UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

CASE NOS. 20-61465-CV-ALTMAN

 96-06020-CR-ALTMAN-1 

SANTOS ACEVEDO, 

Movant, 

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Respondent. 

__________________________________/ 

ORDER

With permission from the Eleventh Circuit, see In re Acevedo, No. 20-12375-B, slip op. at 9

(11th Cir. July 20, 2020), the Movant—Santos Acevedo—has filed a successive Motion to Vacate 

under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h), see Motion to Vacate (“Motion”) [ECF No. 1] at 11–51. In his Motion, 

Acevedo contends that his federal convictions for violations of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) were 

unconstitutional in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Davis v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2319 

(2019). See generally Motion. After careful review, we DENY the Motion. 

THE FACTS

 The Government indicted Acevedo on seven counts: one count of conspiracy to racketeer

(“RICO conspiracy”), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d) (Count 1); two counts of conspiracy to 

commit Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (Counts 2 and 5); two counts of Hobbs 

Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951–52 (Counts 3 and 6); and two counts of using and 

carrying firearms during and in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). See 

Indictment, United States v. Acevedo, No. 96-06020-CR-ALTMAN (S.D. Fla. Feb. 14, 1996), ECF No. 

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3.1 According to the Indictment, Acevedo (together with three coconspirators) engaged in a scheme 

to “surveil the routes and locations where pick-ups would be made by messengers and drivers of 

armored cars” and to “acquire and utilize vehicles, firearms, ammunition, masks, and bullet-proof 

vests in order to facilitate the robbery of armored cars.” Id. at 2. The Indictment further alleged that, 

on two occasions, Acevedo and his coconspirators successfully robbed a Brinks armored car: once on 

January 3, 1994, where Acevedo stole “approximately $1,000,000.00 from a messenger and a driver of 

a Brinks armored car located at [Hialeah, Florida],” and again on September 28, 1994, when Acevedo

took “approximately $1,900,000.00 from a messenger and a driver of a Brinks armored car located at 

[Coral Springs, Florida].” Id. at 3–4.

Acevedo proceeded to trial where, on December 4, 1996, a federal jury found him guilty of all 

seven counts in the Indictment. See Verdict, Acevedo v. United States, No. 96-06020-CR-ALTMAN (S.D. 

Fla. Dec. 6, 1996), ECF No. 165. Judge Zloch sentenced Acevedo to “360 months [in prison] as to 

Count [1] and concurrent terms of 240 months as to each of counts 2, 3, 5 & 6.” Amended Judgment, 

Acevedo v. United States, No. 96-06020-CR-ALTMAN (S.D. Fla. Mar. 27, 1997), ECF No. 212 at 2. 

Judge Zloch added that “Counts 2, 3, 5 & 6 are to run concurrently with the sentence imposed in 

Count 1.” Id. “As to Count 4,” Judge Zloch said, “the defendant is sentenced to 60 months . . . to run 

consecutively to the sentences imposed in Counts 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6.” Id. And, as to Count 7, Judge 

Zloch directed that “the defendant is [sentenced] to a term of 240 months to run consecutively to the 

sentences imposed in Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.” Id. Acevedo appealed his conviction and sentence to 

the Eleventh Circuit, which affirmed in an unwritten opinion. See United States v. Acevedo, 250 F.3d 746, 

746 (11th Cir. 2001), cert. denied sub nom. Villarino-Pacheco v. United States, 533 U.S. 963 (2001).

1 The Honorable William J. Zloch presided over the original criminal case. But, since Judge Zloch has 

taken senior status, the Clerk reassigned both this case and the underlying criminal case to us. See Clerk’s 

Notice of Reassigned Case, United States v. Acevedo, 96-06020-CR-ALTMAN (S.D. Fla. July 20, 2020), 

ECF No. 417. 

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After filing an initial, unsuccessful § 2255 motion to vacate, see Order Denying Motion to 

Vacate, Acevedo v. United States, No. 96-06020-CR-ALTMAN (S.D. Fla. Oct. 18, 2002), ECF No. 352,

the Movant filed an Application for Leave to File a Successive Motion to Vacate with the Eleventh 

Circuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h), see Application for Leave to File a Successive Motion to Vacate 

(“Application”) [ECF No. 1] at 11–32. In that Application, Acevedo argued that, given the Supreme 

Court’s decision in Davis, his convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) were unconstitutional. Id. at 32. 

