Hosts and Geographic Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri

W. M. Ciesla 

B. W. Geils 

R. P. Adams

Abstract

Data on hosts and geographic distribution of the juniper dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium oxycedri, are 

updated in light of changes in host nomenclature, political geography, and interpretation of reports and 

labels. Seventeen species of Juniperus, 3 Chamaecyparis, 5 Cupressus, and 1 Platycladus are reported as 

hosts. Infestations on several juniper hosts and all of its non-juniper hosts have resulted from introductions 

to areas within the natural range of the mistletoe. This dwarf mistletoe is reported from 31 countries across 

northern Africa, western Europe, the Balkans, Russia and other former Soviet Republics, the Near East, 

the Indian subcontinent, and western China. Previous reports from Bhutan and Hungary are corrected, and 

a report from Afghanistan is considered questionable. Located collection sites are shown on 13 regional 

and country maps. Juniper dwarf mistletoe is or is potentially an important disease agent in arid forests of 

numerous countries. Information on its hosts and distribution can help to make good decisions for 

maintaining forest health and productivity. 

Authors

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Methods

Results

Northern Africa: Algeria and Morocco; Tunisia 

Western Europe: Portugal; Spain; France; Italy 

Balkans: Former Yugoslav Republics; Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece 

Russia and Other Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine; Russia; Caucasus -- Armenia, Azerbaijan, and 

Georgia; Central Asia -- Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgystan, and Tajikistan 

Near East: Cyprus; Turkey; Lebanon and Syria; Iraq; Iran 

Indian Subcontinent and Western China: Afghanistan; Pakistan; India; China 

Discussion

 

United States Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service 

Rocky Mountain Research Station

Research Note 

RMRS-RN-11WWW

Version 1.2 -- February 2004

Citation 
References

Index of Figures, Maps and Tables

About RMRS

The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture or any product or service.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national 

origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to 

all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, 

audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 7202600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and 

Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity 

provider and employer.

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Hosts and Geographic Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri 

Electronic Publish Date: August 2001 

Last Update: February 6, 2004

Questions about RMRS or this Web site? 

Contact Us!

Return to RMRS Main Page 
Citation

Ciesla, W.M.; Geils, B.W.; Adams, R.P. (2002, version 1.1). Hosts and geographic distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri, 

[Online]. RMRS-RN-11WWW. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rn11/. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Citation 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: January 23, 2002 
Authors

William M. Ciesla is the owner of Forest Health Management International, a Fort Collins, Colorado-based international 

consulting service specializing in forest insect and disease management and remote sensing for vegetation assessment. He 

holds degrees from the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY. Mr. 

Ciesla has held a variety of positions in USDA Forest Service including Director of Forest Pest Management in Forest 

Service Regions 1 and 6 and Director of the Methods Application Group (presently, Forest Health Technology Enterprise 

Team). From 1990 to 1995, he was Forest Protection Officer, Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of 

the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy. He is the author or co-author of publications dealing with biology, management 

and assessment of a variety of forest insects and diseases and had provided technical assistance in forest health protection 

to over 25 countries. He has worked with Arceuthobium oxycedri in Pakistan in conjunction with forestry development 

projects funded by FAO and The World Bank. 

Brian W. Geils is Research Plant Pathologist with the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Flagstaff, AZ. He attended 

Utah State University and University of Idaho, and he has a Ph.D. in botany and plant pathology from Colorado State 

University. He has published on the biology and management of various mistletoes, edited a monograph on the dwarf 

mistletoes, and curates the Forest Pathology Herbarium at Fort Collins (FPF-FC). Current assignments include describing 

the epidemiology and ecology of mistletoes and improving methods for assessing their effects. 

Robert P. Adams is the Director of the Pacific Center for Molecular Biodiversity, Bishop Museum in Honolulu, HI. He 

attended the University of Texas at Austin (B.A., math; Ph. D., botany/biochemistry). He has been studying systematics 

and evolution of Juniperus for the past 36 years and is preparing a monograph of the genus. He is currently working on 

terpenes and DNA fingerprinting and DNA sequencing for Juniperus, Cupressus, and other Cupressaceae genera. 

Contact: William Ciesla at wciesla@aol.com regarding geography, juniper management, and forest health; Brian Geils at 

bgeils@fs.fed.us for information on mistletoes and forest pathology; and Robert Adams at rpadams@juno.com regarding 

juniper taxonomy. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Authors 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Acknowledgments

The authors thank the following colleagues for their assistance in the compilation and review of the data presented in this 

paper: Franco and Maris Rabolini, Siracusa, Italy and Mira Milisic, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, assisted in 

translating former Italian names of collection sites in Croatia to present day Croatian names. Fernando Robredo Junco, 

formerly of Servicio de Defensa Contra Plagas e Inspección Fitopatológica, Ministerio de Agricultura, Madrid, Spain, 

assisted with the location and proper spelling of collection sites in Spain. Uwe Braun, Institut für Geobotanik, Martin 

Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany (HAL); S.W. Breckle, Department of Ecology, University of Bielefeld, 

(BIE), Germany; Monika Steinhof, Übersee Museum, Bremen (BREM), Germany; Stefan Dressler, Herbarium 

Senckenbergianum (FR), Frankfurt, Germany; T. Feuerer, Herbarium Hamburgense (HBG), Institut für Allgemeine 

Botanik, Hamburg, Germany; Klaus Pistrick, Institut für Pflanzengenetic und Kulturepflanzenforschung (IPK-GAT), 

Gatersleben, Germany; Don Kirkup, Royal Botanical Garden (K), Kew, UK; G. Wagenitz and W. B. Dickore, Haller 

Institut für Pflanzenwissenschafen, University of Goettingen (GOET), Germany; Hans Christian Weber, Herbarium 

Marburgensis (HCW), Phillipps University, Marburg, Germany; W. Lippert University of Munich (M), Munich, Germany; 

Mitko Karadelev, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje, Macedonia, 

kindly provided herbarium collection records of Arceuthobium oxycedri and its hosts. Gaye Eren Kandermir, Department 

of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University,Ankara, Turkey, assisted with locating collection sites in Turkey; 

and Karen Ter-Ghazaryan, Ministry of Nature Protection, Forest Research and Experimental Centre, Yerevan, Armenia, 

assisted with locating collection sites in Armenia. Dr. Michael Kosoy, Centers for Communicable Disease Control, Fort 

Collins, CO, USA, and Vladmir Dinet, Berkeley, CA, USA, assisted with the translation of several Russian language 

papers and the location of collection sites in Russia and the former Soviet Republics. José Antonio López Sáez, Laborato 

de Arquebotanica, Departamento de Prehistoria, Instito de Historia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain made collections of A. oxycedri

in Portugal. José Antonio López Sáez and two anonymous reviewed the manuscript and suggested additional sources of 

information. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Acknowledgments 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: January 23, 2002 
Introduction

Trees and woody shrubs of the genus Juniperus form pure or nearly pure forests over extensive areas of northern Africa, 

Mediterranean Europe, the Near East, central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and western China. They typically occur in 

arid regions where growth is slow. The future health and existence of many juniper forests is threatened by excessive 

human use, grazing by domestic livestock, insects, and diseases. 

One of the major disease agents of Old World junipers and other Cupressaceae is the juniper dwarf mistletoe, 

Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. Bieb. (Figure 1). Arceuthobium oxycedri is the type species of the genus and one of three 

Old World dwarf mistletoes that parasitize Juniperus spp. and other Cupressaceae (Hawksworth and Wiens 1976, 1996). 

Arceuthobium oxycedri also has the most extensive geographic distribution of the 42 recognized species of Arceuthobium. 

Its range extends over 100o of longitude or about 10,000 km from Spain and Morocco to western China. 

In their updated monograph on Arceuthobium, Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) describe their frustrations in summarizing 

available records for the hosts and distribution of A. oxycedri. The labels on many early collections are scarcely legible and 

in unfamiliar languages. The political geography of Europe, northern Africa, the Near East and central Asia has changed 

significantly, resulting in changes in national borders and place names, since A. oxycedri was first described in 1819. 

Therefore, many collection sites are difficult, if not impossible, to locate on present day maps. In addition, new information 

on relationships in Juniperus has led to taxonomic revisions. Consequently, the Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) summary of 

this important Old World mistletoe is much outdated. 

We review here information on the hosts and geographic distribution of A. oxycedri based on literature, collections, and 

new species definitions for the junipers. Hosts and geographic information are organized by region: 

z Northern Africa 

z Western Europe 

z The Balkans 

z Russia and other republics of the former Soviet Union 

z The Near East 

z The Indian subcontinent and western China 

We plan to update this information periodically and welcome additional information from colleagues knowledgeable of the 

distribution and hosts of Arceuthobium oxycedri for inclusion in future versions of this paper. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Introduction 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Methods

We obtained and reviewed host reports and distribution information for Arceuthobium oxycedri using the Mistletoe 

Literature Database (online), original publications, and collections from several herbaria: 

In addition, the records of a small herbarium maintained by the Forest Department, Turkish Cyprus at the Alevkaya Forest 

Station were examined. 

We adapted a species definition for Juniperus based on published taxonomy (Rushforth 1987; Welch and Haddow 1993; 

Farjon 1998) and the present work of one of us (Adams) using leaf essential oils and RAPDs (Adams 1999, 2000; Adams 

and Demeke 1993; Adams and Turuspeckov 1998). We attempted to identify each distribution report or collection record 

on current or historical maps (e.g., Guldescu 1970) to establish precise geographic location, modern spelling, and type (i.e., 

political unit, human settlement, or physiographic feature). Identified locations are presented in tables and maps; dubious 

reports and unidentified locations (in italics) are presented in the text. 

Many references (e.g., Turrill 1920) review or repeat information from other references, collections or original reports. 

Although we examined as many references as we could obtain, we did not intend to generate an all-inclusive list of 

citations or collections. Rather, we strived to construct a comprehensive distribution-one in which all countries and regions 

where juniper dwarf mistletoe could be found are represented and significant populations are mapped. We present the 

numerous, unidentified sites we report as a challenge for others to locate. The extensive and discontinuous juniper forest 

from Morocco to China is a vast region where others might discover additional populations of this parasite. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Methods 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: January 31, 2002 

Index Herbariorum* Institution

BIEL University of Bielefeld

BREM Ðbersee Museum, Bremen

FPF Forest Pathology Herbarium-Fort Collins

FR University of Frankfurt

GOET Herbarium Goettingen

HAL Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg

HBG Herbarium Hamburg

HCW Herbarium Marburg

IPK-GAT Institut für Pflanzengenetic und Kulturepflanzenforschung, 

Gatersleben

K Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew

M University of Munich

* see http://www.nybg.org/bsci/ih/
Results

Hundreds of papers have been published on the hosts and distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri (Mistletoe Literature 

Database) and many date to the 1800s (for example, Duthie 1885; Boissier 1879; Loret 1895). A few summaries have 

attempted to provide a global perspective of its hosts and distribution (Rios Insua 1987; Hawksworth and Wiens 1976, 

1996; Ciesla 1997). Distribution maps have been published for Spain (Bolòs and Vigo 1990; Castillo 1993), France (Girerd 

1978), Mediterranean Europe (Markgraf 1934; Jalas and Souminen 1976), Montenegro (Mijuskovic 1973), Pakistan 

(Zakaullah 1977; Zakaullah and Badshah 1977; Ciesla and others 1998), and China (Kiu and Ren 1982; Mo-Mei Chen 

1985). Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) incorrectly state the map of Bakshi and Puri (1971) illustrates the distribution of A. 

oxycedri; the map describes A. minutissimum. 

