p.1 

OAR Box 1818 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

75) IV-A-4 

Docket Number: 

A-87-11 

Printed 11/6/2008 3:12:46 PM Sheet 75 of 79 
P.2 

DRAFT FINAL REPORT 

on 

INCIDENCE OF SIPHONING-RELATED GASOLINE INGESTION 

to 

Office of Mobile Sources 

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyAnn Arbor, Michigan 

by 

Michael J. Murphy 

March 1989 

BATTELLE 

505 King Avenue 

Columbus, OH 43201 
P.3 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

INTRODUCTION 1 

SIPHONING AND GASOLINE INGESTION 2 

Causes of Siphoning Accidents 2 

Effects of Gasoline Ingestion 4 

FREQUENCY OF SIPHONING-RELATED GASOLINE INGESTION 4 

NEISS Data on Gasoline Ingestion . 5 

Origin of NEISS Data 5 

Analysis of NEISS Data on Gasoline-Siphoning 

Incidents 6 

Poison Control Center Data on Siphoning-related Gasoline 

Ingestion 8 

Origin of AAPCC Data 8 

Analysis of AAPCC Data 9 

DISCUSSION 12 

Comparison of AAPCC and NEISS DATA 12 

Choice of Age Limit 14 

SUMMARY 14 

REFERENCES 17 

ll 
P.4 

INCIDENCE OF SIPHONING-RELATED GASOLINE INGESTION 

INTRODUCTION 

Siphoning accidents are the major cause of gasoline ingestion 

by adults. Changes in the configuration of automobile gas tank 

filler tubes are now proposed as part of an on-board system to 

reduce emissions of gasoline vapors. Some of these design 

approaches may also make siphoning of gasoline from automobile 

tanks more difficult and therefore less frequent. The following 

analysis estimates the incidence of siphoning-related gasoline 

ingestion and hence the potential for automobile fuel system 

modifications to reduce the number of injuries due to gasoline 

ingestion accidents. 

This analysis expands on information uncovered during 

previous work assignment 3-14 of contract 68-02-4246 that suggested 

many incidents of gasoline ingestion are caused by gasoline 

siphoning. An assessment of proposed on-board system hardware 

designs suggested that some approaches could effectively prohibit 

siphoning and thus potentially reduce the number of injuries and 

deaths resulting from ingestion of gasoline during siphoning 

mishaps. Two sources of data on the number and frequency of 

injuries and deaths related to gasoline siphoning were identified 

and examined: the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System 

(NEISS), operated by the Consumer Products Safety Commission 

(CPSC), and the American Association of Poison Control Centers 

(AAPCC) database of exposure reports. 
P.5 

SIPHONING AND GASOLINE INGESTION 

People siphon gasoline from automobile tanks for a variety of 

reasons. Some siphoning is performed to remove gasoline from an 

automobile fuel tank for use in a lawn mower or other implement 

with a small gasoline engine. Other siphoning may be performed to 

transfer fuel from one automobile tank to another, either by the 

vehicle owner or clandestinely by others. 

Causes of Siphoning Accidents 

Gasoline siphoning accidents are generally caused by the 

circumstances and conditions associated with siphoning, rather than 

by component or hardware failures. Some of these circumstances are 

discussed below. 

Siphoning is frequently an unplanned activity using any 

available hose or tube. Often such hoses or tubes are opaque, 

making it impossible to monitor the progress of the liquid. 

The height of the siphon also contributes to mishaps. To 

siphon from an automobile tank, sufficient suction must be applied 

to raise the gasoline to the level of the filler neck opening. 

This distance is about 0.5 m and requires a negative pressure of 

3.5-4.0 kPa. Thus, considerable effort is required to start the 

siphon, sometimes leading to lack of adequate control after the 

liquid starts flowing. 

Substantial exposure to gasoline vapor may also occur during 

siphoning, causing a lack of mental alertness and thereby 
P.6 

increasing the likelihood of an accident. Rapid and competent 

starting of a siphon would lead to a flow of air, then liquid 

gasoline in the siphon tube and hence minimal exposure to gasoline 

vapor. However, the siphon tube may not, initially, be below the 

surface of the liquid in the automobile tank. A considerable 

amount of vapor might then be ingested before the siphoner realizes 

the tube needs to be repositioned. Or, gasoline may be sucked part 

way up the tube and then allowed to return to the tank before the 

siphoning is finally initiated. This action would wet a 

considerable length of the inside of the siphon tube with gasoline, 

increasing the exposure to gasoline vapor when the siphon is 

finally established. The equilibrium concentration of gasoline 

vapor over liquid gasoline is about 300,000 ppm.' ' An exposure 

which even approaches this severity can cause lack of mental 

alertness very quickly.' ' 

Finally, even successful siphoning of gasoline by adults may 

indirectly lead to ingestion of gasoline by children. Young 

children who observe adults siphoning gasoline may confuse 

siphoning with drinking. Somewhat older children may simply 

attempt to imitate an adult activity. 

The fundamental reason for gasoline siphoning is the apparent 

attractiveness and convenience of the technique. While the above 

discussion should make clear that while siphoning gasoline from an 

automobile fuel tank is far from trivial, it may appear easy. 

Thus, changes to the automobile fuel system which make siphoning 

more difficult both in fact and in appearance are likely to reduce 

the incidence of siphoning and hence siphoning-related accidents. 
P.7 

Effects of Gasoline Ingestion 

The health effects of gasoline ingestion can be serious( K 

Generally, if gasoline is taken into the mouth, but not swallowed, 

the results are unpleasant( ', but not permanent or lifethreatening . 

However, if actual swallowing of gasoline occurs, serious, 

potentially lethal toxic effects can result. ^ 5 H

5 ' A lethal dose 

of 90-135 g has been reported as a "reasonable estimate for an 

average adult."( ' Moreover, chemical pneumonia and pulmonary 

edema caused by aspiration of gasoline after belching or vomiting 

may occur. This can be a life-threatening condition,' ) and makes 

medical treatment problematical since actions taken to remove the 

stomach contents entail a risk of vomiting with subsequent 

aspiration, while drugs to curtail vomiting tend to exacerbate the 

depression of the central nervous system caused by the exposure to 

gasoline hydrocarbons. 

FREQUENCY OF SIPHONING-RELATED GASOLINE INGESTION 

There are two primary sources of information regarding the 

frequency of siphoning-related gasoline ingestion. The first 

source is a computerized record of visits to hospital emergency 

rooms, known as the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System 

(NEISS). The second source is a record of calls to poison control 

centers. Information available from each source regarding the 

incidence of siphoning-related gasoline ingestion is discussed 

below. 

A computer literature search of major bibliographic databases, 

including the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Index 
P.8 

Medicus, Chemical Abstracts, ToxLine, and Engineering Index, did 

not disclose any significant sources of additional data concerning 

the incidence of siphoning-related gasoline ingestion. 

NEISS Data on Gasoline Ingestion 

Origin of NEISS Data 

To gather data on the incidence of injuries associated with 

various consumer products, the Consumer Products Safety Commission 

(CPSC) operates the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System 

(NEISS), a database of reports from hospital emergency rooms. 

Although hospital emergency rooms see a broad spectrum of injuries, 

it is felt that this data collection strategy is especially 

effective for capturing data on the more severe injuries. 

The NEISS is based on a random probability sample of all 

hospitals with emergency centers throughout the U.S. and its 

territories. In the design of NEISS by CPSC, hospitals with 

emergency rooms were stratified by size and location, and a simple 

random sample of primary and alternate hospitals was selected from 

each stratum. The current NEISS sample consists of 62 hospitals 

which represent all the hospitals with emergency departments in 

the U.S. For each case in the sample, the NEISS staff have 

calculated a weighting factor to represent the number of cases in 

the entire population associated with an occurrence at that 

particular hospital. 

The NEISS staff takes various measures, such as data audits 

and telephone callbacks to patients and witnesses, to maintain the 

quality of the data and to reduce input errors. They also make 
P.9 

on-site visits to emergency departments in the NEISS to determine 

whether all in-scope cases are being captured. 

Analysis of NEISS Data on Gasoline-Siphoning Incidents 

Exposure Incidence. Computer printouts were obtained from 

CPSC of all reported injuries associated with the use of gasoline 

for calendar year 1987 and for calendar year 1988. These printouts 

are included in this report as Appendices A and B, respectively. 

Each entry on the printouts was manually scanned for both an 

indication of gasoline ingestion in the incident description and 

a patient age of 6 or greater. A total of 33 such incidents were 

identified. Of these 33 incidents, 20 mentioned siphoning 

specifically; 5 other incidents were identified whose descriptions 

suggested siphoning-related ingestion of gasoline although the word 

siphoning was not mentioned specifically. Appendix C lists all the 

identified incidents of gasoline ingestion along with the 

associated weighting factors. 

Each of the 33 incidents of gasoline ingestion was multiplied 

by its associated weighting factor, and the products were then 

totaled to give expected national incidence for the 24-month 

period. The result was a total of 2,601 cases of gasoline 

ingestion. 

Similarly, for siphoning-related gasoline ingestion, there 

were 20 incidents that listed siphoning as a cause of ingestion 

yielding an expected national total of 1,570 cases over the 24-

month period. An additional 5 incidents where siphoning was 

suspected yielded an additional 335 cases, for an expected national 

total of 1,905 cases. Note that siphoning was either known or 
P.10 

suspected in 1,905/2,601, or 73 percent, of the cases of gasoline 

ingestion by persons age 6 or older. 

Although the NEISS data is derived from a statistical sample 

of hospital emergency rooms, that sample is relatively small: only 

62 out of a total of 5,349 hospital emergency rooms in the U.S. 

are in the sample. Given the number of reported siphoning-related 

gasoline ingestions during 1987-1988 time period (1,905), the 

coefficient of variation associated with this estimated number of 

injuries may be obtained by interpolating from the table of 

generalized standard errors and coefficients of variation presented 

in a CPSC analysis of the NEISS data.(9) Such an interpolation 

leads to an estimated coefficient of variation of 0.22. Thus, for 

a 95 percent confidence level, the estimated number of cases is 

1905 + (2 x 0.22 x 1905), or 1,070-2,740. 

These data may be normalized to an annual basis, yielding an 

estimated 953 cases per year involving siphoning-related gasoline 

ingestion, with a 95 percent confidence range of 530-1,370. The 

weighted average age of patients treated for siphoning-related 

gasoline ingestion was 20.7 years. Figure 1 shows the age 

distribution of these cases. 

Exposure Severity. The NEISS database also has information on 

the severity of injuries associated with a particular case. 

However, the NEISS database is concerned only with the condition 

of the patient upon arrival at the hospital and in the emergency 

room. Thus, the NEISS database would show a death only if the 

patient was dead on arrival or died in the emergency room. 

Patients who die in other parts of the hospital, e.g. in an 

intensive care unit, would not be recorded as deaths in the NEISS 

statistics. CPSC does not routinely receive death certificate data 

for adults. 
P.11 

The NEISS data show that 

of the 1,905 cases of siphoningrelated gasoline ingestion, 

277 were serious enough to 

require hospitalization of 

the patient. Annualizing 

this data yields 139 people 

each year who are 

hospitalized because of 

siphoning-related gasoline 

ingestion. The weighted 

average age of victims of 

siphoning-related gasoline 

ingestion requiring 

hospitalization was 29. 

•40-49 

FIGURE 1. Age Distribution for 

Cases of Siphoning-Related Gasoline 

Ingestion Reported to NEISS in 1987-

1988. 

It is likely that nearly all of the injuries associated with 

siphoning gasoline involved siphoning to or from an automobile 

tank. Information from the media on gasoline ingestion, for 

example (10)(U) as well as the experience of the American 

Association of Poison Control Centers discussed below, certainly 

supports this view. 

Poison Control Center Data on Siphoning-related Gasoline Ingestion 

Origin of AAPCC Data 

The American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) 

receives reports of human poisoning from 63 participating poison 

control centers, serving a combined population of 137.5 million, 

This average is based on reports from only five hospitals. 

8 
P.12 

or 57 percent of the U.S. population. The AAPCC received 1,166,940 

reports of human exposure cases in 1987. 

While the AAPCC database is not represented to be a 

statistical sample of the U.S. population, the large fraction of 

the population covered (57 percent) together with the ubiquitous 

presence of gasoline and automobiles in the U.S. probably serves 

to minimize sampling errors. 

Analysis of AAPCC Data 

Exposure Incidence. Of the 1,166,940 reports of human 

exposure to potentially toxic substances received by the AAPCC in 

1987, 12,739 involved gasoline only. An additional 289 exposures 

were reported which involved gasoline plus another substance. 

Because siphoning from vehicle fuel tanks is likely to involve only 

gasoline, such combination exposures were excluded. Of the 12,739 

gasoline-only exposures, 8,565 (67 percent) involved ingestion. 

These data concerning gasoline-related exposure reports from poison 

control centers have been summarized by Litovitz.^ ) 

Of the 8,565 cases of gasoline ingestion, 59 percent involved 

persons aged 6 or older. If we assume that 92 percent of the 

gasoline ingestions by persons age 6 or older were associated with 

siphoning (see National Capital Poison Center data, below), then 

we have 

8565 x 0.59 x 0.92 = 4649 

reported cases of gasoline-related siphoning ingestion involving 

persons aged 6 or older. 
P.13 

Since the AAPCC database receives information from poison 

control centers serving 57 percent of the U.S. population, if the 

gasoline exposures were uniformly distributed, 22,332 cases of 

gasoline exposure and 8,156 cases of siphoning-related gasoline 

ingestion would be estimated for the entire U.S. population age 6 

or older in 1987. 

The number of cases of gasoline exposure might be further 

extrapolated to include under-reporting in the geographic areas 

which are served by poison control centers reporting to the AAPCC. 

Typically, a multiplier of 4.0 is used to cover both non-reporting 

and under-reporting.1* ' However, it is likely that many of the 

under-reported cases were not reported because the persons involved 

considered them too minor to warrant seeking medical advice. 

Moreover, little data is available to support the estimate of the 

proportion of under-reported cases, and in any case, the estimate 

is for all types of poison exposures and is not specific to 

gasoline exposures. Because these uncertainties could confuse the 

analysis, an extrapolation to under-reported cases has not been 

applied to the data used in this report. 

Litovitz has also made a detailed analysis of gasoline 

exposure cases reported to the National Capital Poison Center,( ' 

which serves 3,000,000 people in the Washington, D.C. area. This 

data is a subset of the AAPCC data. 

Of the 80 gasoline ingestions reported to the National Capital 

Poison Center involving persons 6 years of age or older, there were 

67 events reported to be siphoning-related and 6 reported to be 

non-siphoning related. The remaining 7 events are of unknown 

cause. If these 7 unknown events are allocated in the same 

proportion as the events of known cause, then 6.4 of them would be 

expected to be associated with siphoning. Considering these 6.4, 

plus the 67 known siphoning events, leads to the conclusion that 

10 
P.M 

92 percent of the gasoline ingestions reported to the National 

Capital Poison Center are siphoning-related. This same percentage 

was used in our analysis of the nationwide AAPCC data, above. 

Exposure Severity. The AAPCC data offer two measures of 

gasoline exposure severity: the rate of utilization of health care 

facilities and an assessment of medical outcome. For both of these 

measures, the available data on gasoline ingestions cover all age 

groups. Thus, using this data requires making the assumption that 

the distribution of exposure severities among the population 6 

years of age or greater is the same as for the entire population. 

As noted previously, gasoline ingestions by persons aged 6 or older 

constitute 59 percent of the total number of gasoline ingestion 

cases. 

The AAPCC data show that of the 8,565 reported cases of 

gasoline ingestion, 3,411 were reported to have no medical effect 

and that for an additional 755 cases of unknown outcome no toxic 

effect would be expected.( ' Minor medical effects were reported 

for 3,608 cases and moderate or major (life-threatening) effects 

were reported for 138 cases. In addition, 538 potentially toxic 

cases were reported where the medical outcome was not known. If 

the proportion of minor and of moderate or major effects was the 

same for these cases as for those cases with known effects, 518 

additional cases with a minor effect and 18 additional cases with 

a moderate or major effect would be expected. A small number of 

cases for which the medical effect reported was not related to the 

exposure, or for which the exposure was unknown, were neglected. 

Applying the same analysis previously applied to all cases of 

gasoline ingestion to the cases of gasoline ingestion with minor 

medical effects leads to an estimate of: 

( (3608 + 518) x 0.59 x 0.92 ) / 0.57 = 3929 

11 
P.15 

reported cases of siphoning/related gasoline ingestion with minor 

medical effects for the entire nation in 1987. Likewise, for 

siphoning-related gasoline ingestion with moderate or major medical 

effects: 

( (138 + 18) x 0.59 x 0.92 ) / 0.59 = 149 

cases are estimated for the entire nation in 1987. 

The AAPCC data also show that 16.4 percent of all reported 

gasoline ingestions, including ingestions with a concomitant 

exposure to another substance, resulted in the utilization of a 

health care facility.' ' Assuming that this percentage applies 

equally to the cases of gasoline-only exposure, and recalling that 

an annual total of 8,156 siphoning-related gasoline ingestions age 

6 or over were estimated from the AAPCC data, this implies that 

each year 1,338 such cases utilized a health care facility. 

DISCUSSION 

Comparison of AAPCC and NEISS DATA 

Since there is a substantial difference in the estimated 

overall incidence of gasoline ingestion as derived from the NEISS 

data and from the AAPCC data, a discussion of the criteria for 

inclusion in the respective databases is relevant. For a case to 

be included in the NEISS database, the injured person must actually 

visit and be treated in the emergency room of a hospital. Thus, 

visits or calls to private physicians, visits to urgent care 

clinics, or cases of self-treatment are not included. The AAPCC 

database includes all inquiries to poison control centers. These 

12 
P.16 

inquiries may be made by telephone, and may come from hospitals, 

physicians, or other individuals. 

Barring any evidence of significant fictitious or duplicative 

reporting to poison control centers, the AAPCC data may be taken 

as more representative of the actual total incidence of siphoningrelated gasoline ingestion. In fact, anecdotal evidence based on 

discussions with technical staff at Battelle and with others 

indicates that there are a fairly large number of cases in which 

gasoline was taken into the mouth during siphoning, but not 

swallowed, that are never reported at all. The NEISS data, on the 

other hand, emphasize serious cases, those requiring medical 

treatment. 

For these more serious cases, the agreement between the two 

databases is quite good. The AAPCC data yield an estimate of 1,338 

utilizations of a health care facility. This compares well with 

the NEISS database; which shows 953 visits to hospital emergency 

rooms alone annually for siphoning-related gasoline ingestion. 

Moreover, the estimate derived from the AAPCC data of 149 cases of 

siphoning-related gasoline ingestion with moderate or major medical 

effects agrees well with the 139 NEISS cases listed as resulting 

in hospitalization. 

In summary, the NEISS data is indicative of the number of 

gasoline exposure cases severe enough to warrant a visit to a 

hospital emergency room, while the AAPCC data is indicative of the 

total number of events significant enough to cause an adult to seek 

professional medical advice. 

13 
P.17 

Choice of Age Limit 

The age of 6 was chosen as the lower age limit for considering 

ingestion cases because the exposure scenarios listed in NEISS 

database and in the National Capital Poison Center (NCPC) data show 

that all victims of siphoning-related gasoline ingestion were age 

6 or older.* Moreover, Litovitz's tabulation of NCPC data,1*

17) 

shows a strongly bimodal age distribution of gasoline ingestion 

cases, with a minimum at ages 5-9. Such an age distribution 

suggests that different mechanisms predominate for ingestion above 

and below about age 6. Above that age, it is clear that siphoning 

is the predominant cause of gasoline ingestion. 

SUMMARY 

Siphoning-related gasoline ingestion is a common, yet 

potentially serious injury. Information from the American 

Association of Poison Control Centers gives an estimate of 8,156 

such cases reported each year, 149 of which involved moderate or 

major medical effects, while information from the National 

Electronic Injury Surveillance System, covering a random sample of 

hospital emergency rooms gives an estimate of 953 cases each year 

serious enough for treatment in a hospital emergency room, 139 of 

whom were hospitalized. These data are summarized in Table 1. 

Inasmuch as the population of the U.S. in 1986 was about 240 

million, approximately 91 percent of whom were 6 or older,' ' the 

AAPCC data implies that each year approximately 1 out of every 

27,000 Americans age 6 or older ingests gasoline because of a 

siphoning accident. 

Two cases in the NCPC iata, aged 3 and 4, who imitated 

siphoning by older persons are not included. 

14 
P.18 

The most important fundamental cause of gasoline siphoning is 

the apparent attractiveness and convenience of the technique. 

Thus, changes to the automobile fuel system that make siphoning 

more difficult both in fact and in appearance are apt to reduce the 

overall incidence of siphoning and hence the number of siphoning 

accidents. 

15 
P.19 

Table 1. Summary of Estimated Incidence of Siphoning-Related 

Gasoline Ingestion. (All entries are on an annual basis.) 

Number of gasoline-siphonings unknown 

Number of siphoning-related gasoline ingestions 

serious enough to seek medical advice^3' 8,156 

Number of siphoning-related gasoline ingestions 

with minor medical effects(a) 3,929 

Number of siphoning-related gasoline ingestions 

resulting in utilization of a health care facility*3' 1/338 

Number of siphoning-related gasoline ingestions 

serious enough to go to a hospital emergency roon-p ' 953 

Number of siphoning-related gasoline ingestions 

resulting in moderate or major medical effects'3' 149 

Number of siphoning-related gasoline ingestions 

resulting in hospitalization^ ' 139 

Number of gasoline-siphoning-related deaths'3' ' ... none reported 

(a) Based on AAPCC data. 

(b) Based on NEISS data. 

16 
P.20 

REFERENCES 

(1) Gasoline with a Reid vapor pressure of 70 kPa has an 

estimated equilibrium concentration of gasoline vapor over liquid 

gasoline at 20 C of about 300,000 ppm. 

(2) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Third Revised 

Edition, George D. Clayton and Florance E. Clayton, editors, 

(1981). p. 3374. In one human trial, an exposure to 10,000 ppm 

of gasoline was reported to cause dizziness in 4 minutes. 

(3) "Flammability and Toxicity Tradeoffs with Methanol Fuels," 

Paul A. Machiele, SAE Paper 872064, (1987). p. 7. 

(4) "Siphon Burns," Omni, June 1980. p. 37. 

(5) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Third Revised 

Edition, George D. Clayton and Florance E. Clayton, editors, 

(1981). p. 3384ff. 

(6) "Accidental Death by Gasoline Ingestion," A. Carnevale, M. 

Chiarotti, and N. De Giovanni, American Journal of Forensic 

Medicine and Pathology, £, 153 (1983). 

(7) Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th Edition, 

R.E. Gosselin, R.P. Smith, H. C. Hodge, and J.E. Braddock, 

(1984). p. III-220. 

(8) Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th Edition, 

R.E. Gosselin, R.P. Smith, H. C. Hodge, and J.E. Braddock, 

(1984). p. 11-154, III-220ff. 

(9) "The NEISS Sample (Design and Implementation)" Report by 

the Division of Hazard and Injury Data Systems, U.S. Consumer 

Product Safety Commission, March 1986, last revised July 1988. 

p. 39. 

(10) "Siphon Warning," Newsweek, 17 December 1973. p. 94. 

(11) "It's 'Fill'er Up' Again as Cars Crowd Stations After 

Drought," New York Times, 4 Dec 83. p. 1:7. 

(12) "Acute Exposure to Methanol in Fuels: A Prediction of 

Ingestion Incidence and Toxicity," Toby Litovitz, Paper submitted 

to Methanol Health and Safety Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, 1-2 

November 1988, sponsored by the South Coast Air Quality 

Management District. 

17 
P.21 

(13) American Association of Poison Control Centers 1987 Annual 

Report. 

(14) "Acute Exposure to Methanol in Fuels: A Prediction of 

Ingestion Incidence and Toxicity," Toby Litovitz, Paper submitted 

to Methanol Health and Safety Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, 1-2 

November 1988, sponsored by the South Coast Air Quality 

Management District, p. 14-15. 

(15) "Acute Exposure to Methanol in Fuels: A Prediction of 

Ingestion Incidence and Toxicity," Toby Litovitz, Paper submitted 

to Methanol Health and Safety Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, 1-2 

November 1988, sponsored by the South Coast Air Quality 

Management District, p. 21, Table 8. 

(16) "Acute Exposure to Methanol in Fuels: A Prediction of 

Ingestion Incidence and Toxicity," Toby Litovitz, Paper submitted 

to Methanol Health and Safety Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, 1-2 

November 1988, sponsored by the South Coast Air Quality 

Management District, p. 20, Table 7. 

(17) "Acute Exposure to Methanol in Fuels: A Prediction of 

Ingestion Incidence and Toxicity," Toby Litovitz, Paper submitted 

to Methanol Health and Safety Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, 1-2 

November 1988, sponsored by the South Coast Air Quality 

Management District, p. 15, Table 10. 

(18) Statistical Abstract of the United States, 108th Edition, 

U.S. Department of Commerce, (1988). p. 17. 

18 
P.22 

APPENDIX A 

NEISS Data: 

Incidents Associated with Gasoline 

1 Jan 87 - 31 Dec 87 
U.S. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION I S J I it TUESDAY. 

INIIIkY IN( -1 DENT'S TKFAIFD IN NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE: lANIURY I MX7 TO THE PRESENT 

. . I-IO Jl •III' I . (ltd / COA I UK WOOD UUKNING STO\ES 

DAI I: VICTI M . . ACCIDENT . . . PRODUCTS. .. . INJURY 

TRLA'I .ni l IIOspl IAI. CASE AGE Sl.'X LOCALE FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT DIS P SlVTV 

H / M 12 K7III. I I|'ii.l4tl3:> UIIHJV7V2 02' / M HOME FIR E N (ll o 7 (IV II I 3-PROD BKN-T 2 5 - S »• TR/REL SIX 

•||-liiMlMU 2 I42X FIR E I N GARAGE. PT WOK KINO ON WOOD BURNER. PUT CA S i£l iu.HH/ IIP I N FACE, 

BURNS ON FACE. BOTH HANDS A BACK DX 1ST i 2ND DEGREE BURNS UFP A 

« . I'KODUCI*. uj« y l.AS OK LP IILATERS . NOI ELstWIILKE CLAiSI F 

DAT E VICTI M ACCIDENT. . . . PRODUCTS. .. . INJURY 

TREAT COI I IIOSPIIA I CASE AGE SEX LOCALE FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT D l SP SEVTY 

K7U-IJH K7(i S > | IAI I >o.-i * 00 2 72 09 4 04 4 P HOME FIR E N OJS'J 091 0 NO/ ? BRN-T FINGR TR/REL TWO 

WlUill l 102 142s LIGHTIN G PILO T LIGH T ON LP OAS IIFATER.GAS BURST INTO FLAME AND 

UUKNLD VICTIM S FINUk'kS AND HAND 

. . I'loiliili | II t-i -i MKoslN I UK til l HEATERS 

DA IE VICTI M . . .ACCIDENT . PRODUCTS. INJURY 

IfcLAT COI L Hosp I IAI CASE AGE SEX LOCALE FIR E OCC I sT 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT DIS P SEVTY 

h / I _' I « SII';: »Y)4lu4 3 oooovsa o III' / M HOME NO/? N u3V¥ U9I 0 3-PROD URN-T L/ARM TR/REL FIV E 

Wl Kill l jil.tiuoi i KEROSENE HEATER STARTED BURNING FIERCELY. PI STATES HE ACCIDENTLY 

FILLED HEATER WITH GASOLINE THAT WAS STORED IN A KEROSENE CAN. 

