National Individual

Tree Species Atlas 

James R. Ellenwood, Frank J. Krist Jr., Sheryl A. Romero

United States Forest Service

Forest Health Protection, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team
THE USE OF TRADE, FIRM, OR CORPORATION NAMES in this publication is for the information and convenience 

of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.

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To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 

1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). The USDA 

is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Federal Recycling Program

Printed on recycled paper

Cover design by Sheryl A. Romero, contractor for the U.S. Forest Service, Forest 

Health Technology Enterprise Team.

Cover Map and illustrations of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)

The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET), Fort Collins, CO, was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief 

for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the 

health of American forests. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology

National Individual Tree Species Atlas. 2015, FHTET-15-01. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team.

Publication contact

Jim Ellenwood, USDA Forest Service

Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team

2150 Center Ave., Bldg. A, Suite 331

Fort Collins, CO 80526

jellenwood@fs.fed.us

http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/remote_sensing.shtml

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015935551
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Dedication and Acknowledgements iii

Dedication

Although it took nearly five years to produce this atlas, my love of forests and trees goes back many decades. 

In 1994, as a forester on the Kaibab National Forest in Arizona, I had the good fortune to meet and observe 

Dr. Elbert Little in Flagstaff at a conference on piñon-juniper ecosystems. Between sessions, I introduced 

myself and joined him in an impassioned conversation about pine nuts—with him relating the fact that the 

edible piñon nut from Pinus edulis was far superior in flavor and nutrition to the imported, mass-marketed, 

store-bought, and inferior stone pine nuts (Pinus pinea). The conversation remained highly one-sided, and I 

took with me some of the passion Little had for the piñon pine. Sadly, Dr. Little passed away in 2004. He 

was 96.

Even before that, as a student of forestry I elected to take a course, Dendrology I, taught by Dr. Edwin 

Ketchledge, or “Ketch” as he was known to his students. Ketch taught the course with incredible knowledge, 

dedication, and enthusiasm. He was nominated and selected as a Distinguished Teaching Professor for the 

State University of New York. His incredible enthusiasm transcended unto his students: It has stayed with 

me throughout my professional career. It was his lessons that motivated me in developing this publication. I 

wish I could have shared this book with him, but Ketch passed away in 2010. He was 85.

This project came at an opportune moment in my career when I could address a specific need with a task 

that I was both passionate and enthusiastic about. Having drawn upon the energy of these two individuals, I 

dedicate this atlas to them. I hope for the next version of this atlas, however many years in the future it might 

be, that the author can ride a similar wave. --- Jim Ellenwood

Acknowledgements

For the review of species distributions—Alaska Paul Hennon, Robin Mulvey, Steve Swenson, Dustin 

Witwer, Ken Zogas; Intermountain Region Carl Jorgensen, Holly Kearns, Laura Lazarus, Daniel Ryerson; 

Northeast Region Roger Mech, Jim Steinman; Southern Region Carlton Cobb, Jim Meeker, Dale Starkey; 

Western Region Rod Hart, Jeff Mallory, Michael Simpson, Meghan Woods. In addition to the unnamed 

people they contacted for review of species distributions.

For having the vision and leadership to support this monumental effort Frank J. Sapio

For the process guidance (and keeping us based in reality) Dr. Eric L. Smith

For data development and support (the building blocks of any good geospatial product) Nathan Edberg, Aneetha 

Jayaraman, Arpad Lazar, and Vern Thomas

For validating the treed area layer and managing the bales of feedback Vern Thomas.

For Forest Inventory and Analysis support (without FIA, projects like this would never be possible) Elizabeth 

Lapoint, Andy Lister, and Richard McCullough

For doing what is necessary (it’s the little things that make it just right) Mark Zweifler

For the review of the manuscript (you have made it an easy read) Mark Zweifler, Marla Downing, Cynthia 

Ellenwood, Andrew McMahan, and Chuck Benedict

For copy editing, photographic image support, and final preparation (it’s the final touches that can make a 

difference) Chuck Benedict

For the final checkup (nothing goes out the door without the last thorough review) Andrew McMahan
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

iv
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

v

Dedication and Acknowledgements . . . iii

List of Maps—Conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

List of Maps—Hardwoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Mapped Atlas Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Map Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Modeled Atlas Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Predictor Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

United States Geological Survey Map Zone . 6

Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Ground Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Individual Species Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Application of the Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Color Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Model Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Other Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Specific Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Changes to species classifications . . . . . . . . 12

Notable differences in range . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Species observed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Species notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Hardwoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Appendix—A (Predictor Layers)..............303

Appendix—B (Species Metadata) . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Appendix—C (Indices) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Appendix—D (Photo Credits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Table of Contents
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

vi

List of Maps* – Conifers

Page Common Name Scientific Name Scale

66 lodgepole pine – Alaska Pinus contorta 1:4 M

67 lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 1:8 M

68 Coulter pine Pinus coulteri 1:3 M

69 border piñon Pinus discolor 1:3 M

70 shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 1:8 M

71 common piñon Pinus edulis 1:6 M

72 slash pine Pinus elliottii 1:8 M

73 Apache pine Pinus engelmannii 1:3 M

74 limber pine Pinus flexilis 1:8 M

75 spruce pine Pinus glabra 1:6 M

76 Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 1:6 M

77 sugar pine Pinus lambertiana 1:6 M

78 Chihuahua pine Pinus leiophylla 1:4 M

79 Great Basin bristlecone 

pine

Pinus longaeva 1:3 M

80 singleleaf piñon Pinus monophylla 1:6 M

81 Arizona piñon pine Pinus monophylla var. fallax 1:3 M

82 western white pine Pinus monticola 1:8 M

83 bishop pine Pinus muricata 1:4 M

84 longleaf pine Pinus palustris 1:8 M

85 ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa 1:10 M

86 Table Mountain pine Pinus pungens 1:4 M

87 Monterey pine Pinus radiata 1:3 M

88 papershell piñon pine Pinus remota 1:4 M

89 red pine Pinus resinosa 1:10 M

90 pitch pine Pinus rigida 1:8 M

91 California foothills pine Pinus sabiniana 1:4 M

92 pond pine Pinus serotina 1:6 M

93 southwestern white pine Pinus strobiformis 1:4 M

94 eastern white pine Pinus strobus 1:10 M

95 loblolly pine Pinus taeda 1:8 M

96 Virginia pine Pinus virginiana 1:8 M

97 Washoe pine Pinus washoensis 1:3 M

98 bigcone Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga macrocarpa 1:3 M

99 Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 1:10 M

100 redwood Sequoia sempervirens 1:4 M

101 giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum 1:3 M

102 pondcypress Taxodium ascendens 1:6 M

103 baldcypress Taxodium distichum 1:10 M

104 Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia 1:6 M

105 northern white-cedar Thuja occidentalis 1:10 M

106 western redcedar – 

Alaska

Thuja plicata 1:3 M

107 western redcedar Thuja plicata 1:6 M

108 California torrey Torreya californica 1:4 M

109 eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis 1:10 M

110 Carolina hemlock Tsuga caroliniana 1:3 M

111 western hemlock – Alaska Tsuga heterophylla 1:6 M

112 western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla 1:6 M

113 mountain hemlock – 

Alaska

Tsuga mertensiana 1:8 M

114 mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana 1:6 M

Page Common Name Scientific Name Scale

16 Pacific silver fir – Alaska Abies amabilis 1:3 M

17 Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis 1:4 M

18 balsam fir Abies balsamea 1:10 M

19 white fir Abies concolor 1:8 M

20 Fraser fir Abies fraseri 1:3 M

21 grand fir Abies grandis 1:6 M

22 subalpine fir – Alaska Abies lasiocarpa 1:3 M

23 subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 1:8 M

24 corkbark fir Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica 1:4 M

25 California red fir Abies magnifica 1:4 M

26 noble fir Abies procera 1:4 M

27 Shasta red fir Abies shastensis 1:6 M

28 incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens 1:6 M

29 Port-Orford-cedar Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 1:4 M

30 Alaska yellow-cedar – 

Alaska

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 1:6 M

31 Alaska yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 1:4 M

32 Atlantic white-cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides 1:8 M

33 Arizona cypress Cupressus arizonica 1:3 M

34 Sargent’s cypress Cupressus sargentii 1:3 M

35 Ashe juniper Juniperus ashei 1:6 M

36 California juniper Juniperus californica 1:6 M

37 redberry juniper Juniperus coahuilensis 1:6 M

38 alligator juniper Juniperus deppeana 1:4 M

39 oneseed juniper Juniperus monosperma 1:6 M

40 western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 1:6 M

41 Utah juniper Juniperus osteosperma 1:6 M

42 Pinchot juniper Juniperus pinchotii 1:4 M

43 Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum 1:10 M

44 eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 1:12 M

45 tamarack – Alaska Larix laricina 1:8 M

46 tamarack Larix laricina 1:12 M

47 subalpine larch Larix lyallii 1:4 M

48 western larch Larix occidentalis 1:4 M

49 Brewer spruce Picea breweriana 1:3 M

50 Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 1:8 M

51 white spruce – Alaska Picea glauca 1:6 M

52 white spruce Picea glauca 1:12 M

53 black spruce – Alaska Picea mariana 1:6 M

54 black spruce Picea mariana 1:10 M

55 blue spruce Picea pungens 1:6 M

56 red spruce Picea rubens 1:6 M

57 Sitka spruce – Alaska Picea sitchensis 1:8 M

58 Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis 1:4 M

59 whitebark pine Pinus albicaulis 1:6 M

60 Rocky Mountain 

bristlecone pine

Pinus aristata 1:3 M

61 knobcone pine Pinus attenuata 1:6 M

62 foxtail pine Pinus balfouriana 1:3 M

63 jack pine Pinus banksiana 1:10 M

64 Mexican piñon pine Pinus cembroides 1:4 M

65 sand pine Pinus clausa 1:4 M

*Map extent is within the coterminous United States unless otherwise noted after the Common name.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

vii

List of Maps* – Hardwoods

Page Common Name Scientific Name Scale

118 sweet acacia Acacia farnesiana 1:4 M

119 Florida maple Acer barbatum 1:8 M

120 Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 1:10 M

121 bigtooth maple Acer grandidentatum 1:8 M

122 chalk maple Acer leucoderme 1:8 M

123 bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum 1:8 M

124 boxelder – West Acer negundo 1:10 M

125 boxelder – East Acer negundo 1:10 M

126 black maple Acer nigrum 1:10 M

127 striped maple Acer pensylvanicum 1:8 M

128 red maple Acer rubrum 1:10 M

129 silver maple Acer saccharinum 1:12 M

130 sugar maple Acer saccharum 1:10 M

131 mountain maple Acer spicatum 1:10 M

132 California buckeye Aesculus californica 1:4 M

133 yellow buckeye Aesculus flava 1:6 M

134 Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra 1:8 M

135 tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima 1:8 M

136 Arizona alder Alnus oblongifolia 1:3 M

137 white alder Alnus rhombifolia 1:8 M

138 red alder – Alaska Alnus rubra 1:4 M

139 red alder Alnus rubra 1:8 M

140 pond-apple Annona glabra 1:3 M

141 Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii 1:8 M

142 pawpaw Asimina triloba 1:8 M

143 black-mangrove Avicennia germinans 1:3 M

144 yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis 1:10 M

145 sweet birch Betula lenta 1:6 M

146 river birch Betula nigra 1:10 M

147 paper birch – Alaska Betula papyrifera 1:10 M

148 paper birch – West Betula papyrifera 1:10 M

149 paper birch – East Betula papyrifera 1:10 M

150 gray birch Betula populifolia 1:6 M

151 American hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana 1:10 M

152 mockernut hickory Carya alba 1:10 M

153 water hickory Carya aquatica 1:8 M

154 bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis 1:10 M

155 pignut hickory Carya glabra 1:10 M

156 pecan Carya illinoinensis 1:10 M

157 shagbark hickory Carya ovata 1:10 M

158 black hickory Carya texana 1:6 M

159 American chestnut Castanea dentata 1:8 M

160 sugarberry Celtis laevigata 1:12 M

161 netleaf hackberry Celtis laevigata var.

reticulata

1:8 M

162 hackberry Celtis occidentalis 1:12 M

163 eastern redbud Cercis canadensis 1:12 M

164 curlleaf mountain-mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius 1:6 M

165 giant chinkapin Chrysolepis chrysophylla 

var. chrysophylla

1:6 M

166 bluewood Condalia hookeri 1:4 M

167 buttonwood-mangrove Conocarpus erectus 1:3 M

Page Common Name Scientific Name Scale

168 flowering dogwood Cornus florida 1:10 M

169 Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii 1:6 M

170 Texas persimmon Diospyros texana 1:4 M

171 common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 1:10 M

172 anacua knockaway Ehretia anacua 1:3 M

173 American beech Fagus grandifolia 1:10 M

174 Florida strangler fig Ficus aurea 1:3 M

175 white ash Fraxinus americana 1:10 M

176 Carolina ash Fraxinus caroliniana 1:8 M

177 Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia 1:6 M

178 black ash Fraxinus nigra 1:12 M

179 green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1:14 M

180 pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda 1:6 M

181 blue ash Fraxinus quadrangulata 1:8 M

182 Texas ash Fraxinus texensis 1:3 M

183 velvet ash Fraxinus velutina 1:6 M

184 waterlocust Gleditsia aquatica 1:8 M

185 honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos 1:10 M

186 loblolly-bay Gordonia lasianthus 1:6 M

187 Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus 1:8 M

188 American holly Ilex opaca 1:10 M

189 Southern California black 

walnut

Juglans californica 1:3 M

190 butternut Juglans cinerea 1:10 M

191 Arizona walnut Juglans major 1:8 M

192 black walnut Juglans nigra 1:10 M

193 white-mangrove Laguncularia racemosa 1:3 M

194 sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 1:8 M

195 yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera 1:8 M

196 tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus 1:4 M

197 Osage-orange Maclura pomifera 1:10 M

198 cucumbertree Magnolia acuminata 1:8 M

199 mountain magnolia Magnolia fraseri 1:4 M

200 southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora 1:8 M

201 bigleaf magnolia Magnolia macrophylla 1:6 M

202 sweetbay Magnolia virginiana 1:8 M

203 Oregon crab apple Malus fusca 1:6 M

204 red mulberry Morus rubra 1:12 M

205 water tupelo Nyssa aquatica 1:8 M

206 swamp tupelo Nyssa biflora 1:10 M

207 Ogeechee tupelo Nyssa ogeche 1:4 M

208 blackgum Nyssa sylvatica 1:10 M

209 desert ironwood Olneya tesota 1:4 M

210 eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana 1:12 M

211 sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum 1:8 M

212 empress-tree Paulownia tomentosa 1:6 M

213 redbay Persea borbonia 1:10 M

214 water-elm Planera aquatica 1:8 M

215 American sycamore Platanus occidentalis 1:12 M

216 California sycamore Platanus racemosa 1:4 M

217 Arizona sycamore Platanus wrightii 1:4 M

218 narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia 1:8 M

*Map extent is within the coterminous United States unless otherwise noted after the Common name.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

viii

Page Common Name Scientific Name Scale

219 balsam poplar – Alaska Populus balsamifera 1:8 M

220 balsam poplar Populus balsamifera 1:12.5 M

221 black cottonwood – Alaska Populus balsamifera 

ssp. trichocarpa

1:8 M

222 black cottonwood Populus balsamifera 

ssp. trichocarpa

1:8 M

223 eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides 1:12.5 M

224 plains cottonwood Populus deltoides ssp.

monilifera

1:8 M

225 Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii 1:8 M

226 bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata 1:10 M

227 swamp cottonwood Populus heterophylla 1:8 M

228 quaking aspen – West Populus tremuloides 1:10 M

229 quaking aspen – East Populus tremuloides 1:10 M

230 quaking aspen – Alaska Populus tremuloides 1:6 M

231 honey mesquite Prosopis glandulosa 1:10 M

232 screwbean mesquite Prosopis pubescens 1:4 M

233 velvet mesquite Prosopis velutina 1:8 M

234 American plum Prunus americana 1:12.5 M

235 bitter cherry Prunus emarginata 1:8 M

236 pin cherry Prunus pensylvanica 1:12.5 M

237 black cherry Prunus serotina 1:12.5 M

238 chokecherry Prunus virginiana 1:12.5 M

239 coast live oak Quercus agrifolia 1:4 M

240 white oak Quercus alba 1:10 M

241 Arizona white oak Quercus arizonica 1:4 M

242 swamp white oak Quercus bicolor 1:10 M

243 Buckley oak Quercus buckleyi 1:4 M

244 canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis 1:8 M

245 scarlet oak Quercus coccinea 1:8 M

246 blue oak Quercus douglasii 1:4 M

247 northern pin oak Quercus ellipsoidalis 1:6 M

248 Emory oak Quercus emoryi 1:4 M

249 Engelmann oak Quercus engelmannii 1:3 M

250 southern red oak Quercus falcata 1:10 M

251 Gambel oak Quercus gambelii 1:6 M

252 Oregon white oak Quercus garryana 1:6 M

253 gray oak Quercus grisea 1:6 M

254 silverleaf oak Quercus hypoleucoides 1:4 M

255 bear oak Quercus ilicifolia 1:6 M

256 shingle oak Quercus imbricaria 1:8 M

257 bluejack oak Quercus incana 1:8 M

258 California black oak Quercus kelloggii 1:6 M

259 Lacey oak Quercus laceyi 1:3 M

260 turkey oak Quercus laevis 1:6 M

261 laurel oak Quercus laurifolia 1:8 M

262 California white oak Quercus lobata 1:6 M

263 overcup oak Quercus lyrata 1:8 M

264 bur oak Quercus macrocarpa 1:12 M

265 dwarf post oak Quercus margarettiae 1:10 M

266 blackjack oak Quercus marilandica 1:10 M

267 swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii 1:8 M

268 dwarf live oak Quercus minima 1:6 M

269 chinkapin oak Quercus muehlenbergii 1:12 M

270 water oak Quercus nigra 1:8 M

271 Mexican blue oak Quercus oblongifolia 1:3 M

272 cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda 1:8 M

Page Common Name Scientific Name Scale

273 pin oak Quercus palustris 1:10 M

274 willow oak Quercus phellos 1:8 M

275 chestnut oak Quercus prinus 1:8 M

276 northern red oak Quercus rubra 1:10 M

277 netleaf oak Quercus rugosa 1:4 M

278 Shumard oak Quercus shumardii 1:10 M

279 Durand oak Quercus sinuata var. 

sinuata

1:10 M

280 post oak Quercus stellata 1:12 M

281 Texas red oak Quercus texana 1:4 M

282 black oak Quercus velutina 1:10 M

283 live oak Quercus virginiana 1:10 M

284 interior live oak Quercus wislizeni 1:6 M

285 American mangrove Rhizophora mangle 1:3 M

286 New Mexico locust Robinia neomexicana 1:6 M

287 black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 1:12 M

288 cabbage palmetto Sabal palmetto 1:4 M

289 coastal plain willow Salix caroliniana 1:6 M

290 black willow Salix nigra 1:12 M

291 western soapberry Sapindus saponaria 

var. drummondii

1:6 M

292 sassafras Sassafras albidum 1:10 M

293 American mountain-ash Sorbus americana 1:10 M

294 American basswood Tilia americana 1:12 M

295 Chinese tallowtree Triadica sebifera 1:8 M

296 winged elm Ulmus alata 1:10 M

297 American elm Ulmus americana 1:12 M

298 cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia 1:6 M

299 slippery elm Ulmus rubra 1:12 M

300 rock elm Ulmus thomasii 1:10 M

301 California laurel Umbellularia californica 1:6 M

List of Maps - Hardwoods

*Map extent is within the coterminous United States unless otherwise noted after the Common name.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

ix

Preface

As often happens during the course of developing something 

new, this National Individual Tree Species Atlas took shape within 

the context of another project. This came about while developing 

the 2013–2027 National Insect and Disease Forest Risk Assessment 

(NIDRM, Krist et. al. 2014). My colleagues and I discovered we 

needed to create what would ultimately be a considerable refinement 

to the known extent of each major individual tree species in the 

United States. Specifically, not only would we need to identify 

precisely where each species of tree is likely to grow, but also where 

it is not likely to grow. We further discovered we were not the only 

people who could benefit from this new precision. Silviculturists, 

foresters, geneticists, researchers, botanists, wildlife habitat biologists, 

landscape ecologists—essentially anyone involved in natural resources 

management, monitoring impacts of climate change (Ellenwood et. 

al. 2012), or simply visiting America’s forests—also would benefit. 

Hence, this Atlas.

We began by consulting what was at the time the most definitive 

source for the geography of trees, the Atlas of United States Trees

series (Atlas), by U.S. Forest Service Chief Dendrologist Dr. Elbert 

J. Little. Published in six volumes between 1971 and 1981, this 

landmark compendium became our “base of operations” in 2009. 

During the years leading up to its publication, Little filed through 

untold thousands of pages of information. He understood the 

relationship between tree species distributions and environmental 

conditions. Yet, limited as he was by the technology of a paper map, 

he knew too much information printed on a single plate (map) 

would not be useful. His solution to this problem was quite clever. 

