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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL SERVICE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240

I NFORMATIONAND TECHNOLOGYREPORT 2

AUGUST 1995

EFFECTS OF FIRE ON

T H R EA T EN ED AND

E NDANGERED P LANTS:

A N A NNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BY

Amy Hess1

and

Susan Spa&man

Contents

Frontispiece ..................................................

Abstract ....................................................

Acknowledgments ................................................

Cited References ...............................................

Annotated Bibliography on the Effects of Fire on Threatened and Endangered Plants ...........

Appendix A. Agencies from which the authors requested information about rare, threatened, and

endangered plants in relation to tire ....................................

Appendix B. Individuals, by region of the United States, who provided information about rare,

threatened, and endangered plants in relation to fire ...........................

Author Index. .................................................

Geographic Index ...............................................

Species Index .................................................

Page

. . . iv

. . . 1

. . . 16

. . . 16

. . . 19

. . . 49

. . .50

. . .51

. . .52

. . . 53

. . . 111

Effects of Fire on Threatened and Endangered Plants:

An Annotated Bibliography

Amy Hessl’

Susan Spackman’

The Nature Conservancy

Colorado Natural Heritage Program

University of Colorado

Boulder, Colorado 80309

Abstract. This bibliography presents basic information about the effects of fm on plants that the

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lists as endangered or threatened or as category-one (Cl) candidates

for federal listing. We searched 23 databases for publications, unpublished reports, and records with

pertinent information; summarized and compiled information on the effects of fire from all final rulings

on endangered and threatened plants and from endangered species recovery plans for plants; and

solicited information from key researchers and agencies involved in fxe ecology. The bibliography

includes 126 references to the effect of fire on 172 federally listed plant species, or on 26% of the total

number of federally listed plant species in these categories. Our study revealed that the total number

of relevant articles has been increasing since the 1970s and more rapidly since the 1980s. Although

research on fire and rare plants is increasing, an absence of information on many species persists. We

hope that this document will facilitate and encourage research in this increasingly important field of

botanical conservation.

Key words: Bibliography, botanical conservation, endangered plants, fue ecology, threatened plants,

rare plants.

Fire plays a role in the management of many threatened

and endangered plant species. Fire helps maintain open

habitat (**Rome 1987; Jacobson et al. 1991), encourages

sexual and vegetative reproduction (*Boyd 1987; Hartnett

and Richardson 1989; *Kirkman and Drew 1993). and

affects competing or associated plant species (Stone and

Scott 1985; Melgoza et al. 1990; *Fishbein and Gori 1992).

Although fire may injure or kill plants (Dunwiddie 1990;

*Cobb 1994), long-term effects on species may be beneficial. For example, the same fire that kills plants may also

reduce competitors (*Folkerts 1977; *U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service 1986) or create beneficial openings for seedling

’ Present address: Colorado Natural Heritage Program, College of

Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.

80523.

* An asterisk denotes unpublished material.

establishment (Gankin and Major 1964; *U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service 199Oa, 1993a; Menges and McAnlis 1994).

Fire suppression may imperil some endangered plant species

(Schwartz and Herman 1991; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

199Ob; *Kagan 1992; *U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

1994a). On the other hand, researchers in Hawaii fear that

even a single fire would be a serious threat to the survival of

some endangered plant species by either directly killing

plants or by encouraging the invasion and competition from

exotic species that are well adapted to tire (U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service 1985; *U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

199Oa; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 199Ob, 199 la, 1992a,

1994a, 1994b).

Fire management must address the timing of a bum (i.e.,

timing in relation to the life cycles of the plants) and the area,

frequency, and intensity of a bum (U.S. Fish and Wildlife

1
2 INFORMMIONANDTECHNOLOGYREP~RT 2

Service 1987, 1992b, 1993b; S. Popovich, U.S. Bureau of

Land Management, Shoshone, Idaho, personal communication). Ideally, natural processes and cycles do not have to be

disrupted. However, land managers, particularly managers

of small reserves, often face the challenge of mimicking

natural fire regimes with prescribed burns. Bums in areas

with endangered species must be carefully planned, and

accurate information about plant-fire relations is essential

for planning, restoration, or other management of endangered-plant habitat.

Investigations of rare plant populations and effects of tire

are hindered by the difficulties associated with such research. For example, information on the taxonomy, habitat,

and physiology of rare plants is often sparse (Owen and

Rosentreter 1992). Experiments with rare plants that include

prescribed bums are often limited in scope, cover a small

geographic region, involve few plants, and are difficult to

replicate. Time and funding for research are often unavailable for long-term studies of threatened or endangered

plants.

Research into fire and rare plants is, however, vital to the

recovery and management of some rare plant populations.

Appropriate management requires scientific data on the role

of fire in the biology and ecology of rare plants and their

habitats. This bibliography presents basic information about

the effects of fire on plant species listed as threatened,

endangered, and category-one (Cl) on or before 30 September 1993 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993c, 1993d).

These categories as defined in the Endangered Species Act

of 1973 are:

E Endangered: taxa formally listed as endangered.

T Threatened: taxa formally listed as threatened.

Cl Category I : taxa with substantial biological

information on file to support listing as

endangered or threatened.

C2 Category 2: taxa for which current information

indicates that listing as endangered or threatened

is possible, but appropriate or substantial

biological information for immediate rule

making is not on file.

3C Category 3: taxa are more abundant or widespread than previously believed or are not

subject to any identifiable threat.

0 species that are not listed.

Other objectives of this project were to provide a synopsis

of useful information for the management of rare plants with

fire and to update and expand the Natural Heritage Program,

The Nature Conservancy, and the National Biological Service databases with the addition of information on the effects

of fire. The annotations present information that facilitates

and encourages research in this important field of botanical

conservation.

We used the key wordsfire, burn, endangered, threatened, rare, plant, endemic, vegetation, and disturbance to

search the following databases:

AGRICOLA 1970-present (USDA)

Arizona Natural Heritage Program

California Natural Heritage Program

California Regional Office of The Nature

Conservancy (TNC)

Colorado Alliance for Research Libraries (CARL)

Colorado Natural Heritage Program

Colorado State University Library System

Dissertation Abstracts Online 1990-present

Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)

Fish and Wildlife Reference Service

Florida Natural Areas Program

GeorefTM 1989-present (Geological abstracts)

International Association of Wildland Fire

MELVYL (University of California Library

System)

National Office of The Nature Conservancy (TNC)

Northeastern Regional Office of The Nature

Conservancy (TNC)

Selected Water Resources Abstracts 1990-present

Southeastern Regional Office of The Nature

Conservancy (TNC)

BIOSIS Previews 1989-present (Biological

Abstracts)

University of Colorado Government Documents

Library

U.S. Department of the Interior Reference Service

Library

Western Regional Office of The Nature

Conservancy (TNC)

Wildlife Review and Fisheries Review

We searched for publications, unpublished reports, final rulings on threatened and endangered plants, endangered species recovery plans (all recovery plans printed by

August 1994 were reviewed for information on the effects

of fire), research in progress, and anecdotal information.

Although threatened, endangered, and category-one species were the target of our research, we also selected other

pertinent references to the effects of fire. We searched for

references to the effect of fire on rare but not federally

listed plant species, to plant communities with rare plant

species, and to some plant genera with one or more federally listed species.

After the literature search, we contacted key researchers and agencies involved with fire ecology. We

posted electronic bulletins on Internet and on the U.S.

Forest Service computer network and contacted federal,

state, and local agencies to obtain access to unpublished

reports, field notes, anecdotal information, and information on research in progress (Appendixes A-B).
We found 126 references to the effects of fire on 172

federally listed plants (26% of the plant species in these

categories) and 36 references to the effects of fire on other

rare plants (including some C2 plants). Of the total of 165

references, 39 are unpublished documents and 9 are personal

communications.

The albeit limited number of references revealed that the

number of relevant articles has been increasing since the

1970s and most rapidly since the late 1980s (Table 1). We

found only three articles on threatened, endangered, or Cl

species that were published before 1980. After 1980, the

number of pertinent studies increased, probably in response

to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-205 [87

stat. 8841) and the subsequent development of recovery

plans. The total number of publications was greater in the

1990s (57) than in the 1980s (33). We also compared the

number of references describing the effects of fire on endangered, threatened, and category-one plants in each state with

the number of plant species in these categories currently or

historically occurring in each state (Table 2; Figs. 1 and 2).

Although the preservation and management of botanical diversity requires an understanding of the relation of

fire to plants, the variety of responses documented in this

bibliography suggests that the role of tire in creating,

maintaining, and destroying rare plants and their habitats

can be complex and elusive. For example, long-term monitoring is necessary to establish the role of fire in succession

and other vegetative processes (Owen and Rosentreter

1992; *Sutter 1994; D. Soblo, The Nature Conservancy,

Columbia, South Carolina, personal communication); a

minimum of 3 years may be needed to study and predict

rare plant population dynamics (Menges 1986); and fire

intensity, extent of bum, and season of bum must be

measured to determine the variability of tire behavior

(Pavlovic 1994). Fires may be detrimental to some species

in spring but beneficial in summer or fall or vice versa

(“Lesica 1992; D. Gori, The Nature Conservancy, Tucson,

EFFECX OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 3

Arizona, personal communication). Similarly, anthropogenie disturbances, such as mowing or grazing, can mimic

a historical fire regime if they occur with the correct

frequency and intensity but can also be destructive

(Pavlovic 1994).

Some authors (Campbell et al. 1991; Hardin and

White 1992; *Gordon 1992a, 1992b) simply stated that

a plant species occurs in a fire-adapted community. Because fire occurs in nearly all terrestrial environments at

some time or another, we suspect that information about

the effects of fire on plant communities may be important

for the general management of endangered species. Although all plants are adapted to environmental stresses,

plant morphology may provide additional information

about adaptation to fire. For example, species with thick

bark, hard-coated seeds, or fire-resistant foliage may

benefit from fire during part of their life cycles (Agee

1994).

For each bibliographic entry, we summarized the information on the effects of fire, unless an abstract or

other written summary was available. The nature of each

summary is identified as AA (author’s abstract of the

publication), PA (partial abstract of the publication), AS

(researcher’s summary of the unpublished material), or

PS (researcher’s partial summary of the unpublished

material). The absence of a designation denotes our

summary of a publication, unpublished material, or record.

Additionally, we summarized the available information on the effects of fire on the species covered by this

bibliography in a table that lists each species, its status,

associated references, and known or suspected responses

to fire (Table 3). This summary is not a comprehensive

listing of rare species affected by tire, and the listed

responses are not meant to be definitive information on

the effects of fire on species. We refer readers to the

original sources for more detailed information.

Table 1. Number of references by year and decade to the effects of tire on federally listed endangered, threatened, or

category-one plants.

Sources

Decade

Year PR

1980 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994a 1970s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Printedarticles 0 2 4 9 4 4 3 4 3 9 16 12 14 6 I 2 33 57

including

government

publications

Unpublished 1 1 2 2 0 2 7 6 5 6 20

papers

Personal 6 6

communication

Total I 2 4 9 4 4 4 6 5 9 18 19 20 18 1 2 39 84

aExclusive of references that became available after 31 August.
4 I NFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGYREKIRT~

Table 2. Number of federally listed threatened, endangered, and category-one plants per state (U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service 1993c, 1993d or as of September 1993) and number of references to species in these categories by state.

State Species

Alabama 18

Alaska 1

Arizona 32

Arkansas 23

California 189

Colorado 18

Connecticut 3

Delaware 8

Florida 52

Georgia 22

Hawaii 113

IdahO 11

Illinois 10

Indiana 7

Iowa 2

Kansas 3

Kentucky 7

Louisiana 2

Maine 3

Maryland 10

Massachusetts 5

Michigan 7

Minnesota 4

Mississippi 3

Missouri 9

References State Species References

7 Montana 1 0

0 Nebraska 4 2

6 Nevada 20 0

0 New Hampshire 3 0

17 New Jersey 7 1

1 New Mexico 17 1

1 New York 10 2

2 North Carolina 27 20

29 North Dakota 1 0

11 Ohio 4 1

16 Oklahoma 2 0

1 Oregon 32 6

3 Pennsylvania 6 0

1 Rhode Island 3 1

1 South Carolina 19 9

0 South Dakota 1 0

3 Tennessee 21 6

0 Texas 32 8

1 Utah 27 0

3 Vermont 4 0

1 Virginia 13 3

0 Washington 16 0

2 West Virginia 5 1

1 Wisconsin 7 1

1 Wyoming 2 0

0 References

1 to 5 References

6 to 10 References

11 to 20 References

21 to 30 References

Fig. 1. Number of references by state to the effects of fire on federally listed endangered, threatened, and category-one plant species.
EFIXCTS OFFIF~EONTHREATENEDANDENDANGEREDPLANTS 5

0 to 5 Species

6 to 20 Species

21 to 50 Species

51 to 99 Species

Over 100 Species

Fig. 2. Number of federally listed endangered, threatened, and category-one plant species per state as of September 1993.

Table 3. Scientific names, common names, federal statuses, references to species in this bibliography, and summaries

of responses by these species to fire. Status codes: E = Endangered; T = Threatened; C 1 = Category-one candidate;

C2 = Category-two candidate; 3C = Category-three species; 0 = not federally listed.

Scientific name Common name St&IS Sourcea Response

Abronia macrocarpa

Abutilon

eremitopetalum

A. menziesii

A. sandwicense

Agalinis acuta

Large-fruited sand verbena

Amorpha crenulata

(S = A. herbacea var.

crenulata)

Ko’ola’ula

Sandplain gerardia

Crenulate leadplant

Amsinckia grandiflora Large-flowered fiddleneck

Arctostaphylos glandulosa

A. hookeri

ssp. montana

A. myrt?ifolia

Tamalpais manzanita

lone manzanita

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

0

c2

Cl

USFWSb 1992e

USFWS 199lf

USFWS 1986a

USFWS 1991a

Jo&n 1994

USFWS 1989~

USFWS 1988b

Gordon 1992b

Pavlik 1991

Pavlik 1993

Pavlovic 1994

USFWS 1985e

Kelly and

Parker 1990

Parker 1987

Gankin and

Major 1964

Wood and

Parker 1988

Fire may maintain favorable habitat

Fire poses a significant threat

Threatened by fue

Threatened by fire

Fire may increase number of individuals

May require disturbance such as fue

Fire may maintain suitable habitat

Occurs in a fire adapted community

Fire maintains favorable habitat

Mortality rates decreased and survivorship increased following a fall bum

Controlled bums may have adverse or

positive effect on this species

Resprouts following fire

Decrease in germination following

winter bum

Fiie kills adults, but may encourage

seedling establishment

Must regenerate from seed following

fre, but fue may increase

germination rates
6 INFORMATIONANDTECHNOLOGYREPORT 2

Table 3. Continued.

Scientific name Common name status Source Response

Argyroxiphium kauense

Aristida stricta

Ka’u silversword

A. tuberculosa

Asimina tetramera Four-petal pawpaw

Astragalus atratus var.

inseptus

A. onictformis

A. schmolliae Schmoll milkvetch

Astrophytum asterias Star cactus

Baptisia arachnifera Hairy rattleweed

Betula uber

Bidens cuneata

(S = B. molokaiensis)

B. wiebkei

Bonamia grandtflora

Brickellia mosieri (S = B.

eupatorioides var.

floridana)

Brighamia insignis

Buxus vahlii

Calamintha ashei

Calamovilfa curtissii

Milkvetch

Milkvetch

Virginia roundleaf birch

Cuneate bidens

Ko’oko’olau

Florida bonamia

Vahl’s boxwood

Sand grass

Calochortus umpquaensis

Castanea pumila

var. ozarkensis

Caulanthus amplexicaulis

var. barbarae

C. californicus

(S = Stanfordia

californica)

Ceanothus ferrisiae

Umpqua mariposa lily

Ozark Chinquapin

Santa Barbara jewelflower

California jewelflower

Coyote ceanothus

C. ophiochilus Vail Lake ceanothus

E

0

0

E

c 2

0

c 2

E

E

E

E

E

T

c 2

E

E

c 2

c 2

Cl

c 2

Cl

E

E

c 2

USFWS 1993e

Hardin and

White 1992

Bowles et al.

1990

Pavlovic 1994

Johnson 1989

Johnson 1994

Kral 1993

Popovich 1994

Popovich 1994

Collier 1994

USFWS 1993h

Kral 1983

USFWS 1984d

Kral 1983

USFWS 1984~

USFWS 1992~

Gordon 1992a

Hartnett and

Richardson

1989

Kral 1983

USFWS 1990e

Gordon 1992b

USFWS 1994c

USFWS 1985f

Johnson 1994

Menges and

McAnlis 1994

Johnson 1994

Johnson 1993a

Johnson and

Blyth 1988

Kagan 1992

Campbell et al.

1991

Danielson 1993

USFWS 1991d

Freas 1993

S haffer 1993

Threatened by fire

Occurs in a fire adapted community

Fire or disturbance that mimics fire

results in increased survival rate

May require fire to maintain suitable

habitat

Fire maintains suitable habitat

May require fire to maintain open habitat

Stout caudex and deep taproot may

allow plants to survive fire

Low mortality due to fire because of

deep taproot and stout caudex

Fire suppression may be detrimental

Observed in recently burned habitat

Large perennial rootstock suggests

plants may tolerate fire; tire may also

reduce competition and promote

seedling establishment

Not damaged by a prescribed bum

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fire

Occurs in fire adapted community

Stem density and seed production

increased following tire

May require fire to maintain open habitat

May require fire to maintain long-term

viability of habitat

Occurs in fire adapted community

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fire

Killed by fire but recovers from seed

Fire may maintain favorable habitat

Fire may increase flowering

Fire suppression may be detrimental

Occurs in community that experiences

frequent tires

May be fire tolerant

Threatened by alteration of its natural

fire regime

No differences in germination between

heat treated, scarified, and control

seeds

Seeds require heat or scarification for

germination; adapted to summer and

fall fires

8 INFOWIA~ONANDTECHNOLOGYREFQRT 2

Table 3. Continued.

Scientific name Common name Status Source Response

Corypantha sneedii var. leei

(S = Escobaria

sneedii var. leei)

Cupressus abramsiana

Lee pincushion cactus

Santa Cruz cypress

Cyanea superba

Dalea foliosa Leafy prairie clover

Deeringothamnus

pulchellus

D. rugelii

Delphinium variegatum ssp.

kinkiense

D. variegatum ssp.

thornei

Dicerandra christmanii

D. cornutissima

D. frutescens

D. immaculata

Diellia falcata

Dionaea (genus)

Dubautia herbstobatae

Dudleya traskiae

Echinacea laevigata

E. tennesseensis

Beautiful pawpaw

Rugel’s pawpaw

San Clemente Island

larkspur

Thome’s royal larkspur

Garrett’s mint

Longspurred mint

Scrub mint

Lakela’s mint

Na’ena’e

Santa Barbara Island

liveforever

Smooth coneflower

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

C l

E

E

E

E

E

0

E

E

E

Tennessee purple coneflower E

USFWS 1986d

USFWS 1987a

USFWS 199lb

Campbell 1994

USFWS 1991~

Hardin and

White 1992

Krall983

Hardin and

White 1992

Kra11983

USFWS 19848

USFWS 19848

Johnson 1994

Johnson 1994

Kral 1983

USFWS 1987b

Johnson 1994

Kral 1983

Menges 1992

Pavlovic 1994

USFWS 1987b

Johnson 1994

Kral 1983

USFWS 1987b

USFWS 1991a

Folkerts 1977

USFWS 1991a

USFWS 19858

KraJ 1983

Campbell 1994

Kral 1983

USFWS 1982

Effects of fue not yet determined

Natural fire frequency estimated at

50-100 years

Threatened by stochastic extinction

due to fire

Results from controlled burn not

available

Fire used to maintain habitat

Occurs in fue adapted community

May benefit from prescribed bums

Occurs in fue adapted community

Fiie stimulates rigorous flowering from

storage roots and may reduce

competition

May be adapted to dormant season fires

Other species in this genus respond

well to tire

Killed by fire but recovers from seed

Killed by fire but recovers from seed

May require fire to maintain open habitat

May benefit from occasional fires

Killed by fire but recovers from seed

May require fire or other disturbance

to maintain open habitat

Spring fue killed individual plants.

Seedling recruitment followed fue.

Fire probably beneficial

May benefit from occasional fires

Killed by fire but recovers from seed

May require fire or other disturbance

to maintain open habitat

May benefit from occasional fires

Threatened by fire

Species in this genus are generally

recognized as tire dependent

Threatened by fire

Fire may be used to reduce spread of

competing exotic plants

Probably tolerates fire by resprouting

from corm

Results following controlled bums are

not yet available

Probably tolerates tire by resprouting

from strong rhizomes

Deep taproots may allow plants to survive

low temperature bums of short duration.

Fire may also reduce competing species

from strong rhizomes
EFFECTS OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 9

Table 3. Continued.

Scientific name Common name Status Source Response

Echinocereus pectinatus

E. reichenbachii

E. triglochidiatus

Eremalche kemensis

(S = E. parryi ssp.

kemensis)

Eriastrum hooveri

Eriogonum longifolium

var. gnaphalifolium

Eryngium aristulatum

var. parishii

E. cuneifolium

Escobaria sneedii var.

sneedii (S = Coryphantha

sneedii var. sneedii)

Euphorbia deltoidea ssp.

deltoidea (S = Chamaesyce

deltoidea var. deltoidea)

E. garberi

E. telephioides

Exocarpos luteolus

Fremontodendron

decumbens

Fritillaria ojaiensis Ojai fritillary

Galactia smallii Small’s milkpea

Gouania hillebrandii

G. meyenii

Hackelia gracilenta

Haplostachys haplostachya

Mesa Verde stickleaf

Harperocallis Java

Hedeoma dtfusa

Black lace cactus

Hedgehog cactus

Kern mallow

Hoover’s woolly star

Scrub buckwheat

San Diego button celery

Snakeroot

Sneed pincushion cactus

Telephus spurge

Leafy heau or

leafy exocarpos

Pine Hill flannelbush

Harper’s beauty

0

E

0

E

T

T

E

E

E

0

E

T

E

Cl

c2

E

E

E

c2

E

E

0

Thomas 1988

Bunting 1980

Thomas 199 1

USFWS 1991d

USFWS 1991d

USFWS 1993

USFWS 1993a

Menges and

McAnlis 1994

USFWS 1990e

USFWS 1986d

USFWS 1988d

USFWS 1988b

USFWS 1993b

USFWS 1994c

Boyd 1987

Boyd and

Serafini 1992

Danielson 1993

Gordon 1992b

USFWS 1988b

USFWS 1990f

USFWS 1991a

Collier 1994

USFWS 1979

Godfrey 1976

Hardin and

White 1992

USFWS 1983a

Phillips et al.

