NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Statistical Analysis Report November 1998

National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 1995–96

Student Financing of

Undergraduate Education:

1995–96

With an Essay on

Student Loans

Lutz Berkner

MPR Associates, Inc.

Andrew G. Malizio

Project Officer

National Center for Education Statistics

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 98-076
U.S. Department of Education

Richard W. Riley

Secretary

Office of Educational Research and Improvement

C. Kent McGuire

Assistant Secretary

National Center for Education Statistics

Pascal D. Forgione, Jr.

Commissioner

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting,

analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills

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NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent,

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November 1998

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Suggested Citation

U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. Student Financing of

Undergraduate Education: 1995–96, NCES 98-076, by Lutz Berkner. Project Officer: Andrew

Malizio. Washington DC: 1998.

Contact:

Aurora D'Amico

(202) 219-1365
iii

Executive Summary

During the 1995–96 academic year, one-half of the undergraduates enrolled in postsecondary education received financial aid through programs funded by the federal government, the

states, the postsecondary institutions themselves, or other organizations. The average amount of

aid, for those who received aid, was about $4,900 (figure 1). Nearly 40 percent of all undergraduates received grant aid and one-fourth took out student loans. The average amount of grant

aid was $2,700, while the average student loan was $4,100. Among students enrolled full time

for a full academic year (38 percent of all undergraduates), two-thirds received financial aid.

Fifty-four percent received grants with an average value of $3,900, and 44 percent received student loans, borrowing an average of $4,300.

The average tuition and fees for undergraduates enrolled full time for a full academic year

in 1995–96 were about $1,400 at public 2-year institutions (including community colleges),

$3,800 at public 4-year colleges and universities, $12,600 at private, not-for-profit 4-year colleges and universities, and $6,900 at private, for-profit institutions. For full-time, full-year undergraduates, the average price of attendance (student budget), which includes room and board and

other educational expenses in addition to tuition, ranged from $7,300 at public 2-year institutions

to $19,400 at private, not-for-profit colleges and universities (figure 2). More than 60 percent of

all undergraduates were enrolled part time or for only part of an academic year; thus, their tuition

and other expenses were less than these full-time, full-year amounts.

Students were more likely to take out loans when their tuition and other educational expenses were high (figure 3). They were less likely to borrow when their family incomes were

high. However, middle- and low-income dependent students—students whose parental income

and assets are also considered in determining financial need—borrowed at about the same rates

(figures 4 and 11).

Almost all of the undergraduate borrowers took out federal Stafford loans (subsidized or

unsubsidized) through the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program or the Ford Direct

Loan Program (figure 5). Subsidized loans are based on student financial need, while unsubsidized loans are available to students at all income levels. Most low-income dependent borrowers

took out only subsidized loans; about one-half of the high-income dependent borrowers qualified

only for unsubsidized loans. Nearly one-half of independent student borrowers at all income lev-
Executive Summary

iv

els took out both subsidized and unsubsidized loans, with an average loan total of $6,300 (figure

6).

Among all undergraduates, 6 percent of those attending public 2-year institutions took out

student loans in 1995–96, followed by 36 percent at public 4-year, 45 percent at private, not-forprofit 4-year, and 56 percent at private, for-profit institutions (figure 7). Among full-time, fullyear undergraduates, the percentage of students borrowing was higher: 16 percent at public 2-

year, 45 percent at public 4-year, 57 percent at private, not-for-profit 4-year, and 68 percent at

private, for-profit institutions (figure 8).

One out of two full-time, full-year undergraduates attending public 2-year institutions received financial aid in 1995–96, with an average total aid package of $3,100 (figure 9). Two out

of three full-time, full-year undergraduates attending public 4-year institutions received financial

aid in 1995–96, with an average total aid package of $6,000 (figure 10). Four out of five fulltime, full-year undergraduates attending private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions received financial aid in 1995–96, with an average total aid package of $10,900 (figure 12). About three out of

four full-time, full-year students at private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions received grants or

scholarships, with an average value of $6,600 (figure 8).

Although only 6 percent of undergraduates at public 2-year institutions took out a student

loan in 1995–96, about 21 percent received a federal loan at some time, and the cumulative total

federal loan amount averaged $4,600 (figure 9). Among graduating seniors at public 4-year institutions, 52 percent received a federal loan at some time as an undergraduate, and the average

cumulative federal loan amount was $11,800. Among graduating seniors at private, not-for-profit

4-year institutions, 57 percent had obtained a federal loan at some time, and the average cumulative federal loan amount was $14,100.
v

Foreword

The National Postsecondary Student Aid Study of 1996 (NPSAS:96) is the fourth in a series of large-scale data collections sponsored by the National Center for Education Statistics that

provide detailed information on how students and their families pay for postsecondary education.

This report describes the financing of undergraduate education in 1995–96, with a particular focus on student loans and other types of financial aid. Other studies based on NPSAS:96 are available that provide a general profile of all undergraduates, a profile of students beginning

postsecondary education for the first time, and a description of student financing of graduate and

first-professional education. These reports and more information about the NPSAS surveys are

available on the NCES website: http://nces.ed.gov/npsas.

This report begins with an essay that describes the role of student loans within the context

of tuition, the total price of attendance, and the other financial aid available to undergraduates in

1995–96. In addition to the amounts borrowed by students for the 1995–96 academic year, the

essay includes information on the cumulative amount of federal loans borrowed by students

throughout their undergraduate education. The essay also provides separate profiles of student

borrowing and financial aid for each of the four major types of institutions.

The essay is followed by a compendium of tables that describe more detailed information

on student loans, tuition and the price of attendance, financial aid, net price of education and

need, and general background characteristics of undergraduates.

The estimates presented in this report were produced using the NPSAS:96 Data Analysis

System (DAS). The DAS is a microcomputer application that allows users to specify and generate their own tables from the NPSAS:96 data, and it is available for public use through the NCES

website. The DAS produces design-adjusted standard errors used to test the statistical significance of differences between selected estimates shown in the tables. Additional information

about the DAS may be found in appendix B of this report and on the NCES website at

http://nces.ed.gov/das.
vi

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all of those who contributed to the production of this report. At

MPR Associates, Robert Fitzgerald assisted with the analysis; Helen Jang ran the tables and prepared the graphics; Andrea Livingston and Karyn Madden edited and proofread the report; Francesca Tussing and Mary Mack formatted the tables and assembled the final report; and Barbara

Kridl supervised the production.

We would like to thank the project officer, Andrew Malizio, for his insightful guidance at

all stages of the project, and Dennis Carroll for his valuable suggestions. We would also like to

acknowledge the careful review and comments of the following reviewers: Ellen Bradburn from

the Education Statistics Services Institute; Robert Burton, Claire Geddes, and Susan Broyles at

NCES; David Bergeron from the Office of Postsecondary Education; Jacqueline King from the

American Council on Education; Kent Phillippe of the American Association of Community

Colleges; and Kenneth Redd from Sallie Mae.
vii

Table of Contents

Page

Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. iii

Foreword.................................................................................................................................... v

Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................... vi

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. viii

List of Figures............................................................................................................................ xv

Student Loans............................................................................................................................ 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1

Financial Aid in 1995–96................................................................................................ 2

Tuition and the Price of Attendance................................................................................ 4

Loans, Price of Attendance, and Income......................................................................... 6

The Federal Student Loan Programs ..................................................................................... 9

Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions........................................................... 15

Public 2-Year Institutions................................................................................................ 19

Public 4-Year Institutions................................................................................................ 21

Private, Not-for-Profit 4-Year Institutions ...................................................................... 24

Private, for-Profit Institutions ......................................................................................... 26

Summary ............................................................................................................................... 29

Table Compendium................................................................................................................... 31

Section 1: Student Loans....................................................................................................... 33

Section 2: Tuition and Price of Attendance .......................................................................... 61

Section 3: Financial Aid........................................................................................................ 79

Section 4: Net Price and Need............................................................................................... 129

Section 5: Student Characteristics......................................................................................... 163

Appendix A—Glossary ............................................................................................................. 185

Appendix B—Technical Notes and Methodology .................................................................. 201
viii

List of Tables

ESSAY TABLES Page

1 Annual maximum amounts of federal Stafford loans for 1995–96 undergraduates ....... 11

2 Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to selected characteristics, by

type of institution attended: 1995–96.............................................................................. 18

COMPENDIUM TABLES

Section 1: Student Loans

1.1a Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving any aid, any grants, or any loans,

and average amount received .......................................................................................... 34

1.1b Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 2-year institutions receiving any aid,

any grants, or any loans, and average amounts received................................................. 36

1.1c Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 4-year institutions receiving any aid,

any grants, or any loans, and average amounts received................................................. 37

1.1d Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions

receiving any aid, any grants, or any loans, and average amounts received.................... 38

1.1e Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, for-profit institutions receiving any

aid, any grants, or any loans, and average amounts received .......................................... 39

1.2a Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates and average amount of financial

aid according to combinations of loans and other aid received....................................... 40

1.2b Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 2-year institutions and

average amount of financial aid according to combinations of loans and other aid

received ........................................................................................................................... 41

1.2c Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 4-year institutions and

average amount of financial aid according to combinations of loans and other aid

received ........................................................................................................................... 42

1.2d Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-year

institutions and average amount of financial aid according to combinations of loans

and other aid received...................................................................................................... 43
List of Tables

ix

Table Page

1.2e Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, for-profit institutions

and average amount of financial aid according to combinations of loans and other aid

received ........................................................................................................................... 44

1.3a Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates who received a federal student loan in

1995–96 or ever received a federal student loan through 1996 and average amounts

borrowed, by student characteristics ............................................................................... 45

1.3b Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received a

federal student loan in 1995–96 or ever received a federal student loan through 1996

and average amounts borrowed, by student characteristics............................................. 46

1.3c Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received a

federal student loan in 1995–96 or ever received a federal student loan through 1996

and average amounts borrowed, by student characteristics............................................. 47

1.3d Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions

who received a federal student loan in 1995–96 or ever received a federal student

loan through 1996 and average amounts borrowed, by student characteristics .............. 48

1.3e Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, for-profit institutions who received

a federal student loan in 1995–96 or ever received a federal student loan through 1996

and average amounts borrowed, by student characteristics............................................. 49

1.4a Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving loans from various types of programs,

by institutional and student characteristics...................................................................... 50

1.4b Average amount of loans received by 1995–96 undergraduates from various types of

programs, by institutional and student characteristics..................................................... 51

1.5a Percentage distribution of 1995–96 federal student loan borrowers according to

combinations of loans from various federal programs, by institutional and student

characteristics .................................................................................................................. 52

1.5b Average amount received by federal student loan borrowers in 1995–96 according

to combinations of loans from various federal programs, by institutional and student

characteristics .................................................................................................................. 53

1.6a Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving any Stafford, any subsidized, and

any unsubsidized loans, and average loan amounts, by institutional and student

characteristics .................................................................................................................. 54

1.6b Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduate Stafford loan borrowers with subsidized and

unsubsidized loans, and average loan amounts, by institutional and student characteristics................................................................................................................................. 55
List of Tables

x

Table Page

1.7 Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates with Stafford loans according to

subsidized and unsubsidized loan combinations and average loan amounts, by

institutional and student characteristics........................................................................... 56

1.8a Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving Stafford subsidized loans and

average loan amounts according to subsidized maximum or less than maximum

amounts borrowed, by institutional and student characteristics...................................... 57

1.8b Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving any Stafford loans and average

loan amounts according to total maximum or less than maximum amounts borrowed,

by institutional and student characteristics...................................................................... 58

1.9 Average tuition and fees, non-tuition expenses, and total price of attendance for

1995–96 undergraduates, by type of institution and attendance status ........................... 59

1.10 Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates according to type of institution

attended, by institutional and student characteristics ...................................................... 60

Section 2: Tuition and Price of Attendance

2.1a Average total price of attendance according to type of institution, by institutional and

student characteristics: 1995–96 ..................................................................................... 64

2.1b Average total price of attendance for full-time, full-year undergraduates according to

type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ....................... 66

2.1c Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to total price of attendance,

by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96...................................................... 68

2.2a Average tuition and fees for undergraduates according to type of institution, by

institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .......................................................... 70

2.2b Average tuition and fees for full-time, full-year undergraduates according to type of

institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ................................... 72

2.2c Average tuition and fees for part-time or part-year undergraduates according to type

of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96............................... 74

2.2d Percentage distribution of all undergraduates according to tuition and fees,

by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96...................................................... 76
List of Tables

xi

Table Page

Section 3: Financial Aid

3.1a Percentage of undergraduates receiving aid according to type of aid, by institutional

and student characteristics: 1995–96............................................................................... 84

3.1b Average amount of aid received by aided undergraduates according to type of

aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96............................................... 86

3.2a Percentage of undergraduates receiving federal aid according to type of aid,

by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96...................................................... 88

3.2b Average amount of federal aid received by undergraduates who received federal aid

according to type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96.............. 90

3.2c Percentage of undergraduates receiving federal aid according to type of institution,

by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96...................................................... 92

3.2d Average amount of federal aid received by undergraduates who received federal aid

according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .. 94

3.3a Percentage of undergraduates receiving state aid according to type of aid, by

institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .......................................................... 96

3.3b Average amount of state aid received by undergraduates who received state aid

according to type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96.............. 98

3.3c Percentage of undergraduates receiving state aid according to type of institution, by

institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .......................................................... 100

3.3d Average amount of state aid received by undergraduates who received state aid

according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .. 102

3.4a Percentage of undergraduates receiving institutional aid according to type of aid, by

institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .......................................................... 104

3.4b Average amount of institutional aid received by undergraduates who received

institutional aid according to type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics:

1995–96........................................................................................................................... 106

3.4c Percentage of undergraduates receiving institutional aid according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ............................................. 108

3.4d Average amount of institutional aid received by undergraduates who received

institutional aid, by type of institution and student characteristics: 1995–96 ................. 110
List of Tables

xii

Table Page

3.5a Percentage distribution of aided undergraduates according to combination of financial

 aid received, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ............................... 112

3.5b Average amount of financial aid received by undergraduates who received various

combinations of financial aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96..... 114

3.6a Percentage of undergraduates in public 4-year institutions receiving financial aid

according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96....................... 116

3.6b Average amount of financial aid received by aided undergraduates in public 4-year

institutions according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96.... 118

3.7a Percentage of undergraduates in public 2-year institutions receiving financial aid

according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96....................... 120

3.7b Average amount of financial aid received by aided undergraduates in public 2-year

institutions according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96.... 122

3.8a Percentage of undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions receiving

financial aid according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96.. 124

3.8b Average amount of financial aid received by aided undergraduates in private, not-forprofit 4-year institutions according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics:

1995–96........................................................................................................................... 126

Section 4: Net Price and Need

4.1a Average net price (total price of attendance less total aid) of postsecondary education

among undergraduates according to type of institution, by institutional and student

characteristics: 1995–96.................................................................................................. 134

4.1b Average total price of attendance less all grants among undergraduates according to

type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ....................... 136

4.1c Average total price of attendance less federal grants among undergraduates according

to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ................... 138

4.1d Average tuition and fees less grants among undergraduates according to type of

institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ................................... 140

4.1e Average net price (total price of attendance less all financial aid) of postsecondary

education among dependent undergraduates according to dependent student family

income, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96........................................ 142
List of Tables

xiii

Table Page

4.1f Average net price (total price of attendance less all financial aid) of postsecondary

education among independent undergraduates according to independent student

income, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96........................................ 144

4.1g Average net price (price of attendance less total aid) of postsecondary education among

full-time, full-year undergraduates according to type of institution, by institutional and

student characteristics: 1995–96 ..................................................................................... 146

4.2 Average federal expected family contribution (EFC) among undergraduates according

to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ................... 148

4.3a Percentage of undergraduates with financial need for federal aid according to type of

institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ................................... 150

4.3b Average financial need among undergraduates who have need according to type of

institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ................................... 152

4.4a Percentage of undergraduates with remaining financial need after receiving financial

aid according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics:

1995–96........................................................................................................................... 154

4.4b Average amount of remaining financial need among aided undergraduates after receiving financial aid according to type of institution, by institutional and student

characteristics: 1995–96.................................................................................................. 156

4.5a Percentage of undergraduates with need who received financial aid according to type

of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96............................... 158

4.5b Average amount of financial aid received by undergraduates who had need according

to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 ................... 160

Section 5: Student Characteristics

5.1a Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to dependency status, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .................................................................... 168

5.1b Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to attendance pattern, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .................................................................... 170

5.1c Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to local residence, by institutional

and student characteristics: 1995–96............................................................................... 172

5.2a Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to race–ethnicity, by institutional

and student characteristics: 1995–96............................................................................... 174
List of Tables

xiv

Table Page

5.2b Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to gender and citizenship, by

institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .......................................................... 176

5.3 Percentage distribution of dependent undergraduates according to parents’ income, by

institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .......................................................... 178

5.4 Percentage distribution of independent undergraduates according to students’ income,

by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96...................................................... 180