He separated the information that portrayed the natural range of 

tree species’ distributions from information that represented the 

environmental conditions, such as rivers, lakes, and plant hardiness 

zones. The natural range of individual tree species became the maps 

bound in his Atlas and the environmental conditions were printed 

separately on nine, nearly transparent vellum sheets (overlays), found 

in an envelope at the back. By laying a vellum over a map, the reader 

could make a visual comparison and correlation between the natural 

range of a tree species and the environmental condition as defined 

on that overlay. Thus, in all cases, it was up to the reader to establish 

a relationship (if any) between an individual tree-species distribution 

on the map and what was depicted on a vellum overlay. By today’s 

standards the overlays might seem primitive, but they were the best 

technology available at that time.

There were other shortcomings, as well. Early on, Little recognized 

that some of the detailed records he produced lost their precision 

when transferred to the coarse-scaled maps (1:10,000,000 U.S., 

1:27,000,000 North America) in his Atlas. As well, he took liberal 

artistic license when he “connected the dots” between points around 

an area, within which a tree species was known to exist. 

Fast forward to 2009. We could not afford to take the artistic license 

with the NIDRM project that Little took with his Atlas. More to 

the point, neither the data Little used nor the maps he produced 

were dependable or accurate enough for us to use in the NIDRM 

project. Fortunately, we had access to advanced technology with 

which to acquire, process, and produce more-precise data. Using 

data from the Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and Analysis program 

(FIA), and from a predictor dataset consisting of climate, terrain, 

soils, and satellite imagery, we developed unique statistical models 

that predicted the spatial distribution for each of the individual 

tree species in the United States, as measured by FIA. Using these 

models, we were able to represent precisely where individual species 

were likely to occur. In turn we were able to use this information 

to make reliable assessments of risks of mortality, due to insects and 

diseases, faced by each tree species. As a basis for comparison, we 

include Little’s original mapped distributions on our maps. We have 

no doubt that Little would have used geospatial models such as ours 

in the 1970s, had they been available. They simply weren’t. 

Some might think it odd that, at this point in history, 2014, we 

would produce an atlas in print form. With electronic media being 

firmly established in the daily lives of most citizens, a digital version 

might seem adequate to the task. We don’t dispute that assessment. 

However, as we look forward to a point in time that is long after the 

technologies used to create and assemble both the electronic and 

print versions of this Atlas have been replaced, the print version will 

still be on the shelf in many libraries, accessible by anyone. What is 

more, this very well could be the last atlas of its kind ever printed. 

Time will tell.

To accommodate the need for electronic media, we have made 

versions of this Atlas available electronically. There are several 

digitized versions of Little’s Atlas online and there are (at least) 

two versions of this Atlas available as well. One version is a static 

Adobe® Portable Document Format (pdf) file, nearly identical to 

this print version, found online (http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/

technology/remote_sensing.shtml). The other version is an 

interactive online mapping version (http://foresthealth.fs.usda.gov/

host). With this version, you can view, download, incorporate other 

data, and conduct analysis of what you can see in this printed version 

of the Atlas, but at a much finer detail than with any other version. 

You will find the on-line, interactive Atlas more functional than an 

ordinary paper atlas. I invite you to access and examine both on-line 

versions and welcome your feedback. 

Inevitably, the information printed on these pages will become 

obsolete, at which time this printed Atlas will become just a physical 

point in the historical record—a baseline from which anyone 

interested in where the trees were in the United States at the turn 

of the 21st Century can begin to look. To that end, it’s how I began 

both this project and my lifelong career in forestry.

Suffice it to say that the maps we present here and online are as 

precise as we could make them. So as this publication goes to press, 

and with much respect and many thanks to Dr. Little and others 

both before and after him, we believe our National Individual Tree 

Species Atlas belongs on the same shelf with Little’s Atlas of United 

States Trees.

Jim Ellenwood

National Program Manager for Remote Sensing and Image Analysis

Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Forest Health Protection

USDA Forest Service

March, 2014
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

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National Individual Tree Species Atlas

1

Introduction

For over four decades the Atlas of United States Trees series (Little 1971, Viereck and Little 1975, Little 1976, Little 1977, Little 

1978, Little 1981; henceforth referred to as the Mapped Atlas), has 

been a key reference for tree-species distributions. However, due 

to inherent mapping inaccuracies and the spatial coarseness of the 

maps, we could not use the Mapped Atlas to produce the 2013–2027 

National Insect and Disease Forest Risk Assessment (NIDRM, Krist et. 

al. 2014). Furthermore, it was clear that many other applications and 

analyses requiring accurate tree-species information could benefit 

from a more current, spatially refined dataset. And so the task was 

launched to create an updated Atlas, one with better spatial accuracy 

and finer spatial resolution. The result is this National Individual 

Tree Species Atlas, henceforth referred to as the Modeled Atlas.

The original Mapped Atlas included six volumes and featured over 

700 species, many of which are mapped to just states or counties. 

This Modeled Atlas includes 264 species which are mapped to more 

precise locations.

The methods Little used to develop the Mapped Atlas (see, “Mapped 

Atlas Methods”) built upon the methods used by others and were 

derived from recorded observations, county botanical records, and 

established species distributions. Objective as they might seem, 

often such records do not fully represent the actual distribution of a 

species because it is observed only sporadically throughout its actual 

range. Therefore, Little and his predecessors necessarily took artistic 

license to “connect the dots” around locations where a tree species 

was observed, and considered the species present within the entire 

delineated area. This process had inherent inconsistencies between 

observers, between species, and even between different areas within 

a given species range.

Information and technology has advanced considerably since the 

Mapped Atlas was published. The installation of a nationwide 

inventory of forestlands, together with the collection of climate, 

terrain, and remotely sensed data at the same national scale, provided 

an opportunity to apply a new statistical approach for estimating 

the potential distribution of individual tree species. Unbiased 

observations from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) permanent 

plot data provided a complete national representation from which we 

were able to determine not only where a specific species occurs, but 

also where it does not occur. Using these objective observations of tree 

species occurrence (presence or absence), we could use other data (see 

“Predictor Layers,” page 6, and “Appendix–A”) to statistically model 

the distribution of individual tree species. In turn, these modeled 

species distributions provide us with a spatial refinement that greatly 

improves upon the Mapped Atlas.

There are significant differences between Little’s atlas and ours. 

There are several reasons for this, but putting reasons aside, the 

major differences between them are (1) the amount of bias in the 

samples (tree species observations) used to build the maps, and 

(2) assumptions about what exists between points of observation. 

For the Mapped Atlas, a given species-range polygon is delineated 

around individual observational data points derived from unsystematic methods. Statistically speaking, these observations are 

generally considered “biased”. Thus, a polygon on a map in the 

Mapped Atlas is biased towards delineating areas where we know the 

species to be present and away from other places where the species 

might be present, but for which we don’t have an observation. Also, 

the species-range boundary surrounding the points embodies the 

assumption that the species occurs everywhere inside the polygon. 

We know from personal observations that this assumption is not 

always true. 

We do not make such assumptions in the Modeled Atlas. With 

the Modeled Atlas, the tree species observations are measured on a 

systematic, unbiased installation of FIA plots. Predictor variable 

conditions are obtained for the FIA plot locations, and relationships 

between predictor variables and species presence are derived via 

sophisticated modeling techniques described in detail, below (see 

“Modeled Atlas Methods”). These relationships are then applied to 

all areas to predict tree species presence for all areas “in-between” 

measured observations. Ultimately, what this means is the Modeled 

Atlas is much more precise than the Mapped Atlas.

Other reasons for differences between the Mapped Atlas and the 

Modeled Atlas include actual locational differences in tree species 

presence versus the original observation (some were made as early 

as 1885), mapping errors in the original dataset, survey errors, and 

errors developed in the modeling process. In addition, the modeling 

process does not distinguish between “native” species distributions 

and observed distributions of species planted outside of their 

historical range.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

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National Individual Tree Species Atlas

3

Mapped Atlas Methods

Until now the Mapped Atlas was the most current atlas in a long line of tree atlases of the United States dating back to 1885 

(Sargent 1884). Since then, each new effort relied on a compilation 

of individual accounts of tree species taken from known survey 

records, such as county botanical records, professional observation 

records, and established species distributions. The Mapped Atlas

was intended to depict the pre-Euro-American settlement extents 

of individual tree species and are predicated on the assumption 

that post-Euro-American, human-influence changes in range limits 

either can be determined from known activities, or are negligible in 

the amount of change to the species range. Tree ranges of Canada 

and Mexico were also included.

OVERLAYS

Little included with his Atlas nine transparent vellum overlays (factors 

or predictor variables) kept in a sleeve inside the back cover. The 

overlays included rivers and natural lakes, physical subdivisions or 

Land Surface Forms, topographic relief, plant hardiness 

zones, lengths of growing seasons, precipitation, climates 

of the United States (as a precipitation effectiveness 

index), maximum extent of glaciation in the Wisconsin 

glacial stage (Pleistocene Epoch), and major forest types. 

The reader placed an overlay over a map and deduced the 

relationship (if any) between the species on the map and 

the physical attribute depicted in the overlay.

MAP PREPARATION

During the years leading up to the Mapped Atlas

publication, Little and his associates painstakingly 

amassed, sorted, and analyzed thousands of pages 

of printed information from both published and 

unpublished reports, and supplemented this with 

direct field observations in several states. They 

gathered additional information from state-published 

distribution maps; state, county, and local herbaria 

records; published forest survey distribution maps 

of commercial forests; and unpublished forest 

survey records by counties. They sifted through the 

records and transferred the data cartographically to 

a 1:10,000,000-scale base map of the United States, 

or a 1:27,000,000-scale base map of North America. 

During the process, Little recognized that some of the 

detailed records lost their precision when transferred to 

such a coarse-scaled map. Terrain-driven distributions 

were difficult to convey at such a small scale. 

Compiling the data was a long process, during which Little 

consulted over 300 references in a multitude of formats. He 

observed during the process that the most reliable sources of 

information for species distributions were published taxonomic 

monographs and published accounts of single species. 

Unfortunately, these sources covered only a few tree species. 

The next-best source was state-specific publications on trees and 

plants. Herbariums specimens came next. 

Sample criteria varied among all the sources. Conflicting 

information sometimes appeared. Furthermore, the taxonomic 

classification system was dynamic, so scientific names of species 

changed from time to time. Little noted that, in order to be 

useful, the process of aggregating all this material required 

considerable maintenance and regular updates. The maps were 

compiled through the years along with other work by Little and 

an assistant. Dots were connected, interpolated into polygons, 

and traced onto paper maps. 

Elbert Little’s Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 1.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

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National Individual Tree Species Atlas

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Modeled Atlas Methods

We developed individual tree-species datasets for use in the 2013–2027 NIDRM assessment (Krist et. al. 2014). 

These datasets included estimates of tree species presence, sizeweighted density (as basal area in square feet per acre), and 

stand density index (as number of equivalent 10-inch diameter 

trees per acre). The Modeled Atlas presents our estimates of 

tree species occurrence for 264 of the 387 tree species codes 

sampled by FIA. The remaining 123 tree species codes not 

included in the Modeled Atlas are listed in Appendix–B1. These 

consist of species, genera, families, and broad classification 

identifiers. The datasets were modeled from ground plot data 

measured by FIA and from predictor datasets consisting of 

climate, terrain, soils, and satellite imagery, described in detail 

below (see “Predictor Layers,” page 6), and summarized in 

Appendix–A.

Each individual tree species was statistically modeled (see 

“Individual Species Modeling,” page 8). Our approach used datamining software (See5, Quinlan 2012) and an archive of geospatial 

information to find and model the complex relationships between 

independent predictor layers and the occurrence of individual tree 

species, as measured on over 300,000 FIA plot locations. We then 

applied the resultant statistical models to the predictor layers to 

generate geospatial products (such as Geographic Information 

System [GIS] raster layers and the mapped distributions you 

see in this Atlas) representing tree-species presence for the entire 

coterminous United States and Alaska. Post-processing techniques 

were performed to eliminate isolated predictions, fill-in isolated 

absences, limit the species distribution to treed areas, and limit 

the species distribution to known species occurrence from Little 

(1971) or sampled areas (FIA). 

Plot

FIA plot densities

Distribution of FIA plot data used to create tree species parameters.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

6 Modeled Atlas Methods

PREDICTOR LAYERS

The occurrence of an individual tree species within any given area 

depends upon a number of factors related to the environmental 

conditions, cultural practices, and the biogeography of the species 

(Ellenwood 1984). The approach for many species distribution 

models has been to model representations of these factors. A number 

of different predictive techniques and variables have been analyzed, 

and few standard modeling approaches have been accepted (Austin 

2007, Elith and Graham 2009). 

For comparison, a predictor layer is to the Modeled Atlas what a 

vellum overlay is to the Mapped Atlas. Predictor layers used in the 

Modeled Atlas were derived from four national datasets and created 

at a 30-meter resolution (Appendix–A). 

1. National Climate Data Center U.S. standard normal climate data 

for 7,937 climate stations in the US (NOAA-NCDC 2002).

2. National Elevation Dataset (Gesch et al. 2009).

3. USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) soils 

dataset, Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO), and a 

regionalized dataset, STATSGO2 (Digital General Soil Map of the 

United States) (NRCS 2011).

4. Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC) 

Landsat imagery used for the National Land Cover Database 

(NLCD) dataset (Homer 2004).

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS) MAPZONE

The NLCD dataset is organized by USGS mapzone. The mapzones 

roughly follow ecological zones and their use aims to group 

ecologically common areas, add efficiency to the mapping process, 

and produce manageable file sizes. Each of the predictor datasets was 

organized by mapzone and the geospatial products were aggregated 

to the coterminous United States or Alaska. There are 66 USGS 

mapzones in the coterminous United States and 12 mapzones in 

Alaska. In Alaska, two zones and a portion of a third zone were 

not modeled, due to the limited amount of treed land (crosshatched 

zones in map below).

CLIMATE

We spatially modeled monthly climate normals (three-decade 

averages of climatological variables) for the period of 1971 to 

2000. We used a statistical technique from ANUSPLIN (Hutchinson 

1991) to create 30-meter resolution data for precipitation, average 

mean temperature, average maximum temperature, and average 

minimum temperature. To produce 12 monthly layers for each of 

the four climate variables (48 total), we used a technique known 

as thin-plate spline regression, which closely follows the techniques 

developed by Rehfeldt (2006), on the climate variables extracted 

from the monthly normals from 7,939 stations in the CLIM81 30-

year climate-normal dataset (NOAA-NCDC 2002).

We separated the monthly station normals into two sets: one 

for the coterminous United States and the other for Alaska. For 

the coterminous United States, regression splines were built for 

precipitation from 7,467 stations. For the three temperature variables 

(monthly average mean, monthly average maximum, and monthly 

average minimum), regression splines were built using 5,332 stations. 

For Alaska, regression splines for precipitation were built from 124 

stations, and regression splines for the three temperature variables 

were built using 119 stations. For the Southeast Alaska panhandle, 

the narrow nature of the landform in relation to the climate data 

stations proved to be problematic when creating splined surfaces 

that reflect expected climate surfaces. So, Rehfeldt’s (2006) spline 

models for western North America were utilized for this area. 

The modeled regression splines were applied to the 30-meter 

National Elevation Dataset (NED) to produce 12 monthly rasters 

for each of the four climate variables, for a total of 48 climate layers. 

From the 48 climate layers, 18 generalized climate variables were 

derived utilizing techniques from Rehfeldt (2006). Due to model 

over-fitting, 13 of the 18 generalized variables were removed from 

the statistical models, leaving a subtotal of five climate variables. 

Two additional climatic predictor variables were derived by creating 

USGS mapzones. a principal components analysis of the 12 monthly precipitation 

Example climate layers [from upper-left, clockwise]: total average 

temperature degree-days below 0 °C, total minimum temperature degreedays below 0 °C, seasonal moisture index, mean annual temperature. 
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Modeled Atlas Methods 7

variables, with the first two principal components being utilized for 

the modeling. The resultant seven climate variables are

1. the maximum temperature in the warmest month (tenths of 

degrees C),

2. growing season precipitation (during the frost-free months, 

inclusive, mm),

3. degree-days below 0 °C,

4. annual moisture index (the ratio of variable degree-days greater 

than 5 °C to mean annual precipitation),

5. seasonal moisture index (the ratio of degree-days greater than 5 

°C accumulating within the frost-free period to growing season 

precipitation),

6. the first principal component of the average monthly 

precipitation, and

7. the second principal component of the average monthly 

precipitation.

Climate is a broad characterization of conditions over a long period 

of time and over a large area. Therefore, it is difficult to represent 

with any degree of certainty the local conditions at the time of 

plant germination and establishment. Climate at the fine scale is 

considered micro-climate and can be better represented with terrain 

variables. Terrain can be considered an extension of the climate layers 

because, depending upon the steepness and direction of terrain or 

the spatial relationship with surrounding terrain, the effect of terrain 

on localized weather can be substantial.

TERRAIN

We utilized elevation data and slope position data from the 

NLCD dataset. Other terrain variables were derived from the elevation 

data using both standard spatial routines and some customized routines. 

Standard routines were utilized for curvature and slope-position 

index. Aspect was represented via two variables using slope-weighted 

sine and cosine of azimuth (for north-south slope and east-west slope, 

respectively) to allow for the linear modeling of an otherwise non-linear 

variable. Direct and indirect solar radiation variables were derived from 

latitude, elevation, slope, and aspect using techniques developed by 

Kumar and corrected by Zimmerman (Kumar et. al. 1997, Zimmerman 

et. al. 2007). Topographic scale calculates topographic features (ridge, 

slope, toe slope, etc.) at various spatial scales and hierarchically integrates 

these features into a single grid. The resulting grid displays the most 

extreme deviations from a homogenous surface from the various spatial 

scales. For the Modeled Atlas, topographic scale was computed for three 

spatial windows of 150-, 300-, and 450-meter radii and combined into 

a single predictor variable. In addition, the elevation, slope-weighted 

bi-directional aspect, slope-position index, curvature, direct and indirect 

shortwave radiation brings to eight the total number of terrain predictor 

layers used in the selected models. 

SOILS

We extracted soils data from the SSURGO and STATSGO dataset 

and utilized them in the initial analysis. Two layers were created, 

one for drainage index (Schaetzl et al. 2009), and another for forest 

productivity index (Schaetzl et al. 2012). These two variables 

proved to be significant for many species (see Appendix–B2 and 

B3); however, they were problematic in developing the geospatial 

products, so they were not utilized in the statistical models. 

IMAGERY

We utilized Landsat imagery from the NLCD 2002 project 

which consists of six-band imagery from the visible, nearinfrared, and shortwave infrared spectrums. The NLCD project 

prioritized Landsat 7 cloud-free imagery collected between 1999 and 

2003. Imagery gaps were filled with imagery from Landsat 5. For 

the coterminous United States, three-season imagery was collected 

between 1999 and 2004. Two-season imagery was utilized for most 

of Alaska, but in two of the Alaskan mapzones single-season imagery 

was utilized. All of the Landsat images in Alaska were collected 

between 1994 and 2006. The tree-species models were built with 

Landsat bands 1, 4, 5, and 7, and tasseled-cap transformed greenness 

Example imagery layers [from upper-left, clockwise]: Spring Landsat 

(bands 4,3,2), Leaf-on Landsat (bands 4,3,2), Tasseled-cap Transformed 

Leaf-on Landsat (Bands W,G,B), Leaf-off Landsat (bands 4,3,2).

Example terrain and soil layers [from upper-left, clockwise]: topographic 

scale, soil drainage index (modeled), Landform, Digital Elevation Model.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

8

A perturbed FIA subplot cluster (set of 4 circles) is super-imposed 

upon a high resolution image with a 240-meter grid (blue square) [Left] 

and 30-meter grid [Right] to illustrate the spatial relationships among 

the ground data, the predictor layer ground resolution [30m], and the 

Mapped Atlas product [240m].

Modeled Atlas Methods

bands (Appendix–A). Texture was computed for an alternative 

vegetative index (bands 5 and 2) using a seven-pixel kernel. The 

combination of the four bands, one tasseled cap band, and one 

texture band for each of the three seasons brings the total number of 

imagery predictor layers to 18.

GROUND DATA 

We utilized Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) ground sampled 

plot data (Woudenberg et al. 2010) to determine the occurrence 

of individual tree species at FIA subplot locations. Tabular plot 

and tree data records were extracted from the FIA database (extracted 

2/2011). Plot data were limited to state inventory cycles that were 

aligned most closely with imagery dates, and generally ranged from 

1999 to 2005, with some plots in the western United States sampled as 

recently as 2009. Approximately 80% of the FIA plots were sampled 

within five years of the corresponding Landsat imagery collection 

date. Tree data records were limited to live trees of 1-inch diameter 

or greater (measured at breast height, 4.5 feet above ground [DBH]). 

For Alaska, annualized FIA inventories were limited to south-central 

and southeast-panhandle areas, from 2004 to 2009. 

We improved spatial coverage of tree occurrence data by 

supplementing the FIA datasets described above with additional 

inventories. These included

• historical FIA plots from FIA-Alaska for interior Alaska collected from 

1968 to 1991 in limited areas,

• intensified grid plots for U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest (WA 

and OR) and Pacific Southwest (CA) Regions, and the Bureau of Land 

Management (BLM) Oregon State Office, and

• the Great Plains Initiative (GPI) non-forestry inventory (Lister et al.

2012).

For the Pacific Northwest and Pacific Southwest Regions and BLM 

plots, locations coincidental to FIA locations were eliminated. For 

the Great Plains states, the Great Plains Initiative (GPI) dataset 

utilized single plots, while the other non-FIA datasets used a 5-point, 

cluster-plot design installed on an intensified grid. 