Hosts

Arceuthobium oxycedri infects trees and shrubs of the family Cupressaceae. Its hosts are various species of Juniperus, 

Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, and Platycladus. Juniperus consists of approximately 60 recognized species distributed across 

the northern hemisphere in North America, Bermuda and the West Indies, the Azores, the Canary Islands, Europe, northern 

and eastern Africa, the Near East, and Asia (Farjon 1998). The Juniperus spp. of North America and Europe are relatively 

well understood taxonomically; however, species indigenous to the republics of the former Soviet Union, the Near East, 

and Asia are not as well understood. Many host reports for A. oxycedri either simply refer to "Juniperus spp." or cite 

obsolete, invalid names and synonyms. For example, juniper hosts in India and Pakistan are reported as J. excelsa (Duthie 

1885), J. polycarpos (Beg 1973; Bhattacharyya and Uniyal 1982), J. macropoda (Bor 1953; Zakaulla and Badshah 1977),

and J. excelsa var. polycarpos (Stewart 1972). Similar confusing records exist for several republics of the former Soviet 

Union. 

According to the currently accepted taxonomy for the genus Juniperus (Adams 1999; Farjon 1998; Rushforth 1987; Welch 

and Haddow 1993), 17 Juniperus taxa are recorded as hosts of Arceuthobium oxycedri (Table 1). In addition, two taxa of 

Chamaecyparis, five Cupressus, and one Platycladus are known hosts of A. oxycedri (Table 2). All non-Juniperus hosts of

A. oxycedri are exotic to the natural range of this parasite and result from natural infection (Spaulding 1956), artificial 

inoculation (Heinricher 1930), or grafting (Beer 1951). We found no records of occurrence of A. oxycedri on Cupressus 

sempervirens, the single member of the genus Cupressus native to the eastern Mediterranean region and widely planted as 

an ornamental in Italy, southern France, and other areas within its range. 

Northern Africa: Algeria and Morocco; Tunisia 

Western Europe: Portugal; Spain; France; Italy 

Balkans: Former Yugoslav Republics; Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece 

Russia and Other Former Soviet Republics: Ukraine; Russia; Caucasus -- Armenia, Azerbaijan, and 

Georgia; Central Asia -- Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgystan, and Tajikistan 

Near East: Cyprus; Turkey; Lebanon and Syria; Iraq; Iran 

Indian Subcontinent and Western China: Afghanistan; Pakistan; India; China 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Results 

Electronic Publish Date: August 2001 

Last Update: August 31, 2001 
Results: Northern Africa

Algeria and Morocco 

Arceuthobium oxycedri is reported from the northern mountain regions of Morocco and Algeria on 

Juniperus oxycedrus L. and J. phoenicea L. (Hawksworth and Wiens 1996; Maire 1961; Turrill 1920) 

from a number of locations (Table 1, Table 3, Map 1). Reported collection sites that could not be located 

on maps include for Morocco--Gada and Gor Boubon (K) and Ait Bougoummen (collection at M) and for 

Algeria--Gharrouban (Turrill 1920 and cited as Gharroubau by Hawksworth and Wiens 1996 for a 

collection at K); Montagnes du Haut Tell and Montes de Bou-Saada (or Bou-Sarda) (Maire 1961); Ain 

Aissa, Aumale, and Tafaroua (K). 

Tunisia 

Both Juniperus phoenicea and J. oxycedrus are indigenous to northern Tunisia (Khaldi and others 2000), 

but we have been unable to obtain confirmed reports of infection by Arceuthobium oxycedri in the country. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Results: Northern Africa 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Results: Western Europe

Juniper dwarf mistletoe is reported from Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy on Juniperus communis L., J oxycedrus, J. 

phoenicea, J. thurifera, and Cupressus arizonica (Brilli-Cattarini and Gubellini 1983; Castillo 1993; Catalan 1997; Girerd 

1978; Rios Insua 1987) (Table 1). Hess and others (1976) records Arceuthobium oxycedri beyond its natural range in 

Switzerland; Beer (1951) and Heinricher (1930) report successful infection of the exotic hosts Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) 

B.S.P. and Platycladus orientalis L. (Table 2). 

Portugal 

A single specimen resides at FPF labeled as Arceuthobium oxycedri from Portugal. Unfortunately, this 

specimen is in poor condition and unidentifiable. The label only indicates the date as 1917 and host as 

Juniperus oxycedrus. Turrill (1926) indicates that juniper mistletoe is "said to occur in Portugal but no 

trustworthy records have been traced." 

In 2001, Arceuthobium oxycedri was collected from Juniperus communis near the village of Vila-Nova de 

Paiva in the Serra do Montemouro in the Beira-Alta Region of northern Portugal (Table 4, Map 2). This 

collection represents the first confirmed report of A. oxycedri from Portugal (Lopez Saez, personal 

communication). Other reports of an Arceuthobium from Portugal all refer to A. azoricum (formerly 

submerged under A. oxycedri) from the Portuguese territory of the Azores (Hawksworth and Wiens 1976, 

1996). 

Spain 

Arceuthobium oxycedri is widespread across Spain with numerous reported collection sites (Bolòs and 

Vigo 1990; Castillo 1993; Hawksworth and Wiens 1996; Rios Insua 1987; Turrill 1920) (Table 4, Map 2). 

Catalan (1997) reports the parasite to be present in 19 provinces of Spain and doubtful in the province of 

Badajoz. Of particular interest is a cluster of sites in central Spain northwest of Madrid (Map 3). Rios 

Insua (1987) presents a good summary of information on A. oxycedri and suggests the mistletoe is 

common in Spain because of favorable environmental conditions and aggressiveness on ornamental 

Cupressus arizonica E. Greene. Reported sites we were unable to locate include: Pallars Jussà, Ports de 

Beseit, and l'Alcalatèn (Bolòs and Vigo 1990); Pantano del Burgillo, Pinar del Valle de Iruelas, Cortijo 

del Robledal, Puebla de Beleña a Tamajón, Fueba, Sierra de Balces, Barranco de Andrebot, "Barnadès, 

Valpregona", Santa Maria del la Alameda, Zarzalejo, Las Machotas, Celigueta, Larequi, Burgui, and 

Fuente de la Canalenta (Castillo 1993). 

Land use changes, resulting in a disappearance of junipers from the vicinity of Sanlucar de Barameda, 

(Cadiz Province) have eliminated the obligate host for A. oxycedri since its report from this location 

(Catalan 1997, Robredo 1999). 

Hosts reported from Spain include Juniperus communis, J. oxycedrus, J. phoenicea, J. sabina (rare), J. 

thurifera (rare), and Cupressus arizonica (Bolos and Vigo 1990; Catalan 1997; Castillo 1993; Hawksworth 

and Wiens 1996; Rios Insua 1987). 

France 

Several reports of Arceuthobium oxycedri from southern France in the Departments of Alpes-de-Haute 

Provence, Bouches-du-Rhone, Var, and Vaucluse (Girerd 1978; Hawksworth and Wiens 1996; Rouy and 

Foucaud 1910; Turrill 1920,) have been published (Table 5, Map 4). In addition, several papers (e.g., Rouy 

and Foucaud 1910; Fiori 1923-29) refer to the occurrence of A. oxycedri at an undetermined location on 

the island of Corsica. Brilli-Cattarini and Gubellini (1983) and Pignatti (1982) also mention the occurrence 

of A. oxycedri on Corsica but regard the report as questionable. Hawksworth and Wiens (1996), however, 

report collections of A. oxycedri from Juniperus communis from an undetermined location on Corsica 

residing in the Botanisches Museum Dahlem, Berlin, Germany (B) and the California Academy of 

Sciences in San Francisco, California, USA (CAS). A collection from Corsica also reportedly resides at 

the herbarium of the University of Munich (M).
Mandin (2003), reports the discovery of Arceuthobium oxycedri in two locations in the Department of 

Ardéche in the National Park des Cévennes. This location is considerably north and west of the main body 

of known sites for this parasite in France. Mandin (2003) also lists the location of all sites in France where 

A. oxycedri is known to occur including the Departments of Alpes-de-Haute Provence, Ardéche, Bouchesdu-Rhone, Var and Vaucluse. He also cites two locations in the Department of Pyrénées-Orientales, on the 

north slope of the Pyrenees Mountains but states these locations are doubtful because they are based on an 

1864 record (Companyo 1864) and Arceuthobium oxycedri has not been reported from this Department in 

recent years. Moreover, Mandin (2003) regards the occurrence of A. oxycedri on the island of Corsica as 

questionable because the plant has not been observed there during the past century. 

Italy 

Brilli-Catarini and Gubelini (1983) report the occurrence of Arceuthobium oxycedri from a cluster of sites 

along the border between Tuscany and the Marches known as the Massa Trabaria (or Trabaria Massif). 

Elevations of the collection sites range between 575 and 1,000 meters. Host are Juniperus communis and J. 

oxycedrus. This area was revisited by one of the authors of this paper (W.M. Ciesla) in March and April 

2001. Arceuthobium oxycedri was collected at four sites, two previously unreported locations and two new 

sites (Table 6, Map 5). This is the only known location of this parasite between the Istrian Peninsula 

(Slovenia and Croatia) and Corsica (France). 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Results: Western Europe 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: January 23, 2002 
Results: Balkans 

Note: actual spelling available for linked words.

Countries in the Balkan Peninsula for which confirmed reports of Arceuthobium oxycedri exist include: the former 

Yugoslav Republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Yugoslavia (Serbia, Kosovo and Montenegro), as well 

as Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, and Greece. Mapping collection sites in this region is particularly challenging because of 

the region's turbulent history. Political boundaries and place names have changed repeatedly. In the past century, portions 

of the Balkan Peninsula have been under Austro-Hungarian, Italian, and Turkish influences; areas have been incorporated 

into Yugoslavia and then gained independence (Stanley 1989). References to "Macedonia" (e.g., Hayck 1924) may refer to 

either the country or the Greek province. 

Former Yugoslav Republics 

Arceuthobium oxycedri is reported from the present day Balkan states of Slovenia, Croatia, BosniaHerzegovina, and Yugoslavia on Juniperus communis, J. drupacea Labillard, and J. oxycedrus (Bondev 

and Lybenova 1984; Boissier 1879; Hawksworth and Wiens 1996) (Table 1). Spaulding (1956) reports 

Chamaecyparis thyoides, an exotic planted in Croatia, is also infected (Table 2). 

Turrill (1920, 1926) and Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) report Arceuthobium oxycedri from sites in 

present day Slovenia and Croatia (including Istria and Dalmatia, Table 7 and Map 6). The locations LikaKrbava and Valle Senjska reported by Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) in Hungary are probably the same as 

Lika Krbava above Zengg reported earlier by Turrill (1926) and now known as Senj. Several references are 

made to a site between Buccariza and Porto Ree, (or Porto Ré) (Turrill 1920, 1926; HAL; HBG) and near 

Fiume and Porto Ree (HAL). Buccariza is presently known as Bakarac and Fiume is the present day city of 

Rijeka. Porto Ree is presently known as Kraljevica (Steinhof 2001). Reported Slovenian or Croatian 

collection sites we were unable to locate include: Carcauzze (Turrill 1920, 1926; Hawksworth and Wiens 

1996); Vanderinga Valley and Borutto (Turrill 1920, 1926); Lensia and "near Trebocconi and

Klujuc" (Turrill 1926); and Abazia and Padena-Kastel (M). 

Occurrence of juniper dwarf mistletoe in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Table 7; Map 6) is reported by Turrill 

(1920, 1926) and by Hawksworth and Wiens (1996). Turrill (1920) cites a report for Stol, Serbia which we 

believe to be the community of Stolac in the southern part of present day Bosnia-Herzegovina. Turrill 

(1926) lists Magliç as a site in Serbia; this is probably Magliç in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Locations not found 

include: Tasovcic, Zitomislic, Dubrava Forest, Citluk, Krucevic on the Narenta River (present day Neretva 

River), and Neum (Turrill 1926); and Urncenci in Valle Narontis (Hawksworth and Wiens 1996). 

Collections and reports from Yugoslavia (Serbia, Kosovo, and Montenegro) are presented in Table 7 and 

Map 6 (Hawksworth and Wiens 1996; Josifovic 1973; Mijuskovic 1973; Turrill 1920, 1926). Sites 

reported by Turrill (1926) not located are: Serbia -- Demeronji, Zimovinku, and Borju; Montenegro -- 

Gomsice. Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) identify a site for Yugoslavia in German as "Tajashihe oberhalt 

Autostrasse bei Tadronova." 