. . PRODUCT. 0 4 tih COOKWARE. NOT SPECIFIE D 

DATE VICTI M .. . ACCIDENT. . . . PRODUCTS. . . INJURY 

T Kl Al CULL HOSPITAL CAsE AGE SEX LOCALE FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT D l sP SEVTY 

h •'•in In H/oi.2-1 .IN'/I.'u 2 2 IIIIOIMIVJ- I ill ? M UNK NO/? N H4<ni ti'/lu 3 PROD URN-T HAND TR/REL FIV E 

Wl Kill I 27 . S|US WENT TO REMOVE A I'AN I RoM CULLMAN STOVE HAD GAS ON HAND FLAMES IGN I TEDS 

• • PRODUCT. 0t>7«i RUGS OR CARPETS. NOT SPECIF I I'D 

DA I E . \ICTI M ...ACCIDENT.. . . . PRODUCTS.. . . INJURY 

IKIA I COLL HOSPITAL CASL" AGI. SI X LOCALE FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT DIS P SEVTY 

SSi.tj l .SStilJI IKSI2M2 2 S.-. I .->•»•»-ni -iii i I- UNK FIR E N ni.7i. OHIO J PROD URN-T 2i-i O TR/REL SI X 

MFH.HT- III >SS/ MIIRNINi. CARPET PIECES WITH GASOL INE. F l AMES IGNITE D WHEN MATCH WASTHKOWN 

ONT O GAS SAIUKATED MATERIAL.BURNED R.SID E OF FACE.NECK.RIGH T ALEFT LEGS 
II s CoNsliMIK PRODUC I s.AII IV COMMISSION I ) J I S TUESDAY. IDLY 2 ii. I'/n.S 

INIIIK Y INl HUNTS IRIATI D I N Nl I SS I MiRGENCY DTPAKI MENTS 

IN\O I \ INl . GASOl INI IANIIAKY I'J .17 TO Till PRESENT 

. . IWIM U I . Uh i I MlKKMIlll* COMPOUNDS OK CIIIMIfAI S 

DATE' VICTI M . ACCIDENT PKOIUICTS . . INJURY 

TRI AT COI L llosl'IIA I CASF AGE SIX I IM Al E FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND »RD DlA G BDYPT DIs P SLVTV 

XX0/I 2 K S l> 7 I M -.('-123022 0*1 I'J )'/2 I 02 ) M HOME NO/? Y OS * I O'/lo NO/? URN-C HAND TR/REL FIV E 

WEIGHT* 3H 2X57 CHEMICAL Usl D To COAl BLACKTOP ON A DRIVEWAY SPLASHED ON BOTH HANDS. 

USED GASOLINE IO IKY TO REMOVE 

• » PKOl.illC'T. O-JIO l.ASll l INI . 

DATE VICTI M . ACCIDENT PRODUCTS INJURY 

TREAT COI L llosl'IIA I CASE AGE SIX I. U ALE FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT DIS P SEVTY 

S /ti I II I s/H I o-l ili m .'H-.-I HU227-I20 ti.' i M IIOMl No/ ? N ii/l o IIIIIII I NO/? POIS N ALL IR/RE L TWO 

Wl Hill l HI2 I Ii n POINSlONING CIUM 11 Al. PAITLN I INIIAI ID / SWALLOWED OASOL I NE HE WAS 

SIPHON ING 

s*. . I.I . :s / / H'.ii, >n •-. >III)|2SM S III.I I M I'UIILIC NO/? Y IIMI O ouon No/ ? UKN T HAND TR/REL FIV E 

Wl I < .111 Iii2 II2.S GASOLINE EXPI oDFD I N HAND Willi E AT WORK 

.s /nln- / h/ull l 1A.1 11022 33US404 3 02 0 M STREET A«P Y uvl u mm o NO/? BRN-T L/LEG TR/REL FIV E 

Wl U.lll iti .2,1) / GOT OAS ON LL u WHILE IR I ING l o SI AR I TRUCK AND I T (LEG) CAUGHT FIR E 

S VoU.-: .170 110 »A.s 11.122 l Ml 2 7 Son 0/ 2 I UNK NO/ ? N OMId oooo NO/? URN-C FACE TR/REL FIV E 

WFTGIII'- IS 2XS/ SPI ASIIFD (iASOl INE INTO FACF 

h/oli l K/ull l HiiDiij i u2l)4lli. l o M M INDs l NO/? Y il v I ii oooo NO/? BRN-C U/LEG TR/REL FIV E 

Wl U.lll I02.I42 K BURN OF LLG GASOLINL EXPLODED AT WORK 

.-./..M l M'/OII ) l\.i I H o . IIOIIOMI2 4 o 2 S M UNK FIR E N U'/lll OM72 3 - PROl'i URN- S HAND TR/REL FIV E 

Wl K.HI - 102 I 42 K 2ND OIGKI L UIIKNS KT PAI M AND RT KNEE. GASOLINE FROM A POWER SAW IGNITE D 

AND CAUGHT PANTS ON FIR E 

•s/oll ! M 7tl I l o IS-/4202 2 oi./7S'J) 5 o I •/ M PUBLIC NO/ ? Y O'/lu oooo NO/? CT/A B EYE TR/REL TWO ( 

WllGIII - 4) . 2)0 0 OAS SlAlIO N A Tl LNDAN T GOT GASOL I NE IN EYE. CORNEAL ABRASION. 

• 

K/nll s H/UI2 U «S'i»2ti22 iiuon IKS) oi l M HOME NO/? N ii'/l u oooii NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGHT- 4 ) 25oo GASOI.INI INGESTION INGESTED UNKNOWN AMOUNT 

h/ulo l «/oin- / iVilloi- i I ;•/).! / ill s M HOME NO/? N O'/lo oooo NO/? BRN-T HAND TR/REL FIV E 

WKIull l Kl OOOI I UURNI l.l I I HAND ON GA SOt IN l . 2ND DEGREE BURN LET I HAND. TBS l/4 » 
U s CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFE TV (DMM I SS ION I ) J I X TUESDAY. J Ul V 21. . I'/.IX 

INJURY INCIDENTS TREATED IN NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT'S 

INVOLVING GASOLINE: JANUARY l'J.17 TO THE PRESENT 

• • I'KOI'l*. I . o'/lo GASOI.INL 

MATE VICTIM . ACCIDENT. PRODUCTS INJURY 

•tKIAT COM HOsl'ITU. CASE AGE SEX LOCALE FIRE OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT DISP SEVTY 

X/0121 «/0l2'/ IAI.S2O.I4 ooll7)'/V 023 M INDsT NO/? Y oylo oooo NO/? URN-C FACE TR/REL FIVE 

WhIGIII- 0X.o2)O BURNS TO FACE FROM GAS 

X/0121. X70I2-J H.)/Jtll5 O74I7033 03o M INDST. NO/? Y O'/IO tl'/Mtl NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGHT- XI 0000 PT INSIDE STORAGE TANK AND INHALED SOME TYPE OF GAS FUMES 

870121 x7ol2*4 IPX2 1022 002XXy/4 019 M HOME NO/? N • 0-410 0000 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGHT- 3X 2X)7 INVOLUNTARY INGESTION OF 2 OZ OF GASOLINE 

S/iilii> X/ii-l.. •«. I c.x 2v i il(. I M UNK No/? N ovlo oooo No/? URN-T HAND 'TR/REL FIVE 

hi K.M. '- GOI GAS ON HAND IIIAI I MM.Ill TIKI' 

...i-i K ..... IIIII I-/X7I o«. -I M l-l Mil IC TIKE N 0-/I0 0000 NO/? BRN-T 25) 0 TR/REL SIX 

hi K.ill M.. i . WAS Al GAS SlAlION WHIN GASO INE THAI WAS SPILLED ON GROUND CAUGHT HKE -

BURNING PI IHAT WAS STANDING IO CLOSE TO AREA.lFIRE NOT ATTENDED BV FlK 

h V.u iu *.'II.'.. • i.\.-M|U2 2 MK.X87S 7 02 2 M HOM E Nil/? N U'/IO 32I X NO/ ? UR N T FAC E HOS P SI X 

Wl I• .III IS Js< ; IGNITING GRIM . SOMEONE HAD THROWN GAS ON IT AND IT FLAKED UP 

x'/u2o» X/U2H-. )ASHo22 u/)l2244 o2J M UNK NO/? N U41 ll oooo No/? BRN-T FACE TR/REL FIVE 

WEIGHT- JX .2.S)7 FLASH BACK FROM GASOLINE FIRE 

,s7n2ul X7020I. 112)211)) tiooo)ii3l iijv F HOME FIRE N u'/lli oooo No/? URN-T FACE TK/REL FIVE 

Wl IGHI 102 142s TKVIGN IO START I IRT WITH GASOLINE.FLAMES FLARED Ul* BURNING HER FACE 

.- /o2ox X/02IO IS-/I2022 oiSli.'/ll oil M HOME NO/? N 0*410 OOOO NO/? BRN-T 2 5-ill HOSP SEVEN 

WLIGlll- -I) .2)oo GASOLINL CAN EXPLODED IN FACE. SHIRT CAUGHT ON FIRE - 27* BURNS TO FACE 

» trx+KtrMTTii:s "AND"BSCIC: ._... 

.1/1.211/ X/02 M IS/2IOI I OII|II/I,3 I n2«* M UNK NO/? N o'/l o oooo NO/? UKN-S HAND TR/REL FIV E 

Wl ION I Udi> n flKKNII" HAND ON SOME GASOLINE TOOAY/DX J BURN WOUND LEFT HAND 

X/H2I I X/021 2 ll'iiilii) ) IUIOOII/4 2 im i M I'UHI I C AUTO N n'/lti oyX I NO/? OTHER EAR TR/REL ZERO 

WFIGIII-10 2 142*1 GAs CAN Fil l OFF TRUCK STRIKIN G SIDE OF HEAD. GAS WENT INTO EAR 

CAUSING CHEMICAL OTITI S MEDIA 

.1/II.I J S/02I - tl'ui. In t.a nii2 2ii.il.-' II .'ii M I'UIILIC NO/? Y ir/I O oooo NO/? URN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

wl I',III ni 2 I I.-, WAS sl'KAl INI , G.-xsol INE ON MACHINE To KI.MO\E TAR WHILE ON HIE JOB AND 

I I I W INTO 11 1 s 

J 
II S CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 

INJURY INCIDENTS TREATED I N NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE: JANUARY 1987 TO THE PRESENT 

15:1 8 TUESDAY. JULY 2o . I'/XX 

. . PRODUCT J O'/lo GASOLINE 

DATE 

TREAT COI L 

VICTIM 

HOSPITAL CASE AGE SEX 

... ACCIDENT... 

LOCALE FIRE OCC 

.... PRODUCTS 

1ST 2ND 3RD 

INJURY 

DlAG BDYPT DISP SEVTY 

«702l<> 8702 IX 

WEIGIll- 51 . 304/ 

3Nu22U)5 000440)) 03) M UNK NO/? N 0910 0000 NO/? BRN-C 25-50 TR/REL SIX 

WHILE PUTTING GASOLINE IN CAKBOKAIOK THE GAS SHOT BACK AT HIM CAUSING 

BURNS TO FACE. NECK. AND L. HAND 

H7U2Ih X702IX 

WEIGHT- XI 0000 

1110104) 0(111504X2 012 M HOME NO/? N (191(1 OOOO NO/? 

SPLASHED STP GAS TREATMENT IN BOTH EYES 

DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO 

X/02IX 8/1)22 1 

WEIGHT- 38.28)/ 

JPX23022 (10292274 024 M PUBLIC NO/? Y 

PT. SPLASHED GASOLINE IN RT. EYE 

0910 oooo NO/? BRN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

X 7u 2 2 I X 7 U2 2 i. 

Wl 11.111 IX 2X1 / 

IP.12 1022 oo>930X 2 o2 2 M PUULI C FIR E Y O'/lo ooo o NO/ ? 

BURN TO RT HAND DUE. TO IGNITED GASOLINE 

BRN-T HAND HOSP SIX 

X70lu9 ti 7(1-1 I 3 

WEIGIII- 45.2)00 

IS922U22 009608(10 002 M HOME NO/? N 

INGESTED DIESELFUEL UNKNOWN AMOUNT 

09 10 0000 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

X /o III I tt 7II 103 

WEIGHT - XI 110(10 

I 

31.-.1.204) H44X450 7 (102 M HOM E NO/? N (I9IO 09X1 NO/ ? POISN ALL TR/RE L TW O 

CHILD DRANK UNKNOWN AMOUNT OF GASOLINE OUT OF CAN. EMPTY CAN WAS FOUND 

OUTSIDE OF HOUSE D GASOLINE INGESTION 

X 70 llll. X 70309 

WEIGHT-102.1428 

3T2(.4(l)) 0X920340 oi>3 M PUBLIC NO/? N 0910 09X0 NO/? CT/AB EYE 

GASOLINE FROM PUMP SgUIKTED IN E1E-COKNEAL ABRASION 

TR/REL TWO 

X 7 II I il 4 X 7 0 10 5 

WEIGHT- OX. 02 So 

3N«.i.2iiM ool bl 294 0 1'/ M INDST. NO/? V 0910 1731 NO/? BRN T L/ARM TR/REL FIVE 

WAS AT WORK AND HAD GASOLINE ON ARM LIT AMATCH AND GOTUUKNT 

X/Ollio K 7(1 3 Ml 

WEIGHT- 08 02)0 

IH(.)20I4 X7 107X52 o2X M INDsT AUTO Y (1910 2200 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

GASOLINE INGESTION - SWALLOWED MOUTHFUL OF GASOLINE WHILE SIPHONING IT 

FROM A TRUCK AT WORK 

X /o lo / x'/u 3 I o 

WEIGHT-102 I42X 

isJ/liii) ooo24/(>4 o2o M PUBLIC NO/? Y o'/lo uuuu NO/? URN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

2o IR OLD SPII I ID GASOLINE IN BOTH EYES WHILE PUMPING GASOLINE. DX; 

CHEMICAL BURNS TO BOTH EYES. 

8/0312 87031 . 

WEIGHT-102 1428 

ID342H)) ouoiiii J5<i o|-/ M HOME FIRE N 0910 0000 NO/? BRN-T HAND TR/REL FIVE 

2ND AND 3RD DEGREE BURNS ON LEFT HAND WORKING WITH GASOLINE AND IT 

IGNITtD.. .NOI FIRE DEPARTMENT ATTENDED. 

x /u ) l 1 9/011/ 

Wl IGlll X I 

IP) I tu I) oi.x'JIll/ u'i. M INDST. NO/? Y o'/lo uuuu NO/? DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO 

SPI ASHI D GASOI.INL IN LLIT LYE AT WORK TODAY. CHEM I CAL IRRITATION TO 

LM- T I V I. 
II s CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 

INJURY INCIDENTS TREATED IN NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE. JANUARY I9S7 TO THE PRESENT 

IS: IX TUESDAY. Jill V 2<. . I'/XX 

, . I'KoliUCT. (19 10 GASOI INL 

DATE 

TREAT COLL 

**-> 7 O 3 I O X / O 3 I a 

WEIGHT- 45.2)00 

I 

HOSPITAL 

3 S •* 4 2 0 2 2 

VICTIM 

CASE AGE SEX 

.ACCIDENT. 

LOCALE FIRE OCC 

PRODUCTS 

1ST 2ND 3RD 

02*4487X3 03) M I NDS I . FIRE Y 0910 Oooo NO/? 

MECHANIC SUsTAINRD IGNI TED GASOLINE BURNS TO HANDS. 

DI AG 

URN-T 

. INJURY 

BDYPT DISP SEVTY 

HAND HOSP SIX 

X 7 0 11 9 

fcEIGHTr 

X 70319 

WEIGIll -

H 

X /l l 11 7 

Wl l l ill 1 

X / u 12 2 

WLlGll l -

X 7il 12 2 

WEIGHfXVII 1211 

X I 000 0 

X 7 0 3 2 0 

xi.oooo 

X 7 o 12 " 

2 7 i 1o s 

,l/ol2 1 

X1.OOO O 

X 7 0 12 4 

1 0 2 14 2 8 

IP)I 10 4) 

JP)I 104) 

0D'/oll40X Oil M HOME NO/? N O'/IO 1414 3-PROD POISN ALL 

WHILE SIPHONING GASOI.INF WITH A HOSE FROM TRACTOR. PATIENT SWALLOWED 

MOUTHFUL OF GASOLINE/ HYDROCARBON INGESTION 

TR/REL TWO 

(K..S99975 ()l) M SCHOOL FIRE N 0910 oouo NO/? BRN-T L/LEG TR/REL FIVE 

SPILLED GASOLINE WHICH IGNITED ON RIGHT LOWER LEG AT SCHOOL WHILE BURNING BUSHES.1ST AND 2ND DLGRLE UUKNS LOWER LEG/FIRE DEPARTMENT NOT THERE 

IN-I12.I22 nn 2G. I I •) ol') I PUIH IC NO/? N O'/lo 1114 No/? 

.i .'u »2 UU -poon-/ HOsF" BROIL GAS INTO EYFs AT GAS STATION 

FRN/U EYE 

3M))I04) 0O2X9I0X 047 M HOME FIRE N 0910 0048 3-PRUD URN-T HAND 

POURING GASOLINE DOWN A DRAIN AND NEARBY PILOT LIGHT IGNITED GASOLINE 

UNKNOWN WHETHLR FIRE DEPT WAS ON SCENE/BURNED HAND 

ICI 3 UD ) OOX74427 2 2 u M HOME NO/? N O'/IO (10(10 NO/? POISN ALL 

SWALAI OWED GASOLINE NO ONE WITNESSED THE INCIDENT TOXIX INGESTION 

TR/REL TWO 

TR/REL FIVE 

TR/REL TWO 

X HI 12 / 8 7o 130 

WLlGlll - 102 I42X 

3W3 1IO)) 00003712 ooo M PUBLIC FIRE N 0910 0000 NO/? TRACT 2)-)U TN/HSP SEVEN 

HE WAS PLAMN G Al IMS FRIENDS AND WAS CAUGHT ON FIRE BY A GASOLINE 

FIRE. (NO ONE KNOWS DETAILS J 2ND/3KD DEGREE BURNS TO BODY.TO BURN CTR. 

X /ll 12H X /II J 1 I 

Wl II.IIT - XI OOOO 

I*. 

IV)4I0I) om./'//•/•/ (12 2 M HOME A»F N (19 10 oouo NO/? BRN-T 2) 5(1 TN/HSP SEVEN 

WORKING ON CAR. GASOI INI EXPLOSION PATIENTS FACE. CHEST A BOTII ARMS 

A HANDS CAUGHT FIRE. 2ND a 3RD DEGREE BURNS. NOT STATED IF FDA 

8 In I io X704O I 

WEIGHT- 38. 28)/ 

IA.1 11022 82)8 3X4) mix M UNK 

SPLASHED GAS IN LIES 

NO/? N 09 10 0000 NO/? BRN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

X 7II io 1 X 7U-l no 

WEIGHT' 3X 2X5 7 

I. 

X /OHIO X /04O I 

WEIGHT-102 . 142X 

JKSI2022 X4X7i.77o uvi M STREET AUTO N 09IO oouo NO/? BRN-T 25-50 HOSP SEVEN 

TRIED TO START CAR.POUR ING GAS IN CAKBORATOR.ENGINE BACK FIRED AND EXPLODED IN FACE.CAR FIRE.2ND DEGREE BURNS FACE.CHEST.HANDS.YES FIRE DEPT 

31274(D) 0X11213/ 111*. M HOME AUTO N 091(1 OOOO NO/? 

SUFFERED BURNS To ARM WHILE POURING GAS IN CARBURETOR 

BRN-C L/ARM TR/REL FIVE 

X /U4u4 X /u-l il / 

Wl I GUT 10 2 1-12*1 

IWIIHD) ouooii-i.1,1 u|2 M PUBLIC NO/? N ii'/lo u'/XI NO/? BRN-T L/ARM TR/RL'L FIVE 

HF WAS I'l.AV ING WITH A FIRE AND POURED GASOI INE ON THE FIRE. TIIE FIRE 

FLARED 2ND DEG. BIRNS TO ARMS.(L) EAR.FIREMEN CALLED TO SCENE. 
II s CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 15:1.1 TUESDAY, llll Y 2o. I9XX 

INJURY INl HUNT S TREATED IN NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINL. JANUARY IVX7 TO THE PRESENT 

*». PRODUCT: 09 10 GASOI INF 

DATE VICTIM . . ACCIDENT . . . . . PRODUCTS. ... INJURY 

TKLAI COLL llosl'IIAI. CASE AGL SLX LOCALE FIRE OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DIAU BDYPT DIsP SEVT1 

8/0401 S70I0/ JWIJUD ) UUOOUIX'/ 044 M HOME NO/? N O'/IO 1004 NO/? PRACT HAND TR/REL THREE 

WEIGHT 102 II2X HE WAS BURNING GREASE FROM A OIL CAP, POURED GASOLINE ONTO FIRE,FIRE 

FLAKRED AND BURNED HIS (R) HAND. 

X 704 I I X704I4 IAXU022 071)2)92 212 F HOME NO/? N 0910 oooii NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGHT- 18.2X57 INGESTED UNKNOWN AMOUNT OF GASOLINE 

X/H4I1 8/0414 3VO-I30)) ooouX4lo oJ) M IIOML Aal- N U'/lo ouuo NO/? URN-T 2)-)U TR/REL SIX 

WEIGHT- IU2 . 142.1 14 ** 1ST AND 2ND DEGKLL BURNS. ARM BACK. AND FACE. WAS POURING GAS 

INTO CARBORATOR AND IT BAC Kl I RED.(Alls ING EXPLOSION OF FLAMES . BURN ING PT 

•I7ii4iix X70IM IN) 1202.' 002009)7 IIII M HOME FIRE N 09 In 17)1 3 PROD BRN-T FACE TR/REL FIVE 

Wl IGHI- 27.510.-. CHILD WAS OUTSIDE HIS HOUSE POURED GASOLINE ON TOY IRUCK LIT A MATCH Wl 

CH IGNITED THE GASOLINE FIRE DEP WAS CALLED 

x/.i-ll-l X/04H. iN)Olo4) oooolUOX 002 M HOME NO/? N uvlu 1.1/0 NO/? OTHER ALL TR/REL ZERO 

rti K.Ill- XI oiioo PT. CAME INTO HOUSE CRYING W/ODOK ul- GAS AROUND MOUTH. I Dl AG. -EXPOSURE 

TO GASOLINEI 

X/OI2 H 87042 1 ISlMiD ) OtiOIVc. 17 Uo l M SPORTS NO/? N 09I O 1204 NO/? BRN-C U/LEG TN/REL FIV E 

WlIGHT'102.I42 X PATIENT GOT GASOLINE INSID E A WET SUI T SUSTAINING CHEMICAL BURNS 

TO LEG. 

X.u-12 1 X/0422 3AX3IH22 l4noX*-/iil llll 2 M HOME NO/? N O'/IU OOOO NO/? I'OlSN ALL TR/REL TWO 

Wl K.IIT SA.iAmt/ DRANK UNKNOWN gUANTITY OF" GAS 

X/0420 X7042i IN') 12022 (10207X22 210 M UNK NO/? N 0910 OIIOO NO/? POISN ALL HOSP SIX 

WlIGIIT* 27 5I0X MOM STATFS CHILD INGESTED A MOUTHFUL OF GASOLINE 

.s/u-12 11 X/u-12/ Jl'ui.30)) UU22IX/.1 o42 M HOME NO/? N uvlu Oooo NO/? URN-T FACE IR/REL FIVE 

WEIGHT-IU2. I42X POURED GASOLINE ON A BRUSH FIRE AND FIRE FLASHED UACK BURNING PT. 

X/o-120 X7U42X IV'l«.2o)i II7 M 3 12-ft I ll I 7 M UNK FIRE N 0910 (lood NO/? FRACT 2S-S0 TR/REL SIX 

WEIGHT- 102 . 142.1 ATEMPTED TO START BONFIRE WITH GAOLINE FIRE BURNT ABDOMINAL AREA AND 

BOHI THIGII/2ND DEGREE BURNS/ 

K/U429 X/O-llo SNMI3U-I) ooulul'/X o2l M UNK FIRE N 0910 0000 NO/? BRN-S ALL TN/HSP SEVEN 

Wl K.IIT- XI. limn. PT. W/UUKNID IN A FLASHBACK FIRE FROM GASOLINE. BURNED HANDS. HEAD. FACE 

.CHEST.ARMS I UNKNOWN WHERE HAPPENED OR IF PT. W/AT WORK J 

X/O102 X/oiiii U 71 |0 14 07)11X11 mix M HOME FIRE N Ililu Oooo NO/? BRN-T 25-50 TR/REL SIX 

Will.Ill- 08.02)0 UIIRNED WITH GASOLINE 2 IIRS. AiHJ. 2ND. DEGREE BURN RIGHT WRIST A RIGHT 

/ THIGH II FDA 

L 
U S CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 

INJURY INCIDENTS TREATED IN NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE. IANUARY i9x/ TO THE PRESENT 

I ) : IX TUESDAY. JULY 2u . I'/XX 

I k PRODUCT. O'/IO GASOI INL 

DATE . . 

1RIAT COLL 

I I 

H 7(1 3(1'I X7USII5 

WEIGHT- 2 7.5108 

VICTIM. 

HOSPITAL CASE AGE SEX 

. .ACCIDENT... 

LOCALE FIRE OCC 

... PRODUCT'S 

1ST 2ND 3RD 

INJURY 

DlAG BDYPT DISP SEVTY 

IN/ 12022 (I02)0|2X OIK, F UNK NO/? N (1910 OOOII NO/? DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO 

GASOLINE SPLASHED INTO PTS EYE AMOUNT OF GASOLINE NOT KNOWN EPISODE WAS 

UNWITNESSED 

870)08 870)0'/ 

Wt K.IIT- 8 I .UUUU 

JP)2I04) 00002034 oil.' M HOME NO/? N 09lo oouo NO/? FRN/B EYE 

PT HAD GAS ON HANDS (HOW UNKNOWN I AND RUBBED II INTO EVES 

TR/REL TWO 

X 7 ll io 9 X 705 I I 

WEIGHT-- oX 02io 

(Ai.X >u 14 oliiixxo2-l oil M HOM E NO/? N o')lo oooo NO/? 

BURNE D ARM WH11 F I IGHTING FIRE. BURN FROM GASOLIN E 

BRN- T L/ARM TR/RE L FIVE 

X 70.in X X /ll) M 

WEIGIll 102. 112.-. 

ll'iii. lu) ) 00222174 OOO I ' HOM E NO/? N 0910 1414 NO/ ? POISN AL L 

CHILD SWALLOWED MOUTH FULL OF GASOLINE - WAS SUCKING GAS OUT OF HOSE 

FROM A CAR 

TR/REL TWO 

x /n i M X /o i I 2 

WIT Gil I XI Oil Oo 

l|'-.2 im i OUO02XJ7 i.n2 M HOME NO/? N 

SPILLED GASOLINE IN BOTH EYES 

ns. I il oooo NO/? URN C EYE TR/REL SIX 

X/0)|o X705I2 

Wl Kill I - X I . OOUO 

3M)5I04) (I02/X077 023 F HOME NO/? N 0*7 10 000(1 NO/? 