1992

Increased mortailty following fire.

Flower production increased or

remained neutral

Significant mortality following

spring bums

General reference, responses of

succulents to fire

Threatened by alteration of natural

fire regime

Threatened by alteration of natural

fire regime

May be negatively affected by fue

Occurs in habitat that may require fire

for long-term viability

Effects of fire not yet determined

May require fire to maintain open habitat

Requires periodic winter season fires

to maintain suitable habitat

Threatened by fire

Successful regeneration by resprouting

and seedling recruitment followed

controlled fall bum

Impermeable seed coats break following tire. Fire suppression detrimental

to recruitment. Root sprouting occurs

following fire

May be fire tolerant

Occurs in fue adapted community

Fire may maintain suitable habitat

May be vulnerable to extirpation if

affected by brush fire

Threatened by fue

Effects of prescribed bum forthcoming

Individual plants killed. Fire may

promote invasion by exotic plant

species

Occurs in fire adapted community

Occurs in fire adapted community

Occurs in fire adapted community

Cool bums may enhance recruitment

and survivorship
10 INFORMATIONANDTECHNOLOGYREPORT 2

Table 3. Continued.

Scientific name Common name Status Source Response

Hedeoma graveolens

(S = Stachydeoma

graveolens)

Hedyotis st.-johnii

Helianthemum dumosum

Helianthus eggertii Eggert’s sunflower

H. schweinitzii

Hibiscadelphus distans

Hudsonia montana

H. tomentosa

Hymenoxys acaulis var.

glabra (S = Tetraneuris

herbacea)

Hypericum cumulicola

Iliamna corei

(S = Iliamna rivularis

var. rivularis)

Isodendrion hosakae

I. pyrifolium

Jatropha costaricensis

Kalmia cuneata

Kokia drynarioides

Lechea cernua

L. deckertii

Lembertia congdonii

Lespedeza leptostachya

Lesquerella filiformis

L pallida

L stonensis

Liatris helleri

L ohlingerae

Mock pennyroyal

Na Pali beach hedyotis

Bushy rush-rose

Schweinitz’s sunflower

Kauai hau kuahiwi

Mountain golden heather

Lakeside daisy

Highlands scrub hypericum

Peter’s Mountain mallow

Aupaka

Wahine noho kula

Costa Rican jatropha

White-whicky

Koki’o or Hawaii

tree cotton

San Joaquin

woolly-threads

Prairie bush clover

Missouri bladderpod

White bladderpod

Stone River bladderpod

Heller’s blazingstar

Scrub blazingstar

0

E

c 2

Cl

E

E

T

0

T

E

E

E

E

E

Cl

E

3 c

0

E

E

E

E

Cl

T

E

Hardin and

White 1992

Occurs in fire adapted community

USFWS 199 1 h Threatened by fue

Dunwiddie 1990 Cover and flowering increased followKral 1983

USFWS 199lj

Barden 1994a

Barden 1994b

USFWS 1986b

USFWS 1983b

Bowles et al.

1990

Pavlovic 1994

USFWS 199og

USFWS 1990e

Jacobs 1993

USFWS 1990d

USFWS 199le

USFWS 1994b

USFWS 1984b

Hardin and

White 1992

USFWS 1984a

Gordon 1992a

Gordon 1992a

USFWS 199ld

Smith 1994

USFWS 1988a

Thomas 1994

USFWS 19923

KraJ 1983

KraJ 1983

USFWS 1989b

Kral 1983

ing spring bum

Occurs in habitat historically maintained

by fue

Fire suppression may be detrimental

Spring bum increased number of stems

and number of flowers per plant.

Fall bum reduced plant height and

flowering

Controlled spring bums caused increase

in plant height and flowering. Fall

bums resulted in minor height increase

Threatened by fire; single population

close to a fire pit

Fire may decrease competing plant

species

Fire or disturbance that mimics fire

results in increased survival rates

Fire can kill emerging inflorescence

buds and damage leaves. Fire may

help maintain suitable habitat

Occurs in habitat that may require ftre

for long-term viability

Germination occurs if seed coats are

broken by fire

Light fues may stimulate germination

and maintain suitable habitat

Threatened by dry season range fires

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fire

Occurs in fire adapted community

Threatened by fire

Occurs in fire adapted community

Occurs in tire adapted community

Threatened by alteration of natural

fire regime

Results not yet available

Prescribed bums may control encroaching

shrubs and trees, but the effects of tire

not fully known

Results of 4-year study inconclusive

Fire may maintain suitable habitat

May be disturbance dependent

May benefit from prescribed bums

Species in this genus are generally

recognized as fire dependent

May require fire to suppress competing

species
Table 3. Conrinued.

Scientific name Common name

EFFECTS OF FIRE ONTHREATENEDANLIENDANGEREDPLANTS 11

Status Source Resnonse

Liatris provincialis

Limnanthesjloccosa

ssp. grandijlora

Lipochaeta fauriei

L. lobata var.

leptophylla

L tenuifolia

L venosa

Lobelia niihauensis

Lomatium bradshawii

L. cookii

Lupinus aridorum

(S = Lupinus westianus

var. aridorum)

Lysimachia asperulaefolia

Macbridea alba White birds-in-a-nest

Manihot walkerae Walker’s maniac

Marshallia mohrii Mohr’ s Barbara’s buttons

Matelea alabamensis

Melicope knudsenii

M. pallida

Muhlenbergia torreyana

Angelpod

Alani

Alani

Munroidendron racemosum

Neraudia angulata

Nothocestrum breviforum

N. peltatum

Nototrichium humile

Ochrasia kilaueaensis

Opuntia treleasei

(S = 0. basilaris var.

treleasei)

Orcuttia californica

Oxypolis canbyi

‘Aiea

‘ Aiea

Kulu’i

Holei

Bakersfield cactus

California orcutt grass

Canby’s dropwort

Godfrey’s blazingstar

Large-flowered

meadowfoam

Nehe

Nehe

Bradshaw’s desert parsley

Cook’s lomatium

Scrub lupine

Rough leaved loosesttife

c 2

c 2

E

E

E

E

E

E

C l

E

E

T

E

T

c 2

E

E

0

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

USFWS 199oe

Hermann 1988

Johnson 1993b

Johnson 1994

Borgias 1993

USFWS 1994c

USFWS 1991a

USFWS 1991a

USFWS 1979

USFWS 1991a

USFWS 1993c

Borgias 1993

USFWS 1990e

Hardin and

White 1992

Kral 1983

Smith 1992

Sutter 1994

USFWS 1994a

USFWS 1993b

USFWS 1993k

USFWS 1991k

Gordon 199 1

USFWS 1994c

USFWS 1994c

Hardin and

White 1992

USFWS 1994c

USFWS 1991a

USFWS 1994b

USFWS 1994c

USFWS 1991a

USFWS 1994b

USFWS 199ld

USFWS 1993e

Kral 1983

Soblo 1994

Occurs in a habitat that may require

fire for long-term viability

Preliminary results inconclusive,

further results forthcoming

Fiie may stimulate flowering. Fire

suppression may be detrimental

Fiie may stimulate reproduction

Increased in numbers 2 years

post-fire

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fue

Threatened by fue

Individual plants killed. Fiie may promote invasion of exotic plant species

Threatened by fue

May require fire to maintain suitable

habitat

Monitored following prescribed bum,

results inconclusive

Occurs in habitat that may require tire

for long-term viability

Occurs in fue adapted community

May require fire to maintain open habitat

Requires fire; fue may stimulate flowering

Five year study measured response to

prescribed burning

May require periodic fire to maintain

suitable habitat

Requires periodic winter fires to

maintain suitable habitat

May require tire to maintain suitable

habitat and promote seed germination

May require fire or other disturbance to

maintain suitable habitat

Fire may maintain suitable habitat

Threatened by fue

Threatened by fire

Occurs in fire adapted community

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fue

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fire

Threatened by alteration of its natural

fire regime

May be negatively affected by fire

May require fire to maintain open

habitat

Occurs in fire adapted community.

Number of individuals increased
12 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

Table 3. Continued.

Scientific name Common name status Source Response

Panicum abscissum

P. fauriei var.

carteri

Paronychia chartacea

Pediocactus paradinei

Penstemon haydenii Penland beardtongue

P. lemhiensis

Peucedanum sandwicense

Phlox idahonis

P. nivalis ssp. texensis

Phyllanthus pentaphyllus ssp.

pentaphyllus var.fEoridanus

Pinguicula ionantha

Platanthera hoobri

P. integra

P. integrilabia

P. leucophaea

P. praeclara

Pogogyne nudiuscula

Polygala smallii

Cutthroat grass

Carter’s panicgrass

Papery whitlow-wort

Kaibab pincushion cactus

Makou

Clearwater phlox

Texas trailing phlox

Godfrey’s butterwort

Eastern prairie fringed

orchid

Western prairie fringed

orchid

Otay mesa mint

Tiny polygala

c 2

E

T

Cl

E

0

E

Cl

E

c 2

T

0

0

c 2

T

T

E

E

following a hot wildfire. Same

population has been declining since

USFWS 1990a Fiie may benefit by maintaining suitable habitat

Gordon 1992a Occurs in tire adapted community

Myers and Flowering increased following spring

Boettcher 1987 bum. Fiie maintains suitable habitat

USFWS 1983d Single fire could destroy only known

population

Gordon 1992a

Johnsonand

Abrahamson

1990

Krall983

USFWS 1990e

Occurs in fue adapted community

May require fire to maintain suitable

habitat

Warren et al.

1992

May require fire to maintain open habitat

Occurs in habitat that may require fire

for long-term viability

Can survive low intensity fires, but

high intensity bums may result in

high mortality

USFWS 1992b

Moseley et al.

1990

USFWS 1994c

Moseley and

Crawford 1993

Fire suppression has negatively affected

habitat suitability

May be threatened by succession due

to tire suppression

Threatened by fire

Decreased in density at one site,

probably as a result of post-fire

succession

USFWS 1991i Fire is required to maintain suitable

habitat

Carlson et al.

1993

Folkerts 1977

Occurs in fire adapted community

USFWS 1993b

USFWS 1993i

Species in this genus are generally

recognized as tire dependent

Requires periodic winter fires to

maintain suitable habitat

May require frequent, low intensity

fues to maintain suitable habitat

Fire or disturbance that mimics fire

results in increased survival rates

Fire dependent throughout range

Bowles et al.

1990

KraJ 1983

MacRobetts and Plants increased flowering and bloomed

MacRoberts earlier following winter bums

1990

Kral 1983 Prescribed bums had no lasting effect

Currier 1984 Spring burning may induce flowering

Jacobson et al. Fire may maintain suitable habitat

1991

Kral 1983

Pavlovic 1994

Smith 1994 Results not yet available

USFWS 1993e Fire may damage seeds

Gordon 1992b Occurs in fue adapted community

USFWS 1988b Fire may maintain suitable habitat
EFFECKS OFFIREONTHREATENEDANDJZNDANGEREDPLANTS 13

Table 3. Continued.

Scientific name Common name StatuS Source Response

Polygonella articulata

P. basiramia

P. macrophylla

Portulaca sclerocarpa

Pritchardia munroi

Prunus geniculata

Wireweed

Large-leaved jointweed

Po’e

LoUlU

Scrub plum

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

Ptilimnum nodosum Harperella

Pyxidanthera barbulata

Rhododendron chupmanii

Well’s pixie-moss

Chapman rhododendron

Rhus michauxii Michaux’s sumac

Rhynchospora knieskemii

Ribes echinellum

Sanicula mariversa

Sarracenia alata

Knieskem’s

beaked-rush

Miccosukee gooseberry

S. flava

S. oreophila Green pitcher plant

0

E

c2

E

E

E

E

E

Cl

E

E

T

T

E

0

0

E

Bowles et al.

1990

Pavlovic 1994

Hawkes and

Menges 1994

Johnson 1993~

Fire or disturbance that mimics fire

results in increased survival rates

Fire maintains suitable habitat

USFWS 1994b

USFWS 1992~

Krall983

USFWS 1990e

USFWS 1994c

Kral 1983

USFWS 1990b

Observed to resprout and increase

flowering following fire

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fire

Responds vigorously to fire and has a

history of fire disturbance

Occurs in habitat that may require fire

for long-term viability

Threatened by fue

Effects of fire and fue suppression

unknown

Hardin and

White 1992

Hardin and

White 1992

Kral 1983

Occurs in fire adapted community

Occurs in fire adapted community

USFWS 1983~

Hardin and

White 1992

Krall983

USFWS 1993j

Occurs in fire adapted community

and resprouts following fire

Occurs in fire adapted community

and resprouts following fire

Occurs in fue adapted community

May require fire to maintain suitable

habitat

USFWS 19931 May require frequent fires to maintain

suitable habitat

USFWS 1992f May require fire to maintain suitable

habitat

USFWS 1985d

USFWS 1991a

Barker and

Williamson

1988

Folkerts 1977

Fire could threaten with extinction

Threatened by fue

Winter fue increased foliage and

seedling recruitment

Schnell 1982

Species in this genus are generally

recognized as fire dependent

Increased growth and seedling

recruitment following mechanical

disturbance

Benjamin 1992 Prescribed spring bum increased leaf

production

Bertram and

Myers 1988

Folkerts 1977

Fire maintains suitable habitat

Kral 1983

Species in this genus are generally

recognized as fire dependent

May require fire to maintain suitable

habitat

Troup and Flowering and population size

McDaniel 1980 increased following fire

USFWS 199 1 k May require tire or other disturbance

to maintain suitable habitat
14 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

Table 3. Conrinued.

Scientific name Common name status Source Response

Sarracenia psittacina

S. purpurea

S. putpurea ssp.

venosa

S. rubra ssp.

alabamensis

S. rubra ssp. jonesii

Schiedea adamantis

S. apokremnos

S. kaalae

S. lydgatei

Schwalbea americana

Scutellariajloridana Florida skullcap

S. montana

Selaginella rupestris

Sidalcea hickmanii ssp.

parishii

S. nelsoniana

Silene alexandri

S. hawaiiensis

S. lanceolata

S. regia

S. spaldingii

Alabama canebrake

pitcher plant

Mountain sweet

pitcher plant

Diamond Head schiedea

Ma’oli’oli

American chaffseed

Large-flowered

skullcap

Parish’s sidalcea

Nelson’s checkermallow

Royal catchfly

Spalding’s catchfly or

Spalding’s silene

0

0

0

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

T

E

0

Cl

E

E

E

E

3 c

c 2

Barker and

Williamson

1988

Folkerts 1977

Kral 1983

Schnell 1982

Folkerts 1977

Schnell 1982

Folkerts 1977

Kral1983

Schnell 1982

USFWS 1992a

Folkerts 1977

Kral1983

Schnelll982

USFWS 199Oc

USFWS 1984~

USFWS 1991h

USFWS 1991a

USFWS 1992~

Campbell et al.

1991

Kirkman and

Drew 1993

Kral 1983

USFWS 1992d

USFWS 1993b

USFWS 1986~

Bowles et al.

1990

Kral 1983

Danielson 1993

USFWS 1993g

USFWS 1992~

USFWS 1994b

USFWS 1992~

Menges 1988

Lesica 1992

Winter fire increased total cover

Species in this genus are generally

recognized as fire dependent

Increased growth and seedling recruitment following mechanical disturbance

Species in this genus are generally

recognized as tire dependent

Increased growth and seedling recruitment following mechanical disturbance

Species in this genus are generally

recognized as fire dependent

May require fire to maintain open habitat

Increased growth and seedling recruitment following mechanical disturbance

Fire suppression may threaten existing

populations

Species in this genus are generally

recognized as fue dependent

Increased growth and seedling recruitment following mechanical disturbance

Fiie important for habitat maintenance

Threatened by fire

Threatened by tire

Threatened by fire

Fire promotes invasion of exotic plant

species that may out-compete

Occurs in a community that experiences

frequent tire

Flowering occurs following fire,

regardless of season

May benefit from prescribed bums

May require frequent, low intensity fires

to maintain suitable habitat

Requires periodic winter fires to maintain suitable habitat

Fire may have adverse effect

Fire or disturbance that mimics fire

results in increased survival rate

Thought to be fire tolerant

May require fire to maintain suitable

habitat

Fire promotes invasion of exotic plant

species that may out-compete

May be threatened by fire

Fire promotes invasion of exotic plant

species that may out-compete

Controlled bums enhanced plant

growth rate

Spring bum increased recruitment

more than fall bum
EFI%CTS OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 15

Table 3. Continued.

Scientific name Common name Status Source Response

Sisyrinchium dichotomum White irisette E

Solanum sandwicense

Solidago pulchra

S. shortii

Spiranthes delitescens

S. diluvialis

S. parksii

Stachydeoma graveolens

Stenogyne angustifolia var.

angusttjolia

Stephanomeria malheurensis

Talinum rugospennum

Tetramolopium arenarium

T. j%~orme

T. remyi

T. rockii

Thalictrum cooleyi

Thermopsis macrophylla var.

agnina (S = Thermospsis

macrophylla var.

macrophylla)

Tofieldia glutinosa ssp. absona

Torreya californica

T. taxifolia

Tragia saxicola

Carolina goldenrod

E

C l

Short’s goldenrod E

Madman ladies’-tresses or C 1

Canelo Hills

ladies’-tresses orchid

Ute ladies’-tresses T Arft 1994

Navasota ladies’-tresses E

0

E

Malheur wire lettuce E

Rough-seeded fameflower C2

E

E

E

T

Cooley’s meadowrue E

0

c 2

California torreya

Florida torreya

0

E

c 2

USFWS 1991g

USFWS 1994c

Hardin and

White 1992

USFWS 1988d

Fishbein and

Gori 1992

McClaren and

Sundt 1992

USFWS 1984e

Hardin and

White 1992

USFWS 1979

USFWS 19911

Bowles et al.

1990

Pavlovic 1994

USFWS 1994b

USFWS 1991a

USFWS 1991f

USFWS 1992~

Hardin and

White 1992

Kral 1983

Rome 1987

USFWS 1993a

Fire or other disturbance may be

required to maintain suitable habitat

Threatened by tire

Occurs in fire adapted community

Historic range may be related to open

habitat created by bison and by fires

Associated species height decreased

following experimental bums. No

new recruits observed

Results inconclusive following experiments with spring bums and grazing.

Many species in this genus respond

well to tire

Monitoring for 2 years following

controlled bums indicates that fm

may increase flowering

Fiie or other disturbance may be

required to maintain suitable habitat

Occurs in ftre adapted community

Individual plants killed. Fire may promote invasion by exotic plant species

Fire promotes invasion of exotic plant

species that may out-compete

Fire or disturbance that mimics fire

results in increased survival rate

Threatened by fire

Threatened by fire

Threatened by tire

Fire promotes invasion of exotic plant

species that may out-compete

Occurs in fire adapted community

May be dependent on fire to maintain

open habitat

Fire creates favorable habitat. Winter or

early spring may be best time to bum

May require fire to maintain suitable

habitat

Wilcyenski 1993 Fire frequency of 0 to 2 years had no

effect on population size, plant size,

or sex ratio

Borchert 1989 Controlled bums monitored for 9 years

demonstrated successful resprouting,

seedling recruitment, and increased

height of recruits

Jacobson et al. Fire may maintain suitable habitat

1991

Esser 1993 Smoke may suppress parasitic fungus

Schwartz and Fire suppression contributed to decline

Herman 1991

Esser 1993 Smoke may suppress parasitic fungus

Kral 1983 May be killed by tire

Carlson et al. Occurs in fire adapted community

1993
16 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

Table 3. Continued.

Scientific name Common name Status Source Response

Trifolium reflexurn

T. stoloniferum

Urera kaalae

Verbesina heterophylla

Vicia menziessi

Warea carteri

Wyethia reticulata 0

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

Ziziphus celata

A’e

Florida ziziphus

E

E

0

Running buffalo clover E

Opuhe E

Cl

Hawaiian vetch

Carter’s mustard

E

E

Campbell et al.

Campbell et al.

1988

Pavlovic 1994

USFWS 199la

Hardin and

White 1992

USFWS 1984h

Kral 1983

USFWS 199Oe

Kral 1983

Boyd 1987

USFWS 1994b

USFWS 199Oe

Fire suppression may be detrimental

Fire suppression may be detrimental

Threatened by fire

Occurs in fiie adapted community

Fires have reduced suitable habitat

May require fire to reduce interspecific

competition

Occurs in habitat that may require fire

for long-term viability

Fall controlled bum increased flowering

Threatened by fire

Occurs in habitat that may require fire

for long-term viability

;See the annotated entries.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

A list of species addressed in each reference is provided at the end of each reference summary. The codes

used to represent the federal listing conform to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 definitions previously

given.

Also at the end of many summaries, we list the species

state distributions as in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(1993c, 1993d) publications.

The nomenclature follows Kartesz (1994), who also

provides a complete list of synonyms. When plant names

used by Kartesz did not coincide with the names in the

cited reference or in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(1993b, 1993~) documents, we provided Kartesz’ name

in parentheses.

Acknowledgments

We thank D. Cross of the National Biological Service

for direction, assistance, and knowledge. We are indebted to W. Leenhouts of the National Interagency Fire

Center for initiating this project. The Home Office of

The Nature Conservancy and the staff of The Nature

Conservancy Fire Research Center provided support and

assistance. K. Pague assisted with database management. E. Powell assisted with editing and layout. This

document would not have been possible without the help

and cooperation of the contributing researchers. M.

