[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 20-11003

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 5:18-cv-00052-JSM-PRL

HEATHER COGAR, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

Citrus County Sheriff’s Office,

 Defendant,

JEFF DAWSY, 

Individually, 

BRYAN HESSE, 

Individually, 

MIKE PRENDERGAST, 

Sheriff of Citrus County Florida, 

MIKE PRENDERGAST, 

Individually, 

 Defendants-Appellees.

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________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(February 12, 2021)

Before JORDAN, BRANCH, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Heather Cogar appeals the jury verdict returned against her in an action she 

brought that alleged gender discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil 

Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), and the Florida Civil 

Rights Act (“FCRA”), Fla. Stat. § 760. We affirm.

I.

Cogar brought an amended action, in relevant part, against Mike Prendergast 

in his official capacity as Sheriff of Citrus County, Florida alleging gender 

discrimination, in violation of Title VII and the FCRA. She alleged that in January 

2014 she was hired by the Citrus County Sheriff’s Office (“CSO”) as a Deputy 

Sheriff and that her job performance was excellent. She alleged that Sheriff

Prendergast sanctioned and implemented a policy or custom of gender 

discrimination against female deputy sheriffs by condoning and encouraging a 

“good old boy” environment where female deputy sheriffs routinely suffered 

disparate treatment. Specifically, Cogar alleged that, in February 2015, while off 

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duty with a friend, she and the friend drove “around town wearing amusing 

masks.” During this outing, her friend then made an illegal turn for which CSO 

Deputy Michael Sanchez pulled the car over. Cogar and her friend were directed 

to exit the vehicle with their hands in the air. Cogar took off her mask and did as 

instructed and, when Deputy Sanchez recognized her, “he became upset and told 

her to leave.” Thereafter, an internal affairs (“IA”) investigation was brought 

against her that resulted in her termination by the Sheriff at the time, Jeff Dawsy, 

for policy violations.1

 Cogar appealed the termination decision and was reinstated.

In December 2016, Cogar was arrested for domestic battery against her then 

boyfriend, a fellow deputy, and was again terminated by Sheriff Dawsy. She 

appealed the termination, and the board recommended she be reinstated as it was 

discovered that her boyfriend’s “accusations against her were unfounded.” Cogar 

alleged that eight days later, Prendergast, who was recently sworn in as Sheriff, 

hired her back but demoted and transferred her to the lower position of dispatcher. 

Specifically, in her new position she made less money, was not a sworn officer, 

was not eligible for high-risk retirement, and was unable to continue to work extra 

security jobs that supplemented her income.

1 Cogar stated that she was told that the IA investigation was initiated following the 

receipt of an “anonymous” complaint, but Cogar believed that the “anonymous” complaint was 

made by one of the deputies who had pulled her friend over. 

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Cogar asserted two counts relevant to this appeal: (1) gender discrimination 

in violation of Title VII and (2) gender discrimination in violation of the FCRA. 

She argued that the adverse employment action for purposes of her claim was her 

demotion and reassignment to dispatch. While Sheriff Prendergast moved for 

summary judgment on the two counts, the motion was denied; the case went to a 

jury trial.

At trial, during opening statements, Cogar’s counsel argued, in relevant part,

that Sheriff Prendergast discriminated against Cogar based on the fact that she was 

a female officer when he “demoted [Cogar] from her prior position as Deputy 

Sheriff and dumped her in dispatch where she is not a law enforcement officer. 

She cannot carry a firearm. She cannot investigate, arrest or wear a badge.”

Cogar testified that when she was initially hired by the CSO, she was 

assigned to road patrol. However, after being fired in 2015 and then rehired, she 

was transferred to the judicial division and was a bailiff at a courthouse. Cogar 

provided extensive details concerning the 2015 incident that led to her first 

termination.2

 The 2015 incident led to an IA investigation, following which, 

2 Cogar explained that, while off duty, she and her friend were wearing “elderly people” 

masks and driving around town one night. Cogar knew some of her coworkers were on duty, 

including Deputy Sanchez, and Cogar’s friend “was trying to be amusing and entertaining and go 

to [Deputy Sanchez] to show him the mask while he was working . . . , and [Cogar] was the 

passenger in the vehicle.” Cogar explained that, once they located Deputy Sanchez, they tried to 

catch up to him at a red light to show him the mask, hoping he would recognize them because he 

had seen them in the masks before and had seen them driving around in her friend’s vehicle 

before. Cogar’s friend then made a turn and Deputy Sanchez pulled them over. Cogar thought 

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Sheriff Dawsy terminated her for “violating laws regarding the Office of the 

Sheriff, . . . untruthfulness in an official inquiry, . . . and conduct unbecoming.” 