Why? Because “conspiracy to commit [a] Hobbs Act robbery is not a crime of violence under the 

force clause[,] and the residual clause that was used during Acevedo’s time of sentencing is now 

deemed unconstitutionally vague by [Davis].” Id. In a short opinion, the Eleventh Circuit concluded: 

“Acevedo has made a prima facie showing that his claim satisfies the statutory criteria of § 2255(h)(2) 

on the basis that his § 924(c) convictions may be unconstitutional under Davis, as he was potentially 

convicted and sentenced under the now-invalid residual clause of § 924(c)(3)(B).” In re Acevedo, slip 

op. at 6. The circuit panel also warned Acevedo that he “will bear the burden of proving the likelihood 

that the jury based its verdict of guilty on Counts 4 and 7 solely on the basis of the Hobbs Act 

conspiracy offenses and not also or solely on the basis of the substantive Hobbs Act robberies.” Id. at 

6–7 (emphasis added). 

THE LAW

Because collateral review isn’t a substitute for a direct appeal, the grounds a movant can 

advance under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 are extremely limited. As relevant here, a prisoner is entitled to relief 

under § 2255 if (1) “the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United 

States,” (2) “the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence,” (3) “the sentence was in 

excess of the maximum authorized by law,” or (4) the sentence is “otherwise subject to collateral 

attack.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a); accord McKay v. United States, 657 F.3d 1190, 1194 n.8 (11th Cir. 2011). 

In other words, “relief under § 2255 is reserved for transgressions of constitutional rights and for 

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that narrow compass of other injuries that could not have been raised on direct appeal and would, if 

condoned, result in a complete miscarriage of justice.” Richards v. United States, 837 F.2d 965, 966 

(11th Cir. 1988) (cleaned up); see also United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 165 (1982) (“[W]e have long 

and consistently affirmed that a collateral challenge will not do service for an appeal.”). If a court 

grants a § 2255 claim, the court “shall vacate and set aside the judgment and shall discharge the 

prisoner or resentence him or grant a new trial or correct the sentence as may appear appropriate.” 

28 U.S.C. § 2255(b). The movant bears the burden of proving his § 2255 claim. See Beeman v. United 

States, 871 F.3d 1215, 1222 (11th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 1168 (2019) (“We rest our 

conclusion that a § 2255 movant must prove his [Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591 (2015)] claim 

on a long line of authority holding that a § 2255 movant ‘bears the burden to prove the claims in his 

§ 2255 motion.’” (quoting Rivers v. United States, 777 F.3d 1306, 1316 (11th Cir. 2015))).

ANALYSIS

Acevedo’s argument is straightforward. In his words: “Acevedo’s § 924(c) convictions for 

Counts 4 and 7 should be dismissed since a Hobbs Act conspiracy is not a crime of violence.” Motion 

at 45.2 In support, Acevedo says that “[t]he jury returned a general verdict of guilt on the firearm 

2 In Count 1, Acevedo was also charged with RICO Conspiracy. See Indictment at 1–6. In the 

aftermath of Davis, the Eleventh Circuit held that RICO conspiracy is not a “crime of violence” for 

purposes of § 924(c). See United States v. Green, 981 F.3d 945, 952 (11th Cir. 2020) (“So as with 

conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery, the elements of RICO conspiracy focus on the agreement to 

commit a crime, . . . Therefore, RICO conspiracy does not qualify as a crime of violence under § 

924(c)(3).”). Acevedo never argues that the jury might have (improperly) considered RICO conspiracy 

as the predicate offense for his § 924(c) charge, see Motion at 45 (“Acevedo’s [I]ndictment charged in 

Counts 4 and 7 the use of a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence as charged in Counts 

2 and 3, and Counts 5 and 6.”)—and we won’t make arguments for him, see Fils v. City of Aventura, 647 

F.3d 1272, 1285 (11th Cir. 2011) (“[D]istrict courts cannot concoct or resurrect arguments neither 

made nor advanced by the parties.”). Nor would any such argument have been viable. After all, Counts 

4 and 7 (the § 924(c) charges), expressly identified Counts 2, 3, 5, and 6—not Count 1—as the 

predicate offenses. See Indictment at 8, 10 (charging Acevedo in Count 4 with using a firearm in 

relation to a crime of violence “as set forth in Count [2] and [3] of this Indictment,” and in Count 7 

with using a firearm in relation to a crime of violence “as set forth in Count [5] and [6] of this 

Indictment”).