SPLASHED GASOLINE IN EYES/CHEMICAL IRRITATION 

DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO 

X'/OI I ) X70 5 I •/ 

WEIGHT- IX 2X5/ 

ll'S2 11.22 O03O3XXI 1142 M HOME NO/? N O'/IO 0000 NO/? 

PT SPI ASHED GASOLINE INTO BOTH EYES ACCIDENTALLY 

BRN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

X /O)2 I X70)2 8 

WEIGH I - X I .0000 

3L)(»I04) 00 192074 2 18 M HOME NO/? N 0910 0000 NO/? 

PT. INGESTED UNKNOWN LIQUID - POSSIBLE GAS 

POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

X7II527 X701JO 

WEIGHT- 102 I I2X 

tpm. luSS 0112227)2 Oil I- PUBLIC NO/? N O'/IO OOOO NO/? ST/SP WRIST TR/REL ONE 

TRIPPED AND FELL PUTTING GASOLINE IN CAR AT GAS STATOOPM 

X /(I) I I X /OOO I 

WLlGlll- 102 . 1428 

«K2 12(D) 0009499/ 1109 M PUBLIC AUTO N 0910 0000 NO/? DRMAT FACE TR/REL TWO • 

PUTTING GAS IN THE CAR AT 7 ELEVEN AND SPLASHED GAS IN FACE. 

X 7(D2I X 70(.o I 

WEIGIll- OX.02SO 

i.v..'/io )i 003O2XXI. mix I- HOME NO/? N 

INGESTION OF GASOLINE 

O'/IO oooo NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

8 7ID III X 70 0 0 I 

WF K.IIT 102 I I2h 

J I ill ill)-i 024)04011 0/0 M HOME NO/? N 0910 0000 NO/? 

ARM AND WRIsT UUKNS USING GASOLINE To BURN BRUSH 

BRN-T L/ARM TR/REL FIVE 
II s CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION I):IX TUESDAY. JULY 20. 19X8 

INJUR* INCIDENTS TKL.VILD IN NLTSS LMLKGCNCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINL. JANUARY 1987 TO THE PRESENT 

. . PRODUCT. 0 9 I II GASOI INI: 

IMI L VICTI M . . .ACCIDENT. . . .. . PRODUCTS. .. . INJURY 

IKLA I CULL Hosp I I AL CASE AGfc SEX LOCALE FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDV PT DIs P SEVTY 

87ii)2i , X'/ucui 3A.1.1I022 271.2)49 1 02u M HOME NO/? N O9I 0 OOOO NO/? URN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

WIIGII I JX 2X5 / WORKING UNDER Ill s CAR AND GAS DRIPPED INTO EYE 

X7U527 X/lloli I IAX 11022 l'JXOo8Xn u2o F PUBLIC AUTO N (19 10 000(1 NO/? BRN-C EYE TR/RE L SI X 

WEIGIll - 38 28) 7 PUTTING GAS I N CAR. SPLASHED INTO EYES 

.1/ID2 9 li/uuo l ipiu.3u) J ou222/'/ | uu4 M IIOML No/ ? N 091 0 uoou NO/? TRN/B EYE TR/REL TWO 

WLlGlll 102 142.1 GASOI INI SPI I I I D ON PT WI II I GE IT I NG INTO EVE 

x/III.II. ' X7OI.II - , . O40-I4 I ill. ' M I ARM TIK I N O'/lu 1141 ) PROD URN T L/ARM TR/REL FIV E 

WIIGII I iu2 i . I.I I* •• Kit I IVI D JND DIoKI I IIIIRNS TO l-OKI.ARM. ABDOMEN HOLDING CIGARETTE TO CHECK 

WAll K I.IVI I I N DRUM.GAS WAS I N DRUM WHICH IGNITE D GAS FLAMES FLARED UP 

i .mini . M l ni l M TARM FIR E N u'/l o Mi l NO/? URN T FACE TR/REL FIV E 

rti I..IU i. . . UU p. i.ni * BINDING OVT R TO CHECK WA Tl "k MAL I I N DRUM WITH CIGARETTE NOT KNOWN I NG 

GAS WAS I N IHiUM sill PI RI D TTIEKMAI UUKNS TO FACE 

h /III. O i .-,/..<..11 IS94202 2 U(lXX94) 4 0) 4 M UNK FIR E ? O'/IO oiliio No/ ? BRN-T 25-5( 1 HOSP SEVEN 

WIIGII I 4 i 2l.u i POURING GASOLINE. I T CAUGHT ON FIRE . 40 * BURNS. 

X 7oi.ii I x/III.II. ) I D l-l 3ii) i u 10433) 5 U U I HOME AUTO N 09 l u UUUU NO/? BKN-C EYE TN/RE L SI X 

rti. K.K I IU2 142.1 VICTI M WAS HELPING IILR 11Kb BAND FIN D A GASOLINE LEAK UNDER THE TRUCK AND 

GASOLINE SPILLE D INTO BOTH EYES AND THE RIGH T EAR. 

X/IK.III . X7000X IT297U) ) O0O2540 I U29 M HOME NO/? N o9|( l I2I H NO/? BRN-T HAND TR/REL FIV E 

WIIGII I 102 I42X VICTM WAS ATTLMPTOING TO RELIGHT THE CHARCOAL I N IH S GRIL L BY POURING G 

A sol. INE ONTO IHE llos COALS 3RD UEG. TO HAND 2ND- I ST. TO FOREARM 

X/ono / x/lli.ox ipoo loi ) I.II22)07 ) oo.i M HOME NO/? N (1910 oooo NO/? POISN ALL TR/RE L TWO 

WIIGII I Iii2 I 12.1 (TOL D DRANK SOME GASOLINE - AMOUNT UNKNOWN 

S/000 9 87001 0 3AX 11022 4942I9I. X oi l M HOME NO/? N 091(1 OOOO NO/? POIS N ALL TR/RE L TWO 

WEIGHT- 3X2.15 / INHALES GAS FUME'S 

X/ui.1 2 «/in . 14 lA.illo.'. ' l)Xo/77 u ol / M HUM! NO/? N O'/lo 321.1 NO/? URN-T FACE TR/RE L FIV E 

WEIGHT- 3X 2X) 7 PUT GASOI INL TO GRIL L TO START I T AND I T FLAMED UP I N FACE 

X/oi.1 2 x/di.l i iN-iulo- M 0110/-1X1.I 114) M HOME FIR E N II V I o uoou NO/? BRN-T FACE TR/REL FIV E 

Wl Kill I XI IIIIIII I PI I IT E BRUSH FIR E W/GASDIIN E a VAPORS FLASHED BACK: BURNING FACE. NO 

MENTION OF FIR E DEPT I N ATTENDANCE 
U s CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION I):IX TUESDAY. JULY 2o 19X8 

INJURY INCIDENTS TREATED IN NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE: JANUARY 19X7 TO THE PRESENT 

.. PRODI u T j O'/IO (iA.sol. INF. 

DATE VICTIM ... ACCIDENT. . .... PRODUCTS INJURY 

TREAT COM. HOSPITAL CASE AGE SEX LOCALE FIRE OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT DISP SEVTY 

a/IK, I) .1/1)0 1/ 3S3(.2ll)) 000)219/ u)U M HOME NO/? N uvlu OOUO NO/? BRN-C EAR IK/KEL TWO 

WLlGlll I02.I42X IIUKT EAR GOI GASOLINE INTO EAR WHILE WORKING ON GAS LINE DX: BURN TO EA 

R 

X700I 2 X70OI 7 3N9I202 2 007(lll)) 4 01 2 M UNK NO/? N 0 9 1(1 000 0 NO/? BRN-C FACE TR/RE L FIV E 

WEIGHT" 27 510 8 CiOT GASOLINE SPLASHED I N FACE 

8/001 5 .1/001 7 )S942o2 2 8iio48)9 2 u 21. M PUBLIC NO/? N • UV I u oooo NO/? SI /.SP ANKLE TR/REL ONE 

WLlGlll I).2)O U SLIPPE D I N GAS ON TLoGR Ol GAS STATION . SPRAINED ANKLE 

X7oi.l i S/.II.I / 112/101 1 OX12X2IX oi l M f l llll H AUTO N o91 o 1909 No/ ? BRN-T I /LE G TR/REL FIV E 

Wl K.lll |0 » 142.1 PUTTING GAS INTO CAR WITH (TGAKI-'TTE I N MoUTH.PUIIF D GAS HOF OUT SPILL -

ING GAS. Sill FIRE D 2 - 1 BURNS TO LEG 

.1/11021 ,1/uoJ I 11/1103 4 0/4044I X OI 4 M HOME Aal ? o •/I ll UUUU NO/? URN-C L/LE G TR/REL FIV E 

ML K.lll o.i 02) 0 GASOLINE EXPLODED FROM MOTURCVCLE . IKIE D IU PUI FIR E OUT WITH HANDS. U 

FDA . MULTIPLE BURNS TO L LEG AND PALM 

X7IK.2 I X7IU.24 (AKIIU2 2 I|i.ii92l 7 u) 2 M HOME AUTO N 1191 o oouo NO/? BRN-C EAR TR/REL TWO 

WEIGHT- IX 2X) 7 WORKING UNDER CAR-GASOI INE SPILLE D INTO EAR 

x/ot.2 2 X/oo2 ) 4VU.20) ) (I/X4X29 I 0 12 M UNK Aap N 09 II I UOOU NO/? BRN-T L/ARM TR/REL FIV E 

rti K.HI I..2.I42 X HL WAS TRYING IO PK I ML A CARUIIRATLR WITH GAS WHEN I T CAUGHT ON FIR E 

SPREADING TO ARMS AND HANDS/BURNS TO ARM AND HANDS/ 

x7.ii.2 l X/ilo2 ) IS l.'lol i iiiiiii 392 ) 222 I HOME NO/? N O'/lu 1112 NO-CRC POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGHT- IU2 . M' X 22 MO Ol D INGESTED UNLEADED GAS IN AN OPEN COFFEE CAN SUSTAINING 

GASOLINE INGESTION . R/UPPER LOBE PNEUMONIA 

x/(ii,2 4 D/002 ) 3MI /)(!) ) U(iu2)0X ) uu3 M UNK NO/? N 091 0 OOOO NO/? POIS N ALL TR/RE L TWO 

WLlGlll-102.I42 X INGESTED GASOLINE JUST PRIOR TO ARRIVAL. QUESTION AMOUNT. 

X7002 I .170025 IS922U2 2 0(l22XX*9o 2| I M HOME NO/? N O'/IO 000 0 NO/? POIS N ALL TR/RE L TWO 

WEIGHT- 45 250 0 POSSIBLE GASOLINE INGESTION FOUND WITH GASOLINE CA 

X/ui.2 ) x/oo.' o IMI9I0. D OOO02349 01 9 I UNK NO/? N (191 o OUIIO NO/? DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO 

WIIGII I 102 I42X sl'l ASIII-D GASOI.INI INTO RIGHT EYE CHEMICAL CONJUNCTIVI T l S RIGH T EYE 

X/nc.25 X7III.2 O IMI'iUD ) IHIIIU2 li u O M M PUBLIC AUTO N uvl u UUUU NO/? DRMAT CYt" TR/RE L TWO • 

Wl K.lll Hi-' 1428 GAS NO/./LF POPPED OUT OF CAR GAS LANK AND SPLASHED GAS INTO BOTH EYESiTIIMIC M CONJUNCTIVITI S BOTH IVES 
II S. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 

INJURV INCIDINTS TREATED IN NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE: JANUARY 198 7 TO THE PRESENT 

IS: IX TUESDAY. Jill V 2o. I9XX 

. . I-|.'< il ilil'T . 119 I li I.A Sill INIDATE 

TREA I COI L HOSPITAL 

VI i.T IM . 

CASE AGE SEX 

.ACCI DENT . . 

LOCALE FIRE OCC 

. .PRODUCTS 

1ST 2ND 3RD 

INJURY 

DlAG BDYPT DISP SEVTY 

8/1102/ 8 70029 

WLlGlll 38.2857 

3AX3I022 18022128 020 M PUBLIC NO/? N 11910 OOUO NO/? 

SPILLED GASOLINE ON HANDS AND CAUGHT FIRE 

BRN-T HAND TR/REL FIVE 

X 7 00 2 / X 7 Ofi 2 9 

WEK.HI 18.2857 

I.A X.I 1112 2 i9|5ol)9 li 2 7 M UNK NO/? N 0910 000(1 NO/? 

SPILLED GASOI INE ON HANDS AND CAUGHT FIRE 

BRN-T HAND TR/REL FIVE 

X7002) X7 00 29 

WEIGIll 102 . I42X 

IMI 7)0)) 00(122330 oox M HOME FIRE N O'/lo Oooo NO/? BRN-T FACE TR/REL FIVE 

IHKLW GASOLINL ON A FIRL a TIKE FLARED UP a FUKNLD FACE. FIRE DEPT. 

ATI ENHANCE UNKNOWN. 

K '/ill . 2 l, K /III , 2 '• 

W I- Kill ! S I In I 

INn.'.'n. i mi l 1419 ) oo l M Hi IMI No/ ? N O9I 0 oooo NO/? POIS N ALL TR/REL TWO 

DRANK GASOI INI AT HOME. FXACT AMOUNT' UNKNOWN. EYES KOI LTD B.Al K AND AMBU 

I.ATOK PROBLEM 

X /uo 2 .i .1 'oo 2 '/ 

WT I i.l II ) I io I / 

iNo.'.'o.i) uui 349U ) oo.l M HOM E NO/ ? N 0 9 III 12.1.1 NI)/ ? 

SPLASHE D GASOI INL IN IH S EVE WHIL E TIM.ING MINIUIK E 

BRN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

X /III. 2 1 .1 /IIO 2 9 

Wl K.lll I02 I42X 

lllll I J.i . i on.* C, 0.1.1 U2.. M HOME FIRE N o'/IU Oooo NO/? URN-T HAND TR/REL FIVE 

BURN HAND - TRYING TO PUT OUT GASOLINE FIRE - NO MENTION OF" FIRE DEPT 

ATTENDANCE ON ER REPORT 

X 700 2 / 8 707UI 

WLlGlll 102 142.1 

(AI020)) 0(i0407li. 002 M HOME NO/? N 0910 1141 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

. INGESTED AN UNKNOWN AMOUNT Ol GAS FOUND A GALLON CONTAINER IN TRASH CAN 

WITHOUT A LID ON CONTAINER 

X /il 7li I X7II/02 

WEIGHT 102 I42X 

IHIIHDi UUOOU7I7 U2 2 I- HOME NO/? N O'/lo oooo NO/? URN-T FACE TR/REL FIVE 

BURNING WFFDs AT HOMF. PILE OF DEAD WEEDS. I IT MATCH DID NOT BURN. POUR 

GASOLINL ONTO Pill". IT ARID UP. BURNS RIGHT SIDE FACE. LI P. EAR. ANKLE 

X70 70 1 8/0 70 3 

WIIGIII- 38 28.1/ 

1PX24022 0029329) 21) I HOME NO/? N 0910 OOOO NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

PT. INOI MI D A SMALL AMOUNT OF GASOLINE. 

X /.i 7n i X 7tl 7 tl / 

Wl K.lll I 112 I -I 2 s 

IMI'.iiu i *> UUUU2.IX7 ul. . M lloML NO/? N 09i o K.4 ) No/ ? URN-T U/l.EG TR/REL FIV E 

SPII.LI D i.As ON PANTS PANTS IGNITE D WHILE WORKING UNDER HOT MACHINE 

X /u'/iio X III III I 

Wl K.lll )X 28) 7 

IAXIIU2 2 492)79l o 022 M HOME AUTO N 09111 

WORKING UNDER CAR AND GAS GOT INTO R EYE 

000 0 NO/? URN-C EYE TR/REL SI X 

X In In . .1 / n /nS 

Wl K.lll *> I lu-l / 

IN..-' 2 U .*> i • ni l M.lr.-1 mi l M PUBLIC NO/? N il'il u uoou NC)/? 

Illlll i DRANK A GASOI INI ADDI I I VT: AT ARIA BOAT MARINA 

POIS N ALL TR/REL TWO 
II s (ONsllMIR PKODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 15:18 TUESDAY. JULY 20. I9XX II 

INJURY INCIDINTS TREATED IN NlISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE JANUARY 19X7 TO THE PRESENT 

• • PKODIU I : (1910 GASOI INL 

HAI L . . VICTI M .. . ACCIDENT'. . . . PRODUCTS. . . INJURY 

TREAT COLL IIOsPIIAl . CASE AGE SIX LOCALE FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND IRD DlA G BDYPT DIS P SEVTY 

87(17(10 X7II709 IpoMili l OillliXllf . IHI > M HOME NO/? N 091 0 (IIIIIII NO/ ? POIS N Al l TR/REL TWO 

WIIGIII- I 02 I 428 MOTHER STATES PT SWAI I OWED AN UNKNOWN AMOUNT OF GASOLINE 

DX POSSIBLE GASOLINE INGESTION 

8/07UO X/0/0 9 3P.123U22 uo3M4l o 012 M UNK NO/? N 09l o 000 0 NO/? URN-C U/LEG TK/RE L FIV E 

WLIGIIT- 3X285 / UUKNS l o LIT . HUG H WHEN Sp ILLE D GASOL I NE ON HIMSELF 

X/O/o x X/o/n i IMi)lii H iiiliil|)5 l oi l M HOME FIR E N O9I 0 1731 3-PROD BRN-T HAND TR/REL FIV E 

WEIGHT- XI lllliio PlAVINl i WITH MATCHES AND GASOI INF AND THE CAN OF GASOLINE EXPLODED 

BURNING ID S HAND NO TIKI: DEPARTMENT IN ATTENDANCE' 

x/u/| u .l/o/l i i.l.iilik*. ' 22.10004 / oi l M HOME No/ ? N o'/l o 1401 NO/? OTHER EVE 'TR/REL ZERO 

WIIGII I J.i.2i > .. ... / I IIJlpii.li... I.LIT l.'VI I KRI TAM ON GASOLINE SPLASHED I N EYE WHEN POURING IT INTO 

LAWNMOIVI.K 

.1/1./02 x/u/l- l KIlKi.i i UX7IU24 ) uu ] M UNK NO/? N 09 III OOUO NO/? OTHER EVE TR/REL ZERO 

WEIGHT-102 . I42X GASOLINE SPLASHED INTO THE EYE 

THERMAL EXPOSURE TO GASOLINE 

ft/u/M 8/071 ) 3CI34U.I ) UX71U73.1 UO) T UNK NO/? N 09I U UUUU NO/? BRN-C HEAD TR/REL FIV E 

WI.IGIII-IU2.I42 X GASOLINL WAS SPILLE D ON FACE AND UACK 

THERMAL MEXPOSURE TO GASOLINE 

X/U7I I X/u/l i IS94202 2 lll/lool ) 02 ) M HOME FIR E N 091 0 oil 0 0 NO/? BRN-T FACE HOSP SI X 

WEIGHT- 4 ) 2500 - ? GASOLINE CAUSED FIRE . 2 AND 3 DEGREE BURNS TO FACE AND NECK. CHART 

DOES NOT GIV E DETAILS OF ACCIDENT OR FIR E DEPT. RESPONSE 

x/u/1 3 87071 ) )S'/42U2 2 /UX877XO uu3 M HOME NO/? N U9I U 000 0 NO/? DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO 

WEIGHT- 4).2)0 0 GASOLINE SPLASHED INTO EYE. CONJUNCTIVITI S 

•s/o/l l X707I O ir.")7iii 5 OII0257I 9 oi l M HOME NO/? N 091 0 llll l NO/? BRN-C FACE TR/REL FIV E 

WEIGHT; HI2.. 142 8 X7u7 I oHEPUOoI GASOLINE SPI ASHED ON FACE WHILE FOLLOWING A LAWN MOWER. DX; CHEMICAL 

BURN FACE AND EYES. 

X/o/1 4 X/O'/l o 1S9I2H2 2 10788)1 0 u 2 I M HOME NO/? N 091 0 000 0 NO/? POIS N ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGIll - 45.250 0 SWAI.LOWLD MOUTHFUL OF GAS WHILE SIPHONING 

X70/I- I X70/U . IPX2IU2 2 II01IJ12 U oi l M PUBLIC NO/? N U9I 0 OOOO NO/? BRN-C ll/TR K TR/REL FIV E * 

WFK.UT- IX 2x5 7 GFTTTNG GAS AT THE STATION AND SPLASHED TIIE GAS ON CHEST AND ARMS 

8/(i/l l ft/o/l/ (NU2 2U).) UUU4/ID 4 oi. i M HOME FIR E N U9I U UUUU NO/? BRN-C FACE HOSP SI X 

Wl K.lll - ) l lul / Willi F I.IGIIMN G A GRASS FIR E WITH GASOI INE IHE FIR E FOLLOWED UP THE STRE 

AM ol- GAS AND RECU-VED A FLASH UURN TO THE FACE: NO MENTION OF F.DEPT . 

L 
U .1 CONSUMER PRODUCT 5AIEIV COMMISSION 

INJUKV INl ll/FNIS IRbAIED IN NEISS tMERGENCV DEPAKIMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE. JANUARY 19.17 TO THE PRESENT 

I):IX lUbSDAV. JULY 20. I9XX 12 

it PRODUCT 0 9 III GASOI INE 

... DATE 

TREAT COLL 

VICTIM 

HOsPMA L CASE AGE SEX 

.. ACCIDENT.. 

LOCALE FIRE OCC 

f. ,'o ,* I J ,1/0/1 7 .IN*/J2tu2 oo'/u3l2 7 ui ) T UNK 

WEIGIll - 27.510 8 X'.'07| 7BEPO0O9 GASOLINL I N LEFT LYE 

NO/? N 

. . .PRODUCTS. . . INJURY 

1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT DIsP SEVTY 

U9IU 14 3V NO/? TKN/U EYE TR/REL TWO 

8 7(1 7 ll 8 707 1 7 

WEIGHT- 2/5108 

JN932022 00002800 II2 o M LINK 

GASOLINE IN EYE 

NO/? N 09 10 oooo NO/? DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO 

X /u 7 I 2 X 7o7I 7 

WEIGHT 2 7 5 I OX 

IN'/3 2 (12 2 00002 99 I ol'/ M UNK NO/? N 

GAS SPLASHED INTO CVCS 

ovIu oooo NO/? FRN/B EYE TR/REL TWO 

X 7li 7 I 2 U'l i\ I I I 

WT Kill I 2 /* ) 10.1 

IN') I2U2 . OOO0299) ou> M UNK 

GAS INTO BOTH EYES 

NO/? N 09lo oooo NO/? CT/AB EYE TR/REL TWO 

.-. / I. / I .1 / II . 2 l. 

Wl lull I I U2 I I 2 H 

.ll'" Ini)) iniumJuS u)-/ I HoM L I-IKL N uvlu ulJl No/ ? ANO X AL L 1N/KE L SIX 

STATES SMOKE INHALATION WHEN GASOLINE IGNITED UY GAS HOT WATER HEATER 

DX SMOKE" INHALATION FIRE DEPT ATTENDED 

X'/O/li X7U72I 

WEIGH I 5 1 304 7 

IN02201) 0013)84) 040 M HOME NO/? N 0 9 111 0000 NO/? 

ACCIDENT!.V SPLASHED GASOLINE INTO HIS EYE 

BRN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

X / o / I .S X / o 7 2 I 

W L I Gil I OX o 2)11 

8/li 7 2 o 8 707 2 2 

Wl K.lll 10 2 142 8 

.1 HI I 2 (. X /ll 11 I 

Wl IGIII I UJ . I 4 2 8 

X7(i72i. X70/2X 

WEIGIll- 4 5 2 500 

lUi.)20)4 )ool3)9) 0)2 M SPORTS FIRE N 0910 uuuu NO/? URN-T 2)-)0 TR/REL SIX 

SPRI -'ICIAL ISI. 2ND DGR URNS LIT LWK LEG,FOOT BAKU ECU I NG . BURNED W/ GAS. 

ICAMPFIKE) 

IWIiliD) 0(1007571 ooo F PIIIII..IC FIRE N 09|u 000(1 NO/? BRN-T 25-So TN/HSP SEVEN 

SHE AND OTHER KIDS WERE PLAYING AND SHE WAS CAUGHT ON FIRE BY GASOLINE 

3RD AND 2ND DEG BURNS TO TRUNK.ARMS.FACE OF BODY.TI U.OF UTAH.UNK FDATT 

IPIII. ini) OU22444I ol.l I HOME NO/? N 0910 lo'/0 NO/? FRN/B EYE TR/REL TWO 

PUTTING GASOLINL IN CAR AND GAS SPLASHED IN EYE AND PT. WEARS CONTACT 

LENS HAD TO REMOVE LENS 

IS942U22 7o.19)X4o 031 M HOME FIRE N 0910 0000 NO/7 BRN-T FOOT TR/REL FIVE 

BURNED FOOT WITH GASOLINE FLAMES. NO RECORD OF FIRE DEPT. RESPONSE 

.1 / u / 2 I X 7 o 7 2 .1 

hi IGII I I ll J . I 42X 

.1 lull I X 7 0 /2X 

Wl IGII I 102 I42X 

.1*. 17 HD ) ooo22)o ) 2 12 M HOME NO/? N U'/lu UOOU NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

I VR Ol D MALL INGESTED GASOLINE D; TKEAIED. OBSERVED AND RELEASED WITH 

INSTRUCTIONS TO PARENTS. DX; INGESTION OF GASOLINE. 

4C2-I lil n OOOI922 I OIO M HOME NO/? N u'/lu o'/XI NO/? POIS N ALL TR/REL TWO 

IRVINi i l o SIPIUIN REGULAR (iAS FROM (iASCAN. OVERFLOWED INTO MOUTH SWALLOW 

I D Mull IHII U OF GAS 
U S CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFET'V COMMISSION 

INJURY INCIDENTS TREATED IN NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE. JANUARY 19X7 TO THE PRESENT 

I):IX TUESDAY. JULY 20. 19X8 13 

•t PRODUCT: 09 10 GASOIINh 

. . I iA I L . 

TREAT COLL 

VICTI M 

I lo s I'l TAL CASE' AGE SLX 

.. ACCIDENT... 