Cogar appealed and was later reinstated and assigned to the judicial division. 

Cogar further testified that, in December 2016, she was involved in a second 

incident. Specifically, she and her then-boyfriend got into an argument, and he 

lied to police and stated that she hit him and that she threw her loaded gun at him. 

Her arrest following this incident resulted in a second termination for “commission 

of a misdemeanor, misuse of a firearm, misuse and handling of a firearm and 

conduct unbecoming.” She appealed her termination, and, following a hearing, the 

board found the allegations unsubstantiated and made a non-binding 

recommendation that she be reinstated to the judicial division. 

Cogar explained that, notwithstanding the recommendation, Sheriff 

Prendergast upheld the conduct unbecoming violation and “demoted [her] into 

dispatch as a 911 operator.” Cogar acknowledged that the paperwork referred to 

her “transfer” to dispatch, but Cogar explained that she considered her “transfer” to 

be a demotion because she it was “a lower paying position[3] with no retirement,” 

she was no longer a sworn officer with a badge, and she could no longer work 

they were being pulled over because Deputy Sanchez recognized them, but she quickly realized 

that was not the case when he initiated a felony traffic stop. She explained that the responding 

deputies were very upset with her, called her “stupid, immature, . . . an idiot” and told her to 

leave.

3

 Cogar testified that as an sworn officer she earned $18.70 an hour, but in dispatch she 

earned only $17.76 an hour. 

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private security details for extra money. Cogar testified that she felt the demotion 

was “undeserv[ed] because there are men that had done equally or worse things 

that have not been either punished at all or very minimally punished.”

Sheriff Prendergast testified that he never discussed anything with former 

Sheriff Dawsy about Cogar, but that he did review the 2015 disciplinary action 

against Cogar as part of his decision to transfer Cogar to dispatch. Sheriff 

Prendergast explained that he disagreed with the board recommendation to 

reinstate Cogar to the judicial division following the 2016 incident, and he believed 

that Cogar should be disciplined for her conduct by a transfer to dispatch. 

After Cogar rested her case, she objected to the defense calling as witnesses 

Deputy Sanchez and retired Sheriff Dawsy, and argued that their testimony would 

not be relevant, or, if relevant, would be unfairly prejudicial because Prendergast 

was the ultimate decision maker with regard to her demotion and he never spoke 

with Detective Sanchez nor Sheriff Dawsy about the 2015 incident. Thus, she 

asserted that the testimony of Sheriff Dawsy and Deputy Sanchez could only be 

relevant to the 2015 disciplinary action which was not the adverse action that 

formed the basis of her complaint. Rather, the only relevant adverse action was the 

demotion, transfer, decision made by Sheriff Prendergast.” The court overruled 

the objection. 

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Deputy Sanchez then testified to the incident that occurred in February 

2015.4

 Deputy Sanchez confirmed that he never spoke to Sheriff Dawsy nor 

Sheriff Prendergast about the incident but was interviewed about it by a detective 

as part of an IA investigation.

Retired Sheriff Dawsy testified that he discharged Cogar the first time in 

2015 because the job is “extremely dangerous,” and the February 2015 incident 

showed immaturity and that Cogar did not realize the seriousness of her conduct. 

Sheriff Dawsy stated that he terminated her instead of imposing a lesser 

punishment because she did not take the IA investigation seriously. Specifically, 

despite being asked to come in for an interview, Cogar kept making excuses to 

delay the interview for days, and even lied to the IA officer about having to attend 

a family event. Sheriff Dawsy explained that Cogar appealed the termination, the 

board recommended his decision to terminate her be overruled, and he accepted 

that non-binding recommendation and reinstated her employment because he 

4 Deputy Sanchez testfied that he was pulled over on the side of the road when a white 

SUV passed his vehicle. Thereafter, as Deputy Sanchez pulled his vehicle onto the road heading 

southbound, he observed the white SUV sitting northbound in the median. As he passed it, he 

observed the SUV’s “brake lights light up and do a U-turn” and start following behind Deputy 

Sanchez in the southbound lane. This action alarmed Deputy Sanchez because, at that time, 

there had been “a lot of ambushes on law enforcement.” Deputy Sanchez sped up to create 

distance with the white SUV, but the SUV caught up with him. Deputy Sanchez slammed on his 

brakes at a red light and the SUV passed him and then made an illegal turn. Deputy Sanchez 

initiated a felony traffic stop, which entailed ordering the occupants out of the vehicle with their 

hands up. The driver exited the vehicle wearing an “elderly woman” mask, and Deputy Sanchez 

recognized the mask as one he had seen Cogar wear at a prior event. Deputy Sanchez asked the 

driver if Cogar was in the car, and she confirmed that Cogar was in the passenger seat. Deputy 

Sanchez gave the driver a verbal warning. 