Macedonia 

Hayck (1924), Turrill (1920, 1926), and Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) identify the mistletoe as occurring 

in Macedonia (Table 7; Map 6); but which Macedonia is unclear. Although Turrill (1920, 1926) 

distinguishes between a north Macedonia and south Macedonia, we located several sites from his "north 

Macedonia" in Greece. Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) describe a site three miles north of Ochoida which 

refers to either the city, Ohrid, or the lake, Ohridsko Jezero. We were unable to locate a site described as 

Wodno from HBG. 

Albania 

Arceuthobium oxycedri collection sites in Albania that could be located on maps are summarized in Table 

8 and Map 6 (Hawksworth and Wiens 1996; Turrill 1920, 1926). One site is variously cited as in District 

Janina, between Paleochori and Syrareon by Turrill (1920) and as Jamina District, between Paleschori

and Sryanoni by Hawksworth and Wiens (1996). Other locations not found include: District Hoti and 
Bukovik (Turrill 1920); and Loussou (Hawksworth and Wiens 1996). 

Bulgaria 

The occurrence of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Bulgaria is reported from several sources (Bondev and 

Lyubenova 1984; Hawksworth and Wiens 1996; Turrill 1920, 1926; HAL; HBG; M) (Table 9). These 

reports are almost exclusively from southern and western Bulgaria including a number of records from the 

Rhodope Mountains, a range that spans the frontiers of Bulgaria, Macedonia (Map 6), and Greece (Map 7). 

Collection sites that could not be located on country maps include: above Stanimaka (Turrill 1920), a site 

that he later places in the Rhodope Mountains (as Rodope massif) (Turrill 1926). He also reports a site 

south of Daridere that could not be located. Other Bulgarian collection sites not located are: Simorovo and 

Delbocko (Bondev and Lyubenova 1984); Karlik Dagh in the Rhodope Mts. (Hawksworth and Wiens 

1996); Canopo (HBG); and Chovjna in the Rhodope Mountains (HAL). 

Greece 

Arceuthobium oxycedri is reported from many locations in Greece including the Provinces of Attica, 

Epirus (Ipiros), Macedonia (Makedonia), Peleponnese (Peloponissos), Thrace (Thraki), and Thessaly 

(Thessalia) by Boissier (1879), Hawksworth and Wiens (1996), and Turrill (1920, 1926). The located sites 

are identified in Table 10 and Map 7. Reported sites we were unable to locate on country maps are: 

Klinovo, Sermeniko in Pindus, and Mt. Xerolivadon (Turrill 1920, 1926); and Tonsenitza (Hawksworth and 

Wiens 1996). Turrill (1926) lists Phthiotidis, Nidze Planinai, slope of Bermic Ridge, south of Vodena,

Belasitsa Planina in South Macedonia and Tekir Dagh, Canakca, Kalfa-Keoi, near Domouzdere, Bodoma, 

and Dervant in Thrace. Most of these last names appear to be Turkish and may refer to sites actually in 

Turkey. Miller (1982) identifies Domouzdere as a collection site in the Istanbul region. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Results: Balkans 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Results: Russia and Other Former Soviet Republics

As in the Balkans, the regions of Crimea (Ukraine), the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia), and 

Turkestan (present day Central Asian republics of Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) have experienced 

significant political re-organization with the dissolution of first the Russian and Turkish empires and recently the Soviet 

Union. Moreover, translations of place names from the original Cyrillic alphabet into English often appear under different 

spellings on maps published in western European languages. 

Arceuthobium oxycedri has long been known from numerous hosts in Crimea, the Caucasus, and Turkestan. Reported 

native and exotic hosts (Table 1 and Table 2) are Juniperus excelsa Bieb., J. oblonga Knight & Perry, J. oxycedrus, J. 

pseudosabina Fisher & Meyer, J. sabina L., J. semiglobosa Regel, J. thurifera L., J. polycarpos, J. virginiana L., 

Chamaecyparis funebris Endlicher, Cupressus arizonica, C. lusitanica Mill., C. lusitanica var. benthamii, C. macnabiana 

A. Murry, C. macrocarpa Gordon, and Platycladus orientalis (Botschantev 1953; Fataliev 1987; Hawksworth and Wiens 

1996; Isikov 1986; Isikov and Zaharenko 1988; Lazarev and Grigorov 1980; Ovchinnikov 1968; Zefirov 1955). 

Ukraine 

Significant populations of juniper mistletoe occur in the mountains of Crimea (Table 11, Map 8) on 

Juniperus oxycedrus and on relict populations of J. excelsa (Lazarev and Grigorov 1980). Hawksworth 

and Wiens (1996) report collections from Taura. This name apparently refers to the Taurians, the name of 

a civilization that occupied Crimea 3000 years ago and is an old name for part of the Crimean Peninsula. 

Other reports cite the region as Jaltensis, Yalta, and Sudak. Lazarev and Grigorov (1980) identify specific 

locations at the Batlliman Natural Preserve, Cape Martyan area, Livadij (perhaps same as Lyasni reported 

by Voronihin 1908), and Yaltinsk Mountain Forest Reserve (elevation 400500 m). Turrill (1920) adds Mt. 

Pertsch as a collection site. Interest and attention over the juniper mistletoe continues in this region due to 

recent work by Isikov (1986) and Iskov and Zakhareno (1988). 

Russia 

Collection sites for A. oxycedri in Russia are confined to a narrow strip of land between the Black Sea and 

the Caucuses Mountains and include Tamanskij Bay, Anapa, Novorriysk, Marykh Pass, North Ossetia, and 

Avarsky Koisu (Dagestan) (Kaupush and Tavasiev 1979; Voronihin 1908) (Table 11, Map 8). 

Caucasus--Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia 

There are reports of Arceuthobium oxycedri from the Caucasus region by Kaupush and Tavasiev (1979) 

and Voronihin (1908), from Armenia by Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) and Takhtadijan (1973), from 

Azerbaijan by Fataliev (1987), and from Georgia by Turrill (1920) (Table 11, Map 8 and Map 9). 

Takhtadijan (1973) describes the distribution of plants in Armenia by 12 floristic provinces and reports the 

occurrence of Arceuthobium oxycedri in low to medium elevation zones in three of these provinces: 

Idjevan in northeastern Armenia, Erevan in the southwest, and Zangezur in the south (Map 9). Reported 

hosts are J. oblonga and J. sabina. Other reported collection sites from Armenia are Ritzagadsch (Turrill 

1920) and "Rossiea Siedlitz Riltzagash" (Hawksworth and Wiens 1996). Rossiea may be a reference to 

Russia; Siedlitz may be the name of botanist who made this collection. The site Alliper Dagh given by 

Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) could be a reference to Alidag, a 3135 m mountain south of Kars and north 

of the Aras River in what is today eastern Turkey (Map 8). 

The collection site Elizavetpolskii Creek reported by Voronihin (1908) is near the community known 

presently as Ganca in northern Azerbaijan (Map 8). This community was originally known as Ganja; it 

was renamed Elizavetpol by the Russians and later called Kirovabad. Today it appears on maps under 

various alternative spellings including Gonja, Gyanja, and Gäncä (Allen and Muratoff 1953). 

Central Asia--Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgystan, and Tajikistan 

Portions of the central Asian countries are located in the western Himalayas and contain extensive juniper 

forests (Figure 2). Arceuthobium oxycedri collection sites are reported by Botschantev (1953); 

Hawksworth and Wiens (1996), Ovchinnikov (1968), and Voronihin (1908) (Table 11, Map 10). Locations 

not found include: Burogan River, Kusavli Sai, and Mausarif (Ovchinnikov 1968); and Mossarif 

(Voronihin 1908). The latter two collections may refer to Mazar-I-Sharif, a large city in northern 

Afghanistan (Map 11) near the border of Uzbekistan. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Results: Russia and Other Former Soviet Republics 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Results: Near East 

Note: actual spelling available for linked words.

Arceuthobium oxycedri is reported from the Near East countries of Turkey (Table 12), Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Iran 

(Table 13). Host species include Juniperus drupacea, J. excelsa, J. foetidissima, J. oxycedrus, and J. sabina (Hawksworth 

and Wiens 1996; Miller 1982; Mouterde 1966; Parsa 1947; Townsend 1980) (Table 1). 

Cyprus 

Four species of juniper, Juniperus excelsa, J. foetidissima, J. oxycedrus, and J. phoenicea, and one 

cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, are known to occur on the eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus 

(Sfikas 1998). Discussions with representatives of the Forest Departments of both Greek and Turkish 

Cyprus and examination of records in the herbarium of the Turkish Cypriot Alevkaya Forest Station by 

one of the authors (W.M. Ciesla) indicate that there are no records of the occurrence of Arceuthobium 

oxycedri from Cyprus. Moreover, casual observations of extensive forests of Juniperus phoenicea on the 

Karpas Peninsula and of J. foetidissima near the summit of Mt. Olympus in the Trodos Massif failed to 

reveal the presence of A. oxycedri.

Turkey 

Arceuthobium oxycedri is widespread in Turkey (Boissier 1879; Hawksworth and Wiens 1996; Miller 

1982; Turrill 1920). Sites located on maps are summarized in Table 12 and Map 8. 

Some confusion arises because many old collections identify locations in "Turkey" meaning the Ottoman 

Empire, which included portions of the Balkans, Caucasus, and Near East. For example, reference to a 

1911 collection from "Insula Thasos" listed under Turkey by Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) undoubtedly 

refers to the Greek island of Thasos (see section on Greece). Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) also misplace 

a number of sites within Turkey: Artvin and Cortuh Gorge are in Çoruh region not near Constantinople; 

Batman (for Bittyma) is in Bitlis region not the Bolu region; Antalya (for Antlya or Anatolia) is not clearly 

identified as the region where "Gombe, Sutlegen, and Yayla Cavda" are located. The name "Ak Dag" 

occurs often on Turkish maps and means "white mountain." At least two sites designated by this name are 

collection sites for A. oxycedri. Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) cite the Ak Dagliar mountains of the 

Antalya region. Miller (1982) and Turrrill (1920) list a site that may be either a village or mountain in the 

Amaysa region. Collection sites listed by Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) that could not be found are Bei at 

Krucevic (possibly the same site reported by Turrill 1926 and HBG as "Krucevic on the Narenta [or 

Neretva] River in Bosnia-Herzegovina) and District Czebiz, Bostran Cuckur. Collection sites given by 

Miller (1982) that could not be located include: Mermerköy, (Tekirdag region), Domusdere or Belgrad

Forest (Istanbul region), and Dokhana. Miller's (1982) listing of Mermerköy could be in reference to 

Dermerköy, a city in European Turkey, south of the Bulgarian frontier. 

Lebanon and Syria 

Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) and Mouterde (1966) report Arceuthobium oxycedri from Lebanon and 

Syria (Table 13 and Map 8). Mouterde 1966 lists Col de Nebi-Younès and Col de Freiket for Syria. 

Thiebaut (1953) gives Ansarieh as a collection site; we believe this to refer to Jebel Ansariya, a mountain 

range near the Mediterranean Sea between Turkey and Lebanon. Turrill (1920) lists Amanus (present day 

Turkey), Akher Dagh (possibly Turkey), and Lebanon under Syria. Mouterde (1966) reports A. oxycedri

from several sites in Lebanon on Juniperus drupacea and J. oxycedrus. 

Iraq 

Al-Rawi (1964), Hawksworth and Wiens (1996), and Townsend (1980) report Arceuthobium oxycedri

from the Al'Amadiyah (Amadiyah or Amadia District) of northern of Iraq (Table 13, Map 8). Collection 

sites not located are the valleys of Nazarki and Sapna (Townsend 1980). 