5.5 Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to type of institution attended, by

institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96 .......................................................... 182

Appendix Table

B1 Standard errors for table 3.1a: Percentage of undergraduates receiving aid according to

type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96................................... 203
xv

List of Figures

Figure Page

1 Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to aid package, percentage

receiving different types of aid, and average amount of aid: 1995–96 ........................... 3

2 Average tuition, non-tuition, and total price of attendance for undergraduates, by type

of institution attended and attendance pattern: 1995–96................................................. 5

3 Percentage of undergraduates receiving any aid and any loans, by price of attendance:

1995–96........................................................................................................................... 7

4 Percentage of dependent and independent undergraduates receiving any aid and any

loans, by family income: 1995–96 .................................................................................. 8

5 Percentage distribution of federal student loan borrowers with loans from various

federal programs according to loan combination and average loan amounts:

1995–96........................................................................................................................... 10

6 Percentage distribution of Stafford loan borrowers with subsidized or unsubsidized

loans according to Stafford combination, by dependency and income: 1995–96 ........... 12

7 Percentage of all undergraduates receiving any aid, grants, or loans, by type of

institution attended: 1995–96.......................................................................................... 16

8 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates receiving any aid, grants, or loans,

by type of institution attended: 1995–96......................................................................... 17

9 Student borrowing and receipt of other aid among undergraduates in public 2-year

institutions: 1995–96....................................................................................................... 20

10 Student borrowing and receipt of other aid among undergraduates in public 4-year

institutions: 1995–96....................................................................................................... 22

11 Percentage of dependent full-time, full-year undergraduates receiving any aid and any

loans at 4-year institutions, by family income: 1995–96................................................. 23

12 Student borrowing and receipt of other aid among undergraduates in private, notfor-profit 4-ye7ar institutions: 1995–96.......................................................................... 25

13 Student borrowing and receipt of other aid among undergraduates in private, for-profit

institutions: 1995–96....................................................................................................... 27

1

STUDENT LOANS

Introduction

The federal student loan programs provide one of the major sources of financial aid for students in postsecondary education. During the 1995–96 academic year, undergraduates received

approximately $19 billion through the federal student loan programs, compared to about $6 billion in federal grants and about $1 billion in federal work-study funds.1

Although student loans have represented the largest proportion of federal student aid funds

for many years, there was a substantial increase in the amount borrowed through the federal programs beginning with the 1993–94 academic year.2 This increase reflected several changes in the

student loan programs introduced in the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act. One

of the major changes was to establish a federal program of unsubsidized loans for dependent students. Students are charged interest on unsubsidized loans while they are enrolled, but unsubsidized loans are available to students at all income levels without a need test. A second change

was to raise the annual limits on the amount that may be borrowed for all students who had completed the first year of study, and to increase the cumulative total amount that may be borrowed

for an undergraduate education.

These changes opened the student loan programs to more students and made it possible for

them to borrow larger amounts. In the 1992–93 academic year, the last year before the 1992

Reauthorization changes went into effect, one-fifth (20 percent) of all undergraduates took out a

student loan, borrowing an average of $3,300.3 In 1995–96, after the Reauthorization changes,

one-fourth (26 percent) of all undergraduates took out a student loan, borrowing an average of

$4,100.4

The role of student loans in financing undergraduate education is best understood in the

context of the general principles by which financial aid is awarded to students. Need for financial

 

1The College Board, Trends in Student Aid 1987–1997 (Washington, D.C.: 1997). Total federal loans for all students were $29

billion. The estimated undergraduate total of $19 billion is based on data from the National Student Loan Data System.

2U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education, Federal Student Loan Programs Data Book FY 94–96

(Washington, D.C.: 1997).

3U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Student Financing of Undergraduate Education, 1992–

93 (Washington, D.C.: 1995), table 3.1a. These totals include a small percentage of non-federal loans.

4Figure 1 below.
Introduction

2

aid is determined by comparing the student’s ability to pay to the amount of the typical student

expense budget at the postsecondary institution. The need for financial aid increases as the student budget increases, and, in general, need decreases at higher family income levels. Financial

aid is generally awarded in “packages” that include grants and loans. If the available grant aid is

not sufficient to meet the student’s need, the package may include subsidized loans to cover the

need. If that is still not sufficient, the package may also include unsubsidized loans. Such unsubsidized loans are also available to students or parents who have no need, but want to borrow to

reduce their current outlays for educational expenses.

The federal government is the major source of student loans: 99 percent of the undergraduates who took out student loans in 1995–96 borrowed through federal programs.5 The sources for

grant aid are more diverse. Among all students, 22 percent received federal grants; 11 percent

received state grants; and 14 percent received grants from the institution they attended.6

This report begins with a brief overview of how financial aid was distributed in 1995–96,

followed by a discussion of tuition levels and student expense budgets, and the distribution of

loans and financial aid by family income levels. This is followed by a more detailed description

of the federal student loan programs, and the frequency with which students borrow from one or

more of these programs. The final section examines the amount of student borrowing in 1995–96

and the cumulative total amount of federal loans ever borrowed according to type of institution

attended.

Financial Aid in 1995–96

During the 1995–96 academic year, one-half of the undergraduates enrolled in postsecondary education received financial aid through programs funded by the federal government, the

states, the postsecondary institutions themselves, or other organizations. The average amount of

aid, for those who received aid, was about $4,900 (figure 1).

The proportions of undergraduates receiving various types of aid and the average amount

received are shown in figure 1. Grants were awarded to 39 percent of all undergraduates; 26 percent received student loans; 5 percent held subsidized work-study jobs; and 7 percent received

other types of aid such as veterans’ benefits, job training, or federal PLUS loans to parents.7 The

average amount of grant aid was $2,700; the average student loan was $4,100; and those with

 

5Compendium table 1.4a.

6Compendium tables 3.2a, 3.3a, and 3.4a.

7Unless otherwise noted, PLUS loans to parents are categorized as “other aid” and excluded from the student loan amounts.
Introduction

3

Figure 1—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to aid package, percentage receiving 

Figure 1—different types of aid, and average amount of aid: 1995–96

Aid type Percent Average

Grants 39 $2,700 

Loans 26 $4,100 

Work-study 5 $1,400 

Other 7 $3,700 

Any aid 50 $4,900 

Aid type Percent Average

Grants 54 $3,900 

Loans 44 $4,300 

Work-study 11 $1,400 

Other 11 $4,900 

Any aid 68 $6,800 

*This represents 38 percent of all undergraduates.

NOTE: Based on Compendium tables 1.1a, 1.2a, 3.1a, and 3.1b. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are

categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

Loans only

$4,400

Loans and 

other aid

$9,600

Aided, no 

loans

$3,900

No aid

34%

25%

32%

9%

Loans and 

other aid

$8,400

Aided, no 

loans

$2,400

No aid

Loans only

$4,100

24%

19%

50%

7%

ALL UNDERGRADUATES

FULL-TIME, FULL-YEAR UNDERGRADUATES*
Introduction

4

work-study jobs earned an average of $1,400. A larger proportion of undergraduates received

grants than student loans, but the average amount of the loans was greater than the average grant

amount. Compared to grants and loans, work-study represented a smaller award amount and was

received by a relatively small percentage of students.

The proportions of students receiving various aid packages are also shown in figure 1. Onefourth (24 percent) of all undergraduates received aid, but did not take out a student loan; their

average award amount was $2,400. Seven percent took out student loans and received no other

type of aid; their average loan amount was $4,100. Nineteen percent received a combination of

loans, grants, and other types of aid; they received an average total financial aid package of

$8,400. That is, about three out of four borrowers received grants or other aid in addition to their

student loans, and their total aid amount was larger than the amount for both those who did not

borrow at all and those who borrowed but received no other type of aid.

Students may attend classes at their institution full time or part time, and they may be enrolled for a full academic year or for only part of an academic year.8 The attendance patterns vary

by type of institution. At 4-year colleges and universities, the majority of students are enrolled

full time for a full academic year. At public 2-year colleges, 17 percent of the students are enrolled full time, full year; most of the students are enrolled part time or for only part of an academic year.9 For many comparisons, it is useful to focus only on the full-time, full-year students

at the different types of institutions. In total, 38 percent of the undergraduates in 1995–96 were

enrolled full time, full year. Two-thirds (68 percent) of them received financial aid; 44 percent of

them took out student loans, borrowing an average of $4,300 (figure 1).

Tuition and the Price of Attendance

The basic charges for instruction at postsecondary institutions are the tuition and fees. The

average tuition and fees for undergraduates enrolled full time for a full academic year in 1995–96

were about $1,400 at public 2-year institutions, $3,800 at public 4-year institutions, $12,600 at

private, not-for-profit 4-year colleges and universities, and $6,900 at private, for-profit institutions (figure 2).10 More than half of all undergraduates were enrolled part time or for only part of

an academic year,11 and were charged less than these full-time, full-year tuition amounts.

 

8Full-time is usually defined as 12 or more credit hours of classes. A full academic year is usually 8–10 months.

9Compendium table 5.1b.

10The lower tuition at public institutions reflects the large subsidies that they receive from state governments. The NPSAS:96

tuition averages reported here differ from those based on IPEDS that are reported in other NCES publications because the averages reported here are weighted by enrollment and include both in-jurisdiction and out-of-jurisdiction fees, if applicable.

11Compendium table 5.1b.
Introduction

5

Figure 2—Average tuition, non-tuition, and total price of attendance for undergraduates, by type of 

Figure 2—institution attended and attendance pattern: 1995–96 

NOTE: Based on Compendium table 1.9. Non-tuition expenses are based on institutional student budget estimates and include

room and board, books and supplies, transportation, and personal expenses while enrolled. Amounts may not sum to totals due

to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

FULL-TIME, FULL-YEAR STUDENTS

3,800

12,600

6,900 5,900

7,100

6,900

7,200

1,400

Public 2-year Public 4-year Private, not-for-profit

4-year

Private, for-profit

Non-tuition

Tuition

$7,300

$10,900

$19,400

$14,100

PART-TIME OR PART-YEAR STUDENTS

4,200 4,400

4,500

3,900 4,200

500 1,600

2,800

Public 2-year Public 4-year Private, not-for-profit

4-year

Private, for-profit

Non-tuition

Tuition $3,200

$8,600

$6,100

$8,100
Introduction

6

Tuition and fees are only part of the educational expenses for students. Non-tuition expenses include books and supplies and other living expenses directly related to attendance, such

as room and board, transportation, and personal expenses. The non-tuition expenses used in this

report are based on the student budgets prepared by financial aid offices at postsecondary institutions to estimate the typical expenses for students in a variety of circumstances, taking into account their dependency status and the type and location of housing. The average non-tuition

expenses for full-time, full-year students were estimated to be about $6,000 at community colleges and about $7,000 at the other types of institutions (figure 2).

The total student expense budget may also be called the “price of attendance,”12 and represents the sum of the tuition and fees charged and the estimated non-tuition expenses. The average

price of attendance or student budget for full-time, full-year undergraduates ranged from $7,300

at public 2-year colleges to $19,400 at private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions (figure 2). It

should be stressed that these are the estimated expenses for the student, and not the amounts

charged by the institutions. Unless students live on campus13 and receive room and board, the

tuition and fees are the only portion of the price of attendance that is paid to the institution attended. The average price of attendance for part-time, part-year students at the same type of institution is normally lower.14

Loans, Price of Attendance, and Income

Whether undergraduates take out student loans is related to both their price of attendance

and their family income. The percentage of students taking out loans and the average loan

amount were directly related to their price of attendance (figure 3). Among undergraduates with

an annual price of attendance of $8,000 or more (about three-fourths of all full-time, full-year

students),15 nearly one-half (47 percent) took out a student loan in 1995–96, borrowing an average amount of $4,600. Among those with a price of attendance between $4,000 and $7,999,

about one-fifth (18 percent) borrowed an average of $2,700. Among those with a price of attendance of less than $4,000, who were nearly all part-time students,16 2 percent took out a student

loan, borrowing an average of $1,600.

 

12The U.S. Department of Education used the term “cost of attendance” for the student budgets required to determine financial

aid need for the federal programs in 1995–96.

13About 14 percent of all undergraduates and 29 percent of full-time, full-year undergraduates lived on campus. See Compendium table 5.1c.

14Non-tuition expenses were adjusted to reflect attendance patterns and number of months enrolled.

15Compendium table 2.1c.

16Less than 1 percent of full-time, full-year students had a price of attendance under $4,000 (compendium table 2.1c). Students

must be attending at least half time to be eligible for federal student loans (normally this means enrolled in at least two courses).

About 18 percent of all undergraduates were enrolled less than half time during the entire academic year.
Introduction

7

About half of the undergraduates were financially dependent on their parents as defined by

federal financial aid criteria.17 According to these criteria, undergraduates younger than age 24

are assumed to be dependent unless they are married, have dependents of their own, or are veterans or orphans. All students age 24 or older are considered to be financially independent of their

parents. For dependent students, parents’ income is used in determining the financial aid need of

the student; for independents, only the student’s own income (and spouse’s, if married) is considered. In this report, low income for dependent students is defined as less than $25,000, middle

 

17Compendium table 5.1a.

Figure 3—Percentage of undergraduates receiving any aid and any loans, by price of attendance: 1995–96

NOTE: Based on Compendium tables 1.1.a and 1.2a. Price of attendance is based on institutional student budgets, which

include tuition and estimated non-tuition expenses. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized

as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

18

47

21

31

21

0

20

40

60

80

100

Under $4,000 $4,000–7,999 $8,000 or more

Price of attendance

Percent 

aided

Loans Aided, no loans

49

23

68

2

Average loan $1,600 $2,700 $4,600 
Introduction

8

income as $25,000–$70,000, and high income as over $70,000. For independent students, low

income is defined as less than $10,000, middle income as $10,000–$35,000, and high income as

over $35,000.

High-income students were less likely to take out a student loan than low-income students,

both among dependents and independents (figure 4). However, dependent students from lowincome and from middle-income families borrowed at about the same rates. Among those who

borrowed, high-income dependent students took out somewhat larger loans than low-income dependent students, but the difference was relatively small ($3,500 compared to $3,800).18 At all

income levels, independent students borrowed about $1,000 more than dependent students.

 

18The average amount of the loans was positively correlated with income for dependents, but not for independent students.

Figure 4—Percentage of dependent and independent undergraduates receiving any aid and any loans, by

Figure 4—family income: 1995–96

NOTE: Based on Compendium tables 1.1a and 1.2a. Percentages may not sum to total percentage aided due to rounding.

Middle-income range for parents of dependent students is $25,000–70,000; middle income for independent students is

$10,000–35,000. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

34

19

34

19 8

33

17

15

33

24 36

26

0

20

40

60

80

100

Low Middle High Low Middle High

Percent 

aided Loans Aided, no loans

Dependent family income Independent family income

69

51

34

67

46

32

Average loan $3,500 $3,700 $3,800 $4,600 $4,700 $4,900 
9

The Federal Student Loan Programs

Students were more likely to borrow when their expenses were high; they were less likely

to borrow when their family incomes were high. How much they borrowed, however, appears to

be primarily related to their price of attendance rather than their family income.19 The amounts of

the average loans also reflect the statutes governing the federal student loan programs. These

statutes set limits on the amount that may be borrowed annually and cumulatively depending on

the price of attendance, financial aid need, the student’s dependency status, the student’s class

level, and whether they are enrolled for a full academic year.

Nearly all (99 percent) of the undergraduates who took out student loans in 1995–96 borrowed through one of the federal student loan programs.20 There are a variety of federal student

loan programs, and students may borrow from more than one of them at the same time. Nearly all

(96 percent) of the undergraduates who took out loans in 1995–96 borrowed federal Stafford

loans (subsidized or unsubsidized) through the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program

or the Ford Direct Loan Program. In addition, about 15 percent of the students who borrowed

were awarded federal Perkins loans, and 9 percent of the parents of student borrowers received

federal PLUS loans. Perkins and PLUS loans were usually received in combination with Stafford

loans (figure 5).

Although administered differently, both the FFEL and the Direct Loan programs provide

the same type of loans to students and to their parents. A major difference between the two programs is that the loan funds for the FFEL program are provided by banks and other lenders, while

the loan funds for the Direct Loan program come directly from the federal government. In the

FFEL program, the federal government guarantees the loans (that is, insures them against default)

through state guaranty agencies; in the Direct Loan program, the loan funds are provided directly

by the federal government to educational institutions for their students. In nearly all other respects, the type of loans and the conditions under which they are lent are the same. Both programs provide Stafford loans to students and PLUS loans to the parents of dependent students.

 

19There was a strong positive correlation between federal loan amounts and the price of attendance, a weak positive correlation

with dependent incomes, and no correlation with independent student incomes.

