2007 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 4-13-2007 

# U SA v . M anigault P r e c e de nt i al or N on-P r e c e de nt i al : N on-P r e c e de nt i al D ocke t N o . 06-2024

F o llow thi s and a dd it ion al work s at : http://d i git alc ommon s .l a w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2007

Thi s de c i sion i s br ou ght t o you for f r e e and ope n a c c e s s b y the O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit at V i ll anova U nive r sity S choo l of L a

w Di git al Reposit ory

. It h as be e n a c c ept e d for inclusion in 2007 D e c i sion s b y an authori z e d a dmini s tr at or of V i ll anova U nive r sity S choo l of L a

w Di git al Reposit ory

. F or mor e inform at ion, p le as e c ont a ct Be n j amin . C arl s on@l a

w . vi ll anova . e du . Re c omme nde d C it at ion " U SA v . M ani gault " (2007). 2007 D e cisio n s . P ape r 1305. http://d i git alc ommon s .l a

w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2007/1305NOT P RE CE DE NT I AL UN I TED STATES CO UR T OF A PP EALS F O R T H E T H IR D C IR C U IT 

### No. 06- 2024 UNI TED STATES OF AMERI CA

v. KE LIN M AN I GAUL T, Appe l l ant APP EAL F ROM THE UNI TE D ST ATE S DI S TRI CT C OURT F O R T H E M ID D L E D IS T R IC T O F P E N N S Y L V A N IA

D . C . C r i m . N o. 05- cr - 00187 D i s tr i ctJ udge: T he H onor abl e Sy l vi a H . R ambo Subm i t t ed U nderT hi r d C i r cui tL A R 34. 1( a)

M ar ch 27, 2007 B efor e: R E N D E L L , B A R R Y , and C H A G A R E S, C i r cui tJ udges

( Fi l ed: A pr i l 13, 2007) OP I NI ON

B A R R Y , C i r cui tJ udge K e lin M a n ig a u lt ap p e a ls f ro m th e ju d g m e n t o f

th e D istric t C o u rt se n ten c in g h im to 2 3 5 m o n th s o f

im p ri s o n m e n t o n h is p le a o f g u ilty to tw o c o u n ts o f v io la tin g 2 1 U .S .C . §2

8 4 1 (a )(1 ) (d istrib u tio n a n d p o ss e ss io n w ith in ten t to d istrib u te c ra c k c o c a in e ). W e w ill a f f ir m . T he eve ntati s s ue her e bega n on D ece m ber9, 2004, w hen a t ow truck oper at or t ow i ng an i l l egal l yparked ca rs pot t ed a gun on the fr onts eatof the ca r . W hen the pol i ce arr i ved, the t ow truck oper at oropened the doorof the ca rand the pol i ce r ecove r ed the gun, s om e mar i

j uana, and 32 gr ams of cr ack c ocai ne. T he r egi s t er ed ow ner , R i chena S ta n le y , c a lle d th e H a rr is b u rg B u re a u o f P o lic e to re p o rt th a t h e r c a r h a d b e e n s to le n . W hen the pol i ce c ont act ed her , s he t ol d them t hatM ani gaul tboughtand us ed the ca r , but r egi s t er ed i ti n hername. She al s o t ol d them t hats he had f al s el yr eport ed the ca ras s t ol en o n M a n ig a u lt’s in stru c tio n s. S h e c o o p e ra ted w ith th e p o lice , w h o re c o rd e d a p h o n e c a ll in w h ic h M a n ig a u lt a g a in in s tru c te d h e r t o re p o rt th e c a r a s s to le n . A n arr es tw arr anthad bee n i s s ued forM ani gaul tw hen he f ai l ed t o appea rat s ent enci ng on an unr el at ed drug offe ns e. O n M ar ch 29, 2005, pol i ce of fi cer s appr oache d hi m as he w as s i t t i ng i n a parked ca r . Pol i ce r ecove r ed the 41 gr ams of cr ack c ocai ne he d is c a rd e d a s h e u n s u c c e s s f u lly a tte m p te d to f

le e . M a n ig a u lt w a s c h a rg e d in a f iv e -c o u n t in d ictm e n t, an d u lti m a telyp led g u iltyto tw o co u n ts. H e o b

jected to tw o tw o -l ev el en h an ce m en ts r elati n g to the D ec em b er 9 event : obs truct i on of j us t i ce ( U . S. S. G . § 3C 1. 1) and pos s es s i on of a de adl yw eapon ( U. S . S . G. § 2 D1 . 1 ) . He a l s o o b j e c t e d t o h i s c l a s s i f

i c a t i o n a s a c a r e e ro f

f e n d e r( U. S . S . G. § 4B 1. 1) . T he D i s tr i ctC our tr ej ect ed the obj ect i ons and i m pos ed s ent ence . H e now3