Iran 

Boissier (1879) lists several sites in northern Iran (Persia) where juniper dwarf mistletoe was collected 

(Table 13, Map 8). Turrill (1920) cites a collection from Oroomah, in the Kurdistan ethnic region of Iran; 

Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) identify the site Groomah. The present day name of this site is Orumiyeh. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Results: Near East 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Results: Indian Subcontinent and Western China

Juniper mistletoe is reported from Pakistan, India, and China (Beg 1973; Hawksworth and Wiens 1996; Kiu 1985). There 

are also two unconfirmed reports for a site believed to be in Afghanistan (Ovchinnikov 1968; Voronihin 1908). Reported 

hosts are now recognized as Juniperus convallium Rehder & E.H. Wilson, J. tibetica Komarov, J. polycarpos, J. squamata

Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, and J. wallichiana Hooker f & Thomas ex Parlatore (Table 1). Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) 

report Arceuthobium oxycedri in Bhutan, but we now believe this is an error. While Hawksworth was drafting the 

monograph, he was also investigating the identity of several purported A. oxycedri collections from Bhutan. He eventually 

determined these to be A. minutissimum and A. sichuanense. 

Afghanistan 

Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) suggest that Arceuthobium oxycedri probably occurs in Afghanistan but 

provide no documentation. Ovchinnikov (1968) reports the occurrence of Arceuthobium oxycedri from 

Mausarif in Tajikistan; and Voronihin (1908) reports Mossarif as a collection site but does not give a 

country designation. These reports could be in reference to Mazar-I-Sherif, a large city in northern 

Afghanistan near the border of Uzbekistan (Table 14, Map 11). However, this has not been confirmed. It is 

also not clear if these collections were made in or near Mazar-I-Sherif or in the hills in Uzbekistan north of 

the city. Therefore, the presence of A. oxycedri in Afghanistan must be considered questionable. 

Pakistan 

Arceuthobium oxycedri in Pakistan is known from a single location, the 88,000 hectare Ziarat forest in 

Balochistan Province (Table 14, Figure 3, Map 11, Map 12). Its occurrence was first reported by Beg 

(1973). As documented by Ciesla (1997) the infected juniper has variously been described as Juniperus 

polycarpos, J. macropoda, J. excelsa, and J. excelsa var. polycarpos. Recent DNA analysis (Adams 2001), 

however, indicate that these junipers should be referred to as J. polycarpos. Surveys conducted in 1977 by 

the Pakistan Forest Institute established that the parasite was confined to relatively small areas in the 

Chasnak and Sasnamana Valleys of the Ziarat Forest (Zakaullah 1977; Zakaullah and Badshah 1977). A 

detailed survey conducted in 1997 mapped the distribution to the upper headwaters of the Chasnak, 

Sasnamana, and adjoining four valleys, an area of 3,500 ha (4% of the Ziarat Forest) at elevations between 

1,980 and 3,350 m (Ciesla and others 1998; Map 12). Extensive natural forests, including dry temperate 

juniper forests are also found in northern Pakistan (Aftab Majeed 2000). A. oxycedri has not been reported 

from northern Pakistan, but it may occur here. 

India 

Arceuthobium oxycedri is reported only from the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh 

(Bhattacharyya and Uniyal 1982; Bor 1953; Duthie 1885; Hawksworth and Wiens 1996; Rau 1975; Turrill 

1920) (Table 14, Map 11). Although the host has been referred under several names (Table 1; Ciesla 

1997), if it is the same juniper as found in Pakistan, it should be referred to as Juniperus polycarpos

(Adams 2001). The dwarf mistletoe occurs along the upper Chenab River and its tributaries the Chandra 

and Bhaga in the greater Lahul valley. The geography of this small area is complicated by the 

administrative structure (Lahul and Pangi) and variations in place names. Bhattacharyya and Uniyal (1982) 

conducted a botanical expedition of the region and describe the extent of the juniper host (as J. 

polycarpos) along opposite sides of the river from above the famous shrine at Triloknath up the valley to 

the wind-swept ridges above Kylang (about 40 km). They characterize the mistletoe infestation as not 

widespread but very damaging to infected trees, and they identify a single localized infestation near Thirot 

at 2600 m. Bor (1953) locates what may have been a second, severe infestation near the larger community 

of Keylang (as Kyelang). Earlier reports by Duthie (1885), Rau (1975), and Turrill (1920) only locate the 

mistletoe in the general region of Lahul. Hawksworth and Wiens (1996) cite collections from Kashmir as 

Lahaul, Sumdo, and Tispa; these likely refer to Lahul, Sissoo, and Thirot. 

China 

Hawksworth and Wiens (1996), Kiu (1984), Kiu and Ren (1982), and Mo-Mei Chen (1985) report on 

Arceuthobium oxycedri in southwestern China, Xizang Province (Tibet) (Table 14 and Map 11). Kiu 

(1984) identifies the hosts as Juniperus wallichiana and J. tibetica; he also indicates that this dwarf 

mistletoe occurs from 3,000 to 3,500 m. Mo-Mei Chen (1985) reports an additional site near the Bhutan 

border, 30 km southwest of Lhozhag (Luozha) where 34% of 126 trees were infected. Collection records at 

GOET give two locations and three hosts: the Yamzho Yumco Pensinsula southwest of Chawa on J. 

squamata and J. tibetica and the Yarlung Tsangpo Gorge, east of Sangri on J. convallium. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Results: Indian Subcontinent and Western China 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Discussion

Distribution and Hosts 

Unlike most species of Arceuthobium, which tend to be relatively host specific (Hawksworth and Wiens 

1996), A. oxycedri has a wide host range (Table1 and Table 2). The most commonly reported hosts are 

various Juniperus species. Seventeen taxa of Juniperus are reported as host plants including several exotic 

species (e.g., Juniperus virginiana, a North American species reported as a host in the Ukraine). These 

data suggest that virtually any species of Juniperus is a potential host of A. oxycedri. Other genera of the 

family Cupressaceae, including species of Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, and Platycladus are also hosts of A. 

oxycedri. It is interesting to note that the other two known Juniperus infesting species of Arceuthobium, A. 

azoricum of the Azores Islands (Portugal) and A. juniperi-procerae of Ethiopia and Kenya, each have only 

a single reported host (Hawksworth and Wiens 1976, 1996). 

Arceuthobium oxycedri is confirmed from 31 countries, including 2 in northern Africa, 4 in Mediterranean 

Europe, 8 in the Balkan Peninsula, 9 from Russia and other former Soviet Republics, 5 in the Near East, 

and 3 from the Indian subcontinent and western China (Map 13). One country, Afghanistan, is considered 

questionable. There is also a possibility of the additional occurrences of this dwarf mistletoe in parts of 

northern Pakistan and the Himalayan Region of India, Nepal, and Bhutan (Map 13). This dwarf mistletoe 

is found over a wide elevation range, from near sea level along the Mediterranean and Black Seas to 

elevations from 575 to 1,000 m in Italy, 700 to 900 m in Iraq, 2,600 m in northern India and 3,000 to 3,500 

m in western China. Geographically, there appear to be two broad patterns of regional distributiondispersed or restricted. It appears to be widely dispersed throughout the range of its host plants in northern 

Africa, Spain, the Balkans, Turkey and adjacent countries, central Asia, and southwestern China. Its 

distribution is more restricted in France, Italy, Pakistan, and India. Some differences may arise from the 

intensity of collecting, but mistletoes commonly exist as isolated populations. Interest in the A. oxycedri

seems especially keen in Spain, Crimea, and Pakistan. Its broad distribution suggests climate is usually not 

limiting if a juniper host is present. The range of this dwarf mistletoe appears to generally coincide with its 

hosts, but the junipers themselves occur in many regions as widely separated populations. Although the 

ballistic dispersal of dwarf mistletoes assures good local spread, its dioecious habit and rare vectoring by 

birds makes long distance dispersal very problematic. The distribution of juniper dwarf mistletoe reflects a 

history of migration with its host and of persistence in some populations and extinction in others. 

Management Implications 

Juniper forests occur over extensive, regions of northern Africa, Mediterranean Europe, the Near East, 

central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and western China. In these arid regions forest growth is slow and 

regeneration is uncertain. The continued health and even existence of many of these forests is threatened 

by excessive human use, grazing by domestic livestock, insects, and diseases. One of the major disease 

agents of Old World junipers and other Cupressaceae is Arceuthobium oxycedri. This dwarf mistletoe has 

the most extensive natural range of any species in this genus, occurring over a large land area from 

northern Africa and Mediterranean Europe to western China. Since its original description in 1819, 

national boundaries within its range have changed significantly, new countries have been established and 

others have disappeared. The names of many communities and physiographic features of the landscape 

have also changed. Moreover, there have been significant changes in the nomenclature of some of the host 

plants of this important parasite. Consequently, existing records require updating to reflect today's geopolitical boundaries and taxonomic designations. This will enable research scientists and applied biologists 

concerned with pest management in juniper forests to readily identify locations where this plant is found, 

its hosts, where established pest management methods have been developed, and where the socioeconomic impacts for this parasitic plant have been studied. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Discussion 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: January 23, 2002 
References

1. Adams, R.P. 1999. Systematics of multi-seeded Eastern Hemisphere Juniperus based on leaf essential oils and RAPD 

DNA fingerprinting. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 27:709725. 

2. Adams, R.P. 2001. Geographic variation in leaf essential oils and RAPDs of Juniperus polycarpos K. Koch in central 

Asia. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 29:609619. 

3. Adams, R.P.; Demeke, T. 1993. Systematic relationships in Juniperus based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs 

(RAPDs). Taxon. 42:553572. 

4. Adams, R.P.; Turuspeckocv, Y. 1998. Taxonomic reassessment of some central Asian and Himalayan scale-leaved 

taxa of Juniperus (Cupressaceae) supported by random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Taxon. 47:7583. 

5. Adams, R.P.; Zanoni, T.A.; Lara, A.; Barrero, A.F.; Cool, L.G. 1997. Comparisons among Cupressus arizonica

Greene, C. benthamii Endl., C. lindleyi Koltz. ex Endl., and C. lusitanica Mill. using essential oils and DNA fingerprinting. 

Journal of Essential Oil Research. 9:303309. 

6. Aftab Majeed, M. 2000. Untitled. Poster paper presented at the International Symposium-Problems of Juniper Forests: 

Looking for Solutions, Methods, Techniques. Osh, Krygyzstan. 610 August 2000. 

7. Allen, W.E.D.; Muratoff, P. 1953. Caucasian battlefields. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. 614 pp. 

8. Al-Rawi, A. 1964. Wild plants of Iraq, with their distribution. Technical Bulletin 14. Baghdad: Ministry of 

Agriculture. 232 pp. 

9. Bakshi, B.K.; Puri, Y.N. 1971. Dwarf mistletoe on blue pine in the western Himalayas and its control. Indian Forester.

97:547552. 

10. Beer, A. 1951. Die Zwerg-oder Wacholder Mistel (Arceuthobium) und ihre küntsliche Aufzucht. Garten-Zeitschrift 

Illus. Flora. 74:1315. 

11. Beg, A.R. 1973. Survey of diseases of conifers and selected hardwoods. Annual Technical Report, 1 August 197231 

July 1973, PL 480 Project A 17FS15. Peshawar: Pakistan Forest Institute. 7 pp. 

12. Bhattacharyya, U.C.; Uniyal, B.P. 1982. A botanical tour to Pangi and Triloknath in the upper Chenab. Journal 

Bombay Natural History Society. 79:5778. 

13. Boissier, E. 1879. Loranthaceae. In: Flora Orientalis. Geneva: Lugduni. 4:10671070. 

14. Bolòs, O.; Vigo, J. 1990. Lorantàcies. In: Flora dels Països Catalans (In Catalan). Barcelona: Editorial Barcino. 2:596-

597. 

15. Bondev, I.A.; Lyubenova, M.I. 1984. Materials and critical notes on the Bulgarian flora (In Russian). Fitologija. 24:64-

67. 