LOCALE LIRE OCC 

. .PRODUCTS 

1ST 2ND 3RD 

INJUKV 

DlAG BDYPT DISP SEVTY 

X70/27 X7072X 

WEIGHT- 1(12 I42X 

IWtilOii 0O0O7719 017 M PUHI IC NO/? N 09IO OOOO Ni./? ANOX ALL 

HE WAS AT A (iAS STATION WATCH I Nt". THE ATTENDENT PUT INTO THE CAR. THE 

ATT INDENT TURNED AROUND AND ACCI DENTLY DOUSED HIM WITH THE GAS 

TR/REL SIX 

X/0/2) 8/0/30 

WLlGlll - ) I . 3u4 / 

3N0220)) OOI40I03 (Do I HOME No/? N 09lo uuuu NO/? BRN-T 2)-)0 HOSP SEVEN 

BURNING OUT BEL HIVES WITH GASOLINE AND FLAMING GASOLINE TRAVELED TO HE 

R HAND. ToKEARM. AND THIGH; NO F.D. MENTIONED 

X70727 X707 lu 

WEIGHT-102 I42X 

iT'iJiiii oou(i59il u I i M HOMF FIRF N IM) | II OOU O NO/? URN T FINGR TR/REL TWO 

BURNED All. FIVE FINGFRTIPS. RT HAND AT FATHER'S HOUSE BURNING GRASS IN 

FENCE ROW WITH GASOI INE GOT ON HAND a CAUGHT FIRE UNK IF FD ATTENDED 

X 7 o I 2 li X III I i I 

Wl IGII I XI I 

.mi- . uom/XXi i 219 M I IUM I NO/ ? N ii9| u ooo o NO/ ? POISN AL L 

PA I I EN I AIIII-CilDI V INGl'.slF.D IMA M AMOUNI OF GASOLINE. I'l COUGHED AND 

SPII.LL D GASOLINL ON HIMSLLI* 

TR/REL TWO 

hi n .II I 

I.... /..I /.i II.'.. M SIRM I TIRE N H9 I u I oo-l 3-PROD URN- T 2 ) )ii TR/RE L SIX 

SIPHONED GAS. I IT CIGAR I'TTE I IGIDTR TO SFF HOW Fill I. CAN WAS. HAD GAS ON 

CLOTHES WHICH IGNITFD. 12** BURN TO ARM AND CHEST - NO FIRE DEPT RESP 

X 7(i / l i .i In i n I 

Wl K.I I I - I 0 2 I 12 .1 

U n l li».i) 000121) 9 21 ) M HOME NO/ ? N 091 0 1112 3-PROD POISN AL L 

ACUTE IOXI C INGEsllO N Ol CiASOLINL, REACHED UP ON COUNTER TOP. FOUND 

SODA CAN WITH GASOLIN L I N II . LOOK UlJES ITONAULE DRINK. 

TR/RE L TWO 

X 7n 7 I I X 7 0 X.l 1 

Wl Kill ! - 2 7 5 I OX 

IN*. 121122 oo/olli l 02') M UNK FIR E N 

GASOLINE BURNS TO HANDS 

NO FIR E DEPARTMENT ATTENDANCE 

09 10 0 0 0 0 NO/ ? BRN- T HAND TR/RE L FIV E 

X/IIXU I 8/0X0 4 

WL IGIII - 2 7 . 5 I OX 

1N932022 0000480 0 02 / M UNK NO/ ? N 

GASOL IN L I N BOTH EYE'S 

091 0 000 0 NO/ ? CT/A B EYE TR/REL TWO 

X In Xu I X 7ll Xii i 

Wl- Kil l I X I . OOOO 

IP) 2 I o I) on ml 7 9 n o u 2 (, M HOME AaF N 09 10 OOOO NO/? 

GASOLINE BURNS IT LEG PT TAKING OFF FUEL PUMP FROM CAR 

BRN-T L/LEG TR/REL FIVE 

8 /ll Xu ) X 70X00 

WEIGHT-- 3X2X5 7 

IAX 11022 O209I47) 02o M UNK NO/? N 0910 0000 NO/? 

ACCIDENTALLY SWALLOWED 8 OZ OF GASOLINE 

POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

X /OXOX X70X I o 

Wl Kill ! - IU2 I M X 

IMI /Mil ) OOII2-K.77 oo n M HOME NO/ ? N 

GOT GASOI INE I N I YES 

091 0 ooo o NO/ ? BRN- C EYE TR/RE L SI X 

X /IIXO / X /OX I I 

WLlGll l 102 I I2X 

»K2)2(D ) mi l lli.n l Oi o M PUBLI C NO/ ? N 09111 1414 NO/ ? URN-U EYE TR/RE L SI X , 

GASOLINE NolZ I k" GOT AWAY FROM HI M WHEN FILLIN G HI S CAR AND SHOT INTO H I 

S EVES. 
U S CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 

INJURY INCIDINTS TREATED IN NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE. JANUARY 1987 TO THE PRESENT 

15:18 TUESDAY. JULY 2o. I98X I 

• PRODUCT: 0910 GASOI INT 

DATE 

TREAT COLL 

VICTI M 

HOSPITAL CASE AGE SIX 

ACCIDENT . 

LOCALE FIRE OCC 

PRODUCTS 

1ST 2ND 3RD 

INJURY 

DlAG BDYPT DISP SEVTY 

X /oxlo X70Xll 

WLlGlll - 8 1. 0000 

IVillol) (10(181491 014 M HOME NO/? N 0910 OUoO NO/? BRN-T L/LEG TR/REL FIVE 

BURNED RIGHT LOWER LEG WHEN GASOLINE EXPLODED D WHILE ATTEMPTING TO 

1.1 IT I T 

X70XOX 870X12 

WEIGHT- 38 2X57 

WIXOHI22 U0021O2) oil M PUBLIC FIRE N 0910 1135 3-PROD BRN-T HAND TR/REL FIVE 

HAD GASOI INE IN EMPTY BOTTLE AND LIT IT. IT BLEW UP AND BURNEDHAND 

NO FIRE ATTENDENCE.AI.TIIO CHILD RAN INTO FIRE STATION 

87(1812 8/U8I4 

WEIGHI- 45.2500 

3S94 202 2- 50)80120 oo.l F HOME NO/? N 0910 OOOO NO/? 

SIPHONNING AND ACCIDENIALLV SWALLOWLD GASOLINE. 

GASOLINL INGEsllON. 

POISN ALL HOSP SIX 

.1 /ll.l I i s /US I i. 

WT K.lll IX 2X1 / 

I AI 11.12 2 ioXxllIX ooo M UNK NO/? N 

G O T GASOI INE sPI ASHE D IN BOTH EYES 

09 Io oooo NO/? URN-C EYE TR/RE L SIX 

." /o.i II X /OX I 0 

hi K.lll 4 ) . 2)0(i 

IN'/)2o22 (iM)(i))l o.'o M UNK NO/? N 09 10 oooo NO/ ? 

GASOLINE SECOND DEGREE UURN ON LETT ANKLE 

URN-C ANKLE TR/REL FIVE 

.1 'nil I X70XI7 1N9 12.122 O07(l)3o7 0 1.1 M UNK NO/? N H9|o 14)9 NO/? DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO 

WIIGIII 27.SIOX X 7OXI7BEP00O4 SPLASHED GASOL I NE FROM A I.AWNMOWER IN EYES 

X/OXII X/0XI7 

WI-IGHI- 08 .025(1 

)N(.o2o3l 001/8989 022 M HOME 

GOT GASOLINE IN EVE 

NO/7 N (1910 oooo NO/? FRN/B EYE TR/REL TWO 

X/U8I i X70X I X 

Wl 11 ill I - 45 .2)00 

1S942022 (.11.1)2 115 037 M HOME NO/? N U'/IU UUUU NO/? 

GASOLINE EXPLODED BURNS TO ABDOMEN AND ARMS 

BRN-T 2 5-50 HOSP SEVEN 

X 70S I I 870 8 I 8 

WblGHI - 102. 1428 

31)0)0)) (12210)8) 21'/ M HOME NO/? N 0910 1112 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

PAMENI ALLEGED!.* DRANK GASOLINE FROM A CAN WHILE UNSUPERVISED- INGEST! 

ON OF GASOLINE 

8 7 0817 X /OX I X 

WEIGHT-10 2 I4 2X 

H'2 i.-l»)-> OX9/IIX7 olS I UNK AUTO N 09 III OOUO NO/? POISN ALL 

SPIILED I Clip GAS IN TRUNK OF CAR. EXPOSED FOR I HOUR WITH HEADACHE. 

NAUSEA. DIZZINESS GASOLINE FUME INHALATION 

TR/REL TWO 

X/OXI / X /OX I 9 

WEIGHT-102.1428 

)MI /)(!)) OOU202I9 nl2 M FARM NO/? N 

INGI.SIED SOME GASOLINE 

0910 UOOU NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

X /OX I X .1/0X2 1 

wi K.ur- ox (.2 so 

Un,-..'nil IIIII I JI .'in o n M lloMb NO/? N U9 io oouu NO/? 

1.2 UGK BKNS.I.FT l-RARM FROM GASOLINL 

URN-C L/ARM TR/REL FIVE 
U.S. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 

INJURY INCIDINTS TREATED IN NLISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING T.ASOI INF IANUARY 19X7 TO THE PRESENT 

15:18 TUESDAY, JULY 2o. I9XX I) 

*. PRODIH I : 09 10 GASOLINE 

DA IT: ... 

TKLAT COLL I los I'l TAL 

V IIT I M 

CASL AGL SLX 

. . .ACCIDENT. . . 

LOCALL TIRE OCC 

... . PRODUCT S 

1ST 2ND 3RD 

INJURY 

DlAG BDYPT DIS P SEVTY 

8711X20 X7082I 

WEIGHT-- 27 SHIS 

IN9 12022 On 70 I S XX u2il M UNK 

*SPIASHF D GAS I N EYES 

NO/ ? N (1910 oooo NO/7 BRN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

8/0X20 870821 

WEIGH!-102.1428 

3I204U)) 0.197)21) OO/ M HOME NO/? N U9I0 OUUO NO/? 

DRANK UNKNOWN AMOUNT OF GASOLINE-GASOLINE INGESTION 

POISN ALL HOSP SIX 

K 7(IX 2 I X 7IIX2-I 

WEIGHT- 2 7 5 108 

IN') 12(122 oo'/ooilni mil M UNK NO/? N 

CHILE SWAI..I OWED GASOLINE 

09 10 0000 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

8/0X2 1 X /0X2 i 

Wl IGII I X I IIIIIII . 

IM55I04 ) 0029)10 / 024 M HOME FIR E N 091 0 09X1 NO/? URN-T NECK TR/REL FIV E 

IRVIN G l o BURN WORMS FROM TRLt AND GASOLINL CAN CAUGHT FIRE . UNKNOWN 

I I I IRI: DEPARTMLNI I N ATTENDANCE 

X / I I .1 2 i .1 III X2 / 

Wl IGII I - 102 112 1 

il-iii. IIII I O022532 0 ol d M HOME NO/? N 091 0 oooo NO/? 

WAS STARTING EIR E WITH GASOI INE AND BURNED I EG 

URN-T I./LEG TR/REL FIVE 

X /OX 2 0 X 7 0X2 7 

Ml K.lll - 102 . 1428 

3T2041D ) UX9/72X ) UI 3 F HOME NO/? N 09 10 324 9 NO/? BRN-T 25-5( 1 TR/REL SI X 

POURED GASOLINL ONTO GRIL L FLASH UACK OF FIR E INI O FACE AND ARMS-BURN 

FACE. ARM AND FINGERS 

X /ll'll l I X /090 2 

Wl K.lll. 102 I 428 

lAI.'.'oi) oooox/io oio I HOME NO/? N O'J io 1909 NO/? URN-T ALL 

RAKING I LAVES PUT GAS ON LEAVES THEN THREW A CIGARETTE ON LEAVES 

FLAMES FLARED UP CAUSING THERMAL BURNS TO APB 

HOSP SEVEN 

8/0 905 8 7090 8 

WEIGIll- 3 8 .28)7 

IAX3I022 00494809 002 I HOME NO/? N 0910 0000 NO/? 

PLAVING IN GARAGE OF HOUSE GO! GASOLINE IN MOUTH 

POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

.1 / 119 OX X / II 9 ll' / 

WEIGHT- OX 02) 0 

IAI.X20I I oooo 7)5 4 02 7 T HOME NO/? N 

INHA! ITl GASOLINE 

(19 III 000 0 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

X/09II 8 8/09119 

WEIGHT- 68.025 U 

IN(.o20) 4 OOI8I59 7 III I M STREET NO/? N 

SVPI IONING GAS SWALLOWED SOME 

09 10 OOOII NO/? POIS N ALL TR/REL TWO 

X 7 II 9 II I. X 709 II 

WEIGHT-102 1428 

IMIXUD) ooo IUX2.1 ol/ M UNK NO/? N 091(1 oooo NO/? BRN-T FACE TR/REL FIVE 

I KilTTINii GAKUAGE WITH GAS ON IT AND GOT BURNED. RT SIDE OF FACE. 1ST AN 

D 2ND DEGREE BURNS 

8/(19 I 3 X/09 14 

WLlGlll- 08.0250 

)A«X20)4 0000/I4O o)9 I HOME NO/? N u'/lu UUUU NO/? 

GASOLINE SPLASHED IN EYE. CORNEAL ABRASION 

CT/AB EYE TR/REL TWO 
II s CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION I5JI X TUESDAY. JULY 2o. I9XX I r. 

INIIIKY INCIDENTS TREATED IN NFTSS FMI RGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE: JANUARY 1987 TO THE PRESENT 

. . Ckonili'C. o 9I » GAM.I INl 

DA IF" VICTIM . ACCIDENT PRODUCTS INJURY 

TRIA L COI I HusplTA I CASE AGF SIX I OCALE FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT DIS P SEVTY 

K/U9I 2 87091 5 3K.M20) ) 000/17 2 1 022 M HOME NO/? N 091 0 000 0 NO/? FKN/ B EYE TR/REL TWO 

WLlGlll -10 2 .142.1 WHILE WORKING ON HI S JEEP GASOLINE SPLASHED I N BOTH EYES. 

a/ovi i K/u9l o IA.ill.i2 2 nx-l 2 7 32 ) mi 2 M 1*111)1 K NO/? N U'/lu Uoou NO/? URN-C EYE TR/REL il X # 

WEIGHT- IS 2X5 / AT GAS STATION WITH DAT' GASOI INL SPLASHED I N EVE 

8/U9 D x/091 7 1S94202 2 8090297 8 02 9 M HOME TIK I N 091 0 18 3(1 NO/? BRN-T 25-5( 1 HOSP SEVEN 

WLK.III - 4).2)0( 1 GAS EXPLOSION IN OPEN GARAGE, SECOND DEGREE BURNS FACE. TRUNK AND HANDS 

NO TIKE DEP I . INVUI.YEMENI . 

X/.i'M o .i.'ii'.i ll'ii'iii n oiiiiul/4 ) (il l I HuMl I IRI N o'/l o IIIIIII I NO/? BKN-'T L/LE G TR/REL FIV E 

IVI Hill T in. ' 112 - FIS T AND sTcONli DI'GKri.' BURNS o l In > II I MI T AND LEGS TURl'W GASOLINL 

ON BURNING I IKI LIK I DIPT NOT (AMI D 

x/o'H I .1/nil. i IS-/2202 2 00909X9 0 iiii) F Plllll IC NO/? N 091 0 oooo NO/? FKN/B EVE TR/REL TWO • ("*_, 

Wl K.lll 43.2)ii o GASOLINE TO EVE'S SPRAV ED GASOL INE FROM GAS PUMP 

X/(iv l I .1/0)1.1 3P.U)u2 2 UU32I03 H U M M PUULI C All TO N O'/lo oooo NO/? URN-C EVE TR/REL SI X ¥ 

WIIGII I IX 2XS/ GASOLINE SPLASHED I N EYES Willi E AT THE EXXON GAS STATION (IH S FATHER 

WAS PUMPING GAS INTO THE CAR I 

x/0911 X709IX IPX.' lo22 illl)2lol7 042 M Plllll IC AUTO N 091(1 0000 NO/? URN-C EYE TR/REL SIX • 

WEIGHT IX 2X57 GASOLINE SPLASHED IN Ills LYES AS HE WAS PUMPING GASOLINE INTO HIS 

CAR AI THE EXXON SlAlION 

X/H92I .170922 1129/0)1 ouo2o492 ooo M UNK AUTO N 0910 oooo NO/? BKN-U HAND TR/REL FIVE 

Wl Kill! IU2 1121 1ST DEG BURN TO RT HAND. BURNED WITH GASOLINE WHEN PRIMING CARBURETOR 

ON CAR (NO FURTHER INFORMATION ON RECORD) 

X/II92I X/0922 IDI-l Ion 010X14X4 212 M HOME NO/? N 0910 09X1 NO/? POISN ALL HOSP SIX 

WEIGIll - 102 . 142.1 POSS INGESTION OF GASOLINE. MOTHER FOUND HIM WITH OPEN CONTAINER OF 

GASOLINE IN GARAGE (CONNECTED TO HOUSE). ODOR OF GASOLINE ON BREATH. 

X7092I .1/092) )Sv42u22 20X91)0/ o.)9 M HOME NO/? N U'/lu 32-19 NO/? URN-T L/LEG TR/KEL FIVE 

Wl IGIII i).2)oo BURN TO LLG FROM GASOLINE WHILE BAKBEQUING. 

X/U'/.'l .1/092) IS922o22 OU2I904/ 211 F HOME NO/? N 0910 0000 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGIll- 41.2500 GASOLINL' INGESTION 

li/i>92ii ft/i.921 ipo 1 lo. i min i.-l 9.1.1 oil M HOME FIRE N O'/IO lo)X NO/? BRN-T .2) 5o IK/KLL SIX 

Wl K.lll H'2 1-128 l-l WAS UUKNIN G IKASII Al UoML IN GAKDIN. USING GASOLINE. CLOTHING CAUGHT 

I- I Kl DX PARI IAI THICKNESS HIIRN AUDoML N/ BUT I'lK'KS . RIGHT ARM UFDA 
U s CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION I):IX TUESDAY. JULY 2o. 1988 17 

INJUR) INCIDI.NIS IRLAILD IN NLISS LMLKGENCY DEPAKIMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE: JANUARY 19X7 TO THE PRESENT 

.. PRODUCT: 09lll GASOI INE 

. DAIL*. VICTIM . . ACCIDENT. . . ... PRODUCTS. . . INJURY 

IRL.VI CULL IIUSPMAL CASE AGE sb.\ LOCALE FIRE OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDV PT DIsP SEVTY 

X/0925 X70928 ll.'o-IO)) 0X9X9494 2IX F HOME NO/? N U9IU OOOO NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGIll-102. 1428 INGESTED UNKNOWN QUANTITY OF GASOLINE-POSSIBl E GASOLINE INGESTION 

X70928 870930 3CI3405) 08/15290 oo) M HOME NO/? N 0910 0000 NO/? POISN ALL HOSP SIX 

WEIGIll- 102. I42X DRANKLD GASOLINE DISCLOKATION OF SKIN ASPIRATION 

X/U929 8/1000 1MI-)Hi:i.) oouo.'!./) oo) M PUBLIC NO/? N ii9|o O'/Xu NO/? DRMAT FACE TR/REL TWO . 

wT-iGiiT 1(12. M2 x GASOLIN E I N EVES , GO T SPLASHE S I N TAC T HANDL E O N GA S PUM P STUC K 

x/luo l 8/HIO , i .... . ii. i ooii))iio 4 02 2 M UNK FIR E N O9| o oooo NO/ ? BKN-T FACE IK/RE L FIV E 

WT IGII I 1X7 PAIN IO FACE WHIN GASOLINE IGNITE D NO OTHER DEIAII. S AVAILABLE. 

DX. I * BURN Ol RIGI D SIDE OF l-Ac E . _ UNKNOWN I F I 1Kb DEPT A I TENDED. 

. ..oi l .."21121.1 21 / I IIOML NO/? N "I9IO uuuu NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

M I I. i n IKANsFll-I O IROM MvKIVAI l IIOS P OKAND O X OZ GASOI INL 

DX ACUTE HYDROCARBON ASPIRATION 

x/lo.- i X'I.I.'' . IAX 1102 2 44X04)0 2 Old F PUBLI C NO/? N 091 0 00(10 NO/? POIS N ALL TR/REL TWO 

Wt K.lll >x 2X3 / INHALED GASOLINE FUMES 

X/IU2 . X/iu.' / 1A)IUI4 ) OOOX97I4 ti ) 7 M UNK FIR E N 09 1 u oooo No/ ? BRN-T FACE TR/REL FIV E 

rti IGII I XI OOOO I 2 ) Kll.K M UUKNS FACE THREW GASOLINE ON FIR E 

NO MENTION OF FIR E DEPT 

X/|(i2 o X/I02 7 1M)5I04 ) 0029/3/ 9 02 1 M HOME FIR E N 091 0 o3o / 3-PROD BRN-T U/TRK TN/HSP SI X 

WLlGlll - 45 42 3o PUT GASOLINE ON NEWSPAPER TO LIGHT WOOD STOVE AND SHIR T CAUGHT ON FIRE . 

SUSTAINED BURNS TO CHEsT. TRANSFERRED TO UW BURN UNIT . UNKNGW IF" FD 

h/iu.i l X/MU 2 ilio.ijol l Jiiolol/ ) ul ) M I NDS I*. NO/? N O'/lu 104 ) 3 PROD URN T L/LE G TR/REL FIV E 

WIIGII I 08.i.2) U 1.2 DoK UUKNS I.WK LLG / FILLIN G MACHINE W/ GASOL I NE . SP I LLED I T ON PANTS 

/ SPARK IGNITED IT 

X/llill 8/llu-l (||ii)2-u 14 I00202I7 221 M HOME NO/? N 0910 H9I3 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGHT- OX.025(1 INGESTION PT DRANK ABOUT A MOUTHFUL OF GASOLINE a OIL (GIVEN MILK 

PER POISON CONTROL) 

x/llol X/MO ) lpol4(i)5 IIIIIIII 19-D OI9 M UNK NO/? N 09lo 1414 NO/? POISN ALL TR/REL TWO 

WEIGHT- 1112 . 1428 PI" SWALLOWED MOUTHFUL OF GASOLINL. WAS SYPHONING GASOLINE DX INGESTION 

OF sMAI I AMOUNT OF GASOI INE 

x/llll x/lllo Ipoiloi) iiiiiioll 11 ui,, M HOME' NO/? N li'/lo Ioo2 NO/? POISN ALL TR/HEL TWO 

WLlGlll- 102 142.1 I'l SWAI.I OWID GASOLINE WHILE TRYINli IO SIPHEN FROM TRACTOR 
U S CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 15 : IX TUESDAY. JULY 2o . 19X8 i s 

INJURY INCIDINT S TREATED I N NEISS EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE: JANUARY 198 / TO THE PRESENT 

. . PRODUCT. U9IO GAio l INI 

DAT E . VICTI M ACCIDENT. . PRODUCTS .. . INJURY 

I k F.A I COLL HOSPITAL CASE AGE SIX LOCALE FIR E OCC 1ST 2ND 3RD DlAG BDYPT DIS P SEVTY 

X7III 3 X/II2 U 3N9 12022 OO0I2.H.O ooo M UNK AUTO N 091 0 OOUO NO/? POISN ALL HOSP SI X 

WEIGHT- 27.510 8 PT MOTHER SI S CHIL D WAS SPYPONING GAS FROM CAR AND SWALLOWED SOME GAS. 

87112 2 87112 5 1K2320) ) 0000 1 luo u2 i M HOME NO/? N 0 9 1(1 oooo NO/? BRN-C EAR TR/RE L TWO 

WEKiHT-10 2 I42X WAS SIPHONING GAS AND SOMEHOW GOT SOME I N FAR CAUSING BURNING 

87112 ) X/M2 9 1.A.1.H022 32944/8 0 04 1 F PUBLIC NO/? N 091 0 UUUU NO/ 7 BRN-C EAR IR/KLl . TWO 

WIIGII I 3.1 2.15/ SPLASHED GAS INI O R LAR 

x/|2o i X/1.102 (\.ii|o2 2 iui04i7 5 o52 M I INK AUK ) N u'/l u ii')/X NO/? BRN-C EYE TR/REL SI X 

WIIGII I IX 2X1 - GOT GAS AND CAkliUR-VTOK Cl EANER SPLASHED I N EYES 

ft/Mm x/12.12 )l/o|ol 4 01)1255 4 (Mil F UNK NO/? N 0'/I u 098 1 No/ ? CT/A B EYE TR/REL TWO 

Wl K.lll 08 02111 WHILE POURING GAS OIJI OF A GAS CAN. I I SPLASIILD I N EVLS 

8/I2. H X/l2oi . iA.ill.i2 2 4729i,4'i | o.' i M UNK NO/? N il'H U oooo NO/? URN-T FACE TR/REL FIV E 

WEIGHT IX 2X5 / DROPPED GASOI. INE INTO FIR E AND I T FLASHED BACK INI O FACE 

8/120 4 x/120 7 ls)o2ti5 ) uuoo39) 4 oi o M HOME FIR E N u9l u oooo NO/? BRN-T 25-5 u TN/HSP SEVEN 

Wl IGII I 102 I 428 SUSIAINL D BURNS IO 20 * Ol BODY IRUM GASOLINL FIR L DX: BURN TO BODY 

FIR L Dl PL PRESENT 

x/l.'o X X/I2U 9 IA.1IHI2 2 2M12i.ii / o2o M PUBLIC* AUTO N U'/lu oooo NO/? DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO . f^W w 

WlIGUT - IX.2X5 7 PUTTING GAS I N CAR AND FUMFS IRRITATE D EYES 

X/l2o / X/I2I I IMI 91 ii> ) o(loo2X) l u l I M UNK NO/? N 0 9 10 UUUU NO/? BRN-T HAND TR/REL FIV E 

WEIGIll < MI2 . Mi x SPII.I.LD GASOLINL ON LEFT HAND GASOLINE WAS ACCIDENTLY IGN I TED C'AUS ING 

X/I.'i o X/I2I I ISU.2U) ) uuu.) ) I I 2 o 17 I HOME NO/? N o'/l o ouoo NO/? DRMAT EYE TR/REL TWO 

WIIGII I Hi ) CM X IIUKT EYE' Go I GAS SPLASHED INTO EYE DX J CHEMICAL CONJ UNCTI VITU S 

X / I 2 I 1 X/I2I 4 INioinl ) UOU3/U34 oi l M HOME FIR E N 091 0 000 0 NO/? URN-T HAND TR/RE L FIV E 

Wi K.lll 81 . Oooo p| HAD GAS ON HANDS a FUMES IGNITED . I UNKNOWN I F FIR E DEPT. W/I N ATT -

ENDANCE) 

8/l.'| i X / I 2 I o i.Vlo.'in i IIIIII I xi.o j o.' | M UNK NO/? N O9| o uoou NO/? OTHER EAR TR/RL L ZERO 

Wl K.lll I •• 2 I I2K GASOI INI Ai l IDINIAM V WENT INTO HI S EAR. SHARP PAI N I./EAR OX; PAI N I N 

TAR. IVMPANIC MIMURANI NO OTHER Dl TA 11 S A VA 11 ABIE 
II s CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSIO N 

INJUR) INCIDENTS IKEA TED IN NEISS EMERGENC Y DEPAR I MEN IS 

INVOLVING GASOLINE : JANUARY 19X7 TO THE PRESENT 

15:18 TUESDA Y . J UL Y 2 o . I •/ 8 X 19 

• • PRODI ICI . 09 1 il GASOI IN I 

DA IF. 