Bucher, J. Greenlee, A. Johnson, E. Menges, R. Sutter,

and R. Young were exceptionally forthright with their

knowledge and generous with their time.

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Restoration of Endangered Species. Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge. 28 pp.

*Rome, A. 1987. Element stewardship abstract for Thalictrum

cooleyi. The Nature Conservancy in association with the

Network of Natural Heritage Programs and Conservation

Data Centers, Carrboro, N. C. Unpublished.

Schwartz, M. W., and S. Herman. 1991. The role of fire suppression in the catastrophic decline of the endangered conifer,

Torreya taxifolia. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 721244.

Stone, C. P., and J. M. Scott. 1985. Hawaii’s terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and management. Cooperative National

Park Resources and Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii.

*Sutter, R. D. 1994. Summary of ‘The effect of varied fire

frequency on Lysimachia asperulifolia” study in North Carolina, 1987-1992. Report to The Nature Conservancy, Chapel

Hill, N.C. Unpublished.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Determination of threatened status for Ribes echinellum (miccosukee gooseberry).

Federal Register 50(133):29338-29341.

*U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Sneed and Lee pincushion

cacti (Corypantha sneedii var. sneedii and Corypantha sneedii

var. lee0 recovery plan. Albuquerque, N.M. Unpublished.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Determination of endangered status for Cupressus abramsiana (Santa Cruz cypress).

Federal Register 52(5):675-679.

*U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990a Recovery plan for the

lakeside daisy (Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra). Twin Cities,

Minn. Unpublished.

*U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1990b. Recovery plan for

Gouania hillebrandii (Rhamnaceae). Portland, Greg. Unpublished.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Determination of endangered status for 26 plants from Waianae Mountains, island of

Oahu, Hawaii. Federal Register 56(209):55770-55786.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992a. Determination of endangered status for 16 plants from the island of Molokai, Hawaii.

Federal Register 57( 196):46325-46344.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992b. Endangered status for

Schwalbia americana (American chaffseed). Federal Register 57( 189):44703-44708.

*U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993a. Walker’s maniac (Manihot walkerae) recovery plan. Albuquerque, N.Mex. Unpublished.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993b. Endangered and threatened status for five Florida plants. Federal Register

58( 13 1):37432-37443.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993~. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 40 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993d. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: review of plant taxa for listing as

endangered or threatened species. Federal Register 58( 188):

51144-51190.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994a. Determination of endangered or threatened status for 24 plants from the island of

Kauai, Hawaii. Federal Register 59(38):9304-9328.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994b. Determination of endangered or threatened status for 2 1 plants from the island of Hawaii, state of Hawaii. Federal Register 59(43): 10305-10325.
18 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2
Errncrs OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 19

Annotated Bibliography on the Effects of Fire on Threatened and

Endangered Plants4

1. ARFT, A. 1994. Final report on Spiranthes diluvialis

to Colorado Natural Areas Program. Unpublished.

Demographic plots were established at three locations

in Boulder County, Colorado, to collect data on the

life history of Spiranthes diluvialis. The author evaluated management techniques and environmental variables that may be necessary for the persistence of S.

diluvialis. Thirty-four experimental and control plots

were monitored between 1992 and 1993. All plots

were monitored to determine the effects of mowing,

grazing, and burning on S. diluvialis. Bum treatments

consisted of an early bum to simulate fires in summer

and a late bum to simulate fires in winter. By June of

1993 control plots and late bum plots had already

produced significantly more inflorescence buds than

the other treatment plots. The grazed, early bum, and

late bum plots produced flowers before the other

treatment plots. Orchids in the late bum plots suffered

significantly high mortality in July-August. Longterm monitoring and observation will be continued by

the personnel of Boulder County Open Space.

Spiranthes diluvialis (T)

2. BARDEN, L. S. 1994a. Recovery of Schweinitz’s sunflower Helianthus schweinitzii, a federally listed endangered species, after early- and mid-growing season controlled bums in Piedmont North Carolina.

Bulletin Ecological Society of America 75:9.

Recently, controlled burning during the growing season to kill woody competitors of perennial herbaceous

plants has received increased emphasis despite the

immediate damage to endangered herbaceous species. A controlled bum in North Carolina in early

April 1993 [burned] newly sprouted (2-5 cm) Schweinitz’s sunflowers. In October 1993, average height

was reduced 44% compared to October 1992, but the

number of stems per plant increased 200%, with an

average of 27 flower heads/plant. In contrast, a controlled bum in mid-growing season (August 1992)

[burned] nearly mature plants (average height 72 cm)

which resprouted but reached only 10 cm height by

October, with none flowering. At the same site, one

4AA = Abstract of the publication, PA = Partial Abstract of the

publication, AS = Researcher’s summary of the unpublished material,

or PS = Researcher’s partial summary of the unpublished material. The

absence of a designation denotes our summary of a publication,

unpublished material, or record.

year later (October 1993), survival was less than 80%,

survivors were only 40% as tall as pre-fire plants,

there was no increase in the number of stems, and only

30% of plants produced flowers. Negative effects of

mid-growing season bums may be temporary but

should be considered by managers of endangered

species. [AA].

Helianthus schweinitzii (E)

3. BARDEN, L. S. 1994b. Recovery of Schweinitz’s sunflower Helianthus schweinitzii, a federally listed endangered species, after early- and mid-growing season controlled bums in Piedmont North Carolina.

Paper presented at American Institute of Biological

Sciences (AIBS), Knoxville, Tenn., August 1994.

Controlled burning during the growing season to kill

woody competitors of perennial herbaceous plants

has received increased emphasis despite the immediate damage to endangered herbaceous species. A controlled bum at the Gar Creek NCNC site in North

Carolina in early April 1993 [burned] newly sprouted

(2-5 cm) Schweinitz’s sunflowers. In October 1993

average height was reduced 44% compared to October 1992 (145 cm vs. 83 cm), but the number of stems

per plant increased 300% (1.8 vs. 7.6 stems per plant).

However, by July 1994, average height per plant was

108 cm and by October 1994 average height was 162

cm, 12% taller than pre-fire height in October 1992.

Average number of stems per plant in July 1994 was

5.6,200% greater than pre-fire stem number in October 1992.

A controlled bum in mid-growing season (August

1992) at the Mineral Springs NCNC site [burned]

nearly mature plants (avg height July 1992 was 68

cm). These plants resprouted but reached only 10 cm

height by October 1992, with none flowering. One

year later (July 1993) survival was less than 805,

survivors were only 40% as tall as pre-fire plants and

there was no increase in the number of stems. However, by July 1994 average height of survivors was 73

cm, 7% taller than pre-fire numbers, replacing the

20% mortality observed in 1993. The number of stems

per plant did not change throughout the 2-year period.

Thus, managers should be aware of negative effects

of mid-growing season bums but should also realize

that these negative effects may be temporary. Measurements documenting the effects of mid-season fires
20 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

on existing populations of endangered species must

be repeated for at least two years before the long-term

effects become discernible. [AS].

Helianthus schweinitzii (E)

4. BARKER, N. G., AND G. B. WILLIAMSON. 1988. Effects of winter fire on Sarracenia data and S. psittacina. American Journal of Botany 75: 138-143.

The effects of a prescribed winter bum on two species

of pitcher plant, Surrucenia alata and S. psittucina,

were investigated by comparing changes in variables

measured before and after the fire in randomly selected plots in a Louisiana savanna. Burned plots

showed an increase in foliage and unburned plots

showed a decrease in foliage, as measured in the total

numbers of leaves (>25 cm) for S. data and in total

cover for S. psittucina. For S. data, the gain in foliage

in the burned plots was less than the loss in foliage in

the unburned plots, but for S. psittucina the gain in

burned plots was greater than the loss in unburned

plots. Seedling recruitment of S. data after the fire

was exponentially related to the number of floral

scapes produced in the year before the fire and was

greater in the burned plots than in the unburned plots.

Numbers of floral scapes of both pitcher plant species

decreased in the year after the fire, but the decrease

occurred equally in burned and unburned plots. [AA].

Sarracenia alata (0), Sarracenia psittacina (0)

5. BENJAMIN, S. 1992. Data summary and analysis for

Sarraceniu oreophila, Eller Preserve (1990-I 992)

and Mull Preserve ( 199 I- 1992). The Nature Conservancy, Southeast Regional Office, Chapel Hill, N.C.

Unpublished.

Populations of Sarrucenia oreophila were monitored

at two sites in the Eller Preserve, North Carolina, for

a response to a prescribed bum in April 1992. Leaf

production of S. oreophilu increased, presumably in

response to the prescribed bum. Hardwoods developed quickly from rootsprouts. Hardwood and Rubus

spp. may compete with the pitcher plant population

and should be monitored.

Surrucenia oreophila (E)

6. BERTRAM, K., AND R. MYERS. 1988. Element stewardship abstract for Surrucenia oreophilu. Southeast

Region Fire Ecology Program. Tall Timbers Research

Station, Tallahassee, Fla. Unpublished.

Fire plays a major role in the maintenance of extant

and in mixed oak flatwoods in Alabama, Georgia, and

Tennessee. Historically, fire maintained the populations in a sub-climax stage. Interspecific competition

should be reduced and light intensity should be increased for effective management.

Sarracenia oreophila (E)

7. BORCHERT, M. 1989. Post fire demography of Thermopsis macrophylla H.A. var. angina, J. T. Howell

(Fabaceae), a rare perennial herb in chaparral. American Midland Naturalist 122: 120- 132.

Demography of the rare perennial herb Santa Ynez

thermopsis (Thermopsis macrophylla var. angina)

was monitored at two sites for 9 yr after a controlled

bum in the Santa Ynez Mountains near Santa Barbara,

California. One of the burned sites was located in

chaparral and the other in a fuelbreak, an area purposely cleared of chaparral to slow the advance of

wildfire. Numerous individuals resprouted in the 1st

yr after the fire and thousands of seedlings established

from heat-stimulated germination of refractory seed.

Vegetation before and after the fire was markedly

different between the two sites. Despite this difference, however, seedling production was very similar

on the two sites. Losses of recruits-seedlings that

survived beyond the 1 st yr-also were similar. Nine

yr after the fire the density of recruits was equivalent

on both sites, Recruits were significantly taller in the

fuelbreak than in the chaparral but the average number of stems/individual was not different.

Individuals that resprouted after the fire produced

more than lo6 seeds/900 m* from 1980-1987. However, only 3.9% of the seed was present in the soil 8

yr after the fire. Seed production by recruits, in contrast, was very low and appeared to be declining.

Thus, this species relies heavily on seed production

by resprouts to maintain a sizable soil-seed bank. In

addition to seed production by resprouts, the survival

of recruits during the interfire period is a critical life

history stage in the population biology of this species.

Recruits that survive both the interfire period and the

next fire show marked increases in stem production,

seed output, and survivorship. [AA].

Thermopsis macrophylla var. angina (0)

8. BORGIAS, D. D. 1993. Fire effects on the Rogue

Valley mounded prairie on the Agate Desert, Jackson

County, Oregon. The Nature Conservancy, Portland,

populations of Sarracenia oreophila in seepage bogs Oreg. Unpublished.
Two species, Lomatium cookii and Limnanthesjloccosa ssp. grandiflora were monitored before and after

a prescribed bum and wildfire in the Agate Desert

mounded prairie of southwestern Oregon. Because

the sampling design included only three replicates per

treatment for each species, a determination of statistically significant effects of the fires was difficult.

Lomatium cookii did not have an obvious negative

response to the burns. Limnanthes jloccosa ssp.

grandij7ora recovered during the second year after the

fires, and its abundance at that site was greater than

previously.

Lomatium cookii (Cl), Limnanthes jloccosa ssp. grandiflora (C2)

9. BOWLES, M. L., M. M. DEMAURO, N. PAVLWIC,

AND R. D. HIEBERT. 1990. Effects of anthropogenic

disturbances on endangered and threatened plants at

the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Natural Areas

Journal 10: 187-200.

Populations of 81 endangered and threatened plants

in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore were investigated and quantified during 1984-88. More than

half of the populations occurred in naturally or anthropogenically disturbed habitats. The authors discuss

different types of disturbance that affect these species

and the history of fire in relation to Habenaria hookeri, Aristida tuberculosa, Polygonella articulata,

Hudsonia tomentosa, Selaginella rupestris, and

Talinum rugosperma. Fire or anthropogenic disturbance that mimics fire increased the survival of these

species. Protection from tire led to the decline of

fire-tolerant species of savanna, prairie, fen, and white

pine communities.

Talinum rugosperma (C2)

10. BOYD, B. 1987. The effects of controlled burning on

three rare plants. T. Elias, editor. Conservation and

Management of Rare and Endangered Plants: proceedings from a conference of the California Native

Plant Society held in Sacramento, Calif., 5-8 November 1986.630 pp.

A small-scale controlled bum was conducted in October 1983 at the Pine Hill Ecological Reserve, California, to determine the effect of fire on Fremontodendron decumbens, Ceanothus roderickii, and Wyethia

reticulata. The three species possess varying combinations of adaptations to fire including re-sprouting,

fire-stimulated flowering, and root-sprouting. After

the bum, F. decumbens regenerated by root-sprouting. The increase of F. decumbens seedlings was 73

EFFECTS OF FIRE ON'hUKENEDANDENDANGEREDPLANTS 2 1

times greater in burned than in unburned plots; C.

roderickii experienced a 23.5-fold increase in establishment after the fire, and W. reticulata flowering

increased 23.5-fold after the fire. Appropriately timed

controlled burning is not a threat to W. reticulata’s

existence but is a necessary component of its reproduction.

Ceanothus roderickii (Cl), Fremontodendron decumbens

(Cl), Wyethia reticulata (C 1)

11. BOYD, R. S., ANDL. L. SERAFINI. 1992. Reproductive

attrition of the rare chaparral shrub Fremontodendron

decumbens Lloyd (Sterculiaceae). American Journal

of Botany 79( 11): 1264-1272.

[The authors] examined reproductive attrition in Fremontodendron decumbens to characterize sexual reproduction in this rare California shrub. Most seeds

(97.8%) were dormant due to an impermeable seed

coat. Breaking of the coat, mechanically or by heat,

allowed high levels of germination. Chamise charate

and ash added to the potting medium resulted in the

highest levels of germination and emergence. Most

seedlings produced in unburned chaparral by planting

heat-treated seeds in openings between shrubs were

destroyed by predators (rodents and insects). All seedlings that escaped predation died during the summer

drought. [The authors] concluded that sexual reproduction was limited by (in order of importance): 1)

lack of fire, 2) pre-dehiscence consumption by insects, 3) post-dehiscence consumption by rodents.

Size distributions from two populations revealed that,

despite the apparent absence of sexual reproduction

in unburned chaparral, two unburned sites contained

a large proportion of individuals in small size classes.

Excavation of several small individuals demonstrated

that they were sprouts from the roots of nearby larger

shrubs. Because asexual reproduction by rootsprouting circumvented the high attrition of sexual reproductive effort on unburned sites, sprouting from roots

may be a significant reproductive strategy of some

‘sprouter’ species in chaparral. [PA].

Fremontodendron decumbens (C 1)

12. B UNTING, S. C., H. A. WRIGHT, AND L. F.

NEUENSCHWANDER. 1980. Long-term fire effects on

cactus in the southern mixed prairie of Texas. Journal

of Range Management 33:85-88.

Few Opuntia phaeacantha (brownspine pricklypear)

were immediately killed by the direct effects of fire.

Most plants resprouted after burning in the spring, but

mortality averaged 70% by the end of the fourth year

EFFECTS OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 23

or absent where succession had advanced to mixed Three sensitive plant species occur inside the perimepine-hammock composition. ter of the 1993 fire in the Los Padres National Forest:

Chamaecrista lineata (C 3)) Phyllanthus pentaphyllus

(C2), Tragia saxicola (C2)

Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae, Sidalcea

hickmannii ssp.parishii, and Frittillaria ojaiensis. All

three species benefit from fire and are expected to

17. COBB, N. 1994. The effects of grazing and prescribed

recover from this fire.

burning on plant performance and population dynam- Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae (C I), Frittillaria

its of Chrysothamnus molestus. Northern Arizona ojaiensis (C2), Sidalcea hickmannii ssp. parishii (Cl)

University..Unpublished.

The effects of grazing, prescribed burning, season of 21*

bum, and climate on Crysothamnus molestus on the

Coconino Plateau in Northern Arizona are evaluated.

Burning in spring or in fall increased shoot growth.

However, mortality was high after burning in spring

and negligible after burning in fall. Shoot production

was less among the plants burned in spring than those

burned in fall. Cobb concluded that fall burning

should be employed on C. molestus and that managers

should consider large scale climatic variations when

evaluating long-term frequency and time of bum.

Chrysothamnus molestus (C2)

DUNWIDDIE, P. W. 1990. Rare plants in coastal heathlands: observations on Corema conradii and Helianthemum dumosum. Rhodora 92(869):22-26.

Dunwiddie describes the effects of prescribed burning

on two coastal heathland species, Corema conradii

and Helianthemum dumosum, in New England. Fire

killed adult C. conradii individuals but generated

abundant seedlings. After a spring bum, the cover and

flowering of H. dumosum increased. Occasional fire

may be necessary to maintain healthy, reproductive

populations of these species.

Corema conradii (0), Helianthemum dumosum (C2)

18. COLLIER, M. 1994. Natural Resources, Mesa Verde

Prescribed bums of areas with Astragalus schmolliae

National Park, Colorado. Personal communication.

will be conducted in the Mesa Verde National Park,

Colorado, during summer 1994. Results from M. Collier will be available in fall 1994. Collier observed that

Hackelia gracilenta was more prevalent after an earlier bum in the Mesa Verde National Park.

tabase]. Missoula, Montana: U.S. Forest Service, In22,

termountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire

ESSER, L. L. 1993. Torreya taxijiolia. In W. C. Fischer,

compiler. The Fire Effects Information System [DaSciences Laboratory. Unpublished.

Published research on tire adaptations of Torreya

taxifolia (Florida torreya) is lacking. A related species, T. californica (California torreya), sprouts from

roots, root crowns, and boles after fire. Torreya taxifolia may respond to fire in a similar manner. Until

recently, ground fires were a constant influence on the

neighboring long-leaf pine (Pinus palustris) forest

community. The smoke from these fires may have

operated as a natural fungicide by suppressing a fungus that now infects T. taxifolia. Torreya taxifolia is

known from northern Florida and southern Georgia.

Astragalus schmolliae (C2), Hackelia gracilenta (C2)

19. CURRIER, P. J. 1984. Response of prairie fringed

orchid to fire and reduction in grazing (Nebraska).

Restoration and Management Notes (2):28.

Traditional grazing practices and prescribed burning

are used to manage native grasslands at Crane Meadows, Nebraska, which contains more than 50 prairie

white fringed orchids (Platanthera leucophaea). The Torreya californica (0), Torreya taxifolia (E)

orchids were discovered after a bum in spring. Season-long grazing during the last 50 years maintained 23.

the orchids in a non-flowering state. Abundant moisture, less intense grazing, and fire probably contributed to the pulse of flowering.

Platanthera leucophaea (T)

20. DANIELSON , K. 1993. Marre fire rehabilitation plan

summary. Botany Technical Report. U.S. Forest Service, Los Padres National Forest, Calif. Unpublished.

18 PP.

FISHBEIN, M., AND D. GORI. 1992. The effect of

prescribed burns on the composition and structure of

Cienega vegetation, with special emphasis on the

Canelo Hills ladies’ tresses orchid, Spiranthes delitestens: post-bum responses. Report to the Nature Conservancy. The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, Ariz.

Unpublished.

The effects of prescribed burning on Spiranthes delitescens and the vegetation of its Cienega habitat 3

months after a treatment bum are reported. Nine plots
24 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

without Spirunfhes (referred to as experimental plots)

and two plots with Spirunthes were established. One

plot with Spiranthes and ail experimental plots were

burned. Vegetation height decreased in the burned

plot with Spirunthes and in all experimental plots. No

new Spiranthes recruits were evident in the Spiranthes plots, and the abundance of flowering stems did

not increase. Because of the variation in weather

conditions, several bum treatments may be necessary

to gain a better understanding of the effects of burning

on Cienega vegetation composition.

Spirunthes delitescens (C 1)

24. FOLKERTS, G. W. 1977. Endangered and threatened

carnivorous plants of North America. Pages 301-3 13

in G. T. Prance and T. S. Elias, editors. Extinction is

forever: proceedings of a symposium held at the New

York Botanical Garden, Bronx, N.Y., 11-13 May

1976.

Three genera of carnivorous plants, Surruceniu,

Dionuea, and Pinguicula are fire dependent. Moderate tires reduced competition from woody species and

stimulated growth of the species in these genera. Fire

suppression increased woody undergrowth and the

threat of severe fire. Surruceniu alutu produced larger

rhizomes and more leaves per rhizome on burned

sites. Fire was an important part of carnivorous plant

habitat and must be taken into account in future management. The genus Surruceniu has three listed and

two candidate species, Dionaea has one candidate

species, and Pinguicula has one listed and one candidate species.

Dionaea spp., Pinguicula spp., Sarracenia spp.

25. FREAS, K. E. 1993. Letter to Field Supervisor regarding proposed endangered status for three serpentine

plant species. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento, Calif.

Ceanothusferrisae appears to be primarily threatened

by development and lack of recruitment in existing

populations. During three years of monitoring three

populations of C. ferrisae [the author] found no evidence of recruitment; ail populations were composed

of mature and senescent individuals. Based on [the

author’s] experience with greenhouse propagation in

study done at Stanford’s Center for Conservation

Biology, the species apparently does not require fire

for germination, as is believed to be the case for many

chaparral shrub species. In that study, there were no

significant differences in germination rates between

heat treatment, stratification, and no treatment of

seeds, although stratification resulted in more rapid

germination than did the other two treatments. The

smallest C. ferrisae population burned during the

summer of 1992. On December 31, 1992, approximately 5% of the individuals survived the fire. All of

these individuals were damaged by the fire and currently support only one to several live branches. Potential seed production in the population has been

severely reduced. [PSI.