16. Bor, N.L. 1953. Manual of Indian forest botany. London: Oxford University Press. 441 pp. 

17. Botschantev, V.P. 1953. Loranthaceae. In: Flora Usbekistanica (In Russian). Taschkent: 9596. 

18. Brilli-Cattarini, A.J.B.; Gubellini, L. 1983. Segnalazioni floristchle Italiane: 138. Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) Bieb. 

(Loranthaceae) (In Italian). Informatore Botanico Italiano. 13:203.
19. Castillo, J.L. 1993. Aportación 49, Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) Bieb. (=Viscum oxycedri DC.). In: R. Sánchez, A., 

ed. Cartografia Corológia Ibérica. Botanica Complutensis (In Spanish). 18:328331. 

20. Catalan, P. 1997. Arceuthobium. In: Castroviejo, S., Aedo, C., Benedi, C., Lainz, M., Muñoz Garamendia, F., Nieto 

Feliner, G., and Paiva, J. eds. Flora Iberica: Plantas vasculares de la Peninsula Iberica e Islas Baleares. Vol. VIII: 

Haloragaceae-Euphorbiaceae (In Spanish). Jardin Botanico, CSIS, Madrid: 164166. 

21. Ciesla, W.M. 1993. Assessment of dwarf mistletoe and other factors affecting the health of forests in Baluchistan, 

PAK/88/071. Rome, Italy: FAO. 24 pp. 

22. Ciesla, W. M. 1997. Dwarf mistletoe in Balochistan: a literature review. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Health Management 

International for Balochistan Natural Resources and Conservation Project. 48 pp. [online] Available: 

http://www.rms.nau.edu/publications/ciesla_bal. 

23. Ciesla, W.M.; Mohammed, G.; Hafeez Buzdar, A. 1998. Juniper dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. 

Bieb., in Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Forestry Chronicle. 74:549553. 

24. Duthie, J.F. 1885. Notes on some trees and shrubs observed during recent botanical expedition to north-eastern 

Kuman. Indian Forester. 11:16. 

25. Farjon, A. 1998. World checklist and bibliography of conifers. London: Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens Press. 298 pp. 

26. Fataliev, R.A. 1987. Morphological and biological features of Loranthaceae species in the Azerbaijan SSR and their 

host plants (In Russian). Izv Akad. Nauk. Az. SSR, Ser. Biol. Nauk. 5:2631. 

27. Fiori, A. 192329. Loranthaceae. In: Nouva flora analitica d'Italia (In Italian). Florence, Italy: 388389. 

28. Girerd, B. 1978. Loranthacees. In: Inventaire écologique et biogéographique de la Flore du Départment de Vaucluse 

(In French). Avignon, France: Societe d'Etude des Sciences Naturelles de Vaucluse: 127 [map 32]. 

29. Guldescu, S. 1970. The CroatianSlavonian Kingdom 15261792. The Hague: Mouton. 318 pp. 

30. Hawksworth, F.G.; Wiens, D. 1976. Arceuthobium oxycedri and its segregates A. juniperi-procerae and A. azoricum

(Viscaceae). Kew Bulletin. 31:7180. 

31. Hawksworth, F.G.; Wiens, D. 1996: Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. Agric. Handb. 709. 

Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture. 410 pp. [online] Available: http://www.rms.nau.edu/publications/ah_709. 

32. Hayck, A. 1924: Loranthaceae. In: Prodomus Florae Peninsulare Balcanicae, repertorium specierum novarum. Veg. 

Bieh 30:99101. 

33. Heinricher, E. 1930. Über Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. Bieb. auf Chamaecyparis sphaeroides Spach. pendula 

Hort. und einer Hexenbesen, der durch den Einfluss des Arceuthobiums auf dieser Cupressinee Entstand (In German). 

Planta. 10:374380. 

34. Hess, H.E.; Landolt, E.; Hirzel, R. 1976. Loranthaceae. In: Flora der Schweiz (In German). Birkhauser-Verlag: 709. 

35. Isikov, V.P. 1986. New findings of Arceuthobium M.B. in the Crimea (In Russian). Ukraine Bot. Zh. 43:8990. 

36. Isikov, V.P.; Zakharenko, H.S. 1988. Arceuthobium oxycedri M.B. in the Crimea (In Russian). Ukraine Bot. Zh. 45:32-

36. 

37. Jalas J.; Souminen, J., eds. 1976. Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) Bieb. In: Atlas Florae Europaeae. Vol. 3. Helsinki: 114 

[map 367]. 

38. Josifovic, M. 1973. Arceuthobium. In: Flora of the Socialist Republic of Serbia (In Russian). Belgrade: 394. 

39. Karadlev, Mitko. 2001. E-mail message to William M. Ciesla, March 8, 2001, one page. On file at: Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Southwest Forest Science Complex, Flagstaff, AZ. 
40. Kaupush, R.D.; Tavasiev, R.A. 1979. On new location of Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) Bieb. on the North Ossetia (In 

Russian). Stavrapol: Stavropol'skii Gos. Pedog. Inst. Flora. Severnogo Kavkaza: 9091. 

41. Khaldi, A.; Khouja, M. L.; Abdelmoula, K.; Khouaja, A. 2000. The situation of Juniperus phoenicea and J. oxycedrus

in Tunisia: Degradation and traditional uses of multipurpose species. Paper presented at the International SymposiumProblems of Juniper Forests: Looking for Solutions, Methods, Techniques. Osh, Kyrgystan. 610 August 2000. 

42. Kiu Hua-shing. 1984. Arceuthobium and its hosts in southwestern China. In: Biology of dwarf mistletoes, Proceedings 

of the symposium; August 8, 1984. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-111. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 1819. 

43. Kiu Hua-shing; Ren Wei. 1982. A new species of Arceuthobium from Xizang (In Chinese). Journal Yunnan Forestry 

College. 1:4245. 

44. Lazarev, M.A.; Grigorov, A.N. 1980. Modern conditions and perspectives of studying Arceuthobium M.B. parasitizing 

the Crimean junipers (In Russian). Byull. Gos. Nikit. Bot. Sada. 1:6467. 

45. Loret, H. 1895. Arceuthobium oxycedri (In French). Société Bot. de France. 6:328329. 

46. Markgraf, F. 1934. Genetische Beziehungen der Mittelmeerflora (In German). Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 52:6879. 

47. Maire, R. 1961. Loranthaceae (In French). In: Flore de l'Afrique du nord, Encyclopedie Biologique. Vol. 7. Paris: Paul 

Lechevalier: 211216. 

48. Mijuskovic, M. 1973. Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. B. (Loranthaceae), ranjie nezabiljezena parazitna biljka u flori 

Crne Gore. Glas. Republ. Zovoda Zast. Prirode. 5:2528. 

49. Miller, A.G. 1982. Loranthaceae. In: Davis. P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7. Edinburgh: 

University Press: 546549. 

50. Mistletoe Literature Database. 1999: [Homepage of Brian W. Geils], [online]. Available: 

http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/mistletoe. 

51. Mo-Mei Chen. 1985. Main diseases and insect pests of forests in Xizang. In: Forests of Xizang, Scientific Expedition 

of the QinghaiXizang Plateau (In Chinese): 274275 [plus maps]. 

52. Mouterde, P. 1966. Nouvelle Flore du Liban et de la Syrie (In French). Beyrouth, France: Éditions de L'Imprimerie 

Catholique: 383. 

53. Negrillo, A.M; Marin Calderon, G. 1985. Some interesting species of the Sierra de la Sagra (Granada), University of 

Salamanca (Spain), Studia Botanica. 4:135136. 

54. Ovchinnikov, P.N. 1968. Loranthaceae (In Russian). In: Flora Tadzhikski SSR. Vol. 3. Moscow: 184186. 

55. Parsa, A. 1947. Flora d'Iran (In French). Teheran. 4:11971199. 

56. Pignatti, S. 1982. Loranthaceae (In Italian). In: Flora d'Italia. Vol. 1. Bologna: Edgaricole: 7376. 

57. Rau, M.A. 1975. Loranthaceae. In: High altitude flowering plants of west Himalaya. Botanical Survey of India. 

Howrah: Indian Bot. Gard.: 176177. 

58. Rios Insua, V. 1987. Contribución al estudio de la biología de Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. Bieb. (1819). Bol. San. 

Veg. Plagas. 13:5362. 

59. Robredo Junco, F. 1999. [Letter to W. M. Ciesla]. March 6, 1999, 2 pages. On file at: Rocky Mountain Research 

Station, Southwest Forest Science Complex, Flagstaff, AZ. 

60. Rouy, G.; Foucaud, J. 1910. Loranthacées. In: Flore du France, ou description des plantes gui croissent spontanement 

en France, en Corse et en Alsace-Lorraine (In French). Vol. 2. Asienres (Siene): Sociéte des Sciences Naturales de la 

Chanente-Inferieure. 12:282286. 
61. Rushforth, K.D. 1987. Conifers, New York: Facts on File Publications. 232 pp. 

62. Sfikas, G. 1998. Wild flowers of Cyprus. Athens, Greece: Efstathiadis Group. 320 pp. 

63. Spaulding, P. 1956. Diseases of North American trees planted abroad. Agriculture Handbook. 100. Washington, DC: 

US Department of Agriculture. 144 pp. 

64. Stanley, D. 1989. Eastern Europe on a shoestring. Hawthorn, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications. 667 pp. 

65. Steinhof, M. 2001. E-mail message to William M. Ciesla dated March 8, 2001, one page. On file at: Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Southwest Forest Science Complex, Flagstaff, AZ. 

66. Stewart, R.R. 1972. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir. Karachi: Fakhri 

Printing Press. 

67. Takhtadjian, A., ed. 1973. Flora of Armenia, Vol. 6 (In Russian). Academy of Sciences of Armenia. 485 pp. 

68. Thiebaut, J. 1953. Loranthaceés (In French). In: Flore Libano-Syrienne. Paris: Centre National Recerche Scientifque: 

132133. 

69. Townsend, C.C. 1980. Loranthaceae. In: Flora of Iraq. Baghdad: Ministry of Agric. and Agrarian Reform. Vol. 4, part 

1: 411416. 

70. Turrill, W.B. 1920. Arceuthobium oxycedri and its distribution. Kew Bulletin. 8:264268. 

71. Turrill, W.B. 1926. The Loranthaceae of the Balkan Peninsula. Kew Bulletin. 14:376379. 

72. Voronihin, N.N. 1908. Anatomy and biology of Arceuthobium oxycedri (In Russian). Bolezni Rastenii. 2:143160. 

73. Welch, H.; Haddow, G. 1993. The world checklist of conifers. Herefordshire, UK: Landsman's Bookshop Ltd. 

74. Zakaullah. 1977. Survey of juniper dwarf mistletoe in the adjacent areas of Sasnamana State Forest of Baluchistan. 

Pakistan Journal of Forestry. 27:143146. 

75. Zakaullah; Badshah, K., 1977. Survey of juniper dwarf mistletoe in Sasnamana State Forest of Baluchistan. Pakistan 

Journal of Forestry. 27:3950. 

76. Zefirov, B.M. 1955. De Arceuthobio oxycedri (DC.) M.B. in Cupresso parasitico (In Russian). Akad. Nauk. SSSR 

Botanical Institute. 17:110111. 

ADDITIONAL LITERATURE CITATIONS - VERSION 1.2 - FEBRUARY 2004 

Companyo, L. 1864. Historie naturelle du department des Pyrénées-orientales. Tome 2. Perpignan, Ed. Alzine. 

Mandin, J-P. 2003. Note sur la réparitition d' Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. Bieb. (Viscaceae) en France. J. Bot. Soc. 

Bot. France 21:37-48 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: References 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: February 6, 2004 
Figures, Maps and Tables

Figures 

Figure 1 -- Arceuthobium oxycedri on Juniperus polycarpos, Ziarat Forest, Pakistan (photo by W. Ciesla). 

Figure 2 -- High elevation juniper forest in the Krgyz Atta National Park, Pamir Alay Range, Kyrgystan 

(photo by W. Ciesla). 

Figure3 -- Juniperus polycarpos forest near Mt. Ararat, Ziarat Forest, Pakistan (photo by W. Ciesla). 