FIA plots are composed of four subplots. Subplot coordinates were 

computed from actual plot coordinates, based upon the FIA plot 

design and the magnetic declination at the time the subplots were 

installed. Each subplot was used as a sample of the predictor layers. 

For each tree species modeled, all subplots within each mapzone were 

used to predict species presence if any subplot within the mapzone 

contained the species. Accordingly, the number of samples used to 

model each species varied based upon the occurrence of a species 

across mapzones. Note that the pool of samples used to model each 

species contains both presence samples (plots containing the species) 

and absence samples. 

INDIVIDUAL SPECIES MODELING

We linked subplot coordinates to predictor layers to create sample 

data files for statistical modeling. Statistical models were developed 

for each individual species by USGS mapzone and are referred to as 

“zonal-models.” In addition, “global models” were built for each 

individual species using all mapzones. For each species/mapzone 

combination, geospatial products were built from the statistical 

models.

The statistical modeling involved a progression of trial and error 

processes. Early iterations in the modeling process utilized all 89 

predictor variables, and many of the statistical models created 

geospatial products that were less than adequate. To help reduce the 

number of predictor variables, a single model iteration was created 

with less-redundant predictor layers to determine which variables were 

significant in modeling individual species distributions (Appendix–A, 

column e). This was utilized to select a consistent, narrower, predictorlayer dataset and reduce overall processing time. Predictor variables 

which produced significant over-fitting for a majority of the species 

were dropped from subsequent models. The final iteration produced 

zonal-models which utilized 33 predictor variables (Appendix A 

– column i). Zonal-models were also developed for the treed area 

and utilized 35 predictor variables (Appendix A – column j). The 

geospatial products created from the treed area zonal models were 

used as a tree “mask” to limit all individual tree-species distributions.

We used See5 (version 2.06 from Quinlan, 2012), a classification 

and regression tree modeling method, to independently model 

occurrence of live tree basal area for trees over 1-inch DBH. The 

See5 models were built utilizing “boosting” and “costing” functions. For 

poor models, these functions were adjusted to improve model outputs.

For a zonal-model that did not produce a valid statistical model or 

a valid geospatial product, the global-model was utilized instead for 

that mapzone. Two “flavors” of global models were built: one with 

USGS mapzone as a predictor variable and one without (Appendix 

A – column k and column g, respectively). If the global model with 

the mapzone variable did not produce a valid statistical model or a 

valid geospatial product, then the global model without the mapzone 

variable was utilized for that species mapzone. 

The number of samples is critical if data mining software is to be 

successful. Morgan et. al. (2003) demonstrated sample sizes of 10,000 

or more were adequate for data mining models; however, 3000 seems 

to adequately represent many applications. To give the user an idea of 

the adequacy of the data, Table 1 summarizes, for all 387 FIA-species 

models, the number of species by class of sample size used to model 

species occurrence. What Table 1 shows is that for a majority of the 

species, there may be a less-than-adequate number of samples (fewer 

than 3000). Generally speaking, the more samples the better the model. 

Infrequent species have fewer plots and would be expected to produce 

poorer models (Appendix B1).

The selected species-mapzone model built from the statistical models

were converted to a raster surface using the RSAC Cubist/See5 toolset 

(Ruefenacht et al. 2008). All individual tree-species presence maps were 

generated at a 30-meter resolution. The raster surfaces were filtered to 

fill in isolated holes and buffered by two pixels (60 meters) to be more 

inclusive. 
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Modeled Atlas Methods 9

Summary of Sample Intensity per Species - All Species Codes

Number of 

samples

Number of species 

within subplot 

sample group

Number of species 

within subplot sample 

group (presence only)

Number of Atlas 

species within plot 

sample group

Number of species 

within subplot 

sample group for 

Alaska

Number of species 

within subplot sample 

group (presence only) 

for Alaska

Number of Atlas 

species within plot 

sample group for 

Alaska

3000+ 359 113 59 18 4

300+ 28 102 104 1 9 8

30+ 80 68 2 5

3+ 66 33 3 3

<3 26 1

Total 387 387 264 19 19 16

Total subplots includes both total (presence + absence) subplots as well as presence-only subplots used by the statistical models. In addition, the numbers of presence-only 

plots used for the sensitivity validation are summarized for the 264 Modeled Atlas geospatial products.

Table 1 - Summary of plots per species.

The 30-meter outputs were resampled to 240-meters and buffered 

by four pixels to facilitate their observation at a national scale. 

Contiguous pixels were clumped and compared to known inventory 

plots and to the Mapped Atlas. Clumped areas outside a frequencybased distance from known locations were eliminated. The geospatial 

product depicts the remaining buffered areas. 

VALIDATION

Validation is defined as the process of ensuring that a product conforms 

to a user’s specific need or requirement. The initial objective of this 

project was to identify the distributions of individual or groups of 

tree species in order to map their potential risk of mortality from 

insect and diseases.

We utilized over 1.2 million subplots to model individual species 

and produce the Modeled Atlas. A comparable dataset would be 

needed in order to conduct a scientifically valid accuracy assessment; 

ultimately, the cost of producing such a dataset is prohibitive. Instead, 

we used the plot version of the ground dataset as a validation. This 

gives the reader an idea of how well the Modeled Atlas represents 

what is on-the-ground. 

The validation involves the use of the original FIA plot data (with the 

subplot components), rather than the disaggregated FIA subplot data. 

Whereas the statistical models we developed used the individual 

subplots as a plot-independent sample, the validation data utilized 

the subplots as a unit of the plot. That is, if a species was modeled 

as being present on any of the subplots composing a plot, and the 

species is actually present (in the FIA sample) on any of the subplots 

composing the plot, then the plot was considered in agreement. 

Likewise, if both the model and the inventory indicate a species 

absence, then the model is considered in agreement. In addition, 

two types of disagreement can occur. The species may be modeled as 

being present on a plot and the inventory may indicate its absence; 

conversely, the species may be modeled as being absent but the 

inventory may indicate its presence. 

A statistical classification function, termed “sensitivity,” was used to 

determine the percentage of agreement between the modeled extent 

and the FIA field plots. A high percentage would be considered good. 

Sensitivity was calculated for both the statistical model (global model 

only) and the geospatial product and is summarized in Appendices 

B2 and B3 in columns “Global” and “Validation,” respectively. The 

statistical model sensitivity can give a sense of how strong the data 

were in producing the species-occurrence relationship, while the 

modeled geospatial extent product sensitivity reflects the soundness 

of the geospatial product.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

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National Individual Tree Species Atlas

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1

2

3 4

5

Mapped species extent

Modeled species extent

Map magnification 

showing perturbed 

FIA plots

Finished map

Species extent 

overlap

Underlying base map

Application of the Maps

COLOR SCHEME

What the Modeled Atlas does well is enable the reader to quickly 

differentiate the previously mapped species extent (Mapped Atlas) 

from the recently modeled species extent (Modeled Atlas). We use 

contrasting colors to highlight agreement and differences. A color 

contrast is used in the underlying base map to differentiate treed 

areas (darker) from non-treed areas (lighter) (item 1). Each map 

features the Modeled Atlas extent (item 2) for the given species 

and the Mapped Atlas extent (item 3) (if previously mapped). 

The color range varies with relief to illustrate the underlying terrain. 

A blended color indicates where the two extents overlap (item 4). 

For areas where the Modeled Atlas extent exceeds the Mapped Atlas 

extent, approximate locations of plots having the species are shown 

(item 5). The plot locations are based upon perturbed FIA plot 

coordinates for the coterminous United States and LANDFIRE 

cover plots for Interior Alaska (LANDFIRE 2011).

Treed areas

Non-treed areas

Mapped Atlas

Coincidence

Modeled Atlas

Non U.S. extent

Perturbed FIA plots

Color scheme layers used to create the Modeled Atlas.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

12 Application of the Maps

MODEL FIT 

An inset on each map allows the user to assess the relative fitness 

of that individual species for a given mapzone (item 10, pages 15 

and 117). The inset represents the individual model correlations 

for each USGS mapzone (item 11, pages 15 and 117), which is an 

indication of how well the model fit the predictor layers, and may be 

an indication of how well the model predicts the actual occurrence of 

the individual species. Darker colors represent stronger models and 

lighter colors represent weaker models. The lightest gray indicates 

mapzones where the species did not occur. A validation summary is 

included in Appendices B2 and B3.

LEAVES

A representative photo of the natural foliage is included (item 

16, pages 15 and 117). The photos are not intended for tree 

identification, but to represent what the user would see from the 

ground. Next to the leaf photo is a color chip (item 17, pages 15 and 

117). It represents the natural-color (red, green, blue) average values 

of the summer Landsat image for plots wherein the species occurs. 

It is what the species would look like if you observed it from space, 

and represents not only the foliage, but the geology, soils, terrain, 

associated species, and morphological characteristics of that species. 

Although insignificant from a modeling standpoint, the color chip 

offers a curiosity and unique perspective on the data used to produce 

the Modeled Atlas.

OTHER DATA

The species common name, scientific name, botanical authority, 

family, and FIA species code are included for reference for each map 

(item 12-15, pages 15 and 117). Map scale is not included on the 

maps because visual scale is indicated by the state lines. However, 

map scale is stated in the section, “List of Maps” (page vi–viii). 

Additional species information about plot frequency, overall model 

sensitivity, validation sensitivity, and the most significant predictor 

variables is included in Appendix B2 for Alaska and Appendix B3 

for the coterminous United States. The most significant variables are 

included for a glimpse behind the underlying models.

SPECIFIC NOTES

Digital representations of the Mapped Atlas (USGS 1999) were 

incorporated in the Modeled Atlas maps for comparative purposes 

for each species included in the Mapped Atlas. The Modeled Atlas

map extents were limited to mapzones with occurrence on FIA plots 

and limited to mapzones that coincided with the Mapped Atlas. Tree 

species, such as Colorado blue spruce grown or planted well outside 

their natural range for commercial or landscaping purposes, were not 

included in the Modeled Atlas map extents. Additionally, map extents 

were limited to the United States and species extents in Canada and 

Mexico were not included in the Modeled Atlas maps. For species 

not originally in the Mapped Atlas, county data was utilized from the 

USDA NRCS Plants database (NRCS 2014). An additional map 

for cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) was digitized from a map 

online at http:\\www.efloras.org.

Differences between the Mapped Atlas extents and the Modeled Atlas

extents can be due to a number of reasons. For non-overlapping 

areas where the Mapped Atlas does not show the presence of a 

given species (and the Modeled Atlas does), range extension may be 

suggested if the species reproduces aggressively. Other reasons could 

be the extensive planting of a commercially desirable species or an 

infrequent species that was previously not mapped very well. In 

cases where the Modeled Atlas does not show the presence of a given 

species (and the Mapped Atlas does), inventory field crews may have 

incorrectly identified a species, in which case the models would not 

accurately represent that species. It is also possible that the plot 

samples with the predictor variables may not have produced an 

adequate “signal” to accurately represent the species extent. Finally, 

it is also conceivable that the species no longer exists in the area 

delineated by the Mapped Atlas. 

There are several possibilities why a species is omitted by the Modeled 

Atlas in areas where it is known to exist. Perhaps the species occurs 

infrequently and does not model well. The species may have been 

reduced by an invasive species, such as the near extinction of the 

American Chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) due to 

chestnut blight. Or perhaps the coarse mapping of the Mapped Atlas

has been subject to error, something that is very apparent in the 

West, especially in the Basin and Range Province. And probably the 

most significant is widespread farming practices, which have altered 

many natural ranges of individual species.

CHANGES TO SPECIES CLASSIFICATIONS

Appendix B4 describes noted changes from the Mapped Atlas in 

particular to species classifications. For these descriptions FIA was 

utilized as the nomenclature authority, because it was the origin of 

the ground data. It should be noted that the official nomenclature 

from the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and 

plants (ICN) can be more current than the FIA records, because they 

are the authority of botanical names.

NOTABLE DIFFERENCES IN RANGE

Little recognized that three species —black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia

L.) (Page 287), northern catalpa (Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex 

Engelm.), and Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid.) 

(Page 197) — had been widely planted and had become so thoroughly 

naturalized that the extents of the original native species were difficult 

to determine. Of the three species, northern catalpa was dropped 

from the Modeled Atlas because the models were not very reliable. 

For the two other species, the range differences are apparent when 

comparing how they are depicted in the Mapped Atlas with how 

they are depicted in the Modeled Atlas. Other species have become 

conspicuous because they have been extensively planted beyond their 

natural ranges. This can be said for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash 

pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton), Fraser 

fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) 

K. Koch), honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos Marsh.), Kentucky 

coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch), and white spruce 

(Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Some species have extended their 

ranges naturally through aggressive reproduction in disturbed areas. 

A good example of this is red maple (Acer rubrum L.). In the East, 

many western species, such as blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.), 

Douglas-fir (Pesudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), white fir (Abies 

concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.), and ponderosa pine 

(Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson), have been planted. Many species have 

been planted as shelterbelts in the Great Plains; however, due to the 

narrow nature of shelterbelts, and with the exception of jack pine 

(Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Nebraska, most did not model well.

Taxonomic differences are noted between white fir (A. concolor

(Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.) and grand fir (Abies grandis

(Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.) in Central Oregon. Hybridization is 

problematic for several closely related species with overlapping 

ranges, and makes field identification difficult for, and subject to 

inconsistencies among, field crews. 
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Application of the Maps 13

Some species—American chestnut (C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) 

and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), to name just two—have been 

decimated by diseases and their original ranges substantially reduced. 

Other species, such as longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), could have 

been reduced through management practices which tended to favor 

slash pine over longleaf pine. The extent of western white pine (Pinus 

monticola Douglas ex D. Don) has been altered by a combination of 

management and disease (Harvey 2008).

SPECIES OBSERVED

The selected inventory cycle (complete set of annual inventory panels) 

included 387 different species codes, of which 264 were utilized in 

the creation of this Modeled Atlas. Of the 123 FIA species codes 

not included in the Atlas (Appendix B1), 37 species codes were not 

individual species but codes for trees where the precise species could 

not be determined at the time of inventory. These include (1) broadbased codes used for unknown dead conifer, unknown dead hardwood, 

unidentified hardwoods, other tropical species, or scrub oak; (2) most 

species of palm trees, (representing a family of species) which had 

been lumped into a single FIA species code; and (3) 31 classifications 

at the genus level, used when either no species code was available or 

the species was not determined. Models were built for the remaining 

86 species codes; however, the resultant geospatial products were 

deemed inadequate. Sixty one species had too few samples (less than 

30 subplots with presence); ten were non-native species; 13 species 

had poor models (even with more than 30 subplots with presence); 

and three species were combined into one species as they represented 

three different varieties of the same species (American basswood Tilia 

americana L.). All non-native species except tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus 

altissima (Mill.) Swingle), Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera (L.) 

Small), and empress-tree (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold & 

Zucc. ex Steud.) were excluded from the Modeled Atlas.

SPECIES NOTES

Even with extensive training and highly regimented quality assurance 

and control procedures in place, species can still be misidentified. 

Procedurally, we intended to accept the field calls as completely valid; 

however, a number of exceptions were applied.

Page 32—Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, 

Sterns & Poggenb.) has been recorded by FIA in the states of 

Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia, Tennessee, Northern Georgia, 

Northern Alabama, Pennsylvania, Northern New York, and Northern 

Vermont. This puts it far outside what is recorded in the Mapped 

Atlas. These areas were removed from the Modeled Atlas.

Page 79—Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey) 

and Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata Engelm.) were 

once considered the same species, but were regionally separated as 

two distinct species during the past few decades. A single Rocky 

Mountain bristlecone pine was coded by FIA in an area that is 

considered Great Basin bristlecone pine. We corrected this for the 

analysis.

Page 96—Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) was miscoded by 

FIA for 172 field plots in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Southern 

Alabama, which are far outside the distribution in the Mapped 

Atlas. Subsequently, field crews corrected these records during remeasurement; however, as of February, 2014, some plots had yet to 

be re-measured and records exist of Virginia pine in these areas. We 

anticipate that these records will be modified at the next field visit. 

Updated statistical models and geospatial products were re-created 

for this Modeled Atlas. 

Page 269—Chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.) is an 

eastern species and giant chinkapin (page 165) is a western species. 

A number of FIA records in the western region were miscoded as 

chinkapin oak and the statistical model built for chinkapin oak 

included these miscoded records. The Chinkapin oak geospatial 

products for the western mapzones were ultimately dropped from 

the Modeled Atlas and the published map includes only the eastern 

extent. (Note: In subsequent updates to the FIA database, most of 

the miscoded records were corrected.) 

Page 290—Species in the willow genus are difficult for field crews 

to distinguish and many of the species are considered shrubs. Black 

willow (Salix nigra Marsh.) is the largest and the most common of 

the willow tree species. In North Carolina, the field crews code all 

willows using a generic code. For this reason, black willow was not 

modeled in the coastal zone associated with North Carolina. To 

mitigate this discrepancy, we utilized the generic geospatial product

instead for black willow in the coastal zone of North Carolina.

Page 294—For American basswood (Tilia americana L.), three 

separate species codes, including three recognized varieties, 

American basswood (Tilia americana L. var. americana), Carolina 

basswood (Tilia americana L. var. caroliniana (Mill.) Castigl.) 

and white basswood (Tilia americana L. var. heterophylla (Vent.) 

Loudon), were utilized. The geospatial products for each of the 

varieties substantially overlapped with one another which suggested 

an inconsistency in the field calls. For this reason, all varieties were 

lumped together to create a single geospatial product for American 

basswood in the Modeled Atlas.

Artifacts in the models may be associated with field-crew calls rather 

than the actual species distribution. This may occur where closely 

related species are identified as one species in certain counties and a 

different species in another. We suggest that field crews should be 

able to recognize these minor anomalies in the Atlas and see them as 

an opportunity to gather additional expert opinions on future field 

calls.

FEEDBACK

As Little did in his Atlas of United States Trees, we welcome your 

feedback. Please let us know of any errors, omissions or anomalies you 

find in this publication, so that we can update the electronic versions, 

and include them in any revised print editions. Visit the website at 

http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/remote_sensing.shtml
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

14

National Individual Tree Species Atlas
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

15

National Individual Tree Species Atlas

National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 9

grand fir

grand fir

Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 17 – Plants Symbol ABGR

HOW TO READ THE MAPS

Division

Common name quick 

reference

Treed areas

Non-treed areas

Mapped non U.S. extent

Mapped Atlas

Modeled Atlas

Coincidence

Perturbed FIA plots

USGS map zones

Map extent with model 

correlations (x100)

Common name

Scientific name and 

authority

Family name

FIA code and Plants symbol

Leaf

Color chip

1

2

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

2

3

4

5

6

7

11

10

12

13

14

15 16

17

16

17

8

9

81 -100 Strongest fit

61 - 80

41 - 60

21 - 40

0 - 20

Not modeled

No data available

Conifers
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

16 Conifers

Pacific silver fir

Pacific silver fir

Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 11 – Plants Symbol ABAM
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 17

Pacific silver fir

Pacific silver fir

Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 11 – Plants Symbol ABAM
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

18 Conifers

balsam fir

balsam fir

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 12 – Plants Symbol ABBA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 19

white fir

white fir

Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 15 – Plants Symbol ABCO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

20 Conifers

Fraser fir

Fraser fir

Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 16 – Plants Symbol ABFR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 21

grand fir

grand fir

Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 17 – Plants Symbol ABGR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

22 Conifers

subalpine fir

subalpine fir

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 19 – Plants Symbol ABLA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 23

subalpine fir

subalpine fir

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 19 – Plants Symbol ABLA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

24 Conifers

corkbark fir

corkbark fir

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. var. arizonica

(Merriam) Lemmon

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 18 – Plants Symbol ABLAA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 25

California red fir

California red fir

Abies magnifica A. Murr.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 20 – Plants Symbol ABMA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

26 Conifers

noble fir

noble fir

Abies procera Rehd.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 22 – Plants Symbol ABPR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 27

Shasta red fir

Shasta red fir

Abies shastensis Lemmon

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 21 – Plants Symbol ABSH
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

28 Conifers

incense-cedar

incense-cedar

Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 81 – Plants Symbol CADE27
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 29

Port-Orford-cedar

Port-Orford-cedar

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray) Parl.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 41 – Plants Symbol CHLA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

30 Conifers

Alaska yellow-cedar

Alaska yellow-cedar

Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst. ex D.P. Little

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 42 – Plants Symbol CHNO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 31

Alaska yellow-cedar

Alaska yellow-cedar

Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst. ex D.P. Little

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 42 – Plants Symbol CHNO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

32 Conifers

Atlantic white-cedar

Atlantic white-cedar

Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 43 – Plants Symbol CHTH2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 33

Arizona cypress

Arizona cypress

Cupressus arizonica Greene

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 51 – Plants Symbol CUAR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

34 Conifers

Sargent's cypress

Sargent’s cypress

Cupressus sargentii Jepson

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 55 – Plants Symbol CUSA3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 35

Ashe juniper

Ashe juniper

Juniperus ashei J. Buchholz

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 61 – Plants Symbol JUAS
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

36 Conifers

California juniper

California juniper

Juniperus californica Carrière

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 62 – Plants Symbol JUCA7
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 37

redberry juniper

redberry juniper

Juniperus coahuilensis (Martiñez) Gaussen ex R.P. Adams

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 59 – Plants Symbol JUCO11
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

38 Conifers

alligator juniper

alligator juniper

Juniperus deppeana Steud.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 63 – Plants Symbol JUDE2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 39

oneseed juniper

oneseed juniper

Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 69 – Plants Symbol JUMO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