20Compendium table 1.4a. Only 4 percent of student borrowers had non-federal loans, and most of these students also had federal loans.
The Federal Student Loan Programs

10

There are two types of Stafford loans for students: subsidized and unsubsidized. The subsidized Stafford loans are need based,21 and the federal government pays the interest while the student is enrolled. The unsubsidized Stafford loans are not need based, and the student is charged

interest while enrolled. Students may receive both types at the same time, but the subsidized

amount may not exceed the student’s need.

 

21Need for federal financial aid is determined by subtracting the expected family contribution from the student budget.

Figure 5—Percentage distribution of federal student loan borrowers with loans from various federal 

Figure 7—programs according to loan combination and average loan amounts: 1995–96

NOTE: Based on Compendium tables 1.4a, 1.4b, 1.5a, and 1.5b. Percentages do not sum to totals due to rounding. Parent 

PLUS loans are included only if the student also borrowed. Any of the categories may also include non-federal loans.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

7%

11%

78%

Stafford, Perkins,

 and PLUS

$10,400

1%

Perkins only

$1,500

2%

Stafford only

$4,000

Stafford and 

Perkins

$5,400

Stafford and 

PLUS

$9,100

 7%

78%

 Average 

 Percent amount

Stafford loans 96% $3,900

Perkins loans 15% $1,400

PLUS loans 9% $5,800

Other 

combinations 

<1%

11%
The Federal Student Loan Programs

11

The rules limiting the maximum amount of Stafford loans that a student may borrow during

an academic year are quite complex. The maximum amounts vary by dependency and class level

and whether the student qualifies for the need-based subsidized portion of the loans. In general,

independent students may borrow more than dependent students, and the loan limits are increased as the student completes a class level. The annual maximum amounts during the 1995–

96 academic year are shown in table 1. For students enrolled less than a full academic year, these

limits were lower. A student enrolled for only one semester could only borrow half of these

amounts, for example.

Table 1—Annual maximum amounts of federal Stafford loans for 1995–96 undergraduates

Dependent students Independent students

Subsidized Unsubsidized Total Subsidized Unsubsidized Total

Class level

 First-year $2,625 $2,625 $2,625 $2,625 $4,000 $6,625 

 Second-year 3,500 3,500 3,500 3,500 4,000 7,500 

 Third-year 5,500 5,500 5,500 5,500 5,000 10,500 

 Fourth-year 5,500 5,500 5,500 5,500 5,000 10,500 

 Fifth-year 5,500 5,500 5,500 5,500 5,000 10,500 

All years 23,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 46,000 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, The Student Guide to Financial Aid, 1995–96.

For dependent students, the total annual maximum amount was always the same within a

class level, whether the student received a subsidized loan, an unsubsidized loan, or a combination of both. For example, first-year dependent students were limited to $2,625, whether the

amount was totally subsidized or totally unsubsidized. Independent students, on the other hand,

could borrow up to the sum of the subsidized and unsubsidized maximum. For example, firstyear independent students with need could borrow a subsidized amount up to $2,625 plus an additional unsubsidized $4,000, for a total Stafford loan of $6,625. About one-half of the dependent

borrowers took out loans for the maximum amount (from $2,625 to $5,500 depending on class

level).22 Among independent borrowers, who could take out much larger loans (from $6,625 to

$10,500 depending on class level and need), 13 percent borrowed the maximum amounts.23

The proportion of Stafford loan borrowers who took out subsidized loans, unsubsidized

loans, or both varied by dependency and income level (figure 6). Among dependent student

 

22Compendium table 1.8b.

23Compendium table 1.8b.
The Federal Student Loan Programs

12

borrowers, nearly all of the low-income students (97 percent), most of the middle-income students (88 percent), and about one-half of the high-income students (47 percent) qualified for the

subsidized loans. Among the independent student borrowers, nearly all (96 to 97 percent) of the

low- and middle-income and 71 percent of the high-income students qualified for the subsidized

loans. Dependent borrowers were less likely to take out both subsidized and unsubsidized loans

Figure 6—Percentage distribution of Stafford loan borrowers with subsidized or unsubsidized loans 

Figure 6—according to Stafford combination, by dependency and income: 1995–96

NOTE: Based on Compendium table 1.7. Middle-income range for parents of dependent students is $25,000–70,000; middleincome for independent students is $10,000–35,000. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

69

33 28

10

19

14

45

50

43

12

52

29

46 52

87

3 3 4

0

20

40

60

80

100

Low Middle High Low Middle High

Dependent family income

Percent of 

borrowers

Subsidized only Both Unsubsidized only

Independent family income

Stafford loan

Unsubsidized only

Both

Subsidized only 

$3,600

$3,500 

$4,500

$3,400 

$3,300

$3,100

$5,200

$3,100 

$3,500

$3,000 

$4,600

$3,300 

$4,800

$3,700

$6,500

$3,300 

$4,500

$2,600 

$6,200

$3,100

$4,700

$3,300 

$6,300

$3,000

Average amounts:
The Federal Student Loan Programs

13

than independent borrowers at all income levels. Among all dependent borrowers, 15 percent

obtained both subsidized and unsubsidized loans with an average amount of $4,700; among independent student borrowers, nearly one-half (47 percent) obtained both subsidized and unsubsidized loans with an average amount of $6,300.24

PLUS loans to the parents of dependent students are also part of the FFEL and Direct Loan

programs, although they are not “student” loans. The rationale for the differences in the maximum Stafford student loan amounts by dependency status is that if a dependent student needs

more loan aid, the additional amounts may be borrowed by the parents through a federal PLUS

loan, while independent students are not expected to be able to rely on such parental support.

The interest on PLUS loans is not subsidized; they are not need based; and the parents must

demonstrate a good credit history in order to qualify. The amount of an annual PLUS loan is only

limited to the price of attendance minus any other financial aid, so the loans may be quite large.

The average PLUS loan in 1995–96 was about $5,900. PLUS loans were usually taken by parents

to supplement Stafford loans to the students (figure 5). Since the focus of this report is on borrowing by students, PLUS loans have not been included in the percentages or averages in the rest

of this report.

Federal Perkins loans to students are not a part of the FFEL and Direct Loan programs. The

funds for this program are allocated to the institutions, which have some discretion in awarding

the loans to individual students. Perkins loans are need based and interest free while the student

is enrolled, and have lower interest rates than Stafford loans. However, the amount available to

students is limited by the allocation to the institution, while the amounts borrowed through the

FFEL or Direct Loan programs are not. Among all federal loan borrowers in 1995–96, 15 percent

received a Perkins loan with an average amount of $1,400. Perkins loans were often awarded to

students who also had Stafford loans, however. The 11 percent of borrowers who had both Perkins and Stafford loans (but not PLUS loans) had an average loan amount of $5,400 (figure 5).

About 1 percent of the borrowers received Perkins and Stafford loans, and their parents also took

out a PLUS loan; the average amount of all three loans was $10,400 (figure 5).

 

24Compendium table 1.7.

15

Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

There were substantial differences in the average tuition and price of attendance for fulltime, full-year students by the type of institution attended. There were also differences in the

price of attendance between full-time, full-year students and those enrolled part time or for a part

year within the same type of institution, as shown in figure 2. The differences in the price of attendance are reflected in the proportions of undergraduates taking out student loans, receiving

grants, and receiving any type of financial aid. Figure 7 shows these proportions for all undergraduates, and figure 8 for only full-time, full-year undergraduates, who have the highest average

price of attendance.

At public 2-year institutions, 6 percent of all undergraduates took out loans in 1995–96,

followed by 36 percent at public 4-year, 45 percent at private, not-for-profit 4-year, and 56 percent at private, for-profit institutions (figure 7). Among full-time, full-year undergraduates, the

percentage of students borrowing was higher: 16 percent at public 2-year, 45 percent at public 4-

year, 57 percent at private, not-for-profit 4-year, and 68 percent at private, for-profit institutions

(figure 8).

The percentage of students taking out loans and the amount of the loans in 1995–96 give

only a partial picture of student borrowing. Except for those beginning postsecondary education

for the first time (about 16 percent of the total),25 most undergraduates enrolled in 1995–96 had

also attended in prior years and may have borrowed previously. In general, the cumulative total

amount borrowed as an undergraduate may be expected to increase as the student progresses

through college. Most college seniors, for example, could have taken out student loans for four

years. The description of the student borrowing patterns within each type of institution will also

show the cumulative total amount that students had borrowed through the federal loan programs

through the 1995–96 academic year.26

In addition to differences in the price of attendance, borrowing patterns reflect variations in

the characteristics of students attending the different types of institutions, such as dependency,

family income, and full- or part-time enrollment. The percentage distribution of the students

within each type of institution according to these characteristics is shown in table 2.

 

25U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary

Education Institutions: 1995–96 (Washington D.C.: 1998), table 2.4.

26Cumulative loan amounts for non-federal student loan programs are not available.
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

16

Figure 7—Percentage of all undergraduates receiving any aid, grants, or loans, by type of institution 

Figure 6—attended: 1995–96

Average total aid $1,900 $5,200 $8,900 $5,000

Average grants $1,300 $2,600 $5,400 $2,000

Average loans $2,700 $4,200 $4,600 $4,100

NOTE: Based on Compendium table 1.1a. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as

“other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

$// 81'(5*5$'8$7(6

33

55

71

77

28

40

61

55

6

36

45

56

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Public 2-year Public 4-year Private, not-for-profit 

4-year 

Private, for-profit

Any aid Grants Loans

Percent
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

17

Figure 8—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates receiving any aid, grants, or loans, by type of

Figure 6—institution attended: 1995–96

Average total aid $3,100 $6,000 $10,900 $6,500

Average grants $2,000 $3,000 $6,600 $2,500

Average loans $2,900 $4,400 $4,700 $4,800

NOTE: Based on Compendium table 1.1a. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as

“other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

)8//7,0( )8//<($5 81'(5*5$'8$7(6

53

66

80

85

45

49

72

60

16

45

57

68

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Public 2-year Public 4-year Private, not-for-profit 

4-year

Private, for-profit

Any aid Grants Loans

Percent
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

18

Table 2—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to selected characteristics, by type of 

Table 2—institution attended: 1995–96

Private, 

Public Public not-for-profit Private,

2-year 4-year 4-year for-profit Total

 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 16.8 56.6 60.7 36.3 38.3 

 Part-time or part-year 83.2 43.4 39.3 63.7 61.7 

Dependency status

 Dependent 37.6 63.0 64.6 29.1 49.2 

 Independent 62.4 37.0 35.4 71.0 50.8 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 25.7 22.6 22.8 41.9 24.8 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 53.1 48.8 44.9 40.5 49.0 

 High (over $70,000) 21.2 28.6 32.4 17.6 26.1 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 24.1 34.0 26.8 44.1 29.1 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 49.0 41.6 41.0 41.5 45.4 

 High (over $35,000) 26.9 24.4 32.3 14.4 25.5 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 52.9 13.3 11.7 9.1 31.2 

 $4,000–7,999 36.9 25.5 12.9 22.4 28.9 

 $8,000 or more 10.2 61.2 75.4 68.6 39.9 

Dependency status

 Dependent 66.0 79.8 83.9 34.2 73.9 

 Independent 34.0 20.3 16.1 65.8 26.1 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 25.3 22.3 21.9 39.0 23.3 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 55.0 47.9 45.2 42.5 48.3 

 High (over $70,000) 19.7 29.8 32.9 18.5 28.4 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 40.7 50.4 45.9 46.5 45.8 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 44.3 37.3 39.1 40.0 40.0 

 High (over $35,000) 15.0 12.3 15.1 13.5 14.2 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 

 $4,000–7,999 68.0 15.3 3.7 4.1 23.3 

 $8,000 or more 31.3 84.7 96.3 95.9 76.6 

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to total due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

All undergraduates

Full-time, full-year undergraduates
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

19

Public 2-Year Institutions

Public 2-year institutions, usually called community colleges, enrolled 43 percent of all undergraduates in 1995–96, more than any other type of institution.27 The majority of these students

(83 percent), however, were enrolled part time or for less than a full academic year; 17 percent

were enrolled full time for a full academic year (figure 9).

The average full-time, full-year tuition and fees at public 2-year institutions in 1995–96

were $1,400. The average tuition and fees for the 83 percent of public 2-year students who did

not enroll full time for a full academic year were about $500. About one-half (53 percent) of all

the students at public 2-year institutions had a price of attendance under $4,000; 10 percent had a

price of attendance over $8,000 (table 2).

The relatively low tuition and the high proportion of part-time students are reflected in the

relatively low percentage of students who took out loans in 1995–96. Six percent of the community college students borrowed in 1995–96, while 27 percent received a financial aid package

without loans (figure 9). About 31 percent of the students were enrolled less than half time, and

were therefore not eligible for the federal loan programs.28 Among the students enrolled full time

for the full academic year, about one-half received financial aid, and 16 percent took out a student loan. Independent students were more likely to borrow than dependent students, and the independent students also borrowed larger loan amounts. One-fourth (24 percent) of full-time, fullyear independent students borrowed an average of $3,600, compared to 12 percent of dependent

students, who borrowed an average of $2,200.29

Because most community college students attend part time, it may take several years for

them to complete the coursework for a class level, and they may take out loans during more than

one academic year to do this. Although only 6 percent of public 2-year undergraduates took out a

student loan in 1995–96, about one-fifth (21 percent) had borrowed a federal loan at some time,

and the cumulative total federal loan amount averaged $4,600 (figure 9).

Among students in the first class level at community colleges, 18 percent had received a

federal loan at some time, with an average cumulative total of $4,200. Among second-year students, one-fourth (26 percent) had received federal loans, with an average total of $5,000. These

students did not necessarily borrow all of this to attend a community college, since some of the

 

27Compendium table 1.10.

28U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study

(NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

29Compendium table 1.1b.
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

20

Figure 9—Student borrowing and receipt of other aid among undergraduates in public 2-year institutions: 

Figure 9—1995–96

Attendance Percent of Average Average price Percent with Average Percent with Total

status students tuition of attendance loans loan any aid aid

Total 100% $600 $3,900 6% $2,700 33% $1,900

Full-time, full-year 17% $1,400 $7,300 16% $2,900 53% $3,100

Part-time or part-year 83% $500 $3,200 4% $2,600 29% $1,500

FEDERAL LOANS

Class Ever Cumulative

level* borrowed amount

First-year 18% $4,200

Second-year 26% $5,000

*Students beyond the second year are not shown.

NOTE: Based on Compendium tables 1.1b, 1.2b, 1.3b, and 1.9. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are

categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

Aided, no 

loans

$1,400

Loans and 

other aid

$4,900

Loans only

$2,400

No aid

67%

2% 4%

27%

No aid

Aided, no 

loans

$2,500

Loans and 

other aid

$5,500

Loans only

$2,700

37%

47%

11%

5%

All undergraduates

Never 

borrowed

Ever 

borrowed

$4,600

21%

79%

LOANS AND OTHER FINANCIAL AID IN 1995–96

CUMULATIVE FEDERAL LOAN BORROWING THROUGH 1995–96

Full-time, full-year undergraduates
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

21

students may have borrowed previously to attend a 4-year college and then transferred to a lower

tuition public 2-year college.

Public 4-Year Institutions

The public 4-year colleges and universities enrolled 30 percent of all undergraduates and 45

percent of all full-time, full-year undergraduates in 1995–96.30 Almost two-thirds (63 percent) of

the undergraduates were dependent, and more than one-half (57 percent) were enrolled full time

for the full academic year. Among full-time, full-year students at public 4-year institutions, 80

percent were dependent (table 2).

The average tuition and fees for full-time, full-year undergraduates attending public 4-year

institutions in 1995–96 were $3,800, and the average total price of attendance was $10,900 (figure 10). Two-thirds (66 percent) of these undergraduates received financial aid, with an average

amount of $6,000. Almost one-half (45 percent) of the full-time, full-year undergraduates took

out a student loan, borrowing an average of $4,400.

About one-fifth (22 percent) of the full-time, full-year undergraduates received financial aid

without taking out a loan. Their average aid amount was $3,600. One-third (34 percent) of the

full-time, full-year students received a financial aid package that included loans and other aid;

these students received an average of $8,100 in total aid.

Among the full-time, full-year dependent students in public 4-year institutions, about onehalf of both low-income (51 percent) and middle-income (47 percent) students took out loans in

1995–96 (figure 11). However, 81 percent of the low-income students received grants, compared

to 45 percent of the middle-income students, and the average grant amount received by lowincome students was larger than that received by the middle-income students ($3,900 versus

$2,500).31

Nearly one-half (47 percent) of the undergraduates in public 4-year colleges and universities had taken out a federal student loan at some time, and their average cumulative loan totaled

$7,900 (figure 10). The cumulative total loan amounts increased by class level. Among the students still in their first year, 41 percent had taken out a federal loan, with an average total of

$3,500. Among those identified as graduating seniors, 52 percent had taken out a federal loan at

some time, and the average cumulative total federal loan amount was $11,800.

 

30Compendium table 1.10.