Ceanothusferrisae (E)

26. GANKIN, R., AND J. MAJOR. 1964. Arctostaphylos

myrtifoliu, its biology and relationship to the problem

of endemism. Ecology 45:792-808.

Fire plays an important role in chaparral plant communities and is extremely important in the Ione region

of California. Arctostaphylos myrtifolia is killed by

tire. However, tire creates open areas in which new

seedlings establish.

Arctostaphylos myrtifolia (C 1)

27.

28.

29.

GIBSON, D. J., AND L. C. HULBERT. 1987. Effects of

fire, topography and year to year climatic variation on

species composition in tallgrass prairie. Vegetation

72:175-185.

Described are compositional changes in response to

fire and topography during a 5-year period in native

unplowed tallgrass prairie at Konza Prairie, Kansas.

The percentage and cover of all C4 species and

grasses decreased when the prairie did not bum. A

secondary gradient reflected topography (upland versus lowland soils).

GLENN, S. M., AND S. L. COLLINS. 1992. Effects of

scale and disturbance on rates of migration and extinction of species in prairies. Oikos 63:273-280.

Relations between local annual immigration and extinction rates of plants and total species richness were

determined from long-term data in tallgrass and shortgrass prairies in Kansas. The researchers tested the

hypothesis that extinction rates are higher on burned

than on unburned grasslands. Extinction rates positively correlated with the number of species at a site,

and this relation was unaltered by burning.

GODFREY, R. K. 1976. Harper’s beauty (Hurperocallis Jlavu McDaniel). Pages 89-90 in J. N. Layne,

editor. Inventory of rare and threatened biota of Florida. Florida Audubon Society and Florida Defenders

of the Environment.
Err%crs OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 25

Harperocallis jlava occurs in only one bog in the

Apalachicola National Forest, Franklin County, Florida. Other plants associated with H.Jlava are adapted

to fire. Whether H. jlava is similarly adapted should

be determined.

Harperocallisflava (E)

30. GORDON, D. 1991. Response of two rare species to

manipulation: effects of fire on Matelea alabamensis

and effects of transplanting and shade on Conradina

glabra. The Nature Conservancy, Gainsville, Fla. Unpublished.

Matelea alabamensis was examined for its response

to burning. Individuals were marked and measured

prior to burning. Results indicate that plants under an

open canopy are more robust and are more likely to

flower than plants under a closed canopy. Fire suppression and upland site preparation may have caused

less robust vines. The effects of fire on Conradina

glabra were also examined. The author concluded

that burning under natural conditions may be required

to sustain this species. These observations were based

on preliminary data obtained in Florida.

Conradina glabra (E), Matelea alabamensis (C2)

31. GORDON, D. 1992a. Element stewardship abstract

report for Florida scrub community. The Nature Conservancy in association with the Network of Natural

Heritage Programs and Conservation Data Centers.

Arlington, Va. Unpublished.

The role of tire in maintaining the Florida scrub

community is discussed. The Florida scrub community and the neighboring longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) community are maintained by fire. Fire often

spreads from the longleaf pine community into the

Florida scrub community. Cerutiola ericoides, Panicum abscissum, Bonamia grandijlora, Lechea deckertii, L. cernua, and Paronychia chartacea are members of the Florida scrub community, and their

habitats may depend on fire.

Bonamia grandiflora (T), Ceratiola ericoides (0), Lechea

cernua (3C), Lechea deckertii (0), Panicum abscissum

(C2), Paronychia chartucea (T)

32. GORDON, D. 1992b. Element stewardship abstract for

pine rockland community. The Nature Conservancy,

Arlington, Va. Unpublished.

Persistence of the pine rockland community depends

on fire. Human development reduced the distribution

of this community. Amorpha crenulata, Brickellia

mosieri, Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea, C.

porteriana var. scoparia, Galactia smallii, and Polygala smallii occur in this community.

Amorpha crenulata (= A. herbacea var. crenulata) (E),

Brickellia mosieri (= B. eupatorildes var.Joridana) (C2),

Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea (E), Chamaesyce

porteriana var. scoparia (C2), Galactia smallii (E), Polygala smallii (E)

33. GORI, D. 1994. The Nature Conservancy, Tucson,

Ariz. Personal communication.

The Nature Conservancy in Arizona conducted prescribed bums of Chrysothamnus molestus in spring

and fall to determine the effect of the season of bum

on this species. Bums in spring were detrimental

because they occurred during the primary growing

season and caused high seedling mortality. Burns in

fall reduced shrub cover and increased survivorship.

The frequency of presettlement fires is approximately

7-12 years.

Chrysothamnus molestus (C2)

34. HARDIN, D. E., AND D. L. White. 1992. Rare vascular

plant taxa associated with wiregrass (Aristidu stricta)

in the southeastern United States. Natural Areas Journal 9~234-245.

[The authors] list 191 rare plant taxa that occur in

ecosystems in the southeastern United States (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,

and South Carolina) where wiregrass (Aristida

strictu) is an important component. Wiregrass ecosystems throughout the Southeast have been greatly reduced and continue to be threatened by conversion to

other uses and inappropriate fire management. [PA].

Aristidu stricta (0), Clitoriufragruns (Cl), Deeringothamnus pulchellus (E), Deeringothamnus rugelii (E), Hurperocallisflava (E), Hedeoma graveolens (= Stachydeoma

gruveolens) (0), Kalmiu cuneata (Cl), Lysimachiu asperulifolia (E), Muhlenbergia torreyana (0), Pyxidanthera

barbulata ssp. brevifolia (= P. brevifolia) (Cl), Rhododendron chapmanii (E), Rhus michauxii (E), Solidagopulchra

(C 1 ), Thalictrum cooleyi (E), Verbesina heterophylla (C 1)

35. HARTNEIT, D. C., AND D. R. RICHARDSON. 1989.

Population biology of Bonamiu grundifloru (Convolvulaceae): effects of fire on plant and seed bank

dynamics. American Journal of Botany 73:361-369.

The effects of disturbance on reproduction and plant

and seed bank dynamics of Bonamia grandtjlora are

discussed. Several populations of B. grandiflora were
26 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

studied during 3 years. Sites were either burned, mechanically disturbed, or left undisturbed. Fire increased stem densities, the percentage of flowers producing seeds, and the number of capsules and seeds

per plant. Fire caused a significant turnover in the seed

bank but no immediate change in population size.

Bonamia grandiflora is only known from Florida.

Bonamia grandiflora (T)

36. HAWKES, C. V., AND E. S. MENGES. 1995. Density

and seed production of a Florida endemic, Polygonella basiramia, in relation to time since fire and

open sand. The American Midland Naturalist

133:138-145.

Density and reproductive output in relation to fire,

open sand, and other site factors were determined for

Polygonella basiramia. This federally endangered

species is endemic to only three ridges in central

Florida and found primarily in rosemary (Ceratiola

ericoides) dominated sand pine (Pinus clausa) shrub.

Twenty-two sites ranging from 5 to >26 yr post-fire

were sampled. Site factors of openness, time since last

fire, dominant species, ground cover, elevation and

soil type were examined. Multivariate analyses identified the amount of open sand habitat at a site as the

only variable having a significant positive relationship with both plant density and seed production. Seed

production actually increased with conspecific density, suggesting that the lack of interspecific competition in open sand gaps helps define P. basiramia

microhabitat. Open sand habitat is critical in the life

history strategy of this obligate-seeding, perennial

herb in a community where it must compete with

larger, resprouting shrubs and herbs both immediately

after fire and during fire-free intervals. [AA].

Polygonella basiramia (E)

37. HERMANN, S. M. 1988. Preliminary report on the

impact of a mid-summer fire on Liatris provincialis

at the J. H. Phipps Preserve. Tall Timbers Research

Station, Tallahassee, Fla. Unpublished.

Two plots with Liatris provincialis were burned and

two unburned plots served as controls. The response

of L. provincialis to fire was measured. Additional

years are required to confirm benefits of fire to L.

provincialis.

Liatris provincialis (C2)

38. JACOBS, J. 1993. New hope for the Peter’s Mountain

Mallow. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin

18(3):13-14.

The seeds of Peter’s Mountain Mallow (Iliamna

corei) must be scarified to germinate. The Nature

Conservancy in Virginia and biologists with the Virginia Natural Heritage Program are using prescribed

bums to manage the only known population of this

species. This population had declined from 50 individuals in 1927 to 3 individuals in 1986. The first

prescribed bum in 1992 resulted in 12 new seedlings,

4 of which survived the first year. A bum in May 1993

resulted in 500 new seedlings.

Iliamna corei (= I. rivularis var. rivularis) (E)

39. JACOBSON, G. L., H. ALMQUIST-JACOBSON, AND J. C.

WINNE. 199 1. Conservation of rare plant habitat: insights from the recent history of vegetation and fire at

Crystal Fen, northern Maine, USA. Biological Conservation 57:287-314.

Crystal Fen in north-central Maine is a well known

locality of several rare plants. Recent drying and an

increase in woody vegetation in the fen may threaten

the habitat of Platanthera leucophaea and Tofieldia

glutinosa. The adjacent railroad bed and drainage

ditch may be causing the changes. Changes were

described with aerial photos (1938-present), present

vegetation, evidence of fire, and a pollen record of the

last 200 years. A decline in frequency of bums increased the abundance of woody plant species. However, the pollen record shows that this rare plant

habitat was created by the adjacent railroad tracks

built in 1893 and was subsequently maintained by

fires caused by drifting ash from steam locomotives.

When steam locomotives were replaced by diesel

engines, the fire regime was altered. The plants are

now threatened by the lack of fire and increasing

woody vegetation.

Platanthera leucophaea (T), Tofieldia glutinosa var. absona (C2)

40. JOHNSON, A. F. 1989. Four petal pawpaw (Asimina

tetramera) summary report. Florida Natural Areas

Inventory, Tallahassee, Fla. Unpublished.

The author observed two neighboring sites ofAsimina

tetramera among white sand scrub in Florida. One site

was composed of open vegetation and the other was

overgrown with woody vegetation. Data from these

two sites and observations by other researchers suggest that A. tetramera is more abundant after disturbance such as fire, hurricane, or cutting by humans.
EFFECTS OF FIRE ONTHF~EATENEDANDENDANGEREDPLANTS 27

Asimina tetramera (E)

41. JOHNSON, A. F. 1993a. Population status survey of

Calamovilfa curt&ii (Vassey) Lamson-Scribner.

Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Tallahassee, Fla.

Unpublished.

Calamovilfa curtissii is endemic to the Florida panhandle and occurs in association with wiregrass (Aristida stricta) and flatwood areas. A population in the

Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge is burned

frequently (every 3 years) and had been burned in

spring before the author visited the site. Younger

plants were frequent on bare ground between the

mature clumps of sandgrass. Fire prevented C. curtissii habitat from being invaded or shaded by shrubs.

Mechanical disturbance, which affects C. cur&ii, is

common because the plant occurs in roadside ditches

and along powerline rights-of-way.

Calamovilfa curtissii (C2)

42. JOHNSON, A. F. 1993b. Population status survey of

Liatris provincialis Godfrey. Florida Natural Areas

Inventory, Tallahassee, Fla. Unpublished.

Information on the taxonomy, range, habitat, and

management of Liatris provincialis is provided. Recent observations suggested that clear-cuts in and

around L. provincialis populations mimic the stimulatory effects of fire. Liatris provincialis produces an

underground corm, indicating that it can persist for

some time under a dense canopy in a suppressed state

until tire or clear-cutting removes the canopy and

stimulates the plant to flower. The author suggests,

however, that the absence of fires for a long period

would probably be detrimental to the species because

eventually the corms, suppressed under dense canopies, may begin to die off and not be replaced by new

seedlings.

Liatris provincialis (C2)

43. JOHNSON, A. F. 1993~. Population status and survey

of Polygonella macrophylla Small. Florida Natural

Areas Inventory, Tallahassee, Fla. Unpublished.

Polygonella macrophylla is endemic to scrubs along

the mainland coast of the Florida panhandle. It resprouts after fire, and anecdotal reports indicate that

fire may enhance flowering. The author suggests that

management of P. macrophylla requires the preservation of the stable communities in which it occurs.

Naturally occurring salt winds and fires should not be

obstructed.

Polygonella macrophylla (C2)

44. JOHNSON, A. F. 1994. Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Tallahassee, Florida. Personal communication.

Asimina tetramera (Annonaceae)-Comparison of

shaded and unshaded shrubs on two sites a few city

blocks apart (unpublished data) shows that shading

adversely affects percent of shrubs flowering-indicating the plant needs fire to maintain low stature of

surrounding scrub plants to permit flowering. Observations during a survey for [A. tetramera] in 1988 indicate

that cutting or mowing appears to stimulate the species

to re-sprout and flower. Species produces a very deep

taproot. Calamovilfa curtissii (Poaceae>-Observations during a survey for this species in 1987-88 in the

Florida Panhandle (Johnson, A. F., 1988) indicate that

it requires cutting or mowing to stimulate it to flower.

Liatris provincialis (Asteraceae)-Observations during a 1993 status survey for this species indicate that

reproduction in this species is also reduced by shading,

indicating that fire is necessary to stimulate reproduction. The species flowers vigorously after clearcutting-a process that may mimic the effects of tire in a

natural situation. Polygonella macrophylla (Polygonaceae)---This species has been observed to resprout following fire. It is found in open salt sprayed

prune oak scrub (Quercus myrtifolia, Q. geminata) on

coastal terraces in Okaloosa and Walton Counties. It

also grows with rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides) under

open sand pine (Pinus clausa) canopies, but has not

been found where the sand pine canopy closes to produce dense shade. It appears to flower vigorously a few

years after a fire, but this may also be because its

flowering stems are more conspicuous when the surrounding shrubs are lower. [Johnson] observed that

several shrubby members of the mint family (Conradina canescens, Calamintha ashei) are killed by fire and

recover from seed. This also appears to be the case for

Dicerandra frutescens (Menges, E. S. 1992). If this

generalization holds for other shrubby species in these

genera, it would include Conradina brevifolia, C.

glabra, C. etonia, Dicerandra comutissima, D. immaculata, and D. christmanii on the list of rare species

in Florida. [AS].

Asimina tetramera (0), Calamintha ashei (C2), Calamovilfa curtissii (C2), Ceratiola ericoides (0) Conradina brevifolia (= C. canescens) (E), Conradina etonia (E),

Conradina glabra (E), Dicerandra christmanii (E), Dicerandra cornutissima (E), Dicerandrafrutescens (E), Dicerandra immaculata (E), Liatris provincialis (C2), Polygonella macrophylla (C2)
28 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

45. JOHNSON, A. F., AND W. G. ABRAHAMSON. 1990. A

note on the fire responses of species in rosemary

scrubs on the Southern Florida Lake Wales Ridge.

Florida Scientist 53: 138-l 43.

Three herbaceous species (Lechea deckertii, L. cernua, and Paronychia chartacea) appeared in postbum

samples of plots in rosemary scrubs, that were rare or

absent in prebum samples of the same plots and were

also rare in samples of plots in unburned scrubs.

Changes in cover levels with stand age suggest that

these species are displaced by the increasing cover of

rosemary and reindeer lichens within 9-12 years,

their populations then being rejuvenated by periodic

fires. [AA].

Lechea cernua (3C), L. deckertii (0), Paronychia chartucea (T)

46. JOHNSON,A.F.,AND A. BLYTH. 1988.Re-discovery

of the Calamovilfu curtissii (Gramineae) in Florida

Panhandle. Sida 13: 137-140.

The range of Calamovilfa curtissii in the Florida

panhandle was re-examined and expanded. The plant

is associated with wiregrass (Aristidu stricta) flatwoods that are considered a fire-managed community. Populations of C. curtissii that were either recently burned or mechanically disturbed flowered

profusely.

Calamovilfa curtissii (C2)

47. JORDAN, M. J. 1994. The Nature Conservancy, Cold

Spring Harbor, New York. Personal communication.

The abundances of two subpopulations of Agalinis

acutu increased drastically in 1993, after prescribed

bums at the Hampstead Plains North, Nassau County,

Long Island, New York, in 1992. A conclusion that fire

was responsible because populations typically fluctuate

widely from year to year is premature. Populations also

increased at another Long Island site (Sayville Grassland) that was not burned but was extensively brushhogged and mowed. Fire and mowing were probably

responsible for the increases at the Hampstead Plains

North and Sayville, especially because populations at

all other Long Island sites either decreased or remained

unchanged.

Agalinis acutu (E)

48. KAGAN, J. 1992. Draft species management guide for

Culochortus umpquaensis Fredricks. Roseburg District of the Bureau of Land Management and Umpqua

National Forest. Unpublished.

Calochortus umpquaensis occurs in Douglas-fir

(Pseudotsuga menziesii), mixed conifer forests in Oregon with a natural tire frequency of 10-20 years. Fire

suppression during the past 80 years changed the open

habitat into a closed canopy forest that is dominated by

Douglas-fir. Without the reintroduction of fire, populations of this species may disappear over time.

Calochortus umpquaensis (C 1)

49. KAYE, T. N., K. CONNELLY, AND K. FINLEY. 1994.

Population viability analysis of an endangered plant,

Lomatium bradshawii, under three prairie burning

treatments. Supplement to Bulletin of the Ecological

Society of America 75: 106.

Lomatium bradshawii is an endangered plant species

of western Oregon prairies that were burned annually

by Native Americans prior to Euro-American settlement. The plants are perennial, reproduce by seed

only, and do not maintain a persistent soil seed bank.

We used transition matrix models incorporating observed environmental stochasticity to determine the

effects of prescribed fires on the viability of two

populations. Three fire treatments were used: burned

three times in six years (1988-1993), twice in six

years, and not burned (control). Burning tended to

improve fruit production and subsequent seedling

recruitment, and lower mortality of seedlings and

small vegetative plants. In addition, fire increased the

equilibrium population growth rate (h) of both populations from 0.943 and 0.928 (respectively for each

population) without burning, to 1.110 and 0.976 when

burned in two years, to 1.190 and 1.014 when burned

three times. The risk of extinction declined sharply

with increased fire frequency, from 100% without fire

at both populations, to 100% and 52% when burned

twice, to 0% when both populations were burned three

times. Fire is an effective tool for maintaining viable

populations of this endangered species. Our results

suggest that in the absence of fire, even large populations will eventually decline to extinction. [AA].

Lomatium bradshawii (E)

50. KELLY, V. R., AND V. T. PARKER. 1990. Seed bank

survival and dynamics in sprouting and nonsprouting

Arctostaphylos species. American Midland Naturalist

124:114-123.

Species of the genus Arctostuphylos in the chaparral

regenerate after fire either by obligate seeding or by

sprouting. The authors tested the hypothesis that sprouting species do not differ from nonsprouting species in

flower, fruit, and seed production. The productions of
EFFECTS OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 29

inflorescence, infructescence, and fruit do not differ

significantly between A. canescens and A. glandulosa.

Results suggested that the reproduction of sprouting

and nonsprouting chaparral species after fire do not

consistently differ.

Arctostaphylos glandulosa is known only from California.

Arctostaphylos glandulosa (C 1)

51.

52.

KIRBY, R. E., S. 3. LEWIS, AND T. N. SEXSON. 1988.

Fire in North American wetland ecosystems and firewildlife relations: an annotated bibliography. U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 88(l).

146 pp.

This is a comprehensive bibliography of fire in wetland

communities. Also provided are limited references to

fire in grassland, forest, scrub, desert, chaparral, tropical

boreal, and subalpine vegetation types and to the relation

between tire and wildlife in these areas.

KIRKMAN, L. K., AND M. B. DREW. 1993. Season of

fire effects on the federally endangered Schwalbea

americana: preliminary results. Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, Ichauway, and the Georgia

Institute of Ecology. Unpublished.

The authors experimentally examined the responses

of Schwalbea americana populations to season of

bum. Flowering occurred in response to burning regardless of season. Fire management practices that

vary from the traditional tire regime in winter may not

be devastating to the population because flower production is delayed until post-fire conditions again

exist. Schwalbea americana is known from the eastem United States.

Schwalbea americana (E)

53. KRAL, R. 1983. A report on some rare, threatened, or

endangered forest-related plants of the south. U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga. Technical Publication R&TP

2. 1,305 pp.

Kral’s two volume set details the taxonomy, phenology, distribution, ecology, and habitat of more than

300 forest-related rare, threatened, and endangered

vascular plants of the South. A table is provided for

each species and includes information about the species’ response to several management practices, including prescribed bums.

54. LESICA, P. 1992. The effects of fire on Silene spaldingii

at the Dancing Prairie Preserve. Nature Conservancy

progress report. The Nature Conservancy, Helena,

Mont. Unpublished.

Results suggest that recruitment of Silene spaldingii

is enhanced in grasslands following fire. There was a

modest trend for increased flowering in bum plots, but

there was no evidence for increased growth. These

effects may become more apparent in subsequent

years as nutrients released by fire are absorbed by the

plants. There was no evidence for increased mortality

in bum plots. Density of S. spaldingii was greatest in

spring bum plots compared to fall bum plots. Spring

bum plots generally had a lower intensity. It is not

known whether the positive effects of the spring bum

are the result of the cooler bum conditions or the early

phenology of the plants. Results from subsequent

years will provide further information on the effects

of fire on S. spaldingii. [AS].

Silene spaldingii (C2)

55. MACROBERTS, M. H., AND B. R. MACROBERTS.

1990. Notes on the occurrence of Platanthera integra

(Nutt.) A Gray Ex Beck (Orchidaceae) in West Central Louisiana. Phytologia 69:378-38 1.

The authors surveyed bogs in the Kisatchie District of

the Kisatchie National Forest in west-central Louisiana. Platanthera integra occurred in 35% of the bogs.

None of the bogs had been burned in the year preceding the survey; however, all but one had been burned

in winter 1989-90, the last year of the survey. Flowering of P. integra after fire increased in most bogs.

The only bog that did not bum in 1989-90 did not

increase in flowering. Blooming peaked 2-3 weeks

earlier in the burned bogs than in the unburned bog.

Platanthera integra (0)

56. MCCLARAN, M. P., AND P. C. SUNDT. 1992. Population dynamics of the rare orchid Spiranthes delitestens. Southwestern Naturalist 37:299-333.