40 Conifers

western juniper

western juniper

Juniperus occidentalis Hook.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 64 – Plants Symbol JUOC
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 41

Utah juniper

Utah juniper

Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 65 – Plants Symbol JUOS
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

42 Conifers

Pinchot juniper

Pinchot juniper

Juniperus pinchotii Sudworth

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 58 – Plants Symbol JUPI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 43

Rocky Mountain juniper

Rocky Mountain juniper

Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 66 – Plants Symbol JUSC2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

44 Conifers

eastern redcedar

eastern redcedar

Juniperus virginiana L.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 68 – Plants Symbol JUVI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 45

tamarack

tamarack

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 71 – Plants Symbol LALA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

46 Conifers

tamarack

tamarack

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 71 – Plants Symbol LALA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 47

subalpine larch

subalpine larch

Larix lyallii Parl.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 72 – Plants Symbol LALY
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

48 Conifers

western larch

western larch

Larix occidentalis Nutt.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 73 – Plants Symbol LAOC
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 49

Brewer spruce

Brewer spruce

Picea breweriana S. Watson

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 92 – Plants Symbol PIBR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

50 Conifers

Engelmann spruce

Engelmann spruce

Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 93 – Plants Symbol PIEN
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 51

white spruce

white spruce

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 94 – Plants Symbol PIGL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

52 Conifers

white spruce

white spruce

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 94 – Plants Symbol PIGL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 53

black spruce

black spruce

Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 95 – Plants Symbol PIMA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

54 Conifers

black spruce

black spruce

Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 95 – Plants Symbol PIMA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 55

blue spruce

blue spruce

Picea pungens Engelm.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 96 – Plants Symbol PIPU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

56 Conifers

red spruce

red spruce

Picea rubens Sarg.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 97 – Plants Symbol PIRU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 57

Sitka spruce

Sitka spruce

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 98 – Plants Symbol PISI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

58 Conifers

Sitka spruce

Sitka spruce

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 98 – Plants Symbol PISI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 59

whitebark pine

whitebark pine

Pinus albicaulis Engelm.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 101 – Plants Symbol PIAL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

60 Conifers

Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine

Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine

Pinus aristata Engelm.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 102 – Plants Symbol PIAR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 61

knobcone pine

knobcone pine

Pinus attenuata Lemmon

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 103 – Plants Symbol PIAT
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

62 Conifers

foxtail pine

foxtail pine

Pinus balfouriana Balf.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 104 – Plants Symbol PIBA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 63

jack pine

jack pine

Pinus banksiana Lamb.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 105 – Plants Symbol PIBA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

64 Conifers

Mexican piñon pine

Mexican piñon pine

Pinus cembroides Zucc.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 140 – Plants Symbol PICE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 65

sand pine

sand pine

Pinus clausa (Chapman ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 107 – Plants Symbol PICL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

66 Conifers

lodgepole pine

lodgepole pine

Pinus contorta Douglas ex Louden

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 108 – Plants Symbol PICO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 67

lodgepole pine

lodgepole pine

Pinus contorta Douglas ex Louden

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 108 – Plants Symbol PICO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

68 Conifers

Coulter pine

Coulter pine

Pinus coulteri D. Don

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 109 – Plants Symbol PICO3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 69

border piñon

border piñon

Pinus discolor D.K. Bailey & Hawksworth

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 134 – Plants Symbol PIDI3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

70 Conifers

shortleaf pine

shortleaf pine

Pinus echinata Mill.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 110 – Plants Symbol PIEC2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 71

common piñon

common piñon

Pinus edulis Engelm.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 106 – Plants Symbol PIED
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

72 Conifers

slash pine

slash pine

Pinus elliottii Engelm.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 111 – Plants Symbol PIEL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 73

Apache pine

Apache pine

Pinus engelmannii Carrière

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 112 – Plants Symbol PIEN2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

74 Conifers

limber pine

limber pine

Pinus flexilis James

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 113 – Plants Symbol PIFL2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 75

spruce pine

spruce pine

Pinus glabra Walter

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 115 – Plants Symbol PIGL2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

76 Conifers

Jeffrey pine

Jeffrey pine

Pinus jeffreyi Balf.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 116 – Plants Symbol PIJE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 77

sugar pine

sugar pine

Pinus lambertiana Douglas

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 117 – Plants Symbol PILA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

78 Conifers

Chihuahua pine

Chihuahua pine

Pinus leiophylla Schiede & Deppe

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 118 – Plants Symbol PILE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 79

Great Basin bristlecone pine

Great Basin bristlecone pine

Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 142 – Plants Symbol PILO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

80 Conifers

singleleaf piñon

singleleaf piñon

Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 133 – Plants Symbol PIMO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 81

Arizona piñon pine

Arizona piñon pine

Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém. var. fallax (Little) Silba

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 143 – Plants Symbol PIMOF
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

82 Conifers

western white pine

western white pine

Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 119 – Plants Symbol PIMO3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 83

bishop pine

bishop pine

Pinus muricata D. Don

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 120 – Plants Symbol PIMU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

84 Conifers

longleaf pine

longleaf pine

Pinus palustris Mill.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 121 – Plants Symbol PIPA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 85

ponderosa pine

ponderosa pine

Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 122 – Plants Symbol PIPO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

86 Conifers

Table Mountain pine

Table Mountain pine

Pinus pungens Lamb.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 123 – Plants Symbol PIPU5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 87

Monterey pine

Monterey pine

Pinus radiata D. Don

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 124 – Plants Symbol PIRA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

88 Conifers

papershell piñon pine

papershell piñon pine

Pinus remota (Little) D.K. Bailey & Hawksw.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 141 – Plants Symbol PIRE5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 89

red pine

red pine

Pinus resinosa Aiton

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 125 – Plants Symbol PIRE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

90 Conifers

pitch pine

pitch pine

Pinus rigida Mill.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 126 – Plants Symbol PIRI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 91

California foothills pine

California foothills pine

Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex Douglas

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 127 – Plants Symbol PISA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

92 Conifers

pond pine

pond pine

Pinus serotina Michx.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 128 – Plants Symbol PISE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 93

southwestern white pine

southwestern white pine

Pinus strobiformis Engelm.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 114 – Plants Symbol PIST3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

94 Conifers

eastern white pine

eastern white pine

Pinus strobus L.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 129 – Plants Symbol PIST
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 95

loblolly pine

loblolly pine

Pinus taeda L.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 131 – Plants Symbol PITA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

96 Conifers

Virginia pine

Virginia pine

Pinus virginiana Mill.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 132 – Plants Symbol PIVI2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 97

Washoe pine

Washoe pine

Pinus washoensis H. Mason & Stockwell

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 137 – Plants Symbol PIWA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

98 Conifers

bigcone Douglas-fir

bigcone Douglas-fir

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 201 – Plants Symbol PSMA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 99

Douglas-fir

Douglas-fir

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 202 – Plants Symbol PSME
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

100 Conifers

redwood

redwood

Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 211 – Plants Symbol SESE3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 101

giant sequoia

giant sequoia

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J. Buchholz

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 212 – Plants Symbol SEGI2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

102 Conifers

pondcypress

pondcypress

Taxodium ascendens Brongn.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 222 – Plants Symbol TAAS
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 103

baldcypress

baldcypress

Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 221 – Plants Symbol TADI2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

104 Conifers

Pacific yew

Pacific yew

Taxus brevifolia Nutt.

Taxaceae – Yew Family

FIA Code 231 – Plants Symbol TABR2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 105

northern white-cedar

northern white-cedar

Thuja occidentalis L.

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 241 – Plants Symbol THOC2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

106 Conifers

western redcedar

western redcedar

Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 242 – Plants Symbol THPL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 107

western redcedar

western redcedar

Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family

FIA Code 242 – Plants Symbol THPL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

108 Conifers

California torrey

California torrey

Torreya californica Torr.

Taxaceae – Yew Family

FIA Code 251 – Plants Symbol TOCA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 109

eastern hemlock

eastern hemlock

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 261 – Plants Symbol TSCA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

110 Conifers

Carolina hemlock

Carolina hemlock

Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 262 – Plants Symbol TSCA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 111

western hemlock

western hemlock

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 263 – Plants Symbol TSHE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

112 Conifers

western hemlock

western hemlock

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 263 – Plants Symbol TSHE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Conifers 113

mountain hemlock

mountain hemlock

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 264 – Plants Symbol TSME
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

114 Conifers

mountain hemlock

mountain hemlock

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière

Pinaceae – Pine Family

FIA Code 264 – Plants Symbol TSME
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

115
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

116

National Individual Tree Species Atlas
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

117

National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods

National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 163

white ash

white ash

Fraxinus americana L.

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 541 – Plants Symbol FRAM2

HOW TO READ THE MAPS

Division

Common name quick 

reference

Treed areas

Non-treed areas

Mapped non U.S. extent

Mapped Atlas

Modeled Atlas

Coincidence

Perturbed FIA plots

USGS map zones

Map extent with model 

correlations (x100)

Common name

Scientific name and 

authority

Family name

FIA code and Plants symbol

Leaf

Color chip

1

2

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

2

3

4

5

6

7

10

11

12

13

14

15 16

17

16

17

8

9

81 -100 Strongest fit

61 - 80

41 - 60

21 - 40

0 - 20

Not modeled

No data available
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

118 Hardwoods

sweet acacia

sweet acacia

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 303 – Plants Symbol ACFA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 119

Florida maple

Florida maple

Acer barbatum Michx.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 311 – Plants Symbol ACBA3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

120 Hardwoods

Rocky Mountain maple

Rocky Mountain maple

Acer glabrum Torr.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 321 – Plants Symbol ACGL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 121

bigtooth maple

bigtooth maple

Acer grandidentatum Nutt.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 322 – Plants Symbol ACGR3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

122 Hardwoods

chalk maple

chalk maple

Acer leucoderme Small

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 323 – Plants Symbol ACLE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 123

bigleaf maple

bigleaf maple

Acer macrophyllum Pursh

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 312 – Plants Symbol ACMA3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

124 Hardwoods

boxelder

boxelder

Acer negundo L.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 313 – Plants Symbol ACNE2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 125

boxelder

boxelder

Acer negundo L.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 313 – Plants Symbol ACNE2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

126 Hardwoods

black maple

black maple

Acer nigrum Michx. f.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 314 – Plants Symbol ACNI5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 127

striped maple

striped maple

Acer pensylvanicum L.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 315 – Plants Symbol ACPE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

128 Hardwoods

red maple

red maple

Acer rubrum L.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 316 – Plants Symbol ACRU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 129

silver maple

silver maple

Acer saccharinum L.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 317 – Plants Symbol ACSA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

130 Hardwoods

sugar maple

sugar maple

Acer saccharum Marsh.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 318 – Plants Symbol ACSA3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 131

mountain maple

mountain maple

Acer spicatum Lam.

Aceraceae – Maple Family

FIA Code 319 – Plants Symbol ACSP2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

132 Hardwoods

California buckeye

California buckeye

Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.

Hippocastanaceae – Horse-chestnut Family

FIA Code 333 – Plants Symbol AECA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 133

yellow buckeye

yellow buckeye

Aesculus flava Aiton

Hippocastanaceae – Horse-chestnut Family

FIA Code 332 – Plants Symbol AEFL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

134 Hardwoods

Ohio buckeye

Ohio buckeye

Aesculus glabra Willd.

Hippocastanaceae – Horse-chestnut Family

FIA Code 331 – Plants Symbol AEGL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 135

tree-of-heaven

tree-of-heaven (Introduced)

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Simaroubaceae – Quassia Family

FIA Code 341 – Plants Symbol AIAL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

136 Hardwoods

Arizona alder

Arizona alder

Alnus oblongifolia Torr.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 353 – Plants Symbol ALOB2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 137

white alder

white alder

Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 352 – Plants Symbol ALRH2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

138 Hardwoods

red alder

red alder

Alnus rubra Bong.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 351 – Plants Symbol ALRU2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 139

red alder

red alder

Alnus rubra Bong.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 351 – Plants Symbol ALRU2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

140 Hardwoods

pond-apple

pond-apple

Annona glabra L.

Annonaceae – Custard-apple Family

FIA Code 853 – Plants Symbol ANGL4
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 141

Pacific madrone

Pacific madrone

Arbutus menziesii Pursh

Ericaceae – Heath Family

FIA Code 361 – Plants Symbol ARME
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

142 Hardwoods

pawpaw

pawpaw

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal

Annonaceae – Custard-apple Family

FIA Code 367 – Plants Symbol ASTR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 143

black-mangrove

black-mangrove

Avicennia germinans (L.) L.

Verbenaceae – Verbena Family

FIA Code 986 – Plants Symbol AVGE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

144 Hardwoods

yellow birch

yellow birch

Betula alleghaniensis Britton

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 371 – Plants Symbol BEAL2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 145

sweet birch

sweet birch

Betula lenta L.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 372 – Plants Symbol BELE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

146 Hardwoods

river birch

river birch

Betula nigra L.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 373 – Plants Symbol BENI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 147

paper birch

paper birch

Betula papyrifera Marsh.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 375 – Plants Symbol BEPA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

148 Hardwoods

paper birch

paper birch

Betula papyrifera Marsh.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 375 – Plants Symbol BEPA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 149

paper birch

paper birch

Betula papyrifera Marsh.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 375 – Plants Symbol BEPA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

150 Hardwoods

gray birch

gray birch

Betula populifolia Marsh.

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 379 – Plants Symbol BEPO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 151

American hornbeam

American hornbeam

Carpinus caroliniana Walter

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 391 – Plants Symbol CACA18
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

152 Hardwoods

mockernut hickory

mockernut hickory

Carya alba (L.) Nutt.

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 409 – Plants Symbol CAAL27
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 153

water hickory

water hickory

Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt.

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 401 – Plants Symbol CAAQ2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

154 Hardwoods

bitternut hickory

bitternut hickory

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 402 – Plants Symbol CACO15
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 155

pignut hickory

pignut hickory

Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 403 – Plants Symbol CAGL8
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

156 Hardwoods

pecan

pecan

Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 404 – Plants Symbol CAIL2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 157

shagbark hickory

shagbark hickory

Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 407 – Plants Symbol CAOV2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

158 Hardwoods

black hickory

black hickory

Carya texana Buckley

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 408 – Plants Symbol CATE9
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 159

American chestnut

American chestnut

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 421 – Plants Symbol CADE12
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

160 Hardwoods

sugarberry

sugarberry

Celtis laevigata Willd.

Ulmaceae – Elm Family

FIA Code 461 – Plants Symbol CELA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 161

netleaf hackberry

netleaf hackberry

Celtis laevigata Willd. var. reticulata (Torr.) L. D. Benson

Ulmaceae – Elm Family

FIA Code 463 – Plants Symbol CELAR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

162 Hardwoods

hackberry

hackberry

Celtis occidentalis L.

Ulmaceae – Elm Family

FIA Code 462 – Plants Symbol CEOC
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 163

eastern redbud

eastern redbud

Cercis canadensis L.

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 471 – Plants Symbol CECA4
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

164 Hardwoods

curlleaf mountain-mahogany

curlleaf mountain-mahogany

Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.

Rosaceae – Rose Family

FIA Code 475 – Plants Symbol CELE3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 165

giant chinkapin

giant chinkapin Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Douglas ex Hook.) Hjelmqvist 

var. chrysophylla

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 431 – Plants Symbol CHCHC4
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

166 Hardwoods

bluewood

bluewood

Condalia hookeri M.C. Johnston

Rhamnaceae – Buckthorn Family

FIA Code 867 – Plants Symbol COHO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 167

buttonwood-mangrove

buttonwood-mangrove

Conocarpus erectus L.

Combretaceae – Indian Almond Family

FIA Code 987 – Plants Symbol COER2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

168 Hardwoods

flowering dogwood

flowering dogwood

Cornus florida L.

Cornaceae – Dogwood Family

FIA Code 491 – Plants Symbol COFL2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 169

Pacific dogwood

Pacific dogwood

Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & A. Gray

Cornaceae – Dogwood Family

FIA Code 492 – Plants Symbol CONU4
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

170 Hardwoods

Texas persimmon

Texas persimmon

Diospyros texana Scheele

Ebenaceae – Ebony Family

FIA Code 522 – Plants Symbol DITE3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 171

common persimmon

common persimmon

Diospyros virginiana L.

Ebenaceae – Ebony Family

FIA Code 521 – Plants Symbol DIVI5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

172 Hardwoods

anacua knockaway

anacua knockaway

Ehretia anacua (Terán & Berl.) I.M. Johnston

Boraginaceae – Borage Family

FIA Code 523 – Plants Symbol EHAN
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 173

American beech

American beech

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 531 – Plants Symbol FAGR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

174 Hardwoods

Florida strangler fig

Florida strangler fig

Ficus aurea Nutt.

Moraceae – Mulberry Family

FIA Code 876 – Plants Symbol FIAU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 175

white ash

white ash

Fraxinus americana L.

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 541 – Plants Symbol FRAM2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

176 Hardwoods

Carolina ash

Carolina ash

Fraxinus caroliniana Mill.

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 548 – Plants Symbol FRCA3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 177

Oregon ash

Oregon ash

Fraxinus latifolia Benth.

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 542 – Plants Symbol FRLA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

178 Hardwoods

black ash

black ash

Fraxinus nigra Marsh.

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 543 – Plants Symbol FRNI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 179

green ash

green ash

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 544 – Plants Symbol FRPE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

180 Hardwoods

pumpkin ash

pumpkin ash

Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 545 – Plants Symbol FRPR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 181

blue ash

blue ash

Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx.

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 546 – Plants Symbol FRQU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

182 Hardwoods

Texas ash

Texas ash

Fraxinus texensis (A. Gray) Sarg.

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 549 – Plants Symbol FRTE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 183

velvet ash

velvet ash

Fraxinus velutina Torr.

Oleaceae – Olive Family

FIA Code 547 – Plants Symbol FRVE2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

184 Hardwoods

waterlocust

waterlocust

Gleditsia aquatica Marsh.

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 551 – Plants Symbol GLAQ
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 185

honeylocust

honeylocust

Gleditsia triacanthos L.

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 552 – Plants Symbol GLTR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

186 Hardwoods

loblolly-bay

loblolly-bay

Gordonia lasianthus (L.) Ellis

Theaceae – Tea Family

FIA Code 555 – Plants Symbol GOLA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 187

Kentucky coffeetree

Kentucky coffeetree

Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 571 – Plants Symbol GYDI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

188 Hardwoods

American holly

American holly

Ilex opaca Aiton

Aquifoliaceae – Holly Family

FIA Code 591 – Plants Symbol ILOP
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 189

Southern California black walnut

Southern California black walnut

Juglans californica S. Watson

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 604 – Plants Symbol JUCA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

190 Hardwoods

butternut

butternut

Juglans cinerea L.

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 601 – Plants Symbol JUCI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 191

Arizona walnut

Arizona walnut

Juglans major (Torr.) Heller

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 606 – Plants Symbol JUMA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

192 Hardwoods

black walnut

black walnut

Juglans nigra L.

Juglandaceae – Walnut Family

FIA Code 602 – Plants Symbol JUNI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 193

white-mangrove

white-mangrove

Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn.

Combretaceae – Indian Almond Family

FIA Code 988 – Plants Symbol LARA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

194 Hardwoods

sweetgum

sweetgum

Liquidambar styraciflua L.

Hamamelidaceae – Witch-hazel Family

FIA Code 611 – Plants Symbol LIST2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 195

yellow-poplar

yellow-poplar

Liriodendron tulipifera L.

Magnoliaceae – Magnolia Family

FIA Code 621 – Plants Symbol LITU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

196 Hardwoods

tanoak

tanoak

Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 631 – Plants Symbol LIDE3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 197

Osage-orange

Osage-orange

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid.

Moraceae – Mulberry Family

FIA Code 641 – Plants Symbol MAPO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

198 Hardwoods

cucumbertree

cucumbertree

Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.

Magnoliaceae – Magnolia Family

FIA Code 651 – Plants Symbol MAAC
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 199

mountain magnolia

mountain magnolia

Magnolia fraseri Walter

Magnoliaceae – Magnolia Family

FIA Code 655 – Plants Symbol MAFR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

200 Hardwoods

southern magnolia

southern magnolia

Magnolia grandiflora L.

Magnoliaceae – Magnolia Family

FIA Code 652 – Plants Symbol MAGR4
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 201

bigleaf magnolia

bigleaf magnolia

Magnolia macrophylla Michx.

Magnoliaceae – Magnolia Family

FIA Code 654 – Plants Symbol MAMA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

202 Hardwoods

sweetbay

sweetbay

Magnolia virginiana L.

Magnoliaceae – Magnolia Family

FIA Code 653 – Plants Symbol MAVI2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 203

Oregon crab apple

Oregon crab apple

Malus fusca (Raf.) C.K. Schneid.

Rosaceae – Rose Family

FIA Code 661 – Plants Symbol MAFU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

204 Hardwoods

red mulberry

red mulberry

Morus rubra L.

Moraceae – Mulberry Family

FIA Code 682 – Plants Symbol MORU2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 205

water tupelo

water tupelo

Nyssa aquatica L.

Cornaceae – Dogwood Family

FIA Code 691 – Plants Symbol NYAQ2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

206 Hardwoods

swamp tupelo

swamp tupelo

Nyssa biflora Walter

Cornaceae – Dogwood Family

FIA Code 694 – Plants Symbol NYBI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 207

Ogeechee tupelo

Ogeechee tupelo

Nyssa ogeche Bartram ex Marsh.

