A Visual Training Tool for the 

Photoload Sampling Technique

Violet J. Holley and Robert E. Keane

United States

Department

of Agriculture

Forest Service

Rocky Mountain

Research Station

General Technical 

Report RMRS-GTR-242

October 2010
Holley, Violet J.; Keane, Robert E. 2010. A visual training tool for the Photoload sampling 

technique. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 235 p.

Abstract

This visual training aid is designed to provide Photoload users a tool to increase the accuracy of 

fuel loading estimations when using the Photoload technique. The Photoload Sampling Technique

(RMRS-GTR-190) provides fire managers a sampling method for obtaining consistent, accurate, 

inexpensive, and quick estimates of fuel loading. It is designed to require only one hour of training, 

but the accuracy of the estimates can be increased with additional training and visual calibration. This 

training tool is designed to help users estimate loadings of the six common surface fuel components 

used in the Photoload method (1 hr, 10 hr, 100 hr, and 1000 hr downed, dead woody fuels and live 

and dead shrubs and herbaceous fuels). Users estimate the loadings of the fuels in the photographs 

in this document using the Photoload sampling technique and then compare their estimates to the 

actual loadings that are given on the page following each photograph. Each photograph set contains 

a photograph of the fuelbed, a photograph of the stand, and a table of laboratory measured loadings. 

The photographed fuelbeds are in both natural and disturbed sites.

Keywords: fuel load loading, fuel sampling, fuelbeds, photographs, wildland fire

Authors

Violet J. Holley has been a Forestry Technician at the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, MT, since 2006. She has contributed 

to many projects at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, including data collection for studies on 

fuel variability, fuel litter fall and decomposition rates, restoring whitebark pine ecosystems, fuel mastication, canopy fuel properties, burn severity, and tree core analyses. She received her B.S. degree 

in Forest Resource Management from the University of Montana, Missoula, in 2008.

Robert E. Keane is a Research Ecologist with the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research 

Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, MT. Since 1985, Keane has developed various ecological computer models for research and management applications. He has also conducted 

field research in whitebark pine ecology, fuel dynamics, and landscape ecology. His most recent 

research includes the construction of mechanistic ecosystem process models that integrate fire behavior and effects into succession simulation, restoration of whitebark pine in the northern Rocky 

Mountains, spatial simulation of successional communities on the landscape using GIS and satellite 

imagery, and the mapping of fuels and fire regimes for fire behavior prediction and hazard analysis. 

He received his B.S. degree in forest engineering from the University of Maine, Orono; his M.S. degree in forest ecology from the University of Montana, Missoula; and his Ph.D. in forest ecology from 

the University of Idaho, Moscow. 

You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing 

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the publication title and number.

Publishing Services

Telephone (970) 498-1392

FAX (970) 498-1122

E-mail rschneider@fs.fed.us

Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs

Mailing Address Publications Distribution

Rocky Mountain Research Station

240 West Prospect Road

Fort Collins, CO 80526
Table of Contents

Introduction....................................................................................................................1

How Were the Photoload Training Tool Photographs Developed?...........................2

How are the Fuelbed Photographs Organized and Categorized?..............................2

How to Estimate Fuel Loadings in the Photographs Using the

Photoload Methods...............................................................................................3

References......................................................................................................................3

Tables........................................................................................................................5

Figure........................................................................................................................7

Series 1—Forests......................................................................................................9

Series 2—Shrublands..............................................................................................59

Series 3—Grasslands..............................................................................................81

Series 4—Disturbed Activity Areas......................................................................119

Series 5—1000 hr log Plots...................................................................................163

Appendix A—Photoload Plot Form......................................................................232

Appendix B—1000 Hr Fuel Plot Form.................................................................233

Appendix C—FIREMON Plot Description (PD) Form Example.........................234

Acknowledgments

We thank Gregory Cohn, Signe Leirfallom, Erin Snyder, 

Christy Lowney, Helen Smith, Megan Delaurentis, Brian 

Izbicki, Aaron Sparks, and Jhen Rawling of the USDA 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station for all 

their efforts in the field and in the laboratory. We also thank 

Michael Harrington, Sharon Hood, and Signe Leirfallom 

for their efforts in the review process.

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 1

Introduction

Accurate fuel loading estimates are vital to

fire managers for predicting fire behavior and

effects from both prescribed fire and wildfire.

Fuel loadings are critical inputs in a wide variety of fire simulation models such as the First

Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM) (Reinhardt

and others 1997), CONSUME (Ottmar and others 1993), BehavePlus (Andrews and others

2005), and FARSITE (Finney 1995). However,

estimating fuel loads is difficult and costly if

complex sampling techniques, such as the commonly used planar intersect sampling (Brown

1974), are used across large areas to achieve

high accuracies. What is needed is a quick,

accurate, and consistent sampling procedure to

estimate fuel loadings that achieves the same

level of accuracy as more complex sampling

approaches but is easier to teach, learn, and

implement in the field.

A number of fuel sampling techniques that

use fixed-area plots and planar intersect methods have been developed to gather high-quality,

accurate fuel loading data. Most of these are

complex and require extensive expertise,

time, and funding to implement (Sikkink and

Keane 2008). Also, few of these techniques

can be used to estimate fuel loading for herbs

and shrubs. Choosing the most appropriate

method for each project involves compromises

in accuracy, time, money, training, scale, and

effectiveness. Sikkink and Keane (2008) found

that, of the six sampling methods they studied, the planar intersect method (Brown 1974)

was the most accurate at assessing the six fuel

types: 1 hr, 10 hr, 100 hr, 1000 hr, dead and live

shrubs, and dead and live herbaceous fuels. But

this accuracy was only achieved if over 2500 m

of sampling planes were used, taking a minimum of five minutes for each plane.