a p p e a ls . I. T he D i stri ctC ou rthad j uri sdi ct i on un der 18 U . S . C . § 3 23 1, and w e exerci se ap p ell ate jurisdicti o n u n d er 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 7 4 2 (a). O u r rev iew o f th e D istri ct C o u rt ’s in terp re tatio n a n d a p p lica tio n o f th e a d v iso ryse n ten c in g g u id e lin e s is p len a ry , w h ile f a c tu a l d e te rm in a tio n s a re re v ie w e d f o r c le a r e rr o r. U

ni t ed Stat es v. G r i er , 475 F. 3d 556, 5 6 9 -7 0 (3 d C ir . 2 0 0 7 ) ( e n b a n c ). A l though t he s ent enci ng gui del i nes ar e mer el yadvi s ory , a di s tr i ctcourti s r equi r ed t o per form a compl et e ana l y s i s “i n everycas e. ” G r i er , 4 7 5 F .3 d a t 5 6 5 . T h e f a c ts r el evantt o t he var i ous gui del i nes fac t or s need onl ybe pr oved bya pr eponder ance of the e v id e n c e . Id . a t 5 6 8 . M ani gaul t ’ s fi r s tobj ect i on i s thatthe appl i cat i on of § 3C 1. 1, al l ow i ng a s ent enci ng enhanc ementforobs truct i on of j us t i ce, w as notw arr ant ed forhi s i ns truct i ons t o St anl ey to f a ls e ly re p o rt th e c a r a s s to le n . H e a rg u e s th a t A p p lic a tio n N o te 4 (g ) o f U .S .S .G . § 3 C 1 .1 , o n e e x a m p le in a n o n -e x h a u stiv e list o f c o n d u c t w a rra n tin g th e e n h a n c e m e n t, r equi r es thata fa l s e s t at ementhave “ s i gni fi cant l yobs truct ed ori m peded” the i nves t i gat i on. I n hi s vi ew , the fa ct s i n the Pr e- Sent ence R eportdo notr efl ectthatthe in v e stig a tio n w a s “ sig n if ica n tlyo b stru c ted o r im p e d e d .” H e a lso d ire c ts o u r a tten tio n to A ppl i cat i on N ot e 5( b) , w hi ch s t at es that“maki ng fal s e s t at ement s , notunderoath, t o l aw enfor cementoffi cer s ” does notw arr antthe enha ncementunl es s A ppl i cat i on N ot e 4( g)4

app l i es. T he co nd uct address ed in A pp l i cat i on N ote 5 r eferences ordi nary , and l ess cul pabl e, evas i ve conduc tthan thatattr i but ed t o M ani gaul t . M ani gaul ttw i ce r eques t ed thatSt anl eyl i e i n an ef

for tt o i nt er fer e w i th the pol i ce i nves t i gat i on. A fal s e r ecor d w as pr oduced ( the s t ol en ca rr eportm ade bySt anl eyatM ani gaul t ’ s behes t ) dur i ng the in v e s tig a tio n , a n d S ta n le yw a s d ir e c te d to c o n c e a l e v id e n c e m a te ri a l to a n in v e s tig a tio n . U .S .S .G . § 3 C 1 .1 A p p lica tio n N o te 4 (c ) a n d (d ). T h e § 3 C 1 .1 e n h a n c e m e n t w a s p ro p e rly appl i ed. M a n ig a u lt a ls o o b

je c te d to th e a p p lic a tio n o f a n e n h a n c e m e n t u n d e r U .S .S .G . § 2 D1 . 1 ( b ) ( 1 ) f

o rp o s s e s s i o n o f

a d e a d l ywe a p o n d u r i n g a d ru g tr a f f i c k i n g o f f e n s e . He arg u es th at th e D istri ct C o u rtreli ed u p o n “h ea rsay ” a n d n o t an a d m issi o n b yh im o r a f in d in g b yth e ju ryth a t h e p o ss e ss e d th e g u n f o u n d o n th e f

ro n t se a t o f

th e c a r, in vi ol at i on of U

ni t ed Stat es v. B ooker , 543 U . S. 220 ( 2005) . M or eover , beca us e the gun p o ss e ss io n c o u n t w a s d ro p p e d a s a re su lt o f th e p lea a g re e m e n t, he a rg u e s th a t h is se n ten c e w a s e n h a n c e d f o r “ a c q u itt e d c o n d u c t” in v io latio n o f th e S ix th A m e n d m e n t, agai n ci t i ng B ooker . W e d is a g re e . B ooker ’ s t eac hi ngs r egar di ng the r equi r ement s of j uryfac t fi ndi ng or ad m issi o n s b ya d ef

en d an t w ere o n lyap p li ca b le w h en the S en tenc ing G u idelines w ere m a n d a to ry. See B ooker , 543 U . S. at233 ( “I f the G ui del i nes as curr ent l yw r i t t en coul d be r ead a s m er el yadvi s orypr ovi s i ons thatr ecomm ended, r atherthan r equi r ed, the s el ect i on5