Cornaceae – Dogwood Family

FIA Code 692 – Plants Symbol NYOG
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

208 Hardwoods

blackgum

blackgum

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.

Cornaceae – Dogwood Family

FIA Code 693 – Plants Symbol NYSY
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 209

desert ironwood

desert ironwood

Olneya tesota A. Gray

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 990 – Plants Symbol OLTE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

210 Hardwoods

eastern hophornbeam

eastern hophornbeam

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch

Betulaceae – Birch Family

FIA Code 701 – Plants Symbol OSVI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 211

sourwood

sourwood

Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.

Ericaceae – Heath Family

FIA Code 711 – Plants Symbol OXAR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

212 Hardwoods

empress-tree

empress-tree (Introduced)

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.

Scrophulariaceae – Figwort Family

FIA Code 712 – Plants Symbol PATO2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 213

redbay

redbay

Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.

Lauraceae – Laurel Family

FIA Code 721 – Plants Symbol PEBO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

214 Hardwoods

water-elm

water-elm

Planera aquatica J.F. Gmel.

Ulmaceae – Elm Family

FIA Code 722 – Plants Symbol PLAQ
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 215

American sycamore

American sycamore

Platanus occidentalis L.

Platanaceae – Plane-tree Family

FIA Code 731 – Plants Symbol PLOC
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

216 Hardwoods

California sycamore

California sycamore

Platanus racemosa Nutt.

Platanaceae – Plane-tree Family

FIA Code 730 – Plants Symbol PLRA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 217

Arizona sycamore

Arizona sycamore

Platanus wrightii S. Watson

Platanaceae – Plane-tree Family

FIA Code 732 – Plants Symbol PLWR2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

218 Hardwoods

narrowleaf cottonwood

narrowleaf cottonwood

Populus angustifolia James

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 749 – Plants Symbol POAN3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 219

balsam poplar

balsam poplar

Populus balsamifera L.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 741 – Plants Symbol POBA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

220 Hardwoods

balsam poplar

balsam poplar

Populus balsamifera L.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 741 – Plants Symbol POBA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 221

black cottonwood

black cottonwood

Populus balsamifera L. ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 747 – Plants Symbol POBAT
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

222 Hardwoods

black cottonwood

black cottonwood

Populus balsamifera L. ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 747 – Plants Symbol POBAT
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 223

eastern cottonwood

eastern cottonwood

Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 742 – Plants Symbol PODE3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

224 Hardwoods

plains cottonwood

plains cottonwood

Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. ssp. monilifera (Aiton) Eckenwalder

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 745 – Plants Symbol PODEM
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 225

Fremont cottonwood

Fremont cottonwood

Populus fremontii S. Watson

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 748 – Plants Symbol POFR2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

226 Hardwoods

bigtooth aspen

bigtooth aspen

Populus grandidentata Michx.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 743 – Plants Symbol POGR4
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 227

swamp cottonwood

swamp cottonwood

Populus heterophylla L.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 744 – Plants Symbol POHE4
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

228 Hardwoods

quaking aspen

quaking aspen

Populus tremuloides Michx.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 746 – Plants Symbol POTR5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 229

quaking aspen

quaking aspen

Populus tremuloides Michx.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 746 – Plants Symbol POTR5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

230 Hardwoods

quaking aspen

quaking aspen

Populus tremuloides Michx.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 746 – Plants Symbol POTR5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 231

honey mesquite

honey mesquite

Prosopis glandulosa Torr.

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 756 – Plants Symbol PRGL2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

232 Hardwoods

screwbean mesquite

screwbean mesquite

Prosopis pubescens Benth.

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 758 – Plants Symbol PRPU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 233

velvet mesquite

velvet mesquite

Prosopis velutina Woot.

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 757 – Plants Symbol PRVE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

234 Hardwoods

American plum

American plum

Prunus americana Marsh.

Rosaceae – Rose Family

FIA Code 766 – Plants Symbol PRAM
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 235

bitter cherry

bitter cherry

Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hook.) D. Dietr.

Rosaceae – Rose Family

FIA Code 768 – Plants Symbol PREM
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

236 Hardwoods

pin cherry

pin cherry

Prunus pensylvanica L. f.

Rosaceae – Rose Family

FIA Code 761 – Plants Symbol PRPE2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 237

black cherry

black cherry

Prunus serotina Ehrh.

Rosaceae – Rose Family

FIA Code 762 – Plants Symbol PRSE2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

238 Hardwoods

chokecherry

chokecherry

Prunus virginiana L.

Rosaceae – Rose Family

FIA Code 763 – Plants Symbol PRVI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 239

coast live oak

coast live oak

Quercus agrifolia Née

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 801 – Plants Symbol QUAG
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

240 Hardwoods

white oak

white oak

Quercus alba L.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 802 – Plants Symbol QUAL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 241

Arizona white oak

Arizona white oak

Quercus arizonica Sarg.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 803 – Plants Symbol QUAR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

242 Hardwoods

swamp white oak

swamp white oak

Quercus bicolor Willd.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 804 – Plants Symbol QUBI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 243

Buckley oak

Buckley oak

Quercus buckleyi Nixon & Dorr

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 8513 – Plants Symbol QUBU2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

244 Hardwoods

canyon live oak

canyon live oak

Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 805 – Plants Symbol QUCH2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 245

scarlet oak

scarlet oak

Quercus coccinea Münchh.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 806 – Plants Symbol QUCO2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

246 Hardwoods

blue oak

blue oak

Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 807 – Plants Symbol QUDO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 247

northern pin oak

northern pin oak

Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 809 – Plants Symbol QUEL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

248 Hardwoods

Emory oak

Emory oak

Quercus emoryi Torr.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 810 – Plants Symbol QUEM
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 249

Engelmann oak

Engelmann oak

Quercus engelmannii Greene

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 811 – Plants Symbol QUEN
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

250 Hardwoods

southern red oak

southern red oak

Quercus falcata Michx.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 812 – Plants Symbol QUFA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 251

Gambel oak

Gambel oak

Quercus gambelii Nutt.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 814 – Plants Symbol QUGA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

252 Hardwoods

Oregon white oak

Oregon white oak

Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 815 – Plants Symbol QUGA4
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 253

gray oak

gray oak

Quercus grisea Liebm.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 846 – Plants Symbol QUGR3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

254 Hardwoods

silverleaf oak

silverleaf oak

Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 843 – Plants Symbol QUHY
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 255

bear oak

bear oak

Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 816 – Plants Symbol QUIL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

256 Hardwoods

shingle oak

shingle oak

Quercus imbricaria Michx.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 817 – Plants Symbol QUIM
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 257

bluejack oak

bluejack oak

Quercus incana Bartram

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 842 – Plants Symbol QUIN
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

258 Hardwoods

California black oak

California black oak

Quercus kelloggii Newberry

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 818 – Plants Symbol QUKE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 259

Lacey oak

Lacey oak

Quercus laceyi Small

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 8514 – Plants Symbol QULA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

260 Hardwoods

turkey oak

turkey oak

Quercus laevis Walter

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 819 – Plants Symbol QULA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 261

laurel oak

laurel oak

Quercus laurifolia Michx.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 820 – Plants Symbol QULA3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

262 Hardwoods

California white oak

California white oak

Quercus lobata Née

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 821 – Plants Symbol QULO
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 263

overcup oak

overcup oak

Quercus lyrata Walter

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 822 – Plants Symbol QULY
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

264 Hardwoods

bur oak

bur oak

Quercus macrocarpa Michx.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 823 – Plants Symbol QUMA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 265

dwarf post oak

dwarf post oak

Quercus margarettiae (Ashe) Small

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 840 – Plants Symbol QUMA6
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

266 Hardwoods

blackjack oak

blackjack oak

Quercus marilandica Münchh.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 824 – Plants Symbol QUMA3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 267

swamp chestnut oak

swamp chestnut oak

Quercus michauxii Nutt.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 825 – Plants Symbol QUMI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

268 Hardwoods

dwarf live oak

dwarf live oak

Quercus minima (Sarg.) Small

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 841 – Plants Symbol QUMI2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 269

chinkapin oak

chinkapin oak

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 826 – Plants Symbol QUMU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

270 Hardwoods

water oak

water oak

Quercus nigra L.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 827 – Plants Symbol QUNI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 271

Mexican blue oak

Mexican blue oak

Quercus oblongifolia Torr.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 829 – Plants Symbol QUOB
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

272 Hardwoods

cherrybark oak

cherrybark oak

Quercus pagoda Raf.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 813 – Plants Symbol QUPA5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 273

pin oak

pin oak

Quercus palustris Münchh.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 830 – Plants Symbol QUPA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

274 Hardwoods

willow oak

willow oak

Quercus phellos L.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 831 – Plants Symbol QUPH
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 275

chestnut oak

chestnut oak

Quercus prinus L.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 832 – Plants Symbol QUPR2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

276 Hardwoods

northern red oak

northern red oak

Quercus rubra L.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 833 – Plants Symbol QURU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 277

netleaf oak

netleaf oak

Quercus rugosa Née

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 847 – Plants Symbol QURU4
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

278 Hardwoods

Shumard oak

Shumard oak

Quercus shumardii Buckley

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 834 – Plants Symbol QUSH
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 279

Durand oak

Durand oak

Quercus sinuata Walter var. sinuata

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 808 – Plants Symbol QUSIS
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

280 Hardwoods

post oak

post oak

Quercus stellata Wangenh.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 835 – Plants Symbol QUST
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 281

Texas red oak

Texas red oak

Quercus texana Buckley

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 828 – Plants Symbol QUTE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

282 Hardwoods

black oak

black oak

Quercus velutina Lam.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 837 – Plants Symbol QUVE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 283

live oak

live oak

Quercus virginiana Mill.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 838 – Plants Symbol QUVI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

284 Hardwoods

interior live oak

interior live oak

Quercus wislizeni A. DC.

Fagaceae – Beech Family

FIA Code 839 – Plants Symbol QUWI2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 285

American mangrove

American mangrove

Rhizophora mangle L.

Rhizophoraceae – Red Mangrove Family

FIA Code 989 – Plants Symbol RHMA2
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

286 Hardwoods

New Mexico locust

New Mexico locust

Robinia neomexicana A. Gray

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 902 – Plants Symbol RONE
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 287

black locust

black locust

Robinia pseudoacacia L.

Fabaceae – Pea Family

FIA Code 901 – Plants Symbol ROPS
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

288 Hardwoods

cabbage palmetto

cabbage palmetto

Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.

Arecaceae – Palm Family

FIA Code 912 – Plants Symbol SAPA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 289

coastal plain willow

coastal plain willow

Salix caroliniana Michx.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 925 – Plants Symbol SACA5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

290 Hardwoods

black willow

black willow

Salix nigra Marsh.

Salicaceae – Willow Family

FIA Code 922 – Plants Symbol SANI
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 291

western soapberry

western soapberry

Sapindus saponaria L. var. drummondii

(Hook. & Arn.) L.D. Benson

Sapindaceae – Soapberry Family

FIA Code 919 – Plants Symbol SASAD
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

292 Hardwoods

sassafras

sassafras

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees

Lauraceae – Laurel Family

FIA Code 931 – Plants Symbol SAAL5
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 293

American mountain-ash

American mountain-ash

Sorbus americana Marsh.

Rosaceae – Rose Family

FIA Code 935 – Plants Symbol SOAM3
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

294 Hardwoods

American basswood

American basswood

Tilia americana L.

Tiliaceae – Linden Family

FIA Code 951 – Plants Symbol TIAM
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 295

Chinese tallowtree

Chinese tallowtree (Introduced)

Triadica sebifera (L.) Small

Euphorbiaceae – Spurge Family

FIA Code 994 – Plants Symbol TRSE6
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

296 Hardwoods

winged elm

winged elm

Ulmus alata Michx.

Ulmaceae – Elm Family

FIA Code 971 – Plants Symbol ULAL
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 297

American elm

American elm

Ulmus americana L.

Ulmaceae – Elm Family

FIA Code 972 – Plants Symbol ULAM
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

298 Hardwoods

cedar elm

cedar elm

Ulmus crassifolia Nutt.

Ulmaceae – Elm Family

FIA Code 973 – Plants Symbol ULCR
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 299

slippery elm

slippery elm

Ulmus rubra Muhl.

Ulmaceae – Elm Family

FIA Code 975 – Plants Symbol ULRU
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

300 Hardwoods

rock elm

rock elm

Ulmus thomasii Sarg.

Ulmaceae – Elm Family

FIA Code 977 – Plants Symbol ULTH
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Hardwoods 301

California-laurel

California-laurel

Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.

Lauraceae – Laurel Family

FIA Code 981 – Plants Symbol UMCA
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

302
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

303

Appendix – A (Predictor Layers)

Variable Group Source Definition e i j k g Top Top5

lofrc1 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-off reflectance band 1 (visible blue) 1 1 1 1 1 1 5

lofrc2 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-off reflectance band 2 (visible green) 1 1 0 1

lofrc3 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-off reflectance band 3 (visible red) 1 1 2 4

lofrc4 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-off reflectance band 4 (near-infrared) 1 1 1 1 1 0 3

lofrc5 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-off reflectance band 5 (shortwave infrared) 1 1 1 1 1 0 5

lofrc6 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-off reflectance band 7 (short-wave infrared) 1 1 1 1 1 0 3

lonrc1 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-on reflectance band 1 (visible blue) 1 1 1 1 1 1 6

lonrc2 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-on reflectance band 2 (visible green) 1 1 1 3

lonrc3 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-on reflectance band 3 (visible red) 1 1 2 14

lonrc4 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-on reflectance band 4 (near-infrared) 1 1 1 1 1 2 19

lonrc5 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-on reflectance band 5 (shortwave infrared) 1 1 1 1 1 0 4

lonrc6 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, leaf-on reflectance band 7 (shortwave infrared) 1 1 1 1 1 0 3

sprrc1 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, spring reflectance band 1 (visible blue) 1 1 1 1 1 0 4

sprrc2 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, spring reflectance band 2 (visible green) 1 1 0 4

sprrc3 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, spring reflectance band 3 (visible red) 1 1 2 10

sprrc4 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, spring reflectance band 4 (near-infrared) 1 1 1 1 1 2 15

sprrc5 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, spring reflectance band 5 (shortwave infrared) 1 1 1 1 1 2 13

sprrc6 101 NLCD Landsat 5/7, NLCD 2002 mosaic, spring reflectance band 7 (shortwave infrared) 1 1 1 1 1 0 10

lofc1 102 NLCD leaf-off tasseled cap band 1 (brightness) 1 1 4

lofc2 102 NLCD leaf-off tasseled cap band 2 (greenness) 1 1 1 1 1 11

lofc3 102 NLCD leaf-off tasseled cap band 3 (wetness) 1 0 4

lonc1 102 NLCD leaf-on tasseled cap band 1 (brightness) 1 2 10

lonc2 102 NLCD leaf-on tasseled cap band 2 (greenness) 1 1 1 1 8 38

lonc3 102 NLCD leaf-on tasseled cap band 3 (wetness) 1 1 3

sprc1 102 NLCD spring tasseled cap band 1 (brightness) 1 0 5

sprc2 102 NLCD spring tasseled cap band 2 (greenness) 1 1 1 1 4 33

sprc3 102 NLCD spring tasseled cap band 3 (wetness) 1 1 9

lofdy 103 NLCD-D leaf-off imagery Julian day 1 5 34

londy 103 NLCD-D leaf-on imagery Julian day 1 7 28

sprdy 103 NLCD-D spring imagery Julian day 1 9 44

loft 104 NLCD-D leaf-off 3x3 standard deviation normalized index band 5/band2 1 1 1 1 1 0 4

lont 104 NLCD-D leaf-on 3x3 standard deviation normalized index band 5/band2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

sprt 104 NLCD-D spring 3x3 standard deviation normalized index band 5/band2 1 1 1 1 1 0 8

lc 150 NLCD land cover from NLCD 2002

cc 151 NLCD canopy cover from NLCD 2002

imp 152 NLCD impervious surface from NLCD 2002 1 0 0

zone 160 USGS USGS mapping zone 1 1 4 16

ecoreg 161 USFS Bailey’s eco-region section

ecomap 162 USFS Ecomap subsection identifier

sec 163 USFS Ecomap section

su 164 USFS Ecomap subsection

dem 200 NLCD digital elevation model - NLCD 2002 corrected 1 1 1 1 1 16 58

A — Variable List

Appendices
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

304 Appendices

Variable Group Source Definition e i j k g Top Top5

curv 201 USGS-D Arc/Info curvature – derived from digital elevation model 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

ewslp 201 USGS-D slope* cos(aspect) – derived from digital elevation model 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

nsslp 201 USGS-D slope* sin(aspect) – derived from digital elevation model 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

posidx 201 NLCD slope position index, NLCD 2002 corrected 1 1 1 1 1 1 7

slp 201 USGS-D slope – 0.5 percent integer scale, derived from digital elevation model 1 1 4 16

srad 202 USGS-D shortwave radiation – derived from digital elevation model

shwv 203 USGS-D direct shortwave radiation – derived from digital elevation model 1 1 1 1 1 4 14

shwvd 203 USGS-D diffuse shortwave radiation – derived from digital elevation model 1 1 1 1 1 5 23

tscl 203 USGS-D topographic scale 1 1 1 1 1 1 17

ctii 204 USGS-D compound topographic index (integer) 1 0 2

landform 204 USGS-D landform 1 0 0

trmi 204 USGS-D topographic relative moisture index 1 1 1

trmim 204 USGS-D topographic relative moisture index – modified 1 3 6

di 300 NRCS-D soil drainage index – derived from SSURGO/STATSGO/NFS 1 11 49

fpi 300 NRCS-D fertility index – derived from SSURGO/STATSGO/NFS 1 4 40

cdom 301 NRCS soil component dominance 1 0 8

cfreq 301 NRCS soil component frequency 1 0 13

di_src 301 NRCS-D soil data source – SSURGO/STATSGO/USFS 1 0 5

ppt[l,k,h,r]1 402 AnusplinD 1st principal component monthly precipitation – l48, ak, hi, Rehfeldt 1 1 1

ppt[l,k,r]2 402 AnusplinD 2nd principal component monthly precipitation – l48, ak, Rehfeldt 1 1 1

tavg[l,k,h]1 402 AnusplinD 1st principal component average temperature – l48, ak, hi

tmax[l,k,h]1 402 AnusplinD 1st principal component maximum temperature – l48, ak, hi

tmin[l,k,h]1 402 AnusplinD 1st principal component minimum temperature – l48, ak, hi

tmin[l,k]2 402 AnusplinD 2nd principal component minimum temperature – l48, ak

admi 405 AnusplinD annual moisture index, the ratio of variable dd5 to variable map 1 1 1 1 1 10 37

d100 405 AnusplinD Julian day when the sum of degree-days above 5 °C reaches 100

dd0 405 AnusplinD total average temperature degree-days below 0 °C 1 1 1 1 1 12 27

dd5 405 AnusplinD total average temperature degree-days above 5 °C 1 13 29

fday 405 AnusplinD Julian day of the first below-freezing day of autumn

ffp 405 AnusplinD length of the frost-free period – number of days

gsdd5 405 AnusplinD total degree-days above 5 °C accumulating within the frost-free period 1 9 23

gsp 405 AnusplinD growing season precipitation, months between sday and fday, inclusive 1 1 1 1 1 6 33

map 405 AnusplinD annual precipitation 1 10 49

mat 405 AnusplinD mean annual temperature 1 11 36

mmax 405 AnusplinD maximum temperature in the warmest month 1 1 1 1 1 6 40

mmin 405 AnusplinD minimum temperature in the coldest month 1 5 29

mmindd0 405 AnusplinD total minimum temperature degree-days below 0 °C 1 2 24

mtcm 405 AnusplinD average temperature in the coldest month 1 18 57

mtwm 405 AnusplinD average temperature in the warmest month 1 14 52

pratio 405 AnusplinD ratio of growing season precipitation to annual precipitation 1 13 53

sday 405 AnusplinD Julian day of the last below-freezing day of spring

sdmi 405 AnusplinD seasonal moisture index, the ratio of variable gsdd5 to gsp 1 1 1 1 1 7 29

fd 407 DAYMET frost-free days – number of days

gdd 407 DAYMET growing degree-days

swr 407 DAYMET shortwave radiation

wvp 407 DAYMET water vapor pressure

prod 501 FIA timber productivity – modeled from FIA site index data [ordered classes 1–7] 1 1 8

Total 67 33 35 34 33

NOTE: Tree presence/absence is from the j models; individual tree models are from the i, k, g models. Models e, k, and g are global models with all zones 

merged together. Top = the top variable from the e models, Top5 = one of the top five variables from the e models.