The Photoload technique was developed by

Keane and Dickinson (2007a) as an alternative

method for assessing fuel loadings of down,

dead, woody fuels,shrubs, and herbs.It involves

visually comparing fuel loading conditions in

the field with a series of photographs taken in

a controlled setting that represent a wide range

of loadings. It is a quick, cost-effective, and

easy method for estimating loading, and it also

appears to offer the same level of accuracy as

other intensive sampling techniques (Sikkink

and Keane 2008). The Photoload technique was

designed to require only one hour of training

to begin estimating fuel loadings. This minimizes time, money, and training restrictions

and provides the accuracy needed for estimating fuel loadings. However, the accuracy of

Photoload fuel loading estimates can increase

if more time is spent on training and calibrating the visual estimates (Sikkink and Keane

2008). Keane and Dickinson (2007a) found

that additional training improved the accuracy

of the Photoload estimates by more than 20 percent. It became clear to the authors that what

managers would benefit from is a training tool

that can be used to help teach the proper use

of the Photoload technique and to calibrate the

sampler’s “eye” to make better fuel loading

estimations. We developed this set of photographs with corresponding measured fuel loadings to accompany The Photoload Sampling

Technique: Estimating Surface Fuel Loadings

from Downward-Looking Photographs of

Synthetic Fuelbeds (RMRS-GTR-190; Keane

and Dickinson 2007b) in order to help people

learn the Photoload technique and to aid in the

calibration process. This training tool assumes

the user has already read and understands the

material in The Photoload Sampling Technique

(RMRS-GTR-190).

A Visual Training Tool for the Photoload 

Sampling Technique

Violet J. Holley and Robert E. Keane
2 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

How Were the Photoload Training 

Tool Photographs Developed?

In developing this training tool, we sampled forest and rangeland settings commonly

encountered by forest managers when assessing fuels. Our chosen study sites encompass

a wide range of fuel types and loadings.

Sites are stratified by five dominant vegetation and condition categories: (1) forests,

(2) shrublands, (3) grasslands, (4) disturbed

activity areas, and (5) 1000 hr log plots. We

sampled all of these fuelbed categories on the

Lolo National Forest, MT; Bitterroot National

Forest, MT; Lubrecht Experimental Forest,

MT; Tenderfoot Experimental Forest, MT;

Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, MT;

and BLM land in Iron County, UT, managed by

the Cedar City field office. Table 1 reflects the

sampling distribution of this study. The activity

photograph sets were taken in areas of disturbance that was either caused by fire or stand

management techniques, including standard

thinning techniques and mastication.

The Photoload technique includes methods

for measuring six fuel components, all of which

were sampled to develop this training device:

• 1 hr: <1 cm (<0.25 inch) diameter

• 10 hr: 1 to <2.5 cm (0.25 to <1 inch)

diameter

• 100 hr: 2.5 to <7 cm (1.0 to <3 inches)

diameter

• 1000 hr: ≥7 cm (≥3 inches) diameter

• Live and dead shrub fuels

• Live and dead herbaceous fuels

At each fuelbed, we filled out a FIREMON

plot description form (Appendix C) to aid in

the vegetation and fuels description provided

for each photograph (Lutes and others 2006).

Then, in the fine fuelbed plots, we used an

area defined by a 1-m2 plot frame and took

digital photographs of the fuelbed looking

straight down (with the exception of one tall

shrub fuelbed in the Forests series) and at eyelevel to the north and east of the site. We then

clipped and collected all of the fuels within the

plot frame. We sorted the fuels into the above

components, placed them in paper bags, and

labeled the bags according to fuel type and plot

number. Samples were taken to the laboratory

where they were oven-dried and weighed to

determine actual loadings (mass per unit area)

for each fuel type, which are printed opposite

each photograph.

Logs or 1000 hr fuels were measured differently than fine fuels. We measured the dimensions of all logs within a 100-m2 plot (Figure 1).

Within this plot, the small end diameter, large

end diameter, and the length of each log were

measured using a cloth tape. If part of the log

fell out of the plot, we measured only the part

that fell inside the plot boundaries. We took a

photograph of each plot at a distance of 5 m

from the plot base line and at a height of 1.5 m.

Log loadings were calculated by multiplying

log volume by wood density. The following

equation was used to calculate log volume:

V = l

3 as + a ( l) + asa ( l) 

 

where as and al are the areas of the small and

large ends of the log (a = πd2/4) and l is the

length of the log (Keane and Dickinson 2007a).

We assumed an average wood bulk density of

420 kg m–3 in our calculations (Fleischer and

others 1984).

How Are the Fuelbed Photographs 

Organized and Categorized?

We sampled 112 fuelbeds across the five

fuelbed categories to develop this training tool.

It is organized according to five categories previously described. Within fuelbed category,

photographs are randomly arranged such that

patterns will not influence estimates.

Based on dominant fuel type within the 1-m2

plot frame, fuelbeds are categorized (and subcategorized) as woody (1, 10, 100, and 1000

hr), shrub (low, medium, and tall), and herb

(graminoid and forb). Each photograph set has

a site description following the photographs to

better familiarize the user with the stands he

or she is evaluating. These descriptions utilize the Society of American Foresters (Eyre

1980) and the Society of Range Management

(Shiflet 1994) site classification systems, and

FIREMON (Lutes and others 2006) protocol

for size classes. Tables 2 and 3 provide scientific names and common names of species used in

the photograph descriptions, and Tables 4 and 5

contain the tree and shrub size classifications.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 3

With this information and the photographs provided, the observer in training should be able to

visualize the stand and relate it to stands they

may encounter during field exercises.

How to Estimate Fuel Loadings 

in the Photographs Using the 

Photoload Methods

Many of the shrubland photographs were

taken in sagebrush shrublands. Sagebrush was

not included in the Photoload sampling technique development and is generally estimated

using different techniques from those used for

other shrub species. However, we included

these photograph sets because we recognize

that there are many active projects involving

sagebrush species.

Some fuel components are obscured by other

components in these photographs so user estimates may be lower due to the difficulty of

capturing each fuel type in a single, one-dimensional photograph. We recommend using the

stand description provided for each photograph

to guide your estimation process. Each photograph was taken to emphasize the targeted fuel

type. For example, if you are training to estimate woody fuels, try to concentrate on those

fuel type photographs.