Maps 

Map 1 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Morocco and Algeria. 

Map 2 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Portugal and Spain (Note: Because of the many 

collections reported for Spain, not all locations are shown). 

Map 3 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri northwest of Madrid, Spain. 

Map 4 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in southeastern France. 

Map 5 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Tuscany and the Marches, Italy. 

Map 6 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Slovenia, Croatia, BosniaHerzegovina, Yugoslavia, 

Macedonia, Albania, and Bulgaria. 

Map 7 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Greece. 

Map 8 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Syria, 

Lebanon, Iraq, and Iran. 

Map 9 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Armenia. 

Map 10 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Central Asia (adapted from Takhadjian 1973). 

Map 11 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and China. 

Map 12 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in the Ziarat Forest, Pakistan (from Ciesla and others 

1998). 

Map 13 -- World distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri. 

Tables 

Table 1 -- Juniperus hosts of Arceuthobium oxycedri. 

Table 2 -- Taxa of Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, and Platycladus reported as hosts of Arceuthobium 

oxycedri. 

Table 3 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in northern Africa.
Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Figures, Maps and Tables 

Electronic Publish Date: August 2001 

Last Update: January 23, 2002 

Table 4 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Portugal and Spain.

Table 5 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in southern France.

Table 6 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Italy.

Table 7 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in the former Yugoslav

Republics and Macedonia.

Table 8 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Albania.

Table 9 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Bulgaria.

Table 10 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Greece.

Table 11 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Russia and other

former Soviet Republics.

Table 12 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Turkey.

Table 13 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in the Near East.

Table 14 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri on the Indian

subcontinent and western China.

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Figures, Maps and Tables

Electronic Publish Date:

Last Update: August 18, 2008

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page
Figure 1 -- Arceuthobium oxycedri on Juniperus polycarpos, Ziarat Forest, Pakistan (photo by W. Ciesla). 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Figure 1 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Figure 2 -- High elevation juniper forest in the Krgyz Atta National Park, Pamir Alay Range, Kyrgystan (photo by W. 

Ciesla). 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Figure 2 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Figure 3 -- Juniperus polycarpos forest near Mt. Ararat, Ziarat Forest, Pakistan (photo by W. Ciesla). 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Figure 3 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 1 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Morocco and Algeria. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 1 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 2 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Portugal and Spain (Note: Because of the many collections reported for Spain, not all locations 

are shown). 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 2 

Electronic Publish Date: August 2001 

Last Update: January 23, 2002 
Map 3 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri northwest of Madrid, Spain. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 3 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 4 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in southeastern France. See Table 5 for numbered locations. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 4 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: February 6, 2004 
Map 5 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Tuscany and the Marches, Italy. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 5 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 6 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Albania, and Bulgaria. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 6 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 7 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Greece. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 7 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 8 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Iran. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 8 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 9 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Armenia. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 9 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 10 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Central Asia (adapted from Takhadjian 1973). 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 10 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 11 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and China. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 11 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 12 -- Distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri in the Ziarat Forest, Pakistan (from Ciesla and others 1998). 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 12 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 
Map 13 -- World distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri. 

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: Map 13 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: February 6, 2004 
Table 1 -- Juniperus hosts of Arceuthobium oxycedri. 

Preferred name Name cited Region and country of 

report

Referencea

- Western Europe

J. communis Portugal Lopez Saez, 

per. comm. 

J. communis Spain 19, 20, 58 

J. communis France 31 

J. communis Italy 18 

- Balkans

J. communis Slovenia and Croatia (Istria) 31 

1. J. communis 

(Common juniper) 

J. communis Bulgaria 15, 31 

2. J. convallium - Indian subcontinent and western China

J. convallium China (Tibet) GOET 

- Balkans

J. drupacea Greece 13 

- Russia and Former Soviet Republics

J. drupacea Ukraine (Crimea) 44 

- Near East

J. drupacea Turkey 49 

3. J. drupacea

(Syrian juniper) 

Arceuthos 

drupacea

Lebanon 52 

- Russia and Former Soviet Republics

J. excelsa Ukraine (Crimea) 35, 36, 44 

- Near East

4. J. excelsa 

(Grecian juniper) 

J. excelsa Turkey 31 

- Russia and Former Soviet Republics

J. polycarpos Azerbaijan 27 

J. seravschanica Ukraine (Crimea) 35, 36, 44 

J. seravschanica Uzbekistan 17 

J. seravschanica Tajikistan 54 

- Indian subcontinent and western China

J. excelsa Pakistan 21, 22 

J. macropoda Pakistan 75 

J. polycarpos Pakistan 11, 31 

J. excelsa India 24 

J. macropoda India 14, 31 

5. J. polycarpos

J. polycarpos India 12, 31 

- Russia and Former Soviet Republics

J. foetidissima Ukraine (Crimea) 44 

- Near East

6. J. foetidissima

(Stinking juniper) 

J. foetidissima Turkey 31 
Preferred name Name cited Region and country of 

report

Referencea

7 J. oblonga - Russia and Former Soviet Republics

J. oblonga Azerbaijan 26 

- Northern Africa

J. oxycedrus Morocco 31, 47 

J. oxycedrus Algeria 47 

- Western Europe

J. oxycedrus Spain 14, 19, 20, 31, 

58 

J. oxycedrus France 27, 31 

J. rufescens France 60 

J. oxycedrus Italy 18 

- Balkans

J. oxycedrus Croatia (Istria) 31 

J. oxycedrus Bulgaria 15 

J. rufescens Greece 31 

- Russia and Former Soviet Republics

J. oxycedrus Ukraine (Crimea) 35, 36, 44 

J. oxycedrus Ukraine (Crimea) 35, 36, 44 

J. rufescens Ukraine (Crimea) 31 

J. marschallianus Ukraine (Crimea) 31 

- Near East

J. oxycedrus Turkey 31, 49 

J. oxycedrus Syria 52 

J. oxycedrus Lebanon 52 

8 J. oxycedrus

(Prickly juniper) 

J. oxycedrus Iraq 31, 69 

8a. J. oxycedrus ssp. 

macrocarpa

J. macrocarpa Turkey M 

- Northern Africa

J. phoenicea Morocco 47 

- Western Europe

J. phoenicea Spain 19, 20 

9. J. phoenicea

(Phoenician juniper) 

J. phoenicea France 28, 31 

10. J. pseudosabina - Russia and Former Soviet Republics

(Xinjiang juniper) J. turkestanica Tajikistan 54 

- Western Europe

J. sabina Spain (rare) 20 

- Russia and Former Soviet Republics

J. sabina Ukraine (Crimea)b 36, 44 

- Near East

11. J. sabina

(Savin or Savin 

juniper) 

J. sabina Iran 55 

12. J. semiglobosa - Russia and Former Soviet Republics
Preferred name Name cited Region and country of 

report

Referencea

J. semiglobosa Ukraine (Crimea)b 44 

J. semiglobosa Uzbekistan 17 

(Russian juniper) 

J. semiglobosa Tajikistan 54 

13. J. squamata - Indian subcontinent and western China

J. squamata China (Tibet) GOET 

14. J. tibetica - Indian subcontinent and western China

(Tibet juniper) Sabina tibetica China (Tibet) 42, GOET 

- Western Europe

J. thurifera Spain (rare) 20 

- Russia and Former Soviet Republics

15. J. thurifera

(Spanish juniper) 

J. thurifera Ukraine (Crimea)b 36, 44 

16. J. virginiana - Russia and Former Soviet Republics

(Eastern red-cedar) J. virginiana Ukraine (Crimea)b 36 

17. J. wallichiana - Indian subcontinent and western China

(Wallich juniper) Sabina 

wallichiana

China (Tibet) 41 

a

 See References and Methods. 

b Host not native to the reported country. 
 1 

Table 2. Taxa of Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, and Platycladus reported as hosts of 

Arceuthobium oxycedri. 

Preferred name Name cited Natural range Country of report Referencea

1. Chamaecyparis funebris

 (Chinese weeping cypress) 

Cupressus funebris China Ukraine (Crimea) 36 

Chamaecyparis 

sphaeroides var. 

pendula 

Central Europe 10b, 33c 2. Chamaecyparis thyoides

 (Atlantic white-cedar) 

Chamaecyparis 

thyoides 

Atlantic coast, 

USA 

Croatia 63 

1. Cupressus arizonica Cupressus arizonica Spain 58 

 (Arizona cypress) Cupressus arizonica 

Southwest USA 

Ukraine (Crimea) 36 

2. Cupressus lusitanica Cupressus 

lusitanica 

Portugald Ukraine (Crimea) 36 

3. Cupressus benthamii Cupressus 

lusitanica var. 

benthamii 

Mexico Ukraine (Crimea) 36 

4. Cupressus macnabiana

 (MacNab cypress) 

Cupressus 

macnabiana 

California, USA Ukraine (Crimea) 36 

5. Cupressus macrocarpa

 (Monterey cypress) 

Cupressus 

macrocarpa 

California, USA Ukraine (Crimea) 36, 75 

Biota orientalis Central Europe 10b 1. Platycladus orientalis

 (Oriental arbor-vitae) Platycladus 

orientalis 

North and west 

China and Korea Ukraine (Crimea) 36 

a

See References and Methods. b

Record based on transmission by graft from Juniperus communis. c

Record based on artificial inoculation. 

d

Recent analysis of leaf essential oils and DNA fingerprinting of planted C. lusitanica near Bussaco, 

Portugal indicate that it is different from populations of Cupressus in Mexico and Central America, 

previously believed to be the origin of this plantation (Adams et al 1997). 
 1 

Table 3. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in northern Africa. 

Country Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Annoceur Anoceur H K 

Azilal Azilal H K 

Beni Snassen Monts des Beni Snassen MR 47 

Bin-el-Ouidane Lac de Ouiouiane L K 

Debdou Monts de Debdou H 47, K 

Grand Atlas Le Grand Atlas MR 47 

Ifrane South of Iframe H 31, K, FPH-FC 

Ighil M’Goun Atlas Mgoun M M 

Jebel Ayachi Atlas Ayachi MR M 

Khénifra El Kriba near Khenifra H K 

Middle Atlas Le Moyen Atlas MR 47 

Msoun Haut Masoun H K 

Rif Mountains Montagnes du Rif MR 47 

Pays Laër Zaïane Monts des Zaian MR 47 

Morocco 

Taddert Tandled; Tadlest; H 31, K 

Aflou Aflar H K 

Ain el Hadjar Ain el Hadjar H GOET 

Aurés Massif Les Aures MR 47, 70, K 

Batna Atlas Range above Batna; near Batna, 

Batna, Pic des Cedres 

MR; H, M 31, 70, K, H 

Boghar Autour de Boghart; Boghar H 31, K 

Constantine Constantine PS K 

Dhaya Environs de Bossuet Broussailes, Dhaya H 31, 70 

Djebel Chélia Djebel Cheliah K 

Djebel Tougour Djebell-Tougour near Batna MR 31, GOET 

Lalla-Khedidja Lella-Khadidja MR 70 

Oran Prov. Oran; Provance Oronan PS 31, 70 

Saharan Atlas Atlas Saharien MR 70 

Saida Coteaux a’Vaida; Vaida; Coteaux a’Saida MR; H; H 31, 70, K 

Algeria 

Teniet El-Had Teniet; Teniet el-Haad H 70, K a

Type of feature is designated as H for human settlement (city, town, village), M for mountain, MR for 

mountain range, L for lake, or PS for political subdivision. 

b

See References and Methods. 
Table 4 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Portugal and Spain. 

Country Region Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Portugal Belira-Alta Vila-Nova de 

Paiva in Serra do 

Montemouro 

Vila-Nova de Paiva in 

Serra do Montemouro 

H Lopez Saez, 

per. comm. 