31Compendium table 1.1c.
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

22

Figure 10—Student borrowing and receipt of other aid among undergraduates in public 4-year

Figure 10—institutions: 1995–96

Attendance Percent of Average Average price Percent Average Percent with Total

status students tuition of attendance with loans loan any aid aid

Total 100% $2,800 $8,800 36% $4,200 55% $5,200

Full-time, full-year 57% $3,800 $10,900 45% $4,400 66% $6,000

Part-time or part-year 43% $1,600 $6,100 24% $3,700 41% $3,700

FEDERAL LOANS

Class Ever Cumulative

level borrowed amount

First-year 41% $3,500 

Second-year 44% $5,700 

Third-year 50% $8,200 

Fourth-year

 or more 52% $11,000 

Graduating

 seniors 52% $11,800 

NOTE: Based on Compendium tables 1.1c, 1.2c, 1.3c, and 1.9. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are

categorized as “other aid.” Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

No aid

Loans only

$4,200

Loans and 

other aid

$7,500

Aided, no 

loans

$2,800 20%

45%

26%

10%

No aid

Aided, no 

loans

$3,600

Loans and 

other aid

$8,100

Loans only

$4,500

22%

34%

34%

11%

All undergraduates

Ever 

borrowed

$7,900

Never 

borrowed

53% 47%

CUMULATIVE FEDERAL LOAN BORROWING THROUGH 1995–96

Full-time, full-year undergraduates

LOANS AND OTHER FINANCIAL AID IN 1995–96
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

23

Figure 11—Percentage of dependent full-time, full-year undergraduates receiving any aid and any loans at

Figure 4b—4-year institutions, by family income: 1995–96

NOTE: Based on Compendium tables 1.1c and 1.1d. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are

categorized as “other aid.” Middle-income range for parents of dependent students is $25,000–70,000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

51 47

22

66 65

36

35

20

18

24 23

24

0

20

40

60

80

100

Low Middle High Low Middle High

Dependent family income

Percent 

aided

Loans Aided, no loans

86

40

67

90 88

60

PUBLIC 4-YEAR PRIVATE, NOT-FOR-PROFIT 4-YEAR

Average loan $3,700 $3,900 $3,900 $4,300 $4,400 $4,100 

Average grant $3,900 $2,500 $2,600 $8,100 $7,100 $5,100 

Total aid $6,400 $5,300 $4,800 $12,100 $11,700 $9,000 

Dependent family income
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

24

Private, Not-for-Profit 4-Year Institutions

The private, not-for-profit 4-year colleges and universities enrolled 14 percent of all undergraduates, about half as many as the public 4-year institutions.32 About two-thirds (65 percent) of

the students were dependent, and 61 percent were enrolled full time for the full academic year.

Among full-time, full-year students, 84 percent were dependent (table 2).

The average tuition and fees of full-time, full-year undergraduates at private, not-for-profit

4-year institutions in 1995–96 were $12,600, and the average total price of attendance was

$19,400 (figure 12). The large proportion of undergraduates who received financial aid reflects

these relatively high levels of tuition and student budgets. Eighty percent of the full-time, fullyear undergraduates received financial aid, with an average total aid package of $10,900. About

three-fourths (72 percent) of the full-time, full-year students received grants, with an average

value of $6,600, and one-fourth (26 percent) of the full-time, full-year students held a work-study

job, earning an average of $1,400.33

More than half (57 percent) of those enrolled full time, full year took out a student loan in

1995–96, borrowing an average of $4,700 (figure 12). One-fourth (24 percent) of these undergraduates received an aid package that did not include loans; the average amount of their aid was

$6,700. One-half (52 percent) received a financial aid package that did include loans and other

aid, averaging $13,300.

Among full-time, full-year dependent students, two-thirds of both low-income and middleincome students took out loans, and their average loan amounts were similar ($4,300–$4,400)

(figure 11). Ninety percent of low-income full-time, full-year dependent students received financial aid at private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions, with an average total aid package of $12,100.

About the same percentage (88 percent) of middle-income dependent students received financial

aid, with a similar total aid amount ($11,700). Eighty percent or more of both middle- and lowincome dependent full-time, full-year students received grants, with an average value of $7,100

to $8,100.34

Slightly more than one-half (54 percent) of the undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-

year colleges and universities had taken out a federal student loan at some time, borrowing a total

cumulative loan average of $8,700 (figure 12). Among first-year students, one-half (50 percent)

 

32Compendium table 1.10.

33Compendium tables 3.8a, 3.8b. At public 4-year institutions, 8 percent of full-time, full-year undergraduates held work-study

jobs (Compendium table 3.6a).

34Compendium table 1.1d. The difference in the average amounts is not statistically significant.
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

25

Figure 12—Student borrowing and receipt of other aid among undergraduates in private, not-for-profit

Figure 12—4-year institutions: 1995–96

Attendance Percent of Average Average price Percent with Average Percent with Total

status students tuition of attendance loans loan any aid aid

Total 100% $9,300 $15,000 45% $4,600 71% $8,900 

Full-time, full-year 61% $12,600 $19,400 57% $4,700 80% $10,900 

Part-time or part-year 39% $4,200 $8,100 26% $4,400 56% $4,800 

FEDERAL LOANS

Class Ever Cumulative

level borrowed amount

First-year 50% $4,000 

Second-year 53% $6,900 

Third-year 58% $9,900 

Fourth-year

 or more 56% $13,200 

Graduating

 seniors 57% $14,100 

NOTE: Based on Compendium tables 1.1d, 1.2d, 1.3d, and 1.9. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are

categorized as “other aid.” Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

No aid

Loans only

$4,900 Loans and 

other aid

$12,200

Aided, no 

loans

$4,900 29%

39%

6%

26% Loans only

$5,000

Loans and 

other aid

$13,300

Aided, no 

loans

$6,700

No aid

24%

20%

52%

5%

All undergraduates

Never 

borrowed

Ever 

borrowed

$8,700

46% 54%

LOANS AND OTHER FINANCIAL AID IN 1995–96

CUMULATIVE FEDERAL LOAN BORROWING THROUGH 1995–96

Full-time, full-year undergraduates
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

26

had taken out a federal loan, with a total cumulative average of $4,000. Among graduating seniors, 57 percent had taken out a federal loan at some time, and the average total amount borrowed

was $14,100. Among the graduating seniors who had borrowed at some time, two-thirds had

taken out federal loans during three or more years of their undergraduate education.35

Private, for-Profit Institutions

The private, for-profit institutions enrolled 5 percent of all undergraduates.36 Primarily they

offered vocational certificate and associate’s degree programs. Many of the vocational certificate

programs may be completed in less than a full academic year if the students are enrolled full

time. In the private, for-profit institutions, the proportion of students enrolled full time for less

than a full academic year was similar to the proportion enrolled full time for a full academic

year.37

The average tuition and fees for full-time, full-year students at private, for-profit institutions were $6,900, which was higher than the average at public 4-year institutions ($3,800), but

lower than the average at private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions ($12,600). The average price

of attendance for full-time, full-year students was $14,100, and for those attending part time or

part year, it was $8,600 (figure 13).

Almost three-fourths (71 percent) of the students in private, for-profit institutions were independent, and 44 percent of these students had incomes of less than $10,000. Among the dependent students attending private, for-profit institutions, 42 percent came from families with

incomes under $25,000, which was a larger percentage of low-income students than that in either

public 2-year or 4-year institutions (table 2).

The combination of tuition levels that were higher than those in public institutions, and income distributions that were lower than both those in public 2-year and 4-year institutions, resulted in a higher proportion of students qualifying for need-based financial aid (86 percent) at

private, for-profit institutions than at the other types of institutions.38 Three-fourths (77 percent)

of all the students received financial aid, and about one-half (56 percent) took out a student loan,

borrowing an average amount of $4,100. Among the full-time, full-year students, two-thirds (68

percent) took out student loans, borrowing an average amount of $4,800 (figure 13).

 

35U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study

(NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

36Compendium table 1.10.

37Compendium table 5.1b. At 4-year and public 2-year institutions, 10 to 12 percent were enrolled full time for part of the academic year.

38Compendium table 4.3a.
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

27

Figure 13—Student borrowing and receipt of other aid among undergraduates in private, for-profit

Figure 13—institutions: 1995–96

Attendance Percent of Average Average price Percent with Average Percent with Total

status students tuition of attendance loans loan any aid aid

Total 100% $5,300 $10,500 56% $4,100 77% $5,000 

Full-time, full-year 36% $6,900 $14,100 68% $4,800 85% $6,500 

Part-time or part-year 64% $4,400 $8,600 50% $3,700 74% $4,200 

FEDERAL LOANS

Class Ever Cumulative

level* borrowed amount

First-year 65% $4,400 

Second-year 67% $9,200 

*Students beyond the second year are not shown.

NOTE: Based on Compendium tables 1.1e, 1.2e, 1.3e, and 1.9. “Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are

categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

No aid

Loans only

$4,700

Loans and 

other aid

$6,400

Aided, no 

loans

$2,800

23% 21%

40%

16%

Loans only

$5,500

Loans and 

other aid

$7,600

Aided, no 

loans

$3,900

No aid

17%

15%

51%

17%

All undergraduates

Never 

borrowed

Ever 

borrowed

$6,200

64%

36%

LOANS AND OTHER FINANCIAL AID IN 1995–96

CUMULATIVE FEDERAL LOAN BORROWING THROUGH 1995–96

Full-time, full-year undergraduates
Student Borrowing at Different Types of Institutions

28

At for-profit institutions, nearly two-thirds of first- and second-year students had obtained a

federal loan either in 1995–96 or in prior years. The cumulative average federal loan amount for

first-year students was $4,400; for second-year students (11 percent of the total),39 it was $9,200.

 

39U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study

(NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.
29

Summary

About one-fourth of all undergraduates took out a student loan in 1995–96, borrowing an

average of $4,100. Most students who took out loans also received grants or other types of aid.

Relatively few students at community colleges (6 percent of those enrolled) took out student

loans in 1995–96 because tuition was low and most students enrolled part time. However, 36

percent of students attending public 4-year institutions had taken out student loans, 45 percent at

private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions, and 56 percent at private, for-profit institutions. The

proportion of students with loans increased when tuition and total price of attendance increased.

Low- and middle-income dependent students borrowed at about the same rates, while upperincome students borrowed at lower rates.

Nearly all of those with student loans in 1995–96 had taken out federal subsidized or unsubsidized Stafford loans through the FFEL or Direct Loan programs. The subsidized loans are

need based, while the unsubsidized loans are available to students at all income levels without a

need test. Most low-income dependent borrowers took out only subsidized loans; about one-half

of the high-income dependent borrowers qualified only for unsubsidized loans. Nearly one-half

of independent student borrowers at all income levels took out both subsidized and unsubsidized

loans, with an average loan of $6,300.

The maximum amounts of Stafford loans that students may borrow during an academic

year vary by class level and dependency. The annual loan limits for Stafford loans are much

higher for independent than for dependent students. About half of the dependent students with

loans borrowed the maximum amount, compared to 13 percent of the independent students, who

could borrow at least twice as much as dependent students.

The proportion of students who ever took out a federal loan is higher than the proportion

who borrowed in a given academic year, and the cumulative amount borrowed increases as the

student progresses through college. Among 4-year college seniors in 1995–96, about one-half

had borrowed through the federal student loan programs. The cumulative federal student loan

amount for graduating seniors at public 4-year colleges and universities was almost $12,000;

graduating seniors at private, not-for-profit institutions had borrowed about $14,000. At current

student-loan interest rates (about 8 percent), it would require average monthly payments of ap-
Summary

30

proximately $150 to $175 over a period of 10 years to repay the average cumulative amount of

federal loans borrowed by graduating college seniors through 1995–96.40

 

40For more information on repayment, see U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Labor

Force Experience and Debt Burden (Washington, D.C.: 1997).
31

TABLE COMPENDIUM

33

Section 1: Student Loans

The tables in this section provide details for the essay and are summarized in the figures to

the essay.
Table 1.1a—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving any aid, any grants, or any loans, and average 

Table 1.1a—amount received

 Total aid Total grants Total loans1

 Average Average Average

 Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount

 Total 49.7 $4,926 39.0 $2,716 25.6 $4,074 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 23.1 763 19.6 652 1.7 1,573 

 $4,000–7,999 48.7 2,691 39.0 1,695 18.1 2,708 

 $8,000 or more 68.3 7,280 52.9 3,967 47.0 4,582 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 69.1 5,832 64.7 3,707 36.0 3,530 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 50.8 6,024 35.9 3,578 33.9 3,728 

 High (over $70,000) 33.8 5,815 19.5 3,534 19.1 3,818 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 67.4 4,763 60.5 2,235 34.0 4,555 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 45.6 3,646 35.1 1,582 19.4 4,651 

 High (over $35,000) 32.1 2,555 22.1 1,376 8.4 4,851 

Type of institution2

 Public, 2-year 32.8 1,890 27.6 1,255 6.3 2,739 

 Public, 4-year 55.2 5,244 40.3 2,587 35.6 4,153 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 70.7 8,944 60.8 5,442 44.8 4,610 

 Private, for-profit 77.1 5,049 54.9 1,979 55.8 4,141 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 68.4 6,832 54.1 3,864 43.7 4,345 

 Part-time or part-year 38.3 2,843 29.9 1,444 14.4 3,579 

Dependency status

 Dependent 50.9 5,923 38.8 3,626 30.5 3,685 

 Independent 48.5 3,915 39.2 1,846 20.9 4,626 

All undergraduates

_______

34
Table 1.1a—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving any aid, any grants, or any loans, and average 

Table 1.1a—amount received—Continued

 Total aid Total grants Total loans1

 Average Average Average

 Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount

 Total 68.4 $6,832 54.1 $3,864 43.7 $4,345 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 — — — — — —

 $4,000–7,999 56.7 3,232 48.3 2,216 20.7 2,751 

 $8,000 or more 71.0 7,873 56.0 4,424 49.4 4,600 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 85.6 7,189 80.7 4,631 49.4 3,775 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 66.9 6,965 49.9 4,134 46.3 3,946 

 High (over $70,000) 43.9 6,464 26.8 3,865 25.8 3,956 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 88.3 7,051 81.9 3,151 57.6 5,251 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 75.9 6,215 57.6 2,600 48.6 5,449 

 High (over $35,000) 55.3 5,638 25.3 2,907 34.3 5,683 

Type of institution2

 Public, 2-year 52.6 3,108 44.6 2,044 15.8 2,935 

 Public, 4-year 66.3 6,012 49.4 3,020 44.8 4,352 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 80.3 10,876 71.9 6,575 56.8 4,683 

 Private, for-profit 85.4 6,457 59.9 2,502 68.3 4,761 

Dependency status

 Dependent 64.8 6,938 50.5 4,279 41.2 3,900 

 Independent 78.6 6,587 64.1 2,939 50.7 5,368 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

2 Excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

Full-time, full-year undergraduates

_______

35
Table 1.1b—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 2-year institutions receiving any aid, any

Table 1.1b—grants, or any loans, and average amounts received

 Total aid Total grants Total loans*

 Average Average Average

 Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount

 

 Total 32.8 $1,890 27.6 $1,255 6.3 $2,739 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 22.1 660 19.3 594 1.0 1,356 

 $4,000–7,999 43.0 2,217 35.9 1,558 9.9 2,378 

 $8,000 or more 52.6 3,619 42.0 1,895 21.0 3,699 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 47.2 2,187 45.0 1,820 7.1 1,985 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 23.1 1,637 16.9 1,013 7.7 2,191 

 High (over $70,000) 9.6 1,336 5.4 1,011 2.5 —

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 54.5 2,493 48.7 1,583 11.6 3,284 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 34.7 1,819 29.2 1,059 6.2 3,032 

 High (over $35,000) 24.2 923 19.2 573 1.5 —

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 52.6 3,108 44.6 2,044 15.8 2,935 

 Part-time or part-year 28.9 1,451 24.3 965 4.4 2,600 

Dependency status

 Dependent 26.4 1,866 21.7 1,443 6.4 2,144 

 Independent 36.7 1,901 31.2 1,176 6.2 3,108 

 Total 52.6 3,108 44.6 2,044 15.8 2,935 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 — — — — — —

 $4,000–7,999 50.3 2,726 43.4 2,030 12.8 2,323 

 $8,000 or more 56.4 3,913 45.9 2,119 22.7 3,688 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 75.6 3,001 72.4 2,490 14.8 1,950 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 38.1 2,005 29.6 1,308 13.1 2,343 

 High (over $70,000) 15.5 — 10.6 — 4.4 —

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 85.0 4,268 79.2 2,426 23.9 4,302 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 69.5 3,675 56.8 1,968 27.7 3,243 

 High (over $35,000) 37.6 — 17.3 — 10.0 —

Dependency status

 Dependent 43.1 2,421 36.6 1,895 11.8 2,223 

 Independent 71.0 3,917 60.0 2,222 23.5 3,630 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

