

other State/year combinations have PDM values >31 percent. Average conversion factors for each 

State range from 1.44 to 5.68 MBF per MCF with a mean of 2.79 over all States. The PD between each 

State for average yearly conversion factors is shown in table 69 and ranges from 0.8 to 119.2 percent. 

Of adjacent States, PD ranges from 0.8 to 111.9 percent, with Arizona/California having the highest, 

followed by California/Nevada (95.8 percent) and Nevada/Oregon (71.5 percent). Five other State pairs 

have PD values between 38 and 63 percent. All conversion factors other than MBF/MCF factors have no 

variability among like conversions.

All Regions—In the Southern Region, the ratio of green tons per MCF for post logs (≤9 feet in length) 

varies by scaling diameter and length and ranges from 20.27 to 24.31 with a mean of 22.41. In the 

North and West, the ratios are 30.38 and 25.00 green tons per MCF, respectively, and apply to all logs. 

PDM for average regional ratios are 13.6, 17.2, and 3.6 percent for the Southern, Northern, and Western 
97Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Regions, respectively. PD for average regional values (both hardwood and softwood) is 30.2 percent 

between the South and North, 10.9 percent between the South and West, and 19.4 percent between the 

North and West.

Poles

Southern Region—Poles in the Southern Region have a standard unit of measure of C-pieces. Similar 

to posts, formulas that apply to all States and species are used to perform unit conversions; therefore, 

there is no intra-regional variability in conversion factors.

Northern Region—The standard unit of measure for poles in the Northern Region is pieces. As with 

posts, pole conversion factors apply to the entire region.

Western Region—In the Western Region, conversions between MCF and MBF Scribner for pole logs 

are the same as those used for posts, so the variability is also the same (table 69).

All Regions—In the Southern Region, the ratio of green tons per MCF for pole logs (>9 feet in 

length) varies by scaling diameter and length and ranges from 29.80 to 30.14 with a mean of 29.98. In 

the Northern and Western Regions, the ratios are 29.11 and 25.00 green tons per MCF, respectively, 

and apply to all logs. PDM for average regional ratios are 7.0, 3.9, and 10.8 percent for the Southern, 

Northern, and Western Regions, respectively. PD for average regional values (both hardwood and 

softwood) is 2.9 percent between the South and North, 18.1 percent between the South and West, and 

15.2 percent between the North and West.

Pilings

Southern Region—The standard units, conversion factors, and variability associated with poles in the 

Southern Region also apply to pilings, so there is no factor variability.

Northern Region—Thousand linear feet is the standard unit of measure for pilings in the Northern 

Region, and all conversions are applied to the entire region.

Western Region—In the Western Region, the standard measurement unit for roundwood used for 

utility poles and pilings is MBF Scribner. Only California, Idaho, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, 

and Wyoming have factors for conversions between MCF and MBF Scribner, and they vary by State 

and survey year. Among all States and survey years, conversion factors range from 1.06 to 5.58 MBF 

per MCF with a mean of 4.35. The PDM for each survey year within a State ranges from 0 to 71.6 

percent, with New Mexico 2002 having the highest and New Mexico 2012 having the second highest 

(49.7 percent). Average conversion factors for each State range from 3.73 to 5.18 MBF per MCF with a 

mean of 4.45 over all States. The PD between each State for average yearly conversion factors is shown 

in table 70 and ranges from 3.4 to 32.5 percent. Of adjacent States, PD ranges from 5.1 to 21.1 percent, 

with Idaho/Wyoming having the highest PD. All conversion factors other than MBF/MCF factors have 

no variability among like conversions.

All Regions—The ratio of green tons per MCF for piling logs in the Southern Region varies by 

scaling diameter and length and ranges from 29.80 to 30.14 with a mean of 29.98. In the Northern 

and Western Regions, the ratios are 30.38 and 25.00 green tons per MCF, respectively, and apply to 

all logs. PDM for average regional ratios are 5.4, 6.8, and 12.1 percent for the Southern, Northern, 

and Western Regions, respectively. PD for both hardwood and softwood average regional values is 

1.3 percent between the South and North, 18.1 percent between the South and West, and 19.4 percent 

between the North and West.

House/Cabin Logs

Southern Region—House/cabin log standard units of measure in the Southern Region are dependent 

upon the processing method. If logs are peeled only, conversion factors are the same as those for poles 

and pilings, so there is no factor variability. If the logs are processed into cant form, the conversion rules 

and variability for saw logs apply (table 59).
98Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Northern Region—Standard units for house/cabin logs in the Northern Region are MCF. There is no 

intra-regional variability as conversion factors apply to all States and species. 

Western Region—The standard measurement unit for house/cabin logs in the Western Region is MBF 

Scribner. All States except Nevada have factors for conversions between MCF and MBF Scribner, and 

they vary by State and survey year. Among all States and survey years, conversion factors range from 

3.09 to 6.54 MBF per MCF with a mean of 4.99. The PDM for each survey year within a State ranges 

from 0.8 to 31.4 percent with Idaho 2001 having the greatest followed by Arizona 2016 (30.8 percent), 

Alaska 2015 (16.2 percent), and Idaho 2011 (16.1 percent). Average conversion factors for each State 

range from 4.37 to 5.63 MBF per MCF with a mean of 4.98 over all States. Table 71 lists the PD between 

each State for average yearly conversion factors and ranges from 0.1 to 25.3 percent. Of adjacent States, 

PD ranges from 1.4 to 17.2 percent, with Idaho/Wyoming having the greatest PD value, followed by 

Arizona/California (12.9 percent) and Idaho/Utah (12.6 percent). All conversion factors other than MBF/

MCF factors apply to all logs.

In addition to roundwood used for traditional log homes and cabins, the West also has conversion factors 

for logs processed into vigas and latillas. Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming are the only 

Western States that have factors for this roundwood type, and the standard measurement unit is MBF 

Scribner. Conversions between MCF and MBF Scribner vary by State and survey year. Among all four 

States and survey years, conversion factors range from 1.05 to 5.98 MBF per MCF with a mean of 4.79. 

The PDM for each survey year within a State ranges from 0 to 71.2 percent with Arizona 2002 having 

the highest, followed by Arizona 2007 (69.9 percent). Though not within one standard deviation of the 

mean, Arizona 2012 and 2016 have PDM values >40 percent. Average conversion factors for each State 

range from 3.49 to 5.74 MBF per MCF with a mean of 4.79 over all States. Table 72 lists the PD between 

each State for average yearly conversion factors and ranges from 3.8 to 48.7 percent. Of adjacent States, 

PD ranges from 12.8 to 48.7 percent, with Arizona/Colorado having the highest. All conversion factors 

for viga logs other than MBF/MCF factors apply to all logs.

All Regions—For house/cabin logs in the Southern Region, the processing method determines which 

conversion factors to use. For logs that are peeled only, the ratio of green tons per MCF varies by scaling 

diameter and length and ranges from 29.80 to 30.14 with a mean of 29.98. For logs that are processed 

into cant form, the ratios vary by State and species type. Hardwood ratios range from 36.93 to 39.48 

green tons per MCF with a mean of 38.17. Softwood ratios range from 34.34 to 35.59 with a mean of 

34.85. Over all processing methods in the South, average green ton to MCF ratios are 30.64 and 30.37 

for hardwoods and softwoods, respectively. In the Northern Region, the ratio is 30.38 tons per MCF, 

and in the Western Region the ratio is 18.75. Both ratios apply to all logs within the region. The Western 

Region has a different ratio for viga logs (25.00 tons per MCF) but this value will not be compared to 

other regions as they typically don’t process viga logs. PDM values for average regional ratios are 16.0, 

13.8, and 29.8 percent for the South, North, and West, respectively. PD for average regional values 

between the South and North is 22.7 percent for hardwoods and 13.7 percent for softwoods. PD between 

the South and West is 68.2 percent for hardwoods and 60.1 percent for softwoods. Between the North 

and West regions, PD is 47.3 percent for both hardwoods and softwoods.

Residential Fuelwood

Southern Region—The standard unit for residential fuelwood in the Southern Region is the standard 

cord. Conversion factors apply to all States within the region but differ by species type. Green ton 

conversion factors are 2.8 tons per cord for hardwood and 2.7 tons per cord for softwood, with a PD of 

3.6 percent. Conversions from MCF use factors of 0.0764 MCF per cord for hardwood and 0.0755 for 

softwood (PD of 1.2 percent).

Northern Region—As in the Southern Region, the standard measurement unit in the Northern Region 

is the standard cord. There is no variability in conversion factors for residential fuelwood as the factors 

apply to all States and species within the region. 

Western Region—In the Western Region, the standard measurement unit for roundwood used for 

residential fuelwood (firewood) is MBF Scribner. Conversions between MCF and MBF Scribner vary 
99Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

by State and survey year. Among all States and survey years, conversion factors range from 1.02 to 5.08 

MBF per MCF with a mean of 3.16. The PDM for each survey year within a State ranges from 0.2 to 

123.2 percent, with Nevada 2016 having the greatest, followed by New Mexico 2012 (89.6 percent), Utah 

2012 (64.1 percent), New Mexico 2007 (61.3 percent), New Mexico 2002 (59.8 percent), Wyoming 2010 

(57.2 percent), and Nevada 2005 and 2007 (53.1 percent). Average conversion factors for each State range 

from 2.24 to 4.65 MBF per MCF with a mean of 3.30 over all States. The PD between each State for 

average yearly conversion factors is shown in table 73 and ranges from 0.8 to 69.9 percent. Of adjacent 

States, PD ranges from 2.7 to 69.9 percent, with California/Nevada having the highest followed by 

Nevada/Oregon (52.5 percent) and five other State pairs having PD values >20 percent. All conversion 

factors other than MBF/MCF factors have no variability among like conversions.

All Regions—In the Southern Region, the ratio of green tons per standard cord for fuelwood logs 

varies by species type, with hardwoods having a ratio of 2.8 and softwoods having a ratio of 2.7. In the 

Northern and Western Regions, the ratios are 2.4 and 2.2 green tons per cord, respectively, and apply 

to all logs. PDM for average regional ratios is 12.2 percent for the South, 2.0 percent for the North, and 

10.2 percent for the West. PD for average regional ratios is 15.4 percent for hardwoods and 11.8 percent 

for softwoods between the South and the North. Between the South and the West, PD is 24.0 and 20.4 

percent for hardwoods and softwoods, respectively. Between the North and the West, PD is 8.7 percent 

for both species types.

Other Products

Southern Region—The standard unit for “other” products in the Southern Region is MCF. Green 

tons are the only other valid measurement unit for the “other” product category, and conversions are 

dependent upon species type only. Conversion factors are 37.5 tons per MCF for hardwood and 35 tons 

per MCF for softwood. Inter-species PD is 6.9 percent. 

Northern Region—As in the Southern Region, the standard unit of measure for “other” products in 

the Northern Region is MCF. Conversion factors apply to all States and species so there is no factor 

variability.

Western Region—In the Western Region, the “other product” category is composed of four subcategories that each have unique conversion factors: furniture logs, cedar logs, fiber logs, and logs used 

for all other products. The standard unit of measurement for all sub-categories is MBF Scribner, and 

all conversions between MCF and MBF Scribner vary by State and survey year. All other roundwood 

conversion factors within each sub-category have no variability among like conversions.

For furniture logs, all States have conversion factors except for Nevada, and they range from 1.0 to 5.0 

MBF per MCF with a mean of 2.37 among all States and survey years. The PDM for each survey year 

within a State ranges from 0 to 74.9 percent, with Washington 2010 having the highest value, followed 

by Alaska 2005 and 2011 (66.7 percent), Montana 2004 (55.4 percent), Colorado 2002 (54.6 percent), 

and Colorado 2016 (52.5 percent). Four other State/year combinations have PDM values >32 percent. 

Average conversion factors for each State range from 1.05 to 4.64 MBF per MCF with a mean of 2.37 

over all States. Table 74 lists the PD between each State for average yearly conversion factors and ranges 

from 0.1 to 126.3 percent. The PD range for adjacent States is the same, with Arizona/California having 

the highest and eight other State pairs having PD values >63 percent.

Conversion factors for cedar logs are available for all States except Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New 

Mexico, and Utah. Factors range from 3.09 to 5.35 MBF per MCF with a mean of 4.02 among all States 

and survey years. The PDM for each survey year within a State ranges from 0 to 17.7 percent, with 

Washington 2010 having the highest PD and Oregon having the second highest at 13.7 percent. Average 

conversion factors for each State range from 3.39 to 5.35 MBF per MCF with a mean of 4.11 over all 

States. Table 75 lists the PD between each State for average yearly conversion factors and ranges from 

0.6 to 44.9 percent. Of adjacent States, PD ranges from 0.6 to 31.0 percent, with California/Oregon 

having the highest PD value.

For fiber logs, all States have conversion factors except for Montana and Alaska, and they range from 1.0 

to 4.9 MBF per MCF with a mean of 2.31 among all States and survey years. The PDM for each survey 
100Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

year within a State ranges from 0 to 96.0 percent, with Arizona 2012 having the highest value, followed 

by New Mexico 2016 (83.8 percent), Arizona 2002 and 2007 (58.0 percent), and five other State/year 

combinations having PDM values >40 percent. Average conversion factors for each State range from 1.0 

to 3.03 MBF per MCF with a mean of 2.23 over all States. Table 76 lists the PD between each State for 

average yearly conversion factors and ranges from 0.7 to 100.7 percent. The PD range for adjacent States 

is from 2.1 to 85.7 percent, with Arizona/California having the highest.

Conversion factors for all other logs are available for all States except for Nevada and Washington. 

Factors range from 1.02 to 6.20 MBF per MCF with a mean of 3.01 among all States and survey years. 

The PDM for each survey year within a State ranges from 0.8 to 71.3 percent, with New Mexico 2016 

having the greatest, followed by Arizona 2016 (6.3 percent), and New Mexico 2007 (44.2 percent) and 

2002 (42.0 percent). Six other State/year combinations have values >30 percent. Average conversion 

factors for each State range from 1.65 to 5.25 MBF per MCF with a mean of 3.09 over all States. Table

77 lists the PD between each State for average yearly conversion factors and ranges from 0.3 to 104.5 

percent. Of adjacent States, PD ranges from 0.3 to 89.6 percent, with Arizona/California having the 

highest PD value and five other State pairs having PD values >31 percent.

All Regions—As mentioned above, the ratio of green tons per MCF for “other” logs in the Southern 

Region varies by species type, with hardwoods having a ratio of 37.5 green tons per MCF and softwoods 

having a ratio of 35.0. In the Northern Region, the ratio is 30.38 tons per MCF and applies to all logs 

within the region. Green-ton-to-MCF conversions for “other” logs in the Western Region vary by log 

type. Cedar logs have a ratio of 19.0 tons per MCF, and all other logs have a ratio of 25.0. For regional 

comparisons, the 25.0 tons per MCF value will be used. PDM for average regional ratios is 18.7 percent 

for the South, 0.5 percent for the North, and 18.1 percent for the West. PD for average regional ratios is 

21.0 percent for hardwoods and 14.1 percent for softwoods between the South and the North. Between 

the South and the West, PD is 40.0 and 33.3 percent for hardwoods and softwoods, respectively. 

Between the North and the West, PD is 19.4 percent for both species types.

Residues (Southern Region)

There are two types of residue conversions in the Southern Region: residue conversions from one 

measurement unit to a roundwood equivalent unit and residue estimation based on the type and amount 

of roundwood processed. There are no standard units of measure for residues in the South. Residueto-roundwood-equivalent conversions from standard cords to MCF vary by State and species type 

and range from 0.0686 to 0.07663 MCF per cord with a mean of 0.0738. Hardwood factors range from 

0.0705 to 0.07663 MCF per cord, and softwood factors range from 0.0686 to 0.07326. PDM for each 

State ranges from 0.6 to 6.6 percent for hardwoods and 0.6 to 4.9 percent for softwoods, with Mississippi 

having the highest PDM for both species types. The PD between each State ranges from 0 to 8.3 percent 

for hardwoods and 0 to 6.6 percent for softwoods (table 78). For adjacent States, Arkansas/Mississippi 

and Mississippi/Tennessee have the highest PD for both hardwoods (8.3 percent) and softwoods (5.6 

percent). Alabama/Mississippi and Louisiana/Mississippi both have hardwood PD values of 6.2 percent, 

and the same State pairs have the second and third highest PD values for softwoods at 5.6 and 3.4 

percent, respectively. Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and 

Texas have the highest inter-species PD at 5.5 percent. Green ton residue conversions to standard cords 

apply to all States but vary by species type. A factor of 0.4057 cords per ton is used for hardwoods, and 

0.4158 is used for softwoods (PD of 2.5 percent). Conversion of green tons to dry tons applies to all 

States and species types.

Though there are no standard units of measure for residue, all roundwood-to-residue conversions are to 

green tons and vary by roundwood type, State, residue type, and/or species type. Because one would 

expect factor variability between roundwood types and residue types, the focus of this analysis will be 

on variability between States.