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valued the board and thought with maturity Cogar could become a valuable 

member of the CSO.

Sheriff Dawsy testified that he again felt it necessary to terminate Cogar in 

2016 because she was arrested following a domestic incident, based on probable 

cause, and his policy at the time was if an employee was arrested, they were

terminated. He testified that Cogar appealed her termination, but he was no longer 

the Sheriff at that point. He confirmed that he never discussed with Sheriff

Prendergast any disciplinary issues with any employee that occurred while he was 

Sheriff. 

In closing arguments, Cogar reiterated that Sheriff Prendergast discriminated 

against her on the basis of her gender by “demoting [her] into dispatch. He took 

away her ability to be a deputy sheriff and he did it for an illegal reason.”

The district court instructed the jury, in relevant part that: 

To succeed on her claim against Sheriff Prendergast, Ms. Cogar 

must prove each of the following facts by a preponderance of the 

evidence. 

First, that Sheriff Prendergast subjected her to an adverse 

employment action by placing her in a dispatch role. . . .

To prove that Heather Cogar was subjected to an adverse 

employment action, you are instructed that an adverse employment 

action is a serious and material change in the terms, conditions or 

privileges of employment.

The court also instructed the jury regarding the verdict form:

It says, do you find from a preponderance of the evidence: 

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1) That Sheriff Prendergast subjected Heather Cogar to an 

adverse employment action by placing her in a dispatch role? Answer, 

yes or no. And there’s blank there for you to answer the question. 

Then it tells you what to do. If your answer is no, this ends your 

deliberations and you should skip the remaining questions, sign the 

verdict form and turn it into the Court. If your answer is yes, you should 

go on to answer the next question.

Prior to the reading of the jury instructions, Cogar had unsuccessfully objected to 

the reference to her being “placed” in a dispatch role, arguing that the jury should 

be instructed that it was a “demotion” or “transfer,” and that the reference to 

placement suggested that “it was some kind of lateral non-adverse” decision. The 

district court overruled her objection, noting that whether or not Cogar being 

placed in dispatch was a demotion was a jury issue and that Cogar could argue that 

point, but it was for the jury to decide. 

Following deliberation, the jury determined that Cogar was not subjected to 

an adverse employment action, and judgment was entered in favor of Sheriff 

Prendergast. This appeal followed. 

II.

Title VII provides that it is unlawful for an employer “to discharge any 

individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual . . . because of such 

individual’s . . . sex . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). The plaintiff must initially 

establish a prima facie case, which generally consists of the following: (1) the 

plaintiff was a member of a protected class; (2) she was qualified to do the job; 

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(3) she was subjected to an adverse employment action; and (4) she was treated 

less favorably than similarly situated individuals outside her protected class. 

Holland v. Gee, 677 F.3d 1047, 1055 (11th Cir. 2012). 

A.

Cogar argues that the district court committed reversible error when it 

allowed Sheriff Dawsy and Detective Sanchez to testify about the 2015 incident

because the testimony was: (1) not relevant, (2) unfairly prejudicial, and 

(3) constituted inadmissible character evidence. 

We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. 

Eghnayem v. Bos. Sci. Corp., 873 F.3d 1304, 1313 (11th Cir. 2017). We will not 

reverse based upon an erroneous evidentiary ruling unless the error impacted the 

substantial rights of the complaining party. Vista Mktg., LLC v. Burkett, 812 F.3d 

954, 979 (11th Cir. 2016); 28 U.S.C. § 2111. The burden is on the complaining 

party to prove the erroneous ruling impacted her substantial rights. Perry v. State 

Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 734 F.2d 1441, 1446 (11th Cir. 1984). The substantial 

rights of a party are affected by errors if the errors have a substantial influence on 

the outcome of a case or create a grave doubt as to whether they impacted the 

outcome of a case. Hearn v. McKay, 603 F.3d 897, 904 n.11 (11th Cir. 2010). A 

plaintiff’s failure to prove she suffered an adverse employment action is dispositive 

of an employment discrimination claim. See Hipp v. Liberty Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 

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252 F.3d 1208, 1233 n.39 (11th Cir. 2001) (discussing that we did not need to 

address other issues because those issues did not matter since the plaintiffs failed to 

establish that they were subjected to an adverse employment action).