TREA T COL L 

VICTIM 

HOSPITAL CAS E AG E SEX 

ACCIDEN T 

LOCAL E FIRE OC C 

PRODUCTS INJURY 

1ST 2N D 3RD DlA G BDYP T DIs P SEVTY 

8/1220 6/1221 

WLlGlll - 102. 142 8 

IS 17 10)5 00112)4)0 uu ) M HOME NO/? N (1910 UUUU NO/ ? BRN- C L/LE G TR/REL FIVE 

PT SI'ILLLD GASOLIN E O N SELF RtSULTIN G IN LARGE BLISTERE D ARE A O N MID -

CALF OF LEG. DX: 2N D DEGRE E CHEMICA L UURN 

8 7 I 2 I X X 7 I 2 2 I 

WEIGHT - 45.250 0 

XXl) I O I XXO I IIO 

WL K.lll I (15 .23X1 

IS942U22 70X24O2'/ Oil M UNK NO/? N 0910 0000 NO/? DRMA T EY E TR/RE L TW O 

ACCIDENTALL Y SPLASHE D GASOLIN E IN EYES - CHEMICA L CONJUNCTIVITI S 

IVI(.2(D) OXX0094 0 oo.l M UNK NO/? N 0910 1123 NO/? POISN AL L TR/RE L TW O 

TEENAG E HOVs SAW HIM DRINK G.Vsol INL OUTOI RE D PLASTI C CAN UNKNOW N 

AMOUN T CHIL D Is Rl 'T'AKDI'O/GAsOI. INL' INGESTION. 

1 .111 II I Moll. ' 

Wl K.lll XI mini 

7 .1 .In M / h XO II 9 

rt I K.lll 10) 2 I .1 I 

XXoI 2 I XXOI 2 2 

Wl IGIII - )X 2X5/ 

i| .o.'.i li I.I/9I.U1.1 oil') M HoMI No/? o il') I il oooo NO/? POISN All. 

(TIIID HAS BIT N INHAI INl. I I ADT D GASol INF FOR lo DAYS BECAUSE UE STATE S 

•II MADE HIM FLIT WEIRD " I) LEA D INHALATION 

TR/RE L TWO 

ll.'oiiD ) U90)u7l o IDI I F Pllll l IC NO/ ? N O'/IO ooo o NO/ ? 

SPRAYED GASOLINE I N I ACL AND EYES CORNEAL UURN LVL 

IAX1IH2 2 IX2X7IO O 04 9 M UNK NO/ ? N 

(HEMICAI IRRITATIO N FROM GASOL INI" 

O'/IO OOOO NO/? 

URN-C EYE TR/REL SIX 

DRMAT HAND TR/REL ONE 

8X11 | 2 1 XXO I 2 / 

WL K.ll l - 8 1 . OUtl o 

11)0104 ) 0004/01 0 (ll o M (INK NO/ ? N 

GASOLINE IN LAR I AND ON CLOTULSI 

(191U OOUO NO/ ? BRN-C EAR TR/RE L TW O 

xXu2o / XX02H9 

WEIGHT - 3X 2X)7 

1PX2 1022 00)4 117) nln M PUBLIC NO/? N U9I0 (19X0 NO/? BRN- C ALL 

A GASOLIN E HUM:* I XPI ODE D WHI M PT. WAS PUMPINli GA S AT THE GA S STATIO N 

A N D GA S SI'ILLLD All OVER I'T . WEN T HOM E a SHOWERED. NOW RAS H W/PAI N 

TR/RE L SIX 

ft Xo2I I XXO2 I 2 

WI: IGIII - 3 8 2.1) / 

IAX I 102.' 37/8)0(0 oil M PUBLIC AUT O N 0910 0000 NO/? 

SPLASHE D GASOLIN L IN LYES WHILE FILLING CAR 

DRMAT' EYE TR/RE L TWO 

X .In.' I I X 8(1 2 I o 

WIIGII I XI Ollllu 

IA) I I.il i ooO'/tii'/O u2 7 I- UNK NO/? N 09 10 UUUU NO/? 

HAD GASOI INI: SOAKED HAIR GOT SOME IN EYES 

DRMAT FACE TR/REL TWO 

.1.10 2 19 .1X0221 

Wl: IGII I 38.28) / 

IPX.' 1022 H9239//2 UU . | HOM E NO/? N U9III I 12 0 NO/ ? POIS N AL L 

MFNIALI.V RETARDE D PT. DRANK GASOLIN E FROM A PEPS I BOTTL E 

HOS P SIX 

XX. . 2 2 .' .1X0 2 2 1 

Wl IGIII I H i 2 1X1 

i|'u . !..•>. IIIIIII I | /2 v u G. |- PUBLIC NO/ ? N o9| o iluo o NO/ ? BKN-C I'VE 

I'T GOI GASOI INI : ON HANDS. Willi I: PUMPING AT (iAS STATION . RUBBED EYES 

TR/RE L SI X 
P.42 

APPENDIX B 

NEISS Data: 

Incidents Associated with Gasoline 

1 Jan 88 - 31 Dec 88 
P.43 

a'. S am 

: •- X f 

tA W C < 

« T tm L. 

l » « - I 

- I JJ" U 

O . J J» 

l.: . - U. Z 

J— a u . T 

*t > «ff r— 

J U I/1. » • 

. 1- ~ e 

s »•• t » » 

o c. 

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GASOLINE t-AroSURE I P f*ff AN I SATA - FOUR VFAR 0L0 SPLASHF**) GASOLINE IN -

Tn PATIFNT* S FACF 

PATTtN T eURHFP PQRl-'ARX I STING Tn SIAR T A FIR E MIT H GASOLIMK - ?Ni) Ot^UF t 

*UTN S OVER i-SX OF FOOT 

GAS STAT IPM ATTENDANT ACCrn^NTAIl V SFLASHFO GASPLIN f I N PATTENT*S EVt S 

— KE7ATC CONJUNCTION 

GASIlIN f SPLASHED INI O F VF S 

HUNTING EASTER eGCS#6UHPED INT O CAN OF GASOIIHE,S^LASHE O INTO EYES* 

OIAGNOSIS : CHFHICAL CPNT ANf NAT IDAS DOTH fYT S 

P T . M/SPIASHEO H/GAiULIN G 61 NOTFFR AT STATION ^ UAIS T GROIN» tTHIGHS . 

T'lRFM GASOLINE I N A FIR«_ E KPLOOF t . C tn "URNS TO L C P T »ANP , MRIST L . STO 

f NT.*/SHOULDER , FACE ND SF « CHIA/PARTIA L THICKFNS RIIP-JS. 

PT STARTING LAMNHOMFR ANC ACCIPFATLY GOT GASOLINE I N HI S FV* S 

OV. GASOtlN F FKPOSURF 10 EVES 

SPLASM^P GASOLINE INT O MIS HfF S 

S

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LASHt D GAS I N EVFS HHII F CILLIA G LAWN NOMFR 

CHIL D HUSIN- ; 1*1 aiNUTIS . PnilNP I N r.ARAGF SNIFFTN C GASOLINE . GASOIIA F 

cVPOSURF . 

PATIEN I GOT GASOLINF I N (AR AT HCE . «INS e O I T PUT HIT H MATFR HnSF . 

0 : GASOLIME I N FAR . 

P T . UA5 AORNING LEAVES WFEN HF TtrRfH r.A S 'IN TH C L C AVES CAUSING THE FI» E 

TO FIAP E UP CAUSING ? OEGPft RUFNS ON FfNGFRS OF LT . HAND . 

PATIEN T INGFSTF.n 1- 7 Hni|T"ri)LS OF RFGULAR GASOLINF - ACCYO'iNTAL TNTAA I 0 

f GASOLINE 

CHILO rniN O 6Y HOH 0RINA1N G CAS fcp H GASnLtHF. C«N GAS ALL OVE ' CLOTHING 

1 * ? OGC RRNSrFACF^NFCK^'CARO / LIGHTIN G RPIISH Ut cASU l !PN<=,IT EXPL00E 1 

I N

 eAcr CFIP F ofPi.ni n i n »rTftic» 

PAIirN I GOT GASOLTNF I N l eF T FAR - GASOLINE I N LEFT FA<** 

CHIL P SMALLnwrO GAS-UIN*-"- FROH A SNOW «0"II F 

SPLASHEO r.tii]lIN > INTO BCTH =Vf S HHII F *=1LIIN G HEP CAR AT GAS STATION / 

CPNJUNTIVTT S T-l «0 T H t»fS . 

VrSTt'RPAT PLAVEO I N THE TARO ANO HE SHfLl'- D ITA'* GASOLINE * RU«B FO EVES 

ANO f rt'*; KURNrO ANO (lECAPF. R*iP AAO CRRITATFn PIAG : SfV^P F CHc" . IRRI1 . 

PATIENT' S FATHER USIN G GASPLIN f I N HfOS f TO F.LCAN IAR *"*?()» KEAT*=P, CIA S 

H IGN I TT N -"IF FI|H?S» Him- M l NCT SUPN - BURNS HANPS, FP9?AR*AS»

 C AC I . 

CLEANING HEATFR I N HOUS= WIT H CA-jlLTAF , FUMES |GNIT= 0 - 1ST t 2N 0 

R

r GR£ r «IIR»IS HA1PS* FAC r

. ^D AT*|i=l|0«NCF IINANOMM. 

P T -CVPH'IKING GAS0HN1 * AAO RFCFU' O POUTH FULL ANO NA» HAVE SMALLOMFC 

SONE PX . GASnLIN F INGFSIIO N 

1IIRNS FRCH GASPLINF * HORAING ON A CAR MFARING A T-SHIR T WHEN THF 

C'*)»*-||(J«T:)P lACAFFU' n AVC HI S SHIRT CAUGHT »=IPE 

FILLIN G GAS IAUX/SF ? VTCF STAITOH-NO/7L r. I N "FHIH O PLATE EJECTED FRO" 

TRPH TIL L SPOUT GAS SPL«SHSO I N FACE/GAS 1UONS TO EVES . 

GASPLIN** -5PLASMF0 INTO -lf 5 

• 5.•?!»•—STPHP'IIM G GAS F**UI« CAP «»0 SMALLCUfO IJNt J£ flP': I) GASOLILNE 

PPSSJ«Lf r.*'.*1LINE RFLATTl) CAS^S 1*>F* 

I'l-'M l • I .«-"--i- . j r ••:|l.- » tllrw . tL l »*IC.*: **si rn Is-'s* ) 

17:0 7 FRI9AV , F7HRUA3V 17 * 19» » 

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NATIONAL "IJilC T lll'i'tHIM N Tl.-,-|*»tM**-."CII> " 

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G4S"LIN.*: OX 1ST 1 7N0 D'CR f BIIPAS PF FAC? t RT HANO HFPA 

• 8.625 0 —SIPHONIN G GASOL II : ANO 1AHALE0 FlHES . GASPLIN F INHALATION . 

1.17.147 R NAS FILLIN G CSAR MIT H GA? MHFH T->e NO/ZF L STARIFO jPRA VTNG-GETT TNG GASO 

I "J*? All . PV« R I H TROMT -I F HTNM. 

11.000 0 OURNIP MHFN GASOLINF FI D . IGNITEt/GASOLIN " FLASH BURN-SUPERFICIA L ( M R 

TIA L THERMAL RURNS FACI I rllLAT . ARMS. 

H.71S 7 AT GA< STATION SPLASHED {AS1LIN * INT C rltl , FFLL RACKMAROS HI T HEAD CN 

P«Lf . CHEHTCILLV I'lOMC' f CPNJHNC I JV 11 S MTT'( roPEHc.AO LACFRATION . 

I'l":.!*'' ! 11IRNING BRUSH PIL f THRfk U GAS OA Fit : TO GET STARTEO FIR E EXPLPOEO (UR 

NTNG LOMFR ARH 

77.510 1 PT MAS PAINTIN G ANO CLfcAKED HI S MHO S MIT H GAS SOAKED RAG ANO RU8RE0 H I 

S ?TE MII H HAIIO. 

10?.14Z I PT . INGESTE D GASOLINF FRCH A HALF FULL 1? 01 . COKE "OTTLE STORtO AT 

HON?. 

1P?.14? 1 PT SPILLE D GASOLINE OOMN R SIOE FACF TO INTO R FTF,HON E PICRE P IIP LAMN 

MOM-fP GAS CAN 0 1 FOREIGN SUBSTANCE I N 0.0. 7 IRRIIATIC H OF FACE 

S1.?15 7 CLEANING HOTORCVCLC AT "CHE MIT H GASCLINE , GAS SPLASHED ONTO HANDS AAO 

HIIRNEO THEN 

?7.S10 ' BABYSITTER MAS USING GASCLINE TO START OUTDOOR FIR E GASPLIN F SPTLLEO OU 

T ONTO PF|Ve M A V NO SPLAS«-=0 ""I P T »VFS.N.H.F.0 . 

147 * GASPLIN F SPI.ASHFO ON «=AC F-CPHT ACl IRRITATIO N FROH GASOLI'l K 

"SIO" PT SPILLE P GASOLINE I M P I EVE MH[H HF MAS PUMPING GAS . 

.14? A FIRS T AND SFCONP DEGREE RURNS FRCH CCNTACI MIT H GASOLINE . 

I*.""- CUL O MAS fOUGH T TH FOP nrLTHFRAT.-LV SNI CF IHG r.»S(]lIN!: . GASOLINE 

IHHALA1IPM . 

?S)>> itn p-TPOLEII H DISTILL*! 1: INGHSTIC H Ann SPIASUf D I U FY' S - S"ILLF O LARGE 

CAN OF r.«splIN F OVER ENTIRE BODY »SPL ASH^P I N «* TE , SM1LL OUCO SONE 

POO.) p~ SYnHiMM G G< s C n T NOIIIHFIILL AA" SliALI.CUEO SONF. 

. 7-AS7'—S tP*->ONlNC GASS •"ROH A Ct R ANO SUALLOIiFD A HPIITHFULL 

?**T ACCOFNTALLV SPLASHED GASOLINF I K fVES 

10 10 PIIQTNG GAS INTO RACE CAf / GAS TtNITf p / »ANTS CAUGHT *=IAr: 

1ST « ?HC O^Grf - BURNS f.LOMc R L-iG 

•tUn-lil;*! H-L rl U G TP PPUR GAS INTO PAf.i: fa t /GA": IGNITri) / CLOTHES CAUGHT ^IP E 

IST-7H P CEGP f BURNS R.HANO, R.AJM , fiT H LEGS 

•HIS* L.'IAN P / CASOLTN- CAUGHT FTC - UFri ; HORKING ON CA? 

G7S CAN U'(PrR PRiSSHp r *-»PLPi1tC CAS INTP '.YFS . <=H1 L IGH '.U'l'ANC**- rxocs u 

P- TP FAC" . 

PHTIIH G C»SPLIN>; TROH CPATAINFP I N TRUCK NHFN IT FXPLOOr.O 

O X. 1ST C B CSI: F PURHS HOSI JN D BOHI CCRFARH 

SPILLT D CAS INTO LIF T cYF AMI) l^F T EAR 

ailRN LOWER L : G FjlOH GASPUN " IISFC 1 0 FU4N TRASH 

HTJtUNG UNDER A CAP. GAS UN - BRfX ' AND GAS SPRATEO INT P EVES 

PT 1RPpn«P A rl**''Cc OF IUIRIITH G TAF = R [HI O * >*M-R MHICH HAO GA*<PLINE I N 

I T , ' I IP P FLASHfO HPMAPO INTO PTS PAC*1 

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OMER L?"S. 

PT GOT KOOLAIO AND GASOLINE NtXF C UP ANO SMALLOMED SOHE. 

WHILE POURING GASOLINE IM O FNGI**-** CAUGHT ARM ON *IR E 

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PT SPLAS« cO GAS-">IIN«* T H f y 'Y E MEEN PUMPING GAS. 

SPILLE C CASOLINE I N EVES AND OVER CHEST 

I T SID f FAC e,NFCK,L T HANCHRIS T ,FOREARH,MAS BURNING BRUSH AND PUT GASOLINE ON AS ACCFLERAT04,BURNcO R t FLASH , FIR E OFPT . ATTENDANCE UNKNOVN 

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MAS POURING GASOLINp TN CAR ANP CAUGHT ON FIR E "URNING ROTH ARHS 

FOREIGN SU»ST.,R T ETE - SPLAS^EO CASCL1NC I N T I 

BURNcO LFT . HANO ON GASOLTNF FLAAC S NOT •=!} ATTEN0E1 

NHIL t PUPPING GAS INTO POTHFR'S CAR, GASOLINE S»LASH = n I N FACE CAUSING 

HIL O CHEMICAL BURN TO FACE 

ailRNIHG THE TRASH /PU T FCUR OTS . OF GASOLINE TN THE TRASH AHO THEN LI T 

THE F I Rt 1/BORNEO FACE ANO CHEST . 

USING A M":EO IAU R ANO GAS SPLASFFQ INTO

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HEST ANO ARMS.H.N.F. D 

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TION TU E»fS 

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HANDS. 

STAHDING 1 0 FFF T MHEHB GASOLINE BEING POU^EO I N SINK <**LASHeU - SHALL 

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15*1 BIICNS FRON GASOLINE FOO"?EP OA CAR CARRURFTOR FIRE , CHIL D SITTIN G PN 

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-STATt S HE ORAHK MEL l WATER AFTFg SOBFONE POURFO GASOI IHE I N HELL 

FLASH BURNS TD "OTH AIMS AMO rAC f AS A P'SUI T OF THKRPMTNG GAS0L1HE CN 

BURNING TRASH. 

FILLIN G CAR MIT H GAS MH'A FR'IN O CA- f BT ANO LIT . CIGAPCTT F AND GASOLINE 

BLCM UP IN FACE - CLOTHES CAUGHT ON FIR*-

NcIGHBP R HOOP CMIL O PPIIRFC GASOLINE I PAIN T THINNF R OVEP HEAO/SKI N » FV 

ES BURNED 

G1SPLIN F SPLASHTO I N LFT . EVF 

BOVS SNIFFIN 6 GAS-SPILLFC-"SPLATirBF I ON HE"/1S T ( JNP PEGR'rE BURNS 

LEFT LOMFR LFG 

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THIGH — IIFPA 

HELPIN G GPANDNA PU I GAS IN LAMNNCMER, GAS SPLASHED I N PATIENT' S EVES 

CH'HICA L IISI 0 TO COAT BLACKTOP OA A CRTVFMAV SPLASHED ON BOTH HANDS, 

IIScP GASGLINE TO TRV TO CFMOVE 
POS^-IILF GA'.OLIM ' RHLAIFO CASES 19» 1 

H A TION* L -vL:CT l--i)MlC IH.IOOV SIlRVrllLANC E SYSfi H (NiTS*-**! 

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CUHHENT 

HASHING PAINT OFF APM1 M 

OFGREe CHEMICAL BURNS I I 

UNINTENTIONA L INGCSTIP N 

SUBSTANCE. AT HOB*?. 

SLIPP^ O ON r-ASOLrNE,

 r E l 

INHALATIO N PF GAS0LIH C F 

OBSERVATION 

PUTTIN G GAS I N LAMN HOME 

GOT GASOLTNf I N 1PT H FT= 

WHILE USIN G OLO GASOLINE 

REP IIP ANO BURNFD HI S FA 

WHILE USING GASOLINE TO 

GREF BURKS 0>= 2* 1 OF BOO 

PUTTIN G GAS I N LAUNHOWER 

FATHER MAS POOPING GAS I 

BEHIND HI H ACCIOENTLV S 

SUFFERED 2ND PIG . BURN L 

MIT H GASOLINE t THOUGHT 

GASOLIN F INHALATIO N AND/ 

IRVIN G TO PUT GAS INT O G 

G1S0LIN E INGESTIO N - ING 

GASOLINE I N EVES - SIST F 

STANDING BV TRACTOR-GASP 

HANO, FOREARM, THIGH , L 

GASOLINF INGESTIO N -SMAL 

LAVIN G I N A NFIGH BORS V 

WHILE BURNING TRASH , POU 

BURNING LONER LEG 

USING GASPLINF TO START 

S«*NT «=I»E ONTO l/LEGS.S f 

PPURING GAS INTO LAMN NP 

POURfP GAS OM CAMP FI-?F 

SPILLf C «AS CN ASM MHILF 

ARH 

INGESTIO N OF SB A MT GASO 

PICKE D IIP 00 6 BOML CONTA 

CHIL D MAS STAMPING BV OA 

AR AND GAS SPLASHEO INTO 

MHIL t M-UPING FATHER PUB 

I N BOTH EYES/ FOREIGN BP 

PT MAS RULIN G A VAN WIT 

A P I QF RCPV.TRANS IIPSTAT 

HOIMF? MAS POPPING GASOL 

CHILO' S riVcS. Ds BILATER 

PRANK GA$OLIN r (APPROX. 

FROM A B«ER CAN . HAPPEN!! 

GAS CAN TIPPED OVER I N C 

I

T H GASPUM-

** ANO PAIN T THlNNt * CAUSING 1ST 

ARMS. 

c= GASOLINE . CX;TOXI C EFFECT OF NON HtniCINA L 

L - RTGH1 Sf JI . CONTUSION . 

L'HeS, AHCIINT OF TIM E IINKMOMN, ADMITTE D FOR 

C, SPLAShTO I N FTF . OX. CHENICAL BURN 

5 CHEMICAL CONJUNCT IVI I IS 

MIXE D MIT H OI L TP LIGH T A BI N FIR E MHEN I T FLA 

C

c

 ANO AC S 

EIIRN MOOC, CAUGHT CLOTHES ON FIRE , OX 2ND OE -

t UFOA 

-GASE I N EYFS-CHFHICA L CONJUNCTIVITI S 

A LAMN HCMER ANO GAS CAN FLAHFO UP , HE THREM IT 

TRICKIN G SON HIT H BURNING CAN 

CM*R LEGS KMEE TO ANKLE . CLFANING PAIN T ROLlt R 

IGNITE D JV HCT MATER HcATFR . AOMITTEO . FOA . 

CR INGESTIO N - INHALEP GAS 

AS CAN AAO I I SPLASHEO UP IHTO FVFS ANO NOSE 

ESTFO GASOLINF 

li POUPEO GASaiN E I M PATIENT' S EVES 

LIN E SPRAVEO OUT PROH SPARK PLUGS-BURNS TO LEP I 

ATERAL ABDOMEN, ANII CHEST 

LPMFO FCk SI" S 0 * GASOLINE THAT MAS I N A CUP 

ABO. 

REO GASOLIN F PN IT , LT T TRASH AND GAS EXPLOPCP 

FIR F TH TRICK OUTPOOR BARBEOUF PIT . EXPLORED ( 

AT HONE | HOSPITALIZE D LATER FOR BURNS. NO «=fcA. 

hFR AMP SON' SPLASHFO INTO FVFS 

ANP BIIRNfO HI S FINGER S 

PIISTTIN t GAS ' N CAR . OX. CHEMICAL BURN , LOMEP 

IIN'-N O JIG N OF ASPIPAIIUN-PN^UNONITIS-P T 

ININ G GASOLIAE ( LIFT c O HER TO LIPS . 

I MHIL I F= PUT GAS I N CAR , NOZZLE CIN E OUT Pf C 

<-v=s 

F GASPLIAF, KNOCKED PUMP ANO GASOLONE SPLASHER 

TV OF EVfS- PHYSICIAN'S OIAINOSTS 

. GAS SO»E SPILLfP OUT ON HTM IGNITFO BURNER 

{..N.N.F.O. 

INF AT GIS SI AT ION MH>=M GASOLIN? SPLASHFO IN 

AL CORNEAL ABRASIONS, EYES. 

CNE SUALIOM). AOPTTTEO. ACCTPFNTAL INGESTION 

C AT HOME. 

•R ANO GAS GCT ON FOOT 

^1 
U.S . CONSI)HrR PP"PI|C T SANITY CIIM-H i S |f!N 

"ATl"NA L INJURY ».|--|.ir»ST tr.fi rL"41|NG ,ICU> r 

»p 

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COMH-HT 

CAN O c GASPU*"E I N LAHNP5T "M TlfP*> " ('VfP »Y CHTLP, GAS SPILLF D ACROSS 

FLOOR, MAS TCNIlf O BV P'LPT .IN GAS MAT' t "fAT- R IM * " SA ?NP,1R D BUPAS1 

1 , ? P'.R 8PMS,Pi3TI| Lf S <ffONI,LMP » - TORCHING FROG M / FLAHrj FOOM GASf.-

LTME I N ?*?TTir (LI T M/ HATCH} - eOTTL : FXPLOP^O - NO FIR F OEPT . 

6A<0LIW C I H l T.

n A R . WORKING UinT A CAP t GAS LUKi O OUT . CONTACT D'R"/ -

TtTli . 

PT "Ulli r GAS NPI7L F OUT 0 * CAR fcHin GAS MAS RUNNING OX . GASOLINE 

cXPOSUS*? TU FA C AND 10" » 

»T POIIRTP GASOLINF ON TCASN TO fURN I T AND FIR C BLFW UP 

GASOLINE I N ETC , CORNEAL ABRASIOA 1 0 EVF.S 

OROPPfC f* S NOZ/jf l SPtlYIM G GAS 111 0 *?VES. 

MHILF USING GASOLINF TO (URN BRUSH A l HOHF , PT THINK S GASOLIN F CAN EX -

PLODED r, 1ST « ?N 0 DEGREE BURN FACE , UPPFR CH«ST , ARMS, LOC-R LEGS U*CA 

CLEANING PARTS WITH GASOIINF , SPARK IGNI1F 0 GAS, TM5N CLOTHIHG - 50 T 

2NO « JRP PEG»r.F BURNS. 

PLATING WITN GASOLINF LIT A MATCH OX 2ND OEGRFE BURNS STOMACH ANO CHISI 

FIRF CP WAS NOT III ATTtNCANCf 

ACUTE INTOXICATION FROM GASOLINF SNIFFING 

INJURY OCCURRED S/21. MAS PUTTINt GASPLINF IN CAR AT FILLING STATION t 

MAS SPRAVEO MITH GASOLINL 0IA6. ACUIE ASTHMATIC BRONCHITIS FROM FUMES. 

" U SUSTATNFO FLASH BURNS HOTH FC?£A«»S AMO LIFT Cllf'K, T«-)«EW A MATCAONTO GASOLINE, UNKNOWN IF FTRFD t*=PT. MAS INVOLVED. 

PARENT PUMPING GAS/CHILO PULL**"0 AP$SIL PUT AMP GA 3 rL":W INTn FACE ANC 

EVES. 

P«TTEHT CPANK KKROS'H':- eASOLlN * TNG-JSTION 

PLATfU C UNSUPERVISED I N TH = ALLEY M / A CAN OF GASOLINF WHICH HF 

PRDC-r=0:r TO SPLASH LIBFKALI V ON LfG S 8 F m SOAKING SOCKS « SHOES 

SUSTAIN1-!! FIRS T D*iGREF BIION S ?N E'U H HANOI - USING GASOLINE TO START 

«"TR- AT MOMF 

POURTO GAS ON BRUSH , LI T "HUSH t I T FXPLOP<-0 / I • 2 PEGRPE BURNS OF 

FJCF t SPTH ARMS / FIR-; P?PT CI C NOI ATT'MO 

-H90HGIIT PV MO" FOR POSSIPli - IHGr«Tjp n OF GASOUNc" , SHELLS OF GAS AMO 

f:VKS AR? REP 

WMIli; ruprtN G G1> I N A CA» , GAS ?PLASH = 0 I N FA C CAUSING CONTACT DtPp -

ATITI S I F FA C 

MAS HELPING HpT^/ R ?UT GAj I N C A f. ANO <"-A SS SPIL L =0 OH

 C AC?,OOMH CMF ST 

4*10 ABO C» . GASOLIM * FXOCSUR1: 

P0R5IG N OBJECT LUTVF . f.CX G.1S0L IN"; I N LT.EYE . HAPP-N^O AT HOMi. . POSSIBL « »UST I N LT.FYE . «ll( . enRFTCN 1CPY LUEY" . 