Saw logs—For bark residue estimates from roundwood, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, 

Mississippi, and South Carolina all have hardwood conversion factors of 0.6305 tons per MBF 

International 1⁄4-inch for hardwoods and 0.5375 for softwoods, with PDM values of 7.0 and 15.9 percent, 
101Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

respectively. The same six States also have the highest inter-species PD at 32.1 percent. The maximum 

PD between States is 13.0 percent for hardwoods and 29.2 percent for softwoods, and the same 

maximum values apply to adjacent States as well (table 79). Alabama/Tennessee, Arkansas/Louisiana, 

Arkansas/Mississippi, Georgia/North Carolina, Georgia/Tennessee, Louisiana/Texas, Mississippi/

Tennessee, and North Carolina/South Carolina have the highest PD value among State pairs for both 

hardwoods (13.0 percent) and softwoods (29.2 percent).

Coarse residue conversion factors range from 1.5224 to 1.8519 tons per MBF with a mean of 1.7548 over 

all States and species types. Hardwood factors range from 1.6543 to 1.8386 tons per MBF International 

1⁄4-inch, while softwood factors range from 1.5524 to 1.8519 tons per MBF. Alabama, Georgia, and 

Mississippi have the highest PDM value for hardwoods (5.9 percent), and South Carolina has the highest 

PDM among softwoods at 11.3 percent. PD between all Southern States as well as adjacent States 

ranges from 0 to 10.6 percent for hardwoods and 0 to 17.6 percent for softwoods (table 79). Of adjacent 

States, Alabama/Tennessee, Arkansas/Mississippi, Georgia/North Carolina, Georgia/Tennessee, and 

Mississippi/Tennessee all share the highest PD for hardwoods, followed by Georgia/South Carolina at 

8.8 percent. Georgia/South Carolina have the highest PD for softwoods, followed by North Carolina/

South Carolina (12.7 percent). South Carolina has the highest PD between hardwood and softwood 

species types, which ranges from 4.2 to 15.1 percent. The second highest inter-species PD (11.3 percent) 

is shared by Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi.

For sawdust residues, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina all have 

hardwood conversion factors of 1.1579 tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch for hardwoods and 0.8945 

for softwoods, with PDM values of 4.0 and 9.0 percent, respectively. Inter-species PD is highest for 

these States at 25.7 percent. All other Southern States have residue conversion factors of 1.0747 tons per 

MBF International 1⁄4-inch for hardwoods and 1.0581 for softwoods (PDM values of 3.4 and 7.7 percent, 

respectively). The maximum PD between all State pairs as well as adjacent States is 7.5 percent for 

hardwoods and 16.8 percent for softwoods (table 79). Among adjacent States, eight different State pairs 

have the highest PD values for both hardwoods (7.5 percent) and softwoods (16.8 percent) and include 

Alabama/Tennessee, Arkansas/Louisiana, Arkansas/Mississippi, Georgia/North Carolina, Georgia/

Tennessee, Louisiana/Texas, Mississippi/Tennessee, and North Carolina/South Carolina.

Roundwood-to-residue conversions for shavings apply to all States but differ by species type. 

Hardwoods use a factor of 0.4715 tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch, while softwoods use a factor of 

0.5704. PD between hardwood and softwood factors is 19.0 percent.

Veneer logs—Bark-roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for veneer logs in the Southern Region 

are identical to those used for saw logs, so variability is also the same. Conversion factors for the other 

residue types differ. For coarse residues, factors range from 0.8911 to 1.9171 tons per MBF International 

1⁄4-inch with a mean of 1.5592. Hardwood factors range from 0.8911 to 1.806 tons per MBF International 

1⁄4-inch, and softwood factors range from 1.5524 to 1.9171. South Carolina has the highest PDM for both 

hardwoods and softwoods at 43.0 and 16.3 percent, respectively. It should be noted that hardwood PDM 

is >29 percent for all species. PD between all Southern States as well as adjacent States ranges from 

0 to 67.8 percent for hardwoods and 0 to 21.0 percent for softwoods (table 80). North Carolina/South 

Carolina has the highest PD for both hardwoods and softwoods among adjacent States. Other State 

pairs with hardwood percentage values within one standard deviation of the mean include Arkansas/

Louisiana and Louisiana/Texas (62.7 percent) and Alabama/Tennessee, Georgia/North Carolina, 

Georgia/Tennessee, and Mississippi/Tennessee (60.0 percent). Georgia/South Carolina has the second 

highest PD for softwoods at 17.6 percent. The maximum inter-species PD is 73.1 percent and is shared 

by Arkansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

For both fine residue types of sawdust and shaving, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, 

and South Carolina all have hardwood conversion factors of 1.6294 tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch 

for hardwoods and 1.4649 for softwoods, with PDM values of 63.2 and 41.8 percent, respectively. All 

other Southern States have residue conversion factors of 0.4573 tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch for 

hardwoods and 0.6635 for softwoods (PDM values of 54.2 and 35.8 percent, respectively). The greatest 

inter-species PD (36.8 percent) is shared by Arkansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, 
102Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Texas, and Virginia. The maximum PD between all State pairs as well as adjacent States is 112.3 

percent for hardwoods and 75.3 percent for softwoods (table 80). Among adjacent States, Alabama/

Tennessee, Arkansas/Louisiana, Arkansas/Mississippi, Georgia/North Carolina, Georgia/Tennessee, 

Louisiana/Texas, Mississippi/Tennessee, and North Carolina/South Carolina have the highest PD values 

for both hardwoods and softwoods.

Composite panel/engineered wood product logs—In the Southern Region, it is assumed that the 

only residue produced from the processing of composite panel/engineered wood product logs is bark 

residue. Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for these logs vary by State and species type and 

range from 0.2348 to 0.312 tons per cord with a mean of 0.277. Hardwood factors range from 0.2868 

to 0.312 tons per cord while softwood factors range from 0.2348 to 0.2508. South Carolina has the 

highest PDM values for both hardwoods and softwoods at 6.6 and 4.9 percent, respectively. Table 81 

shows the PD between all State pairs, which ranges from 0 to 8.4 percent for hardwoods and 0 to 6.6 

percent for softwoods. Among adjacent State pairs, North Carolina/South Carolina have the highest 

PD for hardwoods, followed by Georgia/South Carolina at 6.2 percent. Both of these State pairs have 

the maximum softwood PD value of 5.7 percent. Arkansas, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and 

Texas have the greatest PD between species types which ranges from 19.9 to 22.7 percent.

Bioenergy/fuelwood, house/cabin, piling, pole, post, pulp mill, and other product logs—

Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors in this category apply to all Southern States and vary by 

residue type and species type only, with the exception of house/cabin logs and piling/pole/post logs, 

whose bark residue factors are the same for both hardwoods and softwoods. Bioenergy/fuelwood, pulp 

mill, and other product bark residue conversion factors are 4.0678 tons per MCF for hardwoods and 

3.4234 for softwood (PD of 17.2 percent). Coarse residue factors for house/cabin, piling, and pole logs 

are 4.6240 tons per C-piece for hardwoods and 4.5115 for softwoods, with a PD of 2.5 percent.

Residues (Northern Region)

Like the Southern Region, the Northern Region has factors for converting from one residue unit of 

measure to another as well as factors for estimating residues from roundwood. There are no standard 

units of measure for residues in the North. Residue-to-SWE conversions from Lake States cords, cubic 

feet, cubic meters, cunits, dry tons, and dry metric tonnes to standard cords apply to all States and 

species. Conversions from 1,000 green pounds, 4,600-pound cords, green metric tonnes, and green 

tons apply to all States but vary by species type. The conversion factors for 1,000 green pounds are 

0.22425 cords per 1,000 pounds for hardwoods and 0.2439 for softwoods, with a PD of 8.4 percent. 

For 4,600-pound cords, factors are 1.04535 cords per 4,600-pound cord for hardwoods and 1.12194 for 

softwoods (PD of 7.1 percent). Conversions from green metric tonnes to standard cords use factors of 

0.50099535 and 0.53770194 cords per tonne for hardwoods and softwoods, respectively, with an interspecies PD of 7.1 percent. Green-ton-to-standard-cord conversion factors are 0.4545 cords per ton for 

hardwoods and 0.4878 for softwoods (PD of 7.1 percent).

Though there are no standard units of measure for residue in the North, all roundwood-to-residue 

conversions are to green tons, dry tons, and cubic feet. Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors apply 

to all Northern States and northern species but vary by product type, product source, residue type, 

and/or bark thickness. Variability between conversion factors for different residue measurement units 

was examined and determined to be negligible. For example, green ton PD values between saw log 

coarse and fine residues are similar to dry ton and cubic foot PD values for the same comparison. These 

similarities in PD values among the different residue units hold true for all roundwood types. Therefore, 

to simplify the analysis, residue units of green tons will be used for comparisons.

Saw logs—In the Northern Region, saw logs are divided into two product source categories: band saw 

mill logs and “other” mill logs. Bark and coarse residue conversion factors are the same for both product 

sources, while fine residue factors vary. Band saw mill logs use a fine residue conversion factor of 0.45 

tons per MBF International 1⁄4-inch, and “other” mill logs use a factor of 0.78 (PD of 53.7 percent).

Pulp mill and composite panel logs—Product sources for pulp mill and composite panel logs are 

roundwood logs/bolts and whole tree chips, the latter of which applies to fine residues only and has a 
103Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

conversion factor equal to that of roundwood. The only conversion factor variability is between residue 

types, which would be expected.

All other roundwood types—The product source for all other roundwood types is roundwood logs/

bolts, and conversion factors vary by residue type and bark thickness (for bark residue only).

Residues (Western Region)

The Western Region also has both residue conversions and conversion factors for estimating residues 

from roundwood. In the West, the standard unit of measure for residues is the BDU. Residue 

conversions from BDU to SWE of pounds, cubic feet, cubic yards, BDT, and green tons apply to all 

States, species, survey years, and residue types. Conversions from 200 CFU to cubic feet (SWE), 

pounds, and BDU vary by residue type. Mean factors for all residue types are 73.4 cubic feet (SWE) per 

200 CFU, 1,835 pounds per 200 CFU, and 0.76 BDU per 200 CFU. The PDM among all residue types 

is 15.8, 9.0, 9.0, 31.9, and 1.9 percent for bark residues, pulp chips, sawdust, planer shavings, and hogged 

fuel, respectively, and is the same for cubic feet (SWE), pounds, and BDU conversions.

Roundwood-to-residue conversions in the West vary by State, survey year, and residue type. Conversion 

factors only apply to sawmills and are expressed as BDU per MBF lumber tally. Factors are not 

available for Nevada or Washington, so all statistics are based on the remaining Western States.

Bark residue—Among all States and survey years, roundwood-to-bark-residue conversion factors 

range from 0.12 to 0.28 BDU per MBF lumber tally with a mean of 0.20. The PDM for each survey year 

within a State ranges from 0 to 28.7 percent, with all States from survey year 2002 having the highest 

PDM and all States from survey year 2007 having the second highest (21.8 percent). Average conversion 

factors for each State range from 0.14 to 0.22 BDU per MBF lumber tally with a mean of 0.20 over all 

States. Table 82 lists the PD between each State for average yearly conversion factors and ranges from 

0 to 46.7 percent over all State combinations as well as adjacent States. Of adjacent States, Montana/

Wyoming have the greatest PD value followed by Idaho/Montana (38.8 percent) and California/Oregon 

(26.5 percent).

Coarse residue—Roundwood-to-coarse-residue conversion factors range from 0.33 to 0.65 BDU per 

MBF lumber tally with a mean of 0.50 over all States and survey years. The PDM for each survey 

year within a State ranges from 0 to 13.9 percent, with California 2000 having the highest. Average 

conversion factors for each State range from 0.36 to 0.60 BDU per MBF lumber tally with a mean of 

0.50 over all States. PD between each State for average yearly conversion factors ranges from 0 to 50.0 

percent (table 82). Of adjacent States, PD also ranges from 0 to 50.0 percent, with Arizona/California 

having the greatest PD value followed by Idaho/Utah (39.4 percent) and both Colorado/Wyoming and 

Utah/Wyoming with PD values of 30.8 percent.

Sawdust residue—For sawdust, roundwood-to-residue conversion factors range from 0.11 to 0.30 

BDU per MBF lumber tally with a mean of 0.18 over all States and survey years. The PDM for each 

survey year within a State ranges from 0 to 15.0 percent, with all States from survey year 2016 (except 

California) having the highest PDM, followed by Idaho 2001 and 2015 (13.3 percent) and Oregon 2008 

(10.8 percent). Average conversion factors for each State range from 0.12 to 0.30 BDU per MBF with a 

mean of 0.19 over all States. PD between each State for average yearly conversion factors ranges from 

0 to 83.5 percent (table 82). Among adjacent States, PD ranges from 0 to 66.7 percent, with Idaho/

Wyoming having the highest and six other States having PD values >28 percent.

Planer shaving residue—Among all States and survey years, roundwood-to-planer-shaving-residue 

conversion factors range from 0.06 to 0.20 BDU per MBF lumber tally with a mean of 0.11. The PDM 

for each survey year within a State ranges from 0 to 52.4 percent, with all States from survey year 

2002 having the highest PDM and all States from 2012 (except California) having the second highest 

(42.9 percent). Average conversion factors for each State range from 0.08 to 0.19 BDU per MBF lumber 

tally with a mean of 0.12 over all States. Table 82 lists the PD between each State for average yearly 

conversion factors and ranges from 0 to 81.5 percent. Of adjacent States, PD ranges from 0 to 64.3 

percent, with Idaho/Wyoming having the greatest PD value followed by Idaho/Montana (61.1 percent), 

Colorado/Wyoming (57.6 percent), and Utah/Wyoming (57.6 percent).
104Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Residues (All Regions)

In the Southern Region, the ratio of green tons per MCF (SWE) for mill residues varies by State and 

species type. Hardwood ratios range from 32.17 to 34.96 green tons per MCF across all States with 

a mean of 32.68 while softwood ratios range from 32.83 to 35.06 green tons per MCF with a mean 

of 33.36. In the Northern Region, the ratio is 27.85 green tons per MCF for hardwoods and 25.95 for 

softwoods. The ratio in the Western Region is 25 green tons per MCF and applies to all residues. 

Average regional ratios are 33.02, 26.90, and 25.00 tons per MCF for the South, North, and West, 

respectively, with PDM values of 16.7, 5.0, and 11.7 percent, respectively. PD for average regional values 

between the South and North is 16.0 percent for hardwoods and 25.0 percent for softwoods. PD between 

the South and West is 26.6 percent for hardwoods and 28.6 percent for softwoods. Between the Northern 

and Western Regions, PD is 10.8 percent for hardwoods and 3.7 percent for softwoods.

Roundwood-to-residue conversion factors, expressed as green tons of residue per MBF lumber tally, 

vary by State, roundwood type, and species type in the Southern Region. In the Northern Region, 

factors vary by roundwood type and bark thickness, and in the Western Region, factors vary by State 

and survey year. For all regions, there are different roundwood-to-residue conversions for each residue 

type. Since roundwood-to-residue conversions in the Western Region only apply to sawmill logs, the 

saw log conversion factors for each region will be used for comparisons, summarized by residue type.

Bark residue—In the Southern Region, the ratio of bark residue green tons to roundwood MBF 

lumber tally ranges from 0.58 to 0.66 for hardwoods with a mean of 0.62 and ranges from 0.42 to 0.56 

for softwoods with a mean of 0.49. In the Northern Region, ratios range from 0.34 to 0.57 residue 

green tons per MBF lumber tally for both hardwoods and softwoods and have a mean of 0.46. In the 

Western Region, ratios range from 0.29 to 0.67 for both hardwoods and softwoods, with a mean of 0.48. 

Average regional ratios over all variability factors are 0.55, 0.46, and 0.48 for the South, North, and 

West, respectively; PDM for average regional ratios are 11.1, 8.5, and 2.6 percent, respectively. PD for 

average regional ratios between the South and the North is 30.5 percent for hardwoods and 6.8 percent 

for softwoods. PD between the South and the West is 24.3 percent for hardwoods and 0.5 percent for 

softwoods. Between the North and West, PD is 6.3 percent for both hardwoods and softwoods.

Coarse residue—The ratio of coarse residue green tons to roundwood MBF lumber tally in the 

Southern Region ranges from 1.74 to 1.93 for hardwoods with a mean of 1.85 and ranges from 1.63 to 

1.94 for softwoods with a mean of 1.84. In the Northern Region, the ratio is 1.34 residue green tons per 

MBF lumber tally for both hardwoods and softwoods. Western Region ratios range from 0.79 to 1.56 for 

both hardwoods and softwoods with a mean of 1.21. Average regional ratios over all variability factors 

are 1.84, 1.34, and 1.21 for the South, North, and West, respectively. PDM for average regional ratios are 

25.9, 8.5, and 17.4 percent, respectively. PD for average regional ratios between the South and the North 

is 31.8 percent for hardwoods and 31.4 percent for softwoods. PD between the South and the West is 41.7 

percent for hardwoods and 41.3 percent for softwoods. Between the North and West, PD is 10.3 percent 

for both hardwoods and softwoods.