Spiranthes delitescens is known from only four locations in southeastern Arizona. A prescribed bum in

April 1979 was used in an attempt to increase flowering.

Although flowering increased after the burn, it also

increased in other burned and in unburned sites. In May

1986, another bum was conducted at the same site, but

no plants flowered in the following summer. The

authors compared grazed and burned sites with control

sites but stress that possible inherent site differences

prohibit conclusions about the effects of grazing and

burning. Because many Spiianthes species favorably

respond to fire, the authors recommend that a controlled

experiment be performed to assess the effects of burn-
30 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

ing, grazing, and mowing on the population dynamics

of S. delitescens.

Spirunthes delitescens (C 1)

57. MELGOZA, G., R. S. NOWAK, AND R. J. TAUSCH.

1990. Soil water exploitation after fire: competition

between Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and two native species. Oecologia 83:7-13.

Bromus tectorum becomes abundant after fire in

semiarid areas of western North America. The authors

examined this phenomenon in relation to plant-water

potential and competition with the native plants Stipu

comata and Chtysothamnus viscidiflorus. They measured soil water content, plant water potential, aboveground biomass production, and water-use efficiency

to determine whether B. tectorum competes with

either of the two native species. Soil water content

was significantly lower around native species in association with B. tectorum than around individuals without the presence of B. tectorum.

Bromus tectorum (0), Chrysothumnus viscid@orus (C2),

Stipa corn&u (0)

58.

59.

MENGES, E. S. 1986. Predicting the future of rare plant

populations: demographic monitoring and modeling.

Natural Areas Journal 6: 13-25.

Conservation biology desperately needs techniques to

predict the future of small populations and endangered species, and to guide conservation strategy and

management tactics. In particular, information is required on extinction probability and minimum viable

population. Techniques in population viability analysis are just being developed; they have the potential

for providing such information, but have not yet been

applied to plants. Most techniques focus on genetic

factors rather than environmental or demographic,

although the last two may constitute more immediate

threats to small plant populations. This paper reviews

modeling and data collection approaches to predicting

rare plant populations. The projections are driven by

empirical data on life history components: mortality,

growth, and fecundity of individuals grouped by defined life history stages. To fully utilize the techniques, a long-term commitment (three years or more)

to data collection of moderate intensity is required.

Data collection issues and methods are illustrated by

referring to an ongoing study of Furbish’s lousewort

in Maine. [PA].

MENGES, E. S. 1988. Population biology of a rare

prairie forb: Silene regia 1987-1988. Report to the

Ohio Department of Natural Resources and the Indiana Academy of Sciences. Holcomb Research Institute, Indianapolis, Ind. Unpublished.

Described are the effects of habitat fragmentation on

population viability of Silene regiu, a midwestem

plant species. The growth rates of this plant were the

highest in populations that had been subjected to

controlled burning. Most S. regia become more productive with plant size. Menges recommends burning,

control of woody vegetation, and maintenance of

other hummingbird food plants to sustain the habitat

of S. regia.

Silene regiu (C3)

60. MENGES, E. S. 1992. Habitat preferences and response to disturbance for Dicerandra frutescens, a

Lake Wales Ridge (Florida) endemic plant. Bulletin

of the Torrey Botanical Club 119:308-3 13.

Dicerundru frutescens is restricted to drained yellow

sands with evergreen oak-dominated scrub vegetation. Fires in spring, manual defoliation, or removal

of above ground tissues killed 100% of D. fiutescens

in a field experiment. After fire, D. frutescens recruited from seed stored in soil. Fire is probably

beneficial to D. frutescens. Populations that were

burned in the previous decade tend to be the most

vigorous.

Dicerandra frutescens (E)

61.

62.

MENGES, E. S., AND N. M. KOHFELDT. 1994. Life

history strategies of Florida scrub plants in relation to

fire. In Preparation. Archbold Biological Station,

Lake Placid, Fla. Unpublished.

Ninety-eight species found in either rosemary scrub

or scrubby flatwoods were placed into guilds based

on recovery mechanisms. Most (92%) of species are

in 4 guilds: resprouters (mainly woody shrubs), resprouters and seeders (small-statured shrubs, palms,

and herbaceous perennials), obligate seeders (mainly

herbs), and resprouters and clonal spreaders. Herbaceous plants tended to decrease with time since tire.

Vegetative recovery modes generally increased in

frequency with time since fire. In rosemary scrub,

seedling recovery has been favored, whereas vegetative recovery has come to predominate in scrubby

flatwoods. In managing Florida scrub, a variety of

fire-return intervals at any site are needed to promote

diversity of both life history and species. [AS].

MENGES, E. S., AND J. MCANLIS. 1994. Microhabitat

and time since fire: effects on demography of a Flor-
EFFECTS OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED FUNTS 3 1

ida scrub endemic plant. In preparation. Archbold

Biological Station, Lake Placid, Fla.

The effects of 22 microhabitat characteristics on survival, growth, and fecundity of 1,287 Eryngium

cuneifolium were examined during 4 years. Survival

increased with distance to the nearest shrub and size

of open spaces. Ceratiola ericoides and Calamintha

ashei seemed to increase the mortality of E. cuneifolium more than other shrub species. Sand accretion

increased growth and fecundity of E. cuneifolium.

This herbaceous endemic is dependent on an open

habitat, which is maintained by disturbance such as

fire. [AS].

Calamintha ashei (C2), Ceratiola ericoides (0), Eryngium

cuneifolium (E)

63. MOSELEY, R. K., AND R. C. CRAWFORD. 1993. Population monitoring and management plan for the Idaho

phlox (Phlox idahonis). Idaho Department of Fish and

Game, Natural Resource Policy Bureau, Boise, Idaho.

Unpublished.

Direct gradient analysis of plant cover data indicate

that livestock grazing intensity explained a majority

of floristic variation in plant monitoring plots. Secondarily, meadow type and soil water content explained

the remaining variation. Summary of stem density for

all plots indicates that Phlox idahonis remained stable

over the fifteen year period (of study). There was

however, significant differences between meadows.

Phlox density increased in one plot in Eureka Meadows, the cause of which is unexplainable to us. It

decreased in plot 7, however, probably as a result of

post-fire succession at this site in the CPTPA

Meadow. Phlox disappeared completely from Plot 4

in North Casey Meadow. Stem density and vegetation

composition and structure data indicate that heavy

livestock grazing are not detrimental to population

viability. We also found that shrub and tree invasion

of the prime meadow habitat does not appear to be a

threat, at least during the 15year monitoring period.

The current conservation status of Phlox idahonis, as

a category 1 candidate, is appropriate. Our recommendations include protection for all populations, grazing

be excluded from heavily grazed meadows, permanent plots be read every 5 years, and management

remain adaptive to new information, among others.

PAI.

Phlox idahonis (C 1)

64. MOSELEY, R. K., M. MANCUSO, AND J. HILTY. 1990.

Field investigation and status survey of Penstemon

lemhiensis (Lemhi penstemon) in Idaho. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, Idaho. Unpublished.

Numerous and varied human-caused threats to Lemhi

penstemon have been recognized throughout its

range. These include road building, road maintenance

activity, mining, botanical and horticultural collecting, herbicide spraying, and livestock grazing. Although not previously recognized by other investigators, we believe that the unnatural rate of vegetative

succession due to fire suppression is the greatest threat

to the long-term viability of the species in Idaho.

Although most surveys have relied on the occurrence

of Lemhi penstemon on roadcuts to find populations,

these plants from artificial habitats contribute little to

the overall viability of the species. Conservation planning for Lemhi penstemon should focus on natural

populations in natural habitats. [PA].

Penstemon lemhiensis (C2)

65.

66.

MYERS, R. L. 1989. Condominiums, trailer parks and

high intensity fires: the future of sand pine scrub

preserves in Florida. Proceedings of the 17th Tall

Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. Tallahassee, Fla.

Sand pine scrub, a sand pine/evergreen sclerophyllous

shrub community endemic to Florida, is maintained

by infrequent high-intensity fires. Scrub is habitat for

2 1 federally listed endangered or threatened species,

all of which depend on the scrub fire regime. This

paper reviewed the biological attributes of the scrub,

the role fire plays in maintaining various scrub habitats, and management implications for the community

as Florida’s burgeoning population and phenomenal

rate of development threaten remaining scrubs. [PA].

MYERS, R., AND S. BOETTCHER. 1987. Flowering

response of cutthroat grass (Panicum abcissum) following fire. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of

America 68:375.

Cutthroat grass forms a continuous cover on seepage

slopes in central Florida. The grass is flammable and

will carry fire throughout the year. In the absence of

tire, these cutthroat glades are invaded by pines and

hardwoods. Burns were conducted monthly in four

glades, each with a known fire history. In one glade,

additional plots received the following monthly treatments: mowed, fertilized, or mowed and fertilized.

Flowering occurred after summer burns, but not after

winter bums. A few blooms appeared on control plots

in glades with a history of recent fire, but none appeared on control plots that had not been burned
32 INFOFMUION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

recently. The greatest number of flowering stalks

appeared on plots that were mowed and fertilized

rather than burned, but both mowing and fertilizing

alone also stimulated flowering. It appears that the

persistence of cutthroat glades depends not only on

the flammability of the grass limiting the encroachment of woody species but also on flowering stimulated by summer bums. [AA].

Panicum abscissum (C2)

67.

68.

OWEN, W. R., AND R. ROSENTRETER. 1992. Monitoring rare perennial plants: techniques for demographic

studies. Naturai Areas Journal 12:32-39.

Demographic monitoring of rare plant species is an

essential component of an effective species management program. Traditional demographic techniques

may fail to provide a clear view of the population

processes of rare species because of statistical and

logistical problems associated with small sample

sizes, and because of the particular biological properties of rare perennial species. Managers need to be

aware of these potential barriers to the interpretation

of demographic data and know how to compensate

through adjustments in their monitoring program.

[AAl.

PARKER, V. T. 1987. Effects of wet-season management bums on chaparral vegetation: implications for

rare species. Pages 233-237 in T. Elias, editor. Conservation and Management of Rare and Endangered

Plants. Proceedings from a conference of the California Native Plant Society, held in Sacramento, Calif.,

5-8 November 1986.

Many chaparral species, including most rare and endangered chaparral species, depend on seed banks in

the soil for recovery after fire. The author examines

the effects of a prescribed bum in winter on the

regeneration of several chaparral species, including

Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. montanu. Prescribed

bums in Marin County, California, were studied for

three growing seasons. Field and experimental data

indicated decreasing germination of shrubs and herbaceous species after bums during winter. Parker

recommended that the effects of prescribed bums

during moist conditions on species regeneration

should be carefully considered.

Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. montana (C2)

69. PAVLIK, B. M. 1991. Reintroduction of Amsinckia

grandiflora to three sites across its historic range.

State of California, Department of Fish and Game,

Endangered Plant Program, Sacramento, Calif. Unpublished.

Using methods developed on this and other endangered plants, Pavlik succeeded in creating a new,

vigorous population of Amsinckia grandiflora within

its historic range. An experimental design with demographic monitoring was used to test the effects of

burning, hand clipping, and a grass-specific herbicide

on the fates of 3,460A. grandifora nutlets. The study

concluded that new populations of A. grandiflora

could be created in mesic annual grassland if the

habitat is treated to minimizecompetition with annual

grasses. [PA].

Amsinckia grandiflora (E)

70. PAVLIK, B. M., D. L. NICKRENT , AND A. M. HOWALD.

1993. The recovery of an endangered plant: creating

a new population of Amsinckia grandifora. Conservation Biology 75 10-526.

Amsinckia grand$ora is an annual plant of the winterwet, summer-dry grasslands of northern California. The

authors discuss initial efforts to recover A. grandijlora

by re-establishing the species in its historical range and

evaluate the effects of habitat manipulations such as

fire, herbicide application, and clipping of its regrowth.

Five of 20 2x2-m plots were burned on 20 October 1989

immediately after seeding. Researchers monitored in

situ germination, stress factors (desiccation, etiolation,

and grazing), mortality, phenology, reproductive survivorship, and nutlet production per plant and per plot.

One month after the first rains, live grasses constituted

44% of the total cover on control plots and between

17% and 23% on treatment plots; the burned plots had

the smallest percentages of cover. Fire significantly

reduced mortality early in the growing season and

increased survivorship and plant size at maturity. The

nutlet production per plant was unaffected by fire.

Amsinckia grandijlora (E)

71. PAVLOVIC, N. B. 1994. Disturbance-dependent persistence of rare plants: anthropogenic impacts and

restoration implications. In M. L. Bowles and

C. Whelan, editors. Recovery and Restoration of Endangered Species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 28 pp.

Many rare plant species are successional and require

disturbances for their regeneration. Their persistence

depends on concordance of their life histories with the

temporal and spatial patterns, and intensity or severity

of disturbance regimes. These species are classified

into three response categories: 1)species that persist
EFFECTS OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 33

only under natural disturbance regimes in natural

habitats and decline under human impact, 2) species

that occur under both natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes and habitats, and 3) species that no

longer occur under natural habitats, but persist in

anthropogenically disturbed habitats. Managing or

restoring disturbance-dependent rare plant species requires an understanding of the relationship between

the scale of suitable patch disturbance regimes and

population dynamics. [PSI.

Amsinckia grandiflora (E), Aristida tuberculosa (0),

Dicerandra frutescens (E), Hudsonia tomentosa (0), Platanthera leucophaea (T), Polygonella articulata (0),

Talinum rugospermum (C2) Trifolium stoloniferum (E)

72. PHILLIPS, B. G., H. GREEN, S. DUDLEY, AND R.

GALEANO-POPP. 1992. Prescribed fire research on

Flagstaff pennyroyal (Hedeoma dtffusum Greene).

Pages 162-169 in Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants. R. Sivinski and K. Lightfoot, editors.

Proceedings of the Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plant Conference held in Santa Fe, N.Mex., 30

March-2 April 1992.

A prescribed bum study on Hedeoma diffusum is

being conducted in the Coconino National Forest,

New Mexico. Preliminary results after two years indicate pre- and post-monsoon cool bums may yield

increases in plant numbers through successful survivorship and enhanced recruitment. The responses after the bums were highly variable from plot to plot,

however, further analysis of the data and continued

monitoring for several years will be necessary to

provide definitive conclusions. [AA].

Hedeoma diffusum (= H. diffusa) (C3)

13. POPOVICH, S. 1994. Bureau of Land Management,

Shoshone, Idaho. Personal communication.

Astragalus oniciformis occurs in sagebrush steppe

communities and is endemic to Blaine, Minidoka, and

Lincoln counties in south-central Idaho. Although tire

before settlement in this area occurred with an estimated frequency of 20-80 years, it has been suppressed since the early 1900s. Because fire suppression and the invasion of exotic annuals created

increased fuel loads, fires now bum more frequently

and more intensely. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the National Biological Service initiated

a 5year study of the demography and the effects of

fire on A. oniciformis. As of 1994,2 years of unpublished data are available. The initial results suggest

that A. oniciformis has a low mortality when subjected

to high-intensity fires because of a deep taproot and a

stout caudex that remain unburned. Personal observations indicate a vigorous return of A. oniciformis

during the first year after fire. Astragalus atratus var.

inseptus is endemic to ephemeral swales of a moundintermound sagebrush complex of the Bennett Hills

of south- central Idaho. This portion of the community

is rocky and burns infrequently. Fires tend to be cool

and irregular. However, A. atratus also occurs in the

flat areas of a community that is composed of sagebrush and bunchgrasses. Here, tires are more frequent

and more intense. Personal observations revealed that

the plant’s stout caudex and deep taproot often promote its survival in fire.

Astragalus atratus var. inseptus (C2), Astragalus oniciformis (C2)

74. ROBINETT, D. 1992. Letter to Sue Rutman, U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Phoenix,

AliZ.

In June 1991, Robinett, in conjunction with the Arizona State Land Department and the State Department of Agriculture, performed a controlled bum on

a pasture with several Corypantha scheeri var.

robustispina plants. On 5 June 1992, he observed that

all the plants had been burned, all sprouted, and all the

large plants were in bloom. One plant that was completely scorched had sprouted and was blooming.

Robinett plans to continue monitoring the effects of

fire on this species.

Corypantha scheeri var. robustispina (T)

75. ROME, A. 1987. Element stewardship abstract report

for Thalictrum cooleyi. The Nature Conservancy,

Carrboro, N.C. Unpublished.

Thalictrum cooleyi is an early successional species

that requires open habitat. Without a regular disturbance regime, the species will be eliminated by competition from other species. Fire suppression reduces

open habitat and is therefore detrimental to this plant.

Other disturbances such as mowing, plowing, and

clear-cutting were recently substituted for tire. In the

absence of disturbance, some populations may be

endangered. The appropriate frequency of disturbance has not yet been determined. However, the

author recommends that controlled bums, if conducted, should be in winter or in early spring when

reproductive plant parts would be spared.

Thalictrum cooleyi is known from North Carolina and

Florida.
34 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

Thalictrum cooleyi (E)

76. SCHNELL, D. E. 1982. Effects of simultaneous draining and brush cutting on a Surruceniu L. population

in a southeastern North Carolina pocosin. Castanea

4’7:248-260.

The cutting, burning, and ditching of a very large

pocosin in southeastern North Carolina for silviculture afforded the opportunity to observe the response

of three species of Surruceniu growing in the dense

brush. Prior to disturbance (the last fire was some

twenty years previously), pitcher plants were growing

poorly but maintained a presence. Subsequent to

clearing, the immediate effects of increased light and

decreased aerial competition became apparent with an

exuberant growth release wherein the Surrucenius

became dominant and there was an increase in seedling activity. The effects of ditching lagged and the

soil did not begin to dry for one to two years after

clearing at which time the Surrucenius promptly decreased, even though shrub sprouting had recurred

sufficiently to provide significant competition. The

events in the pocosin are compared to reports of

savanna burnings and the possible significance of

burning the cut brush of the pocosin after drying is

discussed along with the various previous and current

soil analyses. It is concluded that the effects of mechanical clearing followed by decreasing hydration

were probably the most important factors involved in

Surruceniu reaction. [AA].

Surruceniuflavu (0), Surruceniupurpureu ssp. venosu (0),

Surruceniu rubru ssp. ulubumensis (E), Surruceniu rubru

ssp. jonesii (E).

77. SCHWARTZ, M. W., AND S. HERMAN. 1991. The role

of fire suppression in the catastrophic decline of the

endangered conifer, Torreyu tuxifoliu. Bulletin of the

Ecological Society of America 72:244.

[The authors] present evidence that fire suppression

may have contributed to the fungal decline of torreya

(Torreyu tuxifoliu). During the 1950s torreya suffered

a catastrophic die-back. The torreya die-back was

probably caused by needle pathogens induced

through environmental stress. Several environmental

stresses were concurrent with the decline of the torreya. One of these stresses may have been fire suppression. Torreya grows within ravines, where fires

usually do not occur. However, smoke from the frequent natural upland fires settled into ravines. [The

authors] present data showing that several needle

pathogens isolated from torreya have reduced germination and growth rates on substrates treated with

smoke. Succession, as a result of fire suppression, also

reduced light incidence within ravines. [The authors]

show that torreya growth is correlated with light incidence. [The authors] discuss the fire hypothesis in the

context of other hypotheses for the torreya decline.

[AAl.

Torreyu tuxifoliu is known from Florida and Georgia.

Torreyu tuxifoliu (E)

78. SHAFFER, K. 1993. Report to the Fish and Game

Commission on the status of Vail Lake ceanothus

(Ceunothus ophiochilus). Natural Heritage Division

Status Report #93-3. Unpublished.

Like many other members of the Ceunothus genus, C.

ophiochilus is an obligate seeder. Germination of its

seeds requires heat or scarification, making C. ophiochilus fire dependent. The season, frequency, intensity, and duration of the fires are important variables

in the long-term viability of the species. The maintenance of populations of members of the Cerastes

section of the Ceunothus genus, of which C. ophiochilus is a member, require high-intensity tires at long

intervals. This species is particularly well adapted to

the duration and frequency of fires, which occur in

summer and late fall.

Ceunothus ophiochilus is known from California.

Ceunothus ophiochilus (C2)

79. SMITH, I. 1992. Element stewardship abstract for

Lysimuchiu usperulifoliu. The Nature Conservancy,

Chapel Hill, N. C. Unpublished.

Lysimuchiu usperulifoliu is shade intolerant and requires a regular fire regime. However, the effect of the

season of bums on populations of this species is not

known. The North Carolina Office of the Nature

Conservancy initiated a long-term study of the effects

of fire on L. usperulifoliu in 1987. Studies at the Green

Swamp Preserve, North Carolina, revealed that fires

may stimulate the flowering of the species.

Lysimuchiu usperulifoliu (E)

80. SMITH, W. 1994. The Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minn. Personal communication.

The Minnesota field office of The Nature Conservancy has been monitoring the effects of prescribed

burning on Plutuntherupruecluru and Lespedezu leptostuchyu. As of 1994, 10 years of data were collected

but will not be synthesized or available for approximately 5 years.
EFFECTS OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 35

Lespedeza leptostachya (E), Platanthera praeclara (T)

81. SOBLO, D. 1994. The Nature Conservancy, Columbia,

SC. Personal communication.

Fire is extremely important for Oxypolis canbyi,

which occurs in habitat with a regular tire frequency.

The Nature Conservancy observed an increase from

fewer than 50 individuals to more than 200 after a hot

wildfire in 1980. Since the 198Os, the same population

decreased to approximately 10 plants. The Nature

Conservancy is planning to research the effects of fire

frequency, intensity, and season of bum on 0. canbyi.

Oxypolis canbyi (E)

82.

83.

STONE, C. P., AND J. M. SCOTT. 1985. Hawaii’s

terrestrial ecosystems:preservation and management.

Cooperative National Park Resources and Studies

Unit, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii.

This book covers various aspects of species conservation and preservation in Hawaii. Several chapters

provide relevant information on fire and the habitat of

federally listed species. However, no species-specific

effects of fire are mentioned. Because the frequency

of natural tires before human habitation was relatively

low, fire is detrimental to most of the native plants of

the islands. Fire has also played a key role in encouraging the spread of non-native species in Hawaii.