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counts without specifying which count of robbery was the predicate offense.” Id. Put another way, 

Acevedo claims that it’s now impossible for us to tell whether, as a predicate for the § 924(c) counts,

the jury used the Hobbs Act robbery charges (which would be proper) or the Hobbs Act conspiracy counts 

(no longer proper after Davis). 

The Respondent urges us to deny the Motion for two different reasons. First, the Respondent 

says that, because Acevedo “never challenged the crime-of-violence nature of his § 924(c) convictions 

[on direct appeal],” he’s procedurally defaulted this claim. Respondent’s Response to Order to Show 

Cause (“Response”) [ECF No. 6] at 8. Second, the Respondent argues that Acevedo’s § 924(c) 

convictions “were predicated alternatively on Count 3 and 6—substantive Hobbs Act robbery 

offenses—which are completely unaffected by Davis.” Id. at 14. Because we agree with the 

Respondent’s second argument, we now deny the Motion. 

In Davis, the Supreme Court addressed a challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), a statute that

“threatens long prison sentences for anyone who uses a firearm in connection with certain other 

federal crimes.” 139 S. Ct. at 2323. Specifically, § 924(c) “authorizes heightened criminal penalties for 

using or carrying a firearm ‘during and in relation to,’ or possessing a firearm ‘in furtherance of,’ any 

federal ‘crime of violence or drug trafficking crime.’” Id. at 2324 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)). 

The statute gives us two ways to identify a “crime of violence”: the “elements clause” and the “residual 

clause.” Id. In Davis, the Court held that § 924(c)’s “residual clause”—which defined a “crime of 

violence” as a felony that “involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property 

of another may be used in the course of committing the offense”—was unconstitutionally vague. Id. 

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at 2325–26 (citing Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591, 598–99 (2015), and Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. 

Ct. 1204, 1216 (2018)).3 

In the aftermath of Davis, the Eleventh Circuit was asked to determine whether a conspiracy 

to commit a Hobbs Act robbery remained a “crime of violence” under § 924(c)’s still-constitutional 

“elements clause.” See Brown v. United States, 942 F.3d 1069, 1075 (11th Cir. 2019) (“[T]he survival of 

Brown’s § 924(c) conviction depends entirely on whether conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery 

qualifies as a crime of violence under the elements clause.”).4 After applying the “categorical 

approach,” the court concluded that Hobbs Act conspiracy does not “necessitat[e] the existence of a 

threat or attempt to use force,” and, therefore, “does not qualify as a ‘crime of violence’” under § 

924(c)’s elements clause. Id. at 1075–76. 

With this framework in hand, we turn to the question before us: What happens when a 

defendant (like Acevedo) is convicted of multiple offenses—some of which are “crimes of violence,” 

some of which aren’t—by a verdict that doesn’t make clear which of these offenses the jury used as 

predicates for the § 924(c) charge? It’s a hard question in the abstract. Fortunately, the Eleventh Circuit 

has resolved the issue in three recent cases: Granda v. United States, 990 F.3d 1272 (11th Cir. 2021); 

Parker v. United States, 993 F.3d 1257 (11th Cir. 2021), cert. denied 142 S. Ct. 500 (2021); and Foster v. 

3 By contrast, the “elements clause,” which defines a “crime of violence” as any felony that “has as an 

element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of 

another,” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), was left intact and can be still used to enhance criminal sentences, 

see, e.g., United States v. Hanks, 795 F. App’x 783, 785 (11th Cir. 2020) (“[Since] federal bank robbery is 

a crime of violence under the elements clause, Hanks’s § 924(c) conviction is valid, notwithstanding 

the Supreme Court’s invalidation of the residual clause.”). 

4 That same year, the Eleventh Circuit separately found that Davis announced a new rule of 

constitutional law—meaning that a Davis claim is retroactively applicable on collateral review and, 

therefore, can provide the basis for a successive § 2255 motion. See In re Hammoud, 931 F.3d 1032, 

1039 (11th Cir. 2019) (“In other words, Davis announced a new substantive rule, and [Welch v. United 

States, 578 U.S. 120 (2016)] tells us that a new rule such as the one announced in Davis applies 

retroactively to criminal cases that became final before the new substantive rule was announced.”). 