Sawdust residue—The ratio of sawdust residue green tons to roundwood MBF lumber tally in the 

Southern Region ranges from 1.13 to 1.22 for hardwoods with a mean of 1.17 and ranges from 0.94 

to 1.11 for softwoods with a mean of 1.03. In the Northern Region, the ratio ranges from 0.45 to 0.78 

residue green tons per MBF lumber tally for both hardwoods and softwoods, with a mean of 0.62. 

Western Region ratios range from 0.26 to 0.72 for both hardwoods and softwoods, with a mean of 0.44. 

Average regional ratios over all variability factors are 1.10, 0.62, and 0.44 for the South, North, and 

West, respectively. PDM for average regional ratios are 53.3, 14.3, and 39.1 percent, respectively. PD for 

average regional ratios between the South and the North is 62.1 percent for hardwoods and 50.6 percent 

for softwoods. PD between the South and the West is 91.1 percent for hardwoods and 80.9 percent for 

softwoods. Between the North and West, PD is 33.8 percent for both hardwoods and softwoods.

Shaving residue—The ratio of shaving residue green tons to roundwood MBF lumber tally in the 

Southern Region is 0.50 for hardwoods and 0.60 softwoods. In the Northern Region, the ratios are the 

same as for sawdust residue and range from 0.45 to 0.78 residue green tons per MBF lumber tally for 

both hardwoods and softwoods with a mean of 0.62. Western Region ratios range from 0.14 to 0.48 for 
105Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

both hardwoods and softwoods, with a mean of 0.27. Average regional ratios over all variability factors 

are 0.55, 0.62, and 0.27 for the South, North, and West, respectively. PDM for average regional ratios are 

14.8, 29.1, and 43.9 percent, respectively. PD for average regional ratios between the South and the North 

is 21.6 percent for hardwoods and 2.6 percent for softwoods. PD between the South and the West is 59.9 

percent for hardwoods and 76.7 percent for softwoods. Between the North and West, PD is 78.9 percent 

for both hardwoods and softwoods.

Variability Comparison

Due to differences in the spatial distribution and physical characteristics of different tree species, 

as well as differences in roundwood/residue types and log scaling methods, some variability among 

conversion factors is expected. The number and type of variability sources are dependent upon the 

measurement categories being converted from and converted to. The amount of reasonable variability, 

however, is difficult to ascertain and is not likely the same for different regions or different conversion 

types within a region. For example, one would expect more variability between conversions from green 

weight to cubic volume in the Southern Region than in the Western Region. This is because tree species 

is the primary source of variability, and the South has more commercial species and a greater mix 

of hardwoods and softwoods than the West. This same scenario holds true for States within a region 

as well. Two States that are farther apart geographically would likely have greater conversion factor 

variability when compared to adjacent States due to the spatial distribution of individual species.

Another thing to consider when looking at conversion factor variability is that the amount of weight 

carried by each variability source is indeterminate, meaning that some sources of variability contribute 

more to conversion factor determination than others. If variability sources that contribute a large amount 

to conversion factor variability are not taken into consideration, the resulting conversion factors will be 

inaccurate. Likewise, inaccurate conversion factors could also result if too much weight is placed on 

variability sources that do not contribute a significant amount to variability. 

The following discussion examines expected versus actual sources of variability for roundwood, 

residue, and roundwood-to-residue conversions within each region (summarized in tables 56–58). Since 

there is no standard amount of acceptable variability, the focus is on areas where variability sources 

are lacking or differ from what is expected. For a quantitative analysis of variability, see the previous 

section on “Actual Variability.”

For all roundwood-to-residue conversions, expected sources of variability are product type and residue 

type plus any sources of variability for equivalent roundwood conversions. For each conversion type 

within a region, if no source of variability is mentioned, it simply means that there are no direct 

conversions of that type within the region. It should be noted, however, that even though direct 

conversions between two measurement categories may not be shown, conversions between the two 

categories can be determined if certain criteria are met. First, there must be a linking secondary 

measurement unit to which both of the other measurement units can be converted. Second, conversions 

must be bi-directional, meaning that measurement unit 1 can be determined from measurement unit 2 

and vice versa. For example, there are no direct conversions between green and dry weight for saw logs 

in the Southern Region. However, there are factors for converting both green and dry weight to MBF 

(table 5). If the conversions from weight to MBF are bi-directional, then the ratio of green to dry weight 

can be determined as well as any sources of variability. In this example, the dry/green weight ratio 

would be 0.5 for all States and survey years, so there is no conversion factor variability. 

Green Weight / Dry Weight

Expected sources of variability for conversions between green and dry weight are species, geographic 

area, and average log dimensions. The Southern and Western Regions have green/dry weight 

conversions for residues only, and there are no variability sources. In the Northern Region, there are no 

direct conversions between green and dry weight.
106Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Peeled Weight / Unpeeled Weight

Species, geographic area, and average log dimensions are the expected sources of variability for 

conversions between peeled and unpeeled log weight, but none of the regions have direct conversions 

between these two weight measurement categories. Only the Northern Region distinguishes between 

peeled and unpeeled log weight (for pulp and composite logs), but all conversions are to standard cords.

Weight / Cubic Volume

The expected sources of variability for weight to cubic volume are species, geographic area, and average 

log dimensions. In the Southern Region, the “other” log category is the only roundwood type that has 

direct weight-to-cubic-volume conversions, and they vary by species type. For bark residue estimations 

from bioenergy, pulp, and “other” roundwood types, cubic/weight conversions vary by species type. In 

the Northern Region, weight-to-cubic-volume conversions are found with house/cabin logs and “other” 

logs, and neither have variability sources. Roundwood-to-bark-residue conversions apply to house/

cabin and “other” logs and vary by bark thickness. Other residue types have conversion factors but no 

variability. In the Western Region, weight/cubic conversions are found with all roundwood types as well 

as residues. For roundwood, product type is the single source of variability for both house/cabin logs and 

“other” logs. All other roundwood types have no variability. For residues, cubic-to-weight conversion 

factors vary by residue type, while weight-to-cubic (SWE) conversions have no sources of variability.

Weight / Board Foot Volume

Expected variability sources for conversions between weight and board foot volume are species, 

geographic area, average log dimensions, and log rule. In the Southern Region, species type is the only 

source of variability for roundwood conversions and applies to saw logs, veneer logs, and house/cabin 

logs processed into cants. For roundwood-to-residue conversions, variability sources are State, residue 

type, and species type and only apply to saw log and veneer log conversions. In the Northern Region, 

sources of variability for saw-log-to-residue conversions are bark thickness for bark residues and product 

source for fine residues. For veneer log to residue conversions, variability sources are bark thickness 

for bark residues and product source for both coarse and fine residues. Conversions from board foot 

volume to weight in the Western Region apply to bioenergy and composite logs and have no variability. 

Variability sources for roundwood-to-residue conversions in the West vary by State, survey year, and 

residue type. 

Weight / Other Product Output Volume

For conversions between weight and other product output volumes such as linear feet or pieces, expected 

variability sources are species, geographic area, average log dimensions, and average volume per 

output unit. In the Southern Region, the only roundwood conversions that have sources of variability 

are poles, posts, pilings, and peeled house/cabin logs, which vary by log dimensions. Roundwoodto-residue conversions in the South apply to the same roundwood types and vary by species type for 

coarse residues and have no variability for bark residues. The Northern Region has roundwood and 

roundwood-to-residue conversions for poles, posts, and pilings. Roundwood conversions have no 

sources of variability. Roundwood-to-bark-residue conversions vary by bark thickness, while coarse and 

fine residues have no variability. The Western Region has no conversion factors for weight and other 

product output volume. 

Weight / Stacked Log Volume

The expected variability sources for weight-to-stacked-log-volume conversions are species, geographic 

area, and average log dimensions. Species type is the only source of variability in the Southern Region 

for roundwood conversions and applies to pulp, composite, bioenergy, and residential fuelwood logs. 

Residue conversions also vary by species type. For roundwood-to-bark-residue conversions, factors 

vary by State and species type for composite logs. In the Northern Region, pulp and composite 

log conversions vary by species group, and green weight residue conversions vary by species type. 

There are also roundwood conversion factors for residential fuelwood as well as dry weight residue 
107Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

conversions, but neither have variability. The single source of variability for roundwood-to-bark-residue 

conversions is bark thickness and applies to pulp and composite logs. Conversion factors for other 

residue types have no variability. In the Western Region, the presence/absence of bark is a variability 

source for all roundwood conversions. In addition, saw, house/cabin, and “other” logs vary by product 

type. Residue and roundwood-to-residue conversions have no variability in the West.

Board Foot Volume / Board Foot Volume

When converting board foot volume from one log rule to another, expected sources of variability are log 

rule and average log dimensions. Log rule conversions in the Southern Region apply to saw logs, veneer 

logs, and house/cabin logs that are processed into cants. Sources of variability for these roundwood 

types are log rule and log dimensions. In the Northern Region, log rules apply to saw logs and veneer 

logs and vary by log rule only. In Western States, there are no sources of variability when converting 

between log rules. It should be noted, however, that the Scribner log rule is used almost exclusively by 

mills in the West. 

Board Foot Volume / Other Product Output Volume

Expected sources of variability when converting between board foot volume and other product 

output volume are log rule, average log dimensions, and average volume per output unit. There are no 

conversions of this type in the Southern or Western Regions. In the Northern Region, product type is 

the single variability source for saw logs. Pole, piling, and post conversion factors vary by log rule when 

converting from board feet to other product output volume but have no sources of variability when 

converting to board feet. Board foot lumber tally conversions to other product output volume also have 

no variability.

Cubic Volume / Board Foot Volume

For conversions between cubic and board foot volume, expected sources of variability are species, 

geographic area (Southern Region only), log rule, and average log dimensions. State and species type 

are sources of variability for saw, veneer, and house/cabin logs processed into cants in the South. In 

the Northern Region, house/cabin logs and “other” logs have log rule as a variability source when 

converting from board feet but no variability when converting cubic volume to board feet. Lumber tally, 

saw log, and veneer log conversions have no variability. For saw-log-to-residue conversions, sources of 

variability are bark thickness for bark residues and product source for fine residues. For veneer-log-toresidue conversions, factors vary by bark thickness for bark residues and product source for both coarse 

and fine residues. In the Western Region, all roundwood conversions have State and survey year as 

variability factors. House/cabin logs and “other” logs vary by product type as well.

Cubic Volume / Other Product Output Volume

The expected sources of variability for conversions between cubic volume and other product output 

volume are species, geographic area, and average volume per output unit. Variability in the Southern 

Region is by log size and applicable to peeled house/cabin logs, pilings, poles, and posts. In the Northern 

Region, lath bundles in the “other” roundwood type vary by pieces per bundle, while all other product 

output units of this roundwood type have no variability. Conversion factors for house/cabin logs, pilings, 

poles, and posts also have no variability. Roundwood-to-bark-residue factors in the North vary by 

bark thickness for pilings, poles, and posts but have no variability for other residue types. There are no 

roundwood, residue, or roundwood-to-residue conversion factors of this type in the Western Region.

Cubic Volume / Stacked Log Volume

Conversions between cubic and stacked log volume have expected variability sources of species, 

geographic area, and average log dimensions. In the Southern Region, bioenergy, composite, pulp, 

and residential fuelwood log conversions, as well as mill residue conversions, vary by species type. 

In addition to variability by species type, composite logs, pulp logs, and residues also vary by State. 

In the Northern Region, bioenergy log conversions vary by product type, and pulp and composite 

log conversions vary by sub-region. House/cabin, residential fuelwood, “other” logs, and residue 
108Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

conversions have no sources of variability. Roundwood-to-bark-residue conversions in the North vary 

by bark thickness for composite and pulp logs. Other residue types have no variability. All roundwood 

conversions in the Western Region vary by bark presence, but saw, house/cabin, and “other” log 

conversions vary by product type as well.

Board Foot Volume / Stacked Log Volume

Expected variability sources for conversions between board foot and stacked log volume are species, 

geographic area, average log dimensions, and log rule. Conversion factors in the Southern Region vary 

by species type for saw logs, veneer logs, and house/cabin logs processed into cants. In the Northern 

Region, bioenergy and industrial fuelwood logs vary by log rule and product type when converting 

to standard cords. When converting from standard cords to board feet International 1⁄4-inch, there is 

no variability. There is also no variability for conversions of saw, veneer, house/cabin, and residential 

fuelwood logs, as well as residues. There are no direct conversions of this type in the Western Region 

for roundwood, residues, or roundwood-to-residues.

Other Product Output Volume / Stacked Log Volume

Variability sources for conversions between stacked log volume and other product output volume should 

include species, geographic area, average log dimensions, and average volume per output unit. There are 

no conversions of this type in the Southern and Western Regions. In the Northern Region, conversions 

exist for pilings, poles, posts, and residential fuelwood logs. The only variability is with residential 

fuelwood when converting trees to standard cords, which varies by average tree diameter.

Peeled Stacked Log Volume / Unpeeled Stacked Log Volume

The single source of variability expected for peeled/unpeeled stacked log volume conversions is species. 

This type of conversion is only found in the Northern Region and applies to pulp and composite logs. 

For both roundwood types, factors vary by species group.

Stacked Log Volume / Weight-Based Stacked Log Volume

The expected variability sources for conversions between stacked log volume and weight-based stacked 

log volume are species, geographic area, and average log dimensions. In the Southern and Western 

Regions, there are no conversions of this type for roundwood, residue, or roundwood-to-residue. In the 

Northern Region, there are conversions for pulp and composite logs, which vary by species group, and 

for residues, which vary by species type.
109Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Conversion Factor Variability Tables

Table 56—Expected sources of variability for roundwood and residue conversion factors used in 

Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data processing

Measurement 

category 1

Measurement 

category 2 Expected sources of variabilitya

Green weight Dry weight Species, geographic area, average log dimensions

Peeled weight Unpeeled weight Species, geographic area, average log dimensions

Green or dry weight Cubic volume Species, geographic area, average log dimensions

Green or dry weight Board foot volume Species, geographic area, average log dimensions, log rule

Green or dry weight Other product output volume Species, geographic area, average log dimensions, 

average volume per output unit

Green or dry weight Peeled or unpeeled 

stacked log volume

Species, geographic area, average log dimensions

Board foot volume Board foot volume Log rule, average log dimensions

Board foot volume Other product output volume Log rule, average log dimensions, average volume 

per output unit

Cubic volume Board foot volume Species, geographic area, log rule, average log 

dimensions

Cubic volume Other product output volume Species, geographic area, average volume per output unit

Cubic volume Peeled or unpeeled 

stacked log volume

Species, geographic area, average log dimensions

Board foot volume Peeled or unpeeled 

stacked log volume

Species, geographic area, average log dimensions, log rule

Other product output 

volume

Peeled or unpeeled 

stacked log volume

Species, geographic area, average log dimensions, 

average volume per output unit

Peeled stacked volume Unpeeled stacked volume Species

Peeled or unpeeled 

stacked volume

Weight-based stacked volume Species, geographic area, average log dimensions

Roundwood volume Residue weight or volume Product type, residue typeb

a Does not include all variability sources. Includes only those currently available from regional mill surveys.

b For roundwood-to-residue conversions, additional sources of variability for each input and output measurement unit combination would be 

the same as those used for roundwood conversions.
110Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 57—Roundwood and residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, and input/output 

units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data conversions 

Roundwood 

type or 

residue Region

Input units 

of measure

Output units 

of measure Variability sources

Saw logs Northern 102-inch cord Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Saw logs Northern Board feet (log rule) Board feet (log rule) Log rule

Saw logs Northern Board feet (lumber tally) Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Saw logs Northern Cubic feet Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Saw logs Northern Cubic meters Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Saw logs Northern Green tons Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Saw logs Northern Lake States cord Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Saw logs Northern Pieces Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Product type

Saw logs Northern Standard cords Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Saw logs Southern Board feet (log rule) Board feet (log rule) Log rule, log size

Saw logs Southern Board feet (lumber tally) Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Saw logs Southern Cubic feet Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch State, species type

Saw logs Southern Dry tons Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Species type

Saw logs Southern Green tons Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Species type

Saw logs Southern Standard cords Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Species type

Saw logs Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Saw logs Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

Saw logs Western Cubic feet Green pounds None

Saw logs Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year

Saw logs Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Saw logs Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Saw logs Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence, product 

type

Saw logs Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence, product 

type

Saw logs Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence, product 

type

Veneer logs Northern 104-inch cord Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Veneer logs Northern Board feet (log rule) Board feet (log rule) Log rule

Veneer logs Northern Board feet (lumber tally) Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Veneer logs Northern Cubic feet Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Veneer logs Northern Green tons Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Veneer logs Northern Lake States cord Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Veneer logs Northern Standard cords Board feet – Int. 1⁄4 None

Veneer logs Southern Board feet (log rule) Board feet (log rule) Log rule, log size

Veneer logs Southern Board feet (lumber tally) Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Veneer logs Southern Cubic feet Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch State, species type

Veneer logs Southern Dry tons Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Species type

Veneer logs Southern Green tons Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Species type