PUNiril G MIT H P' L BAS- P#IN,INHAir! 0 ripir.S.-f.iF N MlPt " PAI W nFF LEGS MTI 

H GASPlIN, : ,COP*«IN*CO PUMPS MAO". HI M NAUSEOUS 

-CHIL D MAS SIPHONIN G GASOIIN F PROP CAP ANO SMALLOMfP SO«r-GASO L IN E ttXGE 

STIO N 

SPLASHEP GAS I N LEFT FTF 

P0TTIM 6 GAS I N CAR AND SCHE S^LASNEO INTO EVES 

PUTTING GAS TN CAR , SPLASHER TN ETC.. PX . CHEMICAL BURN f» ' 

WALKING UNOFR THF HOAR OF HI S TR(|CK/MTTH A CAN FULL OF GAS/GAS LIN E 

CAUGHT FIR E FRO* rNGINc/l T CAUGHT HI S CAN FTP ' MIT H GASOLTN* TN IT . 

;.r . ,.,, , 

P1SSIP.L.- GASOIIN F R'LATFO CASES 1 •»•• 

r »«l|M-v «ll»v: YllANC- •»?!? " IM--.T$<» 

17;P 2 *»IOAY , rrB9|||i) T 17 , 1»8 « 

oo 
»poppur T *19|!» li.SS ''L I J-

('.--. . •,I.H*I»'« ' K r*.O.I.I-l. l JiT l I a..- -r*| j .« (.,. . 

•tATllNS L IMJIJ-JV IMrno-TATTPN C l ^APT'lliHftlS • 

1 

1 

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COMMENT 

G"T GAS I N EVf S MHIL r PILLIN G UP CAR 

PT MAS BTIPHING TRASH P|JUR = 0 GASPIIN F PN I T 8URMF0 FACE ARM MRIST . 

N.H.P.O . 

LT PERIORBITA L CHEMICAL IRIUATirN-PLLLS O GAS HOST HUT OF CAR MHILE I T 

MAS RUNMING-SPIASHF O INT C I T FT' . 

-INJ^STE D ABOUI 2 VI. I'.F GASOLINE . 

G I S I N MQMT H ' EY' S NHFN Ml** SPILLE D SO* " GASOLINE I N 4 CAN OVER ON 

HIMSELF I N GARAGE CUNATT ACHPO) A l H1»- . SON'S INGESTION . 

P T . H/PLAV1MG M/A GAS'lUt**"** 10TIL F 4 FPTSHPS HOUSE, FRIEN D Lt T 80ITL F 8 

I T PIL L CN PTS . U/L- G BURNING PAATS I L?G._UMKNQNN I F F.O.I N AITENGAACE 

THp=w CASOLTNF i)N Ft« c HPfL = BURKING r.RASS AT HON*? ANP REC-J-IVE O PTNOF 

BURNS TO ALL "*XTRFMITir > / Fip c PEPARTHENT NOI PRESENT 

= nR«IG N SlltlSU,'10T H E Ti; S fM / IRRITATION ) - GASOLINE SPLASHED INTO EVlrS 

AT -.FRVICF STAIID N 

S'IFFrR' D 1ST « ?NP DEG . EURNS A8CUT ANKLES * *EFT . MAS BURNING WfcFOS 

MIT " OAO PN RANCH USING GASOLINF A GCT CAUGHT OOUNMIND TN FIR F PATH . 

HURT "AC ! MHILH TRYING TC LTG'<T FARRtQIJF WITH GASOLINE DX: BURM TO FACt 

riR l OFPT NOT PRESFNT 

CLEANING CLPTHFS MIT H GASOLINE IA ENCLOSED ARFA , GAS TGNITEO - 15 t BfPY 

BURNS. 

WORKING CN CAR - MAS POURING GAS INT C CARRORATOR, GAS IGNITF O BURNING 

RT HAND '2N D P*:G BURNS RT HANG 

?S-'*S t TB5A 2- 1 O'CRE * Pl'RNS FOREHt* JP,R T HAND,BOTH LFG 5 GASOLIN * 

OURNS FAMILY STATES TH-Y DON'T ANDM HPM HE GOT 8URNL 0 

GOT HPLO OF A 16PZ . COA- lOTTL r fctTM GASPLIN F I N IT/DPAN K ABOUT *0Z . OF 

GASOLINE . 

WORKING MII H GASOLINE AT HOME Fut":S IGN IT PR.- F IRS T OtGB=E BURN TO A*»P. 

P T . STATfP ; " I MAS CHECKING IH E (MI.-L FILI' R MNEN GASOLINE SPLASHED TK 

MY ff-S " 

PUTTING GAS HPSr BACK ANC GOT SPRAVFC MIT H GASOLINE - CHEMICAL CONJUNCTIVITI S 

GASOLIN ' FROM C.AM IGHITTC , FLASH RH»A TO PACE - 1 ST « 2ND DEGREE BURKS 

RIGHT F«CF . 

2N0 OFGPFP BURN PIG*lT HAAD ANP NCSF , WAS SHPKING MFAT I N A SMOKE HUUS<= 

MNEN ME MAS ATTEMPTING TO L I'JHT, THE GAS FRPLOOFO. 

'INGESTIO N UNKNPHN AMOUNT OF GA SCLIN F WHILE SIPHONING GASOLINE-GASOL -

I NE ASPIRATIO N 

PUTTING OUT GASOLINE FI » F ON HPTCR . 1ST « 2ND OECREf BURNS 1 0 RIGH T TH 

UHR, RIGHT VENTRAL MRIST , LfF T DCRSAL HANn t L-: CI EVEORI'd . UNKNOWN FP . 

ACC. SPLASHFO A SHALL AMCUNT OF (ASlLlN c TN RT . ETC AT 4 GAS STATIO N 

SOT GASilINN f I N CT e S SCIFRAL A1A4S ANO CPIJN5AL ABRASION EVF 

CHEMICAL CONJUNCTIVITIS , GOT GASCIIN F S»lASHE O I N EVES . 

INVOLVI O I N GASPLIN f FIRE . 1ST A 2N f P'GREI* "U^N"-: T l FACF , CHEFKS, KOS 

. , MOUTH , FORFHFAO % BILATERAL OCPS'IP OF HANDS. UNKNPMN FQ ATIENOANCr. 

SPHSMf R GAS I N EYES WHTIF PILL'K G CAR 

I N Hj ; BASLMrflT STOKING kOOO STO V WH-N SPARK i=L*-:M MI T r» S CAN PLANTS 

SHOT BACK SCORCHING HI S '03 EAPM/F I -.H I POP . »O M BURN/ 

PPSSI»L P GASOI IN ' RELATED CASFS 19F.8 

UATIiNA L :L"CTR-iM| C TN.IOSY SUB Vr 11L A SC

 : SV*(ir M (tl'rjs ) 

•' li " •'.'•iiiri '.rr-ri r*-tn r-:: f-*»H 

17:02 FRIPAV, FEBRUARY 17, 19B-R 

fj. 

to 
• pciiour T i'.'1-i c-i.' -H I 

I R. O AT!' 

11170 2 

B1170 A 

H1?'1 A 

11171 0 

11120' ' 

11121 ? 

H1717 

11121 7 

11171 7 

-11122 1 

81122 5 

81122 2 

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P.51 

APPENDIX C 

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APPENDIX D 

Copy of Paper: 

"Acute Exposure to Methanol in Fuels: 

a Prediction of Ingestion Incidence and Toxicity" 
P.54 

ACUTE EXPOSURE TO METHANOL IN FUELS: 

A PREDICTION OF INGESTION INCIDENCE AND TOXICITY 

Date submitted: 

October 31, 1988 

Submitted by: 

Toby Litovitz, M.D. 

Director, National Capital Poison Center 

Georgetown University Hospital 

3800 Reservoir Road, NW 

Washington, DC 20007 

202-784-2088 

PAGE 1 
P.55 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

ABSTRACT 3 

ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS OF METHANOL: REVIEW OF THE UTERATURE 4 

Epidemiology of Methanol Poisoning 4 

Clinical Manifestations of Methanol Poisoning 5 

Diagnosis of Methanol Toxicity 7 

Dose/Response Data 8 

Treatment of Methanol Poisoning 9 

Other Exposure Routes: Ocular, Dermal, Inhalation 10 

METHANOL AS A FUEL PREDICTIVE INCIDENCE MODEL FOR ACUTE EXPOSURES 11 

Summary of 1987 AAPCC Gasoline Exposure Data 11 

Review of Selected Gasoline Exposure Cases to Determine Exposure Scenarios .. . 14 

Predicted Incidence, Toxicity, and Health Effects of 

Acute Exposure to Methanol-based Fuels 16 

RECOMMENDATIONS 18 

REFERENCES 27 

PAGE 2 

 
P.56 

ABSTRACT 

A review cf our current understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, 

dose/response, and treatment data for acute methanol poisoning is presented with a focus on methanol 

ingestions. 13,028 acute gasoline exposure cases reported to the American Association of Poison 

Control Centers in 1987 are analyzed, followed by a more detailed analysis of 230 of these reports to 

gain insight into the circumstances surrounding acute gasoline exposures. These data allow rough 

projections of the incidence of methanol poisoning, morbidity, and mortality, following the proposed 

widespread use of methanol fuels. 

The analysis of 230 ingestion scenarios revealed several patterns. Teenage and young adult males (15 

to 29 years old) were involved in 38.8% of ingestion cases, nearly always as a result of siphoning. 

Accidental ingestions in children under six years accounted for 36.2% of reported ingestions. In most 

of the pediatric cases, fuel cans or container transfers were implicated. 

Extrapolation of 1987 data reported by 63 U.S. poison centers to the American Association of Poison 

Control Centers provides current annual incidence estimates of 6400 methanol exposures0, 52,000 

gasoline exposures, and 35,000 gasoline ingestions. Widespread application of methanol fuels would 

shift the clinical focus for these 35,000 annual ingestion cases. Methanol, in contrast to gasoline, poses 

a high risk of systemic toxicity, with a misleading delay in the appearance of toxic manifestations, and 

severs clinical outcomes such as death, permanent blindness, and neurologic impairment following 

failure to obtain appropriate treatment promptly. Furthermore, the ingested dose which requires invasive 

treatment (hemodialysis) is just 0.4 ml/kg, a mere teaspoonful (5 mi) of an 85% methanol fuel in a 10 

kg one-year-old child, and just 7 ml in a 15 kg three-year-old. Whereas a 70 kg adult would need to 

ingest 28 mi (less than one ounce) to obtain a level which requires hemodialysis, this amount could 

easily be swallowed in a siphoning accident by a young adult male. Similar extrapolations from the oftcited potentially lethal methanol dose of 1 ml/kg is equivalent to just 12 ml (less than a tablespoonful) 

of an 85% methanol fuel in a 10 kg 1-year-old, and just 18 ml in a 15 kg 3-year-old. 

Based on ths reported 0.375% methanol mortality rats, ths widespread us® of methanol fuels could 

increase ths number of methanol fatalities by 195/year, up from ths current (extrapolated) 24/year). 

Similarly, a dramatic increase in the occurrence of blindness and permanent neurologic impairment is 

predicted, though ths absolute number of cases cannot bs estimated as current statistics are 

unavailable. Excluding the costs of extended hospitalizations for complications of methanol poisoning, 

chronic cars and rehabilitation for severs permanent blindness or neurologic impairment, and loss of 

life, the increased acute health care expenditure alone exceeds 50 to 100 million dollars annually. 

From a public health vantage, the acute hazard posed by conversion to methanol fuels is unacceptable 

due to ths predicted increases in fatalities, blindness, and permanent neurologic disability secondary 

to mors frequent ingestions. Prior to conversion to a predominantly methanol fleet, innovative closures 

and packaging techniques must be developed which prevent siphoning and limit access by small 

children. Extensive public and health professional education will bs required, focusing on the lethal 

consequences and permanent sequelae which follow methanol poisoning, the need to prevent 

accidental ingestion, and the urgency with which treatment must be undertaken despite the absence 

0

 The terms exposure and poisoning are used interchangeably herein to indicate contact by any 

route (ingestion, dermal, inhalation, parenteral, ocular or other) to a potentially poisonous substance in 

an amount or manner sufficient to generate concern about subsequent manifestations of toxicity by the 

victim or caretaker. Typically, these are cases which would prompt a call to a poison center. A high 

degree of variability in the anticipated toxicity of these exposures is evident, with some being minimally 

toxic or nontoxic, and others posing a severe, potentially lethal hazard. 

PAGE 3 
P.57 

of clinical manifestations of toxicity. Container transfer should be discouraged and clear, emphatic 

warning labels prominently displayed on all fuel containers and around the fuel tank orifice of each 

vehicle. These warnings should clearly and emphatically state that death or blindness is likely if even 

small amounts are swallowed. 

ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS OF METHANOL: REVIEW OF THE UTERATURE 

Epidemiology of Methanol Poisoning 

Of 1,166,940 human exposure cases reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers 

(AAPCC) National Data Collection System in 1987, methanol was implicated in 1,601 cases.1 Of these, 

757 involved automotive products. The following table compares the age distribution, reason for 

exposure, need for treatment in a health-care facility, and medical outcome of the methanol exposure 

cases with all other poisonings reported to this database: 

Table 1. Characterization of Acute Methanol Exposures, 1987 AAPCC National Data 

Number of Cases % of Cases % of All Poisonings 

43.2 62.3 

8.7 9.8 

47.2 26.8 

Age (years)* 

< 6 

6-17 

> 17 

Reason* 

Accidental 

Intentional 

Treated in a healthcare facility 

Medical outcome* 

No effect 

Minor effect 

Moderate effect 

Major effect 

Death 

692 

139 

756 

1,476 

106 

852 

757 

461 

65 

17 

6 

92.2 88.9 

6.6 9.0 

53.2 23.0 

47.3 

28.8 

4.1 

1.1 

0.375 

45.9 

24.1 

2.7 

0.3 

0.034 

'Unknown data elements account for category totals less than 1,601 or 100%. 

The data in Table 1 indicate a disproportionate involvement of adults, more than two-fold greater 

requirement of treatment in a health-care facility, and more than ten-fold greater death rate for methanol 

exposures compared to reported exposures to other substances. These data indicate a greater toxicity 

of methanol and need for more aggressive medical evaluation and intervention. 

The 1,601 methanol poisoning cases reported to the AAPCC National Data Collection System in 1987 

represent only a subset of all metr-.T--.ci pcisonmgs which occurred in the United States during that year. 

Sixty-three participating poison cc-r*:o'*s serving a total population of 137.5 million reported data. Thus 

the data represent an estimated 57% • —e human poison exposures which precipitated poison center 

PAGE 4 
contacts in the United States in 1987. Additionally, the average participating center penetrance" of the 

region served was 8.5 exposures per thousand population, with a range of 3.3 to 18.7/1000 population. 

Since ths mean penetrance is just under half the maximum, it can be estimated that on the average, 

poison centers receive reports of about half the exposures which occur within their region. Thus, a 

rough approximation of the actual annual U.S. incidence of methanol poisoning would be four times 

greater than the data presented above, or about 6400 cases. 

The occurrence of large numbers of methanol poisoning cases reflects its presence in many products, 

including: canned heat, de-icers, duplicator fluid, gas-line antifreeze, paint strippers and removers, model 

airplane fuels, pipe sweeteners, and windshield washing solutions. Pediatric poisonings have occurred 

in a child as young as 10 weeks of age where methanol was mistaken for distilled water and mixed in 

the child's formula.3 Crude methanol has a disagreeable taste and odor, limiting palatability. With 

further distillation, methanol becomes nearly odorless. Adulterated bootlegged whiskey, has been a 

recurrent source of clustered methanol poisonings. The largest reported "epidemic0 to date occurred 

in Atlanta in October 1951 at which time 90 gallons of bootleg whiskey containing 35-40% methanol 

were distributed. Forty-one fatalities followed poisonings in 323 patients.3 In the mid-1960s, 18 

poisonings with 8 deaths occurred in Lexington, Kentucky when the brand of shellac thinner used to 

make an illicit alcoholic beverage was changed.4 In May 1979, 46 poisonings with 3 deaths were 

reported when methanol from duplicating machines was distributed as homemade spirits in a Michigan 

prison.9 Multiple episodes have been have occurred in India, with more than 300 deaths reported in 

one of these "epidemics".3 

Cllnleall ManlfQaSatlemio et? Methanol Peloonlng 

Methanol is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; peak levels develop in 30 fo 60 minutes. 

Methanol distributes in total body water. Elimination is predominantly through hepatic metabolism; 

pulmonary clearance is low (about 6 ml/min).7 Animal data on methanol toxicity is limited to primates, 

as rats and other common laboratory animals do not accumulate formic acid or manifest typical 

metabolic acidosis and blindness unless rendered folate deficient or given nitrous oxide to inhibit 

methionine synthetase and regeneration of tetrahydrofolate.0 

In the absence of a history of methanol ingestion, the initial diagnosis is difficult, as reflected by the 

multitude of diagnoses assigned to methanol-intoxicated patients at ths time of thsir initial presentation. 

Such divers® initial diagnoses as cholera, diabetic ketoacidosis, pancreatitis, meningitis, subarachnoid 

hemorrhage, and nephrolithiasis have been implicated. The delayed onset of symptoms is deceptive, 

frequently leading fo delayed initiation of therapy. Although classically described as a 12 fo 24 hour 

latency,3,8 this interval varies considerably, and is generally shorter with large ingestions. Concomitant 

ethanol use further delays the onset of symptoms, a delay of 90 hours having been reported in 2 

patients who continued to consume ethanol for two days after a methanol ingestion.'0 

The single most helpful diagnostic clue is the presence of visual changes, but these are not uniformly 

noted. Cloudy, blurred, misty or indistinct vision (which is described as similar to "stepping out into a 

snow-field0)'1 is the most frequent complaint. Yellow spots and central scotomata may be noted as well. 

Permanent complete blindness may develop, or irreversible but less severe visual abnormalities may be 

noted with complete resolution. If visual function returns, it generally does so in the first six days.13 

Initially, optic disc hyperemia and peripapillary edema, clinically indistinguishable from that caused by 

increased intracranial pressure, are noted. When symptoms persist and scotomas or complete 

blindness develop, optic disc pallor and attenuation of arterioles are noted. A decreased pupillary 

" Penetrance is defined as the number of human poison exposure cases reported to a center per 

thousand population served by that center. 

PAGE 5 
response to light has prognostic significance. No patient with normally reactive pupils has suffered 

permanent visual loss.13 However, the decreased pupillary reaction may occur in patents with complete 

recovery. The mechanism of selective involvement of the optic nerve in methanol toxicity remains 

unknown; however formic acidosis has been implicated; and clinically it has been observed that the 

vision can improve if the acidosis is corrected. Correction of the acidosis causes a larger proportion 

of dissociated formic acid and therefore less CNS entry of formic acid. Ocular toxicity may be due to 

formats inhibition of cytochrome oxidase in the optic nerve with inhibition of ATP formation and 

disruption of optic nerve function.'3 

A severs anion gap metabolic acidosis caused predominantly by formic acid, a methanol metabolite, 

is a hallmark of significant methanol poisoning. Lactate accumulation may also bs seen due fo the 

increased intracellular NADU/NAD* ratio which stimulates anaerobic glycolysis and lactate production.'4 

In addition, in severe formate acidosis aerobic metabolism is compromised secondary fo formate 

inhibition of mitochondrial respiration at cytochrome as3. Sines formats accounts for 45 to 120% (mean, 

90%) of the decrease in bicarbonate concentration and 80 to 200% (mean, 120%) observed in 10 

methanol poisoned patients,'0 it is often assumed that formats is the major, if not ths only unmeasured 

anion. However lactate assays have only been performed in a small number of cases reported in the 

medical literature, and in several of these, lactate concentrations were considerably increased (in the 

absence of cardiovascular instability)."1'

19

 Methanol-induced hypotension or convulsions may also 

contribute to the production of a lactic acidosis. The rate limiting step in methanol metabolism is its 

conversion by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is rapidly converted fo formic 

acid, and then metabolized by a folafe-dependenf process fo carbon dioxide and water. Formaldehyde 

is highly reactive and 33 times more toxic than methanol; formic acid is six times more toxic. However, 

ths half-life of formaldehyde elimination is a mere 1 to 2 minutes; thus no accumulation is detectable. 

Although formaldehyde was once believed to bs ths cause of msthanoi toxicity, it is now generally 

believed that formic acid is the major problem. Formic acid accumulates to levels which correlate with 

ths degree of acidosis and magnitude of the anion gap.'13 Clinically, mortality rates and severity of 

visual symptoms correlate with the degres of acidosis. Of 323 poisoned patients reported in the Atlanta 

epidemic,3 the overall mortality rate was 6.2%. However in 115 patients with serum bicarbonate levels 

below 20 meq/l, ths mortality rats incrsassd to 19%. A furthsr increase in mortality to 50% was noted 

in 30 patients with serum bicarbonate levels below 10 meq/l.3 Serum formate concentrations may 

correlate better with the patients clinical condition (acidosis and ocular findings) than serum methanol 

levels.17 

Other manifestations of methanol toxicity are less specific. Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, 

epigastric pain and weakness are often th® first symptoms noted. CNS depression with coma 

confusion, slurred speech and possible seizures are seen, but are delayed in onset until metabolites 

accumulate (unless concomitant ethanol ingestion is present). Hyperpnea develops as the metabolic 

acidosis becomes severe and the patient attempts to compensate. Bradycardia, myocardial depression 

and shock may be seen in severe intoxications. Nuchal rigidity and other meningeal signs have been 

reported. 

Post-mortem findings include cerebral hemorrhage and edema Symmetric necrotic areas of the 

putamen were described in 41 of 124 patients in one series.10 Optic nerve demyelination may be 

observed.18 Radiolucent lesions corresponding to infarcted regions of the putamen and 

lenficulocapsular regions have also been noted on CT or MRI scans in survivors, and may correlate 

with the reduced initiative, rigidity, bradykinesia, spasticity, cogwheeling, and sensorimotor 

polyneuropathy (including flaccid paralysis of the extremities)20 that have been reported after methanol 

overdose.21*

28

,

23*24*23

 Although these permanent neurologic sequelae are infrequent they are now 

appearing in the literature with greater regularity, perhaps because patients with poisonings so severe 

that a fatal outcome would have been expected are now surviving due to advances in medical care. 

Improvement with L-dopa administration has been described.23 In one series of 372 acute methanol 

PAGE 6 
P.60 

poisonings, 4 patients had residual neurologic signs.27 Of 45 methanol intoxicated patients treated in 

one ICU, brain hemorrhage was documented in 13.5% by CT scan.28 The incidence of this complication 

is possibly enhanced by heparinization during hemodialysis. 

Other pathologic findings noted on autopsy have included pancreatic necrosis, fatty infiltration of the 

liver and kidneys, and nonspecific cardiac and pulmonary damage. Pancreatic necrosis, often 

hemorrhagic, has been reported in various autopsy series with an incidence of 13 of 17 cases

 2S

, 11 

of 11 cases

 30

, and 1 of 6 cases31. Amylase determinations in 14 patients with acidosis and visual 

disturbances from acute methanol poisoning (Atlanta epidemic) demonstrated elevations in 10 cases. 

Pancreatitis may be a factor in the upper abdominal pain frequently noted in methanol poisonings. 

Even severely poisoned methanol-intoxicated patients can be expected to survive if they present within 

a few hours of the ingestion and are treated aggressively. Physician failure to recognize severe 

poisoning despite the latent period, failure to diagnose methanol toxicity at all, and delayed patient 

presentation are the major causes of present day methanol fatalities. 

Diagnosis of Methanol Toxicity 

Unfortunately, the diagnosis of methanol poisoning is often quite difficult. Patients may present late 

due to the delayed onset of symptoms, may be unaware of a methanol adulterant, or may be unable 

to communicate secondary to CNS depression. Specific manifestations of toxicity do not appear until 

12 to 24 hours after the ingestion, including classic visual symptoms and signs of hyperventilation. 

Therefore, in contrast to most other poisonings, prompt and accurate analytic laboratory assistance is 

essential to the proper management of these patients. Ideally every emergency department should 

have the ability to obtain methanol blood levels in less than an hour. 

In fatal methanol poisonings, methanol levels are generally greater than 100 mg/dl. A patient with a 

methanol level as high as 920 mg/dl survived without sequelae following early, aggressive therapy, 

including prolonged hemodialysis.32 Prior to this report, the highest documented level in a survivor was 

570 mg/dl, and the highest level noted without visual impairment was 360 mg/dl. Hemodialysis is 

recommended by most authors in patients with a methanol level greater than or equal to 50 mg/dl, or 

with significant metabolic acidosis or visual symptoms. 

Where methanol levels cannot be obtained promptly, laboratory aids to the diagnosis of methanol 

poisoning include measurement of serum osmolality (and calculation of osmolal gap) and anion gap 

determination. Methanol poisoned patients present with an eariy osmolal gap which gradually resolves 

as methanol levels decrease, metabolites form, and an anion gap metabolic acidosis develops. The 

osmolal gap is determined by subtracting the calculated from the measured osmolality. Normal 

osmolality is 286 +4 mOsm/kg H20, and the normal osmolal gap is less than or equal to 10 mOsm/kg 

H20. An osmolal gap should be sought only if freezing point osmometry is utilized; vapor pressure 

osmometry may not detect volatile solutes.33 In one series of patients, mean corpuscular red cell 

volumes were significantly increased in moderate to severely methanol-poisoned patients.9 

Severe metabolic acidosis distinguishes methanol and ethylene glycol from isopropanol and ethanol. 

Although metabolic acidosis may occur with the latter two alcohols, it is not of the magnitude of that 

seen with methanol and ethylene glycol. All four alcohols may produce an anion gap, although that of 

methanol and ethylene glycol may not be present initially, its appearance delayed until metabolites 

form. When comparable amounts are ingested, the magnitude of the anion gap is generally smallest 

with isopropanol (secondary to lactic acid accumulation in hypotensive poisoned patients), moderate 

with ethanol, and greatest with methanol and ethylene glycol. Acetonemia, especially when profound, 

suggests isopropanol toxicity. Indeed the finding of ketosis without acidosis should immediately point 

to isopropanol toxicity. The ketonemia of ethanol toxicity, i.e. starvation ketosis, more likely represents 

PAGE 7 
P.61 1 

increased levels of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. 

An osmolal gap is noted with all four alcohols. Its magnitude is proportional to the amount ingested 

and inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the alcohol. Approximate serum levels of each 

alcohol can be predicted from osmolality measurements using the following formulas: 

Predicted serum concentration34 (mg/dL) = (osmolal gap x molecular weight)/10 

Osmolal gap = measured osmolality - calculated osmolality 

Calculated osmolality = 2 (Na) + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 

Here osmolality is expressed in mOsm/kg H20, sodium in meq/liter, and glucose and BUN 

in mg/dl. If the urea and glucose are provided in SI units, the formula becomes: 

Calculated osmolality = (1.86 x Na + urea + glucose)/0.93 

Methanol's low molecular weight and large amounts present in the intoxicated patient's blood cause a 

profound effect on the serum osmolality, of even greater magnitude than ethanol, isopropanol, and 

ethylene glycol at comparable serum alcohol levels. 

