20-1673-ag

Singh Bhagtana v. Garland

1 In the

2 United States Court of Appeals

3 for the Second Circuit

4

5

6

7 AUGUST TERM 2023

8

9 No. 20-1673-ag

10

11 BALJINDER SINGH BHAGTANA,

12 Petitioner,

13

14 v.

15

16 MERRICK B. GARLAND, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

17 Respondent.

18

19

20 On Appeal from the Board of Immigration Appeals

21

22

23 ARGUED: SEPTEMBER 7, 2023

24 DECIDED: DECEMBER 5, 2023

25

26

27 Before: LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, CABRANES, and KAHN, Circuit Judges.

28
2

1 This case presents the question of whether the Government 

2 rebutted the presumption of future persecution in an asylum case by 

3 establishing that Petitioner could safely relocate within his home 

4 country of India. Petitioner Singh Bhagtana claims that he was 

5 persecuted by members of the Bharatiya Janata Party (“BJP”), the 

6 governing party in India, because of his support for the Shiromani 

7 Akali Dal Amritsar or “Mann” Party, and because he is Sikh. He 

8 claims that he was attacked by BJP members on three occasions, which 

9 led him to relocate to other parts of India: first Patiala, then Gurgaon. 

10 Singh Bhagtana alleges that, although he was free from harm in those 

11 two towns, it was because he was living in hiding.

12 Both the Immigration Judge and the Board of Immigration Appeals 

13 found that Singh Bhagtana’s contention that he was living in hiding 

14 was unpersuasive and that, therefore, the Government had 

15 successfully rebutted the presumption of future persecution. We 

16 agree. Singh Bhagtana’s activities following relocation included 

17 driving a taxicab and attending the Mann party’s meetings in a Sikh 

18 Temple, which cast doubt on his allegation that he was in hiding.

19 Accordingly, the petition for review is DENIED. All pending 

20 motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.

21

22 THOMAS VINCENT MASSUCCI, New York, NY

23 (Deepti Vithal, on the brief), for Petitioner.
3

1 SPENCER SHUCARD (Brian Boynton, Keith I. 

2 McManus, John B. Holt, on the brief), Office 

3 of Immigration Litigation, United States

4 Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for 

5 Respondent.

6

7 JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:

8 Petitioner Baljinder Singh Bhagtana (“Singh Bhagtana”), a native 

9 and citizen of India, seeks review of a May 8, 2020, decision of the 

10 Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming a July 20, 2018, 

11 decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying his application for 

12 asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention 

13 against Torture (“CAT”). 

14 The BIA and the IJ both held that Singh Bhagtana had not 

15 established a well-founded fear of persecution because he could avoid 

16 future persecution by relocating to another part of India. The issue 

17 before us, therefore, is whether the agency erred in finding that Singh 

18 Bhagtana could safely relocate within India to avoid future 

19 persecution or torture and that it would be reasonable for him to do 

20 so. The IJ found that Singh Bhagtana had been able to relocate within 

21 India twice without incident and had been free from harm in those 

22 locations for many years. We agree and conclude that the agency did 

23 not err. Accordingly, we deny the petition for review. All pending 

24 motions and applications are denied and all stays are vacated. 
4

1 I. BACKGROUND

2 Singh Bhagtana seeks review of the order of the BIA and the 

3 decision of the IJ denying his application for asylum, withholding of 

4 removal and relief under the CAT. 

5 Singh Bhagtana, a native and citizen of India, entered the United 

6 States on August 7, 2015, without a valid entry document or a valid 

7 immigrant visa. He was given a “credible fear interview” on August 

8 25, 2015.

9 Singh Bhagtana claims that he was persecuted by members of the

10 Bharatiya Janata Party (“BJP”), the governing party in India, because 

11 of his support for the Shiromani Akali Dal Amritsar (“Mann”) Party,

12 and because he is Sikh. He testified that he was attacked on three 

13 occasions—on December 29, 2008, April 11, 2012, and January 30, 

14 2015—by BJP members in the District of Kapurthala, in the state of 

15 Punjab. He further testified that, as a result of those attacks, he 

16 suffered serious injuries, including long-lasting back pain.

17 After the first attack in December 2008, Singh Bhagtana relocated 

18 to Patiala, a city—also in Punjab—where he lived for several years free 

19 from harm. In 2012, he decided to permanently move back to 

20 Kapurthala but was attacked again shortly after his return. In 2013, he 

21 applied for a U.S. visa, which was denied. He then relocated for a few 
5

1 years to Gurgaon, near New Delhi and in the district of Haryana in 

2 northern India, where he safely worked as a taxicab driver. Singh 

3 Bhagtana again decided to permanently return to Kapurthala and was 

4 attacked in January 2015. Subsequently, he left India and travelled to 

5 the United States. 

6

7 II. DISCUSSION

8 A. Applicable Law

9

10 “When the BIA issues an opinion, ‘the opinion becomes the basis 

for judicial review of the decision of which the alien is complaining.’”1 11

12 And when, as here, the decision of the BIA is consistent with the 

13 decision of the IJ, we may consider both decisions “for the sake of 

completeness . . . .”2 14

15 We review the agency’s factual findings under the substantial 

evidence standard. 16 3 Congress has specified that “the administrative 

17 findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator 

1 Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting Niam v. 

Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 652, 655 (7th Cir. 2004)).

2 Wangchuck v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 448 F.3d 524, 528 (2d Cir. 2006).

3 See Gao v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 400 F.3d 963, 964 (2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam).
6

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary[.]”4 1 Additionally, we 

have been repeatedly directed to give the IJ significant deference.5 2 

3 Accordingly, we “must defer to the factfinder’s findings based on 

4 ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate 

to support a conclusion.’” 5 6 Review “under the substantial evidence 

6 standard is exceedingly narrow, and we will uphold the BIA’s decision 

7 unless the petitioner demonstrates that the record evidence was so 

8 compelling that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find him eligible 

for relief . . . .”7 We review legal conclusions de novo.8 9

4 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

5 Garland v. Ming Dai, 141 S. Ct. 1669, 1677 (2021) (“[S]o long as the record 

contains contrary evidence of a kind and quality that a reasonable factfinder 

could find sufficient, a reviewing court may not overturn the agency’s factual 

determination.” (internal quotations marks omitted)); see also Xiu Xia Lin v. 

Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam); see generally Xiao Ji Chen 

v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 471 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 2006).

6 Majidi v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 77, 81 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. 

v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). 

7 Mu Xiang Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 432 F.3d 156, 159 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal 

citations, quotation marks, and alterations omitted). 

8 Gallina v. Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 137, 142 (2d Cir. 2021).
7

1 B. Analysis

2

3 In this matter, we consider whether the agency erred in finding that 

4 Singh Bhagtana could safely and reasonably relocate within India. The 

5 agency presumed that Singh Bhagtana had suffered past persecution 

6 in his home region, which shifted the burden to the Government to 

7 rebut the presumption that Singh Bhagtana has a well-founded fear of 

future persecution on the same basis.9 8 The Government can rebut this 

9 presumption by establishing, “by a preponderance of the evidence,” 

10 that the applicant can “avoid future persecution by relocating to 

11 another part of the applicant’s country of nationality . . ., and under all 

12 the circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do 

so.”10 13 In determining whether internal relocation would be 

14 reasonable, the IJ considers, among any other relevant factors, “the 

15 size of the country of nationality or last habitual residence, the 

9 See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1). 

10 Id. § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), (ii); see also id. § 1208.16(b)(1)(i)(B), (ii).
8

1 geographic locus of the alleged persecution, [and] the size, 

numerosity, and reach of the alleged persecutor.”11 2

3 We hold that the agency’s finding that Singh Bhagtana could safely 

4 relocate within India is supported by substantial evidence, and 

5 conclude that it did not err in holding that Singh Bhagtana had 

6 therefore not established a well-founded fear of persecution. First, 

7 Singh Bhagtana testified that he lived in two cities, one inside and one 

8 outside of his home state of Punjab, for a total of five to six years 

9 without harm despite continuing to support the Mann party. This 

10 Court discerns no reason why he would not be able to relocate to those 

11 places again and be free from harm, particularly as there is no legal 

12 restriction on internal movement within India. Although Singh 

13 Bhagtana contends that he was not harmed when he relocated to 

14 Patiala and Gurgaon because he was “living in hiding,” the BIA found 

15 this claim unpersuasive. We agree. Singh Bhagtana supported the

16 Mann party, even when he was presumably in hiding: he testified that 

17 he showed up for party meetings and would regularly go to the Sikh 

11 Id. § 1208.13(b)(3); see also id. § 1208.16(b)(3) (“[A]djudicators should 

consider the totality of the relevant circumstances regarding an applicant’s 

prospects for relocation, including the size of the country of nationality or last 

habitual residence, the geographic locus of the alleged persecution, the size, 

reach, or numerosity of the alleged persecutor.”).
9

1 Temple to attend those meetings. He also drove a taxi to support his 

2 family during his relocation in both cities.

3 Second, the U.S. Department of State’s 2016 Country Report on

4 Human Rights Practices in India, which Singh Bhagtana introduced in 

5 support of his CAT claim, notes that security forces detained and 

6 assaulted some political protestors but not that members of the Mann 

7 party or Sikhs advocating for the creation of a sovereign Sikh state, 

8 known as Khalistan, were victims of such treatment. We have also 

9 repeatedly recognized that Indian citizens such as Singh Bhagtana

10 “[are] unlikely to face persecution for [their] Sikh beliefs and [their]

11 membership in [the Mann Party]” and “any threat faced by [such

applicants] in India is not country-wide.”12 12

13 Lastly, Singh Bhagtana’s ability to relocate within India is 

14 dispositive of the claims of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT 

15 relief because safe relocation precludes a finding of an objectively 

reasonable fear of future harm.13 16 

12 Singh v. BIA, 435 F.3d 216, 219 (2d Cir. 2006); see also Singh v. Garland, 11 

F.4th 106, 118 (2d Cir. 2021).

13 See 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.13(b), 1208.16(b), 1208.16(c)(3); Singh, 11 F.4th at 118; 

Lecaj v. Holder, 616 F.3d 111, 119–20 (2d Cir. 2010) (holding that where the record 

does not demonstrate chance of persecution required for asylum, it “necessarily 

fails to demonstrate” the likelihood of harm for withholding of removal and 

CAT relief).
10

1 III. CONCLUSION

2 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED. All 

3 pending motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.