Veneer logs Southern Standard cords Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Species type

Veneer logs Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Veneer logs Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

Veneer logs Western Cubic feet Green pounds None

Veneer logs Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year

Veneer logs Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Veneer logs Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Veneer logs Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence

Veneer logs Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence

Veneer logs Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence

Pulp mill logs Northern 4,600-pound cord Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Cubic feet Standard cords Sub-region

Pulp mill logs Northern Cubic meter Standard cords Sub-region

Pulp mill logs Northern Cunits Standard cords Sub-region

(Continued)
111Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 57 (Continued)—Roundwood and residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, 

and input/output units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data 

conversions 

Roundwood 

type or 

residue Region

Input units 

of measure

Output units 

of measure Variability sources

Pulp mill logs Northern Dry metric tonnes Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Dry tons Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Green metric tonnes Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Green tons Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Lake States cords Standard cords None

Pulp mill logs Northern Peeled dry tons Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Peeled green tons Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Peeled standard cords Standard cords Species group

Pulp mill logs Northern Standard cords Cubic feet Sub-region

Pulp mill logs Southern Green tons Standard cords Species type

Pulp mill logs Southern Standard cords Cubic feet State, species type

Pulp mill logs Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Pulp mill logs Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

Pulp mill logs Western Cubic feet Green pounds None

Pulp mill logs Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year

Pulp mill logs Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Pulp mill logs Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Pulp mill logs Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence

Pulp mill logs Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence

Pulp mill logs Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence

Composite/

engineered

Northern 4,600-pound cord Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Cubic feet Standard cords Sub-region

Composite/

engineered

Northern Cubic meter Standard cords Sub-region

Composite/

engineered

Northern Cunits Standard cords Sub-region

Composite/

engineered

Northern Dry metric tonnes Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Dry tons Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Green metric tonnes Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Green tons Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Lake States cords Standard cords None

Composite/

engineered

Northern Peeled dry tons Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Peeled green tons Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Peeled Lake States 

cords

Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Peeled metric dry tonnes Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Peeled metric green 

tonnes

Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Peeled standard cords Standard cords Species group

Composite/

engineered

Northern Standard cords Cubic feet Sub-region

(Continued)
112Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 57 (Continued)—Roundwood and residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, 

and input/output units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data 

conversions 

Roundwood 

type or 

residue Region

Input units 

of measure

Output units 

of measure Variability sources

Composite/

engineered

Southern Cubic feet Standard cords State, species type

Composite/

engineered

Southern Green tons Standard cords Species type

Composite/

engineered

Western Board feet – Scribner BDT None

Composite/

engineered

Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Composite/

engineered

Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

Composite/

engineered

Western Cubic feet Green pounds None

Composite/

engineered

Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year

Composite/

engineered

Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Composite/

engineered

Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Composite/

engineered

Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence

Composite/

engineered

Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence

Composite/

engineered

Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Northern Board feet Standard cords Log rule, product type

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Northern Board feet (lumber tally) Standard cords Product type

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Northern Cubic feet Standard cords Product type

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Northern Dry tons Standard cords None

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Northern Green tons Standard cords None

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Northern Lake States cords Standard cords None

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Northern Standard cords Board feet None

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Southern Cubic feet Standard cords Species type

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Southern Dry tons Standard cords Species type

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Southern Green tons Standard cords Species type

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Board feet – Scribner BDT None

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

(Continued)
113Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 57 (Continued)—Roundwood and residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, 

and input/output units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data 

conversions 

Roundwood 

type or 

residue Region

Input units 

of measure

Output units 

of measure Variability sources

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Cubic feet Green pounds None

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence

Bioenergy/

industrial 

fuelwood

Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence

Poles Northern Board feet Pieces Log rule

Poles Northern Board feet (lumber tally) Pieces None

Poles Northern Cubic feet Pieces None

Poles Northern Green tons Pieces None

Poles Northern Lake States cords Pieces None

Poles Northern Pieces Board feet None

Poles Northern Pieces Cubic feet None

Poles Northern Standard cords Pieces None

Poles Southern Cubic feet Pieces Log size

Poles Southern Pounds Pieces Log size

Poles Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Poles Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

Poles Western Cubic feet Green pounds None

Poles Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year

Poles Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Poles Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Poles Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence

Poles Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence

Poles Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence

Pilings Northern Board feet Linear feet Log rule

Pilings Northern Board feet (lumber tally) Linear feet None

Pilings Northern Cubic feet Linear feet None

Pilings Northern Green tons Linear feet None

Pilings Northern Lake States cords Linear feet None

Pilings Northern Linear feet Board feet None

Pilings Northern Linear feet Cubic feet None

Pilings Northern Pieces Linear feet None

Pilings Northern Standard cords Linear feet None

Pilings Southern Cubic feet Pieces Log size

Pilings Southern Pounds Pieces Log size

Pilings Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

(Continued)
114Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 57 (Continued)—Roundwood and residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, 

and input/output units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data 

conversions 

Roundwood 

type or 

residue Region

Input units 

of measure

Output units 

of measure Variability sources

Pilings Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

Pilings Western Cubic feet Green pounds None

Pilings Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year

Pilings Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Pilings Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Pilings Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence

Pilings Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence

Pilings Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence

Posts Northern Board feet Pieces Log rule

Posts Northern Board feet (lumber tally) Pieces None

Posts Northern Cubic feet Pieces None

Posts Northern Green tons Pieces None

Posts Northern Lake States cords Pieces None

Posts Northern Pieces Board feet None

Posts Northern Pieces Cubic feet None

Posts Northern Standard cords Pieces None

Posts Southern Cubic feet Pieces Log size

Posts Southern Pounds Pieces Log size

Posts Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Posts Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

Posts Western Cubic feet Green pounds None

Posts Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year

Posts Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Posts Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Posts Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence

Posts Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence

Posts Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence

House/cabin 

logs

Northern Board feet Cubic feet Log rule

House/cabin 

logs

Northern Board feet (lumber tally) Cubic feet None

House/cabin 

logs

Northern Cubic feet Board feet None

House/cabin 

logs

Northern Green tons Cubic feet None

House/cabin 

logs

Northern Lake States cords Cubic feet None

House/cabin 

logs

Northern Linear feet Cubic feet None

House/cabin 

logs

Northern Pieces Cubic feet None

House/cabin 

logs

Northern Standard cords Cubic feet None

House/cabin 

logs (cants)

Southern Board feet (log rule) Board feet (log rule) Log rule, log size

House/cabin 

logs (cants)

Southern Board feet (lumber tally) Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

House/cabin 

logs (cants)

Southern Cubic feet Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch State, species type

House/cabin 

logs (peeled)

Southern Cubic feet Pieces Log size

(Continued)
115Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 57 (Continued)—Roundwood and residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, 

and input/output units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data 

conversions 

Roundwood 

type or 

residue Region

Input units 

of measure

Output units 

of measure Variability sources

House/cabin 

logs (cants)

Southern Dry tons Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Species type

House/cabin 

logs (cants)

Southern Green tons Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Species type

House/cabin 

logs (peeled)

Southern Pounds Pieces Log size

House/cabin 

logs (cants)

Southern Standard cords Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch Species type

House/cabin 

logs

Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

House/cabin 

logs

Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

House/cabin 

logs

Western Cubic feet Green pounds Product type

House/cabin 

logs

Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year, product 

type

House/cabin 

logs

Western Cunits Cubic feet None

House/cabin 

logs

Western Cunits Cubic meter None

House/cabin 

logs

Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence, product 

type

House/cabin 

logs

Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence, product 

type

House/cabin 

logs

Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence, product 

type

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern 1/2-ton truck Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern 10x cords Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Car trunk Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Cubic feet Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Dry pounds Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Dry tons Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Face cord 4 x 8 x 12 

inches

Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Face cord 4 x 8 x 16 

inches

Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Face cord 4 x 8 x 18 

inches

Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Face cord 4 x 8 x 24 

inches

Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Green pounds Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Green tons Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Lake States cords Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Pallets Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Pieces Standard cords None

(Continued)
116Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 57 (Continued)—Roundwood and residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, 

and input/output units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data 

conversions 

Roundwood 

type or 

residue Region

Input units 

of measure

Output units 

of measure Variability sources

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Small bundle Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Small car trunk Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Small hatchback Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Small truck Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Small van Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Small wagon Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Standard cords Cubic feet None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Standard cords Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Station wagon Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Suburban Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Trees Standard cords Average tree diameter

Residential 

fuelwood

Northern Van Standard cords None

Residential 

fuelwood

Southern Cubic feet Standard cords Species type

Residential 

fuelwood

Southern Green tons Standard cords Species type

Residential 

fuelwood

Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Residential 

fuelwood

Western Cubic feet Dry pounds None

Residential 

fuelwood

Western Cubic feet Green pounds None

Residential 

fuelwood

Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year

Residential 

fuelwood

Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Residential 

fuelwood

Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Residential 

fuelwood

Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence

Residential 

fuelwood

Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence

Residential 

fuelwood

Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence

Other 

products

Northern Board feet Cubic feet Log rule

Other 

products

Northern Board feet (lumber tally) Cubic feet None

Other 

products

Northern Cubic feet Board feet None

Other 

products

Northern Cubic yards Cubic feet None

Other 

products

Northern Green tons Cubic feet None

(Continued)
117Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 57 (Continued)—Roundwood and residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, 

and input/output units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data 

conversions 

Roundwood 

type or 

residue Region

Input units 

of measure

Output units 

of measure Variability sources

Other 

products

Northern Lake States cords Cubic feet None

Other 

products

Northern Lath bundle Cubic feet Pieces per bundle

Other 

products

Northern Linear feet Cubic feet None

Other 

products

Northern Pieces Cubic feet None

Other 

products

Northern Standard cords Cubic feet None

Other 

products

Southern Green tons Cubic feet Species type

Other 

products

Western Board feet – Scribner Board feet – International 1⁄4-inch None

Other 

products

Western Cubic feet Dry pounds Product type

Other 

products

Western Cubic feet Green pounds Product type

Other 

products

Western Cubic feet Board feet – Scribner State, survey year, product 

type

Other 

products

Western Cunits Cubic feet None

Other 

products

Western Cunits Cubic meter None

Other 

products

Western Standard cords Green pounds Bark presence, product 

type

Other 

products

Western Standard cords Green tons Bark presence, product 

type

Other 

products

Western Standard cords Cubic feet Bark presence, product 

type

Residues Northern 1,000 green pounds Standard cords Species type

Residues Northern 4,600-pound cord Standard cords Species type

Residues Northern Cubic feet Standard cords None

Residues Northern Cubic meter Standard cords None

Residues Northern Cunits Standard cords None

Residues Northern Dry metric tonnes Standard cords None

Residues Northern Dry tons Standard cords None

Residues Northern Green metric tonnes Standard cords Species type

Residues Northern Green tons Standard cords Species type

Residues Northern Lake States cords Standard cords None

Residues Northern Standard cords Cubic feet None

Residues Northern Standard cords Board feet None

Residues Southern Green tons Dry tons None

Residues Southern Green tons Standard cords Species type

Residues Southern Standard cords Cubic feet State, species type

Residues Western 200 CFU BDU Residue type

Residues Western 200 CFU Pounds Residue type

Residues Western 200 CFU Cubic feet (SWE) Residue type

Residues Western BDU Green tons None

Residues Western BDU Pounds None

Residues Western BDU Cubic feet (SWE) None

Residues Western BDU Cubic yards (SWE) None

Residues Western BDU BDT None
118Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 58—Roundwood-to-residue variability sources by region, roundwood type, residue type, and 

roundwood/residue units of measure for Forest Inventory and Analysis Timber Product Output data 

conversionsa

Region Roundwood type Residue type

Input units 

of measure

Residue units 

of measure Variability sources

Northern Saw logs Bark MBF Green/dry tons, cubic feet Bark thickness

Northern Saw logs Coarse MBF Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Northern Saw logs Fine MBF Green/dry tons, cubic feet Product source

Southern Saw logs Bark MBF Green tons State, species type

Southern Saw logs Coarse MBF Green tons State, species type

Southern Saw logs Fine (sawdust) MBF Green tons State, species type

Southern Saw logs Fine (shavings) MBF Green tons Species type

Western Saw logs Bark MBF BDU State, survey year

Western Saw logs Coarse MBF BDU State, survey year

Western Saw logs Fine (sawdust) MBF BDU State, survey year

Western Saw logs Fine (shavings) MBF BDU State, survey year

Northern Veneer logs Bark MBF Green/dry tons, cubic feet Bark thickness

Northern Veneer logs Coarse MBF Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Northern Veneer logs Fine MBF Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Southern Veneer logs All Types MBF Green tons State, species type

Northern Pulp mill logs Bark Standard cords Green/dry tons, cubic feet Bark thickness

Northern Pulp mill logs Fine Standard cords Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Southern Pulp mill logs Bark MCF Green tons Species type

Northern Composite/ 

engineered

Bark Standard cords Green/dry tons, cubic feet Bark thickness

Northern Composite/ 

engineered

Fine Standard cords Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Southern Composite/ 

engineered

Bark Standard cords Green tons State, species type

Southern Bioenergy/ industrial 

fuelwood

Bark MCF Green tons Species type

Northern Poles Bark Pieces Green/dry tons, cubic feet Bark thickness

Northern Poles Coarse Pieces Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Northern Poles Fine Pieces Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Southern Poles Bark C-pieces Green tons None

Southern Poles Coarse C-pieces Green tons Species type

Northern Pilings Bark MLF Green/dry tons, cubic feet Bark thickness

Northern Pilings Coarse MLF Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Northern Pilings Fine MLF Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Southern Pilings Bark C-pieces Green tons None

Southern Pilings Coarse C-pieces Green tons Species type

Northern Posts Bark M-pieces Green/dry tons, cubic feet Bark thickness

Northern Posts Coarse M-pieces Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Northern Posts Fine M-pieces Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Southern Posts Bark M-pieces Green tons None

Northern House/cabin logs Bark MCF Green/dry tons, cubic feet Bark thickness

Northern House/cabin logs Coarse MCF Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Northern House/cabin logs Fine MCF Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Southern House/cabin logs Bark C-pieces Green tons None

Southern House/cabin logs Coarse C-pieces Green tons Species type

Northern Other products Bark MCF Green/dry tons, cubic feet Bark thickness

Northern Other products Coarse MCF Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Northern Other products Fine MCF Green/dry tons, cubic feet None

Southern Other products Bark MCF Green tons Species type

a The Western Region has roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for saw logs only.
119Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 59—Inter-State percentage differences in saw log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used in 

the Southern Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

Species 

type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

AL

Hardwood 3.7% 3.0% 1.8% 1.2% 0.6% 0.0% 2.4% 1.8% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 0.6%

Softwood 1.2% 1.2% 0.6% 1.2% 1.2% 0.6% 2.4% 0.6% 0.6% 1.2% 0.6% 2.4%

AR

Hardwood 6.7% 5.5% 2.5% 4.3% 3.7% 6.1% 5.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 3.1%

Softwood 0.0% 0.6% 2.4% 0.0% 0.6% 1.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% 1.2%

FL

Hardwood 1.2% 4.2% 2.4% 3.0% 0.6% 1.2% 4.2% 4.2% 4.2% 3.6%

Softwood 0.6% 2.4% 0.0% 0.6% 1.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% 1.2%

GA

Hardwood 3.0% 1.2% 1.8% 0.6% 0.0% 3.0% 3.0% 3.0% 2.4%

Softwood 1.8% 0.6% 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 1.8%

KY

Hardwood 1.8% 1.2% 3.6% 3.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%

Softwood 2.4% 1.8% 3.6% 1.8% 1.8% 2.4% 1.8% 3.6%

LA

Hardwood 0.6% 1.8% 1.2% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% 1.2%

Softwood 0.6% 1.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% 1.2%

MS

Hardwood 2.4% 1.8% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 0.6%

Softwood 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 1.8%

NC

Hardwood 0.6% 3.6% 3.6% 3.6% 3.0%

Softwood 1.8% 1.8% 1.2% 1.8% 0.0%

OK

Hardwood 3.0% 3.0% 3.0% 2.4%

Softwood 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 1.8%

SC

Hardwood 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%

Softwood 0.6% 0.0% 1.8%

TN

Hardwood 0.0% 0.6%

Softwood 0.6% 1.2%

TX

Hardwood 0.6%

Softwood 1.8%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

Table 60—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly saw log conversion factors (MCF 

to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK 4.2% 2.4% 10.6% 17.4% 34.8% 7.9% 4.6% 25.9% 5.6% 27.1% 6.0%

AZ 6.5% 14.8% 21.5% 38.8% 12.1% 0.4% 30.0% 9.8% 31.2% 10.2%

CA 8.2% 15.0% 32.5% 5.6% 7.0% 23.6% 3.2% 24.8% 3.7%

CO 6.8% 24.4% 2.7% 15.2% 15.4% 5.0% 16.6% 4.6%

ID 17.7% 9.5% 21.9% 8.7% 11.8% 9.9% 11.3%

MT 27.0% 39.2% 9.0% 29.3% 7.8% 28.9%

NV 12.5% 18.1% 2.3% 19.3% 1.9%

NM 30.4% 10.2% 31.6% 10.6%

OR 20.4% 1.2% 20.0%

UT 21.6% 0.4%

WA 21.2%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
120Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 61—Inter-State percentage differences in veneer log conversion factors (MCF to MBF) 

used in the Southern Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

Species 

type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

AL

Hardwood 3.7% 1.8% 1.2% 1.2% 2.5% 1.2% 1.8% 5.0% 1.2% 1.8% 1.2% 0.6%

Softwood 1.2% 0.6% 0.6% 1.8% 1.2% 0.6% 1.8% 0.6% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.8%