To begin estimating fuel loadings from

the photographs, re-familiarize yourself with

pp. 8 through 13 of The Photoload Sampling 

Technique (RMRS-GTR-190). These pages

describe how to make a Photoload fuel load

estimate.

Next, to assess fuel loadings, select a photograph from the appropriate series. This visual

training tool is divided into five sections based

on the fuelbed categories (forests, shrublands,

grasslands, disturbed activity areas, and 1000

hr log plots). As previously described, each of

these sections is categorized and subcategorized by the fuel type in the plot frame.

Examine the photographs, and make a note

of the fuel composition. Note the proportion of

herbs to shrubs and their physiological differences. You will need to know this when you are

choosing a species in The Photoload Sampling 

Technique (RMRS-GTR-190). Notice what

types of fine woody fuels you see. Mentally

break these fuels into 1 hr, 10 hr, 100 hr, and

1000 hr classes.

The visual estimation of fine woody fuel loading may be difficult since you cannot physically

measure the diameter of the fuels, but for length

estimations, use the black bars on the 1-m2 plot

frame. The center of each bar marks 33.33 cm

(13.12 inches). Now that you have mentally

separated the fuels into the five fuel types, you

can use The Photoload Sampling Technique 

(RMRS-GTR-190) to estimate loadings in the

photographs. Write down your estimates, and

compare them with the laboratory-confirmed

loadings opposite each photograph. Continue

this process through all the fuel types until

you become proficient and comfortable with

the technique and your loading estimates are

consistent.

References

Andrews, Patricia L.; Bevins, Collin D.; Seli, Robert

C. 2005. BehavePlus fire modeling system, version 4.0: user’s guide. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRSGTR-106WWW Revised. Ogden, UT: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky

Mountain Research Station. 132 p.

Brown, J.K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying

downed woody material. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT16. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 24 p.

Eyre, F.H. 1980. Forest cover types of the United

States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of

American Foresters. 148 p.

Finney, Mark A.1995. FARSITE: a fire area simulator for fire managers. 

In: Weise, David R.;

Martin, Robert E., tech. coords. The Biswell symposium: fire issues and solutions in urban interface and wildland ecosystems; 1994 February

15-17; Walnut Creek, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep.

PSW-GTR-158. Albany, CA: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest

Research Station: 55-56.

Fleischer, H.C.; Bulgrin, E.H.; Danielson, J.P.;

Fahey, D.F.; Koeppen, R.C.; McCeovern, J.H.;

Zerbe, J.I. 1984. Forest products utilization. In:

Wenger, K.F., ed. Forestry handbook, second

edition. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons:

565-635.

Keane, Robert E.; Dickinson, Laura J. 2007a.

Development and evaluation of the photoload

sampling technique. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-61CD.

Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department ofAgriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station

Keane, Robert E.; Dickinson, Laura J. 2007b. The

photoload sampling technique: estimating surface fuel loadings from downward-looking

photographs of synthetic fuelbeds. Gen. Tech.

Rep. RMRS-GTR-190. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.
4 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky

Mountain Research Station. 44 p.

Lutes, D.C.; Keane, R.E.; Caratti, J.F.; Key, C.H.;

Benson, N.C., Sutherland, S.; Gangi, L.J. 2006.

FIREMON: fire effects monitoring and inventory system. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR164-CD. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain

Research Station.

Ottmar, R.D.; Burns, M.F.; Hall, J.N.; Hanson,

A.D. 1993. CONSUME: user’s guide.Gen.

Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-304. Portland, OR: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Pacific Northwest Research Station. 119 p.

Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Keane, Robert E.; Brown,

James K. 1997. First order fire effects model:

FOFEM 4.0, user’s guide. Gen. Tech. Rep.

INT-GTR-344. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain

Research Station. 65 p.

Shiflet, T.N. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the

United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range

Management. 152 p.

Sikkink, Pamela G.; Keane, Robert E. 2008. A

comparison of five sampling techniques to

estimate surface fuel loading in montane forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 17:

363-379.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 5

Table 1. Number of fuelbeds sampled by location and fuel type.

Fuel category

Location Forest Shrubland Grassland Activity Log

Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, MT 2 0 8 0 0

Bitterroot National Forest, MT 4 0 0 0 0

Iron County, UT 3 1 0 3 0

Lolo National Forest, MT 12 0 5 17 17

Lubrecht Experimental Forest, MT 0 9 3 0 16

Tenderfoot Experimental Forest, MT 3 0 2 1 0

Table 2. Forb and graminoid species list.

Life form Scientific name Common name

Forb Arnica cordifolia heartleaf arnica

Arnica latifolia broadleaf arnica

Apocynum androsaemifolium spreading dogbane

Asarum caudatum wild ginger

Balsamorhiza sagittata arrowleaf balsamroot

Clintonia uniflora queen’s cup

Epilobium angustifolium fireweed

Fragaria virginiana Virginia strawberry

Lupinus argentinus silvery lupine

Penstemon spp. penstemon

Graminoid Agropyron spicatum bluebunch wheatgrass

Bromus tectorum cheatgrass

Calamagrostis rubescens pinegrass

Carex spp. sedge

Festuca idahoensis Idaho fescue

Festuca scabrella rough fescue

Festuca spp. fescue
6 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Table 3. Shrub and tree species list.

Life form Scientific name Common name

Shrub Amelanchier alnifolia Saskatoon serviceberry

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnikinnick

Artemisia tridentata big sagebrush

Berberis repens Oregon grape

Gutierrezia spp. snakeweed

Linnaea borealis twinflower

Physocarpus malvaceus ninebark

Spiraea betulifolia white spirea

Symphoricarpos albus common snowberry

Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf bilberry

Vaccinium globulare blue huckleberry

Vaccinium scoparium grouse whortleberry

Tree Abies grandis grand fir

Abies lasiocarpa subalpine fir

Juniperus osteosperma Utah juniper

Larix occidentalis western larch

Picea engelmannii Engelmann spruce

Pinus contorta lodgepole pine

Pinus edulis two-needle pinyon

Pinus ponderosa ponderosa pine

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir

Thuja plicata western red cedar

Table 4. FIREMON tree size classification.

