Definitions and Codes

for Seral Status

and Structure of Vegetation

Frederick C. Hall, Larry Bryant, Rod Clausnitzer,

Kathy Geier-Hayes, Robert Keane, Jane Kertis,

Ayn Shlisky, and Robert Steele
	

	
			
	



		

	

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Contents
Introduction

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Figure 1-(Left) Depauperate shrub and herb layers due to dense sapling regeneration in a ponderosa pine/bitterbrush/Idaho fescue PNC

(PIPO/PUTR/FEID). (Right) Five years after precommercial thinning, Idaho fescue has responded but the bitterbrush layer has not.
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Concept of Seral

Status

Influences Affecting

Life-Form Seral Status
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Figure 2-Contrast along a fenceline showing effects of heavy cattle use on the herb life-form layer in a

ponderosa pine/pinegrass (PIPO/CARU) PNC. Right of the fence is early seral status herb layer, left is

PNC. The tree life-form layer is PNC in both cases. Evaluating seral status by life-form layer improves

description of current vegetation conditions.

Figure 3-Effects of a low-severity fire in a juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass (JUOC/AVM T R/

AGSP) PNC. Fire has set the tree and shrub life-form layers back to early seral while the herb layer is at

PNC.

6
Figure 4-A clearcut in grand fir/pinegrass where the tree life-form layer is early seral and the herb layer is

at PNC.

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Coding Seral Status

Investigations

Classifying Succession

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Figure 5-Tree life-form succession diagram for the PRO phase of PSME/PHMA/THOC

potential natural community from Steele and Geier-Hayes (1989, fig. 3). Descriptive

code for the circled PIPO-PSME is shown in table 1. Dominant and indicator trees

define each seral status; the indicator is the top species and dominant the bottom

species of each pair. PIPO-PSME (circled) denotes late seral status.

Figure 6-Shrub life-form succession diagram for the PIPO phase of PSME/PHMA/THOC

potential natural community from Steele and Geier-Hayes (1989, fig. 9). Descriptive code

for the circled PREM-SPBE is shown in table 1. Combinations of dominant and indicator

shrubs define the characteristics of each seral status; the indicator is the top species and

dominant the bottom species of each pair. PREM-SPBE (circled) denotes mid seral status.
9

Figure 7-Herbaceous life-form succession diagram for the PRO phase of PSME/PHMA/THOC potential

natural community from Steele and Geier-Hayes (1989, fig. 15). The descriptive code for the circled CARUTHOC is shown in table 1. Combinations of dominant the indicator herbs define the characteristics of each

seral status; the indicator is the top species and dominant the bottom species of each pair. CARU-THOC

(circled) denotes PNC status.

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 Seral status is defined in table 4.

b

 PNC is Potential Natural Community (see definitions).
Figure 8-Single tree species life-form successional diagram for the ponderosa pine/bitterbrush/elk

sedge (PIPO/PUTR/CAGE) potential natural community (PNC). Only PIPO occurs in the tree life-form

so its seral status is indicated by percentage of canopy cover. Cover of PNC mature stands averages

40 to 55 percent, whereas cover in saplings and poles may exceed 55 percent as they become

stagnated (fig. 1). This high cover also tends to reduce shrub and herb cover and may occasionally

eliminate some PNC species capable of regenerating under 40 to 55 percent tree cover (fig. 1).

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Single Species Life-Form

Seral Status

Coding Life-Form Seral

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Coding an Estimated

Seral Status

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Coding a Single Seral

Status

Coding an Altered PNC

Plant Community

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Forest Land Structure

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d

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e

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c 3 Douglas-fir/ninebark/meadowrue-the example.

		
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e Burned with no shrub structure; use only the herb layer.