AR

Hardwood 5.5% 2.5% 2.5% 1.3% 2.5% 5.5% 1.3% 2.5% 1.9% 2.5% 3.1%

Softwood 0.6% 0.6% 3.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%

FL

Hardwood 3.0% 3.0% 4.3% 3.0% 0.0% 6.8% 3.0% 3.6% 3.0% 2.4%

Softwood 0.0% 2.4% 0.6% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 1.2%

GA

Hardwood 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 3.0% 3.8% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.6%

Softwood 2.4% 0.6% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 1.2%

KY

Hardwood 1.2% 0.0% 3.0% 3.8% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.6%

Softwood 3.0% 2.4% 3.6% 2.4% 3.0% 3.0% 3.0% 3.6%

LA

Hardwood 1.2% 4.3% 2.5% 1.2% 0.6% 1.2% 1.8%

Softwood 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%

MS

Hardwood 3.0% 3.8% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.6%

Softwood 1.2% 0.0% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 1.2%

NC

Hardwood 6.8% 3.0% 3.6% 3.0% 2.4%

Softwood 1.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.0%

OK

Hardwood 3.8% 3.1% 3.8% 4.4%

Softwood 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 1.2%

SC

Hardwood 0.6% 0.0% 0.6%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%

TN

Hardwood 0.6% 1.2%

Softwood 0.0% 0.6%

TX

Hardwood 0.6%

Softwood 0.6%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

Table 62—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly veneer log conversion factors 

(MCF to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

AZ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

CA NA 10.9% 0.5% NA NA 9.4% NA 7.0% 8.0%

CO NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

ID 11.3% NA NA 20.2% NA 17.8% 18.8%

MT NA NA 8.9% NA 6.5% 7.5%

NV NA NA NA NA NA

NM NA NA NA NA

OR NA 2.4% 1.4%

UT NA NA

WA 1.0%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
121Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 63—Inter-State percentage differences in pulp mill log conversion factors (standard 

cords to MBF) used in the Southern Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

Species 

type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

AL

Hardwood 1.4% 0.7% 2.5% 1.2% 0.7% 0.7% 2.0% 1.4% 6.7% 1.4% 6.7% 1.1%

Softwood 0.6% 1.3% 0.0% 0.4% 1.3% 0.5% 0.7% 0.0% 2.6% 0.0% 2.6% 0.9%

AR

Hardwood 2.1% 1.0% 0.3% 2.1% 2.1% 0.5% 0.0% 8.2% 0.0% 8.2% 0.4%

Softwood 2.0% 0.6% 0.3% 2.0% 1.2% 1.3% 0.6% 3.3% 0.6% 3.3% 1.6%

FL

Hardwood 3.1% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 2.6% 2.1% 6.0% 2.1% 6.0% 1.7%

Softwood 1.3% 1.7% 0.0% 0.8% 0.7% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 0.4%

GA

Hardwood 1.3% 3.1% 3.1% 0.5% 1.0% 9.2% 1.0% 9.2% 1.4%

Softwood 0.4% 1.3% 0.5% 0.7% 0.0% 2.6% 0.0% 2.6% 0.9%

KY

Hardwood 1.8% 1.8% 0.8% 0.3% 7.9% 0.3% 7.9% 0.1%

Softwood 1.7% 0.9% 1.0% 0.4% 3.0% 0.4% 3.0% 1.3%

LA

Hardwood 0.0% 2.6% 2.1% 6.0% 2.1% 6.0% 1.7%

Softwood 0.8% 0.7% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 0.4%

MS

Hardwood 2.6% 2.1% 6.0% 2.1% 6.0% 1.7%

Softwood 0.1% 0.5% 2.1% 0.5% 2.1% 0.4%

NC

Hardwood 0.5% 8.7% 0.5% 8.7% 0.9%

Softwood 0.7% 2.0% 0.7% 2.0% 0.3%

OK

Hardwood 8.2% 0.0% 8.2% 0.4%

Softwood 2.6% 0.0% 2.6% 0.9%

SC

Hardwood 8.2% 0.0% 7.8%

Softwood 2.6% 0.0% 1.7%

TN

Hardwood 8.2% 0.4%

Softwood 2.6% 0.9%

TX

Hardwood 7.8%

Softwood 1.7%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
122Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 64—Mean, ranges, maximum percentage difference from the mean (PDM), and 

number of observations for species group conversion factors used to convert pulp mill 

logs to standard cords in the Northern Region of the United States

Input unit 

of measure

Species 

type Mean Lower Upper PDM max N

Green tons

Hardwood 0.409770 0.344400 0.516700 26.1% 23

Softwood 0.465207 0.395600 0.632900 36.0% 15

Dry tons

Hardwood 0.768421 0.592160 1.033400 34.5% 23

Softwood 0.907483 0.772380 1.265800 39.5% 16

Green metric tonnes

Hardwood 0.451690 0.379630 0.569560 26.1% 23

Softwood 0.515291 0.436070 0.697650 35.4% 16

Dry metric tonnes

Hardwood 0.847030 0.652740 1.139120 34.5% 23

Softwood 1.000317 0.851390 1.395290 39.5% 16

4,600-pound cord

Hardwood 0.942463 0.792100 1.188400 26.1% 23

Softwood 1.075163 0.909900 1.455700 35.4% 16

Peeled dry tons

Hardwood 0.854151 0.438470 1.233790 48.7% 21

Softwood 1.099098 0.882810 1.430380 30.1% 10

Peeled green tons

Hardwood 0.452833 0.257920 0.616890 43.0% 22

Softwood 0.559559 0.477100 0.715190 27.8% 11

Peeled metric green tonnes

Hardwood 0.498667 0.284310 0.680000 43.0% 21

Softwood 0.616367 0.525900 0.788350 27.9% 10

Peeled metric dry tonnes

Hardwood 0.941532 0.483330 1.360010 48.7% 21

Softwood 1.211538 0.973130 1.576710 30.1% 10

Peeled Lake States cords

Hardwood 1.193170 1.114,600 1.281300 7.4% 23

Softwood 1.231031 1.177100 1.310500 6.5% 16

Peeled standard cords

Hardwood 1.145409 1.070000 1.230000 7.4% 23

Softwood 1.181750 1.130000 1.258000 6.5% 16
123Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 65—Species groups associated with lower and upper ranges and maximum percentage 

difference from the mean (PDM) for conversion factors used to convert pulp mill logs to standard 

cords in the Northern Region of the United Statesa

Input unit

 of measure

Species 

type Lower Upper

Green tons

Hardwood Red oak Basswood

Softwood Tamarack/larch Cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar)

Dry tons

Hardwood Hickory Basswood

Softwood Tamarack/larch Cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar)

Green metric tonnes

Hardwood Red oak Basswood

Softwood Tamarack/larch Cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar)

Dry metric tonnes

Hardwood Hickory Basswood

Softwood Tamarack/larch Cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar)

4,600-pound cord

Hardwood Red oak Basswood

Softwood Cypress, loblolly/shortleaf, 

Longleaf/slash

Cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar)

Peeled dry tons

Hardwood Ash Basswood

Softwood Tamarack/larch Cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar)

Peeled green tons

Hardwood Ash Basswood

Softwood Loblolly/shortleaf Cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar)

Peeled metric green tonnes

Hardwood Ash Basswood

Softwood Loblolly/shortleaf Cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar)

Peeled metric dry tonnes

Hardwood Ash Basswood

Softwood Tamarack/larch Cedar/juniper (northern white-cedar)

Peeled Lake States cords

Hardwood Beech White oak

Softwood Cypress, cedar/juniper Hemlock

Peeled standard cords

Hardwood Beech White oak

Softwood Cypress, cedar/juniper Hemlock

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
124Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 66—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly pulp mill log conversion factors and 

composite panel/engineered wood product logs (MCF to MBF) used in the Western Region of the 

United Statesa

State 1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK NA 59.2% 70.2% 49.5% 56.9% NA 127.4% 59.6% 76.7% 57.4% NA

AZ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

CA 12.3% 10.4% 2.5% NA 84.1% 0.5% 19.8% 1.9% NA

CO 22.6% 14.8% NA 73.7% 11.8% 7.5% 14.2% NA

ID 7.9% NA 92.4% 10.9% 30.0% 8.5% NA

MT NA 86.1% 3.0% 22.3% 0.6% NA

NV NA NA NA NA NA

NM 83.7% 67.1% 85.7% NA

OR 19.3% 2.4% NA

UT 21.7% NA

WA NA

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

Table 67—Inter-State percentage differences in conversion factors (MCF to standard cords) for logs 

manufactured into composite panels or engineered wood products in the Southern Region of the 

United Statesa

State 

1

Species 

type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

AL

Hardwood 3.5% 1.3% 1.3% 3.2% 1.3% 1.3% 3.5% 3.5% 4.8% 1.9% 4.8% 3.1%

Softwood 0.9% 0.5% 0.3% 0.1% 1.0% 2.4% 1.0% 1.0% 0.6% 1.2% 0.6% 0.1%

AR

Hardwood 2.1% 2.1% 0.3% 2.1% 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% 8.3% 5.4% 8.3% 0.4%

Softwood 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 0.1% 3.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 1.0%

FL

Hardwood 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% 2.1% 6.2% 3.3% 6.2% 1.7%

Softwood 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 2.9% 0.5% 0.5% 0.1% 0.6% 0.1% 0.6%

GA

Hardwood 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% 2.1% 6.2% 3.3% 6.2% 1.7%

Softwood 0.1% 0.8% 2.6% 0.8% 0.8% 0.4% 0.9% 0.4% 0.4%

KY

Hardwood 1.8% 1.8% 0.3% 0.3% 8.0% 5.1% 8.0% 0.1%

Softwood 0.9% 2.5% 0.9% 0.9% 0.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.3%

LA

Hardwood 0.0% 2.1% 2.1% 6.2% 3.3% 6.2% 1.7%

Softwood 3.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.1% 0.4% 1.2%

MS

Hardwood 2.1% 2.1% 6.2% 3.3% 6.2% 1.7%

Softwood 3.4% 3.4% 3.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.2%

NC

Hardwood 0.0% 8.3% 5.4% 8.3% 0.4%

Softwood 0.0% 0.4% 0.1% 0.4% 1.2%

OK

Hardwood 8.3% 5.4% 8.3% 0.4%

Softwood 0.4% 0.1% 0.4% 1.2%

SC

Hardwood 2.9% 0.0% 7.9%

Softwood 0.5% 0.0% 0.8%

TN

Hardwood 2.9% 5.0%

Softwood 0.5% 1.3%

TX

Hardwood 7.9%

Softwood 0.8%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
125Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 68—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly energywood log conversion factors 

(MCF to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK 90.1% 120.4% 37.6% 30.7% 47.1% 88.8% NA 45.8% NA 41.6% 82.7%

AZ 41.6% 57.3% 63.8% 48.1% 1.6% NA 49.4% NA 53.5% 9.1%

CA 93.3% 98.9% 85.4% 43.1% NA 86.5% NA 90.1% 50.2%

CO 7.2% 9.9% 55.8% NA 8.5% NA 4.1% 48.9%

ID 17.1% 62.4% NA 15.7% NA 11.3% 55.6%

MT 46.5% NA 1.4% NA 5.8% 39.4%

NV NA 47.9% NA 52.0% 7.5%

NM NA NA NA NA

OR NA 4.5% 40.8%

UT NA NA

WA 45.0%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

Table 69—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly post and pole log conversion factors 

(MCF to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

AZ 111.9% 28.1% 34.1% 26.8% 22.0% 10.9% 90.0% 42.0% 92.2% 41.2%

CA 91.0% 86.0% 92.0% 95.8% 119.2% 29.3% 79.3% 26.7% 80.0%

CO 6.2% 1.3% 6.2% 38.7% 66.1% 14.3% 68.5% 13.5%

ID 7.5% 12.3% 44.6% 60.5% 8.1% 63.0% 7.3%

MT 4.9% 37.5% 67.2% 15.6% 69.6% 14.8%

NV 32.7% 71.5% 20.4% 73.9% 19.6%

NM 98.5% 52.3% 100.5% 51.5%

OR 53.0% 2.7% 53.8%

UT 55.6% 0.8%

WA 56.3%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

Table 70—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly utility pole and piling roundwood 

conversion factors (MCF to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

AZ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

CA NA 24.5% NA NA 32.5% 19.5% NA 14.1% 3.4%

CO NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

ID NA NA 8.2% 5.1% NA 10.5% 21.1%

MT NA NA NA NA NA NA

NV NA NA NA NA NA

NM 13.3% NA 18.7% 29.2%

OR NA 5.4% 16.1%

UT NA NA

WA 10.7%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
126Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 71—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly house/cabin log conversion factors 

(MCF to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK 3.8% 16.7% 11.1% 22.2% 14.5% NA 14.4% 25.3% 9.6% 15.6% 5.1%

AZ 12.9% 7.3% 18.4% 10.7% NA 10.6% 21.5% 5.8% 11.8% 1.3%

CA 5.6% 5.6% 2.2% NA 2.3% 8.7% 7.1% 1.1% 11.6%

CO 11.2% 3.4% NA 3.3% 14.3% 1.4% 4.5% 6.0%

ID 7.8% NA 7.9% 3.1% 12.6% 6.7% 17.2%

MT NA 0.1% 10.9% 4.9% 1.1% 9.4%

NV NA NA NA NA NA

NM 11.0% 4.8% 1.2% 9.3%

OR 15.7% 9.8% 20.3%

UT 5.9% 4.6%

WA 10.5%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

Table 72—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly viga/latilla log conversion factors 

(MCF to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

AZ NA 48.7% NA NA NA 32.7% NA NA NA 36.5%

CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

CO NA NA NA 16.6% NA NA NA 12.8%

ID NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

MT NA NA NA NA NA NA

NV NA NA NA NA NA

NM NA NA NA 3.8%

OR NA NA NA

UT NA NA

WA NA

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

Table 73—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly firewood log conversion factors (MCF 

to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State

1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK 32.5% 4.3% 44.7% 40.4% 43.9% 66.1% 51.1% 14.8% 35.9% 20.5% 33.3%

AZ 36.6% 12.7% 8.2% 11.9% 35.5% 19.5% 17.9% 3.5% 12.2% 0.8%

CA 48.7% 44.5% 48.0% 69.9% 55.1% 19.1% 40.1% 24.7% 37.4%

CO 4.5% 0.8% 23.1% 6.9% 30.3% 9.1% 24.7% 11.8%

ID 3.7% 27.5% 11.4% 25.9% 4.6% 20.3% 7.3%

MT 23.9% 7.6% 29.6% 8.4% 24.0% 11.1%

NV 16.3% 52.5% 32.1% 47.2% 34.7%

NM 37.0% 16.0% 31.5% 18.7%

OR 21.4% 5.7% 18.7%

UT 15.7% 2.7%

WA 13.0%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
127Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 74—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly furniture log conversion factors (MCF 

to MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK 96.3% 43.0% 34.0% 16.5% 28.9% NA 95.6% 11.2% 22.4% 16.4% 92.9%

AZ 126.3% 67.8% 83.1% 72.5% NA 0.9% 104.7% 78.1% 83.2% 4.4%

CA 74.3% 58.5% 69.7% NA 125.7% 32.2% 63.9% 58.4% 123.6%

CO 17.8% 5.3% NA 67.0% 44.8% 11.8% 17.9% 63.9%

ID 12.5% NA 82.3% 27.6% 6.0% 0.1% 79.4%

MT NA 71.6% 39.8% 6.5% 12.6% 68.6%

NV NA NA NA NA NA

NM 104.0% 77.3% 82.4% 3.5%

OR 33.4% 27.5% 101.4%

UT 6.1% 74.3%

WA 79.5%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

Table 75—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly cedar log conversion factors (MCF to 

MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK NA 2.5% NA 42.5% 33.7% NA NA 28.5% NA 31.9% 41.9%

AZ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

CA NA 44.9% 36.2% NA NA 31.0% NA 34.4% 44.3%

CO NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

ID 9.1% NA NA 14.4% NA 10.9% 0.6%

MT NA NA 5.3% NA 1.9% 8.4%

NV NA NA NA NA NA

NM NA NA NA NA

OR NA 3.5% 13.7%

UT NA NA

WA 10.3%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

able 76—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly fiber log conversion factors (MCF to 