Size class Size class parameters

Seedling <1.4 m (<4.5 ft) tall

Sapling 1.4 m (4.5 ft) tall and <13.0 cm (<5.0 inches) diameter

Pole 13.0 cm (5.0 inches) to <23.0 cm (<9.0 inches) diameter

Medium 23.0 cm (9.0 inches) to <53.0 cm (<21.0 inches) diameter

Large 53.0 cm (21.0 inches) to <83.0 cm (<33.0 inches) diameter

Very large ≥83.0 cm (>33.0 inches) diameter

Table 5. FIREMON shrub size classification.

Size class Size class parameters

Low <1.0 m (<3.0 ft) tall

Medium 1.0 m (3.0 ft) to <2.0 m (<6.5 ft) tall

Tall ≥2.0 m (>6.5 ft) tall
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 7

Figure 1. 1000-hr plot layout design (Keane and Dickinson 2007a).
8 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 9

Series 1—Forests
10 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 11

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.13 0.03

10 hr 0.22 0.05

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.79 0.18

herb 0.02 <0.01

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Pole-sized lodgepole pine overstory 

•	 Grouse whortleberry dominant undergrowth layer with scattered fine 

woody fuels

•	 Thin duff and litter layer <1 cm 
12 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 206: Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

Fuel type: herb; forb
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 13

Stand type: SAF 206: Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

Fuel type: herb; forb

•	 Engelmann spruce overstory ranging from seedling- to medium-sized

•	 Arnica and wild ginger dominant understory

•	 Ground cover moss and scattered fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 2 to 6 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.11 0.03

10 hr 0.09 0.02

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.12 0.03

herb 0.40 0.09
14 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid 
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 15

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid 

•	 Seedling- to medium-sized lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir overstory

•	 Sedge and strawberry dominant understory with moderate, scattered 

1 and 10 hr fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 1 to 3 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.19 0.04

10 hr 0.45 0.10

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.12 0.03

herb 0.56 0.13
16 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 17

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub 

•	 Seedling- to medium-sized lodgepole pine overstory

•	 Huckleberry and sedge dominant undergrowth with heavy fine woody 

fuels (1 to 10 hr)

•	 Thin duff and litter layer <1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.54 0.12

10 hr 1.06 0.24

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.10 0.02

herb <0.01 <0.01
18 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; medium shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 19

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; medium shrub 

•	 Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine overstory with trees ranging from 

seedling- to large-sized

•	 Tall and low shrub and herb understory

•	 Thick duff and litter layer 2 to 4 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.16 0.04

10 hr 0.06 0.01

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.74 0.17

herb 0.30 0.07
20 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 21

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Medium-sized lodgepole pine overstory

•	 Low grouse whortleberry and pinegrass dominate understory with 

few fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 1 to 2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr <0.01 <0.01

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 1.39 0.31

herb 0.24 0.05
22 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 23

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; graminoid 

•	 Medium- and pole-sized lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir

•	 Understory dominant growth of pinegrass

•	 Very few fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 1 to 2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr <0.01 <0.01

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.15 0.03

herb 0.54 0.12
24 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 206: Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 25

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.30 0.07

10 hr 0.60 0.14

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.04 0.01

herb 0.02 <0.01

Stand type: SAF 206: Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized Engelmann spruce and lodgepole pine

•	 Twinflower and arnica dominate understory along with 1 and 10 hr 

fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 1 to 4 cm
26 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; graminoid and forb
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 27

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; graminoid and forb

•	 Medium- and pole-sized Douglas-fir and western larch

•	 Pinegrass dominant understory with 1 to 10 hr fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.5 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.20 0.05

10 hr 0.46 0.10

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.01 <0.01

herb 0.17 0.04
28 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr and 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 29

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr and 10 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized Douglas-fir

•	 Sedge dominant understory with 1, 10, and 100 hr fuels

•	 Thick duff and litter layer 1 to 5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.37 0.08

10 hr 0.31 0.07

100 hr 1.16 0.26

shrub 0.01 <0.01

herb 0.08 0.02
30 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 412: juniper-pinyon woodland

Fuel type: woody; 100 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 31

Stand type: SRM 412: juniper-pinyon woodland

Fuel type: woody; 100 hr

•	 Medium-sized juniper stand

•	 Sagebrush dominant understory with heavy 100 hr fuels

•	 Thin duff and litter layer 0 to 3 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.03 0.01

10 hr 0.77 0.17

100 hr 17.32 3.88

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.01 <0.01
32 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 412: juniper-pinyon woodland

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 33

Stand type: SRM 412: juniper-pinyon woodland

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Medium-sized juniper stand

•	 Low sagebrush shrubs dominate the understory with few fine woody 

fuels

•	 Duff and litter 0 to 0.3 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.01 <0.01

10 hr 0.02 <0.01

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.46 0.10

herb 0.08 0.02
34 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 412: juniper-pinyon woodland 

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 35

Stand type: SRM 412: juniper-pinyon woodland 

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized juniper stand with few low sagebrush shrubs

•	 Mixed 1, 10, and 100 hr fuels

•	 Thick duff and litter layer 2 to 4 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.08 0.02

10 hr 0.30 0.07

100 hr 1.01 0.23

shrub 0.03 0.01

herb <0.01 <0.01
36 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 37

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; graminoid 

•	 Medium- and pole-sized Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine stand

•	 Understory primarily composed of medium and low snowberry

•	 Light 1 hr and 100 hr fuels and moderate 10 hr fuels

•	 Thick duff and litter layer 3 to 7 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.06 0.01

10 hr 1.14 0.26

100 hr 0.55 0.12

shrub 0.10 0.02

herb 0.59 0.13
38 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low and medium shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 39

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low and medium shrub

•	 Medium-sized Douglas-fir dominant stand

•	 Understory mostly composed of dense medium and low snowberry 

with light 1 hr fuels, moderate 10 hr fuels, and no 100 hr fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 5 to 10 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.27 0.06

10 hr 1.72 0.39

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 4.67 1.05

herb 0.02 0.01
40 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; tall shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 41