And that’s why the Eleventh Circuit authorized Acevedo to file his successive Motion in our case. See

In re Acevedo, slip op., at 4–5 (granting Acevedo’s successive § 2255 motion and citing In re Hammoud, 

931 F.3d at 1039, and In re Cannon, 931 F.3d 1236 (11th Cir. 2019)).

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United States, 996 F.3d 1100 (11th Cir. 2021), cert. denied 142 S. Ct. 500 (2021). In these three cases, the 

court of appeals held that, as a threshold matter, the postconviction movant must have “contended

[on his direct appeal] that the § 924(c) residual clause was unconstitutionally vague”; otherwise, the 

court said, the Davis claim is procedurally defaulted. See Granda, 990 F.3d at 1288; see also Parker, 993 

F.3d at 1265 (“Granda held that a vagueness-based challenge to the § 924(c)(3)(B) residual clause was 

not sufficiently novel to establish cause.”).

5

 

Even if the movant can avoid a procedural default, “relief is proper only if the . . . court has 

grave doubt about whether a trial error of federal law had substantial and injurious effect or influence 

in determining the jury’s verdict.” Foster, 996 F.3d at 1107 (quoting Davis v. Ayala, 576 U.S. 257, 267–

68 (2015)); see also Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993) (“[Habeas petitioners] are not entitled 

to habeas relief based on trial error unless they can establish that it resulted in ‘actual prejudice.’”).

Granda and its progeny held that a movant will fail to satisfy this harmless-error standard if the 

“conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery was inextricably intertwined with the other predicate 

offenses.” Granda, 990 F.3d at 1293. That’s because “[t]he tightly bound factual relationship of the 

predicate offenses precludes [movants] from showing a substantial likelihood that the jury relied solely 

on [Hobbs Act conspiracy] to predicate its conviction on [a § 924(o) offense].” Id. at 1291; see also, e.g., 

Parker, 993 F.3d at 1263 (“It is inconceivable that the jury could have found Parker conspired, and 

did, use and carry a firearm in furtherance of his conspiracy to rob the house (the invalid predicate) 

without also finding at the same time that he did so in furtherance of his conspiracy and attempt to 

obtain the cocaine in the same house (both valid predicates).”); Foster, 996 F.3d at 1108 (“[T]here [was] 

5

 There is (it’s true) one exception to this rule, which applies only where the movant can “establish that 

he is actually innocent of the [§ 924(c)] offense.” Granda, 990 F.3d at 1292. As in Granda, however, 

Acevedo doesn’t allege that he’s “actually innocent,” see generally Motion, so we needn’t address this 

exception here, see, e.g., Granda, 990 F.3d at 1292 (“To demonstrate actual innocence of the § 924(o) 

offense, Granda would have to show that no reasonable juror would have concluded he conspired to 

possess a firearm in furtherance of any of the valid predicate offenses. . . . Granda cannot make this 

showing, nor does he try.”). 

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no real possibility that Foster’s convictions on [the §§ 924(c) and (o) counts] rested solely on the 

invalid Hobbs Act conspiracy predicate, [and] the inclusion of an invalid predicate offense in the 

indictment and jury instructions was harmless.”). 

As an initial matter, we reject the Respondent’s contention that Acevedo’s claim is

procedurally defaulted. According to the Respondent, Acevedo didn’t challenge his § 924(c) 

conviction “until he first sought leave (unsuccessfully) in 2016 from the Eleventh Circuit to file a 

second or successive § 2255 motion, more than a decade after his conviction became final in 2001.” 

Response at 8. While this finding—if true—would constitute a procedural default, we just aren’t sure

that the record conclusively supports the Respondent’s position. Acevedo (it’s true) took a direct 

appeal of his conviction, see Acevedo, 250 F.3d at 746, but we have no idea what he argued in that appeal. 

That’s because the Eleventh Circuit summarily affirmed his conviction and sentence in an unwritten 

opinion, and a copy of his Initial Brief isn’t included in the record before us. We thus cannot say that

Acevedo has never attacked his § 924(c) convictions as unconstitutionally vague. 

Still, the Motion fails because the Hobbs Act conspiracy counts are “inextricably intertwined” 

with the Hobbs Act robbery counts. Acevedo, remember, was convicted of conspiring to rob (and of 

actually robbing) two armored cars—one on January 3, 1994, and another on September 28, 1994—

using, among other things, firearms. See Indictment at 4 (“In furtherance of this conspiracy and to 

effect the objects thereof, the following overt acts, among others, were committed in the Southern 

District of Florida: On or about January 3, 1994 [Acevedo] obtained, by force and at gunpoint, 

approximately $1,000,000.000 from a messenger and a driver of a Brinks armored car . . . . On or 

about September 28, 1994 [Acevedo] obtained, by force and at gunpoint, approximately 

$1,900,000.000 from a messenger and a driver of a Brinks armored car.”). The charged conspiracy was 

thus “inextricably intertwined” with the substantive robberies because they involved “the same 

operative facts and the same set of events.” Granda, 990 F.3d at 1289; see also Calderon v. United States, 

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811 F. App’x 511, 516 (11th Cir. 2020) (“[T]he predicate offenses are ‘inextricably intertwined’ such 

that it would be difficult for the court to find that Calderon used a weapon in furtherance of the 

Hobbs Act conspiracy without also finding that he used a weapon in furtherance of the Hobbs Act 

robbery that formed the basis of that conspiracy.”). 