Full-time, full-year undergraduates

All undergraduates

_______

36
Table 1.1c—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 4-year institutions receiving any aid, any

Table 1.1c—grants, or any loans, and average amounts received

 Total aid Total grants Total loans*

 Average Average Average

 Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount

 Total 55.2 $5,244 40.3 $2,587 35.6 $4,153 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 20.3 929 15.1 661 3.5 1,837 

 $4,000–7,999 54.4 3,328 41.0 1,916 29.7 2,935 

 $8,000 or more 63.5 6,236 45.8 2,978 45.2 4,532 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 77.1 5,953 71.5 3,618 46.8 3,543 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 58.8 4,918 37.9 2,323 41.7 3,701 

 High (over $70,000) 35.8 4,555 17.0 2,370 19.6 3,793 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 72.7 6,465 66.1 2,536 52.9 4,960 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 50.6 5,007 35.3 1,863 31.9 5,124 

 High (over $35,000) 31.2 2,848 18.1 1,123 11.5 5,073 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 66.3 6,012 49.4 3,020 44.8 4,352 

 Part-time or part-year 41.1 3,668 28.9 1,641 23.7 3,682 

Dependency status

 Dependent 56.3 5,172 39.5 2,858 36.6 3,670 

 Independent 53.4 5,374 41.6 2,148 34.1 5,033 

 Total 66.3 6,012 49.4 3,020 44.8 4,352 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 — — — — — —

 $4,000–7,999 69.2 3,951 57.4 2,489 35.3 3,122 

 $8,000 or more 65.8 6,400 47.9 3,132 46.5 4,521 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 86.4 6,394 81.3 3,931 51.3 3,713 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 66.6 5,298 45.1 2,464 47.1 3,897 

 High (over $70,000) 40.0 4,835 19.6 2,555 22.4 3,911 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 89.1 7,894 83.2 3,104 69.8 5,440 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 74.8 7,171 53.7 2,610 56.6 6,011 

 High (over $35,000) 50.9 5,880 19.2 2,035 37.9 5,964 

Dependency status

 Dependent 63.1 5,545 45.6 3,059 40.7 3,848 

 Independent 79.1 7,480 64.3 2,911 60.9 5,678 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

Full-time, full-year undergraduates

All undergraduates

_______

37
Table 1.1d—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions receiving

Table 1.1d—any aid, any grants, or any loans, and average amounts received

 Total aid Total grants Total loans*

 Average Average Average

 Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount

 

 Total 70.7 $8,944 60.8 $5,442 44.8 $4,610 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 36.5 1,207 29.6 1,059 3.3 1,823 

 $4,000–7,999 63.3 3,165 53.3 2,016 27.7 2,713 

 $8,000 or more 77.2 10,378 67.5 6,211 53.8 4,820 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 85.9 10,720 82.2 7,084 60.3 4,114 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 81.5 10,862 72.5 6,636 59.9 4,320 

 High (over $70,000) 54.9 8,454 42.5 4,918 33.0 4,049 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 79.6 8,375 72.2 4,273 50.2 5,881 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 63.3 5,862 49.5 2,721 35.0 5,664 

 High (over $35,000) 54.2 4,169 42.2 2,805 16.0 5,658 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 80.4 10,875 71.9 6,575 56.8 4,683 

 Part-time or part-year 55.7 4,812 44.7 2,671 25.6 4,438 

Dependency status

 Dependent 73.9 10,245 65.0 6,401 51.3 4,209 

 Independent 64.7 6,232 53.2 3,306 32.9 5,752 

 Total 80.4 10,875 71.9 6,575 56.8 4,683 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 — — — — — —

 $4,000–7,999 89.0 3,645 82.0 2,453 42.7 2,265 

 $8,000 or more 80.0 11,181 71.5 6,755 57.3 4,751 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 90.4 12,121 86.5 8,118 65.7 4,314 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 87.5 11,667 79.9 7,137 65.2 4,365 

 High (over $70,000) 59.9 9,040 48.5 5,132 36.3 4,147 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 93.3 10,813 88.3 5,420 70.6 6,251 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 85.0 8,807 72.5 3,934 58.9 6,629 

 High (over $35,000) 73.4 7,949 52.5 4,424 44.5 6,886 

Dependency status

 Dependent 79.1 11,126 71.0 6,949 55.8 4,305 

 Independent 87.1 9,684 76.8 4,769 62.1 6,460 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

Full-time, full-year undergraduates

All undergraduates

_______

38
Table 1.1e—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, for-profit institutions receiving any aid,

Table 1.1e—any grants, or any loans, and average amounts received

 Total aid Total grants Total loans*

 Average Average Average

 Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount

 Total 77.1 $5,049 54.9 $1,979 55.8 $4,141 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 51.2 1,252 44.4 865 12.6 1,549 

 $4,000–7,999 72.0 2,920 52.4 1,467 43.7 2,604 

 $8,000 or more 83.7 6,034 57.7 2,250 67.8 4,540 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 87.9 4,859 78.2 1,977 62.0 3,409 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 73.7 5,406 30.0 1,538 66.4 3,521 

 High (over $70,000) 36.0 5,444 2.6 — 32.4 3,690 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 84.7 4,899 76.4 1,983 57.3 4,145 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 79.6 5,154 52.9 1,974 57.0 4,629 

 High (over $35,000) 58.7 4,994 22.5 2,678 40.0 4,837 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 85.4 6,457 59.9 2,502 68.3 4,761 

 Part-time or part-year 73.9 4,169 53.0 1,653 50.2 3,674 

Dependency status

 Dependent 73.0 5,133 45.4 1,857 58.6 3,488 

 Independent 78.8 5,016 58.8 2,018 54.7 4,428 

 Total 85.4 6,457 59.9 2,502 68.3 4,761 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 — — — — — —

 $4,000–7,999 85.6 2,421 71.3 1,784 30.4 —

 $8,000 or more 85.6 6,667 59.3 2,543 70.7 4,808 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 95.2 6,483 82.2 2,681 78.0 3,928 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 86.6 6,226 37.9 1,885 79.6 4,022 

 High (over $70,000) 54.8 6,116 4.6 — 49.4 3,999 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 89.9 6,371 83.0 2,564 67.2 4,847 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 85.8 6,814 58.8 2,522 66.8 5,505 

 High (over $35,000) 73.7 6,155 25.0 2,366 56.7 5,706 

Dependency status

 Dependent 84.1 6,327 49.0 2,405 73.4 3,980 

 Independent 86.1 6,523 65.5 2,539 65.6 5,215 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

Full-time, full-year undergraduates

All undergraduates

_______

39
Table 1.2a—Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates and average amount of financial aid

Table 1.2a—according to combinations of loans and other aid1

 received

 Percentage Average amount of financial aid

 Aided, Loans Aided, Loans

 no and Loans No no and Loans Total 

 loans other aid only aid loans other aid only aid

 Total 24.1 19.1 6.5 50.3 $2,385 $8,424 $4,063 $4,926 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 21.4 1.1 0.6 76.9 656 2,337 1,828 763 

 $4,000–7,999 30.6 12.2 5.9 51.3 1,944 4,472 2,898 2,691 

 $8,000 or more 21.4 36.9 10.0 31.7 4,246 9,739 4,694 7,280 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 33.2 33.0 3.0 30.9 3,221 8,662 3,498 5,832 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 16.9 23.5 10.3 49.2 3,097 9,243 3,488 6,024 

 High (over $70,000) 14.7 10.9 8.2 66.2 3,472 10,453 3,874 5,815 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 33.3 30.4 3.6 32.6 2,198 7,573 4,775 4,763 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 26.2 13.3 6.1 54.4 1,636 7,134 4,687 3,647 

 High (over $35,000) 23.7 3.3 5.1 67.9 1,447 6,879 4,925 2,555 

Type of institution2

 Public, 2-year 26.5 4.1 2.2 67.2 1,378 4,890 2,419 1,891 

 Public, 4-year 19.6 25.7 10.0 44.8 2,808 7,524 4,159 5,244 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 25.9 39.3 5.5 29.4 4,858 12,208 4,890 8,944 

 Private, for-profit 21.3 40.1 15.7 22.9 2,777 6,412 4,651 5,049 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 24.7 34.4 9.3 31.6 3,905 9,591 4,421 6,832 

 Part-time or part-year 23.8 9.8 4.6 61.8 1,413 5,940 3,641 2,843 

Dependency status

 Dependent 20.4 22.6 8.0 49.1 3,218 9,184 3,593 5,923 

 Independent 27.7 15.7 5.1 51.5 1,792 7,368 4,765 3,915 

1

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

2 Excludes students attending more than one institution.

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

40
Table 1.2b—Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 2-year institutions and average

Table 1.2b—amount of financial aid according to combinations of loans and other aid* received

 Percentage Average amount of financial aid

 Aided, Loans Aided, Loans

 no and Loans No no and Loans Total

 loans other aid only aid loans other aid only aid

 Total 26.5 4.1 2.2 67.2 $1,378 $4,890 $2,419 $1,890 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 21.1 0.7 0.3 78.0 596 2,241 — 660 

 $4,000–7,999 33.1 6.3 3.6 57.0 1,821 4,159 2,441 2,217 

 $8,000 or more 31.6 14.6 6.4 47.4 2,415 6,689 — 3,619 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 40.1 5.9 1.2 52.8 1,909 4,122 — 2,187 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 15.4 2.9 4.8 76.9 1,121 3,371 2,240 1,637 

 High (over $70,000) 7.1 0.4 2.1 90.5 942 — — 1,336 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 42.9 9.9 1.7 45.5 1,736 5,586 — 2,493 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 28.5 4.5 1.8 65.3 1,251 5,259 — 1,819 

 High (over $35,000) 22.7 0.7 0.8 75.8 799 — — 923 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 36.8 10.6 5.3 47.4 2,473 5,530 2,692 3,108 

 Part-time or part-year 24.5 2.9 1.6 71.1 1,050 4,420 2,230 1,451 

Dependency status

 Dependent 20.0 3.2 3.3 73.6 1,513 3,733 2,224 1,866 

 Independent 30.4 4.8 1.5 63.3 1,325 5,351 2,677 1,901 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

41
Table 1.2c—Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 4-year institutions and average

Table 1.2c—amount of financial aid according to combinations of loans and other aid* received

 Percentage Average amount of financial aid

 Aided, Loans Aided, Loans

 no and Loans No no and Loans Total

 loans other aid only aid loans other aid only aid

 Total 19.6 25.7 10.0 44.8 $2,808 $7,524 $4,159 $5,244 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 16.8 1.9 1.6 79.7 659 2,461 1,986 929 

 $4,000–7,999 24.8 20.0 9.7 45.6 2,241 4,783 3,100 3,328 

 $8,000 or more 18.3 33.4 11.8 36.6 3,550 8,282 4,606 6,236 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 30.3 42.7 4.1 23.0 4,095 7,473 3,843 5,953 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 17.1 26.8 14.9 41.3 2,807 6,932 3,707 4,918 

 High (over $70,000) 16.2 8.8 10.8 64.2 2,812 8,446 3,980 4,555 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 19.7 48.4 4.5 27.3 2,843 8,065 5,147 6,465 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 18.7 21.5 10.5 49.4 1,870 7,726 5,018 5,007 

 High (over $35,000) 19.6 4.0 7.6 68.8 1,151 6,881 5,124 2,848 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 21.6 33.7 11.1 33.7 3,587 8,068 4,488 6,012 

 Part-time or part-year 17.4 15.6 8.1 58.9 1,547 6,056 3,615 3,668 

Dependency status

 Dependent 19.8 25.3 11.3 43.7 3,253 7,290 3,793 5,172 

 Independent 19.3 26.4 7.7 46.7 2,030 7,906 5,069 5,374 

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

42
Table 1.2d—Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Table 1.2d—and average amount of financial aid according to combinations of loans and other aid1

 received

 Percentage Average amount of financial aid

 Aided, Loans Aided, Loans

 no and Loans No no and Loans Total

 loans other aid only aid loans other aid only aid

 Total 25.9 39.3 5.5 29.4 $4,858 $12,208 $4,890 $8,944 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 33.2 1.9 1.4 63.5 1,084 — — 1,207 

 $4,000–7,999 35.7 21.6 6.1 36.7 2,275 4,509 3,611 3,165 

 $8,000 or more 23.4 48.3 5.5 22.8 6,348 12,895 5,380 10,378 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 25.6 58.2 2.2 14.1 6,261 12,915 — 10,720 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 21.6 54.7 5.2 18.5 6,752 13,124 4,199 10,862 

 High (over $70,000) 22.0 26.4 6.6 45.1 5,513 11,963 4,225 8,454 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 29.5 46.4 3.8 20.4 4,019 11,260 6,909 8,375 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 28.3 26.8 8.2 36.7 2,661 9,319 5,607 5,862 

 High (over $35,000) 38.2 9.2 6.8 45.8 2,844 8,617 5,565 4,169 

Attendance pattern2

 Full-time, full-year 23.5 52.2 4.7 19.7 6,693 13,284 5,015 10,875 

 Part-time or part-year 30.1 19.9 5.7 44.3 2,617 8,081 5,006 4,812 

Dependency status

 Dependent 22.6 46.3 5.0 26.1 6,236 12,850 4,240 10,245 

 Independent 31.8 26.4 6.5 35.3 3,069 10,153 5,794 6,232 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

2

Total average is not in the range of subgroup averages due to missing values.

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

43
Table 1.2e—Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, for-profit institutions and

Table 1.2e—average amount of financial aid according to combinations of loans and other aid* received

 Percentage Average amount of financial aid

 Aided, Loans Aided, Loans

 no and Loans No no and Loans Total

 loans other aid only aid loans other aid only aid

 Total 21.3 40.1 15.7 22.9 $2,777 $6,412 $4,651 $5,049 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 38.6 9.1 3.6 48.8 946 2,350 — 1,252 

 $4,000–7,999 28.3 29.3 14.4 28.0 1,871 3,939 2,902 2,920 

 $8,000 or more 15.9 49.4 18.4 16.3 3,990 7,012 5,176 6,034 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 25.9 56.2 5.8 12.1 2,019 6,320 3,380 4,859 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 7.3 42.0 24.4 26.3 2,136 6,853 3,891 5,406 

 High (over $70,000) 3.6 11.1 21.3 64.0 — — 4,121 5,444 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 27.4 51.2 6.1 15.3 2,560 6,194 4,537 4,899 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 22.6 36.1 20.9 20.4 3,147 6,423 5,132 5,154 

 High (over $35,000) 18.7 10.8 29.2 41.3 3,977 6,885 4,950 4,994 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 17.1 51.4 16.9 14.6 3,934 7,611 5,502 6,457 

 Part-time or part-year 23.7 34.8 15.4 26.2 2,341 5,426 4,139 4,169 

Dependency status

 Dependent 14.5 42.5 16.0 27.0 2,091 6,644 3,868 5,133 

 Independent 24.1 39.1 15.6 21.2 2,946 6,309 4,980 5,016 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

44
Table 1.3a—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates who received a federal student loan in 1995–96 or ever 

Table 1.3a—received a federal student loan through 1996 and average amounts borrowed, by student 

Table 1.3a—characteristics

Cumulative

 Received Amount of Ever received amount Average

federal student federal student federal of federal number

loan in loan in student loans student loans of years

1995–96 1995–96 through 1996 through 1996 borrowed

 Total 25.3 $4,041 37.7 $7,047 1.9 

Price of attendance*

 Less than $4,000 1.6 1,656 21.0 5,327 1.5 

 $4,000–7,999 17.5 2,750 30.2 5,272 1.8 

 $8,000 or more 46.5 4,512 53.7 8,265 2.1 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 35.5 3,509 43.5 6,234 1.9 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 33.5 3,653 39.9 6,611 2.0 

 High (over $70,000) 18.7 3,680 25.4 6,061 1.8 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 33.7 4,567 48.4 8,596 2.1 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 19.0 4,688 38.3 7,297 1.8 

 High (over $35,000) 8.3 4,833 27.3 6,598 1.5 

Type of institution*

 Public, 2-year 6.0 2,840 20.5 4,605 1.4 

 Public, 4-year 35.4 4,130 47.2 7,904 2.1 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 44.3 4,499 53.7 8,682 2.2 

 Private, for-profit 54.3 4,082 63.5 6,161 1.4 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 43.2 4,288 49.7 7,643 2.0 

 Part-time or part-year 14.1 3,585 30.3 6,423 1.8 

Dependency status

 Dependent 30.1 3,615 37.0 6,402 1.9 

 Independent 20.5 4,645 38.4 7,647 1.9 

Undergraduate class level 

 First year 19.6 3,064 30.1 4,146 1.3 

 Second year 22.7 3,596 36.9 5,959 1.8 

 Third year 41.8 4,944 53.0 9,069 2.3 

 Fourth year or more 39.3 5,177 54.0 11,747 2.8 

*Excludes students attending more than one institution.