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; tall shrub

•	 Medium-sized Douglas-fir dominant stand

•	 Understory dominated by medium and low snowberry with light cover 

of tall ninebark

•	 Moderate 100 hr and 10 hr fuels with light 1 hr fuels

•	 Thick duff and litter layer 7.5 to 13.3 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.34 0.08

10 hr 1.36 0.30

100 hr 2.67 0.60

shrub 5.04 1.13

herb 0.04 0.01
42 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 43

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Douglas-fir dominated seedling- and sapling-sized stand

•	 Understory dominated by low snowberry and heavy 10 hr fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 4 to 11 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.05 0.01

10 hr 5.66 1.27

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.43 0.10

herb 0.43 0.10
44 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 213: grand fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 and 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 45

Stand type: SAF 213: grand fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 and 10 hr

•	 Medium-sized western red cedar dominated stand

•	 Heavy fine woody fuel understory with few herbs and shrubs

•	 Duff and litter layer 2 to 3.5 cm, primarily composed of litter

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.66 0.15

10 hr 0.66 0.15

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.08 0.02

herb 0.01 <0.01
46 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 213: grand fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 47

Stand type: SAF 213: grand fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr

•	 Medium-sized western red cedar dominated stand

•	 Fine woody fuel and litter dominate the understory with few herbs 

and shrubs

•	 Duff and litter layer 2 to 4 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.20 0.05

10 hr 0.12 0.03

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.03 0.01

herb <0.01 <0.01
48 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 213: grand fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 49

Stand type: SAF 213: grand fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr

•	 Mixed medium-, pole-, and sapling-sized western red cedar stand

•	 Fine woody fuel and litter dominated understory with few low herbs 

and shrubs

•	 Duff and litter layer 2 to 4 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.48 0.11

10 hr 0.82 0.18

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.47 0.11

herb 0.01 <0.01
50 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; forb
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 51

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; forb

•	 Stand of primarily medium-sized Douglas-fir

•	 Understory dominated by broadleaf arnica and tall and low Saskatoon serviceberry 

•	 Moderate loading of 1, 10, and 100 hr fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 3 to 4.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.38 0.08

10 hr 0.35 0.08

100 hr 0.70 0.16

shrub 0.06 0.01

herb 0.23 0.05
52 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; forb
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 53

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; forb

•	 Medium- and pole-sized Douglas-fir stand

•	 Tall Saskatoon serviceberry and low forbs dominate the understory

•	 No fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 1.5 to 4 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.27 0.06

herb 1.02 0.23
54 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 55

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized Douglas-fir dominated stand

•	 Heavy fine woody fuel understory with rough fescue

•	 Duff and litter layer 4 to 8.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 1.18 0.27

10 hr 0.51 0.11

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.05 0.01
56 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; forb
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 57

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: herb; forb

•	 Medium- and pole-sized Douglas-fir dominated stand with few large 

trees

•	 Understory dominated by mixed low graminoids and forbs

•	 Moderate fine woody fuelbed with no 100 hr fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 3 to 4 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.09 0.02

10 hr 0.13 0.03

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.16 0.04
58 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 59

Series 2—Shrublands
60 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 61

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Sagebrush and fescue dominated understory with few fine woody 

fuels

•	 Thin duff and litter layer 0.2 to 1.3 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.02 <0.01

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 4.36 0.98

herb 0.13 0.03
62 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 403: Wyoming big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 63

Stand type: SRM 403: Wyoming big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Sparse, medium-sized juniper stand

•	 Dominant understory of sagebrush and snakeweed

•	 Few fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr <0.01 <0.01

10 hr 0.02 0.01

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 4.19 0.94

herb 0.13 0.03
64 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 65

Stand type: SRM 402: Mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Low sagebrush shrubland

•	 Moderate graminoid cover

•	 Light fine woody fuels

•	 Shallow duff and litter layer 0 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.01 <0.01

10 hr 0.09 0.02

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 1.46 0.33

herb 0.27 0.06
66 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 67

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Shrubland consisting primarily of low sagebrush with a few mediumsized sagebrush

•	 Moderate Idaho fescue cover and light fine woody fuels

•	 Shallow duff and litter layer 0.5 to 1.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.08 0.02

10 hr 0.16 0.04

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 5.72 1.28

herb 0.16 0.04
68 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 69

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Low sagebrush shrubland with light fine woody fuels 

•	 Shallow duff and litter layer 1 to 1.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.16 0.04

10 hr 0.20 0.05

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 2.69 0.60

herb 0.19 0.04
70 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 71

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Low sagebrush shrubland with few fine woody fuels

•	 Shallow duff and litter layer 0.5 to 1 cm, composed mostly of litter

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.02 <0.01

10 hr 0.32 0.07

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 1.12 0.25

herb 0.24 0.05
72 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; medium shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 73

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; medium shrub

•	 Medium and low sagebrush shrubland with heavy cheatgrass cover

•	 Light fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 1.5 to 2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.01 <0.01

10 hr 0.02 <0.01

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 1.82 0.41

herb 0.44 0.10
74 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 75

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Medium and low sagebrush shrubland with light fine woody fuels

•	 Heavy cheatgrass cover

•	 Duff and litter layer 1.5 to 4 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.02 <0.01

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 12.45 2.79

herb 0.07 0.02
76 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 77

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Low sagebrush shrubland with moderate sedge cover

•	 Light fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.5 to 1.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.04 0.01

10 hr 0.04 0.01

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 1.00 0.22

herb 0.22 0.05
78 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; medium shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 79

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: shrub; medium shrub

•	 Medium and low sagebrush shrubland with a moderate sedge cover

•	 Moderate 1 and 10 hr fuels (no 100 hr fuels)

•	 Duff and litter layer 2.5 to 7 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.11 0.02

10 hr 0.08 0.02

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 6.32 1.42

herb 0.13 0.03
80 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 81

Series 3—Grasslands
82 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 83

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Grassland with no fine woody fuels 

•	 Thin duff and litter layer 0 to 0.7 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.60 0.13
84 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 85