A — Predictor Layers continued...
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Appendices 305

Appendix – B (Species Metadata)

B1 — Species observed on an FIA plot but not included in the Modeled Atlas

Broad scrub oak spp., other tropical, unknown dead conifer, unknown dead hardwood, unknown hardwood tree 

Family other palms 

Genus apple spp., ash spp., basswood spp., birch spp., buckeye, catalpa spp., cherry and plum spp., cottonwood and poplar spp., citrus spp., cypress, elm spp., eucalyptus spp., fir spp., hackberry spp., hawthorn, hemlock spp., hickory spp., honeylocust spp., larch spp., magnolia spp., 

maple, mesquite, mountain-ash spp., mulberry spp., oak/deciduous, pine spp., redcedar / juniper, spruce spp., tupelo spp., walnut, willow

Too Few Allegheny chinkapin, Arizona madrone, Arizona pine, Australian pine, Baker cypress, balsam willow, blackbead ebony, camphor tree, Canada plum, Carolina silverbell, Chinese chestnut, Chisos oak, citrus spp., common serviceberry, drooping juniper, dwarf chinakapin oak, European alder, European mountain-ash, fish poison tree, Florida poisontree, Ginkgo/maidenhair tree, grand eucalyptus, Graves oak, gumbo 

limbo, Java plum, key thatch palm, Monterey cypress, northern mountain-ash, nutmeg hickory, Oglethorpe oak, Ozark chinkapin, painted 

buckeye, peach, prairie crabapple, red hickory, red stopper, royal palm spp., saltcedar, Santa Lucia fir, Scouler’s willow, September elm, silver 

poplar, smoketree, Northern California black walnut, southern catalpa, southern crabapple, southern redcedar, southern shagbark hickory, 

Tasmanian bluegum, Texas buckeye, Texas madrone, Texas mulberry, Texas sophora, Texas walnut, tung oil tree, two-wing silverbell, umbrella magnolia, water birch, weeping willow, white willow, yellowwood

Poor Fit Bebb willow, chittamwood gum bumelia, cockspur hawthorn, Delta post oak, downy hawthorn, northern catalpa, peachleaf willow, sand 

hickory, serviceberry, shellbark hickory, silverbell, sweet crabapple, white mulberry

Introduced Austrian pine, chinaberry, melaleuca, mimosa/silktree, Norway maple, Norway spruce, Russian-olive, Scotch pine, Siberian elm, sweet 

cherry/domesticated

B2 — Alaska Model Fit Validation Summary

Page Common name Scientific name FIA code Plots Global Validation Five most significant variables*

16 Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis 11 3 75 66.7 none

22 subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 19 5 100 60 mtwm, mmin

30 Alaska yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 42 383 99.8 99 gsp, lonc3, mmax, mtcm, lonrc4

45 tamarack Larix laricina 71 21 97.6 9.5 gsp, map, lonrc6, lonc2, sprc2

51 white spruce Picea glauca 94 1504 91.9 89.8 map, mtwm, londy, tscl, lonrc5

53 black spruce Picea mariana 95 821 97.1 69.7 mmindd0, sprdy, mmin, dem, mmax

57 Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis 98 805 99.1 96.6 mmindd0, di, map, mmin, londy

66 lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 108 174 99.5 94.3 lonc3, di, di_src, dd0, dem

106 western redcedar Thuja plicata 242 199 98.1 95.5 mat, mmax, mmin, fpi, lonrc5

111 western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla 263 770 99.1 99.6 pratio, zone, lonrc5, sprdy, dem

113 mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana 264 634 99.3 96.2 gsdd5, di, mmin, admi, di_src

138 red alder Alnus rubra 351 53 97.6 56.6 dem, posidx, pratio, tscl, gsdd5

147 paper birch Betula papyrifera 375 1090 95.3 73.5 map, gsp, lonc2, shwvd, lonrc5

219 balsam poplar Populus balsamifera 741 291 94.4 22 slp, mmindd0, dd5, dem, fpi

228 quaking aspen Populus tremuloides 746 462 97.8 52.8 mmax, sdmi, lonc2, mmin, mtcm

221 black cottonwood Populus balsamifera ssp.

trichocarpa

747 127 98.2 62.2 mmindd0, mtwm, cfreq, sprc2, dd0

NOTE: The five most significant variables for Pinus contorta var. contorta includes: lonc3, dd5, tscl, di, mmindd0 and for Pinus contorta var. latifolia: lonrc6, 

mat, map, lonc1, lonrc1. *From the e models.

Page Common name Scientific name FIA code Plots Global Validation Five most significant variables*

16-17 Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis 11 1796 99.4 95.4 admi, mtcm, cdom, mmax, zone

18 balsam fir Abies balsamea 12 9909 98.3 96.1 dd5, sprc2, gsp, admi, pratio

19 white fir Abies concolor 15 4395 99 88.4 pratio, zone, dem, admi, sdmi

20 Fraser fir Abies fraseri 16 12 72.2 25 sprdy, mmax

21 grand fir Abies grandis 17 3241 98.7 86.8 mtcm, map, lofdy, pratio, sprdy

22-23 subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 19 4685 99.5 87.9 mat, admi, sprrc6, pratio, lofdy

24 corkbark fir Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica 18 174 96.8 83.3 dem, gsp, cfreq, mmax, pratio

25 California red fir Abies magnifica 20 807 98.8 90 dem, admi, pratio, lofdy, mmax

26 noble fir Abies procera 22 657 97.3 79.9 admi, mtcm, dem, mtwm, mat

27 Shasta red fir Abies shastensis 21 287 99 90.2 gsdd5, mtwm, gsp, mmax, londy

28 incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens 81 2600 99.5 88.1 zone, dd0, gsp, mmax, mtwm

B3 — Coterminous U.S. Model Fit Validation Summary 

*From the e models.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

306 Appendices

B3 — Coterminous U.S. Model Fit Validation Summary 

Page Common name Scientific name FIA code Plots Global Validation Five most significant variables*

29 Port-Orford-cedar Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 41 185 93.4 73 mmin, londy, map, lofdy, cfreq

30-31 Alaska yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 42 222 96.6 67.1 admi, mat, tscl, map, dem

32 Atlantic white-cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides 43 104 48.6 46.2 londy, sprrc2, fpi, mtwm, lonc1

33 Arizona cypress Cupressus arizonica 51 13 87.5 76.9 pratio, shwv, trmim, gsp, cfreq

34 Sargent’s cypress Cupressus sargentii 55 5 81.8 80 sprdy, fpi

35 Ashe juniper Juniperus ashei 61 886 99.3 82.4 mtcm, sprrc5, dd0, di, mmindd0

36 California juniper Juniperus californica 62 133 97.5 70.7 dd0, lonrc2, mtcm, sprc2, shwvd

37 redberry juniper Juniperus coahuilensis 59 344 99.2 62.8 sprrc5, map, dd0, prod, shwv

38 alligator juniper Juniperus deppeana 63 1049 99.5 83.8 mtcm, gsp, admi, zone, mmax

39 oneseed juniper Juniperus monosperma 69 1684 99.3 79.4 mtwm, mmindd0, map, pratio, mmin

40 western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 64 1650 98.9 79.8 map, lonc2, dem, lofdy, lofc2

41 Utah juniper Juniperus osteosperma 65 4004 99.6 92.3 admi, lofdy, lonc2, sprdy, sdmi

42 Pinchot juniper Juniperus pinchotii 58 333 99.2 67.9 gsp, di, sdmi, londy, mat

43 Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum 66 1873 97.5 75.3 mmin, admi, sprdy, lofdy, sdmi

44 eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 68 6564 95.4 65.1 mmax, mtwm, fpi, mtcm, dem

45-46 tamarack Larix laricina 71 2225 94.6 77.6 di, mmindd0, lonc1, lonc2, sprrc6

47 subalpine larch Larix lyallii 72 51 94.6 80.4 mat, mmax, cdom, sprc1, shwv

48 western larch Larix occidentalis 73 2342 99.3 87.1 mtcm, dem, sprdy, zone, mmin

49 Brewer spruce Picea breweriana 92 14 61.5 35.7 lofc1, cfreq

50 Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 93 4532 99.5 88.3 mat, dem, mtcm, sdmi, posidx

51-52 white spruce Picea glauca 94 3479 95.6 64.2 dd5, lofrc5, mat, pratio, sprc2

53-54 black spruce Picea mariana 95 3337 97.3 86.2 lonc1, dd5, fpi, mtwm, di

55 blue spruce Picea pungens 96 183 67.8 54.1 lonrc3, pratio, mmax, lonc2, lofc2

56 red spruce Picea rubens 97 3062 99.2 81.5 dd5, sprdy, pratio, map, lonrc5

57-58 Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis 98 357 96.3 70.9 sdmi, sprdy, gsp, admi, mat

59 whitebark pine Pinus albicaulis 101 1113 98.2 81.8 dd5, shwvd, sprdy, gsdd5, dem

60 Rocky Mountain bristlecone 

pine

Pinus aristata 102 95 98 82.1 pratio, cfreq, sdmi, dd5, sprdy

61 knobcone pine Pinus attenuata 103 186 65.3 67.2 lofdy, pratio, londy, shwvd, mmin

62 foxtail pine Pinus balfouriana 104 23 95.5 73.9 dem, di_src, lonc3, slp, mmax

63 jack pine Pinus banksiana 105 1801 96.5 85.3 fpi, lonrc4, map, lonc2, di

64 Mexican piñon pine Pinus cembroides 140 57 98.6 78.9 di, gsp, shwvd, mmin, fpi

65 sand pine Pinus clausa 107 183 95.8 80.9 di, sdmi, prod, sprdy, londy

66-67 lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 108 6406 99.8 91.6 dd5, mtwm, pratio, mmin, posidx

68 Coulter pine Pinus coulteri 109 42 79.7 83.3 mmindd0, lonc2, zone, shwv, cdom

69 border piñon Pinus discolor 134 49 97.6 83.7 dd0, gsp, mmindd0, map, mtcm

70 shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 110 5589 97.5 69.2 dem, mmindd0, lonc1, mtcm, sprc2

71 common piñon Pinus edulis 106 4423 99.5 82.2 dd0, admi, lofdy, mtcm, dem

72 slash pine Pinus elliottii 111 3244 98.3 82.3 mtcm, lofdy, di, mtwm, sprc2

73 Apache pine Pinus engelmannii 112 8 58.3 12.5 No signficant variables

74 limber pine Pinus flexilis 113 900 97.1 70 lofdy, mmindd0, gsp, map, dem

75 spruce pine Pinus glabra 115 288 61.8 37.8 No signficant variables

76 Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 116 1417 98.9 92.6 dem, cfreq, lonrc3, dd5, map

77 sugar pine Pinus lambertiana 117 2097 99 82 mat, sdmi, map, di, sprdy

78 Chihuahua pine Pinus leiophylla 118 16 88 56.3 trmi, sdmi, sprdy

79 Great Basin bristlecone 

pine

Pinus longaeva 142 22 88.5 77.3 sprdy, mtcm, fpi, lonc2, tscl

80 singleleaf piñon Pinus monophylla 133 1014 98.7 88.4 zone, lofdy, map, dem, sdmi

81 Arizona piñon pine Pinus monophylla var. fallax 143 138 97.3 72.5 mtcm, lonc2, pratio, di_src, map

82 western white pine Pinus monticola 119 1353 95.2 72.9 pratio, mmax, dem, mmin, sprrc2

B3 — Coterminous U.S. Model Fit Validation Summary continued... 
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Appendices 307

Page Common name Scientific name FIA code Plots Global Validation Five most significant variables*

83 bishop pine Pinus muricata 120 11 23.5 81.8 mtcm, di, admi

84 longleaf pine Pinus palustris 121 1722 94.6 68.6 sdmi, mtcm, fpi, prod, map

85 ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa 122 10859 99.5 92.6 admi, zone, mat, sdmi, dem

86 Table Mountain pine Pinus pungens 123 100 74.8 60 lonc2, sprrc3, lofdy, sprrc4, sprdy

87 Monterey pine Pinus radiata 124 5 87.5 80 pratio, dem

88 papershell piñon pine Pinus remota 141 11 67.7 45.5 mtwm, lofdy, gsp, sprrc6, pratio

89 red pine Pinus resinosa 125 2676 94.3 84.5 lonc1, map, di, dd0, lofc2

90 pitch pine Pinus rigida 126 833 71 67.5 dem, mmindd0, mtwm, gsdd5, sprrc1

91 California foothills pine Pinus sabiniana 127 306 96.6 61.4 gsdd5, mtwm, dem, lonrc3, lonc3

92 pond pine Pinus serotina 128 417 83.3 58.5 shwv, di, sprc2, fpi, sprc3

93 southwestern white pine Pinus strobiformis 114 163 96 74.8 sprrc3, sdmi, gsp, sprdy, mmax

94 eastern white pine Pinus strobus 129 7278 96.8 75.1 mtwm, sprc2, lofc2, mmindd0, mat

95 loblolly pine Pinus taeda 131 15578 98.8 91 mtcm, dd0, sprc2, lonrc6, mtwm

96 Virginia pine Pinus virginiana 132 3219 96.8 72.5 shwvd, dd0, sprc2, lofdy, dd5

97 Washoe pine Pinus washoensis 137 5 100 80 No signficant variables

98 bigcone Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga macrocarpa 201 50 97 76 sprc3, slp, sprdy, mmin, pratio

99 Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 202 17544 99.3 96.2 pratio, dem, shwvd, gsp, dd5

100 redwood Sequoia sempervirens 211 271 98.6 87.1 pratio, zone, mtcm, fpi, mtwm

101 giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum 212 28 100 92.9 londy, sprc2, sprrc6, lonrc3, lonrc1

102 pondcypress Taxodium ascendens 222 801 94.9 73.4 shwvd, di, sprrc4, mtcm, di_src

103 baldcypress Taxodium distichum 221 967 88.3 63.9 sprrc4, dem, mtwm, shwvd, di

104 Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia 231 680 75.6 68.7 dd0, mtcm, tscl, dem, sprc2

105 northern white-cedar Thuja occidentalis 241 4398 98.2 85.7 sprrc5, di, dem, gsp, admi

106-107 western redcedar Thuja plicata 242 2736 99.4 89.5 mtcm, sdmi, londy, dem, lofdy

108 California torrey Torreya californica 251 39 46.6 43.6 trmim, lonrc1, londy, gsp

109 eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis 261 5598 96.9 82.6 pratio, sprc2, mat, sprrc1, mtwm

110 Carolina hemlock Tsuga caroliniana 262 21 0 28.6 No signficant variables

111-112 western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla 263 4472 99.6 95 map, dem, lonrc3, lofdy, londy

113-114 mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana 264 1260 98.8 89.4 mtwm, mmin, sprdy, mtcm, admi

118 sweet acacia Acacia farnesiana 303 123 93.9 61 dd5, gsp, admi, fpi, sprdy

119 Florida maple Acer barbatum 311 571 26.4 40.6 admi, mmax, dd5, pratio, sprrc6

120 Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 321 275 43.8 66.5 mtwm, lonrc5, lonc2, shwvd, londy

121 bigtooth maple Acer grandidentatum 322 199 98.3 80.4 sprc2, lonc2, nsslp, lofc2, sdmi

122 chalk maple Acer leucoderme 323 35 100 17.1 No signficant variables

123 bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum 312 1848 97.5 72.8 dem, admi, lonrc3, dd5, mmax

124-125 boxelder Acer negundo 313 2953 83.4 56.4 mtwm, pratio, fpi, shwvd, map

126 black maple Acer nigrum 314 120 19.8 22.5 lonc2, sprdy, dem, posidx, lofc2

127 striped maple Acer pensylvanicum 315 1959 85.5 63.7 mtwm, admi, mat, gsdd5, mmax

128 red maple Acer rubrum 316 35626 90.5 81.3 mmax, lonc2, di, sprc2, map

129 silver maple Acer saccharinum 317 1209 80.2 53.7 mtcm, mmin, gsdd5, dd5, shwvd

130 sugar maple Acer saccharum 318 16263 99.3 85.7 zone, lonc2, gsdd5, pratio, mmax

131 mountain maple Acer spicatum 319 752 53.9 49.1 slp, loft, sprt, sprdy, lonrc4

132 California buckeye Aesculus californica 333 140 97.6 40.7 londy, mtwm, fpi, cfreq, shwv

133 yellow buckeye Aesculus flava 332 514 54.4 50.4 pratio, sprc2, mtcm, map, sprt

134 Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra 331 273 26.6 48.4 lonc3, admi, tscl, dem, sprrc1

135 tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima 341 581 37 43.7 dem, cfreq, admi, sprrc5, mtwm

136 Arizona alder Alnus oblongifolia 353 5 83.3 60 No signficant variables

137 white alder Alnus rhombifolia 352 123 31.2 41.5 tscl, sprc2, slp, lonrc1, sprdy

138-139 red alder Alnus rubra 351 2195 98.3 78.2 gsp, lonc2, sprrc4, dd5, mmindd0

140 pond-apple Annona glabra 853 6 18.2 66.7 lonrc3, loft, cdom
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

308 Appendices

Page Common name Scientific name FIA code Plots Global Validation Five most significant variables*

141 Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii 361 1810 98.9 85.3 map, dem, dd0, sprrc1, mtwm

142 pawpaw Asimina triloba 367 337 0 25.8 No signficant variables

143 black-mangrove Avicennia germinans 986 5 100 60 sprdy, trmim

144 yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis 371 6686 97.3 72 mmax, pratio, gsdd5, mat, mmin

145 sweet birch Betula lenta 372 3501 98.5 76.4 sprc2, mmax, lofrc2, mtwm, lofdy

146 river birch Betula nigra 373 788 37.2 42.9 di, pratio, mmax, sprrc5, lonrc3

147-149 paper birch Betula papyrifera 375 9464 98.9 85.2 mmin, pratio, shwvd, mat, dem

150 gray birch Betula populifolia 379 680 77.3 52.1 mmin, dem, admi, sprrc4, lofdy

151 American hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana 391 4424 77.6 52.5 map, lonc2, sprdy, tscl, lonrc4

152 mockernut hickory Carya alba 409 8427 96.5 66 slp, sprrc3, mmindd0, pratio, lonc2

153 water hickory Carya aquatica 401 477 71.2 42.8 dem, sprc2, mtwm, lofc1, fpi

154 bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis 402 3215 75.5 50.8 mtcm, fpi, mat, lonc2, sprrc5

155 pignut hickory Carya glabra 403 7716 94.6 63.5 mtcm, lonrc4, pratio, mat, lonrc2

156 pecan Carya illinoinensis 404 598 46.5 40.6 mtwm, lonc2, sprrc3, sprc2, mmindd0

157 shagbark hickory Carya ovata 407 4928 91.9 61.8 mat, mtcm, fpi, pratio, sprc2

158 black hickory Carya texana 408 2816 96.5 71 lofdy, sprdy, zone, map, lofc3

159 American chestnut Castanea dentata 421 179 0 14.5 No signficant variables

160 sugarberry Celtis laevigata 461 1891 79.9 58.1 mtwm, gsdd5, mmindd0, fpi, lonrc4

161 netleaf hackberry Celtis laevigata var. reticulata 463 171 74.4 42.7 map, lonc1, lonc2, sdmi, gsdd5

162 hackberry Celtis occidentalis 462 2839 82.4 58.9 sdmi, mtcm, mtwm, pratio, sprc2

163 eastern redbud Cercis canadensis 471 2073 53.2 32.8 lonc2, fpi, mat, slp, mmindd0

164 curlleaf mountain-mahoganyCercocarpus ledifolius 475 817 94 77.7 dem, lonrc3, sdmi, mtcm, map

165 giant chinkapin Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. 

chrysophylla

431 885 94.8 72.1 sprdy, sdmi, sprc2, gsp, dem

166 bluewood Condalia hookeri 867 154 96.3 53.9 pratio, lonc2, admi, mtwm, mtcm

167 buttonwood-mangrove Conocarpus erectus 987 3 100 66.7 No signficant variables

168 flowering dogwood Cornus florida 491 8029 94.4 62.1 posidx, mat, dd0, shwv, lonrc6

169 Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii 492 525 62.9 47.4 mmax, mtwm, pratio, mtcm, sprdy

170 Texas persimmon Diospyros texana 522 232 74.2 65.1 sprrc3, lofrc3, admi, mat, sprrc5

171 common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 521 2873 34.3 30.4 mat, mmindd0, gsp, sprrc6, sprrc2

172 anacua knockaway Ehretia anacua 523 7 12.5 28.6 No signficant variables

173 American beech Fagus grandifolia 531 9034 96.8 72.4 admi, mtwm, lonrc4, dd0, dd5

174 Florida strangler fig Ficus aurea 876 7 50 14.3 No signficant variables

175 white ash Fraxinus americana 541 10635 96.8 59.5 dd0, fpi, map, gsp, dem

176 Carolina ash Fraxinus caroliniana 548 88 68.6 72.7 shwvd, cdom, mmax, lonc2, lonrc3

177 Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia 542 97 65.3 32 mat, di, cfreq, sdmi, posidx

178 black ash Fraxinus nigra 543 4108 96.1 72.7 map, di, lonc2, pratio, tscl

179 green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 544 8331 91.7 56.9 fpi, pratio, slp, di, lonrc4

180 pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda 545 73 62.5 76.7 dd5, sprrc4, sprdy, fpi, mmin

181 blue ash Fraxinus quadrangulata 546 155 38.9 32.9 fpi, loft, posidx, lofdy, mmax

182 Texas ash Fraxinus texensis 549 42 67.7 54.8 sprdy, lonc2, tscl, sprrc4, lonrc4

183 velvet ash Fraxinus velutina 547 8 100 12.5 mtcm

184 waterlocust Gleditsia aquatica 551 74 11.7 35.1 No signficant variables

185 honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos 552 1388 62.7 42.9 lonrc2, sprc3, mmin, lofrc6, mtwm

186 loblolly-bay Gordonia lasianthus 555 370 85.5 60.3 sdmi, fpi, admi, sprrc3, di

187 Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus 571 75 0 13.3 No signficant variables