o f p a rticu lar se n ten c e s in re sp o n se to d if f e rin g se ts o f

f a c ts, th e ir u se w o u ld n o t im p lica te the Si xth A m endment . ”) . J udges have br oad di s cr et i on t o i m pos e a s ent ence w i thi n a s ta tu to ry ra n g e . Id . at233. I ndeed, uni ndi ct ed conduc tr i s i ng t o the l evel of a c r i m e ca n be found, bya pr eponder ance of the evi dence , t o be a f act orforenhanc ements o l ong as th e s e n te n c e lie s w ith in th e s ta tu to ry m a x im u m . See G r i er , 4 7 5 F .3 d a t 5 6 1 . I tw as undi s put ed, m or eover , thata gun w as r ecove r ed fr om the ca ral ong w i th the drugs M ani gaul tadmi t t ed t o pos s es s i ng. G i ven the pr oxi m i tyof the gun t o the r ecove r ed drugs –both i n t he fr onts eatof the ca r–i ti s not“cl ear l yi m pr obabl e thatthe w eapon w as connec t ed w i th t he off

ens e. ” U . S. S. G . § 2D 1. 1, A ppl i cat i on N ot e 3. A nd even a s s um i ng M ani gaul tw as “ac qui t t ed” of the gun pos s es s i on char ge w hen i tw as di s m i s s ed as partof the pl ea a gr eement , no r el i ef w as i n or derpr i ort o B ookerand no r el i ef i s i n or deraft er B ooker . S e e U

n itedS ta tes v . W

a tts , 519 U . S. 148, 156- 57 ( 1997) ( al l ow i ng s ent enci ng e n h a n c e m e n ts f

o r a c q u itt e d c o n d u c t); s ee al s o G r i er , 4 7 5 F .3 d a t 5 8 5 (A m b ro , J ., concurr i ng i n j udgm ent ) ( “[E] verycourtof appe al s t o have s poken on the ques t i on s o far h a s h e ld th a t W

att s rem ains g o o d law . ”). Fi nal l y , M ani gaul tdi s put es the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s fi ndi ng thathe w as a “c ar eer offe nder ” underU . S. S. G . § 4B 1. 1. C oncedi ng the otherel ement s r equi r ed t o fi nd an enhanc ementunder§ 4B 1. 1, he cont ends thathe w as notgui l tyof “tw o pr i orfel ony c o n v ic tio n s o f

e ith e r a c ri m e o f

v io le n c e o r a c o n tr o lle d s u b s ta n c e o f f e n s e .” U .S .S .G . § 4B 1. 1( a) ( 3) . W hi l e notdi s put i ng one s uch convi ct i on, he ar gues thathi s convi ct i on under18 Pa. C . S. A . § 2705 ( R eckl es s l yE ndanger i ng A notherPer s on) , w as nota cr i m e of

v io le n c e a s d e f

in e d in U .S .S .G . § 4 B 1 .2 (a ). A p p lica tio n N o te 1 d e f

in e s a c rim e o f

v io len c e a s in c lu d in g c o n d u c t w h ich “ b yits n a tu re , p re s e n te d a s e ri o u s p o te n tia l r is k o f p h y s ic a l in

ju ry to a n o th e r.” U .S .S .G . § 4 B 1 .2 A ppl i cat i on N ot e 1. W e l ook onl yt o the el ement s of the cha r ge and nott o under l y i ng f a c ts in d e te rm in in g w h e th e r a p a rt ic u la r c o n v ic tio n q u a lif ie s a s a c ri m e o f

v io le n c e . Id . M ani gaul tpl ed gui l tyt o 18 Pa. C . S. A . § 2705, w hi ch cr i m i nal i zes “r eckl es s l yengag[ i ng] in c o n d u c t w h ich p lac e s o r m a yp lac e a n o th e r p e rso n in d a n g e r o f d e a th o r se rio u s b o d ily in ju ry .” T h e tw o e lem e n ts o f th e c rim e a re 1 ) re c k les sn e ss a n d 2 ) p lac in g a n o th e r in d a n g e r o f

d e a th o r se rio u s b o d ilyin ju ry . R e c k les slyp lac in g a n o th e r in d a n g e r o f “ d e a th ors er i ous bodi l yharm ” i s cl ear l yconductpr es ent i ng a “s er i ous pot ent i al r i s k of phy s i cal i nj uryt o another . ” U . S. S. G . § 4B 1. 2 A ppl i cat i on N ot e 1. T her efor e, a vi ol at i on of 18 Pa. C . S. A . § 2705 i s a cr i m e of vi ol ence and M ani gaul ti s a ca r eeroffe nderunder§ 4B 1. 2. F o r th e se re a so n s, w e a f f irm th e se n ten c e im p o se d b yth e D istric t C o u rt.

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