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Fescue grassland with no fine woody fuels 

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.2 to 1.2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.46 0.10
86 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue 

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 87

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue 

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Fescue grassland with no fine woody fuels

•	 Thin duff and litter layer 0 to 1.3 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.47 0.11
88 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 89

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Fescue grassland with no fine woody fuels

•	 Thin duff and litter layer 0.4 to 1.4 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.01 <0.01

herb 0.19 0.04
90 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 91

Stand type: SRM 312: rough fescue-Idaho fescue

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Fescue grassland with no fine woody fuels 

•	 Thin duff and litter layer 1 to 1.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.39 0.09
92 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 93

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid 

•	 0.5 to 2 ft tall grassland

•	 Understory of bluebunch wheatgrass and arrowleaf balsamroot

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.70 0.16
94 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 95

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 0.5 to 2 ft tall grassland

•	 Understory of bluebunch wheatgrass and arrowleaf balsamroot

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.91 0.20
96 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 97

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grassland with no fine woody fuels

•	 Shallow duff and litter layer 0.2 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 1.15 0.26
98 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 99

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grassland with no fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.5 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.62 0.14
100 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 101

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grassland with moderate forb cover

•	 No fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.2 to 0.8 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.47 0.11
102 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 103

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grassland with a heavy cover of forbs

•	 No fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 1 to 2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.07 0.02

herb 1.02 0.23
104 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 105

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grassland with moderate forb cover

•	 No fine woody fuels

•	 Shallow duff and litter layer 0.2 to 1.8 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 1.27 0.29
106 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 107

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grass cover

•	 Moderate forb cover

•	 Few 1 hr fuels and no 10 or 100 hr fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 2.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr <0.01 <0.01

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.02 <0.01

herb 0.47 0.11
108 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 109

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grass and forb cover

•	 Light low shrub cover

•	 No fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.5 to 2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.01 <0.01

herb 0.54 0.12
110 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 111

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grass cover and moderate forb cover

•	 Light low sagebrush cover

•	 No fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.2 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.05 0.01

herb 0.59 0.13
112 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 113

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grassland with moderate forb cover

•	 Light fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.5 to 2.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.04 0.01

10 hr 0.01 <0.01

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.01 <0.01

herb 0.78 0.18
114 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 115

Stand type: SRM 311: rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Heavy grassland with moderate forb cover

•	 No fine woody fuels

•	 Shallow duff and litter layer 0.1 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.07 0.02

herb 1.75 0.39
116 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 117

Stand type: SRM 402: mountain big sagebrush

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Moderate grass, forb, and low sagebrush cover

•	 Light 1 hr fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.1 to 1.2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.10 0.02

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.07 0.02

herb 0.60 0.13
118 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 119

Series 4—Disturbed activity areas
120 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr and 100 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 121

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr and 100 hr

•	 Clear-cut

•	 Sapling-sized lodgepole stand

•	 Understory huckleberry and lupine dominated with heavy fine woody 

fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.2 to 0.6 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.17 0.04

10 hr 1.18 0.27

100 hr 3.38 0.76

shrub 0.51 0.12

herb 0.13 0.03
122 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 123

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Medium- and pole-sized Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine

•	 Graminoid and shrub understory with fine and coarse woody debris

•	 Duff and litter layer 1 to 4 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.01 <0.01

10 hr 0.34 0.08

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.74 0.17

herb 0.21 0.05
124 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 403: Wyoming big sagebrush

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 125

Stand type: SRM 403: Wyoming big sagebrush

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr

•	 Masticated juniper stand

•	 No overstory

•	 Understory of shrubs and masticated fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 2 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.02 <0.01

10 hr 0.15 0.03

100 hr 0.14 0.03

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb <0.01 <0.01
126 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 403: Wyoming big sagebrush 

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 127

Stand type: SRM 403: Wyoming Big Sagebrush 

Fuel type: woody; 1 hr

•	 Masticated juniper stand

•	 No overstory

•	 Understory of sagebrush and masticated fuels

•	 Thick duff and litter layer 4 to 11 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.11 0.02

10 hr 0.61 0.14

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.00 0.00
128 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SRM 403: Wyoming big sagebrush 

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 129

Stand type: SRM 403: Wyoming big sagebrush 

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr

•	 Masticated juniper stand

•	 No overstory vegetation

•	 Sparse sagebrush understory

•	 Mixed 1, 10, and 100 hr fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 7 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.53 0.12

10 hr 2.08 0.47

100 hr 0.55 0.12

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.01 <0.01
130 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 131

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized ponderosa pine dominate overstory

•	 Moderate herb and forb cover

•	 Moderate fine woody fuel cover

•	 Duff and litter layer 6 to 9 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.40 0.09

10 hr 2.10 0.47

100 hr 0.59 0.13

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.56 0.12
132 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 133

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine overstory

•	 Light low shrub cover and light herb cover consisting primarily of 

broadleaf arnica and sedge 

•	 Heavy 10 and 100 hr fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 5 to 8.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.35 0.08

10 hr 4.46 1.00

100 hr 4.71 1.06

shrub 0.01 <0.01

herb 0.03 0.01
134 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 135

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine stand with broadleaf arnica and sedge 

dominating the understory

•	 Heavy litter and fine woody debris

•	 Duff and litter layer 3 to 4.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.11 0.02

10 hr 2.11 0.47

100 hr 0.82 0.18

shrub <0.01 <0.01

herb 0.29 0.07
136 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 100 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 137

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 100 hr

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine stand with broadleaf arnica dominating the understory

•	 Heavy woody fuels with a heavy litter layer

•	 Duff and litter layer 2.5 to 5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.24 0.05

10 hr 0.90 0.20

100 hr 9.98 2.24

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.10 0.02
138 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 139

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine stand with heavy woody fuel loads 

dominating the understory

•	 Duff and litter layer 2 to 5.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 2.17 0.49