SUTTER, R. D. 1994. Summary of “The effect of

varied fire frequency on Lysimachia asperulifolia”

study in North Carolina, 1987-1992. Unpublished

Report to The Nature Conservancy, Chapel Hill, N.C.

Unpublished.

The North Carolina Office of The Nature Conservancy performed a 5-year study to measure the response of Lysimachia asperulifolia to prescribed

burning. Three treatment levels were assigned to 12

plots of variable size: bum every year, bum every

other year, and bum every fourth year. The effects of

the treatments did not differ.

Lysimachia asperulifolia (E)

84. THOMAS, P. A. 1988. Mechanisms by which cacti

persist in tire-prone habitats of Arizona. Preliminary

Report to the British Ecological Society. Unpublished.

Fourteen months after a prescribed bum, Thomas

examined the effect of fire on several species of cacti.

The mortality of Echinocereus pectinatus 14 months

after the fire was 12% higher than on a control site but

was only 4% higher immediately after the fire. Cacti

can make use of internal reserves for months or years

despite being severely damaged. Cactus plants that

survived burning recovered primarily by regrowth

from the apex. Regrowth was often prolific. Flower

production after burning was the same or better than

on unburned control sites.

Echinocereus pectinatus (0)

85. THOMAS, P. A. 1991. Response of succulents to tire:

a review. International Journal of Wildland Fire 1: 1 l22.

Many succulents live in fire-prone habitats with fire

frequencies ranging from l-3 years (Canadian Prairies) to ~250 years (Sonoran Desert). Mortality after

tire is often >50% but rarely total. A few plants are

left unburnt in refugia but most cacti and leaf succulents persist by survival of the apical meristem, an

adaptation to the normal climate of such habitats.

Similarly, reproduction is governed by weather patterns, not fire. Apex survival is critical because

growth from other meristems (above or below

ground) is rare except in the leaf succulents, Agave

and Aloe. Survival is consequently dependent upon

the frequency and intensity of fire. [AA].

Echinocereus triglochidiatus (E)

86. THOMAS, L. 1994. Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, National Park Service, Republic, Missouri. Personal communication.

During four seasons, Thomas collected data on tire

and Lesquerella filiformis. Lesquerella filiformis, a

winter annual, experienced high mortality in response

to bums in spring but demonstrated no distinct response to bums in late summer. However, the treatment plots were small (3 x 3 meters), and the intensity

of the fire was low. A second study incorporated

larger plot sizes (15 x 15 meters), a bum of the entire

community, and fires in late summer. Although the

data have not yet been analyzed, Thomas observed

that fires in June caused no distinct response on L.

filiformis, but tires in late August produced a flush of

germination. Because the population size of L. filiformis is intensely variable from year to year, it is difficult to attribute this flush of germination to the late

August tires.

Lesquerellafiliformis (E)

87. TROUP,R.L.,ANDS.MCDANIEL. 1980.Currentstatus

report on Sarracenia oreophila. Washington D.C.
36 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

Office of Endangered Species. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service. Unpublished.

Surruceniu oreophifa reproduces primarily by vegetative means, with seedlings found only in a few

populations. Species appear to be adapted to fire with

an increase in flowering after fire and an increase in

population size in sites managed by fire. [PA].

Surrucenia oreophilu is known from Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee.

Surruceniu oreophilu (E)

88. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1979. Determination that three Hawaiian plants are endangered species. Federal Register 44(211):62468-62469.

Accidental tires set by hunters or the military destroyed vegetation surrounding Stenogyne ungusttfoliu var. angustifoliu, Huplostuchys haplostuchya var.

ungustifoliu, and Lipochuetu venosu. Fires may destroy established plants and thereby create open habitat and promote invasion by exotic species that harm

native taxa. The three species were extirpated in part

of their range by these processes.

Huplostuchys huplostuchya var. ungustifoliu (= H.

huplostuchyu) (E), Lipochuetu venosu (E), Stenogyne ungustifoliu var. ungustifoliu (E)

89. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1982. Tennessee

coneflower recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Fire is a natural and common phenomenon in cedar

glades because of frequent dry conditions. How Echinuceu tennesseensis responds to tire is not known, but

deep, fibrous taproots enable the plant to survive

low-temperature bums of short duration that often

occur in the glades. Echinuceu tennesseensis may also

benefit from reduced competition caused by fire. The

recovery plan recommends that observations of the

effects of fire on E. tennesseensis be made over many

years to determine long-term effects.

Echinuceu tennesseensis is known only from Tennessee.

Echinuceu tennesseensis (E)

90. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1983a. Harper’s

beauty recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Harperocullisflavu is found in and adjacent to open

bogs. In one location, its habitat is surrounded by

longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) woods, which occasionally bum. The U.S. Forest Service has managed

the habitat of H. fluvu since 1983.

Harperocullisfluvu is known only from Florida.

Harperocullisflavu (E)

9 1. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1983b. Mountain

golden heather recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Limited to quartzite ledges and outcrops, Hudsoniu

montuna depends on fire to decrease competition.

Two other species of Hudsoniu respond favorably to

light fire, suggesting H. montana may as well. The

recovery plan recommends that research be conducted to determine H. montunu’s relation to fire.

Hudsoniu montunu is known only from North Carolina.

Hudsonia montunu (T)

92. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1983~. Recovery

plan for Chapman’s rhododendron. U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Rhododendron chupmunii occurs in scrubby flatwoods that are exposed to frequent fires. Rhododendron chupmunii vigorously resprouts from roots or

from the base when the tops of the plants are killed by

fire or cutting. The absence of fire increased competition between R. chupmunii and other associated

scrub species that may not be as well adapted to fire.

Rhododendron chupmanii is known only from Florida.

Rhododendron chupmunii (E)

93. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1983d. Rule to list

Punicum curteri (Carter’s panicgrass) as an endangered species and determine its critical habitat. Federal Register 48( 198):46328-46333.

Panicum curteri (Punicumfuuriei var. curteri) inhabits dry lowland habitats on Mokoli’i, Hawaii, and is

primarily threatened by stochastic extinction. A single fire or act of vandalism could deplete or destroy

the single known population.

Punicum fuuriei var. carteri (E)

94. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1984a. Determination of endangered status and critical habitat for Kokiu

drynarioides (koki’o). Federal Register49(234):47397-

47401.
EFFECTS OFbJZONTHREATENEDAND~DANCXREDkANTS 37

Kokiu drynarioides occurs in forested habitat on the

island of Hawaii, Hawaii. This single population of K.

drynarioides is threatened by fires near or in its habitat. The recent invasion of Pennisetum setaceum

(fountain grass) inhibited K. drynarioides regeneration and increased the frequency, intensity, and extent

of fires in and around its habitat.

Kokia drynarioides (E)

95. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1984b. Determination of endangered status for Jutropha costuricensis

(Costa Rican jatropha). Federal Register

49( 146):30199-30201.

Dry season fires, often started by vandals and carried

by dry conditions, threaten Jatropha costaricensis

with extinction.

Jutropha costuricenis is known only from Costa Rica.

Jutropha costuricensis (E)

96. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1984~. Final rule

to list Bidens cuneata and Schiedea adamantis as

endangered species. Federal Register 49(34):6099-

6101.

Bidens cuneata and Schiedea adamantis are known

from one small population on the rim of the Diamond

Head crater in Honolulu, Hawaii. Fires pose a significant threat to both of these taxa, especially during the

dry season (April through September). Schiedea

adamuntis is especially susceptible to fire because of

its location on windward slopes. Fire could cause the

extinction of S. adamantis through either the immediate mortality of established individuals or eradication

of available habitat.

Bidens cuneata (= B. molokaiensis) (E), Schiedea

adamantis (E)

97. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1984d. Hairy rattleweed recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

The large perennial rootstock of Baptism arachniferu

is characteristic of a fire-tolerant species and suggests

that fire is important for maintaining favorable habitat

for this species. The recovery team recommended

experimental burns to test the frequency, intensity,

and season of bum that are appropriate for B. arachniferu. Fire management may help reduce competition and promote seedling establishment.

Baptisia arachnifera is known only from Georgia.

Baptism arachniferu (E)

98. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1984e. Navasota

ladies’-tresses recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Albuquerque, N.Mex. Unpublished.

Spiranthes parksii is part of a subclimax community

type. Therefore, the persistence of habitat of S. parksii

may require disturbances, such as fire or grazing. In

the absence of disturbance, succession would proceed

to another seral stage, eliminating habitat for S. purksii.

Spiranthes parksii is known only from Texas.

Spiranthes parksii (E)

99. U.S. FISH AND WILDLI~% SERVICE. 1984f. Raven’s

manzanita recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rockville, Md. Unpublished.

Fire maintains the coastal chaparral and coastal scrub

communities where Arctostuphylos hookeri ssp. ruvenii occurs. The species may require fire to break the

dormancy of its seeds or to prepare a seed bed. The

authors recommend that more specific information

about the effects of fire on A. hookeri ssp. ravenii be

established.

Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. ravenii is known only

from California.

Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii (E)

100.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 19848. Recovery

plan for the endangered and threatened species of the

California Channel Islands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Portland, Oreg. Unpublished.

Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense, known from

at least seven grassland sites, is thought to be adapted

to fires, which occur during its dormant season. Defphinium variegatum ssp. thornei is known from two

grassland sites on the San Clemente Island. Because

other species of Delphinium respond favorably to fire,

both of these species may be similarly adapted.

Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense and 0. variegatum ssp. thornei are known only from California.

Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense (E), Delphinium

variegatum ssp. thornei (C 1)

1Ol.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1984h. Viciu

menziessii recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oreg. Unpublished.

Although the decline of Vicea menziessii was primarily caused by grazing, the authors also mention the
38 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

role of forest fires and logging in the reduction of

suitable habitat on Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

Vicia menziessii (E)

102.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1985a. Determination of threatened status for Ribes echinellum (miccosukee gooseberry). Federal Register 50( 133):29338-

29341.

Known from Florida and South Carolina, Ribes

echinellum exists only in two small populations. Because of its small numbers and narrow distribution,

fires and other disturbances pose a significant threat

to this species. Lightning fires are frequent in this

region and threaten this taxa with extinction.

Ribes echinellum (T)

103.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1985b. Determination that Amsinckia grandijlora is an endangered

species and designation of critical habitat. Federal

Register 50(89): 19374-19377.

Amsinckia grandijlora occurs in grassland habitat in

northern California. Controlled bums near A. grandiflora habitat may have adverse effects on the plant.

The California Native Plant Society suggested that

controlled bums may help suppress competing exotic

species and may be beneficial to A. grandiflora.

Amsinckia grandiflora (E)

104.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1985~. Final rule

to determine Buxus vahlii (Vahl’s boxwood) as an

endangered species. Federal Register 50( 156):

32572-32574.

Fire is a significant threat to Buxus vahlii, which

occurs in semi-evergreen seasonal forests in northern

and northwestern Puerto Rico. During the dry season,

B. vahlii habitat is susceptible to fire. The increase in

beach use by surfers and campers may cause accidental fires that may spread to B. vahlii habitat.

Buxus vahlii (E)

105.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1985d. Santa Barbara Island liveforever (Dudleya traskiae) recovery

plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oreg.

Unpublished.

Dudleya traskiae is a part of the coastal sage scrub

community. Anthropogenic activities such as fire, grazing, cultivation, and construction altered the natural

structure of communities on the Santa Barbara Islands.

coastal region of California and the Channel Islands,

the role of fire on the Santa Barbara Islands is not

known. Fire-adapted genera such as Adenostoma and

Ceanothus are absent from the island, suggesting that

fire has been infrequent. Furthermore, D. traskiae habitat is primarily steep rocky slopes that do not carry fire.

However, a fire in 1959 burned two-thirds of the island

and caused the decline of the exotic species Gasoul

(Mesembryanthemum) crystallinum. Fire may be employed to reduce the spread of this exotic plant, which

competes heavily with D. traskiae.

Dudleya traskiae (E)

106.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1986a. Determination of endangered status for Abutilon menziessii

(ko’oloa’ula). Federal Register 51(187):34412-

34415.

Known from only three small populations, Abutilon

menziesii is threatened by fire, especially during dry

periods. A single fire could destroy an entire population.

Abutilon menziesii is known only from Hawaii.

Abutilon menziesii (E)

107.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1986b. Determination of endangered status for Hibiscadelphus distans (Kauai hau kuahiwi). Federal Register

51(82):15903-15905.

Hibiscadelphus distans is threatened by fire because

of the proximity of its single population to a fire pit.

This danger is exacerbated by drought and fuel buildup during the dry season.

Hibiscadelphus distans is known only from Hawaii.

Hibiscadelphus distans (E)

108. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 19861~. Determination of endangered status for Scutellaria montana (largeflowered skullcap). Federal Register 5 1 (I 19):22521-

22524.

Scutellaria montana is primarily threatened by anthropogenic changes in its habitat. These changes are

caused by logging, wildfire, and residential development. Fire adversely affects this taxa.

Scutellaria montana is known only from Georgia and

Tennessee.

Although Native Americans used fire in much of the Scutellaria montana (E)
EFFECTS OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS

109.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1986d. Sneed and

Lee pincushion cacti (Corypantha sneedii var. sneedii

and Corypantha sneedii var. leei) recovery plan. U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, N.Mex. Unpublished.

Coryphuntha sneedii var. leei is restricted to the Tansil

Limestone Formation in eastern New Mexico and westem Texas. Interspecific competition in this limited

habitat is intense. As a result, a tire could destroy C.

sneedii var. leei. Fire may increase mortality but may

benefit the s_pecies if it reduces or eliminates competition from other species. Controlled experiments are

needed to determine the effect of fire on C. sneedii var.

leei and C. sneedii var. sneedii. Until more is known

about tire and Coryphantha species, prescribed burns

should be directed away from these species.

Coryphunthu sneedii var. leei (= Escoburiu sneedii var.

leei) (E), Coryphunthu sneedii var. sneedii (= Escoburiu

sneedii var. sneedii) (E)

11O.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1987a. Determination of endangered status for Cupressus ubrumsiunu (Santa Cruz cypress). Federal Register

52(5):675-679.

Cupressus ubrumsiunu groves have been shaped by

periodic fires. Cones of this species are serotinous and

may not open until exposed to tire. Human development, logging, and recreation altered the frequency of

natural fires in C. ubrumsiunu habitat. When fires are

too frequent, trees are not able to reach seed-bearing

age before the next fire. Because C. ubrumsiunu cannot resprout, the grove may be unable to survive

frequent fires. However, if the fire interval is too long,

competing plants become established, constricting or

destroying entire groves. The natural tire frequency is

an estimated 50-100 years.

Cupressus ubrumsiunu is known only from California.

Cupressus ubrumsiunu (E)

111 .U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1987b. Recovery

plan for three Florida mints. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Dicerundru immaculutu, D. cornutissima, and D.

frutescens depend on habitat of bare sand that borders

scrub vegetation. Their habitat requirements suggest

that these mints may benefit from occasional fires that

occur in the sand pine and scrub oak communities.

Protected sites should be kept open by prescribed buming, cutting, brush-hogging, or maintenance of

lanes.

39

fire

Dicerundru cornutissimu (E), Dicerundru frutescens (E),

Dicerundru immuculutu (E)

112.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1988a. Recovery

plan for a rare prairie bush-clover (Lespedezu leptostuchyu). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities,

Minn. Unpublished.

Prescribed bums may be useful for the control of encroaching shrubs and trees in the habitat of Lespedezu

leptostuchyu, but the direct effects of fire on this species

are not known. If tire is used in management, it should

be restricted to early spring (before May 15) to avoid

destroying seedlings. If bums in spring are ineffective

in controlling shrubs, some other form of management

such as cutting by hand may be necessary. No more than

half of any population should be burned or cut in any

one year. Several populations of L leptostuchyu were

mowed, burned, or grazed, but no specific studies of the

effects of these treatments were conducted.

Lespedeza leptostuchyu is known only from Illinois,

Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.

Lespedezu leptostuchyu (E)

113.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1988b. Recovery

plan for five pine rockland plant species. U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Pine rocklands in Florida are kept in a sub-climax

seral stage by fire, which suppresses hardwood

growth and maintains an open canopy. The recovery

team recommended experimentation with varying fire

intervals to maintain pine dominance, suppress hardwoods, and create more habitat for Euphorbiu deltoideu ssp. deltoideu, E. garberi, Amorphu crenulata,

Guluctiu smullii, and Polygala smullii.

Amorphu crenulatu (= A. herbuceu var. crenulatu) (E),

Euphorbiu deltoideu ssp. deltoideu (= Chumuesyce deltoideu ssp. deltoideu) (0), Euphorbiu garberi

(= Chamaesyce gurberi) (0), Guluctiu smullii (E), Polygala smullii (E)

114.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1988~. Recovery

plan for Florida golden aster. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Chrysopsisfloridunu occurs in sand pine scrub vegetation. All sites where C. $‘oridanu presently occurs

have been disturbed by either bulldozing, pedestrian

traffic, grazing, or fire. Although C.floridunu benefits

from limited disturbance, intense disturbance may
40 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

eliminate the species and its habitat. Management

should include low-intensity disturbance such as prescribed bums but should exclude excessive disturbance.

Chrysopsisfloridana is known only from Florida.

Chrysopsis floridana (E)

115.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1988d. Short’s

goldenrod recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

The historic range of Solidugo shortii may be related to

the open habitat created by bisons (Bison bison) and by

tire. Since settlement, secondary succession occurred

in the absence of these types of natural disturbance.

Solidugo shortii habitat disappeared as a result of these

changes in the vegetation and continues to be threatened by increased woody cover.

Solidago shortii is known only from Kentucky.

Solidago shortii (E)

116.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1989a. Alabama

leather flower recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Jackson, Miss. Unpublished.

Clematis socialis occurs in natural and anthropogenic

openings of a grass-sedge-rush community in northeastern Alabama. This species may benefit from limited

disturbance, which creates an early successional stage

or open habitat. Prescribed burning at a site that is

managed by The Nature Conservancy in St. Clair

County suppressed competing vegetation.

Clemaris socialis (E)

117.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1989b. Heller’s

blazing star recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Atlanta. Ga. Unpublished.

The effects of tire on Liutris helleri are not known,

however, other species in the genus Liutris depend on

disturbance for the maintenance of their early successional habitat. The recovery team recommends that the

effects of past and current disturbances on L. helleri be

studied.

Liutris helleri is known only from North Carolina.

Liatris helleri (T)

118.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1989~. Sandplain

gerardia (Agalinis acutu) recovery plan. U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, Newton Corner, Mass. Unpublished.

Agulinisacutu may require regular disturbance to maintain viable populations over time. Locations of all extant populations of A. acutu evidence various forms of

disturbance, including small confined or sporadic fires.

Fire suppression led to increased competition and cover

by woody vegetation.

Agulinis acutu is known only from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, New York, and Rhode Island.

Agalinis acutu (E)

119.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1990a. Canby’s

dropwort recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Oxypolis cunbyi occurs in bays or ponds with little or

no canopy cover. Several populations of this species

may require aggressive management, such as prescribed burning, to maintain open habitat conditions.

Fire may also play a role in the interactions between 0.

cunbyi and associated species.

Oxypolis canbyi is known only from Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

Oxypolis cunbyi (E)

12O.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1990b. Harperella

(Ptilimnium nodosfim) recovery plan. US. Fish and

Wildlife Service, Newton Comer, Mass. Unpublished.

Little is known about the habitat requirements of

Ptilimnium nodosum, including the effects of fire and

fire suppression.

Ptilimnium nodosum is known only from Alabama,

Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina,

and West Virginia.

Ptilimnium nodosum (E)

121.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1990~. Mountain

sweet pitcher plant recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii is dependent on boggy

subclimax communities that are dominated by shrubs.

In the past, these communities were kept open by

drought, water fluctuation, climate extremes, fire, and

other natural disturbances. Moderate fires cause reduced competition and induced flowering in other

species of Surraceniu. By causing heavy litter accumulation and high intensity fires, fire suppression has

not been favorable for S. rubru ssp. jonesii habitat.

Experimentation should address the role of fire in

maintaining S. rubra ssp. jonesii.
Errncrs OF Fm ON THRFATENED AND ENDANGERED RANTS 4 1

Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii is known only from

North Carolina and South Carolina.

Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii (E)

122.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1990d. Peter’s

Mountain mallow (Iliamna corei) recovery plan. U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis, Md. Unpublished.

Known from only one site, Zliamna corei declined from

50 individuals in 1927 to 4 individuals in 1990. Because

I. corei plants prefer open sites without competing

vegetation, fire suppression may have increased competition from weedy plant species and decreased germination. Historical references indicate that I. corei was

exposed to more direct sunlight in the past. Concern

over the absence of regeneration sparked several studies

on seed germination. Recent evidence suggests that

heat and light stimulate germination. The author recommends further research into this topic.

Iliamna corei is known only from Virginia.

Iliamna corei (= Iliamna rivularis var. rivularis) (E)

123.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1990e. Recovery

plan for eleven Florida scrub plant species. U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Jacksonville, Fla. Unpublished.

Fires historically occurred in Florida scrub vegetation

at long intervals. Bonamia grandiflora, Chionanthus

pygmaeus, Eryngium cuneifolium, Hypericum cumulicola, Liatris ohlingerae, Lupinus aridorum,

Paronychia chartacea, Prunus geniculata, Warea

carteri, and Ziziphus celata occur in scrub habitat in

Florida and may require fire for long-term viability.

Bonamia grandiflora (T), Chionanthus pygmaeus (E),

Eryngium cuneifolium (E), Hypericum cumulicola (E),

Liatris ohlingerae (E), Lupinus aridorum (= L. westianus

var. aridorum) (E), Paronychia chartacea (T), Prunus

geniculata (E), Warea carteri (E), Ziziphus celata (E)

124.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1990f. Recovery

plan for Gouania hillebrandii (Rhamnaceae). U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oreg. Unpublished.