NOTE: “Federal student loans” exclude parent PLUS loans.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

45
Table 1.3b—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received a federal 

Table 1.3b—student loan in 1995–96 or ever received a federal student loan through 1996 and average 

Table 1.3b—amounts borrowed, by student characteristics

Cumulative

 Received Amount of Ever received amount Average

federal student federal student federal of federal number

loan in loan in student loans student loans of years

1995–96 1995–96 through 1996 through 1996 borrowed

 Total 6.0 $2,840 20.5 $4,605 1.4 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 0.9 1,500 18.3 4,721 1.4 

 $4,000–7,999 9.3 2,484 21.1 4,235 1.5 

 $8,000 or more 20.9 3,713 31.7 5,160 1.5 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 6.3 2,160 15.9 3,247 1.4 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 7.5 2,217 13.2 3,580 1.5 

 High (over $70,000) 2.4 — 10.2 3,287 1.4 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 11.5 3,325 28.5 5,081 1.5 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 5.8 3,221 26.1 5,154 1.5 

 High (over $35,000) 1.5 — 19.6 4,427 1.2 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 15.3 3,009 23.8 3,979 1.4 

 Part-time or part-year 4.2 2,717 20.1 4,757 1.5 

Dependency status

 Dependent 6.1 2,220 13.2 3,429 1.4 

 Independent 6.0 3,219 24.9 4,981 1.4 

Undergraduate class level*

 First year 5.1 2,546 17.8 4,188 1.3 

 Second year 8.6 3,175 26.2 4,987 1.6 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*Students beyond the second year are not shown.

NOTE: “Federal student loans” exclude parent PLUS loans. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

46
Table 1.3c—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received a federal 

Table 1.3c—student loan in 1995–96 or ever received a federal student loan through 1996 and average 

Table 1.3c—amounts borrowed, by student characteristics

Cumulative

 Received Amount of Ever received amount Average

federal student federal student federal of federal number

loan in loan in student loans student loans of years

1995–96 1995–96 through 1996 through 1996 borrowed

 Total 35.4 $4,130 47.2 $7,904 2.1 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 3.4 1,844 32.4 6,374 1.8 

 $4,000–7,999 29.4 2,950 43.0 6,167 2.1 

 $8,000 or more 44.8 4,497 52.2 8,703 2.2 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 46.6 3,524 54.4 6,544 2.1 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 41.4 3,658 49.3 6,852 2.1 

 High (over $70,000) 19.2 3,721 26.2 6,082 1.8 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 52.7 4,959 67.7 11,057 2.6 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 31.7 5,141 51.8 9,018 2.2 

 High (over $35,000) 11.3 5,110 34.3 7,688 1.8 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 44.5 4,314 51.1 7,975 2.1 

 Part-time or part-year 23.4 3,693 42.1 7,767 2.1 

Dependency status

 Dependent 36.2 3,628 43.8 6,634 2.0 

 Independent 33.9 5,042 52.9 9,694 2.3 

Undergraduate class level

 First year 35.0 2,777 41.1 3,547 1.2 

 Second year 32.9 3,538 44.0 5,674 1.8 

 Third year 37.9 4,569 49.5 8,244 2.3 

 Fourth year or more 36.8 4,970 52.1 11,038 2.7 

 Graduating seniors 35.7 4,872 52.2 11,773 2.8 

NOTE: “Federal student loans” exclude parent PLUS loans. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

47
Table 1.3d—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions who 

Table 1.3d—received a federal student loan in 1995–96 or ever received a federal student loan through

Table 1.3d—1996 and average amounts borrowed, by student characteristics

Cumulative

 Received Amount of Ever received amount Average

federal student federal student federal of federal number

loan in loan in student loans student loans of years

1995–96 1995–96 through 1996 through 1996 borrowed

 Total 44.3 $4,499 53.7 $8,682 2.2 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 3.2 1,877 29.2 7,562 1.9 

 $4,000–7,999 27.6 2,717 44.6 6,582 1.9 

 $8,000 or more 53.2 4,696 58.8 9,065 2.2 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 60.0 4,043 66.6 7,950 2.2 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 59.0 4,172 64.0 7,924 2.1 

 High (over $70,000) 32.5 3,805 37.2 6,810 2.0 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 50.0 5,868 62.5 11,838 2.5 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 34.3 5,665 52.2 10,740 2.2 

 High (over $35,000) 16.0 5,625 35.8 9,056 1.9 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 56.2 4,548 60.7 8,556 2.2 

 Part-time or part-year 25.3 4,399 42.5 9,020 2.2 

Dependency status

 Dependent 50.7 4,061 55.9 7,691 2.1 

 Independent 32.6 5,742 49.7 10,719 2.3 

Undergraduate class level

 First year 43.5 3,237 49.5 4,017 1.2 

 Second year 45.8 3,970 52.6 6,945 2.0 

 Third year 48.5 5,287 58.0 9,880 2.5 

 Fourth year or more 42.9 5,564 56.4 13,159 3.0 

 Graduating seniors 44.1 5,504 56.5 14,122 3.2 

NOTE: “Federal student loans” exclude parent PLUS loans. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

48
Table 1.3e—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates in private, for-profit institutions who received a

Table 1.3e—federal student loan in 1995–96 or ever received a federal student loan through 1996 and

Table 1.3e—average amounts borrowed, by student characteristics

Cumulative

 Received Amount of Ever received amount Average

federal student federal student federal of federal number

loan in loan in student loans student loans of years

1995–96 1995–96 through 1996 through 1996 borrowed

Private, for-profit

 Total 54.3 $4,082 63.5 $6,161 1.4 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 12.5 1,549 35.7 6,220 1.7 

 $4,000–7,999 41.3 2,573 51.4 4,621 1.4 

 $8,000 or more 66.3 4,463 72.6 6,573 1.5 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 59.9 3,293 64.7 4,817 1.4 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 65.9 3,378 69.2 5,302 1.5 

 High (over $70,000) 31.4 3,430 42.9 6,145 1.5 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 55.4 4,170 62.7 6,111 1.4 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 55.4 4,573 68.5 6,667 1.5 

 High (over $35,000) 39.1 4,759 53.7 7,695 1.5 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 65.9 4,750 72.5 7,074 1.5 

 Part-time or part-year 49.1 3,583 58.4 5,495 1.4 

Dependency status

 Dependent 57.3 3,346 62.7 5,193 1.4 

 Independent 53.1 4,407 63.8 6,551 1.5 

Undergraduate class level*

 First year 56.6 3,733 64.8 4,404 1.2 

 Second year 52.0 4,036 67.0 9,224 2.1 

*Total average and percentage is not within range of subgroup values because the small percentage of students beyond the

second year are not shown.

NOTE: “Federal student loans” exclude parent PLUS loans. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

49
Table 1.4a—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving loans from various types of programs, by 

Table 1.4a—institutional and student characteristics

 Any Any federal Any federal

 loan loan loan

 (including Non-federal (except Stafford Perkins (including PLUS

 PLUS) loans PLUS) loan loan PLUS) loan

 Total 25.8 1.1 25.3 24.7 3.7 25.5 2.4 

Any aid 52.0 2.1 50.8 49.6 7.5 51.2 4.8 

Any loan1 100.0 4.1 98.6 96.3 14.6 98.6 8.5 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 1.7 0.1 1.6 1.4 0.1 1.6 0.0 

 $4,000–7,999 18.2 0.7 17.5 16.9 1.4 17.7 0.7 

 $8,000 or more 47.3 2.1 46.5 45.6 8.1 46.8 5.2 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 36.2 1.5 35.5 34.0 8.2 35.7 3.0 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 34.2 1.3 33.5 32.9 5.8 33.9 5.7 

 High (over $70,000) 19.8 0.9 18.7 18.7 1.4 19.5 5.0 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 34.0 1.1 33.7 32.6 5.1 33.7 †

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 19.4 1.1 19.0 18.6 1.6 19.0 †

 High (over $35,000) 8.4 0.3 8.3 8.3 0.3 8.3 †

Type of institution2

 Public, 2-year 6.3 0.3 6.0 5.9 0.3 6.1 0.1 

 Public, 4-year 36.0 0.8 35.4 34.5 5.4 35.7 3.3 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 45.1 2.2 44.3 43.3 10.6 44.6 5.7 

 Private, for-profit 56.0 4.7 54.3 53.4 3.7 54.5 5.2 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 44.0 1.7 43.2 42.2 7.6 43.5 5.0 

 Part-time or part-year 14.5 0.7 14.1 13.8 1.4 14.3 0.8 

Dependency status

 Dependent 30.9 1.3 30.1 29.4 5.3 30.6 4.9 

 Independent 20.9 0.9 20.5 20.1 2.3 20.5 †

†Not applicable. PLUS loans are available only to parents of dependent students.

1

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

50
Table 1.4b—Average amount of loans received by 1995–96 undergraduates from various types of

Table 1.4b—programs, by institutional and student characteristics

Total Federal Federal

loans Non- loans loan

(including federal (except Stafford Perkins (including PLUS

PLUS) loans PLUS) loan loan PLUS) loan

Total $4,590 $2,221 $4,041 $3,922 $1,396 $4,563 $5,917 

Any aid 4,590 2,221 4,041 3,922 1,396 4,563 5,917 

Any loan1 4,572 2,221 4,041 3,922 1,396 4,545 5,835 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 1,577 — 1,656 1,709 — 1,659 —

 $4,000–7,999 2,785 949 2,750 2,765 1,048 2,829 2,825 

 $8,000 or more 5,238 2,609 4,512 4,335 1,448 5,175 6,220 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 3,870 1,750 3,509 3,315 1,409 3,853 4,331 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 4,598 2,809 3,653 3,470 1,425 4,529 5,440 

 High (over $70,000) 5,659 4,351 3,680 3,589 1,392 5,562 7,827 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 4,555 1,304 4,567 4,501 1,334 4,567 †

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 4,651 1,355 4,688 4,654 1,386 4,688 †

 High (over $35,000) 4,851 2,216 4,834 4,811 — 4,834 †

Type of institution2

 Public, 2-year 2,769 — 2,840 2,869 — 2,870 —

 Public, 4-year 4,591 2,381 4,130 4,006 1,403 4,571 5,308 

 Private, not-for-profit

 4-year 5,529 3,300 4,499 4,254 1,394 5,427 7,518 

 Private, for-profit 4,541 1,994 4,082 4,045 1,466 4,493 4,471 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 5,029 2,747 4,288 4,117 1,459 4,979 6,334 

 Part-time or part-year 3,788 1,395 3,585 3,561 1,178 3,798 4,274 

Dependency status

 Dependent 4,564 2,791 3,615 3,445 1,417 4,505 5,917 

 Independent 4,626 1,402 4,645 4,598 1,349 4,645 †

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable. PLUS loans are available only to parents of dependent students.

1

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

51
Table 1.5a—Percentage distribution of 1995–96 federal student loan borrowers according to combinations

Table 1.5a—of loans from various federal programs, by institutional and student characteristics

 Stafford Stafford Stafford, Other

 Stafford and and Perkins, Perkins PLUS com-

 only Perkins PLUS PLUS only only binations

 Total 77.2 11.0 7.2 1.4 2.3 0.8 0.2 

Any federal loan1 77.8 11.1 7.2 1.4 2.3 † 0.2 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 90.3 2.4 0.0 0.0 6.9 0.4 0.0 

 $4,000–7,999 89.0 3.9 2.5 0.3 3.4 0.9 0.0 

 $8,000 or more 73.1 13.7 8.7 1.8 1.8 0.8 0.3 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 69.8 17.4 6.3 1.6 4.1 0.5 0.4 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 68.7 12.4 12.8 2.8 1.8 1.1 0.3 

 High (over $70,000) 68.6 5.1 20.2 1.9 0.4 3.8 0.0 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 84.8 12.1 † † 3.0 † 0.1 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 91.5 6.4 † † 1.8 † 0.3 

 High (over $35,000) 96.6 2.6 † † 0.5 † 0.3 

Type of institution2

 Public, 2-year 93.8 1.6 1.3 0.0 3.0 0.3 0.0 

 Public, 4-year 76.8 11.7 7.0 1.1 2.2 1.0 0.2 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 65.8 18.6 9.1 2.9 2.3 0.8 0.5 

 Private, for-profit 84.5 4.5 8.4 0.8 1.6 0.3 0.0 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 72.7 13.5 8.7 1.9 2.2 0.8 0.3 

 Part-time or part-year 85.1 6.7 4.4 0.4 2.5 0.8 0.1 

Dependency status

 Dependent 69.0 12.6 12.2 2.3 2.3 1.4 0.3 

 Independent 88.9 8.7 † † 2.3 † 0.2 

†Not applicable. 

1

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

NOTE: PLUS loans are available only to parents of dependent students.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

52
Table 1.5b—Average amount received by federal student loan borrowers in 1995–96 according to comTable 1.5b—binations of loans from various federal programs, by institutional and student characteristics

 Stafford Stafford Stafford,

 Stafford and and Perkins, Perkins PLUS

 only Perkins PLUS PLUS only only

 Total $3,980 $5,360 $9,142 $10,403 $1,467 $6,970 

Any federal loan1 3,980 5,360 9,142 10,403 1,467 †

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 1,726 —————

 $4,000–7,999 2,801 3,196 4,833 — 1,262 —

 $8,000 or more 4,502 5,583 9,470 10,663 1,661 8,453 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 3,338 4,711 7,126 9,859 1,468 —

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 3,525 4,787 8,622 10,067 1,687 7,192 

 High (over $70,000) 3,641 4,976 11,312 12,869 — 7,413 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 4,414 6,442 † † 1,292 †

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 4,590 6,814 † † 1,411 †

 High (over $35,000) 4,758 — † † — †

Type of institution2

 Public, 2-year 2,879 —————

 Public, 4-year 4,082 5,386 8,508 9,467 1,607 5,930 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 4,442 5,364 11,255 11,277 1,266 11,439 

 Private, for-profit 4,150 6,331 7,128 — 1,795 —

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 4,235 5,444 9,703 10,659 1,622 8,145 

 Part-time or part-year 3,579 5,040 6,975 8,040 1,223 4,778 

Dependency status

 Dependent 3,489 4,770 9,142 10,403 1,565 6,970 

 Independent 4,528 6,590 † † 1,326 †

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable. 

1

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

NOTE: PLUS loans are available only to parents of dependent students. Averages for “Other combinations” in table 1.5a are not

shown because sample sizes were too small.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

53
Table 1.6a—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving any Stafford, any subsidized, and any

Table 1.6a—unsubsidized loans, and average loan amounts, by institutional and student characteristics

Any Total

 Stafford Stafford Subsidized Subsidized Unsubsidized Unsubsidized

 loan amount loan amount loan amount

 Total undergraduates 24.7 $3,922 21.7 $3,114 10.0 $2,925

Any aid 49.6 3,922 43.6 3,114 20.2 2,925

Any loan1 96.3 3,922 84.5 3,114 39.1 2,925

Any Stafford loan 100.0 3,922 87.8 3,114 40.6 2,925

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 1.4 1,709 1.1 1,535 0.4 1,657

 $4,000–7,999 16.9 2,765 14.4 2,234 6.6 2,207

 $8,000 or more 45.6 4,335 40.5 3,416 18.9 3,144

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 34.0 3,315 32.9 3,094 4.4 2,509

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 32.9 3,470 28.8 3,084 10.1 2,488

 High (over $70,000) 18.7 3,589 8.9 2,936 12.4 3,282

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 32.6 4,501 31.6 3,238 15.7 2,834

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 18.6 4,653 17.8 3,090 10.1 3,111

 High (over $35,000) 8.3 4,811 5.9 3,129 6.0 3,571

Type of institution2

 Public, 2-year 5.9 2,869 4.9 2,219 2.5 2,421

 Public, 4-year 34.5 4,006 29.7 3,331 13.5 2,913

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 43.3 4,254 38.9 3,565 13.9 3,280

 Private, for-profit 53.4 4,045 49.7 2,423 32.4 2,953

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 42.2 4,117 36.8 3,373 16.0 3,103

 Part-time or part-year 13.8 3,561 12.3 2,645 6.3 2,625

Dependency status

 Dependent 29.4 3,445 24.6 3,073 9.3 2,767

 Independent 20.1 4,598 18.8 3,165 10.7 3,058

Undergraduate class level

 First year 19.1 2,935 16.6 2,199 7.6 2,575

 Second year 21.9 3,501 19.2 2,790 8.6 2,689

 Third year 41.1 4,805 35.9 3,914 16.8 3,390

 Fourth year or more 38.7 5,035 34.5 4,132 16.0 3,245

1

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

NOTE: Includes Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL) and Direct Loans. Subsidized loans are interest-free while the student

is enrolled; unsubsidized loans are not. Students may borrow either subsidized or unsubsidized, depending on circumstances.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary

Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

54
Table 1.6b—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduate Stafford loan borrowers with subsidized and unsubTable 1.6b—sidized loans, and average loan amounts, by institutional and student characteristics

Total

 Stafford Subsidized Subsidized Unsubsidized Unsubsidized

 amount loan amount loan amount

 Total Stafford borrowers $3,922 87.8 $3,114 40.6 $2,925 

Price of attendance*

 Less than $4,000 1,709 79.2 1,535 29.8 1,657 

 $4,000–7,999 2,765 85.2 2,234 39.0 2,207 

 $8,000 or more 4,335 88.7 3,416 41.5 3,144 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 3,315 96.7 3,094 12.9 2,509 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 3,470 87.6 3,084 30.9 2,488 

 High (over $70,000) 3,589 47.8 2,936 66.6 3,282 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 4,501 96.8 3,238 48.2 2,834 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 4,653 95.9 3,090 54.4 3,111 

 High (over $35,000) 4,811 71.2 3,129 72.3 3,571 

Type of institution*

 Public, 2-year 2,869 83.3 2,219 42.2 2,421 

 Public, 4-year 4,006 86.1 3,331 39.1 2,913 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 4,254 89.9 3,565 32.0 3,280 

 Private, for-profit 4,045 93.0 2,423 60.7 2,953 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 4,117 87.1 3,373 38.0 3,103 

 Part-time or part-year 3,561 89.5 2,645 45.5 2,625 

Dependency status

 Dependent 3,445 83.6 3,073 31.6 2,767 

 Independent 4,598 93.7 3,165 53.3 3,058 

Undergraduate class level

 First year 2,935 86.9 2,199 39.8 2,575 

 Second year 3,501 87.7 2,790 39.3 2,689 

 Third year 4,805 87.3 3,914 40.9 3,390 

 Fourth year or more 5,035 89.3 4,132 41.5 3,245 

*Excludes students attending more than one institution.