10 hr 9.34 2.09

100 hr 1.14 0.26

shrub 0.01 <0.01

herb <0.01 <0.01
140 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 141

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine dominated overstory with ninebark, 

kinnikinnick, and silvery lupine dominating the understory

•	 Light fine woody fuels 

•	 Duff and litter layer 4 to 7 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.04 0.01

10 hr 0.13 0.03

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 1.15 0.26

herb 0.15 0.03
142 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 143

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 10 hr

•	 Medium-sized, mixed stand of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and 

western larch

•	 Understory dominated by heavy woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 4.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 1.06 0.24

10 hr 5.30 1.19

100 hr 2.59 0.58

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb <0.01 <0.01
144 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 145

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Seedling- and sapling-sized stand of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and 

subalpine fir

•	 Mixed herb and low shrub understory consisting primarily of kinnikinnick, grouse whortleberry, and beargrass

•	 Light fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.5 to 1.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.10 0.02

10 hr 0.36 0.08

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.64 0.14

herb 0.45 0.10
146 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: herb; forb
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 147

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: herb; forb

•	 Lodgepole pine dominated pole- and sapling-sized stand

•	 Mixed low shrub and herb understory

•	 Light fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 1 to 1.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr <0.01 <0.01

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 1.15 0.26

shrub 0.28 0.06

herb 0.18 0.04
148 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 149

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Overstory of burned Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine

•	 Understory primarily cheatgrass

•	 No fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 1.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 1.61 0.36
150 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 151

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Overstory of burned Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine

•	 Dominant understory of cheatgrass and broadleaf arnica

•	 Light fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.5 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.03 0.01

10 hr 0.02 <0.01

100 hr 0.84 0.19

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.58 0.13
152 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 153

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Dominant overstory of dead Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine

•	 Dominant understory of ninebark, cheatgrass, and broadleaf arnica

•	 Light fine woody fuel load

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.03 0.01

10 hr 0.09 0.02

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.74 0.17

herb 0.60 0.13
154 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 155

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid

•	 Overstory of dead Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine

•	 Understory dominated by mixed low herbs

•	 Light fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0 to 1.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.04 0.01

10 hr 0.13 0.03

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.19 0.04

herb 0.54 0.12
156 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 157

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Overstory of burned Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine

•	 Dominant understory of cheatgrass, broadleaf arnica, fireweed, and 

snowberry

•	 Moderate 100 hr fuel loading

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.5 to 1.5 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.03 0.01

10 hr 0.19 0.04

100 hr 4.76 1.07

shrub 0.15 0.03

herb 0.21 0.05
158 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 159

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: shrub; low shrub

•	 Stand of burned Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine

•	 Understory dominated by cheatgrass, broadleaf arnica, and snowberry

•	 Light fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.5 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.02 0.01

10 hr 0.04 0.01

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 1.11 0.25

herb 0.02 0.01
160 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 161

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: herb; graminoid 

•	 Clear-cut

•	 Pole- and sapling-sized lodgepole pine and western larch stand

•	 Pinegrass understory with no fine woody fuels

•	 Duff and litter layer 0.1 to 1 cm

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1 hr 0.00 0.00

10 hr 0.00 0.00

100 hr 0.00 0.00

shrub 0.00 0.00

herb 0.42 0.10
162 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 163

Series 5—1000 hr log plots
164 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 165

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine stand

•	 Understory consisting mostly of fescue with some low snowberry

•	 CWD fuelbed composed of 19 down sapling- and pole-sized ponderosa pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

 1000 hour 50.04 11.22
166 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 167

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine stand

•	 Dominant understory of fescue

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of one sapling-sized down ponderosa pine 

log

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 0.54 0.12
168 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 169

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine stand with a graminoid understory of 

fescue and some low and medium snowberry

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of 10 down pole- and medium-sized ponderosa pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 25.09 5.62
170 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 171

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Pole-sized Douglas-fir and medium-sized ponderosa pine in the 

overstory

•	 Carex and snowberry dominate the understory

•	 Fuelbed composed of seven pole-sized Douglas-fir and ponderosa 

pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 8.93 2.00
172 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 173

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and large-sized mixed ponderosa and Douglas-fir overstory 

with low blue huckleberry dominating the understory

•	 Seven medium-sized ponderosa pine and pole-sized Douglas-fir 

down logs creating the CWD fuelbed

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 26.98 6.05
174 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 175

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Ponderosa pine overstory of pole-, medium-, and large-sized trees

•	 Graminoid dominated understory

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of 13 sapling- to medium-sized ponderosa 

pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 19.71 4.42
176 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 177

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and large-sized ponderosa pine stand with an understory of 

bluebunch wheatgrass

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of five sapling- and pole-sized down ponderosa pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 5.29 1.19
178 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 179

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized ponderosa pine stand with a bluebunch 

wheatgrass understory

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of four sapling- and pole-sized down ponderosa pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 11.81 2.65
180 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 181

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized ponderosa pine stand with an understory of 

carex and kinnikinnick

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of one medium-sized down ponderosa pine 

log

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 3.57 0.80
182 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 183

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and sapling-sized ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir stand 

with an understory of mixed low shrub species and fescue

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of one sapling-sized ponderosa pine log

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 0.66 0.15
184 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 185

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Mixed-size ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir stand with an understory 

of fescue and mixed low shrub species

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of four sapling-sized down ponderosa pine 

and Douglas-fir logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 1.84 0.41
186 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 187

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Sparse canopy of medium- and large-sized ponderosa pine

•	 Understory of fescue and mixed low shrub species

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of six sapling- and medium-sized down ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 7.38 1.65
188 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 189

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Sparse canopy of medium- and large-sized ponderosa pine

•	 Understory of fescue and mixed low shrub species

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of six sapling-, pole-, and medium-sized 

Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 10.67 2.39
190 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 191

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized mixed lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and 

western larch stand

•	 Low shrub and graminoid understory dominated by Oregon grape 

and white spirea

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of one pole-sized down Douglas-fir 

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 0.28 0.06
192 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 193

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized mixed lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and 

western larch stand

•	 Low shrub and graminoid understory dominated by Oregon grape 

and white spirea

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of four sapling- and pole-sized down Douglas-fir logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 1.26 0.28
194 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 195