Alava Labraza Labraza H 19 

Avila Avila H 31 

Burgohondo Between Burgohondo 

and Barraco 

H 19 

Candeleda Candeleda H 19 

Avila

Sierra de Gredos Sierra de Gredos MR 31, FPF

Burgos Cubillo del Campo Cubillo del Campo H 19 

Fuentenebro Fuentenebro H 19, 31, M 

Carrascal Carrascals de la 

Comarca Els Ports 

M 58 

Cinctorres Cinctorres H 19 

Forcall Forcall H 19, M 

Morella Morella H 19, M 

Rio Palencia Alt Palància R 14 

Castellón

Serra els Serrans H 14 

Cuenca Huerta del 

Marquesado 

Huerta del 

Marquesado 

H 19 

Cádiz Sanlúcar de 

Barrameda 

Sanlúcar de 

Barrameda; S. Lucar 

de Barrameda 

H 19, 70 

Dúrcal Dúrcal H 19 

"Los Guájares" 

(Guájar Alto, 

Guájar Faraguit, 

Guájar Pondón) 

"Los Guájares" H 19 

Sierra de Baza Sierra de Baza MR 19 

Granada

Sierra de la Sagra Sierra de la Sagra MR 53 

Mandayona Mandayona H 19 

Matarrubia Matarrubia H 19 

Guadalajara

Villaseca de Uceda Villaseca de Uceda H 19 

Abena Abena H 19 

Agüero Agüero H 19 

Ara Ara, Abena H 19 

Las Almunias Las Almunias H 19 

Concilio Concilio H 19 

Spain

Huesca

Lafortunada Lafortunada H 19 
Country Region Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Murrillo de 

Gallego 

Murrillo de Gallego H 19 

Nocito Nocito, río 

Guatizamela 

H 19 

Riglos Riglos H 19 

Río Flúmen Gargantes del río 

Flúmen, 

R 19 

Rodellar Rodellar H 19 

Sierra de Rufas Sierra de Rufas MR 19 

Lérida Organyà Alt Urgell; Organyà H 14, 19 

Ibars de Noguera Ibars de Noguera H 19 

Logroño No specific 

location given 

PS 20 

Becerril de la 

Sierra 

Becem l'de la, Becerril 

de la Sierra 

H 31, 58, FPF

El Berrueco Berrueco H 19 

La Cabrera La Cabrera; Caberos; 

Cabreros 

H 19, 31, 70 

Cerceda Cerceda a Navacerrada H 19 

Collado-Villalba Villalva; ColladoVillalba, Villalba H 19, 58, M 

Colmenar Viejo Colmenar Viejo H 58 

El Escorial El Escorial H 19, 70 

Guadalix de la 

Sierra 

Guadalix de la Sierra H 19 

Hoyo de 

Manzanares 

Hoyo de Manzanares H 19, 58 

Manzanares el 

Real 

Manzanares el Real, 

Pedriza de Manzanares 

H 19, 58, M 

Mataelpino Mataelpino H 31, FPF

Moralzarzal Moralzarzal H 19 

Navalgamella Navalgamella H 19 

La Pedriza de 

Manzanares 

La Pedriza de 

Manzanares 

H 19 

Robeldo de 

Chavala 

Robeldo de Chavala, 

Robledo de Chavela 

H 19, 31, FPF

 

San Agustin de 

Guadalix 

San Agustin de 

Guadalix 

H 19 

San Martín de 

Valdeiglesias 

San Martín de 

Valdeiglesias 

H 19 

Madrid

Torrelaguna de Torrelaguna al 

Berrueco 

H 19 
Country Region Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Torremocha Torremocha de Jarama H 19 

Valdemorillo Embalse de 

Valquemado, near 

Valdemorillo 

H 19 

Murica Sierra de Mojantes Sierra de Mojantes, 

Caravaca 

MR 19, M 

Navarra Oiz Oíz H 19 

Sánsoain Sánsoain H 19 

Aldeonsancho Aldeonsancho H 19 

Cabezuela Cabezuela H 19 

Pedraza Pedraza H 19 

Segovia

Sebúlcor Sebúlcor H 19 

Soria Aldea del Pozo Aldea del Pozo H 19 

Camarena Camarena H 19 

Manzanera Manzanera H 19 

Rubielos de Mora Rubielos de Mora H 19 

Sierra del 

Maestrazgo 

El Meastrat MR 59 

Teruel

Tramacastilla Tramacastilla H 19 

Arcos de las 

Salinas 

Puerto de la Losilla a 

Arcos de las Salinas 

Valencia H 19 

Losilla de Arcos Puerto de la Losilla H 19 

Biel Biel H 19 

Concilio Concilio, Ca. de 

Concilio 

H 19, M 

Lorbés Lorbés H 19 

Sierra de Orba Sierra de Orba MR 19 

Zaragoza

Sigüés Sigüés, Sierra de Orba H 19 a

 Type of feature is designated as H for human settlement (city, town, village), PS for political 

subdivision, MR for mountain range, M for mountain peak, or R for river. 

b

 See References and Methods. 
Table 5 -- Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in southern France. *

Department Location Feature

Alpes-de-Haute 

Provence

AugÈs - between ClÈment and Praconteau (1) Community

Peyruis, below Praconteau (Possibly same as preceding location) (1) Community

Versant, north end of VallÈe du BÈon by Praconteau (Possibly same as 

preceding location) (1)

Community

Between AugÈs and Montfort (Possibly same as preceding location) (1) Community

Montford (2) Community

Ch‚teaux-Arnoux (3) Community

On mountain between Forcalquier and Fontienne (4) Communities

Between Pierrerue and Fontienne Praconteau (Possibly same as 

preceding location) (4)

Communities

Chateaunuef-Val-Donnat (5) Communities

Between St. Auban and Monford (6) Communities

Between Sainte-Croix-du-Verdon and Montpezat (7) Communities

Montagne de Lure, between Saint-...tienne-les-Orgues et Cruis, ClÈment 

and Praconteau (8)

Mountain

Estoublon (9) Community

Gorges du Verdon below Moustier-Sainte-Marie (10) Canyon

On plateau bordering road from Montfuron to Bastide-des-Jourdans 

Forcalquier (Vaucluse) (11)

Plateau

Along road 907 near Villemus (12) Road

Crest of the northeastern end of the Luberon, commune of Volx (13) Mountain

Palud-sur-Verdon (14) Community

Bras-d'Asse (15) Community

VallÈe de l'Asse at Entrevennes, road 101 (16) Valley

VanÁon, near community of Sourribes (17) Riverbed

Chapelle Notre-Dame, commune of Entrevennes (18) Community

Montjustin (19) Community

Valensole, Plateau de Valensole (20) Community

TÍle, Commune of BÈgude-la-Blanche (21) Community

Sigonce (22) Community

Between Sigonce and Montlaux (22) Community

Between Valensole and Riez (23) Communities

Riez (24) Community

Rocher des Morres between Forcalquier and Fontienne (4) Rock formation

Digne (25) Community

Les MÈes ?

Ardeche Montselgues - Vers-d'en-Bas (1) Community
Montselgues - Serre de la Ventouse (2) Community

Bouches-du-RhÙne Mimet - Notre Dame des Anges (1) Community

Ste-Victoire, between Col des Portes and Puits de Rians (Var) (2) Mountain 

Range

Several locations between Marseille and Cassis including (3):

-----Grando Candelo in the Massif TÍte-Puget Gardiole Mountain

-----Calenque de Sugitton Forest area

-----GR 98, between col de la Candelle and col de l'Oule Inlet Road

-----Vallon de Sormiou Valley

Caldeiron Plateau Plateau

Hautes-Alpes Ribiers Community

**

PyrÈnÈes 

Orientales

Caladroy: presumably the Chateau Caladroy in the community of Belesta 

(1)

Community

M. de Ginestois ?

VallÈe du RÈart (2) Valley

Var Aups - along road to Bauden (1) Community

VÈrignon (2) Community

Bauden - at edge of Lac de Ste Croix (3) Community

Rians (4) Community

Between Vinon and Ginasservis (5) Communities

Between Col des Portes and Puits de Rians (Same site as (2) described 

under Bouches du Rhone) (6)

Mountain 

Range

Evenos, by Broussan (between Toulon and Beausset et Signes) (7) Communities

Fox-Amphoux at DÈfens (8) Community

Ampus - Le Grand Puits Community

Vaucluse Dentelles de Montmirail - Gigondas (1) Mountain, 

community

Mont Ventoux - Veaux (2) Mountain, 

community

Mont Ventoux - BÈdoin (3) Mountain, 

community

Grambois (4) Community

Between Grambois and La Bastide des Jourdans (5) Community

* All locations cited are from Mandin (2003), numbers at location sites are tied to locations shown on Figure 4. 

Unnumbered sites could not be located.

** The existence of in PyrÈnÈes Orientales is based on old records and is considered 

doubtful.

Arceuthobium oxycedri 
 1 

Table 6. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Italy. 

Region Location Detailed description Featurea Referenceb

Borgo Pace Borgo Pace and l’Oratorio della Colobraia H 18 

Passo della 

Spugna 

Passo della Spugna MP 18, FPF

San Angelo in 

Vado 

Between Montebello and Calmancino H 18 

Belforte all’Isauro Approximately 1.5 km south, on road leading to 

San Angelo in Vado. 

H FPF

Marches 

Monterone On road heading south from Campo. H FPF

Tuscany Miraldella Miradella di Sestino H 18, FPF

Sestino Casale di Sestino, Martigliano di Sestino H 18 a

Type of feature is designated as H for human settlement (city, town, village) or MP for mountain pass. b

See References and Methods. 
 1 

Table 7. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in the former Yugoslav Republics 

and Macedonia. 

Country Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Ankaran Timme, Felsen bei Ankrnica 

(Rocks by Ankrinica) 

H 31 

Dragonja Valley Dragogna Valley V 71 

Izola Corte d’Isola H 70 

District Capodostria, Capodistria H 70, M 

Slovenia 

Koper 

(Capodistria) Puzzole near Capodostria H HBG, M 

Bakar Bakar, Kvarner above Bakar H 31, M 

Bakarac Bakarac, Buccarica, Buccariza H 31, BREM, GOET, HAL 

%UDþ Insel (Island) Brazza I GOET, HBG 

Brezic Between Brezzi and Puzzole H 31, 70 

Cirkvenica Cirkvenica H 71 

Cres Insel (Island) Cherso I GOET 

Dalmatia Dalmatia PS HBG 

Drniš Dernis H 71 

Kraljevica Between Buccariza & Porto Ree H 70, BREM, HAL, HBG 

Makarska Macarsa H 71 

Mali Lošinj Lussinpiccolo H 31, M, IPK-GAT 

Metcovic on hills from Metcowich in the 

Marcuto District 

H GOET 

Milna? Mihia on the island of Brazza 

(Brac) 

H GOET 

Osor Mt. Ossero, Osero, Island Ossero H, I 31, 71, M, IPK-GAT 

Omis Omis H FR 

Rijeka near Fiume, Fiume H 70, 71, M, BREM, HAL, 

HCW 

Senj Lika-Krbava, Valle Senjska; Lika 

Krava above Zengg, near Senj 

L, H 31, 70, 71, H 

Slano Slano H 71 

Split, near Solin Spalato near Salona H M 

Croatia 

Velebit 

(Paklenka 

National Park) 

Velebit, road from Jurjevo to 

Krasno 

MR M 

Magliç 0DJOLþ 6HUELD H 71 

Mostar and 

Buna 

near Mostar between Bura and 

Zitomišlic

H 71 

Neretva River QHDU .UXþHYLþ RQ WKH 1DUHQWD R 71, HBG, IPK-GAT 

Bosnia–

Herzegovina 

Stolac Stol, Serbia; Stolac District H 70, 71 

ýaþakd ýaþakd; ýaþaker; ýaþanskoj H 38, 70, 71 

Deþanid Deþanid H 38 

Dren 

(Koscovo)? 