188 American holly Ilex opaca 591 2645 82.6 58.4 dem, shwvd, lofdy, sdmi, lonrc5

189 Southern California black 

walnut

Juglans californica 604 3 60 33.3 gsdd5, fpi

190 butternut Juglans cinerea 601 358 31.3 15.1 No signficant variables

B3 — Coterminous U.S. Model Fit Validation Summary continued... 
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Appendices 309

Page Common name Scientific name FIA code Plots Global Validation Five most significant variables*

191 Arizona walnut Juglans major 606 12 10.5 41.7 No signficant variables

192 black walnut Juglans nigra 602 3773 88.3 56.4 dd5, fpi, pratio, dd0, lofrc1

193 white-mangrove Laguncularia racemosa 988 7 100 71.4 trmim, di

194 sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 611 15978 98.1 84.9 mmindd0, mtcm, sprc2, shwv, map

195 yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera 621 10765 98.7 77.2 dd0, mtwm, lofdy, sprdy, tscl

196 tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus 631 1092 99.4 90 mmin, cfreq, zone, londy, lofdy

197 Osage-orange Maclura pomifera 641 1074 80.9 49.7 shwvd, mtcm, fpi, pratio, mmindd0

198 cucumbertree Magnolia acuminata 651 902 56.5 52 mat, map, cfreq, trmim, sprt

199 mountain magnolia Magnolia fraseri 655 271 66.5 56.1 dem, lofc3, lofrc1, loft, sprrc5

200 southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora 652 514 39.2 44.7 lofrc3, mtwm, mtcm, sprc3, mat

201 bigleaf magnolia Magnolia macrophylla 654 166 11.3 44.6 londy, shwv, map, gsp, di

202 sweetbay Magnolia virginiana 653 2168 89.8 54.2 lonc2, di, tscl, sprrc5, sprc3

203 Oregon crab apple Malus fusca 661 26 14.7 15.4 mtcm, map, di, sprt, lonc1

204 red mulberry Morus rubra 682 1513 27.7 30.3 dd5, pratio, map, sprdy, sprc1

205 water tupelo Nyssa aquatica 691 506 84.5 69.4 sprrc4, dem, gsp, mtcm, di

206 swamp tupelo Nyssa biflora 694 2632 96.1 70.3 di, mtcm, mmax, lonc2, dem

207 Ogeechee tupelo Nyssa ogeche 692 62 48.5 56.5 sdmi, mtcm, sprc1, lofrc5, sprrc3

208 blackgum Nyssa sylvatica 693 11413 98.4 62.1 mtcm, fpi, dem, londy, di

209 desert ironwood Olneya tesota 990 8 100 25 lofc2

210 eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana 701 6758 89.8 60.6 lonrc4, mmin, slp, mmindd0, map

211 sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum 711 4975 97.8 71.5 dem, shwvd, mtcm, slp, map

212 empress-tree Paulownia tomentosa 712 102 1.8 14.7 No signficant variables

213 redbay Persea borbonia 721 1077 73 54 mtcm, pratio, mat, gsp, fpi

214 water-elm Planera aquatica 722 144 45.1 47.2 lonrc1, sprc2, mmin, tscl, sprdy

215 American sycamore Platanus occidentalis 731 2129 54 34.8 mtcm, dem, tscl, gsdd5, admi

216 California sycamore Platanus racemosa 730 27 97.2 55.6 gsdd5, pratio, ctii, mat, sprt

217 Arizona sycamore Platanus wrightii 732 5 100 100 di

218 narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia 749 75 72.9 42.7 mmax, sprrc4, sprdy, posidx, cdom

219-220 balsam poplar Populus balsamifera 741 1713 82.3 61.5 di, prod, mmax, map, lonrc4

221-222 black cottonwood Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa 747 368 64.6 51.6 lonc2, lofrc6, lofrc4, sprrc5, slp

223 eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides 742 878 64.7 35.1 pratio, mtwm, mmax, fpi, lonc1

224 plains cottonwood Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera 745 43 97.8 60.5 slp, map, mmin, dem, fpi

225 Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii 748 36 64.3 36.1 admi, lonrc3, mtwm, cdom, slp

226 bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata 743 4129 92.8 68.4 sdmi, sprrc6, mtwm, di, lofc2

227 swamp cottonwood Populus heterophylla 744 43 0 30.2 No signficant variables

 228-230 quaking aspen Populus tremuloides 746 12665 98.9 88.1 mtcm, lonc2, dem, map, mmindd0

231 honey mesquite Prosopis glandulosa 756 2736 99.7 85.6 pratio, map, mmax, mtcm, sprdy

232 screwbean mesquite Prosopis pubescens 758 9 40 11.1 map

233 velvet mesquite Prosopis velutina 757 270 99.3 75.6 mat, gsp, admi, di, mtcm

234 American plum Prunus americana 766 155 5.2 0 map, cfreq

235 bitter cherry Prunus emarginata 768 274 44.2 41.2 lonc2, sprrc4, sprrc5, londy, admi

236 pin cherry Prunus pensylvanica 761 974 25.6 38.2 mtwm, gsdd5, sprdy, lonc1, sprrc6

237 black cherry Prunus serotina 762 16346 97.2 63.1 dd0, mmin, gsp, di, sprdy

238 chokecherry Prunus virginiana 763 515 0 10.3 No signficant variables

239 coast live oak Quercus agrifolia 801 303 99.1 72.6 dd0, mtcm, map, mtwm, mmax

240 white oak Quercus alba 802 17761 98.4 77.5 gsdd5, pratio, lofdy, sprc3, mmindd0

241 Arizona white oak Quercus arizonica 803 622 99.3 83.4 gsp, sprdy, mtcm, pratio, mmax

242 swamp white oak Quercus bicolor 804 449 33.4 29.4 lonc2, nsslp, tscl, sprc2, lonrc6

243 Buckley oak Quercus buckleyi 8513 122 94.9 58.2 zone, mmindd0, lofc2, lonc2, map

244 canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis 805 1765 99.6 83.1 di, slp, mtcm, sdmi, sprdy
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

310 Appendices

Page Common name Scientific name FIA code Plots Global Validation Five most significant variables*

245 scarlet oak Quercus coccinea 806 4906 96 69.2 fpi, map, mmax, lofc2, dd5

246 blue oak Quercus douglasii 807 477 98.8 79.5 dd5, lonrc3, mtwm, lofdy, mmin

247 northern pin oak Quercus ellipsoidalis 809 1234 91.5 64.8 di, mmax, fpi, pratio, dd0

248 Emory oak Quercus emoryi 810 294 99.3 74.1 map, mtwm, londy, di_src, mmin

249 Engelmann oak Quercus engelmannii 811 5 37.5 80 shwvd, nsslp, di

250 southern red oak Quercus falcata 812 6714 97.5 64.3 di, dd0, shwvd, londy, dem

251 Gambel oak Quercus gambelii 814 2144 99.1 84.3 lonc2, lofc3, dd5, sprrc5, mtcm

252 Oregon white oak Quercus garryana 815 604 95.1 72.2 mtwm, sprc3, dem, mat, map

253 gray oak Quercus grisea 846 28 80 50 lofdy, mtcm, londy, di_src

254 silverleaf oak Quercus hypoleucoides 843 87 95.9 78.2 londy, sprc2, mtcm, mmin, fpi

255 bear oak Quercus ilicifolia 816 76 62.4 42.1 prod, lont, londy, lonc1, sprt

256 shingle oak Quercus imbricaria 817 655 74.3 48.4 gsp, admi, lonrc4, londy, dem

257 bluejack oak Quercus incana 842 198 46.1 11.6 sprdy, prod, lonrc3, lofrc1, sprt

258 California black oak Quercus kelloggii 818 1858 99.6 85.8 mtwm, lonc2, admi, sdmi, mat

259 Lacey oak Quercus laceyi 8514 25 75.6 44 lofrc1, zone, dem, shwvd

260 turkey oak Quercus laevis 819 494 82 70.2 di, lofrc4, lofdy, lonrc3, sprrc4

261 laurel oak Quercus laurifolia 820 2866 91.4 63.5 dd0, mtcm, lonrc4, sprc2, mtwm

262 California white oak Quercus lobata 821 108 76.4 52.8 dd5, prod, sprdy, cdom, sprc3

263 overcup oak Quercus lyrata 822 707 77.9 62.2 sprc2, di, mtwm, sprrc4, ctii

264 bur oak Quercus macrocarpa 823 2354 92.2 59.4 admi, shwvd, pratio, mmax, mmin

265 dwarf post oak Quercus margarettiae 840 183 54.6 59 sprdy, sprrc3, sprc2, lonc2, di

266 blackjack oak Quercus marilandica 824 1894 78.2 50.4 gsdd5, sprrc6, dem, pratio, londy

267 swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii 825 710 0.3 28.9 dd5, dem, sprrc5, sprrc4, sprc3

268 dwarf live oak Quercus minima 841 131 88.9 65.6 gsp, di, tscl, shwv, lonrc1

269 chinkapin oak Quercus muehlenbergii 826 1637 83.1 52.5 lofdy, fpi, mat, di, dd5

270 water oak Quercus nigra 827 9292 99 77 sprc2, dd0, lonrc4, slp, mmindd0

271 Mexican blue oak Quercus oblongifolia 829 32 96.8 75 mat, shwvd, fpi, gsp, mmax

272 cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda 813 1825 78 53.4 londy, lofrc5, fpi, mmax, sprc2

273 pin oak Quercus palustris 830 497 60.2 43.1 shwv, di, mtcm, mat, londy

274 willow oak Quercus phellos 831 2018 77.6 51.2 shwv, sprrc4, di, lofc3, tscl

275 chestnut oak Quercus prinus 832 5246 98.4 81.7 slp, mtcm, admi, sprdy, fpi

276 northern red oak Quercus rubra 833 13939 98.3 72.2 mat, dd5, shwv, lonc2, di

277 netleaf oak Quercus rugosa 847 68 85.4 47.1 shwv, sprc2, londy, sprc1, mmin

278 Shumard oak Quercus shumardii 834 502 18.8 22.3 No signficant variables

279 Durand oak Quercus sinuata var. sinuata 808 45 0 11.1 No signficant variables

280 post oak Quercus stellata 835 7908 97.1 71.7 dem, prod, mmax, lofdy, dd5

281 Texas red oak Quercus texana 828 303 63.2 59.1 londy, di, mtwm, lonrc4, dem

282 black oak Quercus velutina 837 9996 97.1 67.2 gsdd5, mat, sprc1, lofdy, sprrc3

283 live oak Quercus virginiana 838 1549 94 65 dem, lofdy, di, mat, admi

284 interior live oak Quercus wislizeni 839 390 95.9 72.6 dd0, mtwm, lonc2, zone, map

285 American mangrove Rhizophora mangle 989 10 100 80 trmim, lofrc5, lonrc1

286 New Mexico locust Robinia neomexicana 902 30 40.4 50 lofrc3, gsdd5, dem, di, sprrc2

287 black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 901 2777 82.7 60.6 gsdd5, dd0, mtwm, sprdy, mmin

288 cabbage palmetto Sabal palmetto 912 330 98.5 82.4 dem, shwvd, dd5, gsp, lonrc4

289 coastal plain willow Salix caroliniana 925 39 38.6 35.9 sprdy, lofrc3, lofrc1, cfreq, lofdy

290 black willow Salix nigra 922 1055 42 31.2 dd5, pratio, di, lofrc6, lonrc5

291 western soapberry Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii919 57 0 33.3 admi, sprrc4, sprrc3, tscl, sprc2

292 sassafras Sassafras albidum 931 5176 84.2 57 dd0, mmin, tscl, mmindd0, pratio

293 American mountain-ash Sorbus americana 935 180 27.2 31.7 mmax, sprrc6, sprt, lonrc4, lofc1

B3 — Coterminous U.S. Model Fit Validation Summary continued... 
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Appendices 311

Page Common name Scientific name FIA code Plots Global Validation Five most significant variables*

294 American basswood Tilia americana 951 5444 91.3 62.4 map, dd0, lofc2, lonc2, gsdd5

295 Chinese tallowtree Triadica sebifera 994 534 83.9 59.9 sdmi, lofdy, gsdd5, lofrc5, shwvd

296 winged elm Ulmus alata 971 6644 97.3 65.8 gsdd5, mmax, fpi, londy, zone

297 American elm Ulmus americana 972 11388 93.6 65.1 lonrc4, map, fpi, mmin, gsdd5

298 cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia 973 561 89.9 66 mtwm, gsp, lofc1, sdmi, lofrc4

299 slippery elm Ulmus rubra 975 4341 82.8 55.3 mtwm, mtcm, fpi, mmindd0, map

300 rock elm Ulmus thomasii 977 105 12.5 33.3 No signficant variables

301 California-laurel Umbellularia californica 981 503 97 73.4 dd0, slp, pratio, mmax, mtwm

B4 — Changes to Species Classifications

FIA Code Scientific name Notes Distribution

18 Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica Variety of A. lasiocarpa mapped by FIA Plants

21 Abies shastensis Not mapped by Little, recongized by FIA, NRCS Plants recognizes as A. magnifica var. shastensis. Plants

42 Chamaecyparis nootkatensis NRCS Plants recongizes genus as Callitropsis.

58 Juniperus pinchotii Changed from Little (J. erythrocarpa).

59 Juniperus coahuilensis Changed from Little (J. erythrocarpa var. coahuilensis).

81 Calocedrus decurrens Changed genus from Libocedrus (Little).

134 Pinus discolor Formerly P. cembroides var. discolor, now mapped by FIA. Plants

137 Pinus washoensis Recongized by NRCS-Plants as P. ponderosa var. washoensis.

141 Pinus remota Formerly P. cembroides var. remota, now mapped by FIA. Plants

143 Pinus monophylla var. fallax Variety of P. monophylla, now mapped by FIA.

222 Taxodium ascendens Formerly T. distichum var. imbricarium, now mapped by FIA. Plants

332 Aesculus flava Changed species from A. octandra (Little).

341 Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven, introduced, not mapped by Little. Plants

409 Carya alba Changed species from Little (C. tomentosa).

431 Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. 

chrysophylla

Not mapped by Little. Other

463 Celtis laevigata var. reticulata Changed species from Little (C. reticulata).

661 Malus fusca Changed species from M. diversifolia (Little).

694 Nyssa biflora Formerly N. sylvatica var. biflora, now mapped by FIA. Plants

712 Paulownia tomentosa Empress-tree, introduced, not mapped by Little.

745 Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera Variety of P. deltoides, mapped by FIA.

747 Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa Changed species from Little (P. trichocarpa).

756 Prosopis glandulosa Formerly P. juliflora var. glandulosa, now mapped by FIA.

757 Prosopis velutina Variety of mesquite, mapped by FIA, no longer inventoried in New Mexico by FIA. Plants

808 Quercus sinuata var. sinuata Changed species from Little (Q. durandii).

813 Quercus pagoda Former var. of Q. falcata. eFloras.org

816 Quercus ilicifolia Texas FIA inventory erroneously codes “scrub oak,” which is a common name for five other 

species of oaks not listed in their official coding lists.

828 Quercus texana Changed species from Little (Q. nuttallii).

840 Quercus margarettiae Former var. of Q. stellata, NRCS-Plants recongizes species to margarettae. Plants

841 Quercus minima Former var. of Q. virginiana. Plants

846 Quercus grisea Not inventoried in New Mexico 2002 (considered a shrub).

8513 Quercus buckleyi Species not mapped by Little. Plants

8514 Quercus laceyi Changed species from Q. glaucoides.

902 Robinia neomexicana No longer inventoried in New Mexico (as of 2004 considered a shrub).

919 Sapindus saponaria var. 

drummondii

Species mapped by Little, variety recorded by FIA .

951 Tilia americana Tilia americana var. caroliniana; Tilia americana var. heterophylla; Tilia americana var. 

americana combined for modeled Atlas.

994 Triadica sebifera Chinese tallowtree, introduced, not mapped by Little.
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

312 Appendices

Scientific name Page

Abies amabilis 16 - 17

Abies balsamea 18

Abies concolor 19

Abies fraseri 20

Abies grandis 21

Abies lasiocarpa 22 - 23

Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica 24

Abies magnifica 25

Abies procera 26

Abies shastensis 27

Acacia farnesiana 118

Acer barbatum 119

Acer glabrum 120

Acer grandidentatum 121

Acer leucoderme 122

Acer macrophyllum 123

Acer negundo 124 - 125

Acer nigrum 126

Acer pensylvanicum 127

Acer rubrum 128

Acer saccharinum 129

Acer saccharum 130

Acer spicatum 131

Aesculus californica 132

Aesculus flava 133

Aesculus glabra 134

Ailanthus altissima 135

Alnus oblongifolia 136

Alnus rhombifolia 137

Alnus rubra 138 - 139

Annona glabra 140

Arbutus menziesii 141

Asimina triloba 142

Avicennia germinans 143

Betula alleghaniensis 144

Betula lenta 145

Betula nigra 146

Betula papyrifera 147 - 149

Betula populifolia 150

Calocedrus decurrens 28

Carpinus caroliniana 151

Carya alba 152

Carya aquatica 153

Carya cordiformis 154

Carya glabra 155

Appendix – C (Indices)

Scientific name Page

Carya illinoinensis 156

Carya ovata 157

Carya texana 158

Castanea dentata 159

Celtis laevigata 160

Celtis laevigata var. reticulata 161

Celtis occidentalis 162

Cercis canadensis 163

Cercocarpus ledifolius 164

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 29

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 30 - 31

Chamaecyparis thyoides 32

Chrysolepis chrysophylla var.

 chrysophylla

165

Condalia hookeri 166

Conocarpus erectus 167

Cornus florida 168

Cornus nuttallii 169

Cupressus arizonica 33

Cupressus sargentii 34

Diospyros texana 170

Diospyros virginiana 171

Ehretia anacua 172

Fagus grandifolia 173

Ficus aurea 174

Fraxinus americana 175

Fraxinus caroliniana 176

Fraxinus latifolia 177

Fraxinus nigra 178

Fraxinus pennsylvanica 179

Fraxinus profunda 180

Fraxinus quadrangulata 181

Fraxinus texensis 182

Fraxinus velutina 183

Gleditsia aquatica 184

Gleditsia triacanthos 185

Gordonia lasianthus 186

Gymnocladus dioicus 187

Ilex opaca 188

Juglans californica 189

Juglans cinerea 190

Juglans major 191

Juglans nigra 192

Juniperus ashei 35

Juniperus californica 36

Scientific name Page

Juniperus coahuilensis 37

Juniperus deppeana 38

Juniperus monosperma 39

Juniperus occidentalis 40

Juniperus osteosperma 41

Juniperus pinchotii 42

Juniperus scopulorum 43

Juniperus virginiana 44

Laguncularia racemosa 193

Larix laricina 45 - 46

Larix lyallii 47

Larix occidentalis 48

Liquidambar styraciflua 194

Liriodendron tulipifera 195

Lithocarpus densiflorus 196

Maclura pomifera 197

Magnolia acuminata 198

Magnolia fraseri 199

Magnolia grandiflora 200

Magnolia macrophylla 201

Magnolia virginiana 202

Malus fusca 203

Morus rubra 204

Nyssa aquatica 205

Nyssa biflora 206

Nyssa ogeche 207

Nyssa sylvatica 208

Olneya tesota 209

Ostrya virginiana 210

Oxydendrum arboreum 211

Paulownia tomentosa 212

Persea borbonia 213

Picea breweriana 49

Picea engelmannii 50

Picea glauca 51 - 52

Picea mariana 53 - 54

Picea pungens 55

Picea rubens 56

Picea sitchensis 57 - 58

Pinus albicaulis 59

Pinus aristata 60

Pinus attenuata 61

Pinus balfouriana 62

Pinus banksiana 63

Pinus cembroides 64

C1 — Maps Listed by Scientific Name
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Appendices 313