NOTE: Includes Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL) and Direct Loans. Subsidized loans are interest-free while the student

is enrolled; unsubsidized loans are not. Students may borrow either subsidized or unsubsidized, depending on circumstances.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary

Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

55
Table 1.7—Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates with Stafford loans according to subsidized 

Table 1.7—and unsubsidized loan combinations and average loan amounts, by institutional and student

Table 1.7—characteristics

 Subsidized Subsidized Stafford

Subsidized and Unsubsidized Subsidized and Unsubsidized loan

 loan unsubsidized loan only unsubsidized only total

 only loans only amount amount amount amount

 

 Total Stafford borrowers 59.4 28.4 12.2 $3,173 $5,772 $3,258 $3,922

Price of attendance*

 Less than $4,000 70.2 9.0 20.8 1,544 2,600 1,882 1,709

 $4,000–7,999 61.0 24.2 14.8 2,319 3,966 2,633 2,765

 $8,000 or more 58.5 30.2 11.3 3,506 6,232 3,559 4,335

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 87.2 9.6 3.3 3,115 5,211 3,104 3,315

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 69.1 18.5 12.4 3,252 4,625 2,966 3,470

 High (over $70,000) 33.4 14.4 52.2 3,418 4,484 3,452 3,589

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 51.8 45.0 3.2 3,123 6,218 2,641 4,501

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 45.6 50.3 4.1 3,009 6,255 3,327 4,653

 High (over $35,000) 27.7 43.5 28.8 3,282 6,493 3,736 4,811

Type of institution*

 Public, 2-year 57.8 25.4 16.8 2,127 4,884 2,369 2,869

 Public, 4-year 60.9 25.2 13.9 3,370 5,858 3,438 4,006

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 68.0 21.9 10.1 3,588 6,656 3,534 4,254

 Private, for-profit 39.3 53.7 7.0 2,335 5,417 3,144 4,045

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 62.0 25.1 12.9 3,421 6,171 3,466 4,117

 Part-time or part-year 54.5 35.0 10.5 2,650 5,220 2,766 3,561

Dependency status

 Dependent 68.4 15.3 16.4 3,215 4,708 3,231 3,445

 Independent 46.7 47.1 6.3 3,086 6,261 3,359 4,598

Undergraduate class level

 First year 60.2 26.7 13.1 2,227 4,730 2,535 2,935

 Second year 60.8 26.9 12.3 2,840 5,260 2,918 3,501

 Third year 59.1 28.3 12.7 4,057 6,695 4,079 4,805

 Fourth year or more 58.5 30.8 10.7 4,229 6,876 4,150 5,035

*Excludes students attending more than one institution.

NOTE: Includes Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL) and Direct Loans. Subsidized loans are interest-free while the student

is enrolled; unsubsidized loans are not. Students may borrow either subsidized or unsubsidized, depending on circumstances.

Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

56
Table 1.8a—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving Stafford subsidized loans and average

Table 1.8a—loan amounts according to subsidized maximum or less than maximum amounts borrowed,

Table 1.8a—by institutional and student characteristics

All students Subsidized loans Average amount

Less than Less than Less than Total

maximum Maximum maximum Maximum maximum Maximum subsidized

 Total 11.5 10.2 53.1 46.9 $2,438 $3,880 $3,114

Price of attendance*

 Less than $4,000 1.0 0.1 89.9 10.1 1,404 — 1,535

 $4,000–7,999 10.8 3.6 75.0 25.0 1,975 3,012 2,234

 $8,000 or more 18.6 21.9 46.0 54.0 2,734 3,997 3,416

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 17.4 15.5 52.9 47.1 2,515 3,744 3,094

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 15.0 13.8 52.2 47.8 2,471 3,753 3,084

 High (over $70,000) 4.9 4.0 54.8 45.2 2,149 3,890 2,936

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 16.0 15.6 50.5 49.5 2,403 4,090 3,238

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 10.0 7.9 55.9 44.1 2,427 3,928 3,090

 High (over $35,000) 3.6 2.3 61.6 38.4 2,453 4,215 3,129

Type of institution*

 Public, 2-year 2.9 2.0 58.6 41.4 1,714 2,936 2,219

 Public, 4-year 17.5 12.2 58.9 41.1 2,687 4,254 3,331

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 15.3 23.6 39.4 60.6 2,710 4,122 3,565

 Private, for-profit 27.2 22.5 54.7 45.3 2,006 2,928 2,423

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 16.9 19.8 46.1 54.0 2,674 3,969 3,373

 Part-time or part-year 8.1 4.2 65.8 34.2 2,137 3,622 2,645

Dependency status

 Dependent 13.0 11.7 52.7 47.3 2,454 3,763 3,073

 Independent 10.1 8.7 53.7 46.3 2,418 4,031 3,165

Undergraduate class level

 First year 6.8 9.8 41.2 58.8 1,553 2,651 2,199 

 Second year 10.3 8.8 53.9 46.1 2,116 3,577 2,790 

 Third year 23.7 12.2 66.1 33.9 3,099 5,500 3,914 

 Fourth year or more 19.4 15.1 56.3 43.7 3,061 5,512 4,132 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*Excludes students attending more than one institution.

NOTE: Includes Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL) and Direct Loans. Subsidized loans are interest-free while the

student is enrolled; unsubsidized loans are not. Students may borrow either subsidized or unsubsidized, depending on 

circumstances. Maximum annual subsidized loan amounts vary by class level. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

57
Table 1.8b—Percentage of 1995–96 undergraduates receiving any Stafford loans and average loan amounts

Table 1.8b—according to total maximum or less than maximum amounts borrowed, by institutional and

Table 1.8b—student characteristics

 All students Stafford loans Average amount

 Less than Less than Less than Stafford

maximum Maximum maximum Maximum maximum Maximum loan total 

 Total 16.1 8.6 65.1 34.9 $3,602 $4,518 $3,922 

Price of attendance*

 Less than $4,000 1.4 0.0 97.4 2.6 1,679 — 1,709 

 $4,000–7,999 13.9 3.0 82.4 17.7 2,607 3,501 2,765 

 $8,000 or more 26.9 18.8 58.9 41.1 4,133 4,625 4,335 

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 18.4 15.6 54.1 45.9 2,825 3,891 3,315 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 15.6 17.3 47.4 52.6 2,983 3,910 3,470 

 High (over $70,000) 9.0 9.6 48.3 51.7 3,579 3,599 3,589 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 28.9 3.7 88.7 11.3 4,033 8,170 4,501 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 16.0 2.6 85.9 14.1 4,079 8,163 4,653 

 High (over $35,000) 7.1 1.2 86.0 14.0 4,126 9,021 4,811 

Type of institution*

 Public, 2-year 4.6 1.3 78.1 21.9 2,483 4,244 2,869 

 Public, 4-year 23.8 10.8 68.8 31.2 3,852 4,348 4,006 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 20.4 22.8 47.3 52.8 3,925 4,549 4,254 

 Private, for-profit 38.5 15.0 72.0 28.0 3,634 5,102 4,045 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 23.8 18.4 56.4 43.6 3,891 4,409 4,117 

 Part-time or part-year 11.3 2.5 81.7 18.3 3,232 5,021 3,561 

Dependency status

 Dependent 14.6 14.9 49.5 50.5 3,030 3,852 3,445 

 Independent 17.5 2.6 87.3 12.8 4,062 8,264 4,598 

Undergraduate class level

 First year 10.1 9.0 53.1 47.0 2,556 3,363 2,935 

 Second year 13.4 8.4 61.4 38.6 2,988 4,317 3,501 

 Third year 31.3 9.8 76.2 23.8 4,347 6,270 4,805 

 Fourth year or more 28.9 9.8 74.8 25.2 4,502 6,612 5,035 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*Excludes students attending more than one institution.

NOTE: Includes Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL) and Direct Loans. Subsidized loans are interest-free while the

student is enrolled; unsubsidized loans are not. Students may borrow either subsidized or unsubsidized, depending on 

circumstances. Maximum annual subsidized loan amounts vary by class level. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

58
Table 1.9—Average tuition and fees, nontuition expenses, and total price of attendance for 1995–96 

Table 1.9—undergraduates, by type of institution and attendance status 

Tuition and fees Non-tuition expenses Total price of attendance

Total $2,893 $4,630 $7,523 

Type of institution

 Public, 2-year 605 3,281 3,887 

 Public, 4-year 2,827 5,949 8,776 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 9,276 5,688 14,963 

 Private, for-profit 5,283 5,233 10,517 

Total 5,553 6,802 12,355 

Type of institution

 Public, 2-year 1,358 5,907 7,265 

 Public, 4-year 3,777 7,111 10,889 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 12,586 6,858 19,443 

 Private, for-profit 6,879 7,216 14,095 

Total 1,292 3,340 4,632 

Type of institution

 Public, 2-year 454 2,754 3,207 

 Public, 4-year 1,592 4,483 6,075 

 Private, not-for-profit 4-year 4,172 3,910 8,082 

 Private, for-profit 4,409 4,164 8,572 

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

Part-time or part-year undergraduates

Full-time, full-year undergraduates

All undergraduates

_______

59
Table 1.10—Percentage distribution of 1995–96 undergraduates according to type of institution attended,

Table 1.10—by institutional and student characteristics

Private, More

 Public, Public, not-for profit Private, than one

 2-year 4-year 4-year for-profit Other institution

 Total 43.2 30.3 14.2 5.3 2.5 4.5 

Any aid 28.5 33.7 20.2 8.2 2.4 7.0 

Any loan* 10.6 42.1 24.8 11.6 1.9 9.0 

Combinations of loans and other aid

 Aided, no loans 47.6 24.7 15.2 4.7 3.0 4.8 

 Loans and other aid 9.4 40.7 29.1 11.2 1.8 7.8 

 Loans only 14.3 46.3 12.0 12.8 2.3 12.3 

 No aid 57.7 27.0 8.3 2.4 2.6 2.1 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 77.0 13.6 5.6 1.6 2.3 †

 $4,000–7,999 58.0 28.1 6.6 4.2 3.1 †

 $8,000 or more 11.6 48.9 28.1 9.3 2.1 †

Dependent 1994 income

 Low (under $25,000) 34.1 35.3 17.1 5.3 2.2 6.0 

 Middle ($25,000–70,000) 35.8 38.6 17.0 2.6 1.4 4.6 

 High (over $70,000) 26.8 42.4 23.1 2.1 0.9 4.7 

Independent 1994 income

 Low (under $10,000) 43.9 25.7 9.1 11.2 3.8 6.3 

 Middle ($10,000–35,000) 57.2 20.2 8.9 6.8 3.6 3.3 

 High (over $35,000) 56.1 21.1 12.5 4.2 3.1 3.0 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 19.0 44.7 22.4 5.0 2.7 6.3 

 Part-time or part-year 58.6 21.3 9.0 5.4 2.2 3.5 

Dependency status

 Dependent 33.0 38.8 18.6 3.1 1.5 5.0 

 Independent 53.0 22.1 9.9 7.4 3.5 4.1 

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

†Not available. Student budgets are only available for the NPSAS institution.

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

60
61

Section 2: Tuition and Price of Attendance

• In addition to tuition, which is the basic charge for instruction, postsecondary institutions often require the payment of fees for some services that are not covered by tuition. The average tuition and fees for all students were $600 at public 2-year, $3,200 at

public 4-year doctorate-granting institutions, and $11,900 at private, not-for-profit

doctorate-granting institutions (table 2.2a).

• For full-time, full-year students, the average tuition and fees were $1,400 at public 2-

year, $4,100 at public 4-year doctorate-granting, and $15,600 at private, not-for-profit

doctorate-granting institutions (table 2.2b).

• For students who attended part time or part year (less than 8 months), the average tuition and fees were $500 at public 2-year, $1,800 at public 4-year doctorate-granting,

and $5,400 at private, not-for-profit doctorate-granting institutions (table 2.2c).

• Eleven percent of all undergraduates (full-time and part-time) were charged $8,000 or

more for tuition and fees; 31 percent were charged less than $500. Among full-time,

full-year students, however, one-fourth (25 percent) were charged $8,000 or more for

tuition and fees, and 4 percent were charged less than $500 (table 2.2d).

• Tuition and fees are only part of the educational expenses for students. Postsecondary

institutions prepare typical student budgets, which are used to estimate the student’s

total price of attendance. The price of attendance consists of two major portions: tuition and fees, and all other non-tuition expenses. Non-tuition expenses include books

and supplies and other living expenses directly related to attendance, such as room and

board, transportation, and personal expenses. The non-tuition expenses are not usually

paid to the institution attended unless the student lives on campus and pays room and

board. The full-time, full-year price of attendance is prorated to estimate the price for

part-time and part-year students. For example, at public 2-year institutions, the average

estimated price of attendance for full-time, full-year students was $7,300, compared to

$1,500 for part-time, part-year students (table 2.1a). The 1995–96 price of attendance,

which is based on institutional estimates of student budgets, is not strictly comparable

to the 1992–93 student-reported educational price estimates published in the

NPSAS:93 descriptive report. The non-tuition expenses on student-reported estimates

for 1992–93 averaged about $500 higher than the average non-tuition price estimated

by institutions in the 1995–96 student budgets.

• Among dependent students, the average price of attendance was positively correlated

with family income. For example, the average price of attendance for dependent students with family incomes of less than $20,000 was $8,600; for dependent students

with family incomes of $100,000 or more, the average price was $12,300 (table 2.1a).
Section 2: Tuition and Price of Attendance

62

In part, this reflected the attendance patterns of dependent students, who were more

likely to be enrolled full time, full year as family income increased (see table 5.1b).

• Among independent students, the average price of attendance decreased as family income increased (table 2.1a). This partly reflected the attendance patterns of independent students, who were less likely to be enrolled full time, full year as family income

increased (see table 5.1b).

• Among full-time, full-year students, there was a positive correlation between family

income and average price of attendance for dependent students, and no correlation

between family income and price of attendance among independent students (table

2.1b).

• The average price of attendance for full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in 4-

year institutions in 1995–96 ranged from $9,800 at public nondoctorate-granting institutions to $23,400 at private, not-for-profit doctorate-granting institutions (table 2.1b).

• In 1995–96, 31 percent of all undergraduates had a price of attendance of less than

$4,000, and 29 percent had a price of attendance between $4,000 and $8,000. Nine

percent had a price of attendance of $16,000 or more. Among full-time, full-year students, 23 percent had a price of attendance of $16,000 or more, and less than 1 percent

had a price of attendance of less than $4,000 (table 2.1c).