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Metric Equivalents

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Appendix A

Species Acronyms

30
Common name Acronym Scientific name

Annuals ANN

Big sagebrush ARTR Artemisia 

Bitter-brush PUTR Purshia tridentata

Bittercherry PREM Prunus emarginata

Bluebunch wheatgrass AGSP Agropyron spicatum

Brodiaea BRODIAEA 	





Cheatgrass brome BRTR Bromus tectorum

Dogbane APAN Apocynum androsaemifolium

Douglas-fir PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii

Elk sedge CAGE Carex geyeri

Fireweed EPAN 
	
	


Gland cinquefoil POGL Potentilla 

	

Globemallow ILRI Iliamna rivularis

Grand fir ABGR Abies 

Gray rabbit-brush CHNA 	
	

Mountain bromegrass BRCA Bromus carinatus

Ninebark PHMA Physocarpus malvaceus

Onespike oatgrass DAUN 	
nispicata

Pinegrass CARU Calamagrostis 

Ponderosa pine PIPO Pinus 		

Quaking aspen POTR Populus tremuloides

Red alder ALRU Alnus rubra

Sandberg’s bluegrass POSA3 Poa 

Salal GASH Gaultheria 

	

Scabland moss TORTULA Tortula

Scouler’s willow SASC Salix scoulerana

Serviceberry AMAL 

	


Shinyleaf ceanothus CEVE - Ceanothus velutinus

Shiny-leaf spirea SPBE Spirea 
	


Squaw current RICE 
cereum

Strawberry FRVE Fragaria vesca

Tanoak LIDE3 	

	

Tarweed MAGL 

	

Western hemlock TSHE Tsuga 	



Western juniper JUOC Juniperus occidentalis

Western larch LAOC Larix occidentalis

Western meadowrue THOC Thalictrum occidentale

Species Common Names

31


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Definitions and

Discussion of Selected

Terms

32
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Seral and Structural

Codes

34
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35
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a

 Applies to the largest trees or tree species. A class is determined by the average d.b.h. of the number of

trees per acre (TPA) shown.

b

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a Height class is determined by the average height of the 20 tallest shrubs per acre (45-foot spacing).

Shrub height classes were derived from United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) criteria

(Driscoll and others 1984) as follows:

Less than 20 inches or 1.7 feet From 1.7 to 6.5 feet from Hall and others (1985) as big game hiding cover.

Height up to 16.5 feet as the break between shrubs and trees.

b

 Canopy cover applies to all shrubs added together. Shrub canopy covers are all derived from UNESCO criteria (Driscoll

and others 1984).

			

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and Structure

38
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Combining PNC

Association, Seral Status,

and Vegetation Structure

Appendix D

Greater Pacific Northwest

Status Team

39



The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of

Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple

use management of the Nation’s forest resources

for sustained yields of wood, water, forage,

wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private

forest owners, and management of the National

Forests and National Grasslands, it strives-as

directed by Congress-to provide increasingly

greater service to a growing Nation.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Forest Service is a diverse organization committed to

equal opportunity in employment and program delivery.

USDA prohibits discrimination on the basis of race,

color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability,

political affiliation, and familial status. Persons believing that they have been discriminated against should

contact the Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Washington, DC 20250, or call 202-720-7327 (voice),

or 202-720-1127 (TDD).

Pacific Northwest Research Station

333 S.W. First Avenue

P.O. Box 3890

Portland, Oregon 97208-3890

Hall, Frederick C.; Bryant, Larry; Clausnitzer, Rod; Geier-Hayes, Kathy; Keane, Robert; Kertis,

Jane; Shlisky, Ayn; Steele, Robert. 1995. Definitions and codes for seral status and structure of

vegetation. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-363. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 39 p.

Definitions and codes for identifying vegetation seral status and structure are desired for land

management planning, appraising wildlife habitat, and prescribing vegetation treatment. Codes are

only presented; they are not a system for determining seral status or stand structure. Terms defined

are climax, potential natural community (PNC), succession, seral status, thresholds, altered PNCs,

life-form layer, dominant species, successional indicator species, structure classes, cover, and strata.

Plant communities may be divided into three life-form layers where appropriate: tree, shrub, and herb/

cryptogam. Each layer may be appraised and coded separately for seral status, or a single code may

be used. Coding is provided for plant community structure class according to size, cover, and strata in

a life-form layer. Seral status and structure may be coded together.

Keywords: Seral status, succession, threshold, structure, life-form.
U.S. Department of Agriculture

Pacific Northwest Research Station

333 S.W. First Avenue

P.O. Box 3890

Portland, Oregon 97208-3890

Official Business

Penalty for Private Use, $300

do NOT detach label