The authors express concern over the effects of fire on

Gouaniu hillebrandii. Historically, brush fires, grazing,

exotic species, and the development of agricultural land

eliminated native vegetation throughout the Hawaiian

islands. Both extant populations of G. hillebrandii may

be vulnerable to extirpation from brush fire. The natural

role of fire in this ecosystem is not well understood.

Prior to human settlement, fire was not a major influence. Although fire has not been reported at either site,

several grass species may be fuel for fire during the dry

season. The authors recommend the protection of G.

hillebrandii from brush fire.

Gouaniu hillebrandii (E)

125.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1990g. Recovery

plan for the lakeside daisy (Hymenoxys acaulis var.

glabru). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities,

Minn. Unpublished.

Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra requires open habitat.

Past disturbances and post-settlement fire suppression

created favorable conditions for the invasion by woody

and exotic species. Little is known about the seed

ecology of H. acaulis var. glabru or its response to

prescribed burning. Restored populations of this species occur in state nature preserves, which are currently

managed with prescribed burning. The effects of a bum

in spring in the Lockport Prairie indicate that fire can

kill emerging inflorescence buds and damage leaves.

Permanent plots should be established in these burned

areas to determine the specific effects on reproduction,

plant growth, and general vigor.

Hymenoxys acaulis var. giabra is known only from Illinois, Ohio, and Ontario.

Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra (= Tetraneuris herbacea) (T)

126.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1991a. Determination of endangered status for 26 plants from

Waianae Mountains, island of Oahu, Hawaii. Federal

Register 56(209):55770-55786.

Fire threatens 16 of the 26 taxa covered by this linal

rule. Plants that are upslope from the Makua Military

Reservation and the Schofield Barracks are threatened

by the large number of fires generated by military

exercises. Because Hawaiian plants have rarely experienced fire, they are poorly adapted to fire and seldom

recover from bums.

Abutilon sandwicense (E), Centaurium sebaeoides (E),

Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (E), Chamaesyce

kuwaleana (E), Dielliafalcata (E), Dubautia herbstobatae

(E), Gouania meyenii (E), Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (E), Lipochaeta tenuifoliu (E), Lobelia niihauensis

(E), Neraudia angulata (E), Nototrichium humile(E),

Suniculu mariversa (E), Schiedea kaalae (E), Tetramolopium filiforme (E), Urera kaalae (E)

127.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1991b. Determination of endangered status for Cyanea superba, a
42 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REWRT 2

Hawaiian plant. Federal Register 56( 176):46235-

46238.

Cyunea superba exists in only two wild populations

of less than 20 individuals. Therefore, C. superba is

most seriously threatened by stochastic extinction

caused by fires, pig damage, competition from nonnative plants, and general habitat degradation.

Cyaneasuperba(E)

128.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1991~. Dalea fohow (leafy prairie-clover) determined to be endangered. Federal Register 56(84):19953-19959.

Most populations of Dalea foliosa are currently

threatened by adverse modification and destruction of

habitat. Competitive woody and herbaceous species

may invade and displace D. foliosa by competition.

The maintenance of open habitat requires aggressive

management. In Illinois, fire has been used to manage

D. foliosa habitat. Results of this work are unavailable

at this time.

Dulea foliosa is known only from Alabama, Illinois,

and Tennessee.

Dalea foliosa (E)

129.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1991d. Determination of endangered status for five plants from the southem San Joaquin Valley. Federal Register 55(139):

29361-29370.

Caulanthus californicus, Eremalche kernensis, Eriastrum hooveri, Lembertia congdonii, and Opuntia treleasei inhabit the grassland and neighboring scrub

communities of the San Joaquin Valley, California.

The five species are threatened by the alteration of

their natural tire regime. Exotic grasses, which compete for nutrients and water, may also threaten the

native plants by providing finer, more flammable

fuels, thereby increasing the frequency and intensity

of fire.

Caulanthus californicus (= Stanfordia californica) (E),

Eremalche kernensis (= E. parryi ssp. kernensis) (E),

Eriastrum hooveri (E), Lembertia congdonii (E), Opuntia

treleasei (= 0. basilaris var. treleasei) (E)

130.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1991e. Determination of endangered status for Isodendrion hosakae

(aupaka), a Hawaiian plant. Federal Register

56(9):1454-1457.

Like most other native Hawaiian taxa, Isodendrion

hosakae (aupaka) is harmed by fire. Most of I. hosakae

habitat is affected by cattle grazing. Range tires also

pose a serious threat to this species, especially during

the dry season.

Isodendrion hosakae (E)

13 1. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 199 1 f. Determination of endangered status for six plants from the island

of Lanai, Hawaii. Federal Register 56(183):47686-

47694.

Tetramolopium remyi and Abutilon eremitopetalum are

threatened by fire. These species grow on dry, low

elevation ridges where fires occur. A single tire could

have a devastating effect on populations of either species.

Abutilon eremitopetalum (E), Tetramolopium remyi (E)

132.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1991g. Determination of endangered status for the plant Sisyrinchium

dichotomum (white irisette). Federal Register

56( 187):48752-48754.

Maintenance of the open habitat of Sisyrinchium dichotomum depends on disturbance. Periodic fires and

grazing historically provided this disturbance. Fires

seem to reduce competition from woody species and

remove the litter layer, allowing germination and

survival of seedlings. The four remaining populations

of this species exist in disturbed habitat, indicating

that fire may be important for this species. Sisyrinchium dichotomum is known only from North

Carolina.

Sisyrinchium dichotomum (E)

133.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 199 1 h. Determination of endangered status for two Na Pali coast

plants: Hedyotis st. johnii (Na Pali Beach hedyotis)

and Schiedea apokremnos (Ma’oli’oli). Federal Register 56( 189):49639-49634.

Fire is an immediate threat to Hedyotis st. johnii and

Schiedea apokremnos. During dry conditions, fires

started by humans spread rapidly in the habitat of

these two species. Also, stochastic events, such as tire,

threaten to destroy the remaining populations.

Hedyotis st. johnii and Schiedea apokremnos are

known from Hawaii.

Hedyotis st. johnii (E), Schiedea apokremnos (E)

134. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 199 li. Final rule to

list the plant Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis (Texas trailing
phlox) as endangered. Federal Register recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Port56(189):49636-49639. land, Oreg. Unpublished.

Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis occurs in grassy openings

dominated by longleaf pine. Because these openings

were historically maintained by frequent fires, fire

suppression reduced P. nivalis ssp. texensis habitat by

allowing woody species to invade. Prescribed burning

on The Nature Conservancy property enhanced habitat for this species.

Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis is known only from Texas.

Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis (E)

Stephanomeria malheurensis is known from a single

site in the big sagebrush community of Hamey County,

Oregon. The site is dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia

tridentata) and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), an exotic

species. Cheatgrass rapidly colonizes sagebrush areas

after fire. Stephanomeria malheurensis does not compete well with cheatgrass. A fire lane was established

and maintained around critical S. malheurensis habitat

to enhance the plants’ survival. The author recommends

experimental bums to determine the effects of fire on

the growth and reproduction of S. malheurensis.

135.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1991j. Helianthus

schweinitzii (Schweinitz’s sunflower) determined to

be endangered. Federal Register 56(88):21087-

21091.

Stephanomeria malheurensis (E)

Helianthus schweinitzii is threatened by adverse

modification and destruction of its habitat. Approximately one third of the known populations of H.

schweinitzii are extirpated, mainly because of fire

suppression and grazing suppression. Fire, grazing,

controlled burning, or other disturbance is necessary

to maintain the prairie remnants, which compose H.

schweinizii habitat. In the absence of disturbance,

woody species encroach on H. schweinitzii habitat

and inhibit the plant by competition. Of the 15 remaining populations, 11 are in disturbed areas.

138.U.S. RSHANDWILDLIFESERVICE. 1992a. Agency draft

Alabama canebrake pitcher plant recovery plan. U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Miss. Unpublished.

Helianthus schweinitzii is known only from North

Carolina and South Carolina.

Sarracenia rubra ssp. alabamensis, known from 12

sites in seeps, bogs, and swamps in central Alabama,

depends on the maintenance of early successional habitat in which competing woody vegetation is suppressed.

Historically, natural fires controlled these woody species and maintained open habitat for S. rubra ssp.

alabamensis. Fire suppression and the encroachment of

woody species remain a severe threat to existing populations. Management should be focused on controlling

woody vegetation through mowing, pruning, and buming.

Sarracenia rubra ssp. alabamensis (E)

Helianthus schweinitzii (E)

136.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1991k. Recovery

plan for Mohr’s Barbara’s buttons. U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, Jackson, Miss. Unpublished.

139.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1992b. Blowout

penstemon (Penstemon haydenii) recovery plan. U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colo. Unpublished.

Marshallia mohrii typically occurs in moist, prairie-like

openings of woodlands in the southeastern United

States. These openings were historically maintained by

occasional fire. Clematis socialis and Sarracenia oreophila often occur with ikf. mohrii and occur in habitat

that is characterized by frequent tires. Managers should

address the problems associated with competing woody

species and should experiment with the use of prescribed burning with various intervals and seasons.

Penstemon haydenii is restricted to blowouts in the

sandhills of Nebraska. Historically, fires eliminated

stabilization of the vegetation from the sand dunes,

allowing blowouts. In the absence of fires, vegetation

has advanced and stabilized the dunes, resulting in a

decline in suitable habitat for P. haydenii. Research

should address the use of fire and grazing for management.

Penstemon haydenii (E)

Clematis socialis (E), Marshallia mohrii (T), Sarracenia

oreophila (E)

140.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1992c. Determination of endangered status for 16 plants from the island of

Molokai, Hawaii. Federal Register 57( 196):46325-

46344.

137.U.S. FISH AND W ILDLIFE SERVICE. 19911.

Stephanomeria malheurensis (Malheur wire lettuce)

Fire is a major threat to native plant species in dry to

mesic habitats on the island of Molokai. Fire not only

Ems OFFl.WONTHREATENEDAND&JDANGFRED~S 43
44 INFORMX~ION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

can kill native plants but encourage competition from

exotic fire-adapted species with native taxa that cannot tolerate fire. Although one species listed here,

Silene lanceolutu, may be tolerant of fire, the exotic

grasses compete with the native plant after bums. This

process is converting shrubland to grassland. Fire is a

serious threat to Bidens weibkei, Pritchardia munroi,

Scheidea lydgatei, Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, and Tetramolopium rockii.

Bidens weibkei (E), Pritchardiu munroi (E), Scheidea

lydgarei (E), Silene alexundri (E), Silene lunceolutu (E)

and Tetramolopium rockii (T)

141.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1992d. Endangered status for Schwalbea americana (American

chaffseed). Federal Register 57( 189):4470344708.

Schwalbea americana, known from the eastern

United States, is dependent on disturbance such as

fire, mowing, or fluctuating water to create open

habitat. Historically, the species occupied openings

created by fire in savannas and pinelands. Schwalbea

americana grows vigorously at sites that were burned.

Although fire is integral to the long-term viability of

S. americana, it may be important in ways that are not

yet understood. In the past, fires may have been

frequent and of low intensity. Questions remain about

the timing, frequency, and intensity of fires required

by this species.

Schwalbea americana (E)

142.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1992e. Largefruited sand-verbena (Abroniu macrocarpa) recovery

plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque,

N. Mex. Unpublished.

populations of this plant. One extant population of R.

knieskernii exists on a burned pitch pine site. Before

settlement, fires occurred in the pitch pine (Pinus

rigidu) forests of the pine barrens community. Further

experimentation on the effects of habitat disturbance

by fire, mowing, and water fluctuation are recommended by the author.

Rhynchosporu knieskernii is known only from Delaware and New Jersey.

Rhynchosporu knieskernii (T)

144.U.S. RSH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 39928. White bladderpod (Lesquerellu pallidu) recovery plan. U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, N.Mex. Unpublished.

Lesquerella pallida occurs in eastern Texas. This species is primarily threatened by the invasion of woody

and herbaceous plants. Some of the competitive species

are native to this region and in the past were controlled

by a natural fire regime. Introduced shrubs also compete with L. pullida for open habitat. The use of fire or

brush-hogging may improve habitat by helping control

woody and herbaceous species. Studies of fne, shading,

competition, and grazing should be initiated because these

factors significantly affect populations of L pullida.

Lesquerella pallida (E)

145.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1993a. Agency

draft recovery plan for Cooley’s meadowrue. U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Abronia macrocarpa occurs in post oak savanna. Human activities have suppressed fire and other natural

disturbances, reducing the number of these natural

openings. The authors recommend further research on

the genesis of these openings, their frequency, and their

seral stage.

Thalictrum cooleyi grows in moist to wet savannas

that are kept open by frequent natural fires or prescribed bums. Fire is currently used in several T.

cooleyi habitats. However, information on the frequency and seasonality of fire best suited to T. cooleyi

is not known.

Thalictrum cooleyi is known only from Florida and

North Carolina.

Abronia macrocarpa is known only from Texas.

Abronia macrocarpa (E)

Thalictrum cooleyi (E)

143.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1992f. Kniesker’s 146.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1993b. Agency

beaked-rush (Rhynchosporu knieskernii) recovery

technical draft recovery plan for four plants of the

plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Jersey lower Appalachicola region, Florida: Euphorbia feleField Office, Pleasantville, N.J. Unpublished. phioides (telephus spurge), Mucbridea alba (white

birds-in-a-nest), Pinguicula ionantha (Godfrey’s butRhynchospora knieskemii requires early successional terworth), and Scutellaria floriduna (Florida skullhabitat and is generally found on bare substrates with cap). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Ga.

open vegetation. Periodic fire may have maintained Unpublished.
EFFECTS OFFIREONTHREATENEDANDENDANGEREDFUNTS 45

Euphorbia telephioides, Macbridea alba, Pinguicula Although Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina ocionantha, and Scutellaria floridana inhabit poorly curs in semi-desert grasslands that experience fredrained, coastal pinelands that are subject to periodic quent tires, little is known about the effect of fire on

fires. The absence of fire during the dormant winter this species. Small cacti experience high mortality

season is detrimental to much of the pineland flora. when exposed to high temperatures from tires. MorThe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has used control- tality does not always occur immediately after tire but

led burning to manage habitat for these species. can be delayed for 1 year or longer. Resource managEuphorbia telephioides (T), Macbridea alba (T), Pinguicula ionantha(T), Scutellariafloridana (T)

147.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1993~. Bradshaw’s lomatium recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oreg. Unpublished.

Secondary succession is occurring in most open grassland habitats with Lomatium bradshawii. The recovery team recommends fire to control secondary succession because L. bradshawii responded well to fire

in the past. Seasonality, frequency, and intensity of

bums, the effects of tire on exotic species, and the

effects of fire on other sensitive species associated

with L. bradshawii should be considered prior to

ers at the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge In

Arizona use controlled burning to suppress non-native grasses and to encourage recovery of the bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi). Some of these

bums may affect C. scheeri var. robustispina, and

refuge staff plan to collect survivorship information

about this cactus. The cactus may survive fires by

becoming established in open microsites that do not

carry fire. The spread of non-native grass species

converted many of these open spaces into grassland

that is susceptible to fire. This transformation may

leave fewer sites available for C. scheeri var.

robustispina.

Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina (E)

burning.

Lomatium bradshawii is known only from Oregon.

Lomatium bradshawii (E)

15 1 .U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 19938. Determination of threatened status for Sidalcea nelsoniana

(Nelson’s checker mallow). Federal Register 58(28):

8235-8242.

148.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1993d. Determination of endangered status for Argyroxiphium

huense (ka’u silversword). Federal Register 58(65):

18029-18041.

Argyroxiphium kauense, a Hawaiian endemic with

only two extant populations, is threatened by stochastic extinction caused by lava flows or wildfires.

Prairies inhabited by Sidalcea nelsoniana were historically maintained by fire. Because of recent fire

suppression, much of S. nelsoniana habitat is invaded by non-native species that reduce habitat for

S. nelsoniana. Fires occur at the sites with the most

vigorous growth of S. nelsoniana; fire may be beneticial for managing this species.

Sidalcea nelsoniana is known only from Oregon.

Argyroxiphium kauense (E) Sidalcea nelsoniana (T)

149.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1993e. Determi- 152.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 199311. Determination of endangered status for three vernal pool nation of threatened status for the plant Astrophytum

plants and the riverside fairy shrimp. Federal Register asterias (star cactus). Federal Register 58( 199):

58(147):41384-41391. 53804-53807.

Fire may harm several rare species that occur in the Current management threatens the habitat of Astrovernal pools of California. In summer 1992, one quarter phytum asterias that occurs in grasslands and

of a Pogogyne nudiuscula population was burned, pos- shrublands of Texas and Tamaulipas, Mexico. Mesibly resulting in seed damage. chanical clearing, chemical clearing, exotic species,

Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii (E), Orcuttia californica (E), Pogogyne nudiuscula (E)

and suppression of the natural tire cycle harm the

species and threaten to eliminate its habitat.

Astrophytum asterias (E)

150.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1993f. Determination of endangered status for the plant pima pineapple

cactus (Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina). Federal Register 58( 183):49875-49879.
46 INFORMATIONANDTECHNOLOGYREP~RT 2

153.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 19933. Endangered and threatened status for five Florida plants.

Federal Register 58(131):37432-37443.

Conradina glabra occurs in open areas of mixed

hardwoods or pines (Pinus spp.), suggesting that it

requires habitat that may be frequently burned. Conradina brevifolia are killed by fire but reproduce from

seed. Pinguicula ionantha occurs in savanna vegetation maintained by frequent, low intensity fires. The

frequency and season of bums are critical to many

plant species that occur in the savanna, but the effects

of fire on various taxa can be subtle. More research is

required before effective fire management can be

applied to conserve these species.

Conradina brevifolia (= C. canescens) (E), Conradina

glabra (E), Pinguicula ionantha (T)

154.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1993j. Michaux’s

sumac recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Rhus michauxii grows in sandy or rocky open woods,

and the maintenance of its habitat depends on disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbances currently mimic

the historic fires that kept the woods in a subclimax

condition. Widespread fire suppression degraded

habitat of R. michauxii and caused the loss of populations in several areas. Staff at Fort Bragg, a U.S.

Department of Defense facility, manage a population

of R. michauxii by burning its habitat every 3 years

during the growing season.

Rhus michauxii is known only from Georgia, North

Carolina, and South Carolina.

Rhus michauxii (E)

155.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1993k. Walker’s

maniac (Manihot walkerae) recovery plan. U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, N.Mex. Unpublished.

Manihot walkerae is primarily threatened by destruction and modification of its habitat. Mechanical and

chemical disturbance and prescribed burning fragmented and eradicated the native brush that neighbored M. walkerae habitat since the early 1900s.

However, fire may play a role in creating M. walkerae

habitat or in promoting seed germination. The effect

of fire on M. walkerae should be investigated in

greater detail.

Manihot walkerae is known only from Texas and

Mexico.

Manihot walkerae (E)

156.U.S. FISH AND WLLDLIFE SERVICE. 19931. Regional

news. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 18(3).

Unpublished.

Biologists of the Virginia Natural Heritage Program

extended the known range of Rhus michauxii into

Virginia and possibly discovered the largest population of this species. Frequent fires seem to create

favorable habitat for R. michauxii. Natural Heritage

Program staff are currently developing a management

plan for the species in Fort Picket& Virginia.

Rhus michauxii (E)

157.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1994a. Agency

draft rough leaved loosestrife recovery plan. U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Ga. Unpublished.

Lysimachia asperulifolia occurs in the ecotone between

longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and shrub-dominated

plant communities. The open habitat this species requires is maintained by periodic fires. Fire suppression

is a threat to the survival of L asperulifolia. Federal and

state agencies and The Nature Conservancy personnel

manage populations of L. asperulifolia with prescribed

burning. The recovery team recommends further research on tire frequency.

Lysimachia asperulifolia is known only from North

Carolina and South Carolina.

Lysimachia asperulifolia (E)

158.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1994b. Determination of endangered or threatened status for 2 1 plants

from the island of Hawaii, state of Hawaii. Federal

Register 59(43):10305-10325.

Pennisetum setaceum is a tire-adapted bunch grass that

invaded much of the open areas and lava flows on the

island of Hawaii since it was introduced there in the

early 1900s. This exotic species disrupts plant regeneration, invades open areas, and alters the natural fire

regime by carrying fires more frequently than they

would naturally occur. Pennisetum setaceum threatens

Colubrina oppositifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Ochrosia kilaueaensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.

Exotic species are often better adapted to fire than

native species and invaded much of Hawaii’s

shrubland. The presence of these alien species during

the dry season or during drought, increases the extent,

intensity, and frequency of fires. Fires can destroy the

seed bed and entire plants. Fire is a threat to C. opposi-
EFFIXXS OFFIREONTHREAIENEDANDENDANGERWPLANTS 47

tifolia, I. pyrtfolium, N. brevtjlorum, 0. kilaueaensis, P.

sclerocarpa, S. hawaiiensis, T. arenarium, and Z.

hawaiiense.

Colubrina oppositifolia (E), Isodendrion pyrifolium (E),

Nothocestrum breviflorum (E), Ochrosia kilaueaensis (E),

Portulaca sclerocarpa (E), Silene hawaiiensis (T), Tetramolopium arenarium (E) and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(El.

159.U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1994~. Determination of endangered or threatened status for 24 plants

from the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Federal Register

59(38):9304-9328.

Before the Hawaiian islands were colonized by people,

the Hawaiian flora was not subjected to tire, except in

areas of volcanic activity or by occasional lightning

strikes. Therefore, many Hawaiian plant species are not

adapted to recurring fires and are unable to recover from

tire. Exotic plants are often better adapted to fire and

are widespread on the islands. The presence of these

fire-adapted exotic species increases the intensity, extent, and frequency of fires. Fire can destroy native seed

banks and plants. Fire is a threat to Brighamia insignis,

Exocarpos luteolus, Lipochaeta fauriei, Melicope

knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and Solanum sandwicense.

Brighamia insignis (E), Exocarpos luteolus (E), Lipochaeta fauriei (E), Melicope knudsenii (E), Melicope pallida (E), Munroidendron racemosum (E), Nothocestrum

peltatum (E), Peucedanum sandwicense (E), Pteralyxia

kauaiensis (E), and Solanum sandwicense (E).

160. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1994d. Endangered

status for three plants and threatened status for one plant

from sandy and sedimentary soils of central coastal

California. Federal Register 59(24):5499-5509.

Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens is known from

sedimentary soils of central coastal California. The

highest densities of C. pungens var. pungens occur

where disturbances are most frequent. This species is

probably adapted to open conditions created by frequent disturbance. Prior to human disturbance, these

areas were probably kept open by wildfires.

Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens (T)

161 .U.S. FOREST SERVICE. 1994. Fire effects information

system [database]. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory. Magnetic tape

reels; 9 track; 16OObpi, ASCII with Common LISP

present. Unpublished.

The Fire Effects Information System is a database of

the U.S. Forest Service that contains references on the

effects of tire on species and vegetation community

types. As of December 1994, information on only one

threatened or endangered plant species, Torreya taxifolia, was included in the database.

Torreya taxijolia (E)

162.WARREN, P. L., R. J. FRYE, D. GORI, AND A .

LAURENZI. 1992. Population biology of Pediocactus

paradinei, a rare cactus from northern Arizona. Pages

132-143 in R. Sivinski and K. Lightfoot, editors.

Southwestern rare and endangered plants: proceedings on the southwestern rare and endangered plant

conference, held 30 March-2 April 1992, in Santa Fe,

N. M. New Mexico Forestry and Resources Conservation Division, Santa Fe, N.Mex.

Recruitment, growth, and mortality of almost 100

Pediocactus paradinei were monitored for 4 years. The

authors also monitored the effects of two fires of different intensities, one accidental and one prescribed bum,

on P. paradinei. The plants were rated according to their

degree of fire damage. The following year, evidence of

new growth on these plants was recorded. Results indicated that P. paradinei can survive low-intensity fires,

but as in other cacti, high-intensity bums result in high

mortality. Data also indicate that burning does not

significantly reduce the reproduction of surviving individuals. The authors recommend that prescribed bums

in P. paradinei habitat be kept cool and conservative.

Pediocactus paradinei (C 1)

163.WEBBER, H. J. 1935. The Florida scrub, a fire-fighting

association. American Journal of Botany 22: 138- 143.

The author describes the inability of Florida scrub to

endure fires, which is in contrast to the neighboring

longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) association that bums

annually. Because the scrub community is deciduous

and does not accumulate much litter, it does not tend

to carry fire. The author also describes a natural fire

break between the scrub and the pine communities

that may help to prevent the spread of fire to the scrub

association. The article contains useful information

about rare species that exist in this association.

164.WrLcYzNsK1, C. J. 1993. A three year study on the

population dynamics of Cooley’s meadowrue

(Thalictrum cooleyi) at Lanier Quarry, Pender
County, North Carolina. The Nature Conservancy,

Carlboro, N.C. Unpublished.

Thalictrum cooleyi was monitored at a site in Pender

county, North Carolina, during 1988-90. A census

was taken of all flowering stems in 18 plots. Each plot

was assigned a bum frequency. For this population, a

frequency of O-2 years had no effect on population

size, plant size, or sex ratio. A study of fire seasonality

is recommended to determine a beneficial tire regime.

As an obligate seeder, Arctostaphylos myrtifolia is

killed by fire; stand regeneration depends on seedling

establishment. During the authors’ study, A. myrtifolia responded unlike other members of the genus.

Seeds do not respond to stimulatory treatments that

normally promote germination in other chaparral species. A high germination rate in response to tire has

been observed and can be seen at several sites with

documented fire histories. Arctostaphylos myrtifolia

will probably respond to fire similarly to other Arctostaphylos species if no exotic species invade and

dominate the site first. However, no prescribed buming is recommended at the Apricum Hill Ecological

Reserve before further studies with tire are conducted

elsewhere.

Thalictrum cooleyi (E)

165. WOOD, M. K., AND V. T. PARKER. 1988. Management

of Arctostaphylos myrtifolia at the Apricum Hill ECOlogical Reserve. California Department of Fish and

Game, Ranch0 Cordova, Calif.Unpublished. Arctostaphylos myrtifolia (Cl)
EFFECTS OF FIRE ONTHREATENEDAND~~JDANGEREDPLAIW~

Appendix A. Agencies from which the authors requested information

about rare, threatened, and endangered plants in relation

to fire.

49

The Nature Conservancy Heritage Programs

Arizona Field Office California

Arkansas Field Office Colorado

Colorado Field Office Florida

Great Basin Field Office Georgia

Illinois Field Office Idaho

Massachusetts Field Office Indiana

Missouri Field Office Kentucky

National Office Minnesota

Nebraska Field Office New Jersey

New York Field Office New Mexico

North Carolina Field Office Ohio

Northeast Regional Office South Carolina

Oregon Field Office Utah

South Carolina Field Office Virginia

Southeast Regional Office Virginia

Tennessee Field Office Wisconsin

Texas Field Office Wyoming

Virginia Coast Preserve

Virginia Field Office

West Virginia Field Office

Government Agencies

Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona

Bureau of Land Management, Idaho

California Department of Fish and Game, California

Coronado National Forest, Arizona

U.S. Forest Service Western Region, California

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

Yosemite National Park, California

Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Ohio

U.S. Forest Service, S.E. Forest Experiment Station, South Carolina

Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Georgia

Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana

Chattahouchee National Forest, Georgia

Other Organizations

Archbold Biological Station, Florida

California Native Plant Society, California

Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, Florida

Tall Timbers Research Station, Florida
50 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

Appendix B. Individuals,

information

by region of the United States, who provided

about rare, threatened, and endangered

plants in relation to fire.

Region Contacta

Northeast Peter Dunwiddie

Southeast Anne Johnson

Southeast Eric Menges

Southeast Margit Bucher

Southwest Rick Young

Midwest Doug Ladd

Northwest Steve Popovich

Northwest Jason Greenlee

West Ronnie Glick

Address

Lost Farm, Hummock Pond Road

Nantucket, Massachusetts 02554

Florida Natural Areas Inventory

1018 Thomasville Road

Tallahassee, Florida 32303

Archbold Research Station

P.O. Box 2057

Lake Placid, Florida 33852

The Nature Conservancy, North Carolina Field Office

Carrboro, North Carolina

The Nature Conservancy, Arizona Field Office

Tucson, Arizona

The Nature Conservancy, Missouri Field Office

St. Louis, Missouri

Bureau of Land Management, Shoshone District

Shoshone, Idaho

International Association of Wildland Fire

Spokane, Washington

California Native Plant Society

Sacramento, California

Telephone

number

(904)224-8207

(813)465-2571

(919)967-7007

(602)622-3861

(3 14)968-l 105

(208)886-2206

(509)283-2397

aThe contacts permined the mention of their names in this appendix.
EFFECTS OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND E NDANGERED PLANTS 5 1

Author Index

Abrahamson, W. G. 45

Almquist-Jacobson, H. 39

Arft,A. 1

Barden, L. S. 2,3

Barker, N. G. 4

Benjamin, S. 5

Bertram, K. 6

Blyth, A. 46

Boettcher, S. 66

Borchert, M. 7

Borgias, D. 8

Bowles, M. L. 9

Boyd, B. 10

Boyd, R. S. 11

Bunting, S. C. 12

Campbell, D. L. 13

Campbell, J. J. 14,15

Carlson, P. R. 16

Cobb, N. 17

Collier, M. 18

Collins, S. L. 28

Connelly, K. 49

Crawford, R. C. 63

Currier, P. J. 19

Danielson, K. 20

DeMauro, M. M. 9

Drew, M. B. 52

Dudley, S. 72

Dunwiddie, P. W. 21

Esser, L. L. 22

Evans, M. 14

Finley, K. 49

Fishbein, M. 23

Folkerts, G. W. 24

Freas, K. E. 25

Frye, R. J. 162

Galeano-Popp, R. 72

Gankin, R. 26

Gibson, D. J. 27

Glenn, S. M. 28

Godfrey, R. K. 29

Gordon, D. 30, 31,32

Gori, D. 23,33, 162

Green, H. 72

Hardin, D. E. 34

Hartnett, D. C. 35

Hawkes, C. V. 36

Herman, S. 77

Hermann, S. M. 37

Hiebert, R. D. 9

Hilty, J. 64

Howald, A. M. 70

Hulbert, L. C. 27

Humphrey, S. R. 16

Jacobs, J. 38

Jacobson, G. L. 39

Johnson, A. F. 40,41,42,43,44,45,46

Jordan, M. J. 47

Kagan, J. 48

Kaye, T. N. 49

Kelly, V. R. 50

Kirby, R. E. 51

Kirkman, L. K. 52

Kohfeldt, N. M. 61

Kral,R. 53

Laurenzi, A. 162

Lesica, P. 54

Lewis, S. J. 51

MacRoberts, B. R. 55

MacRoberts, M. H. 55

Major, J. 26

Mancuso, M. 64

McAnlis, J. 62

McClaran, M. P. 56

McDaniel, S. 87

Medley, M. E. 14,15

Melgoza, G. 57

Menges, E. S. 36.58, 59,60,61,62

Moseley, R. K. 63,64

Myers, R. 6,66

Myers, R. L. 65

Nickrent, D. L. 70

Neuenschwander, L. F. 12

Nowak, R. S. 57

Owen, W. R. 67

Parker, V. T. 50,68,165

Pavlik, B. M. 69,70

Pavlovic, N. 9

Pavlovic, N. B. 71

Phillips, B. G. 72

Popovich, S. 73

Richardson, D. R. 35

Risk, A. C. 15

Robinett, D. 74

Rome, A. 75

Rosentreter, R. 67

Schnell, D. E. 76

Schwartz, M. W. 77

Scott, J. M. 82

Serafini, L. L. 11

Sexson, T. N. 51

Shaffer, K. 78

Smith, I. 79

Smith, W. 80

Soblo, D. 8 1

Stone, C. P. 82

Sundt, P. C. 56

Sutter, R. D. 83

Tanner, G. W. 16

Tausch, R. J. 57

Taylor, D. D. 15

Taylor, N. L. 14

Thomas, L. 86

Thomas, P. A. 84,85

Troup, R. L. 87

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 88-160

Warren, P. L. 162

Webber, H. J. 163

White, D. L. 34

Wilcyznski, C. J. 164

Williamson, G. B. 4

Winne, J. C. 39

Wood, J. M. 16

Wood, M. K. 165

Wright, H. A. 12
52 INFORMATION ANDTECHNOLOGYREPORT 2

Geographic hdex

Alabama 6,34,87, 116, 120, 128, 138

Arizona 17.23,33,56,74,84, 150, 162

California 7, lo, 11,20,22,25,26,50,68,69,70,78,99, 100, 103, 105, 110,129,149, 160,165

Colorado 1, 18

Connecticut 118

Costa Rica 95

Delaware 119,143

Florida 6, 16,22,29,30,31,34,35,36,37,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,60,61,62,65,66, 75,77,90,92, 102, 111,113,114,

123,145,146,153,163

Georgia 6,22,34,52,53,77,87,89,90,91,92,97, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 145,146, 154, 157

Hawaii 82,88,93,94,96,101, 106, 107, 124,126, 127, 130, 131, 133, 140, 148, 158, 159

Idaho 63,64,73

Illinois 112,125,128

Indiana 9,59

Iowa 112

Kansas 27,28

Kentucky 14,15,115

Louisiana 4,55

Maine 39,58

Maryland 99,118,119,120,122

Massachusetts 118,120

Mexico 152,155

Minnesota 80,112,125

Mississippi 34,116, 136,138

Missouri 86

Montana 22,54

Nebraska 19,139

New England 21

New Jersey 143

New Mexico 72,98,109,142,144,155,162

New York 24,47,118

North Carolina 2,3,5, 15,34,75,76,79,83,91, 117, 119, 120, 121, 132, 135, 145, 154, 157, 164

Ohio 59,125

Ontario 125

Oregon 8,48,49,100,101,105,124,137,147,151

Puerto Rico 104

Rhode Island 118

South Carolina 34,81,102, 119,120,121,135,154,157

Tennessee 3,6, 13, 15,87,89, 108, 128

Texas 12,98,109, 134,142,144,152,155

Virginia 38,122,156

West Virginia 120

Wisconsin 112
EFFECB OF FIRE ON THREATENED AND &IDANGEaELD %4NTS 53

Species Index

Abronia macrocatpa 142

Abutilon eremitopetalum 131

Abutilon menziesii 106

Abutilon sandwicense 126

Agalinis acuta 41,118

Agalinis decemloba 1 5

Amorpha crenulata 32,113

Amorpha herbacea var. crenulata 32

Amsinckia grandtflora 69,70,103

Arctostaphylos 50

Arctostaphylos canascens 50

Arctostaphylos glandulosa 50

Arctostaphylos hoobri ssp. montana 68

Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. ravenii 99

Arctostaphylos myrtifolia 26,165

Argyroxiphium kauense 148

Aristida stricta 34,41,46

Aristida tuberculosa 9,71

Asimina tetramera 40,44

Aster concolor 15

Astragalus atratus var. inseptus 13

Astragalus onicifonnis 13

Astragalus schmolliae 18

Astrophytum asterias 152

Baptisia arachnifera 97

Bidens cuneata 96

Bidens molokaiensis 96

Bidens weibkei 140

Bonamia grandtjlora 31.35.123

Brickellia eupatorildes var.floridana 32

Brickellia mosieri 32

Brighamia insignis 15

Bromus tectorum 57, 137

Buxus vahlii 104

Calamintha ashei 4462

Calamovilfa curtissi 41

Calamovilfa curtissii 41,44,46

Calochortus umpquaensis 48

Castanea pumila 15

Castanea pumila vat. ozarkensis 15

Caulanthus amplexicaulis ssp. barbarae 20

Caulanthus califotnicus 129

Ceanothus ferrisae 25

Ceanothus ophiochilus 78

Ceanothus rodericki 1 0

Centaurium sebaeoides 126

Ceratiola ericoides 31,36,44,62

Chamaecrista lineata 16

Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea 32,113

Chamaesyce garberi 113

Chamaesyce kuwaleana 126

Chamaesyce porteriana var. scoparia 32

Chamaesycecelastroides var. kaenana 126

Chionanthus pygmaeus 123

Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens 160

Chrysopsis floridana 114

Chrysothamnus molestus 17,33

Chrysothamnus viscidtflonrs 57

Cirsium carolinianum 15

Clematis socialis 116,136

Clitoria fragrans 34

Colubrina oppositifolia 158

Conradina brevifolia 44,153

Conradina canescens 44,153

Conradina etonia 44

Conradina glabra 30,44,153

Corema conradii 2 1

Cotypantha scheeri var. robustispina 74

Corypantha sneedii var. leei 109

Corypantha sneedii var. sneedii 109

Cupressus abramsiana 110

Cyanea superba 127

Dalea foliosa 13,128

Deeringothamnus pulchellus 34

Deeringothamnus rugelii 34

Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense 100

Delphinium variegatum ssp. thornei 100

Dicerandra christmanii 44

Dicerandra comutissima 44,111

Dicerandra fmtescens 44,60,71,111

Dicerandra immaculata 44,111

Diellia falcata 126

Dionaea 24

Dubautia herbstobatae 126

Dudleya traskiae 105

Echinacea tennesseensis 13,89

Echinocereus pectinatus 84

Echinocereus triglochidiatus 85

Eremalche kernensis 129

Eremalche parryi ssp. kemensis 129

Eriastrum hooveri 129

Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii 149

Eryngium cuneifolium 62,123

Eryngium yuccifolium 15

Escobaria sneedii var. leei 109

Escobaria sneedii var. sneedii 109

Euphorbia deltoidea ssp. deltoidea 113

Euphorbia garberi 113

Euphorbia telephioides 146

Exocarpos luteolus 159

Fremontodendron decumbens 10.11

Frittillaria ojaiensis 20

Galactia smallii 32,113

Gouania hillebrandii 124

Gouania meyenii 126

Gymnopogon ambiguus 15

Habenaria hookeri 9

Hackelia gracilenta 18

Haplostachys haplostachya var. angustifolia 88

Harperocallis Java 29,34,90

Hedeoma di$usa 72

Hedeoma diffusum 72

Hedeoma graveolens 34

Hedyotis st. johnii 133

Helianthemum dumosum 2 1

Helianthus atrorubens 15

Helianthus schweinitzii 2,3, 135

Hibiscadelphus distans 107

Hudsonia tomentosa 9.71

Husdsonia montana 9 1

Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra 125

Hypericum cumulicola 123
54 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2

lliamna corei 38,122

Iliamna rivularis var. rivularis 122

Isodendrion hosakae 130

Isodendrion pyrifolium 158

Jatropha costaricensis 95

Kalmia cuneata 34

Kokia drynarioides 94

Lechea cernua 31,45

Lechea deckertii 31,45

Lembertia congdonii 129

Lespedeza leptostachya 80,112

Lesquerellafiliformis 86

Lesquerella pallida 144

Liatris helleri 117

Liatris ohlingerae 123

Liatris provincialis 37,42,44

Liatris squarrosa IS

Lilium philadelphicum 15

Limnanthes floccosa 8

Limnanthes floccosa ssp. grandifora 8

Lipochaeta fauriei 159

Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla 126

Lipochaeta tenuifolia 126

Lipochaeta venosa 88

Lobelia niihauensis 126

Lomatium bradshawii 49, 147

Lomatium cookii 8

Lupinus aridorum I23

Lupinus wetianus var. aridorum 123

Lysimachia asperulifolia 34,79,83, 157

Macbridea alba 146

Manihot walkerae 155

Marshallia mohrii 136

Matelea alabamensis 30

Melicope knudsenii 159

Melicope pallida 159

Muhlenbergia torreyana 34

Munroidendron racemosum 159

Neraudia angulata 126

Nothocestnrm breviflorum 158

Nothocestrum peltatum 158

Nototrichium humile 126

Ochrosia kilaueaensis 158

Oenothera perennis 15

Opuntia basilaris var. treleasei 128

Opuntia phaecantha 12

Opuntia treleasei 128

Orcuttia caltfornica 149

Oxypolis canbyi 81, 119

Panicum abcissum 31.66

Panicum carteri 93

Panicum fauriei var. carteri 93

Paronychia chartacea 31,45, 123

Parthenium integrtfolium 15

Pediocactus paradinei 162

Pennisetum setaceum 94, 158

Penstemon haydenii 139

Penstemon lemhiensis 64

Peucedanum sandwicense 159

Phlox amoena 15

Phlox idahonis 63

Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis 134

Phyllanthus pentaphyllus 16

Pinguicula 24

Pinguicula ionantha 146,153

Pinus clausa 36,44

Platanthera 9

Platanthera integra 55

Platanthera leucophaea 7 1

Platanthera praeclara 80

Pogogyne nudiuscula 149

Polygala polygama 15

Polygala smallii 32,113

Polygonela aurticulata 9

Polygonella articulata 9.71

Polygonella basiramia 36

Polygonella macrophylla 43.44

Portulaca sclerocarpa 158

Pritchardia munroi 140

Prunus geniculata 123

Pteralyxia kauaiensis 159

Ptilimnium nodosum 120

Pyxidanthera barbulata ssp. brevtfolia 34

Pyxidanthera brevifolia 34

Quercus geminata 44

Quercus myrtifolia 44

Rhododendron chapmanii 34,92

Rhus michauxii 34, 154, 156

Rhynchosia tomentosa 15

Rhynchospora knieskernii 143

Ribes echinellum 102

Robinia hispida var. rosea 15

Sanicula marilandica (var. petioluata) IS

Sanicula mariversa 126

Sarracenia 24,76,121

Sarracenia alata 4,24

Sarraceniaflava 76

Sarracenia oreophila 5,6,87, 136

Sarracenia psittacina 4

Sarracenia pupurea ssp. venosa 76

Sarracenia rubra ssp. alabamensis 76, 138

Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii 76,121

Scheidea lydgatei 140

Schiedea adamantis 96

Schiedea apokremnos 133

Schiedea kaalae 126

Schwalbea americana 15,52, 141

Scutellaria floridana 146

Scutellaria montana 108

Selaginella rupestris 9

Sidalcea hickmannii ssp. parishii 20

Sidalcea nelsoniana 151

Silene alexandri 140

Silene hawaiiensis 158

Silene lanceolata 140

Silene regia 59

Silene spaldingii 54

Sisyrinchium dichotomum 132

Solanum sandwicense 159

Solidago pulchra 34

Solidago shortii 115

Spiranthes delitescens 23,56

Spiranthes diluvialis 1

Spiranthes parksii 98

Stachydeoma graveolens 34

Stanfordia califomica 129
Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia 88

Stephanomeria mdheurensis 137

Stipa comata 57

Talinum rugospetma 9

Talinum rugospennum 9,71

Tetramolopium arenarium 158

Tetramolopium filiforme 126

Tetramolopium remyi 131

Tetranwlopium rockii 140

Tetraneuris herbacea 125

Thalictnun cooleyi 34,75, 145, 164

Thermopsis macrophylla var. angina 7

EFFECLS OF FIFE ON THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS 55

Tojieldia glutinosa var. absona 39

Torreya califomica 22

Torreya taxifolia 22,77,161

Tragia saxicola 16

Trifolium rejlexum 14

Trifolium stoloniferum 14,71

Verbesina heterophylla 34

Vicia menziessii 101

Warea carteri 123

Wyethia reticulata 10

Zunthoxylum hawaiiense 158

Ziziphus celata 123

A list of current Information and Technology Reports follows:

1. Population Biology of the Florida Manatee, edited by Thomas J. O’Shea, Bruce B. Ackerman, and H. Franklin

Percival. 1995.287 pp.

NOTE: The mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government.
I

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Biological Service

As the Nation’s principal conservation

agency, the Department of the Interior has reSponsibiIity for most of our nationally owned

public lands and natural resources. This responsibility includes fostering the sound use of our

lands and water resources; protecting our fish,

wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the

environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and providing

for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy

and mineral resources and works to ensure that

their development is in the best interests of all

our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Department

also has a major responsibility for American

Indian reservation communities. i-a1 . I . II