MBF) used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

AZ 85.7% 19.2% 2.8% NA 19.8% 27.9% 10.8% 9.8% 20.5% 4.9%

CA 100.7% 83.4% NA 68.9% 61.5% 76.7% 93.5% 68.2% 81.7%

CO 22.0% NA 38.6% 46.5% 29.8% 9.4% 39.3% 24.0%

ID NA 17.0% 25.1% 8.0% 12.6% 17.7% 2.1%

MT NA NA NA NA NA NA

NV 8.3% 9.0% 29.4% 0.7% 14.9%

NM 17.2% 37.4% 7.5% 23.1%

OR 20.5% 9.7% 5.9%

UT 30.1% 14.7%

WA 15.6%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
128Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 77—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly log conversion factors 

(MCF to MBF) for other logs used in the Western Region of the United Statesa

State 1

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK 104.5% 19.4% 70.9% 59.7% 70.6% NA 96.8% 19.1% 69.5% NA 51.6%

AZ 89.6% 41.2% 53.1% 41.6% NA 10.4% 89.9% 42.8% NA 61.2%

CA 53.3% 41.5% 52.9% NA 81.1% 0.3% 51.8% NA 32.9%

CO 12.5% 0.4% NA 31.2% 53.6% 1.7% NA 21.3%

ID 12.1% NA 43.3% 41.8% 10.9% NA 8.8%

MT NA 31.6% 53.2% 1.3% NA 20.9%

NV NA NA NA NA NA

NM 81.4% 32.8% NA 51.6%

OR 52.1% NA 33.3%

UT NA 19.7%

WA NA

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

Table 78—Inter-State percentage differences in residue conversion factors (standard cords to MCF) 

in the Southern Region of the United Statesa

State 1

Species 

type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

AL

Hardwood 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% 6.2% 2.1% 0.0% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 1.5%

Softwood 0.0% 2.2% 0.0% 1.0% 2.2% 5.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0%

AR

Hardwood 2.1% 2.1% 0.7% 2.1% 8.3% 0.0% 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7%

Softwood 2.2% 0.0% 1.0% 2.2% 5.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0%

FL

Hardwood 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% 6.2% 2.1% 0.0% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 1.5%

Softwood 2.2% 3.1% 0.0% 3.4% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 3.1%

GA

Hardwood 1.5% 0.0% 6.2% 2.1% 0.0% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 1.5%

Softwood 1.0% 2.2% 5.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0%

KY

Hardwood 1.5% 7.6% 0.7% 1.5% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.0%

Softwood 3.1% 6.6% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.0%

LA

Hardwood 6.2% 2.1% 0.0% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 1.5%

Softwood 3.4% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 3.1%

MS

Hardwood 8.3% 6.2% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 7.6%

Softwood 5.6% 5.6% 5.6% 5.6% 5.6% 6.6%

NC

Hardwood 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0%

OK

Hardwood 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 1.5%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0%

SC

Hardwood 0.0% 0.0% 0.7%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0% 1.0%

TN

Hardwood 0.0% 0.7%

Softwood 0.0% 1.0%

TX

Hardwood 0.7%

Softwood 1.0%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
129Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 79—Inter-State percentage differences in roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for saw logs (MBF to 

green tons) in the Southern Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

Residue 

typeb

Species 

Type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

AL Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

AR Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

FL Bark

Hardwood 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

GA Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

KY Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

LA Bark

Hardwood 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

MS Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

NC Bark

Hardwood 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

OK Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

SC Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

TN Bark

Hardwood 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0%

TX Bark

Hardwood 0.0%

Softwood 0.0%

AL Coarse

Hardwood 10.6% 3.1% 0.0% 5.4% 3.1% 0.0% 10.6% 10.6% 8.8% 10.6% 10.6% 5.4%

Softwood 5.0% 3.0% 0.0% 13.1% 3.0% 0.0% 5.0% 5.0% 17.6% 5.0% 5.0% 13.1%

AR Coarse

Hardwood 7.5% 10.6% 5.2% 7.5% 10.6% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 5.2%

Softwood 1.9% 5.0% 8.2% 1.9% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 12.7% 0.0% 0.0% 8.2%

FL Coarse

Hardwood 3.1% 2.3% 0.0% 3.1% 7.5% 7.5% 5.7% 7.5% 7.5% 2.3%

Softwood 3.0% 10.1% 0.0% 3.0% 1.9% 1.9% 14.6% 1.9% 1.9% 10.1%

GA Coarse

Hardwood 5.4% 3.1% 0.0% 10.6% 10.6% 8.8% 10.6% 10.6% 5.4%

Softwood 13.1% 3.0% 0.0% 5.0% 5.0% 17.6% 5.0% 5.0% 13.1%

KY Coarse

Hardwood 2.3% 5.4% 5.2% 5.2% 3.4% 5.2% 5.2% 0.0%

Softwood 10.1% 13.1% 8.2% 8.2% 4.5% 8.2% 8.2% 0.0%

LA Coarse

Hardwood 3.1% 7.5% 7.5% 5.7% 7.5% 7.5% 2.3%

Softwood 3.0% 1.9% 1.9% 14.6% 1.9% 1.9% 10.1%

MS Coarse

Hardwood 10.6% 10.6% 8.8% 10.6% 10.6% 5.4%

Softwood 5.0% 5.0% 17.6% 5.0% 5.0% 13.1%

NC Coarse

Hardwood 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 5.2%

Softwood 0.0% 12.7% 0.0% 0.0% 8.2%

OK Coarse

Hardwood 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 5.2%

Softwood 12.7% 0.0% 0.0% 8.2%

SC Coarse

Hardwood 1.8% 1.8% 3.4%

Softwood 12.7% 12.7% 4.5%

TN Coarse

Hardwood 0.0% 5.2%

Softwood 0.0% 8.2%

(Continued)
130Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 79 (Continued)—Inter-State percentage differences in roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for saw logs 

(MBF to green tons) in the Southern Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

Residue 

typeb

Species 

Type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

TX Coarse

Hardwood 5.2%

Softwood 8.2%

AL Sawdust

Hardwood 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%

Softwood 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%

AR Sawdust

Hardwood 7.5% 7.5% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 16.8% 16.8% 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

FL Sawdust

Hardwood 0.0% 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%

Softwood 0.0% 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%

GA Sawdust

Hardwood 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%

Softwood 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%

KY Sawdust

Hardwood 7.5% 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 16.8% 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

LA Sawdust

Hardwood 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%

Softwood 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%

MS Sawdust

Hardwood 7.5% 7.5% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%

Softwood 16.8% 16.8% 0.0% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%

NC Sawdust

Hardwood 0.0% 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

OK Sawdust

Hardwood 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 16.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

SC Sawdust

Hardwood 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%

Softwood 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%

TN Sawdust

Hardwood 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0%

TX Sawdust

Hardwood 0.0%

Softwood 0.0%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.

b Shavings are not included in the table as conversion factors only vary by species type.
131Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 80—Inter-State percentage differences in roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for veneer logs (MBF to 

green tons) in the Southern Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

Residue 

type

Species 

type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

AL Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

AR Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

FL Bark

Hardwood 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

GA Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

KY Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

LA Bark

Hardwood 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

MS Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 13.0% 0.0% 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 29.2% 29.2% 0.0% 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

NC Bark

Hardwood 0.0% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

OK Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 29.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

SC Bark

Hardwood 13.0% 13.0% 13.0%

Softwood 29.2% 29.2% 29.2%

TN Bark

Hardwood 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0%

TX Bark

Hardwood 0.0%

Softwood 0.0%

AL Coarse

Hardwood 60.0% 3.1% 0.0% 60.0% 3.1% 0.0% 60.0% 60.0% 8.8% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

Softwood 3.5% 3.0% 0.0% 3.5% 3.0% 0.0% 3.5% 3.5% 17.6% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%

AR Coarse

Hardwood 62.7% 60.0% 0.0% 62.7% 60.0% 0.0% 0.0% 67.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 6.5% 3.5% 0.0% 6.5% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 21.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

FL Coarse

Hardwood 3.1% 62.7% 0.0% 3.1% 62.7% 62.7% 5.7% 62.7% 62.7% 62.7%

Softwood 3.0% 6.5% 0.0% 3.0% 6.5% 6.5% 14.6% 6.5% 6.5% 6.5%

GA Coarse

Hardwood 60.0% 3.1% 0.0% 60.0% 60.0% 8.8% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

Softwood 3.5% 3.0% 0.0% 3.5% 3.5% 17.6% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%

KY Coarse

Hardwood 62.7% 60.0% 0.0% 0.0% 67.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 6.5% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 21.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

LA Coarse

Hardwood 3.1% 62.7% 62.7% 5.7% 62.7% 62.7% 62.7%

Softwood 3.0% 6.5% 6.5% 14.6% 6.5% 6.5% 6.5%

MS Coarse

Hardwood 60.0% 60.0% 8.8% 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

Softwood 3.5% 3.5% 17.6% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%

NC Coarse

Hardwood 0.0% 67.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 21.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

OK Coarse

Hardwood 67.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 21.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

SC Coarse

Hardwood 67.8% 67.8% 67.8%

Softwood 21.0% 21.0% 21.0%

TN Coarse

Hardwood 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0%

(Continued)
132Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 80 (Continued)—Inter-State percentage differences in roundwood-to-residue conversion factors for veneer 

logs (MBF to green tons) in the Southern Region of the United Statesa

State 

1

Residue 

type

Species 

type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

TX Coarse

Hardwood 0.0%

Softwood 0.0%

AL Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 112.3%

Softwood 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 75.3%

AR Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 112.3% 112.3% 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 75.3% 75.3% 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

FL Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 0.0% 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 112.3%

Softwood 0.0% 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 75.3%

GA Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 112.3%

Softwood 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 75.3%

KY Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 112.3% 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 75.3% 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

LA Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 112.3%

Softwood 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 75.3%

MS Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 112.3% 112.3% 0.0% 112.3% 112.3% 112.3%

Softwood 75.3% 75.3% 0.0% 75.3% 75.3% 75.3%

NC Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 0.0% 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

OK Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 112.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 75.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

SC Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 112.3% 112.3% 112.3%

Softwood 75.3% 75.3% 75.3%

TN Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 0.0% 0.0%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0%

TX Sawdust/ 

shavings

Hardwood 0.0%

Softwood 0.0%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
133Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 81—Inter-State percentage differences in roundwood-to-bark residue conversion factors for 

composite panel/engineered wood product logs (standard cords to green tons) in the Southern Region of 

the United Statesa

State 

1

Species 

type

State 2

AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC TN TX VA

AL

Hardwood 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2% 2.2% 6.2% 2.2% 2.2% 1.4%

Softwood 0.0% 2.2% 0.0% 0.9% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9%

AR

Hardwood 2.2% 2.2% 0.8% 2.2% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 8.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8%

Softwood 2.2% 0.0% 0.9% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9%

FL

Hardwood 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2% 2.2% 6.2% 2.2% 2.2% 1.4%

Softwood 2.2% 3.1% 0.0% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 3.5% 2.2% 2.2% 3.1%

GA

Hardwood 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2% 2.2% 6.2% 2.2% 2.2% 1.4%

Softwood 0.9% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9%

KY

Hardwood 1.5% 1.5% 0.8% 0.8% 7.6% 0.8% 0.8% 0.0%

Softwood 3.1% 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 6.6% 0.9% 0.9% 0.0%

LA

Hardwood 0.0% 2.2% 2.2% 6.2% 2.2% 2.2% 1.4%

Softwood 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 3.5% 2.2% 2.2% 3.1%

MS

Hardwood 2.2% 2.2% 6.2% 2.2% 2.2% 1.4%

Softwood 0.0% 0.0% 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9%

NC

Hardwood 0.0% 8.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8%

Softwood 0.0% 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9%

OK

Hardwood 8.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8%

Softwood 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9%

SC

Hardwood 8.4% 8.4% 7.6%

Softwood 5.7% 5.7% 6.6%

TN

Hardwood 0.0% 0.8%

Softwood 0.0% 0.9%

TX

Hardwood 0.8%

Softwood 0.9%

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
134Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities CONVERSION FACTOR VARIABILITY

Table 82—Inter-State percentage differences in average yearly roundwood-to-residue conversion factors 

(MBF lumber tally to BDU) for western sawmillsa

State 

1

Residue 

type

State 2

AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY

AK

Bark 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 17.4% 21.7% NA 24.5% 2.0% 24.5% NA 25.6%

Coarse 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 39.4% 30.0% NA 0.0% 48.3% 0.0% NA 30.8%

Sawdust 16.2% 15.9% 16.2% 12.5% 17.9% NA 16.2% 31.8% 16.2% NA 55.3%

Planer 

shavings

15.4% 15.4% 15.4% 8.0% 68.3% NA 15.4% 11.8% 15.4% NA 71.4%

AZ

Bark 0.0% 0.0% 7.1% 45.6% NA 0.0% 26.5% 0.0% NA 1.1%

Coarse 50.0% 0.0% 39.4% 30.0% NA 0.0% 48.3% 0.0% NA 30.8%

Sawdust 31.9% 0.0% 28.6% 1.7% NA 0.0% 47.4% 0.0% NA 40.0%

Planer 

shavings

0.0% 0.0% 7.4% 54.3% NA 0.0% 27.0% 0.0% NA 57.6%

CA

Bark 0.0% 7.1% 45.6% NA 0.0% 26.5% 0.0% NA 1.1%

Coarse 50.0% 11.1% 20.7% NA 50.0% 1.8% 50.0% NA 20.0%

Sawdust 31.9% 3.4% 33.5% NA 31.9% 16.1% 31.9% NA 69.7%

Planer 

shavings

0.0% 7.4% 54.3% NA 0.0% 27.0% 0.0% NA 57.6%

CO

Bark 7.1% 45.6% NA 0.0% 26.5% 0.0% NA 1.1%

Coarse 39.4% 30.0% NA 0.0% 48.3% 0.0% NA 30.8%

Sawdust 28.6% 1.7% NA 0.0% 47.4% 0.0% NA 40.0%

Planer 

shavings

7.4% 54.3% NA 0.0% 27.0% 0.0% NA 57.6%

ID

Bark 38.8% NA 7.1% 19.4% 7.1% NA 8.3%

Coarse 9.7% NA 39.4% 9.3% 39.4% NA 8.9%

Sawdust 30.2% NA 28.6% 19.5% 28.6% NA 66.7%

Planer 

shavings

61.1% NA 7.4% 19.7% 7.4% NA 64.3%

MT

Bark NA 45.6% 19.8% 45.6% NA 46.7%

Coarse NA 30.0% 18.9% 30.0% NA 0.8%

Sawdust NA 1.7% 49.0% 1.7% NA 38.4%

Planer 

shavings

NA 54.3% 78.5% 54.3% NA 3.6%

NV

Bark NA NA NA NA NA

Coarse NA NA NA NA NA

Sawdust NA NA NA NA NA

Planer 

shavings

NA NA NA NA NA

NM

Bark 26.5% 0.0% NA 1.1%

Coarse 48.3% 0.0% NA 30.8%

Sawdust 47.4% 0.0% NA 40.0%

Planer 

shavings

27.0% 0.0% NA 57.6%

OR

Bark 26.5% NA 27.6%

Coarse 48.3% NA 18.2%

Sawdust 47.4% NA 83.5%

Planer 

shavings

27.0% NA 81.5%

UT

Bark NA 1.1%

Coarse NA 30.8%

Sawdust NA 40.0%

Planer 

shavings

NA 57.6%

WA

Bark NA

Coarse NA

Sawdust NA

Planer 

shavings

NA

a Bold text indicates States that share a geographical border.
135Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities SUMMARY

Summary

In order to determine the source and volume of raw materials used by the U.S. forest products 

industry, the Forest Service FIA program conducts surveys of primary wood-using mills. Surveys 

are administered through regional coordinators in the Southern, Northern, and Western Regions. A 

primary goal of the regional surveys is to determine the volume of roundwood received at mills by 

product type, species, and source location of the roundwood received. In addition, mill surveys provide 

information on the type, volume, and disposition of residues produced during roundwood processing. 

The measurement units for reported volumes, however, can vary from mill to mill. To account for 

the inconsistency in reported measurement units, each region has developed conversion factors for 

transforming raw mill data to regional and national standards.

This report provides a compilation of all roundwood and residue conversion factors used by FIA in 

regional and national data processing systems, as well as examples of each conversion type. In addition, 

a quantitative analysis of conversion factor variability within and between regions is provided, and 

sources of variability are compared to what would be expected for each type of conversion. Expected 

variability sources are limited to data currently collected from regional mill surveys. Results of the 

comparative analysis indicate that many of the variability sources associated with conversion factors 

currently used in TPO data processing don’t align with expected sources of variability. It’s important 

to note, however, that the significance of each variability source is difficult to determine, and it’s 

likely that some variables carry more weight than others or that the contributions from some variables 

are insignificant. The purpose of the variability analysis is to identify areas where conversion factor 

accuracy and consistency can be improved upon at both the regional and national levels.

We recommend that the FIA TPO program improve the consistency and accuracy of conversion factors 

nationwide using the analysis presented in this report as a guide. Specific questions that may guide 

conversion factor improvement are:

1. Are the regional and national standard units of measure consistent with actual usage 

by mills?

2. What is the origin of the conversion factor used? 

3. What technological advances have been incorporated in the milling process, and do 

the conversion factors appropriately incorporate the technical advances?