Scientific name Page

Pinus clausa 65

Pinus contorta 66 - 67

Pinus coulteri 68

Pinus discolor 69

Pinus echinata 70

Pinus edulis 71

Pinus elliottii 72

Pinus engelmannii 73

Pinus flexilis 74

Pinus glabra 75

Pinus jeffreyi 76

Pinus lambertiana 77

Pinus leiophylla 78

Pinus longaeva 79

Pinus monophylla 80

Pinus monophylla var. fallax 81

Pinus monticola 82

Pinus muricata 83

Pinus palustris 84

Pinus ponderosa 85

Pinus pungens 86

Pinus radiata 87

Pinus remota 88

Pinus resinosa 89

Pinus rigida 90

Pinus sabiniana 91

Pinus serotina 92

Pinus strobiformis 93

Pinus strobus 94

Pinus taeda 95

Pinus virginiana 96

Pinus washoensis 97

Planera aquatica 214

Platanus occidentalis 215

Platanus racemosa 216

Platanus wrightii 217

Populus angustifolia 218

Populus balsamifera 219 - 220

Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa 221 - 222

Populus deltoides 223

Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera 224

Populus fremontii 225

Populus grandidentata 226

Populus heterophylla 227

Populus tremuloides 228 -230

Prosopis glandulosa 231

Prosopis pubescens 232

Prosopis velutina 233

Prunus americana 234

Scientific name Page

Prunus emarginata 235

Prunus pensylvanica 236

Prunus serotina 237

Prunus virginiana 238

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa 98

Pseudotsuga menziesii 99

Quercus agrifolia 239

Quercus alba 240

Quercus arizonica 241

Quercus bicolor 242

Quercus buckleyi 243

Quercus chrysolepis 244

Quercus coccinea 245

Quercus douglasii 246

Quercus ellipsoidalis 247

Quercus emoryi 248

Quercus engelmannii 249

Quercus falcata 250

Quercus gambelii 251

Quercus garryana 252

Quercus grisea 253

Quercus hypoleucoides 254

Quercus ilicifolia 255

Quercus imbricaria 256

Quercus incana 257

Quercus kelloggii 258

Quercus laceyi 259

Quercus laevis 260

Quercus laurifolia 261

Quercus lobata 262

Quercus lyrata 263

Quercus macrocarpa 264

Quercus margarettiae 265

Quercus marilandica 266

Quercus michauxii 267

Quercus minima 268

Quercus muehlenbergii 269

Quercus nigra 270

Quercus oblongifolia 271

Quercus pagoda 272

Quercus palustris 273

Quercus phellos 274

Quercus prinus 275

Quercus rubra 276

Quercus rugosa 277

Quercus shumardii 278

Quercus sinuata var. sinuata 279

Quercus stellata 280

Quercus texana 281

Scientific name Page

Quercus velutina 282

Quercus virginiana 283

Quercus wislizeni 284

Rhizophora mangle 285

Robinia neomexicana 286

Robinia pseudoacacia 287

Sabal palmetto 288

Salix caroliniana 289

Salix nigra 290

Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii 291

Sassafras albidum 292

Sequoia sempervirens 100

Sequoiadendron giganteum 101

Sorbus americana 293

Taxodium ascendens 102

Taxodium distichum 103

Taxus brevifolia 104

Thuja occidentalis 105

Thuja plicata 106 - 107

Tilia americana 294

Torreya californica 108

Triadica sebifera 295

Tsuga canadensis 109

Tsuga caroliniana 110

Tsuga heterophylla 111 - 112

Tsuga mertensiana 113 - 114

Ulmus alata 296

Ulmus americana 297

Ulmus crassifolia 298

Ulmus rubra 299

Ulmus thomasii 300

Umbellularia californica 301
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

314 Appendices

Common Name Page

acacia sweet 118

alder Arizona 136

alder red 138 - 139

alder white 137

ash black 178

ash blue 181

ash Carolina 176

ash green 179

ash Oregon 177

ash pumpkin 180

ash Texas 182

ash velvet 183

ash white 175

aspen bigtooth 226

aspen quaking 228 - 230

baldcypress 103

basswood American 294

beech American 173

birch gray 150

birch paper 147 - 149

birch river 146

birch sweet 145

birch yellow 144

blackgum 208

bluewood 166

boxelder 124 - 125

buckeye California 132

buckeye Ohio 134

buckeye yellow 133

butternut 190

cherry bitter 235

cherry black 237

cherry pin 236

chestnut American 159

chinkapin giant 165

chokecherry 238

coffeetree Kentucky 187

cottonwood black 221 - 222

cottonwood eastern 223

cottonwood Fremont 225

cottonwood narrowleaf 218

cottonwood plains 224

cottonwood swamp 227

crab apple Oregon 203

cucumbertree 198

cypress Arizona 33

cypress Sargent’s 34

dogwood flowering 168

dogwood Pacific 169

Douglas-fir bigcone 98

C2 — Maps Listed by Common Name

Common Name Page

Douglas-fir 99

elm American 297

elm cedar 298

elm rock 300

elm slippery 299

elm winged 296

empress-tree 212

fir balsam 18

fir California red 25

fir corkbark 24

fir Fraser 20

fir grand 21

fir noble 26

fir Pacific silver 16 - 17

fir Shasta red 27

fir subalpine 22 - 23

fir white 19

fig Florida strangler 174

hackberry netleaf 161

hackberry 162

hemlock Carolina 110

hemlock eastern 109

hemlock mountain 113 - 114

hemlock western 111 - 112

hickory bitternut 154

hickory black 158

hickory mockernut 152

hickory pignut 155

hickory shagbark 157

hickory water 153

holly American 188

hophornbeam eastern 210

hornbeam American 151

incense-cedar 28

ironwood desert 209

juniper alligator 38

juniper Ashe 35

juniper California 36

juniper oneseed 39

juniper Pinchot 42

juniper redberry 37

juniper Rocky Mountain 43

juniper Utah 41

juniper western 40

knockaway anacua 172

larch subalpine 47

larch tamarack 45 - 46

larch western 48

laurel California 301

loblolly-bay 186

Common Name Page

locust black 287

locust honeylocust 185

locust New Mexico 286

locust waterlocust 184

madrone Pacific 141

magnolia bigleaf 201

magnolia mountain 199

magnolia southern 200

magnolia sweetbay 202

mangrove American 285

mangrove black- 143

mangrove buttonwood- 167

mangrove white- 193

maple bigleaf 123

maple bigtooth 121

maple black 126

maple chalk 122

maple Florida 119

maple mountain 131

maple red 128

maple Rocky Mountain 120

maple silver 129

maple striped 127

maple sugar 130

mesquite honey 231

mesquite screwbean 232

mesquite velvet 233

mountain-ash American 293

mountainmahoganycurlleaf 164

mulberry red 204

oak Arizona white 241

oak bear 255

oak black 282

oak blackjack 266

oak blue 246

oak bluejack 257

oak Buckley 243

oak bur 264

oak California black 258

oak California white 262

oak canyon live 244

oak cherrybark 272

oak chestnut 275

oak chinkapin 269

oak coast live 239

oak Durand 279

oak dwarf live 268

oak dwarf post 265

oak Emory 248
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Appendices 315

Common Name Page

oak Engelmann 249

oak Gambel 251

oak gray 253

oak interior live 284

oak Lacey 259

oak laurel 261

oak live 283

oak Mexican blue 271

oak netleaf 277

oak northern pin 247

oak northern red 276

oak Oregon white 252

oak overcup 263

oak pin 273

oak post 280

oak scarlet 245

oak shingle 256

oak Shumard 278

oak silverleaf 254

oak southern red 250

oak swamp chestnut 267

oak swamp white 242

oak Texas red 281

oak turkey 260

oak water 270

oak white 240

oak willow 274

Osage-orange 197

palmetto cabbage 288

pawpaw 142

pecan 156

persimmon common 171

persimmon Texas 170

pine Apache 73

pine Arizona piñon 81

pine bishop 83

pine border piñon 69

pine California 

foothills

91

pine Chihuahua 78

pine common piñon 71

pine Coulter 68

pine eastern white 94

pine foxtail 62

pine Great Basin 

bristlecone

79

pine jack 63

pine Jeffrey 76

pine knobcone 61

pine limber 74

Common Name Page

pine loblolly 95

pine lodgepole 66 - 67

pine longleaf 84

pine Mexican piñon 64

pine Monterey 87

pine papershell 

piñon

88

pine pitch 90

pine pond 92

pine ponderosa 85

pine red 89

pine Rocky Mountain 

bristlecone

60

pine sand 65

pine shortleaf 70

pine singleleaf 

piñon

80

pine slash 72

pine southwestern 

white

93

pine spruce 75

pine sugar 77

pine Table Mountain 86

pine Virginia 96

pine Washoe 97

pine western white 82

pine whitebark 59

plum American 234

pond-apple 140

pondcypress 102

poplar balsam 219 - 220

Port-Orford-cedar 29

redbay 213

redbud eastern 163

redcedar eastern 44

redcedar western 106 - 107

redwood 100

sassafras 292

sequoia giant 101

soapberry western 291

sourwood 211

spruce black 53 - 54

spruce blue 55

spruce Brewer 49

spruce Engelmann 50

spruce red 56

spruce Sitka 57 - 58

spruce white 51 - 52

sugarberry 160

sweetgum 194

sycamore American 215

Common Name Page

sycamore Arizona 217

sycamore California 216

tallowtree Chinese 295

tanoak 196

torrey California 108

tree-of-heaven 135

tupelo Ogeechee 207

tupelo swamp 206

tupelo water 205

walnut Arizona 191

walnut black 192

walnut Southern 

California black

189

water-elm 214

white-cedar Atlantic 32

white-cedar northern 105

willow black 290

willow coastal plain 289

yellow-cedar Alaska 30 - 31

yellow-poplar 195

yew Pacific 104
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

316 Appendices

Appendix – D (Photo Credits)

Photo Credit Photo Description

Adam A. Agusto, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana 

State University AgCenter3

Fraxinus profunda

James R. Allison, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 

Bugwood.org6

Triadica sebifera

Anonymous1 Quercus lobata

Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum3 Prosopis velutina

Steven J. Baskauf, www.cas.vanderbilt.edu2 Platanus wrightii

Chuck Benedict, USDA Forest Service - FHP/FHTET1 Elbert Little’s Atlas of the United States Trees Volume 1 photo (Pg. 3)

Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org6 Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii

William D. Boyer, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org6 Pinus palustris (Pg. 15 - top right)

Pat Breen, Oregon State University2 Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Fraxinus americana, Pinus lambertiana

Dana Bressette, Native Plants PNW3 Abies grandis

Br. Alfred Brousseau, calphotos.berkley.edu3 Quercus garryana

Mary PK Burns, flickr.com4 Ulmus crassifolia

John D. Byrd, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org6 Albizia julibrissin (Pg. 5 - top right)

J. Cavender-Bares, quercus.lifedesks.org6 Quercus oblongifolia

Dendroica cerulea, flickr.com4 Betula populifolia

George P. Chamuris, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania2 Fagus grandifolia

Michael L. Charters, calflora.net2 Pinus coulteri, Populus balsamifera trichocarpa

Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Bugwood.org6 Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Juniperus virginiana

Bill Cook, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org6 Tsuga canadensis, Pinus resinosa

cotinis, flickr.com4 Acer barbatum

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org6 Juglans californica, Juglans major, Juniperus deppeana

Dick Culbert, Gibsons, B.C., Canada6 Pinus discolor

Rachel Cywinski, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of 

Texas, Austin3

Ehretia anacua

Tom DeGomez, University of Arizona, Bugwood.org6 Juniperus monosperma

Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California - Davis, Bugwood.org6 Juniperus occidentalis

C.J. Earle, www.conifers.org2 Pinus balfouriana, Pinus cembroides, Pinus longaeva, Pinus muricata, Pinus strobiformis, 

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa

Cindy Ellenwood2 Rocky Mountain Naitonal Park, CO (Pg. 10)

Jim Ellenwood, USDA Forest Service - FHP/FHTET2 Abies lasiocarpa, Misty Fjords National Monument, AK (Pg. iv), Kancamagus Highway, 

White River National Forest, NH (Pg. x), Grand Teton National Park, WY (Pg. 1 - top left), The 

Loch, Rocky Mountain National Park, CO (Pg. 1 - second from right), Grand Teton National 

Park, WY (Pg. 2), Misty Fjords National Monument, AK (Pg. 4), Libby Lake, Medicine BowRoutt National Forest, WY (Pg 5 - second from right), Rocky Mountain Naitonal Park, CO 

(Pg. 10), Grand Teton National Park, WY (Pg. 14 & 115), Rocky Gorge, White Mountain 

National Forest, NH (Pg. 302), Sequoia Grove, Big Trees Trail, Sequoia-Kings Canyon 

National Park (Pg. 303 - upper left), Tulip Poplar, Hoosier National Forest (Pg. 303 - upper 

right), Kancamagus Highway, White Mountain National Forest, NH (Pg. 319 - upper left), 

Banff National Park, Alberta, CA (Pg. 319 - second from left), Kancamagus Highway, White 

Mountain National Forest, NH (Pg. 319 - second from right)

Kendra Ellenwood2 Aspen, Loch Vale, Rocky Mountain National Park, CO (Pg. iii - top right)

Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org7 Acer glabrum, Aesculus flava, Carya aquatica, Carya glabra, Celtis laevigata, Celtis 

occidentalis, Cornus nuttallii, Fraxinus caroliniana, Gleditsia aquatica, Liquidambar 

styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia fraseri, Nyssa aquatica, Nyssa biflora, Nyssa 

sylvatica, Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea borbonia, Pinus echinata, Pinus glabra, Pinus 

ponderosa, Pinus pungens, Pinus virginiana, Quercus velutina, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix 

caroliniana, Sassafras albidum, Ulmus alata, Appalachian mixed hardwoods (Pg. iii - 

second from left), Aralia spinosa (Pg. 1 - second from left), Big Creek, NC, United States 

(Pg. 11 - top left)

Troy Evans, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Bugwood.org6 Planera aquatica

Wendy VanDyk Evans, Bugwood.org6 Cornus florida, Quercus virginiana

M Fletcher, flickr.com4 Magnolia macrophylla

D — List of photographers
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

Appendices 317

Photo Credit Photo Description

Norbert Frank, University of West Hungary, Bugwood.org6 Natural regeneration (Pg. iii - top left)

Tony Frates, www.flickr.com4 Juniperus scopulorum

David B. Gleason, www.flickr.com2 Abies fraseri

Jean-Pol Grandmont, wikimedia6 Fraxinus latifolia

Marlene Hahn, quercus.lifedesks.org6 Quercus rugosa, Quercus texana, Quercus wislizeni

Mary Ellen (Mel) Harte, Bugwood.org7 Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica, Juniperus osteosperma, Populus balsamifera

Billy Hathorn, Wikimedia.org6 Sabal palmetto

Eric Hunt, Wikimedia.org6 Cupressus sargentii

Lesley Ingram, Bugwood.org7 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana

Sky Jacobs, Southwest Envoronmental Information Network3 Quercus hypoleucoides

Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, Bugwood.org6 Acer spicatum, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula papyrifera, Fraxinus nigra, Picea mariana, 

Picea rubens, Sorbus americana

Steven Katovich, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org6 Pinus strobus (Pg. 5 - top left)

Mary Keim, flickr.com4 Ficus aurea

Russ Kleinman and Richard Felger, Western New Mexico University 

Department of Natural Sciences, Dale A. Zimmerman Herbarium3

Juniperus coahuilensis

Russ Kleinman, Carey Anne Lafferty, Shawn White, Western 

New Mexico University Department of Natural Sciences, Dale A. 

Zimmerman Herbarium2

Pinus monophylla var. fallax

Tihomir Kostadinov, Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Richmond2Quercus coccinea, Quercus falcata, Quercus nigra

Ron Lance2 Quercus buckleyi, Quercus incana, Quercus laceyi, Quercus laevis, Quercus laurifolia, 

Quercus lyrata, Quercus margarettiae, Quercus marilandica, Quercus michauxii, Quercus 

minima, Quercus pagoda, Quercus phellos, Quercus prinus, Quercus shumardii, Quercus 

sinuata var. sinuata

Matt Lavin3 Olneya tesota

Gerald Lenhard, Louisiana State University2 Taxodium ascendens

Max Licher, Consortium of Intermountain Herbaria6 Alnus oblongifolia

Nancy Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org7 Acer leucoderme

Campbell and Lynn Loughmiller, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower 

Center, University of Texas, Austin1

Juniperus pinchotii

Becca MacDonald, Sault College, Bugwood.org7 Abies balsamea, Thuja occidentalis

Colin Maher, University of Montana2 Pinus albicaulis

Brett Marshall, Sault College, Bugwood.org6 Pinus banksiana

J. Maughn, flickr.com4 Pinus attenuata

Ulf Mehlig5 Conocarpus erectus

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org6 Ailanthus altissima

Menchi6 Tsuga heterophylla

Connie Millar, USDA Forest Service6 Pinus washoensis

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org6 Paulownia tomentosa

June Mirabella2 Alley Spring, Missouri (Pg. 303 - second from right), Fall Creek Falls State Park, TN (Pg. 

319 - upper right)

David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org7 Asimina triloba

Daniel Mosquin, UBC Botanical Garden7 Cupressus arizonica

Joe Nicholson6 Acer macrophyllum

Ronnie Nijboer, Wikimedia Commons1 Ulmus thomasii

http://nwplants.com4 Alnus rubra

Joseph O’Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org6 Arbutus menziesii, Larix laricina, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Picea glauca, Quercus agrifolia, 

Quercus kelloggii, Fall foliage of staghorn sumac (Pg. 1 - top right), Acer spp. (Pg. 117 - 

second from left), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Pg. 303 - second from left)

Lukasz Osinski, Wikimedia Commons6 Pinus palustris, Pinus rigida, Torreya californica, Tsuga caroliniana

Donald Owen, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Bugwood.org7Abies concolor, Abies magnifica, Calocedrus decurrens, Tsuga mertensiana

John A. Peterson, Department of Forest Resources and 

Environmental Conservation Virginia Tech2

Annona glabra, Avicennia germinans, Rhizophora mangle
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

318 Appendices

Photo Credit Photo Description

Plant Resources Center, The University of Texas at Austin3 Carya texana, Condalia hookeri, Fraxinus texensis, Juniperus ashei

Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org6 Cercocarpus ledifolius, Pinus edulis, Pinus flexilis, Populus angustifolia, Populus deltoides 

monilifera, Prunus pensylvanica, Robinia neomexicana, Picea engelmannii (Pg. 15 -top 

left), Abies grandis (Pg. 3 - second from left ), Dense stand (Pg. 3 - top right)

Homer Edward Price6 Laguncularia racemosa, Quercus grisea

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org7 Betula nigra, Chamaecyparis thyoides, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Gordonia lasianthus, 

Magnolia grandiflora, Nyssa ogeche, Thuja plicata

Jennifer Rehm, nwplants.com6 Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla

Jane Shelby Richardson, Duke University, Wikimedia Commons6 Pinus monophylla

Richtid6 Quercus ilicifolia

Ewen Roberts6 Pinus jeffreyi

Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org6 Acer pensylvanicum, Betula lenta, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya cordiformis, Cercis 

canadensis, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Gymnocladus dioicus, Pinus contorta, Platanus 

occidentalis, Prunus americana, Prunus virginiana, Ulmus rubra

John Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org7 Aesculus californica, Alnus rhombifolia, Carya alba, Acer barbatum (Pg. v - second from right)

Chris Schnepf, University of Idaho, Bugwood.org6, 2 Larix occidentalis6, Pinus monticola2, Marshes and swamps (Pg. iii - second from right)6

John R. Seiler, Department of Forest Resources and Environmental 

Conservation Virginia Tech2

Diospyros texana, Fraxinus velutina, Larix lyallii, Pinus engelmannii, Platanus racemosa, 

Populus fremontii, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis pubescens, Quercus arizonica, Quercus 

chrysolepis, Quercus douglasii, Quercus emoryi, Quercus engelmannii

Jason Sharman, Vitalitree, Bugwood.org7 Acer saccharum, Acer saccharum Fall Colors (Pg. 117 - top right)

Walter Siegmund2 Abies amabilis, Abies procera, Juniperus californica

Cynthia Snyder, USDA Forest Service - Region 5 - FHP2 Pinus sabiniana, Taxus brevifolia

Terry Spivey, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org7 Prunus emarginata

Forest and Kim Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org6 Pinus radiata, Sequoia sempervirens, Acacia farnesiana

James Steakley6 Pinus serotina

David Stephens, Bugwood.org7 Pinus taeda (Pg. 15 - second from right)

Roland Tanglao3 Picea sitchensis

US Fish and Wildlife Service1 Malus fusca

USDA Forest Service - Ogden Archive7 Pinus jeffreyi (Pg. 11 - second from left), Pinus contorta (Pg. 11 - top right)

USDA Forest Service - Region 2 - Rocky Mountain Region Archive, 

USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org7

Picea engelmannii, Pinus aristata, Quercus gambelii

USDA Forest Service, Region 8 - Southern Archive, Bugwood.org7 Acer rubrum (Pg. 117 - top left)

USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station Archive, USDA 

Forest Service, SRS, Bugwood.org7

Mixed species stands (Pg. v - second from left), cypress (Pg. v - top right), Mixed 

species stands (Pg. 11 - second from right)

Carlos Velazco, swbiodiversity.org3 Pinus remota

Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org7 Juglans nigra, Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Chamaecyparis 

lawsoniana (Pg. 5 - second from left)

Damon E. Waitt, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of 

Texas, Austin1

Acer grandidentatum

Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org7 Diospyros virginiana, Ilex opaca, Magnolia virginiana, Pinus clausa, Pinus elliottii

Sally and Andy Wasowski, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, 

University of Texas, Austin1

Umbellularia californica

Richard Webb6 Magnolia acuminata, Pinus taeda

WhatsAllThisThen, flickr.com4 Castanea dentata

Wikimedia Commons6 Abies shastensis, Picea breweriana

Craig Wilcox, Coronado National Forest2 Pinus leiophylla

Vern Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org7 Aesculus glabra

Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org7 Acer negundo, Acer nigrum, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Carya illinoinensis, Carya ovata, 

Gleditsia triacanthos, Juglans cinerea, Maclura pomifera, Morus rubra, Ostrya virginiana, 

Picea pungens, Populus deltoides, Populus grandidentata, Populus heterophylla, Populus 

tremuloides, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus alba, Quercus bicolor, Quercus ellipsoidalis, 

Quercus imbricaria, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus palustris, 

Quercus rubra, Quercus stellata, Taxodium distichum, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana, 

Salix nigra, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Pg. 15 - second from left), Quercus alba (Pg. 117 - 

second from right ), Taxodium distichum (Pg. 3 - second from right), Acer negundo (Pg. 

3 - top left), Acer saccharinum (Pg. v - top left)

D — List of photographers continued...

NOTES: 1Public Domain, 2Used by permission of the photographer, 3Used by permission of the agency, institution, and/or Website, 4Creative Commons 2.0, 5

Creative Commons 2.5, 6Creative Commons 3.0, 7Creative Commons Noncommercial 3.0
National Individual Tree Species Atlas

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