Laboratory differentiation of the alcohols should be performed with gas chromatography. Older methods 

of enzymatic oxidation with alcohol dehydrogenase are not specific, and fail to detect non-ethanol 

alcohols. Noting the need for a specific antidote in methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning in contrast 

to the predominantly supportive care rendered for ethanol and isopropanol toxicity, failure to specifically 

identify the alcohol involved could have disastrous clinical consequences. Comparison of the observed 

osmolal gap with that expected from the measured ethanol level (0.217 times the ethanol level) may 

serve as a useful clinical clue to the presence of other alcohols.34*

38 

Formate levels are generally available for research purposes only, but are valuable clinical determinants 

of toxicity. Coma may occur early in a clinical course with high methanol levels without formic acidosis, 

but may reflect concomitant ethanol ingestion. Retinal toxicity is associated with formic acidosis and 

may be seen in the alert patient with only moderate methanol levels. Decreased RBC folate may 

compound acidosis and worsen toxicity.3* 

Dose/Response Data 

An enormous variability is reported in the dose required for acidosis, blindness, or death. The variation 

may result from a genuine difference in susceptibilities of individuals, inability to accurately estimate 

the amount consumed, or variations in the concomitant ingestion of ethanol. Nutritional differences 

among individuals may lead to varying rates of formate metabolism due to differing folate levels. 

The smallest amount of methanol reported to cause death is 15 ml of a 40% methanol solution3, or just 

6 ml of absolute methanol. Yet survival has followed the ingestion of 500 to 600 ml. The generally 

accepted potentially lethal dose is 30 ml. Four milliliters is the lowest recorded toxic dose. The 

literature cites lethal methanol doses of 30 to 240 ml. The generally accepted potentially lethal dose 

is 1 ml/kg.37 A blood level >. 50 mg/dl requires dialysis; a level .> 80 mg/dl is potentially lethal.37 

The following excerpts from the medical literature indicate the tremendous variability of the methanol 

dose/response: 

Enormous variability, typified by individuals who consume as much as 4 liters of 40% msthanoi without sequelae, while 

blindness develops in others following as little as 4 to 10 ml. Serum methanol levels greater than or equal to 15.6 mM 

are frequently associated with blindness and death.30 

One man drank 1 pint of 10% mixture (50 ml) daily without producing ill effects. A single 4 ml dose was a toxic dose 

in another instance, it is recorded thst 10 cc, 30 to 60 ml, and 180 to 240 ml repeatedly caused death. On the other 

PAGES 
P.62 

hand, much large amounts have been taken without causing temporary or permanent injury.*30 

K seems reasonable to regard 1 g/kg as the approximate minimal lethal dose in man.*-0 The minimum lethal dose of 

methanol In the rhesus monkey was 3 g/kg. 

Death followed ingestion of 12 ounces (144 to 216 ml absolute methanol) and severe toxicity followed ingestion of 2, 4, 

and 6 ounces (24 to 36 ml, 48 to 72 ml, and 72 to 108 ml absolute methanol) of a 40 to 60% methanol duplicating fluid 

by prison inmates.4' 

The ingestion of 100 ml is assumed by most investigators to be fatal.42 

The ingestion of approximately SOO ml with a resulting peak serum methanol level of 920 mg/dl) waa treated with early, 

prolonged hemodialysis and followed by recovery without sequelae.32 

Two adult patients with acidosis and transient visual symptoms survived following the ingestion of 100 ml methanol.43 

The ingestion of about 2 ounces of paint thinner by an adult male resulted in metabolic acidosis and severe, permanent 

Impairment of vision. 

Of 28 methanol intoxicated patients who attended a drinking party in Papua New Guinea in 1977,4 died, 8 survived with 

sequelae of blindness or pseudobulbar palsy (120 to 600 ml ingested, mean 360 ml), and 16 experienced complete 

recovery (60 to 500 ml Ingested, mean 240 mi). Hemodialysis and ethanol therapies were not used in these patients.44 

Treatment of Methanol Poisoning 

Following appropriate respiratory and cardiovascular support, gastric decontamination should be 

performed. Sodium bicarbonate must be administered promptly to correct severe acidosis. Specific 

therapy is directed towards slowing metabolic degradation of methanol to its toxic metabolites. This is 

accomplished by administering ethanol with its nine-fold greater affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase 

compared to methanol. A serum ethanol ievel of 100 mg/dl will fully inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase 

function and formic acid production. Ethanol levels of 50 mg/dl will produce approximately 80% enzyme 

inhibition. 

Ethanol may be given intravenously or orally. Ethanol blood levels should be maintained just over 100 

mg/dl. A loading dose of 7.6 to 10.0 ml/kg 10% ethanol in D,W (or 0.8 to 1.0 ml/kg 95% ethanol diluted 

in orange juice PO) should be administered. Maintenance doses of 1.4 ml/kg/hr (continuous drip) of 

10% ethanol in DSW are given IV (or 0.15 ml/kg/hr 95% ethanol diluted in orange juice PO). 

Maintenance doses must be increased during dialysis. This is most easily accomplished by adding 

ethanol to the diaJysate to obtain a concentration of 100 mg/dl ethanol within the dialysate. This or any 

ethanol dosing scheme will only approximate an individual patient's ethanol needs, with chronic drinkers 

requiring considerably more, and nondrinkers possibly less. Serum ethanol levels must be continuously 

monitored and used as a guide for subsequent ethanol dosing. If 10% ethanol in D,W is unavailable 

for intravenous administration, this solution may be prepared by removing 100 ml from a liter of D,W 

and replacing it with 100 ml (tax-free, bulk) absolute alcohol, after passing the alcohol through a .22 

micron filter to limit particulate matter. This is not an approved parenteral alcohol formulation, but 

absolute alcohol intended for injection would require 100 ampules per liter at a cost of approximately 

$300, compared with a cost of only one dollar for the alcohol if tax-free bulk alcohol were utilized 

instead. 

Hemodialysis in addition to ethanol blocking is indicated for all patients with methanol levels in excess 

of 50 mg/dl. Levels below 50 mg/dl are adequately treated with ethanol blocking alone unless severe, 

resistant acidosis or visual involvement is noted. Peritoneal dialysis has no place in the management 

of these patients as it is only 1,8 as efficient as hemodialysis. At low doses, methanol metabolism 

appears to be first order (zero or-vr » retics pertain at higher doses). Methanol's eight hour half-life 

observed at low doses is markecy : '-.on^ed (to 30 to 46.5 hours'3) with ethanol blocking. Dialysis 

decreases this half-life to 2.5 hours, ----ociaiysis effectively clears plasma formate as well.48 Patients 

with very high methanol levels have been treated with ethanol blocking alone (without hemodialysis) and 

PAGE 9 
have recovered. However, these patients have required extensive and vigilant intensive care lasting up 

to two weeks. In our experience, continuous and accurate control of ethanol levels, even in the 

intensive care setting is rarefy achieved, especially over lengthy time periods. Hemodialysis dramatically 

shortens the patient's hospital stay thereby decreasing the risks attendant to prolonged coma, intubation 

and ethanol therapy as well as decreasing total health care costs. 

Folate administration has also been advocated as an adjunct to the treatment of the methanol-poisoned 

patient. The oxidation of formic acid to carbon dioxide occurs via a folate dependent system. Animal 

experiments have demonstrated that rats are able to oxidize methanol without formate accumulation. 

However, rats rendered folate deficient manifest typical methanol-induced metabolic acidosis and 

formats accumulation.4947 Furthermore, folate supplementation in monkeys decreases formate 

accumulation.47 Currently recommended folate doses in humans are 1 mg/kg (up fo 50 mg/dose) IV 

every four hours for a total of six doses. In symptomatic patients, leucovorin may be administered as 

the first doss (in the same amount) in place of folic acid. 

An alternate inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, 4-methyipyrazole, has been proposed for use in the 

treatment of human methanol poisonings but is not currently available in the United States for clinical 

use. Studies in monkeys demonstrated that 4-methylpyrazole abolished methanol toxicity and prevented 

formic acid accumulation in monkeys receiving lethal doses of methanol.40*

49

 The use of 4-

methylpyrazols has the therapeutic advantages over ethanol therapy of a longer duration of action and 

absence of CNS depressant activity. 

Q.hm Exposus-® Fteuteo: Ocular, Doraa!, InfialaSiami 

Although rt is generally accepted that methanol poisonings may also occur following dermal absorption 

or inhalation, poisonings by these routes are reported infrequently, poorly documented, and one is 

generally unable to determine the relative contribution to toxicity of each route. 

Several cases are reported as dermal exposures, although concomitant inhalation cannot bs excluded. 

An 8-month-old in Brussels died from methanol toxicity after treatment of a common cold by rubbing 

the chest with olivs oil then applying warm methanol compresses.90 A Polish painter who accidentally 

poured methanol on his clothing and failed to remove the wet clothes developed methanol-induced 

blindness within a few days.91 The application of methanol-soaked cloths under the rubber pants of 

babies fo relieve abdominal pain was ones a common practice in Argentina Ths occlusive nature of 

ths application prevented rapid evaporation and allowed prolonged dermal contact The apparent 

beneficial effect (pain relief and sleep induction) were likely manifestations of systemic methanol 

poisoning instead. Twsnty-ons cases of percutaneous methanol absorption resulting from this practice 

were reported In children age 1.5 months to 4 years (mean 11 months).33 Thirteen patients had severe 

respiratory depression, 14 were comatose, 11 had seizures, and 7 had anuria or severe oliguria The 

mean admission pH was 6.93. Methanol levels were obtained in 11 children and ranged from 57 to 

1130 mg/dl (mean 461 mg/dl). Twelve children died. In addition to systemic toxicity, prolonged skin 

contact causes dermatitis, erythema and scaling. 

Animal data assessing percutaneous absorption of methanol are limited. Illness and death was 

observed in monkeys following the dermal application of 0.5 ml/kg, but it is nof clear if inhalation was 

prevented in these studies. Another investigator drenched the entire bodies of unshaven dogs for 

several hours in a way that precluded inhalation. The resulting blood methanol levels indicated that, 

af least in the dog model, the degree of dermal methanol absorption was limited, and certainly much 

less than that following inhalation." 

Documented systemic toxicity following inhalation exposure is rare. Most recorded cases are logged 

from the early 1900's, and must have involved exposures to extremely high concentrations. The 

PAGE 10 
American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has set the TLV for methanol vapor at 200 

ppm and TLV-STEL at 250 ppm. Limited animal data is available on chronic or subacute inhalation 

exposures to methanol. Repeated daily exposure to methanol vapors in concentrations up to 5000 ppm 

caused only nasal discharge in rats, and no effect in monkeys.34 A human inhalation exposure fo levels 

of 1200 to 8300 ppm produced visual impairment.94 Experiments in the early 1900's demonstrated 

death and blindness in a variety of animal models following methanol inhalation in poorly ventilated, 

confined spaces.99 The authors of this study refer to "about one hundred cases of amblyopia and death 

from inhalation of wood alcohol recorded in the literature to 1912°. A more recent study failed to 

demonstrate pulmonary toxicity in rats exposed to methanol vapor at concentrations up to 10,000 ppm 

for up fo six weeks.33 A review of the more recent methanol exposure literature indicates that the 

common systemic manifestations of oral methanol exposure are extremely rare following inhalation.37 

Teachers' aides in Washington stats utilizing spirit duplicators manifested headache, nausea, blurred 

vision, and dizziness.39 These were combined inhalation and dermal exposures (handling the °wet° 

papers). Concentrations of airborne methanol ranged from 365 to 3080 ppm. 

An estimate of the methanol body burden and peak blood level can be made for a work exposure at 

the 200 ppm (261 mg/m3) ACGIH TLV. Assuming 100% absorption of methanol vapors and a 10 m3 

respiratory volume in an eight-hour work day, then the total body burden is: 

body burden =-< 261 mg/m3 x 10 rrt3 x 1.0 = 2610 mg 

Assuming complete absorption of this entire amount in the first few minutes of the workshift by a 70 kg 

adult and methanol distribution in total body water, a maximum estimate of the peak blood level is: 

peak blood level = 2610 mg/49 liter = 5.3 mg/dl 

Obviously, this is a worst-case calculation, but the results indicate that significant methanol toxicity will 

not occur following methanol inhalation at levels within ths ACGIH TLV.39 

Ocular exposure (methanol splashed in the eye) produces a mild, local, reversible reaction in rabbits. 

No systemic toxicity or effects on the retina or optic nerve are observed after methanol splashes in the 

eys. Comsai opacities following external methanol contact with the eye have been reported, but must 

be rare.60 

METHANOL ASA FUEL: PREDICTIVE INCIDENCE MODEL FOR ACUTE INGESTIONS 

Summary otf 1*987 AAPCC Gaeolln® Exposures Data 

Of 1,166,940 human exposure cases reported fo the American Association of Poison Control Centers 

(AAPCC) National Data Collection System in 1987, gasoline was implicated in 13,028 exposures. 

(These data differ slightly from that reported in ths AAPCC Annual Report due to the use of specific 

data edits to improve the substance coding accuracy utilized for this project.) The data collection 

system received reports from 63 participating poison centers in 1987, serving a combined population 

of 137.5 million, or 57% of the population of the United States. Extrapolation of these data to nonreporting regions and unreported poisonings allows an estimate of actual poisoning incidence at least 

4 times greater than the number reported. Thus 52,000 gasoline exposures are estimated to have 

occurred in the United States in 1987. 

Most of the gasoline exposures in this database were acute (99.2%) and accidental (96.7%). The 

reason for the exposure is outlined in the table below, with a comparison provided to 1987 National 

Statistics for all poison exposures. Compared to other types of poisonings (Table 2), gasoline 

exposures occurred more frequently because of accidents or intentional abuse, and less frequently for 

PAGE 11 
P.65 

suicidal reasons. 

Table 2. Distribution of reason for exposure for gasoline exposures compared to all poison 

exposures 

Reason Gasoline Exposures All Poison Exposures 

No. % % 

Accidental 

Occupational 

Non-occupational 

Total Accidental 

Intentional 

Suicidal 

Abuse 

Other/unknown 

Total Intentional 

Other/unknown 

192 

12,412 

1Z604 

46 

223 

127 

396 

28 

1.5 

95.3 

96.7 

0.4 

1.7 

1.0 

3.0 

0.2 

1.8 

87.1 

88.9 

5.8 

1.1 

2.2 

9.0 

ZO 

The age and sex distribution of gasoline exposures differs markedly from that seen in other types of 

poisoning. A striking male predominance is observed in gasoline exposures and ingestions (Table 3). 

In addition, pediatric gasoline exposures are less common and adult gasoline exposures more common 

compared to non-gasoline poisonings. 

Table 3. Age and sex distribution for gasoline exposures and gasoline Ingestions compared 

to other poison exposures. 

AGE All Gasoline Exposures 

(years) 

<1 

1 - --- • 

2 

3 ; _ 

4 

5" ' 

6-12 

13-177 

>17 

Gasoline Ingestions NON-Gasollne Ingestions 

Male Female 

% 

0.6 

„wr 9.1 

'„4.e 

2.7 

" 11.0 

7.2 

739:6

 s 

% 

0.2 

v:ai 3.2 

"TMt7" 

0.8 

2'G.S' 

1.3 

M J I 

Total 

% 

0.8 

;10.5 

12.4 

6.3 

3.5 

2A 

8.5 

to.* 

35.8 7.8 43.7 

Unknown ,1, 0.5' ,022 1,0 

Tola* * ;-' '„ 79.2 % 20.1 100,0 

Male Female 

% % 

0.5 0.3 

laM *mlAB -

11.1 3.9 

r^airtr Z3 0.7 

""1.4 "0.3 

5.1 0.8 

9,5 * 1.1 

36.9 4.9 

0.4 „ 0,1 

Total 

% 

0.9 

13.7 

15.1 

6.5 

2.9 

1.7 

5.9 

io.e 

42.0 

0.7 

Male Female 

% % 

4.2 3.7 

•••A W' ,*.W^WWM' W V* HS "T****" „ 

10.8 9.1 

2.2 1.7 

'\„*"?u; \ 0.9 

3.1 2.2 

„ ; ; \i.8~~T2-s * 

11.5 15.0 

' s "0.3 " 0.3 s 

Total 

% 

8.0 

r,iw 20.1 

::>t 

3.9 

~ zt 

5.4 

?~4:4 

26.8 

"

h

 ;T»3 

$1.6 17.8 100.0 sar;"4SJS ,100.0 

A tabulation of reason for exposure by age for all gasoline exposures demonstrates a surprisingly high 

incidence of accidental adult exposures compared to other types of poisoning (Table 4). 

PAGE 12 
P.66 

Table 4. Age and reason distribution for gasoline exposures compared to other types of 

poison exposure. 

< 6 

6-12 

13-17 

> 17 

Accidental 

Gasoline 

% 

40.7 

5.8 

10.3 

41.0 

Other 

% 

62.1 

5.0 

2.2 

19.0 

Intentional 

Gasoline Other 

% % 

0.2 0.3 

0.1 0.3 

0.4 Z1 

0.8 6.3 

Two percent of gasoline exposure cases involved exposure to more than one substance (gasoline plus 

some other chemical, product, or drug). Of the 13,028 gasoline exposures reported herein, 12,739 

occurred without a concomitant exposure (single substance). The multiple exposure cases are included 

in ail analyses herein, except for the analysis of medical outcome, symptom assessment, and 

management site. 

Exposures occurred at a residence in 90.6% of cases. The route of exposure was most frequently 

ingestion (59.3%) followed by ocular (19.5%), dermal (11.4%), and inhalation (8.3%). (These data 

include cases with multiple exposure routes.) A high incidence of patients with related symptoms was 

observed (58.7%). The distribution of symptom occurrence by exposure route is presented in Table 5. 

Although both adult and pediatric gasoline exposures were predominantly accidental, adult gasoline 

exposures were twice as likely to have related symptoms compared to children under six (Table 6). 

Table S. Occurrence of related symptoms In gasoline exposure cases 

Age 

(years) 

< 6 

6-12 

13-17 

> 17 

% with 

related 

symptoms 

41.2 

71.3 

68.5 

68.3 

Management site and patient disposition are outlined in Table 7 for all gasoline exposures. Where all 

gasoline exposures are considered, only 15.6% of gasoline exposures and 16.4% of gasoline ingestions 

were managed in a health care facility. 

The medical outcome by exposure route is presented in Table 8 for each gasoline exposure where 

gasoline was the only substance implicated. Only 2% of gasoline exposures experienced a moderate 

or major (life-threatening) medical outcome. Two deaths occurred, both following inhalation of gasoline 

by teenagers. (The possibility of ingestion was not excluded in case 2.) The remaining cases had no 

effect or a minor effect such as nausea, self-limited vomiting or minor cough. Brief abstracts of these 

fatalities follow: 

Case 1: A 15-year-old male was found apneic and unconscious, lying next to his car. The patient 

had apparently been inhaling gasoline fumes. His father, a paramedic, initiated cardiopulmonary 

resuscitation immediately. He was transported to a health care facility, and found to be asystolic, 

PAGE 13 
P.67. 

with dilated pupils. Resuscitation efforts were unsuccessful. A history of recreational inhalation of 

gasoline on previous occasions was obtained. 

Case 2: A 14-year-old male was found in cardiorespiratory arrest in a shed in a sitting position with 

an open container of gasoline by his side. Resuscitation efforts during helicopter transport 

included CPR, IV fluids, endotracheal intubation, MAST trousers, epinephrine, atropine, lidocaine, 

and defibrillation. Electromechanical dissociation progressed to ventricular fibrillation. The patient 

was pronounced dead shortly after arrival at a medical center. The parents stated that the victim 

had attempted to siphon gasoline to fill his go-can. Since no autopsy was performed, it could not 

be determined if the patient succumbed to asphyxiation due to inhalation of the gasoline vapors 

or if ingestion with subsequent aspiration occurred. 

A comparison of methanol and gasoline fatality rates (AAPCC 1987 data) reveals a 25-fold greater 

fatality rate for methanol, a reflection of its profoundly greater systemic toxicity. Death occurred in 6 of 

1,601 methanol exposures (0.375%) compared to 2 of 13,028 gasoline exposures (0.015%). 

Review of Selected Gasoline Exposure Cases to Determine Exposure Scenarios 

The National Capital Poison center receives reports of poison exposures from the approximately 3 

million people of the Washington DC metropolitan area These reports are generated at the time a 

consultation is requested of the center either by the general public or by a health care professional 

involved in the care of a poisoned patient. A total of 30,318 human poison exposures were reported 

to this center in 1987. 

A retrospective review of all gasoline exposures reported to the National Capital Poison Center in 1987 

was conducted in an effort to obtain some insight into the circumstances surrounding each exposure. 

These cases are also included in the AAPCC National Database described above. There were 

considerable limitations on the information that could be gleaned from such a review due to its 

retrospective nature, despite attempts to contact each patient (by telephone) to obtain missing data on 

the amount ingested and circumstances surrounding the exposure. 

Of 241 gasoline exposures included in the National Capital Poison Center's 1987 database, 230 are 

included herein for further analysis. Eleven were excluded, including 6 cat exposures, 1 dog exposure, 

and four coding errors, predominantly relating to other hydrocarbons. These 230 gasoline exposures 

were predominantly ingestions (Table 9). 

Table 9. Exposure route for gasoline exposures reported to the National Capital Poison 

Center In 1987 

Route No. % 

7.8 

A closer look at the ingestion G.;M *».*--ais several distinct age patterns, including the typical toddler 

peak for accidental poisonings, but * .•-> a very atypical second peak in teenagers and young adults 

(Table 10). Children under six acccu* t 'or 42 (36.2%) of the reported ingestions. Fifteen to 29 year 

PAGE 14 

Ingestion 

Ocular 

Multiple routes 

Ingestion -> other 

Dermal 

Inhalation 

Otic 

116 

46 

39 

78 

18 

8 

3 

50.4 

20.0 

17.0 

7.8 

3.5 

1.3 
P.68 

old teenagers and young adults account for another 45 (38.8%) of the ingestion exposures. 

Table 10. Distribution of Ingestion Routes by Age for Cases Reported to the National Capital 

Poison Center 

Age Ingestion 

Mi &"i\ ff. <?y -

< 1 

t . „\ 

2 

3 \ V 

4 

5-9 ;:: 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

30-34 

3&3^22S2rSS '* 

W W ***** M{VA«Aw<»n« sw.v jfa 

40-44 

4 1*. NVyjk'AWAV\W<1>' VW,V^SS,VAV -.V. / 

>50 

unknown adult 

uaknoyfti. 

•ff AV^V^MV 

. ^frWVk Vfffffty 

12* 

15 

\ « . 

7 

: 3 

2 

19 

17 

„ ^ -

2 

1 

0 

ro~~ 

18 

ar 

0 

1 

3 

4 

1 

7 

11 

0 

4 

"0-

3 

;<r 

0 

c r* 

0 

1 -

9 

2"' 

Multiple 

Routes 

0 

6 

5 

4 

4 

4 

2 

t 

0 

; r 1 

''g 

3 

, < ; ~ ; ~ r 

10 

' 0~ 

3 

uuo. 

45 .39; 

Dermal 

0 

* 2 

1 

, 1 

2 

0 

1 

3 

1 \ r 

o 

Zf. 

o 

;;;;o~ 

0 

4 

;;: o 

Aural Inhalation 

0 

cr. 

o 

P. 

o 

^ 0 , 

o 

'0 

0 

~ f 

o 

0 

ZS 

0 

0 

o 

1 

0 

1 

0 

A -Wl SWAT{ V\ 

1 s o 

1 

..V^* •.i". S\ f. 

1' ' 

XU 

Total 

0 

:;2 t 

24 

U* 

14 

"\-H 

17 

22 

:; is 

7 

. ^ 7 

4 

1 

2 

36 

U 3 % 

:;23o* 

Table 11 demonstrates the predominant role of siphoning in ingestions occurring in victims who are 14 

years of age or older. Of 72 ingestions in teenagers and adults (> 14 years), at least 62 (86.1%) 

ingested gasoline because of a siphoning accident Of the remaining 10 teenage and adult ingestions, 

7 ingestion scenarios were unknown, 2 involved accidental ingestion following container transfer (e.g. 

gasoline stored in a Pepsi bottle, and consumed as a beverage), and 1 was a suicide attempt. The 

amount ingested in the siphoning accidents was usually listed as 'a mouthful' but ranged as high as 

"a couple of mouthfuls, several big mouthfuls, and a big gulp'. 

Due to the retrospective nature of this study, the reasons for siphoning were available in only 15 of the 

62 siphoning incidents. Of these 15 cases, stated reasons for siphoning are listed in Table 12. 

Table 12. Stated reasons for siphoning In selected accidental gasoline Ingestions. 

Siphoning from car for lawn mower 

Siphoning from lawn mower for car 

Siphoning between vehicles 

Siphoning for vehicle repair 

2 

2 

7 

4 

Of the 42 ingestions in children under six years of age, two recurring ingestion scenarios were 

observed. Twenty-one children drank from a fuel can (7 of these cans held gas intended for use in a 

lawn mower; in the other 14 the intended use was unknown or other than a lawn mower). Container 

transfer was involved in 7 accidental pediatric ingestions, including 4 cases of transfer of gasoline to 

a soda bottle or soda can. Only one child ingested gasoline directly from the gas tank of a vehicle. 

PAGE 15 
P.69 

Predicted Ineldenee, Toxicity, and Health Effects of 

AeutQ Ingestion of Methsnol-basisd* Fuels 

To determine the potential for toxicity from the siphoning accidents reported, we attempted to 

approximate the maximum volume of a mouthful in eight young adult males. Each medical student was 

asked to fill his mouth to capacity with water from a container of known volume using a straw then a 

piece of plastic tubing (90 cm length, 6 mm internal diameter, 8 mm external diameter) simulating a 

siphon. The mean volume of a mouthful obtained with the straw was 81.3 ml (range 55 to 110 ml). 

When ths larger diameter, longer plastic tubing was used, the mean volume decreased to 49 ml (range 

29 to 75 ml). The mean age of the study population was 26.6 years (range 24 to 31 years), and the 

mean weight was 79.7 kg. This study design should not bs construed as an estimate of the actual 

volumes obtained in siphoning accidents, but rather as an estimate of ths maximum volume of a 

mouthful in a population of the approximate age and sex of siphoning accident victims. Since many 

siphoning accident victims estimated the volume ingested as °a mouthful0, these data indicate that the 

amount ingested could be as much as 110 ml, or nearly four ounces. If swallowing occurs in the less 

controlled accidental setting, then even more than this volume could be ingested in a siphoning 

accident. 

Noting ths wide range of potential toxic and lethal doses cited in the medical literature, a critical 

determination of these doses is difficult to substantiate. There fs however, general agreement among 

health professionals regarding the 50 mg/dl methanol blood level which should bs treated with 

hemodialysis. Noting the distribution of msthanoi in total body water (Vd 0.7 ml/kg) and rapid oral 

absorption of methanol, this corresponds approximately to an ingested doss of 0.4 ml/kg. Thus a 

patient who has ingested 0.4 ml/kg, which is just 5 ml (a teaspoonful) of an 85% methanol fuel in a 10 

kg one-year-old child and just 7 mt in a 15 kg three-year-old child, is likely to require invasive treatment 

for the ingestion. With the recognition of the potential toxicity of these small volumes, it becomes 

immediately evident that virtually all pediatric accidental ingestions of methanol fuels will require health 

cars facility evaluation and laboratory assessment Furthermore, a substantial proportion of these 

children will require hemodialysis. 