And the Eleventh Circuit essentially said as much when it allowed Acevedo to proceed with his 

successive Motion: 

Even on this limited record before us, there is some indication that the jury’s § 924(c) 

verdicts did not rest solely on the conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery predicates 

given that the conspiracy-robbery offenses, substantive robbery offenses, and the 

firearm offenses were so inextricably intertwined with each other and the jury found 

the substantive robbery offenses proven beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . This is only 

to say that this is an issue the district court will need to address in the first instance. 

In re Acevedo, slip op., at 7–8. Here, again, the court of appeals got it right: Given the facts of the case—

and in light of the jury’s verdict on the substantive robbery counts—there’s no real possibility that the 

jury found Acevedo guilty only of using a firearm in furtherance of the conspiracy to rob the two 

armored vehicles. Cf. Foster, 996 F.3d at 1108 (“[T]here is no real possibility that Foster’s convictions 

on [the §§ 924(c) and (o) counts] rested solely on the invalid Hobbs Act conspiracy predicate.”); 

Calderon, 811 F. App’x at 516 (“[I]t would be difficult for the court to find that Calderon used a weapon 

in furtherance of the Hobbs Act conspiracy without also finding that he used a weapon in furtherance 

of the Hobbs Act robbery that formed the basis of that conspiracy.”). After all, the jury found that 

Acevedo conspired to rob the two trucks, that he actually robbed the two trucks, and the Indictment 

alleged that Acevedo used and carried a firearm during those two robberies. Given the evidence that 

a gun was used during the robberies, the jury’s finding that Acevedo was the man at the robberies very 

strongly suggests that it found Acevedo guilty, not just of using the gun during the conspiracy, but also 

of holding the gun at the robberies. Since Acevedo has failed to show a substantial likelihood that the 

jury used only the Hobbs Act conspiracy as a predicate for his § 924(c) convictions, any conceivable 

error was harmless under Brecht v. Abrahamson. See Granda, 990 F.3d at 1292 (“Even were we to assume 

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that the overlap between the valid and invalid predicates did not bar Granda’s claim on procedural 

default grounds, the same problem would rear its head again on the merits. The inextricability of the 

alternative predicate crimes compels the conclusion that the error Granda complains about—

instructing the jury on a constitutionally invalid predicate as one [of] several [ ] potential alternative 

predicates—was harmless.”). 

EVIDENTIARY HEARING

We won’t give Acevedo an evidentiary hearing because “the motion and the files and records 

of the case conclusively show that [he] is entitled to no relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b); see also Schriro v. 

Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473–75 (2007) (holding that, if the record refutes the factual allegations in the 

petition or otherwise precludes habeas relief, a district court needn’t hold an evidentiary hearing). 

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

A Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) is appropriate only where the movant makes “a 

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). To deserve a COA, 

therefore, the movant must show that “reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of 

the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). “Where a 

district court has disposed of claims . . . on procedural grounds, a COA will be granted only if the 

court concludes that ‘jurists of reason’ would find it debatable both ‘whether the petition states a valid 

claim of the denial of a constitutional right’ and ‘whether the district court was correct in its procedural 

ruling.’” Eagle v. Linahan, 279 F.3d 926, 935 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting Franklin v. Hightower, 215 F.3d 

1196, 1199 (11th Cir. 2000)). Because reasonable jurists wouldn’t find our resolution of the Motion’s 

constitutional claims debatable or wrong, we DENY any request for a COA.

***

Having carefully reviewed the record and the governing law, we hereby ORDER AND 

ADJUDGE that the Motion is DENIED, any request for a COA is DENIED, any request for an

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evidentiary hearing is DENIED, all deadlines are TERMINATED, and any pending motions are 

DENIED as moot. The Clerk of Court shall CLOSE this case. 

DONE AND ORDERED in the Southern District of Florida, this 22nd day of April 2022.

__________________________________ 

ROY K. ALTMAN

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

cc: Santos Acevedo, pro se

counsel of record 

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