Drenovoo (Macedonia) H HBG 

Kopaonik Mts. Kopaonik MR 70 

Kufin Kufin (coast of Montenegro) H 48 

Popoševac Between Ponosevac and Café

Morena 

H M 

Studenicad Studenicad R, Sh 38 

Yugoslavia 

Viluse Crna Gora 10 km west of Viluse H GOET 

Koseshino (Near 

Strumica) 

Macedonia Koleshino, Belasica Mtn. M 39 

Ohrid and 

Ohridsko Jezero 

3 miles north of Ochoida H, L 31 
 2 

Country Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Prilep Pass Pietvar E of Prilep MP, H GOET, M 

Prespansko 

Jezero 

East of Lake Prespa, NW side of 

Lake Prespa 

L 70, BIEL 

Sermenin Sermenin, Kozhuf Mtn M 39 

Stenje Stenje, Galicha Mtn. M 39 

Vodno Mtn. Vodno Mtn., near Skopje M 39 a

Type of feature: PS for political subdivision, H for settlement, V for valley, L for lake, R for river, MP for 

mountain pass, MR for mountain range, or Sh for shrine. 

b

See References and Methods. c

There are two communities northeast of Novi Vinoldolski known as Brezi (20 km apart, near coast or in 

foothills). 

d

Translated from Cryllic. 
 1 

Table 8. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Albania. 

Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Berat Vodice, Berat H M 

Bogdan I Poshtëm or Bogdan 

e Sipërm 

Bogdan, near Loussou; Bogdan under 

Mt. Tomor 

H 31, 70, M 

Kapinovë Below Kapinova, ascent of Tomor H 31 

Lake Scutari (Shkoder) NE of Lake Scutair; near Scutari L, H 31, 70 

Mt. Bukanik Mt. Bukovic M M 

Mt. Tomorit (Maja e Tomorit) Mt. Tomor M 70, 71 

a

Type of feature is designated as L for lake, H for human settlement (city, town, village), M for mountain. b

See References and Methods. 
 1 

Table 9. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Bulgaria. 

Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Asvenograd Rhodopen Asvenograd H HAL 

Bachova DERYH %DþNRYD 5KRGRSHQ PRQDVWHU\

Batschkovo, Rhodope at Backovo 

H 31, 70, H,HAL, 

HBG, IPK-GAT 

Belicac Belicac H 15 

Melnik Melnik H HAL 

Rhodope Mountains Central Rhodope; Rhodopae Orientalis; 

Rodope Massif 

MR 31, 70, 71 

Rilac Rilac H 15 

Zlatograd Rhodopae Orientalis, Zlatograd MR, H 31, IPK-GAT 

a

Type of feature is designated as, H for human settlement (city, town, village), MR for mountain range. b

See References and Methods. c

Translated from Cryllic. 
 1 

Table 10. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Greece. 

Province Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Mt. Oeta (Oros, Othris) Mt. Oeta; Oeta M 31, 70, 71, M 

Mt. Parnassos Parnassi; Parnafsi Region; Mt. 

Parnassus; Parnassus, Mt Parnas 

M 13, 31, 70, 

71, GOET, M 

Attica 

Phokis (Fokida) Phokis, Monte Parnassi Region PS 31 

Epirus Siráko, Mt. Peristeri Near Syraku, foot of Mt. Peristeri H, M 70, 71 

Náousa Naoussa (south Macedonia) H 71 

Péla Pellis, Mt. Pinovon PS, M 31 

Mt. Profitis Elias (Poligiros) Mt. Elias (north Macedonia) M 71 

Seres, Ori Vrondous N of Serrai at road to Kato Vrontu H, M M 

Macedonia 

Thásos (Thassos) Thasos (north Macedonia) I 71 

Thrace Alexandroupoli Dedeagaþ H 71 

Chálki, Hálki Chaliki H 70, 71 

Krania Krania H 70, 71 

Ioanina to Trilkala Between Ioannina and Trikala H M 

Thessaly 

Pindos Sermeniko in Pindus MR 70, 71 a

Type of feature is designated as M for mountain, PS for political subdivision, H for human settlement 

(city, town, village), MR for mountain range, or I for island. 

b

See References and Methods. 
 1 

Table 11. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Russia and other former Soviet 

Republics. 

Country Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Crimea Crimea PS 31, 35, 36, 44, 

70, 72 

Gurzuf Gursuf, Gurzivsk H 44, FR 

Massandra Massandra H HAL 

Nikitsky Botanical Gardens 

(8 km E of Yalta) 

Nikitsk Gardens G 44 

Sudak Sudak H 31, FR, M 

Ukraine 

Yalta Yalta, Jalta, District Jaltensis H, PS 31, M 

Anapac H 72 

Avarsky Koisu (Dagestan) R 72 

Novorossiysk H 72 

North Ossetia PS 40 

Russia 

Tamanskij zaliv (Tamanskii 

Bay) 

B 72 

Borzhomi (Borjomi, Borjom) H 72 

Marykh (Marukh) Pass (on 

Russia/Georgia frontier) 

MP 72 

Georgia 

T’blisi Tiflis H 70 

Idjevanc FP 67 

Erevan FP 67 

Armenia 

Zangezur FP 67 

Altyagaü

c Ansheron, near Altyagach H 26 

Artvarshenc Vartaschenski District H 26 

Chaltanc Kubinsky Region, near Khaltan H 25 

Azerbaijan 

Gäncä (Gyanja, Gonja) c Elizavetpolskii Creek H 72 

Turkmenistan Kopetag Mountainsc MR 54 

near city of Kokand PS 72 

Pamir Alai MR 17 

Samarkand Province Samarkand PS, H 17, 31 

Syr-Day Inskyc H 17 

Tashkentd H 17 

Zaaminc H,R 17 

Uzbekistan 

Zervashanski Range Alpes Sarawschen MR 31 

Kirgiskty Krebet, Kirgizc

Range 

MR 54 

Lyailyak R 54 

Kyrgyzstan 

Tian Shanc MR 54 

Duckdon Duckdon MR 54 

Iskanderkulc Ipsander Kul L 31, 54, 72 

Turkestanski Range Turkestanski Range, Kusavli 

Canyon 

MR 54, FPF

Tajikistan 

Pamir Alic MR 54 a

Type of feature is designated as C for canyon, FP for floristic province, PS for political subdivision, H for 

human settlement (city, town, village), G for garden, PL for plateau, L for Lake, MR for mountain range, 

MP for mountain pass, R for river. 

b

See References and Methods. c

Translated from Cryllic. 

d

Possible location. 
 1 

Table 12. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in Turkey. 

Region Present Name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Agri Allidag Alliperdag (Armenia) M 31 

Amaysa $NGD÷ Ak Da; Amasia, Ak Dagh H 49, 70 GOET 

$N 'D÷ Ak Dag, north of Yayla Cavda M 31, FPF

$QWDO\D WR %H\úHKLU Antalya to Beyshehir H BIEL 

%HGHQ %H\ 'D÷OLDUL Beydan (northeast of Alanya) H 49 

Cavdir & Sütlegen Between Yayla Cavda & Sutlegen R 31, FPF

Gömbe & Sütlegen ridge between Gombe & Sutlegen R 31, FPF

Sinekçibeli Sinkepass H 31 

Antalya 

Toros Dagliari (Taurus) Taurus M 70 

Bitlis Batman Bittyma, Dalmas H 31 

Bitlis Dokhana to Bitlis H 49 

Bolu Bolu Nordl Bolu; N of Bolu H 31, 49 GOET 

Çoruh Artvin, Çoruh Gorge Artvin, Coruh Gorge; Coruh gorge H, G 31, 49 

Artvin 18 km from Artvin to Hopa H 49 

Denizli Cukur to Kizilhizar Cukorköy to Kizilhizar H 49 

Hatay Amanos da÷, Amanus MR 49 

Civegözü Gates Cilicicus; Cilician Gates MP 70 

Içel *OHN %R÷D]L Gülek; GüOHN %R÷D]L *üllek MP 70, GOET 

Istanbul Istanbul Constantinople H BREM, M 

Yeniköy Yeniköy H 49 

Izmir 0W 6LSLO 6LSLO 'D÷L Mt. Sipylos (Manisa Da.) M 49 

Kars Sarikamiú Sarikamiú H 49 

Siirt Siirt valley east of Siirt V 49 

Batman Bittyma, Dalmas H 31 

Sivas Sivas Sivas H 70 

7HNLUGD÷ 7HNLUGD÷ 7HNLUGD÷ PS 49 a

Type of feature is designated as H for human settlement (city, town, village), G for gorge, M for 

mountain, R for ridge, MP for mountain pass, MR for mountain range, or V for valley. 

b

See References and Methods. 
 1 

Table 13. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri in the Near East. 

Country Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Syria Jebel Ansariya Ansarieh MR 68 

Slenfe Slenfe H 52 

Ehden above Ehden, Eden H 52, GOET 

Ehden For. of Ehden; Forêt d’Ehden F 31, 52 

Ehmej-Laqlouq between Ehmej and Laqlouq H 52 

Lebanon 

Jabel Oammouaa Forêt de Qamou’a F, MR 52 

Sersang Sezank; Sersang H 31, 69 

Suwara Tuka Swaratuka; Suwara Tuka H 31, 69 

Iraq 

Zawita Gorge Zaiska Gorge; Zawita gorge G 31, 69 

E – Ali Central Prov, Hezardacht near Ab-e- Ali H M 

OrÌm ̄yeh (Urmia) Oroomah, Kurdistan H 69 

Radkan Radkane H 55, 69 

Iran 

Reshteh-ye-Alborz 

(Elburz) 

Elburzienne MR 55 

a

Type of feature is designated as MR for mountain range, H for human settlement (city, town, village), F 

for forest, or G for gorge. 

b

See References and Methods. 
 1 

Table 14. Collection sites for Arceuthobium oxycedri on the Indian subcontinent and 

western China. 

Country Present name Name cited Featurea Referenceb

Afghanistanc Mazar-I-Sherif Mausarif; Mossarif H 57; 72 

Chasnak Valley Chasnak F or V 21, 22, 75 

Sasnamana Valley Sasnamana F or V 11, 21, 22, 23, 31, 

74, 75, FPF

Pakistan 

Ziarat Forest Zirat F 31 

India Keylang near Kyelang H 16 

Thirot Thirot; Tispa H 12, 31 

Bomi Bombi; Bomi H 31, 42, 43 

Lhasa Lhasa H 43 

Luozhag 30 km southwest of Lhozhag H 51 

Nyginchi Nyginchi H 43 

Riwoge Riwoqe; Riwoge H 42, 43 

Yamco Yumco Yamzho Yumco P GOET 

China

(Xizang 

Province or 

Tibet) 

Yarlung Tsangpo Gorge, 

E of Sangri 

Yarlung Tsangpo Gorge, E of 

Sangri 

G GOET 

a

Type of feature is designated as PS for political subdivision, F for forest, G for gorge, H for human 

settlement (city, town, village), P for peninsula between two rivers, V for valley or R for river. 

b

See References and Methods. c

Possible location for referred collection site. 
About RMRS

Return to RMRS-RN-11 Main Page

Title: RMRS-RN-11WWW: About RMRS 

Electronic Publish Date: September 2001 

Last Update: September 14, 2001 

The Rocky Mountain Research Station develops scientific information and technology to 

improve management, protection, and use of the forests and rangelands. Research is designed 

to meet the needs of National Forest managers, Federal and State agencies, public and private 

organizations, academic institutions, industry, and individuals. 

Studies accelerate solutions to problems involving ecosystems, range, forests, water, 

recreation, fire, resource inventory, land reclamation, community sustainability, forest 

engineering technology, multiple use economics, wildlife and fish habitat, and forest insects 

and diseases. Studies are conducted cooperatively, and applications may be found worldwide.

Research Locations

*Station Headquarters, Natural Resources Research Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building 

A, Fort Collins, CO 80526-2098 

Flagstaff, Arizona Reno, Nevada

Fort Collins, Colorado* Albuquerque, New Mexico

Boise, Idaho Rapid City, South Dakota

Moscow, Idaho Logan, Utah

Bozeman, Montana Ogden, Utah

Missoula, Montana Provo, Utah

Lincoln, Nebraska Laramie, Wyoming