4. Specific gravity and density estimates (e.g., pounds per cubic foot) for the range 

of species used for products are available in the literature. How consistent are 

conversion factors with published densities? 
136Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities LITERATURE CITED

Literature Cited

Bond, B. 2011. Understanding log scales and log rules. PB 1650. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee, Institute of 

Agriculture, UT Extension. 8 p.

Clark, A.; Daniels, R.F. 2000. Estimating moisture content of tree-length roundwood. In: Pulping/process and product 

quality conference; Sheraton Boston. [Place of publication unknown]: Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper 

Industry. [Pages unknown].

Clark, A.; Phillips, D.R.; Frederick, D.J. 1985. Weight, volume, and physical properties of major hardwood species in the 

Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains. Res. Pap. SE-250. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 72 p.

Clark, A.; Phillips, D.R.; Frederick, D.J. 1986a. Weight, volume, and physical properties of major hardwood species in 

the Upland-South. Res. Pap. SE-257. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southeastern 

Forest Experiment Station. 61 p.

Clark, A.; Phillips, D.R.; Frederick, D.J. 1986b. Weight, volume, and physical properties of major hardwood species in 

the Piedmont. Res. Pap. SE-255. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southeastern Forest 

Experiment Station. 84 p.

Clark, A.; Souter, R.A.; Schlaegel, B.E. 1991. Stem profile equations for southern tree species. Res. Pap. SE-282. 

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 113 p.

Coulston, J.W.; Westfall, J.A.; Wear, D.N. [and others]. 2018. Annual monitoring of U.S. timber production: rationale and 

design. Forest Science. 64(5): 533–543.

Doruska, P.; Patterson, D.; Hartley, J; Hurd, M. 2006. Outside-bark green tons per thousand board feet: a case study 

using sawtimber-sized hardwood trees in Arkansas. Journal of Forestry. 104(7): 345–351.

Fonseca, M.A. 2005. The measurement of roundwood: methodologies and conversion ratios. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, 

UK: CABI Publishing. 269 p.

Freese, F. 1973. A collection of log rules. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-01. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 65 p.

Glass, S.V.; Zelinka, S.L. 2010. Moisture relations and physical properties of wood. In: Ross, R.J., ed. Wood handbook: 

wood as an engineering material. Centennial ed. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-190. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: 4.1–4.19. Chapter 4.

Miles, P.D.; Smith, W.B. 2009. Specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark for 156 tree species found in 

North America. Res. Note NRS-38. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern 

Research Station. 35 p.

Ross, R.J., ed. 2010. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-190. Madison, WI: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 509 p.

Spelter, H. 2003. Challenges in converting among log scaling methods. Res. Pap. FPL-611. Madison, WI: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 8 p.
137Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities DEFINITION OF TERMS

Definition of Terms

Bark mill residue—Bark and wood fragments removed from roundwood products as a result of the 

debarking process.

Bioenergy—The creation of energy (electricity, heat, steam, etc.) from plant or animal materials.

Bolt—Section of a tree bucked into specific lengths which are <8 feet. 

Byproducts—Secondary wood products (e.g., pulp chips, animal bedding, fuelwood, etc.) recycled 

from mill residues.

Cant—A partially sawn log with at least one flat side.

Coarse mill residue—Wood residue suitable for chipping such as slabs, edgings, and veneer cores.

Composite products—Roundwood products manufactured into chips, wafers, strands, flakes, shavings, 

or sawdust and then reconstituted into a variety of panel and engineered lumber products.

Conversion factor—A numerical factor used to convert a quantity from one unit of measure to another.

Fiber products—Byproducts used in the manufacture of pulp, paper, paperboard, and composite 

products, like waferboard, chip board, etc.

Fine mill residue—Wood residue not suitable for chipping, such as sawdust and veneer clippings.

Fuelwood—Roundwood products and mill residue byproducts used to produce some form of energy 

(heat, steam, etc.) in residential, industrial, or institutional settings.

Furniture logs—Roundwood timber products, regardless of size or quality, used to directly 

manufacture furniture. Furniture logs are often used to produce rustic western furniture.

Hardwoods—Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad-leaved and deciduous.

House/cabin logs—Roundwood used in the primary construction of log homes or cabins. Logs can 

either be peeled and used in roundwood form or sawn into cants.

Industrial roundwood products—Roundwood products (e.g., saw logs, pulpwood, veneer logs, etc.) 

intended to be processed into primary wood products (e.g., lumber, wood pulp, sheathing, etc.) at 

primary wood-using mills.

Latillas—A peeled branch or piece of wood laid between beams of a ceiling or above the vigas for 

decoration.

Log—Section of a tree bucked into lengths of 8 feet or more.

Log rule—A table or formula showing the estimated net yield for logs of a given diameter and length.

Lumber tally—A record of lumber giving the number of boards or pieces by size, grade, and species, 

often expressed in board feet.

Mill residues—Wood materials (coarse and fine) and bark generated at manufacturing plants (primary 

wood-using mills) when roundwood products are processed into primary wood products, including 

slabs, edgings, trimmings, sawdust, veneer clippings and cores, and pulp screenings. (Note: Includes 

mill residues recycled as byproducts as well as those left unutilized and disposed of as waste.)

Other products—A miscellaneous category of roundwood products (cooperage, excelsior, shingles, 

etc.) and mill residue byproducts (bedding, mulch, etc.).

Posts, poles, and pilings—Roundwood products milled (cut, peeled, etc.) into standard sizes (lengths 

and circumferences) to be put in the ground to provide vertical and lateral support in buildings, 

foundations, utility lines, and fences. May also include nonindustrial (unmilled) products.

Primary wood products—The rough and finished products (lumber, wood pulp, veneer sheathing, 

handles, etc.) manufactured from roundwood products at primary wood-using mills.
138Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities DEFINITION OF TERMS

Primary wood-using mills—Mills that convert roundwood products (saw logs, veneer logs, pulpwood, 

etc.) into primary wood products, like lumber, sheathing, wood pulp, etc. (also known as roundwood 

receiving facilities).

Pulpwood—Roundwood logs, bolts, or chips reduced to individual wood fibers by chemical or 

mechanical means for the manufacture of a variety of paper and paperboard products.

Reporting unit—Units of measure applied to roundwood products for reporting purposes.

Residential fuelwood—Wood used as a source of fuel for households.

Roundwood products—Logs, bolts, or chips cut from trees for industrial and nonindustrial uses (saw 

logs, veneer logs, pulpwood, fuelwood, etc.).

Saw log—A roundwood product, usually 8 feet in length or longer, processed into a variety of sawn 

products (lumber, cants, blocks, squares, etc.).

Sawdust—Wood particles resulting from the cutting and breaking action of saw teeth, finer than chips 

but coarser than wood flour.

Scaling diameter—The inside-bark diameter of the small end of a log used in the determination of log 

volume.

Shavings—Small, thin slices of wood, usually curled, that develop from wood-machining operations 

such as planing, molding, shaping, boring, routing, and turning.

Softwoods—Coniferous trees, usually evergreen, having needles or scale-like leaves.

Species type—Tree species classification of hardwood or softwood.

Specific gravity—The ratio of the ovendry weight of wood to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Standard unit—A unit of measure applied to roundwood products. If units of measure are anything but 

the standard units, they are typically converted.

Stud logs—Logs typically from smaller trees 8–12 inches diameter at breast height (DBH) or from 

larger diameter tree “top logs.” Products derived from stud logs are generally smaller dimension 

products such as 2 by 2s, 2 by 4s, 2 by 6s, or 2 by 8s.

Timber Product Output—The total volume of roundwood products harvested from all sources plus the 

volume of byproducts recovered from mill residues.

Unit of measure—A standardized and reproducible unit that can be used to measure any physical 

property.

Veneer/plywood log—A roundwood product peeled, sliced, stamped, or sawn into a variety of veneer 

products (sheathing, plywood, panels, containers, sticks, etc.).

Vigas—A rough-hewn roof timber or rafter, especially in an adobe building.

List of Abreviations

BDT Bone dry tons 

BDU Bone dry units

C-pieces Hundred pieces

CFU Cubic foot units

M-pieces Thousand pieces 

MBF Thousand board feet

MCF Thousand cubic feet

MLF Thousand linear feet

SWE Solid wood equivalent
139Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX A: QUICK REFERENCE FOR CONVERSION FACTOR TABLES

Appendix A: 

Conversion factor tables

Table A.1—Quick reference for tables containing roundwood conversion 

factors by roundwood type and region

Region

Product type Southern Northern Western

Saw logs2, 3, 4, 567

Stud logs NA NA8

Veneer logs2, 3, 4, 9 10 11

Pulp mill logs 12 13, 14 15

Composite/engineered products 16 13, 14 17

Bioenergy/industrial fuelwood 18 19 20

Posts, poles, pilings 21, 22 23, 24, 25 26, 27

House/cabin logs2, 3, 4, 5, 21 28 29

Vigas/latillas NA NA 30, 31

Residential fuelwood 32 33 34

Furniture logs NA NA 36

Cedar logs NA NA 37

Fiber logs NA NA 38

Other products See “Other Products” section 35 39

Table A.2—Quick reference for tables containing residue conversion factors by 

roundwood type and region

Region

Product type Southern Northern Western

Saw logs 40, 44 45 54

Stud logs NA NA 55

Veneer logs 41, 44 46 55

Pulp mill logs 43, 44 47, 53 55

Composite/engineered products 42, 44 47, 53 55

Bioenergy/industrial fuelwood 43, 44 NA 55

Posts, poles, pilings 43, 44 49, 50, 51 55

House/cabin logs 43, 44 48 55

Vigas/latillas NA NA 55

Residential fuelwood NA NA 55

Furniture logs NA NA 55

Cedar logs NA NA 55

Fiber logs NA NA 55

Other products 43, 44 52 55
140Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX B: MEASUREMENT UNIT DESCRIPTIONS

Appendix B:

Measurement unit descriptions

The following is a brief explanation of each measurement unit referenced in this report. For more 

detailed information on measurement units and log rules, see Fonseca (2005) and Freese (1973). Note 

that some of the less common units of measure for residential fuelwood in the Northern Region are not 

included.

102-inch cord

A 102-inch cord is a volume measure of stacked wood that is 4 feet high x 4 feet wide x 102 inches 

long and occupies a space of 136 cubic feet. The measure includes wood, bark, and air space and is 

occasionally used for saw logs in the Northern United States.

104-inch cord

A 104-inch cord is a volume measure of stacked wood that is 4 feet high x 4 feet wide x 104 inches long 

and occupies a space of approximately 139 cubic feet. The measure includes wood, bark, and air space 

and is occasionally used for veneer logs in the Northern United States.

200-cubic-foot unit

A 200-cubic-foot unit is a volume unit of measurement used primarily for residues in the Western 

United States. As the name implies, a 200-cubic-foot unit is equivalent to 200 cubic feet. In this paper, 

all references to this unit of measure refer to the solid wood equivalent, or the roundwood equivalent 

volume of wood fiber. Solid wood equivalent assumes a green volume of wood, prior to any shrinkage.

4,600-pound cord

A 4,600-pound cord is a standard cord which weighs 4,600 pounds or 2.3 tons. This unit of measure 

is used occasionally in the Northern United States by pulpwood mills who buy wood by the pound but 

convert it to standard cord volume. It can also be used as a measure of mill residues.

Board foot

A board foot is equivalent to a board with dimensions 12 inches x 12 inches x 1 inch. Post-processing, 

board foot volume of lumber can be determined by simply tallying the lumber sawn from logs (lumber 

tally). In terms of logs, board foot volume is an estimate of the amount of lumber that can be sawn from 

the log. In order to estimate board foot volume, logs must be scaled using a specific log rule. A log rule 

is a mathematical formula or volume table that gives an estimate of the net yield of lumber in board feet 

for logs given a specific diameter and length. In general, log rules have allowances for yield losses due 

to saw kerf, slabs, edging, and shrinkage. Below are descriptions of log rules mentioned in this report.

Cedar log rule

The cedar log rule is a species-specific rule used primarily in the Southern United States for 

scaling eastern redcedar logs. The following formula is used to scale cedar logs: 

(D2 × L) / 27

where

D = the inside bark small-end diameter in inches

L = the log length in feet
141Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX B: MEASUREMENT UNIT DESCRIPTIONS

Doyle log rule

The Doyle log rule is a formula-based log rule commonly used in the Central and Eastern 

United States. The formula used to estimate board foot log volume is: 

(D – 4)2 × L / 16

where

D = the inside bark small-end diameter in inches

L = the log length in feet

This rule assumes a cylinder with a 4-inch slab loss and a 25-percent loss from shrinkage and 

saw kerf.

International 1⁄4-inch log rule

The International 1⁄4-inch rule is a formula-based log rule used primarily in the Eastern United 

States. This rule has a 1⁄4-inch saw kerf allowance and takes into account log taper. The rule 

assumes a taper of 1⁄2 inch in 4 feet of nominal log length. The formulas used to calculate board 

foot volume differ by log length, and all calculated values are rounded to the nearest 5 board 

feet. For 4-foot logs, the formula is: 0.199 × D2 – 0.642 × D. For 8-foot logs, the formula is: 

0.398 × D2 – 1.086 × D – 0.27. For 12-foot logs, the formula is: 0.597 × D2 – 1.330 × D – 0.72. 

For 16-foot logs, the formula is: 0.796 × D2 – 1.375 × D – 1.23. For 20-foot logs, the formula 

is: 0.995 × D2 – 1.221 × D – 1.72. In all formulas, D = the inside bark small-end diameter in 

inches. As the formulas are somewhat cumbersome, board foot volume determination using the 

International 1⁄4-inch rule is typically done with a volume table.

Scribner log rule

The Scribner log rule is primarily used in the Western United States and for pine saw logs in 

the Southern United States. It is a diagram-based rule for 1-inch-thick lumber with a 1⁄4-inch 

allowance for saw kerf. Taper is not accounted for in the rule, so it tends to underestimate 

volumes for logs >16 feet in length. There are two variations of the Scribner log rule. The 

eastside rule has a maximum log-scaling length of 20 feet, while the westside rule, used almost 

exclusively west of the Cascade Mountains in the Pacific Northwest, has a maximum scaling 

length of 40 feet. In this report, all references to the Scribner log rule refer to the eastside (short 

log) rule. Though several formulas have been developed to approximate the Scribner rule, 

volume tables are most widely used. 

Scribner Decimal C log rule

The Scribner Decimal C log rule is a variation of the Scribner log rule in which all volumes are 

rounded to the nearest 10 board feet.

Bone dry ton

A bone dry ton is a weight measure used primarily for chips and mill residues that represents 2,000 

pounds of dried biomass (0-percent moisture content). The term “bone dry ton” is mostly used in the 

Western United States but is equivalent to the term “dry ton,” which is used in other regions. 

Bone dry unit

A bone dry unit is a quantity of wood residue which weighs 2,400 pounds at 0-percent moisture content.

Cubic foot

A cubic foot is a volume unit of measurement equivalent to 1 foot x 1 foot x 1 foot. Cubic scaling of 

roundwood estimates the entire volume minus bark and makes no assumption as to product output 

(slabs, saw kerf, edgings, etc.). Some scaling systems make deductions for unusable volume, but in terms 

of cubic measures of roundwood in this report, no deductions are assumed. The cubic foot volumes 

represent the entirety of the log inside the bark. For residues, all references to cubic foot volume in this 
142Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX B: MEASUREMENT UNIT DESCRIPTIONS

report refer to the solid wood equivalent, or the roundwood equivalent volume of wood fiber. Solid wood 

equivalent assumes a green volume of wood, prior to any shrinkage. 

Cubic meter

A cubic meter is a volume unit of measurement equivalent to 1 meter x 1 meter x 1 meter, or 27 cubic 

feet. Cubic scaling of roundwood estimates the entire volume minus bark and makes no assumption as 

to product output (slabs, saw kerf, edgings, etc.). Some scaling systems make deductions for unusable 

volume, but in terms of cubic measures of roundwood in this paper, no deductions are assumed. The 

cubic meter volumes represent the entirety of the log inside the bark. For residues, all references to cubic 

meter volume in this report refer to the solid wood equivalent, or the roundwood equivalent volume of 

wood fiber. Solid wood equivalent assumes a green volume of wood, prior to any shrinkage. 

Cubic yard

A cubic yard is a volume unit of measurement equivalent to 1 yard x 1 yard x 1 yard, or 35.3147 cubic 

feet, and is primarily used for chips or mill residues. For residues, all references to cubic yard volume in 

this report refer to the solid wood equivalent, or the roundwood equivalent volume of wood fiber. Solid 

wood equivalent assumes a green volume of wood, prior to any shrinkage. 

Cunit

A cunit is a volume unit of measurement equivalent to 100 cubic feet. For roundwood, a cunit is a 

measure of the entirety of a log inside the bark. For residues, all references to cunit volume in this report 

refer to the solid wood equivalent, or the roundwood equivalent volume of wood fiber. Solid wood 

equivalent assumes a green volume of wood, prior to any shrinkage.