Just as the volume of methanol which requires invasive therapeutic action is very small, the potentially 

lethal doses are not much greater. Ths often cited potentially lethal methanol dose of 1 ml/kg 

corresponds, when adjusted for the 85% concentration in fuels, to an ingestion of just 12 ml (less than 

a fablespoonful) of a methanol fuel in a 10 kg 1-year-old child, and just 18 ml in a 15 kg 3-year-old 

child. 

Analysis of current acute accidental gasoline ingestion data allows a prediction of the nationwide 

incidence of ingestion of methanol fuels If all fuels were changed to methanol (M85 or M100). The 

8,746 gasoline ingestions (including ingestions involving more than one substance) can bs extrapolated 

to an approximate annual incidence of 35,000 gasoline (or future methanol) ingestions. Noting the low 

doses of methanol required for toxicity and the large amounts potentially ingested by adults in 

siphoning accidents, nearly all of these exposures would require emergency department evaluation to 

detennine the degree of the exposure (obtain methanol level, serum electrolytes, and arterial blood 

gases; assess clinical status). Oniy 16.4% of gasoline exposures are treated/evaluated in a health care 

facility currently, thus there would be a considerable excess health care burden of approximately 29,000 

patients/year. An analysis of the potential excess morbidity, mortality, and acute health care cost 

follows. 

Based on the 0.375% methanol fatality rate reported in 1987, 195 additional methanol deaths (up from 

PAGE 16 
P.70 

an extrapolated 24 methanol deaths) would be anticipated annually if methanol/gasoline blends 

completely replaced gasoline. This number is highly speculative, as multiple assumptions must be 

made, including similarity of amounts ingested of the mixture with current methanol ingestions, no 

change in physician and victim awareness of the seriousness of methanol poisoning, no change in 

accessibility of methanol fuels compared with gasoline fuels, etc. The increased occurrence of 

blindness and permanent neurologic impairment following methanol poisoning cannot be estimated from 

the available data, but would be expected to increase by approximately a factor of five over unknown 

current levels. 

The increased health care cost includes the excess emergency department visits to exclude significant 

methanol poisoning. In contrast to methanol, with its delayed onset of symptoms, ingestions of 

gasoline-based fuels can generally be evaluated by poison centers over the phone due to the 

occurrence of early, highly prognostic symptoms in patients who require health care intervention. 

Waiting for such symptoms to occur following methanol poisoning would surely lead to more fatal and 

disabled victims. The average cost of an emergency department evaluation to exclude methanol toxicity 

(including hospital fee, physician fee and laboratory analyses) is approximately $350 per patient. This 

corresponds to a total cost of $12,250,000 for emergency department visits for all methanol fuel 

ingestions, which is an excess of $10,150,000 over current emergency department costs for evaluation 

of gasoline ingestions. Estimates of the costs of subsequent treatment for those patients identified in 

the emergency department as significantly poisoned depend on the amount ingested and results of 

emergency department laboratory assessments. A patient with a toxic methanol level requires hospital 

admission. The cost of an uncomplicated admission for methanol poisoning is approximately $5,000 

including ICU monitoring for at least two days, 2 additional days of hospitalization, hemodialysis (at least 

once), frequent lab analysis and nephrologist consultation. 

Model I: 50% of methanol ingestions require hospitalization; 50% are treated in the emergency 

department then released 

Cost (millions 

of dollars) 

Hospitalization (uncomplicated course, 

no sequelae) 87.5 

Emergency department visits (all patients) 12.3 

Chronic care for disability (loss of sight, 

neurologic impairment) ??? 

TOTAL for Model I is well over 100 million dollars per year. 

Model II: 25% of methanol ingestions require hospitalization; 75% are treated in the emergency 

department then released 

Cost (millions 

of dollars) 

Hospitalization (uncomplicated course, 

no sequelae) 43.8 

Emergency department visits (all patients) 12.3 

Chronic care for disability (loss of sight, 

neurologic impairment) ??? 

TOTAL for Model II is well over 56 million dollars per year. 

PAGE 17 
P.71 

Note that the dollar amounts in Models I and II are minimum estimates. The following extremely costly 

items are nof included: complicated hospitalizations; chronic care and rehabilitation for severe, 

permanent sequelae (blindness or neurologic impairment); less of life. In contrast to these methanol 

fuel health cars costs estimates, only 16.4% of gasoline ingestions are evaluated in emergency 

departments, and only 2.2% admitted for medical care. Thus current acute health care costs for 

gasoline ingestion are estimated at below $6 million annually. 

The predictions of morbidity, mortality and health care expenditures presented above required numerous 

assumptions regarding the similarity of current gasoline ingestion scenarios with future methanol fuel 

ingestions. The impact of many factors cannot be estimated, such as differences in payability affecting 

ingested doss (especially with 100% methanol vs. fuels containing some gasoline), whether methanolbassd fuels will bs utilized in lawn mowers as well (thus encouraging or discouraging siphoning), and 

dissimilar miles/tank of methanol based fuel possibly leading to more frequent incidents of consumers 

neglecting to replace fuel at appropriate intervals during the transition period from ons fuel type to 

another. Noting the multitude assumptions required to develop this model, the predicted morbidity, 

mortality and health care cost should bs interpreted as estimates. 

RECOMMENDATIONS 

From a public health vantage, the acute hazard posed by conversion fo methanol-based fuels is 

unacceptable due to the predicted increases in fatalities, blindness, and permanent neurologic disability 

secondary to more frequent ingestions. Prior to conversion to a predominantly methanol fleet, 

innovative engineering efforts must focus on the development of closures for fuel cans and vehicular 

fuel tanks which will prohibit accidental ingestion, either directly or by siphon. As a start, a few clearly 

insufficient prevention measures are outlined below. Other approaches urgently need to bs developed. 

Methods to prevent siphoning of msthanoi fuels must bs dsvslopsd. Ons possibility is ths installation 

of a metal grats/screen near the opening of each gas tank and fuel can to prevent the insertion of 

siphons. Lawn mowers and other gasolins powered equipment should not bs constructed in a way that 

they will function on methanol fuels (so that siphoning will bs less of a temptation). 

Public and health professional education is essential and should focus on ths lethal consequences and 

permanent sequela® which follow methanol poisoning...thereby preventing accidents, or teaching victims 

to seek prompt treatment despite the absence of clinical symptoms. Because methanol toxic 

manifestations are delayed 12 or mors hours, asymptomatic patients and uninformed physicians may 

falsely assume that significant poisoning has not occurred. Additionally, the public should bs carefully 

educated in the importance of avoiding container transfer (e.g. storage of methanol fuels in soda 

bottles, gas cans, etc) and siphoning. 

Consideration should be given to additives such as a distinctive color to allow rapid identification of the 

substance ingested. Whereas M85 fuels will contain sufficient gasolins to decrease payability and limit 

abuse (assuming distillation is not attempted with its combustion hazards), M100 fuels may need to 

have a bitter substance added to serve as a marker and deter abuse. The proposed addition of 

emetics to M85 is ill-advised due to the risk of chemical pneumonitis following vomiting and subsequent 

aspiration of the gasoline component. Although ths risk of pneumonitis is not significant with M100 

fuels, these may be abused with ethanol or other depressants, leading to significant early CNS 

depression, rendering emetic use unsafe in this setting as well. (As a general rule, emetics are never 

administered fo patients that are comatose or likely fo become comatose rapidly due to the patient's 

inability to protect the airway and high risk of aspiration.) 

Warnings should be prominently placed around the fuel tank orifice of each vehicle and on fuel cans 

PAGE 18 
P.72 

r 

and should indicate the hazards of siphoning and/or ingestion. These warnings should clearly and 

emphatically state that death or blindness is likely if even small amounts are swallowed. 

Finally, a prospective study should be performed with diverse geographic representation to verify the 

findings presented herein and seek additional exposure circumstances and prevention options. This 

investigation should include detailed data gathering on several hundred gasoline ingestions at a 

minimum. 

PAGE 19 

 
Table 5. Symptom assessment In reported gasoline exposures for patients exposed to gasoline only (AAPCC Data, no concomitant 

exposure). 

SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT 

Asymptomatic" 

Symptomatic, re Wed lo exposure*! 

Symptomatic, unrelated 

Symptomatic, unknown if related 

Unknown if symptomatic 

Total 

ALL EXPOSURES 

No. % 

4,674 36.7 

_ 7,482 , 58.7 ,. 

80 0.6 

„ , 2#> 2.3 , , 

214 1.7 

,12,738 J0P.0 , . 

INGESTIONS 

No. % 

4.043 47.2 

,». <?«*>'*<TM^>,/w*l , -\ 

57 0.7 

. , ,153 „„ , 1,0 

103 1.2 

„ . §,565 100.0 

OCULAR 

No. 

355 

2,382 

3 

. 13 

87 

2,840 

% 

12.5 

33J 

0.1 

0.5 

3.1 

10P.0 

DERMAL 

No. 

546 

1,005 

11 

3d 

22 

1,622 

% 

33.7 

62.0 

0.7 

2.3 

1.4 

100,0 

INHALATION 

No. % 

170 14.6 

848 ?Z.$ 

16 1.4 

110 0,4 

24 2.1 

1,168 10&O 

'Excludes cases coded as asymptomatic initially which developed symptoms after the initial consultation. 

* "Includes cases coded as symptomatic (related) at the time of the initial poison center consultation and cases coded as developing symptoms 

after the initial consultation. 

Table 7. Utilization of health 

exposures). 

MANAGEMENT SITE 

Non-health care facility 

Health care facility 

Other/unknown 

Total 

care facilities In reported gasoline exposures for patients exposed 

ALL EXPOSURES 

No. % 

10.737 82.4 

0,037 J5.6 

f J- TF i r T ; f J % ^fs f jwff •" 

254 1.9 

13,020 100.0 _;, 

INGESTIONS OCULAR 

No. % No. % 

7,152 81.8 2,549 88.6 

„ 1,437,, , 16.4 „. , 285 , 9.9 , , 

157 1.8 42 1.5 

Km.m_.mQ'..-: zm 100.0 

to gasoline 

DERMAL 

No. % 

1,470 

23 

,1,690 

87.0 

11-7 

1.4 

100.0 

(AAPCC data, all 

INHALATION 

No. % 

821 67.1 

366 29.9 

37 3.0 

1,224 , 100.0 

PAGE 20 
Table 8. Medical outcome of reported gasoline exposures for patients exposed to gasoline only (AAPCC data, no concomitant exposure). 

MEDICAL OUTCOME 

No effect 

Minor effect 

Moderate effect 

Major effect 

Unknown outcome 

nontoxic exposure 

potentially toxic exposure 

unknown if toxic exposure 

Unrelated effect 

Death 

Total 

ALL EXPOSURES 

No. % 

4,132 32.4 

, $347 49.fi , 

225 1.8 

10 0.1 

1,111 , . 8.7 , 

737 5.8 

27 02 , 

148 1.2 

2 . 0,0 „, 

12,739 100.0 

INGESTIONS 

No. % 

3,411 39.8 

, .„&* * A>i 42.1 

131 1.5 

f . 0.1 

755 8.8 

538 6.3 

..Z'S , , Q.2 

94 1.1 

. A .,. . 0,„ 0.0„ 

8,565 % 100.0 

OCULAR 

No. 

474 

2,021 

30 

1 

198 

105 

4 

7 

0 

2,840 

% 

16.7 

71.2 

1.1 

0.0 

7.0 

3.7 

01 

0.2 

00 

100.0 

DERMAL 

No. 

502 

065 

26 

1 

149 

56 

3 

20 

0 

1,622 

% 

30.9 

53.3 

1.6 

0.1 

9.2 

3.5 

0.2 

1.2 

0.0 

100.0 

INHALATION 

No. 

173 

702 

60 

5 

85 

98 

2 

41 

2 

1,168 

% 

14.8 

60.1 

5.1 

0.4 

7.3 

8.4 

0.2 

3.5 

0.2 

100.0 

PAGE 21 
P.75 

Table 11. Gasoline Exposure Scenarios, 1987 National Capital Poison Center Data 

4535747 

6024174 

6023870 

6022248 

6024074 

6024148 

6036457 

6027925 

6027816 

6026510 

6023132 

6034377 

6146209 

6029273 

6030332 

6032831 

6027512 

6027436 

4536014 

6020209 

6020418 

6021400 

6022172 

6022260 

6022326 

6024201 

6024462 

6026373 

6022173 

6020970 

6023908 

6023909 

6029557 

6027076 

6028985 

12 moM 

16 moF 

17 moM 

18 moF 

18 moM 

18 moM 

18 moM 

18 moF 

18 moF 

19 moM 

21 moM 

22 moM 

2 yr M 

2 yr M 

2 yr F 

2 yr F 

2 yr 

2 yr 

2 yr 

F 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

F 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

3 yr 

3 yr 

3 yr 

F 

M 

M 

4 yr F 

4 yr M 

taste 

12 ounces 

taste 

drop 

maybe none 

taste 

little if any 

sip or two 

probably none 

taste 

unknown/small 

sip 

small amount 

taste 

drop or two 

unknown 

drop or two 

little if any 

little if any 

small amount 

small amount 

may have tasted 

maybe a taste 

little if any 

unknown if any 

unknown if any 

maybe a taste 

unknown 

mouthful 

Ingestion 

child drank from can 

witnessed-put mouth on spout of 5 gallon gas tank 

drank from a Pepsi bottle 

found with can to mouth; gas in standard can intended 

for use in lawn mower 

sucked on spout of empty can 

may have put mouth on spout 

may have gotten on hands/put hands to mouth 

father saw her spitting it out; was draining gas from 

auxiliary tank of pickup truck into container; turned 

back and child dipped cup into container 

got from a construction site near home 

found with gas can, used to fill lawn mower 

sucked cap off gas can 

gas can intended for use in lawn mower 

from bottom of a bottle 

had mouth to top of gas can used to fill lawn mower; 

stored in garage 

gas station pump malfunctioned; child sprayed with 

gasoline 

sucked from gas tank of car 

child drank from gallon container while mother talking 

on phone 

brought an 'empty* can up to lips 

found can with top off; none smelled on breath 

found playing with can; denied ingestion 

gas was in a cup 

mom right there 

gas in can intended for use in lawn mower 

found playing with can; denied ingestion 

siphoned out of siphon on gas can; 12 y.o. sibling had 

taken gas can out of shed to fill lawn mower and left 

it on back porch 

2 children found near gas can 

2 children found near gas can 

gas transferred to a soda can just prior to filling lawn 

mower; child picked up can from driveway 

put siphon hose which was in gas can into mouth and 

sucked; had watched father siphon to fill lawn mower 

(child has spina bifida) 

drank it from a Coke bottle 

PAGE 22 
P.76 

6032107 

6027178 

6019281 

6019900 

6021410 

6031954 

6029717 

6021401 

6021382 

6144811 

4533932 

6016639 

4533318 

6032686 

6015310 

6025242 

4533353 

6030060 

6017816 

6021140 

6021550 

6022035 

6022610 

4533991 

6017725 

6023362 

6025231 

6015981 

6031311 

6024389 

6029549 

6024749 

6031802 

6035057 

4535298 

6143941 

6033368 

4535458 

6015162 

4533794 

6016266 

6015605 

4 yr 

4 yr 

4 yr 

4yr 

4yr 

5yr 

Syr 

9yr 

12 yr 

14 yr 

15 yr 

15 yr 

16 yr 

16 yr 

16 yr 

16 yr 

17 yr 

17 yr 

17 yr 

17 yr 

17 yr 

17 yr 

17 yr 

18 yr 

18 yr 

18 yr 

18 yr 

19 yr 

19 yr 

20 yr 

20 yr 

20 yr 

20 yr 

21 yr 

21 yr 

22 yr 

22 yr 

22 yr 

22 yr 

22 yr 

22 yr 

23 yr 

M 

F 

F 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

sip 

taste/swallow 

up to 3 ounces 

1-2 tablespoons 

small amount 

mouthful 

unknown 

mouthful 

mouthful 

taste 

mouthful 

mouthful 

taste 

mouthful 

mouthful 

mouthful 

mouthful 

mouthful 

mouthful 

mouthful 

mouthfuls 

M several big mouthfuls 

M 

F 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

about 2 tablespoons 

mouthful 

4 gulps 

very little 

mouthful 

"1-2 ounces' 

mouthful 

mouthful 

put straw into lawn mower and sipped gas 

unwitnessed; father poured gas into a cup prior to 

pouring into carburetor of lawn mower; older sibling 

thought it would be funny if his sister swallowed gas, 

and gave it to her 

older sibling saw child drink from container 

child found near lawn mower; smell on hands and 

breath 

sibling put into orange juice container 

father put gas in a Mountain Dew bottle 

dripped gas from self-serve pump into drink 

sucked from hose and spit out 

siphoning gas out of car to fill lawn mower 

youngster was at work; siphoned, presumably from 

vehicle 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning from leaking gas tank of car prior to 

repairing leak; had several small sips totalling about 

a mouthful 

siphoning from truck 

siphoning 

siphoning from car to fill lawn mower 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning from one car to another 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning from car to motorcycle 

siphoning 

siphoning from car 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning from one vehicle to another 

siphoning from car 

siphoning 

siphoning from one vehicle to another at work 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning; attempting to siphon water out of leaking 

gas tank; used opaque tube almost the size of garden 

hose 

siphoning 

siphoning; to put gas in carburetor after car broke 

down 

PAGE 23 
P.77 

6016292 

6144173 

6029582 

6019477 

6029294 

6019056 

4535846 

6022355 

6155759 

6016477 

6033199 

6026896 

6017675 

4533433 

6020832 

4535288 

6022991 

6027859 

6036238 

6029423 

6028518 

6030889 

6031030 

6031082 

6031275 

6031985 

6036272 

6144615 

6145790 

6155922 

6015414 

6016017 

6016670 

6022069 

6022829 

6024226 

6031482 

6019959 

6029182 

23 yr M 

24 yr M 

24 yr M 

24 yr M 

25 yr M 

25 yr M 

26 yr M 

26 yr M 

26 yr M 

27 yr M 

28 yr M 

29 yr M 

29 yr M 

30 yr M 

33 yr M 

35 yr M 

39 yr M 

39 yr M 

44 yr M 

45 yr F 

45 yr M 

A M 

A M 

A M 

A F 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

M 

M 

M 

M 

F 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

very little 

mouthful 

4 ounces 

mouthful 

mouthful 

swig 

some 

big gulp 

mouthful 

5 cc 

mouthful 

little bit 

drops 

mouthful 

mouthfuls 

1/4 cup 

mouthful 

about 1 teaspoon 

mouthful 

mouthful 

mouthful 

couple mouthfuls 

mouthful 

1/3 cup 

small amount 

mouthful 

mouthful 

mouthful 

siphoning 

swallowed as a suicide attempt 

siphoning from one car to another; tube 1/2* in 

diameter 

siphoning (interstate truck driver) 

siphoning 

siphoning 

gas in unmarked bottle 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning from one vehicle into another; unsure what 

was used 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

drank from Pepsi bottle 

siphoning gas from lawn mower to car; used black 

rubber hose about the size of middle finger 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning from one vehicle to another when ran out 

of gas on the highway 

siphoning gas from lawn mower to vehicle to help 

stranded motorist; unsure what type hose used 

siphoning 

siphoning; dog jumped on her 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning; had put wrong gas in tractor; work 

exposure 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

siphoning 

6021842 

6146809 

6015484 

12 yr M 

15 yr M 

25 yr M 

Inhalation 

deliberate abuse (twice) 

deliberate abuse 

fumes from lawn mower 

PAGE 24 
P.78 

4533373 

6024710 

6024087 

6022186 

6032614 

31 yr 

35 yr 

45 yr 

A 

unk 

M 

M 

M 

F 

fuel injector leaked, breathed vapor while plugging 

occupational; cleaning massive spill 

working on lawn mower/leaking gas 

gas dumped outside building; fumes circulating 

through the air conditioning system 

gas fumes and smoke from car 

6155639 

6026810 

6030588 

6032146 

6025517 

6023584 

6036484 

6035734 

6015165 

4533606 

6027017 

6033649 

6016240 

6034994 

6020627 

6021116 

6020542 

6021754 

6033870 

6024457 

6030674 

6027641 

6022268 

6026550 

6026550 

6143553 

6033084 

6015319 

6028385 

6032842 

6033179 

6020747 

6032793 

6034092 

6022804 

6023511 

6138983 

6033299 

6030603 

4534106 

4535620 

6015719 

18 moM 2 yr F 2 yr F 2 yr F 3 yr M 3 yr M 3 yr M 3 yr F 4 yr M 5 yr F 5 yr M 5 yr M 6 yr M 6 yr M 7 yr M 8 yr M 

10 yr M 

12 yr M 

12 yr F 

13 yr M 

13 yr F 

13 yr M 

13 yr F 

14 yr M 

14 yr M 

14 yr M 

14 yr M 

20 yr M 

21 yr M 

23 yr F 

23 yr M 

33 yr 

33 yr 

33 yr 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

F 

M 

M 

M 

F 

Ocular 

splashed in eyes 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eyes 

mom spilled gas in child's eyes 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eye 

had on hands; rubbed eyes 

splashed in eyes 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eyes from gas pump 

mom pumping gas; splashed in child's eye 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eyes 

splashed in eyes 

splashed in eyes 

splashed while filling mower 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eye 

sprayed in eye 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eyes 

splashed in eyes 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eyes 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eyes while putting in lawnmower 

' splashed in eyes 

splashed in eye 

splash from lawn mower 

from lawn mower 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eyes 

working on car; splashed in eye 

splashed in eye 

splashed in eye at work 

splashed in eye 

PAGE 25 

J 
P.79 

6026100 

6143876 

6024787 

6139368 

6028478 

6020144 

6027616 

6022689 

6020984 

6032623 

6025167 

6025317 

6028276 

4533166 

6015577 

6029485 

6139979 

6028353 

6022977 

6014596 

6021693 

6032624 

A 

child 

unk 

unk 

M 

M 

M 

unknown 

17 moM 

18 moM 

2 

3 

4 

4 

10 

16 

18 

19 

20 

25 

38 

A 

A 

A 

A 

child 

V 

yr 

V 

V 

yr 

yr 

y 

yr 

yr 

y 

yr 

M 

M 

M 

M 

u. M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

F 

F 

M 

M 

M 

splashed in eye 

on hands; rubbed eye 

splashed in eyes 

splashed in eye 

Dermal 

on back of leg 

found with gas can; gas on skin 

sprayed on hands, put on face 

sprayed all over self 

sprayed in face at gas station 

on hands and arms 

sprayed on skin at gas station 

gas on finger; rubbed eyelid 

used to remove paint from legs and arms 

gas line broke while repairing car, splashed in face 

gasoline 'shower* 

on back 

splash on arm 

splashed on arm while pumping gas 

spilled in groin area 

gas splashed in face 

spilled on leg 

on hands and anus 

Otic 

6033273 

6017040 

6018105 

29 yr 

45 yr 

A 

M 

M 

M 

small amount 

in ear 

squirted/splashed in ear 

unknown 

Multiple Routes 

6032133 15 moM 

6027147 

6028514 

6024144 

6024331 

6026105 

6034490 

6027014 

6029868 

6031218 

6022416 

6017567 

16 moM 

18 moM 

18 moM 

18 moM 

18 moM 

2 yr F 

2 yr M 

2 yr M 

2 yr F 

2 yr F 

3 yr M 

ingestion/dermal; found with bottle to mouth/bottle 

pushed away 

ingestion/dermal; found with open can 

possible ingestion/dermal; knocked over gas can in 

yard 

can smell on mouth and head; tipped over gas can 

in garage 

splashed on skin; slept with gas-soaked washcloth in 

room 

spilled on face and eyes 

splashed on face and eyes 

possible ingestion/dermal; 2 siblings may have spilled 

ingested mouthful; dermal; ocular 

dermal and/or ingestion 

covered with gas; ingest and/or dermal 

splashed in face and eyes 

PAGE 26 

J 
P.80 

6145268 3 yr M 

6024469 

6022329 

6027012 

6024491 

6147589 

6026831 

6022272 

6144253 

6025495 

6033185 

6021720 

6028964 

6033194 

6034359 

6019300 

021324 

6025703 

6028452 

6031859 

6018497 

6029610 

6018167 

6023618 

6015983 

6021507 

6029281 

3 yr 

3 yr 

4 yr 

4 yr 

4 yr 

4 yr 

syr 

7yr 

7yr 

8 yr 

10 yr 

13 yr 

17 yr 

27 yr 

28 yr 

28 yr 

31 yr 

37 yr 

38 yr 

41 yr 

41 yr 

43 yr 

67 yr 

A 

A 

A 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

F 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

F 

M 

F 

M 

M 

F 

M 

M 

M 

some 

ocular/dermal/possible ingestion; got mixture of oil and 

gas from weed trimmer 

ocular/dermal; splashed on face 

found with gas all over self; may have ingested some 

2 siblings may have spilled 

splashed on face and eyes 

ingestion/dermal/ocular; older sibling saw him ingest 

smell of gas around face and inside mouth, though 

insists she just sniffed the fumes 

splashed on face and eyes 

ocular/dermal; disconnected nozzle from tank at gas 

station-gas on arms, legs, eyes 

at gas station; splashed on skin and eyes 

ocular/dermal; splashed on face 

splashed on face and eyes after filling lawn mower 

ocular/dermal; splashed on face 

ingestion/inhalation; siphoning; found unresponsive 

dermal/aural 

splashed on face and eyes 

inhaiation/ingestion while siphoning 

dermal/inhalation; drenched with gas while working 

on car 

tiny arm in mouth and on skin while siphoning 

dermal/ocular 

pumping gas; it sprayed all over her 

dermal/ocular; filling lawn mower and gas splashed 

in face 

splashed on face and eyes 

on skin and in mouth 

siphoning; into eye and swallowed 

splashed into face and eyes 

denmal/ingestion; blew into tank to see if it was 

clogged; gas blew out into mouth and face 

Excluded Cases 

4533747 

4534970 

6015685 

6018341 

6015782 

6025599 

6026816 

6031655 

6144032 

6024177 

6031155 

26 yr 

17 yr 

CAT 

CAT 

18 yr 

DOG 

CAT 

CAT 

CAT 

CAT 

A 

F 

M 

F 

F 

exposed to fumes from truck (not gasoline) 

sniffing butane; ignited 

cat exposure (dermal) 

cat exposure (ingestion and dermal) 

Sleepinol and butane 

rolled in leaking gas 

spilled on cat 

spilled on fur and licked off 

walked through tray of gas and licked paws 

knocked over gas can 

ate shrimp/tasted like gasoline or kerosene 

PAGE 27 

 
P.81 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Significant contributions to this work were made by Rose Ann Soloway, R.N., M.S.Ed, (compiling and 

investigating gasoline exposure scenarios) and by Lisa Horton, M.D. and Yolanda Haywood, M.D. 

(conducting the volume of a mouthful study). 

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