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Pole-sized lodgepole pine stand with an understory dominated by 

low shrubs, primarily including kinnikinnick and dwarf bilberry

•	 CWD fuelbed composed of three sapling-sized lodgepole pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 4.80 1.08
196 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 197

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine stand with an understory dominated 

by fescue and pinegrass

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of five medium- and large-sized ponderosa 

pine logs 

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 24.13 5.41
198 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 199

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and large-sized ponderosa pine stand with an understory 

dominated by fescue and pinegrass

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of 14 sapling- and pole-sized ponderosa 

pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 22.74 5.10
200 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 201

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium-sized ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir overstory

•	 Understory dominated by fescue and pinegrass

•	 CWD fuelbed composed of 16 pole-sized ponderosa pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 39.26 8.80
202 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 203

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized lodgepole pine stand with an understory 

dominated by low shrubs, primarily twinflower and kinnikinnick

•	 CWD fuelbed composed of 10 sapling- and pole-sized lodgepole 

pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 19.64 4.40
204 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 205

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Sapling-, pole-, and medium-sized lodgepole pine stand with an understory dominated by low shrubs, including kinnikinnick and twinflower

•	 CWD fuelbed composed of 12 sapling-, pole-, and medium-sized 

lodgepole pine logs 

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 20.54 4.61
206 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 207

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Pole-sized lodgepole pine stand with an understory dominated by 

kinnikinnick and twinflower

•	 CWD fuelbed composed of six sapling-sized lodgepole pine logs and 

one medium-sized lodgepole pine log

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 5.87 1.32
208 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 209

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium-sized lodgepole pine stand with an understory of low shrubs 

and graminoids composed mostly of kinnikinnick and twinflower

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of 10 sapling-sized lodgepole pine logs and 

one medium-sized lodgepole pine log

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 8.28 1.86
210 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 211

Stand type: SAF 218: lodgepole pine 

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Pole-sized lodgepole pine stand with a mixed low shrub and graminoid understory

•	 Dominant understory species of twinflower and pinegrass

•	 CWD fuel loading consisting of five sapling-sized lodgepole pine logs 

and one large-sized western larch log

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 39.98 8.96
212 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 213

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium-sized Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine stand

•	 Snowberry and pinegrass dominate the understory

•	 CWD fuelbed is a slash pile of 73 primarily ponderosa pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 61.56 13.80
214 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 215

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Mixed sapling-, pole-, and medium-sized Douglas-fir and ponderosa 

pine stand

•	 Snowberry and pinegrass dominate the understory

•	 CWD fuelbed is a slash pile of 21 sapling- to medium-sized primarily 

ponderosa pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 15.07 3.38
216 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 217

Stand type: SAF 237: interior ponderosa pine

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Pole- and medium-sized ponderosa pine stand

•	 Understory dominated by pinegrass and snowberry

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of 13 ponderosa pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 57.82 12.96
218 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 219

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Pole- and medium-sized Douglas-fir and medium-sized western larch 

stand

•	 Understory dominated by graminoids and low shrubs

•	 CWD fuelbed composed of eight sapling-sized Douglas-fir logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 7.96 1.78
220 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 206: Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 221

Stand type: SAF 206: Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Pole-sized lodgepole pine and pole- and medium-sized Engelmann 

spruce stand

•	 Understory a mix of broadleaf arnica and queen’s cup

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of 33 medium- and pole-sized Engelmann 

spruce

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 55.21 12.38
222 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 212: western larch

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 223

Stand type: SAF 212: western larch

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Stand of large- and very large-sized western larch with a few poleand medium-sized Douglas-fir

•	 Understory dominated by pinegrass and Oregon grape

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of sapling- and medium-sized western larch 

logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 39.49 8.85
224 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 225

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Sapling- and pole-sized Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine stand

•	 Rocky understory with low and medium shrubs

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of five sapling-sized ponderosa pine and 

Douglas-fir logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 6.52 1.46
226 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 227

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Sapling- and pole-sized ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir stand with 

an understory of mixed forbs and low- to medium-sized shrubs

•	 Dominant understory species is spreading dogbane

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of nine sapling- and pole-sized ponderosa 

pine and Douglas-fir logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 7.74 1.74
228 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 229

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized ponderosa pine stand

•	 Understory dominated by fescue and white spirea

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of one pole-sized ponderosa log

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 4.31 0.97
230 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 231

Stand type: SAF 210: interior Douglas-fir

Fuel type: woody; 1000 hr

•	 Medium- and pole-sized ponderosa pine stand with an understory 

dominated by graminoids and forbs, primarily fescue and penstemon

•	 CWD fuelbed consisting of five sapling and pole-sized ponderosa 

pine logs

Fuel type tons acre –1 kg m–2

1000 hour 5.58 1.25
232 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Appendix A—Photoload Plot Form
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010 233

Appendix B—1000 Hr Fuel Plot Form
234 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-242. 2010

Appendix C—FIREMON Plot Description (PD) Form Example

Rocky

 Mountain

 Research Station

The Rocky Mountain Research Station develops scientific information 

and technology to improve management, protection, and use of the 

forests and rangelands. Research is designed to meet the needs of 

the National Forest managers, Federal and State agencies, public and 

private organizations, academic institutions, industry, and individuals. 

Studies accelerate solutions to problems involving ecosystems, range, 

forests, water, recreation, fire, resource inventory, land reclamation, 

community sustainability, forest engineering technology, multiple use 

economics, wildlife and fish habitat, and forest insects and diseases. 

Studies are conducted cooperatively, and applications may be found 

worldwide.

Station Headquarters

Rocky Mountain Research Station

240 W Prospect Road

Fort Collins, CO 80526

(970) 498-1100

Research Locations

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its 

programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, 

and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, 

sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all 

or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. 

(Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who 

require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, 

large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 

720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, 

Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, 

DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA 

is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Flagstaff, Arizona

Fort Collins, Colorado

Boise, Idaho

Moscow, Idaho

Bozeman, Montana

Missoula, Montana

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