Here, as an initial matter, contrary to Cogar’s claim, testimony concerning 

the 2015 incident was relevant because Sheriff Prendergast testified that he 

considered the 2015 disciplinary action in making his decision to transfer Cogar to 

dispatch. Additionally, Cogar’s testimony concerning the 2015 incident as part of 

her case-in-chief in this civil action opened the door to rebuttal testimony by the 

defense. See, e.g., Morro v. City of Birmingham, 117 F.3d 508, 517 (11th Cir. 

1997) (holding that the defendant opened the door to a report that recommended an 

employee be reinstated because the charges against him were not supported when 

the defendant argued in its opening statement that the personnel board made its 

reinstatement decision because it “felt sorry for [the plaintiff”); Wood v. Morbark 

Indus., Inc., 70 F.3d 1201, 1208 (11th Cir. 1995) (by offering testimony in a 

products liability suit concerning the safety of its product, the defendant opened 

door for impeachment questions concerning subsequent modifications of the 

product). 

Regardless, even assuming arguendo that the testimony of Deputy Sanchez 

and Sheriff Dawsy was erroneous, any error was harmless. Specifically, the jury 

concluded that Cogar failed to prove an essential element of her claim—that her 

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transfer to dispatch was an adverse employment action. Cogar therefore cannot 

prove that the court’s admission of their testimony concerning the 2015 incident 

substantially impacted her rights by substantially influencing the outcome of the 

case because it was her failure to prove that she was subjected to an adverse 

employment action that was fatal to her claim. See Hearn, 603 F.3d at 904 n.11; 

Hipp, 252 F.3d at 1233 n.39. 

B.

Cogar argues that the district court committed reversible error by failing to 

instruct the jury that the adverse employment action was “transferring” her to the 

dispatcher position and instead saying she was “plac[ed]” in a dispatcher role. She 

argues that the reference to her placement in the dispatcher role was misleading to 

the jury because “placed” conveys a non-adverse, lateral, or even positive action 

by her employer. 

We review the legal correctness of a jury instruction de novo but will defer 

on questions of phrasing absent an abuse of discretion. Fid. Interior Constr., Inc. 

v. Se. Carpenters Reg’l Couns., 675 F.3d 1250, 1259 (11th Cir. 2012). “The 

district court has broad discretion in formulating jury instructions as long as those 

instructions are a correct statement of the law.” Id. (quotation omitted). 

Furthermore, “[j]ury instructions are subject to harmless error review.” Id. 

(quotation omitted)

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Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in instructing the jury. 

The court instructed the jury—in accordance with the law—that to succeed on her 

claim, Cogar must have established that she was subjected to an adverse 

employment action, and accurately instructed the jury that “an adverse 

employment action is ‘a serious and material change in the terms, conditions, or 

privileges of employment.’” Kidd v. Mando Am. Corp., 731 F.3d 1196, 1203 (11th 

Cir. 2013) (quoting Davis v. Town of Lake Park, 245 F.3d 1232, 1239 (11th Cir.

2001)). Thus, notwithstanding the reference to Cogar’s placement in the dispatch 

role, the instruction at issue was legally accurate. Cogar’s argument that a 

“placement” decision is not an adverse employment action under our precedent is 

without merit.5

 Moreover, when the jury instructions are considered in context of 

the record as a whole—particularly Cogar’s opening and closing statements—it is 

clear that the jury understood that Cogar’s argument was that her role in dispatch 

was a demotion, such that any error in the reference to Cogar being “plac[ed] in a 

dispatch role” was harmless. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 72 (explaining 

that jury instruction “may not be judged in artificial isolation, but must be 

considered in context of the instructions as a whole and the trial record” (quotation 

5 Cogar cites Brown v. Snow, 440 F.3d 1259 (11th Cir. 2006), for the proposition that the 

use of the term placement was inconsistent with the law. However, Brown dealt with an 

allegedly adverse employment action of a downgraded performance evaluation and a failure to 

promote claim; it had nothing to do with whether placing someone in a position can constitute an 

adverse employment action and the terms placement, transfer, nor demotion do not appear 

anywhere in the text of the opinion. See id. at 1261-67.

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omitted)); Fid. Interior Constr., Inc., 675 F.3d at 1259 (explaining that jury 

instructions are subject to harmless error review). 

AFFIRMED.

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