Dry metric tonne

A dry metric tonne is a weight measure primarily used for chips and mill residues. A dry metric tonne 

represents 1000 kg or 2,205 pounds of dried biomass (0-percent moisture content).

Dry pound

A dry pound is a weight measure of dried biomass (0-percent moisture content) used primarily for chips 

and mill residues. 

Dry ton

A dry ton is a weight measure used primarily for chips and mill residues. A dry ton represents 2,000 

pounds of dried biomass (0-percent moisture content).

Green metric tonne

A green metric tonne is a weight measure primarily used for pulp mill logs, chips and mill residues. A 

green metric tonne represents 1000 kg or 2,205 pounds of undried biomass.

Green pound

A green pound is a weight measure of undried biomass used for roundwood, chips, and mill residues. 

Green ton

A green ton is a weight measure used for roundwood, chips, and mill residues. A green ton represents 

2,000 pounds of undried biomass. For roundwood, this includes the entire volume of the log including 

bark.

Lake States cord

A Lake States cord is a volume measure of stacked wood that is 4 feet high x 4 feet wide x 100 inches long 

and occupies a space of approximately 133 cubic feet. The measure includes wood, bark, and air space and 

is most commonly used for pulpwood and firewood in the Lake States of the Northern United States. As a 

measure of residues, a Lake States cord represents the solid wood equivalent of stacked roundwood.
143Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX B: MEASUREMENT UNIT DESCRIPTIONS

Linear foot

A linear foot is an output-based measurement unit used primarily for pilings and house/cabin logs. It 

represents 1 foot in length along the primary mill product. 

Peeled dry ton

A peeled dry ton is a weight measure used primarily for pulp mill logs. A peeled dry ton represents 

2,000 pounds of dried biomass. This weight measure includes the entire volume of the log minus bark.

Peeled green ton

A peeled green ton is a weight measure used primarily for pulp mill logs or house/cabin logs. A peeled 

green ton represents 2,000 pounds of undried biomass. This weight measure includes the entire volume 

of the log minus bark.

Peeled Lake States cord

A peeled Lake States cord is a volume measure of stacked wood (bark removed) that is 4 feet high x 4 

feet wide x 100 inches long and occupies a space of approximately 133 cubic feet. The measure includes 

wood and air space and is most commonly used for pulpwood in the Lake States of the Northern United 

States.

Peeled metric dry tonne

A peeled metric dry tonne is a weight measure used primarily for pulp mill logs. A peeled metric dry 

tonne represents 1000 kg or 2,205 pounds of dried biomass. This weight measure includes the entire 

volume of the log minus bark.

Peeled metric green tonne

A peeled metric green tonne is a weight measure used primarily for pulp mill logs. A peeled metric 

green tonne represents 1000 kg or 2,205 pounds of undried biomass. This weight measure includes the 

entire volume of the log minus bark.

Peeled standard cord

A peeled standard cord is a volume measure of stacked wood (bark removed) that is 4 feet high x 4 feet 

wide x 8 feet long and occupies a space of 128 cubic feet. The measure includes wood and air space and 

is most commonly used for pulpwood.

Piece

A piece is an output-based measurement unit primarily used for poles, posts, pilings, and cabin logs, 

where the primary product is of a standard size. A piece equals one unit of the primary product 

manufactured.

Standard cord

A standard cord is a volume measure of stacked wood that is 4 feet high x 4 feet wide x 8 feet long 

and occupies a space of 128 cubic feet. The measure includes wood, bark, and air space and is most 

commonly used for pulpwood and firewood. As a measure of residues, a standard cord represents the 

solid wood equivalent of stacked roundwood.
144Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX C: NORTHERN TREE SPECIES, SPECIES GROUP, AND BARK THICKNESS

Appendix C: 

Northern tree species, species group, 

and bark thickness

Table C.1—Tree species found in the Northern Region of the United States, 

associated Forest Inventory and Analysis species group, and bark thickness

Species 

code Species

Species 

group code Species group Bark thicknessa

43 Atlantic white-cedar 1 Cedars Thin

60 Redcedar 1 Cedars Thin

66 Rocky Mountain juniper 1 Cedars Thin

67 Southern redcedar 1 Cedars Thin

68 Eastern redcedar 1 Cedars Thin

241 Northern white-cedar 1 Cedars Thin

221 Baldcypress 2 Cypress Thick

222 Pondcypress 2 Cypress Thick

202 Douglas-fir 3 Douglas-fir Thick

10 Fir spp. 4 True firs Thin

12 Balsam fir 4 True firs Thin

16 Fraser fir 4 True firs Thin

260 Hemlock spp. 5 Hemlock Thick

261 Eastern hemlock 5 Hemlock Thick

262 Carolina hemlock 5 Hemlock Thick

70 Tamarack spp. 6 Larch Thin

71 Tamarack 6 Larch Thin

72 Larch (introduced) 6 Larch Thin

73 Western larch 6 Larch Thick

105 Jack pine 7 Jack pine Thick

110 Shortleaf pine 8 Loblolly-shortleaf pine Thick

131 Loblolly pine 8 Loblolly-shortleaf pine Thick

109 Lodgepole pine 9 Lodgepole pine Thick

111 Slash pine 10 Longleaf-slash pine Thick

121 Longleaf pine 10 Longleaf-slash pine Thick

122 Ponderosa pine 11 Ponderosa-Jeffrey pine Thick

125 Red pine 12 Red pine Thick

100 Pine spp. 14 White pine Thick

119 Western white pine 14 White pine Thick

129 Eastern white pine 14 White pine Thick

107 Sand pine 15 Other pines Thick

115 Spruce pine 15 Other pines Thick

123 Table mountain pine 15 Other pines Thick

126 Pitch pine 15 Other pines Thick

128 Pond pine 15 Other pines Thick

130 Scotch pine 15 Other pines Thick

132 Virginia pine 15 Other pines Thick

133 Austrian pine 15 Other pines Thick

90 Spruce spp. 17 Spruce Thin

91 Norway spruce 17 Spruce Thin

93 Engelmann spruce 17 Spruce Thin

(Continued)
145Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX C: NORTHERN TREE SPECIES, SPECIES GROUP, AND BARK THICKNESS

Table C.1 (Continued)—Tree species found in the Northern Region of the United 

States, associated Forest Inventory and Analysis species group, and bark thickness

Species 

code Species

Species 

group code Species group Bark thicknessa

94 White spruce 17 Spruce Thin

95 Black spruce 17 Spruce Thin

96 Blue spruce 17 Spruce Thin

97 Red spruce 17 Spruce Thin

350 Alder spp. 18 Alder Thick

540 Ash spp. 19 Ash Thick

541 White ash 19 Ash Thick

543 Black ash 19 Ash Thick

544 Green ash 19 Ash Thick

545 Pumpkin ash 19 Ash Thick

546 Blue ash 19 Ash Thick

741 Balsam poplar 20 Aspen Thick

743 Bigtooth aspen 20 Aspen Thick

746 Quaking aspen 20 Aspen Thick

747 Aspen spp. 20 Aspen Thick

950 Basswood spp. 21 Basswood Thick

951 American basswood 21 Basswood Thick

952 White basswood 21 Basswood Thick

531 American beech 22 Beech Thin

371 Yellow birch 23 Yellow birch Thick

370 Birch spp. 24 Other birches Thick

372 Sweet birch 24 Other birches Thick

373 River birch 24 Other birches Thick

374 Water birch 24 Other birches Thick

375 Paper birch 24 Other birches Thick

379 Gray birch 24 Other birches Thick

762 Black cherry 25 Black cherry Thick

740 Cottonwood spp. 26 Cottonwood Thick

742 Eastern cottonwood 26 Cottonwood Thick

744 Swamp cottonwood 26 Cottonwood Thick

745 Plains cottonwood 26 Cottonwood Thick

752 Silver poplar 26 Cottonwood Thick

753 Narrowleaf cottonwood 26 Cottonwood Thick

970 Elm spp. 27 Elm Thick

971 Winged elm 27 Elm Thick

972 American elm 27 Elm Thick

973 Cedar elm 27 Elm Thick

974 Siberian elm 27 Elm Thick

975 Slippery elm 27 Elm Thick

976 September elm 27 Elm Thick

977 Rock elm 27 Elm Thick

984 Water-elm 27 Elm Thick

400 Hickory spp. 28 Hickory Thick

401 Water hickory 28 Hickory Thick

402 Bitternut Hickory 28 Hickory Thick

403 Pignut hickory 28 Hickory Thick

404 Pecan 28 Hickory Thick

405 Shellbark hickory 28 Hickory Thick

407 Shagbark hickory 28 Hickory Thick

(Continued)
146Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX C: NORTHERN TREE SPECIES, SPECIES GROUP, AND BARK THICKNESS

Table C.1 (Continued)—Tree species found in the Northern Region of the United 

States, associated Forest Inventory and Analysis species group, and bark thickness

Species 

code Species

Species 

group code Species group Bark thicknessa

408 Black hickory 28 Hickory Thick

409 Mockernut hickory 28 Hickory Thick

314 Black maple 29 Hard maple Thick

318 Sugar maple 29 Hard maple Thick

320 Hard maple 29 Hard maple Thick

309 Maple spp. 30 Soft maple Thick

310 Soft maple 30 Soft maple Thick

311 Florida maple 30 Soft maple Thick

313 Boxelder 30 Soft maple Thick

315 Striped maple 30 Soft maple Thick

316 Red maple 30 Soft maple Thick

317 Silver maple 30 Soft maple Thick

319 Mountain maple 30 Soft maple Thick

321 Rocky Mountain maple 30 Soft maple Thick

800 Oak spp. 31 Select red oaks Thick

813 Cherrybark oak, swamp 

red oak

31 Select red oaks Thick

814 Red oak group 31 Select red oaks Thick

833 Northern red oak 31 Select red oaks Thick

834 Shumard oak 31 Select red oaks Thick

806 Scarlet oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

809 Northern pin oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

812 Southern red oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

816 Bear oak, scrub oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

817 Shingle oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

819 Turkey oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

820 Laurel oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

824 Blackjack oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

827 Water oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

828 Nuttall oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

830 Pin oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

831 Willow oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

837 Black oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

840 Bluejack oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

899 Scrub oak 32 Other red oaks Thick

802 White oak 33 Select white oaks Thick

804 Swamp white oak 33 Select white oaks Thick

808 Durand oak 33 Select white oaks Thick

815 White oak group 33 Select white oaks Thick

823 Bur oak 33 Select white oaks Thick

825 Swamp chestnut oak 33 Select white oaks Thick

826 Chinkapin oak 33 Select white oaks Thick

822 Overcup oak 34 Other white oaks Thick

832 Chestnut oak 34 Other white oaks Thick

835 Post oak 34 Other white oaks Thick

836 Delta post oak 34 Other white oaks Thick

838 Live oak 34 Other white oaks Thick

611 Sweetgum 35 Sweetgum Thick

(Continued)
147Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX C: NORTHERN TREE SPECIES, SPECIES GROUP, AND BARK THICKNESS

Table C.1 (Continued)—Tree species found in the Northern Region of the United 

States, associated Forest Inventory and Analysis species group, and bark thickness

Species 

code Species

Species 

group code Species group Bark thicknessa

731 Sycamore 36 Sycamore Thin

690 Gum spp. 37 Tupelo/black gum Thick

691 Water tupelo 37 Tupelo/black gum Thick

692 Ogeechee tupelo 37 Tupelo/black gum Thick

693 Blackgum 37 Tupelo/black gum Thick

694 Swamp tupelo 37 Tupelo/black gum Thick

602 Black walnut 38 Black walnut Thick

621 Yellow-poplar 39 Yellow-poplar Thick

300 Acacia spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

330 Buckeye, horsechestnut 40 Other hardwoods Thick

331 Ohio buckeye 40 Other hardwoods Thick

332 Yellow buckeye 40 Other hardwoods Thick

333 Buckeye (except Ohio, 

yellow)

40 Other hardwoods Thick

341 Ailanthus 40 Other hardwoods Thick

355 Serviceberry 40 Other hardwoods Thick

367 Pawpaw 40 Other hardwoods Thick

381 Chittamwood, gum 

bumelia

40 Other hardwoods Thick

391 American hornbeam, 

musclewood

40 Other hardwoods Thick

421 American chestnut 40 Other hardwoods Thick

422 Ashe chinkapin 40 Other hardwoods Thick

423 Ozark chinkapin 40 Other hardwoods Thick

430 Chinkapin spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

450 Catalpa spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

451 Southern catalpa 40 Other hardwoods Thick

452 Northern catalpa 40 Other hardwoods Thick

460 Hackberry spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

461 Sugarberry 40 Other hardwoods Thick

462 Hackberry 40 Other hardwoods Thick

471 Eastern redbud 40 Other hardwoods Thick

491 Flowering dogwood 40 Other hardwoods Thick

500 Hawthorn spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

521 Common persimmon 40 Other hardwoods Thick

551 Waterlocust 40 Other hardwoods Thick

552 Honeylocust 40 Other hardwoods Thick

555 Loblolly-bay 40 Other hardwoods Thick

571 Kentucky coffeetree 40 Other hardwoods Thick

580 Silverbell spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

582 Mountain silverbell 40 Other hardwoods Thick

591 American holly 40 Other hardwoods Thick

601 Butternut 40 Other hardwoods Thick

641 Osage-orange 40 Other hardwoods Thick

650 Magnolia spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

651 Cucumbertree 40 Other hardwoods Thick

652 Southern magnolia 40 Other hardwoods Thick

653 Sweetbay 40 Other hardwoods Thick

654 Bigleaf magnolia 40 Other hardwoods Thick

(Continued)
148Timber Products Monitoring: Unit of Measure Conversion Factors for Roundwood Receiving Facilities APPENDIX C: NORTHERN TREE SPECIES, SPECIES GROUP, AND BARK THICKNESS

Table C.1 (Continued)—Tree species found in the Northern Region of the United 

States, associated Forest Inventory and Analysis species group, and bark thickness

Species 

code Species

Species 

group code Species group Bark thicknessa

660 Apple spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

680 Mulberry spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

681 White mulberry 40 Other hardwoods Thick

682 Red mulberry 40 Other hardwoods Thick

701 Eastern hophornbeam, 

ironwood

40 Other hardwoods Thick

711 Sourwood 40 Other hardwoods Thick

712 Paulownia, empress 

tree

40 Other hardwoods Thick

721 Redbay 40 Other hardwoods Thick

760 Cherry, plum spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

761 Pin cherry 40 Other hardwoods Thick

763 Chokecherry 40 Other hardwoods Thick

764 Plums, cherries, except 

black cherry

40 Other hardwoods Thick

765 Canada plum 40 Other hardwoods Thick

766 Wild plum 40 Other hardwoods Thick

901 Black locust 40 Other hardwoods Thick

920 Willow spp. 40 Other hardwoods Thick

921 Peachleaf willow 40 Other hardwoods Thick

922 Black willow 40 Other hardwoods Thick

923 Diamond willow 40 Other hardwoods Thick

925 Chinese tallowtree 40 Other hardwoods Thick

931 Sassafras 40 Other hardwoods Thick

934 Mountain-ash 40 Other hardwoods Thick

935 American mountain-ash 40 Other hardwoods Thick

936 European mountain-ash 40 Other hardwoods Thick

980 Tung-oil tree 40 Other hardwoods Thick

981 Sparkleberry 40 Other hardwoods Thick

983 Chinaberry 40 Other hardwoods Thick

985 Smoketree 40 Other hardwoods Thick

986 Mesquite 40 Other hardwoods Thick

998 Viburnum 40 Other hardwoods Thick

999 Other/unknown 

hardwoods

40 Other hardwoods Thick

1 Softwoods 41 Softwoods Thick

2 Hardwoods 42 Hardwoods Thick

3 Soft hardwoods 42 Hardwoods Thick

4 Hard hardwoods 42 Hardwoods Thick

a Used in the process to estimate residue volume from roundwood.
Winn, Matthew F.; Royer, Larry A.; Bentley, James W.; Piva, Ronald J.; 

Morgan, Todd A.; Berg, Erik C.; and Coulston, John W. 2020. Timber 

products monitoring: unit of measure conversion factors for roundwood receiving 

facilities. e-Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-251. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 148 p.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis 

(FIA) program surveys primary roundwood receiving facilities in the United States 

to determine industrial uses of roundwood. The questionnaires provide general mill 

information such as location, type, and size, as well as procurement information 

such as the volume of roundwood received by product type, species, and geographic 

origin. The questionnaires are also used to estimate the volume, type, and use 

of mill residues. For ease of reporting, few restrictions are placed on the units of 

measure, meaning mills can report volume estimates in whatever units they choose. 

Conversion factors or procedures are then used to transform the survey data into 

regional and national standardized units. These conversion factors can vary by 

region, State, product type, species, survey year, or other variables. This report 

provides a compilation and discussion of the regional conversion factors used by 

FIA to transform mill survey roundwood and residue volume estimates into standard 

units of measurement.

Keywords: Conversion factors, Forest Inventory and Analysis, mill residues, 

roundwood, timber products, unit of measurement.
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