Table 2.1a—Average total price of attendance according to type of institution, by institutional and student 

Table 2.1a—characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- NonPublic doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

 

 Total $3,887 $7,585 $9,591 $13,251 $18,456 $10,517 $7,523 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 7,265 9,751 11,550 17,332 23,391 14,095 12,355 

 Full-time, part-year 3,951 5,697 6,535 8,897 11,863 8,649 6,052 

 Part-time, full-year 4,962 7,517 9,193 9,769 12,523 11,497 6,547 

 Part-time, part-year 1,514 2,591 3,144 3,769 4,255 5,856 2,065 

Local residence

 On campus 4,081 9,167 10,888 17,887 23,718 14,057 13,829 

 Off campus 3,604 7,292 9,225 10,240 14,529 10,677 6,496 

 With parents/other relatives 4,477 7,119 9,020 11,820 16,590 9,639 6,630 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 2,432 1,239 1,736 1,682 1,486 1,518 2,370 

 $500–999 5,156 4,064 4,163 2,703 2,191 3,366 4,748 

 $1,000–1,999 6,625 7,547 7,857 4,327 4,103 5,071 6,900 

 $2,000–3,999 8,440 9,294 10,125 7,703 7,395 7,729 9,216 

 $4,000–7,999 — 11,213 12,513 11,826 11,723 11,653 11,960 

 $8,000 or more — 15,732 18,155 19,169 23,906 16,087 20,095 

Gender

 Male 3,887 7,633 9,654 12,614 18,638 11,282 7,614 

 Female 3,887 7,551 9,531 13,694 18,292 10,040 7,454 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 3,725 7,575 9,547 13,938 18,353 10,877 7,540 

 Black, non-Hispanic 4,181 7,446 8,747 11,320 16,696 10,221 6,990 

 Hispanic 4,302 7,101 8,986 9,403 16,079 9,795 6,702 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 4,062 8,668 11,127 16,640 21,745 10,250 9,606 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 4,332 6,935 10,059 — — 10,955 6,883 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 5,071 8,490 10,835 16,805 23,231 9,784 9,875 

 19–23 years 4,532 8,304 10,260 15,473 20,642 10,448 9,207 

 24–29 years 3,909 7,084 8,494 9,514 12,527 11,229 6,231 

 30–39 years 3,215 6,304 7,053 8,537 9,637 10,348 5,229 

 40 years or older 2,704 5,410 5,627 7,795 8,078 10,209 4,252 

_______

64
Table 2.1a—Average total price of attendance according to type of institution, by institutional and student 

Table 2.1a—characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- NonPublic doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

Dependency status

 Dependent $4,648 $8,301 $10,386 $15,989 $21,368 $10,327 $9,522 

 Independent 3,427 6,722 7,856 8,955 11,067 10,596 5,600 

 No dependents unmarried 3,427 7,018 7,923 9,888 12,660 10,964 6,036 

 No dependents married 3,142 6,183 8,507 7,953 9,170 10,012 5,040 

 With dependents 3,532 6,683 7,478 8,643 10,079 10,538 5,492 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 4,579 7,949 9,738 13,739 19,693 9,594 8,605 

 $20,000–39,999 4,766 8,224 10,128 15,629 21,121 10,393 8,950 

 $40,000–59,999 4,531 8,165 9,945 16,260 20,514 11,084 8,963 

 $60,000–79,999 4,791 8,539 10,468 16,594 21,340 10,707 9,835 

 $80,000–99,999 4,609 8,493 11,036 17,258 21,330 9,626 10,505 

 $100,000 or more 4,524 9,010 11,665 18,141 23,426 12,018 12,263 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 4,152 8,052 9,181 11,203 14,783 10,523 7,021 

 $10,000–19,999 3,758 7,105 7,706 8,861 12,390 10,738 5,742 

 $20,000–29,999 3,312 6,223 7,378 9,141 9,316 10,892 5,125 

 $30,000–49,999 2,847 5,874 6,701 7,967 8,661 10,406 4,649 

 $50,000 or more 2,614 4,942 6,177 6,844 7,998 10,333 4,305 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 4,304 8,099 9,533 13,116 18,251 10,233 7,835 

 Middle quartiles 3,948 7,544 9,366 13,388 17,778 10,777 7,217 

 Highest quartile 3,333 7,107 10,033 13,145 19,346 10,470 7,843 

Aid status

 No aid 3,308 6,341 8,573 10,252 16,393 8,382 5,463 

 Received aid 5,068 8,593 10,408 14,290 19,658 11,113 9,709 

Grant status

 No grants 3,470 6,926 9,076 10,931 16,695 10,068 6,156 

 Received grants 4,974 8,517 10,369 14,503 19,986 10,880 9,707 

Loan status

 No loans 3,673 6,653 8,796 10,839 16,309 8,516 6,014 

 Received loans2 7,057 9,361 10,974 16,052 21,546 12,000 12,185 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

65
Table 2.1b—Average total price of attendance for full-time, full-year undergraduates1

 according to type

Table 2.1b—of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- NonPublic doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions2

 Total $7,265 $9,751 $11,550 $17,332 $23,391 $14,095 $12,355 

Local residence

 On campus 6,044 9,897 11,727 18,819 24,946 18,461 15,419 

 Off campus 8,163 10,415 11,955 16,570 22,231 14,534 12,127 

 With parents/other relatives 6,649 8,534 10,255 14,177 20,534 12,390 9,565 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 6,786 — — — — — 6,583 

 $500–999 6,822 6,831 5,983 — — — 6,915 

 $1,000–1,999 6,952 8,658 8,782 — — 12,925 7,847 

 $2,000–3,999 8,817 9,464 10,414 8,697 9,124 10,102 9,823 

 $4,000–7,999 — 11,142 12,657 13,080 14,019 13,113 12,536 

 $8,000 or more — 15,686 18,333 19,354 24,708 17,242 20,601 

Gender

 Male 7,168 9,815 11,606 16,503 23,482 15,156 12,200 

 Female 7,355 9,702 11,498 17,881 23,306 13,404 12,486 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 7,212 9,779 11,536 18,218 23,267 14,615 12,477 

 Black, non-Hispanic 7,949 9,995 10,803 14,432 21,921 13,432 11,586 

 Hispanic 6,778 8,852 10,714 12,379 21,657 13,209 10,464 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 6,958 10,351 12,603 21,441 25,881 14,071 14,812 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native — 8,722 12,987 — — — 11,559 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 6,424 9,182 11,411 17,850 24,433 12,848 12,377 

 19–23 years 6,973 9,573 11,476 17,611 23,537 13,723 12,562 

 24–29 years 8,866 10,580 12,046 15,110 19,851 14,709 11,877 

 30–39 years 7,598 11,169 12,229 15,711 21,087 14,711 11,670 

 40 years or older 8,497 10,872 12,024 15,811 18,401 14,297 11,256 

Dependency status

 Dependent 6,761 9,432 11,457 17,751 23,898 13,525 12,603 

 Independent 8,242 10,695 11,996 15,471 19,589 14,392 11,636 

 No dependents, unmarried 8,539 10,537 11,981 16,158 20,622 14,732 12,141 

 No dependents, married 8,149 10,510 11,958 14,904 16,645 13,960 11,188 

 With dependents 8,120 10,989 12,038 15,060 19,390 14,321 11,377 

_______

66
Table 2.1b—Average total price of attendance for full-time, full-year undergraduates1

 according to type of 

Table 2.1b—institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- NonPublic doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions2

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 $6,390 $9,088 $10,952 $15,946 $23,039 $13,159 $11,597 

 $20,000–39,999 6,689 9,142 11,076 16,952 23,640 12,951 11,779 

 $40,000–59,999 6,948 9,365 11,033 17,985 23,026 13,928 12,053 

 $60,000–79,999 6,896 9,643 11,605 18,408 23,746 13,456 12,843 

 $80,000–99,999 6,761 9,816 12,109 19,081 23,946 — 13,954 

 $100,000 or more 7,006 10,441 12,514 19,746 25,425 14,859 15,245 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 8,343 10,494 11,829 15,254 19,557 13,995 11,649 

 $10,000–19,999 8,293 10,921 11,704 15,096 19,280 14,236 11,464 

 $20,000–29,999 8,531 10,805 12,400 16,200 19,444 14,782 11,799 

 $30,000–49,999 7,124 11,071 12,526 16,174 — 14,951 11,545 

 $50,000 or more — 10,770 12,859 15,049 — 16,088 11,948 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 7,087 9,643 11,212 15,979 22,259 13,665 11,582 

 Middle quartiles 7,403 9,653 11,285 17,338 22,845 14,123 11,986 

 Highest quartile 7,141 10,180 12,286 18,815 24,585 15,130 13,994 

Aid status

 No aid 7,092 9,744 11,662 19,200 24,106 13,794 11,360 

 Received aid 7,421 9,755 11,490 17,021 23,089 14,146 12,829 

Grant status

 No grants 7,224 9,834 11,720 18,281 23,788 14,263 11,643 

 Received grants 7,316 9,677 11,361 17,055 23,144 13,982 12,955 

Loan status

 No loans 7,121 9,462 11,327 16,811 23,146 13,033 11,183 

 Received loans3 8,030 10,083 11,838 17,676 23,632 14,571 13,930 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Represents 38 percent of all undergraduates.

2

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

67
Table 2.1c—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to total price of attendance, by

Table 2.1c—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Less than $4,000– $8,000– $12,000– $16,000

 $4,000 7,999 11,999 15,999 or more

 Total 31.2 28.9 21.9 8.6 9.4 

Type of institution

 Public 36.7 32.4 22.9 6.2 1.9 

 Less-than-2-year 40.4 45.1 8.6 5.9 0.1 

 2-year 52.9 36.9 9.2 0.9 0.0 

 4-year 13.3 25.5 42.9 13.7 4.6 

 Nondoctorate-granting 17.4 33.3 39.6 8.4 1.2 

 Doctorate-granting 10.5 20.2 45.1 17.3 7.0 

 Private, not-for-profit 12.2 14.0 14.1 15.3 44.4 

 Less-than-4-year 18.4 27.7 24.7 23.8 5.5 

 4-year 11.7 12.9 13.2 14.5 47.7 

 Nondoctorate-granting 12.7 15.2 14.8 17.4 39.9 

 Doctorate-granting 9.7 8.2 9.9 8.7 63.5 

 Private, for-profit 9.1 22.4 32.2 23.2 13.2 

Level of institution

 Less-than-2-year 16.9 29.6 30.4 17.3 5.8 

 2-year 50.4 36.2 10.3 2.5 0.7 

 4-year 12.8 21.4 33.2 14.1 18.6 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 0.1 23.3 36.8 17.2 22.6 

 Full-time, part-year 32.1 45.8 15.7 4.5 1.9 

 Part-time, full-year 24.7 43.9 22.8 6.0 2.6 

 Part-time, part-year 82.9 14.3 2.4 0.4 0.1 

Local residence

 On campus 5.0 14.3 31.5 14.9 34.3 

 Off campus 38.2 26.7 21.2 8.2 5.8 

 With parents/other relatives 28.4 42.3 18.5 6.1 4.7 

Gender

 Male 30.3 28.7 22.8 8.7 9.5 

 Female 31.9 29.1 21.3 8.5 9.3 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 31.8 27.4 22.6 8.4 9.8 

 Black, non-Hispanic 32.4 32.2 19.7 9.1 6.6 

 Hispanic 30.5 37.5 20.0 6.9 5.2 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 24.4 25.1 21.1 12.6 16.8 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 34.3 31.2 20.6 7.9 6.0 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 13.1 35.5 24.5 10.2 16.8 

 19–23 years 20.6 29.7 26.5 10.2 13.0 

 24–29 years 40.0 27.7 20.2 8.2 3.9 

 30–39 years 48.4 27.3 15.0 5.8 3.6 

 40 years or older 57.1 23.9 12.1 4.7 2.2 

_______

68
Table 2.1c—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to total price of attendance, by

Table 2.1c—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Less than $4,000– $8,000– $12,000– $16,000

 $4,000 7,999 11,999 15,999 or more

Dependency status

 Dependent 17.4 30.3 26.8 10.3 15.3 

 Independent 44.6 27.5 17.3 6.9 3.7 

 No dependents, unmarried 41.8 26.7 19.1 7.9 4.6 

 No dependents, married 48.7 27.4 15.6 5.7 2.6 

 With dependents 45.0 28.2 16.7 6.7 3.4 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 20.0 36.0 23.2 10.0 10.9 

 $20,000–39,999 17.1 34.7 26.2 9.4 12.6 

 $40,000–59,999 19.8 30.3 27.2 9.7 13.0 

 $60,000–79,999 16.3 27.1 30.2 9.8 16.6 

 $80,000–99,999 16.0 25.1 27.5 11.1 20.3 

 $100,000 or more 10.8 20.5 27.1 14.1 27.5 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 31.1 30.5 22.8 10.2 5.4 

 $10,000–19,999 42.1 29.3 18.8 6.6 3.3 

 $20,000–29,999 50.2 25.7 15.2 5.9 3.1 

 $30,000–49,999 53.3 26.6 12.2 4.9 3.0 

 $50,000 or more 57.7 22.2 13.0 4.7 2.4 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 24.9 33.7 23.0 10.1 8.3 

 Middle quartiles 32.7 29.0 22.3 7.8 8.1 

 Highest quartile 34.4 24.0 20.1 8.6 13.0 

Aid status

 No aid 46.7 28.8 15.6 4.3 4.6 

 Received aid 14.8 29.0 28.7 13.1 14.4 

Grant status

 No grants 40.8 28.7 18.8 6.2 5.6 

 Received grants 15.9 29.3 26.9 12.4 15.5 

Loan status

 No loans 40.7 31.4 17.4 5.2 5.4 

 Received loans* 2.1 21.3 36.0 19.0 21.6 

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

69
Table 2.2a—Average tuition and fees for undergraduates according to type of institution, by institutional

Table 2.2a—and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non- All

Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

 

 Total $605 $2,270 $3,209 $7,971 $11,938 $5,283 $2,893 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 1,358 3,188 4,120 10,987 15,576 6,879 5,553 

 Full-time, part-year 579 1,383 1,828 4,793 6,917 4,715 2,148 

 Part-time, full-year 665 1,844 2,486 4,755 6,840 4,819 1,615 

 Part-time, part-year 239 661 849 1,651 2,317 2,935 532 

Local residence

 On campus 783 3,282 4,124 11,558 15,933 7,937 7,427 

 Off campus 528 1,969 2,858 5,504 8,822 5,158 2,133 

 With parents/other relatives 759 2,247 3,102 7,246 10,874 5,388 2,304 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 263 547 586 1,011 1,333 1,180 368 

 $4,000–7,999 881 1,663 1,588 2,705 2,658 2,712 1,291 

 $8,000–11,999 1,304 2,834 2,918 4,526 4,175 5,380 2,938 

 $12,000–15,999 2,126 4,845 4,746 8,016 7,940 7,202 5,842 

 $16,000 or more — 7,424 9,895 13,447 16,512 8,852 13,448 

Gender

 Male 609 2,349 3,275 7,535 12,140 5,901 2,952 

 Female 603 2,212 3,146 8,273 11,755 4,899 2,848 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 624 2,269 3,209 8,624 11,932 5,417 2,961 

 Black, non-Hispanic 669 2,448 2,700 5,812 9,892 5,206 2,459 

 Hispanic 434 1,699 2,447 4,962 9,769 4,950 2,102 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 526 2,840 4,178 10,748 14,764 5,177 4,282 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 585 1,714 3,130 — — 5,752 2,046 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 832 2,905 4,053 10,756 15,642 5,233 4,395 

 19–23 years 755 2,675 3,593 9,846 13,663 5,566 3,925 

 24–29 years 566 1,826 2,311 4,738 7,211 5,506 1,841 

 30–39 years 467 1,504 1,841 4,048 4,968 4,878 1,532 

 40 years or older 392 1,302 1,324 3,661 4,024 4,762 1,180 

Dependency status

 Dependent 788 2,737 3,733 10,263 14,262 5,632 4,176 

 Independent 495 1,706 2,064 4,374 6,040 5,138 1,659 

 No dependents, unmarried 489 1,868 2,278 5,191 7,256 5,389 1,917 

 No dependents, married 461 1,558 2,063 3,846 4,895 4,638 1,381 

 With dependents 511 1,611 1,778 3,977 5,124 5,117 1,576 

_______

70
Table 2.2a—Average tuition and fees for undergraduates according to type of institution, by institutional

Table 2.2a—and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non- All

Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 $755 $2,582 $3,323 $8,434 $12,909 $5,197 $3,563 

 $20,000–39,999 784 2,709 3,524 9,945 14,122 5,649 3,719 

 $40,000–59,999 823 2,685 3,405 10,522 13,467 6,179 3,786 

 $60,000–79,999 786 2,856 3,747 10,716 14,320 5,616 4,327 

 $80,000–99,999 807 2,842 4,138 11,244 14,229 5,430 4,900 

 $100,000 or more 752 2,964 4,735 12,073 15,893 6,668 6,238 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 607 2,183 2,544 5,802 8,590 5,345 2,280 

 $10,000–19,999 525 1,672 1,892 4,084 6,740 5,224 1,594 

 $20,000–29,999 453 1,599 1,966 4,522 4,809 5,246 1,442 

 $30,000–49,999 443 1,372 1,764 3,850 4,417 4,656 1,329 

 $50,000 or more 384 1,259 1,473 3,125 4,153 4,207 1,201 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 672 2,428 3,039 7,724 11,594 5,309 2,944 

 Middle quartiles 609 2,248 3,026 8,039 11,371 5,391 2,647 

 Highest quartile 532 2,140 3,676 8,073 12,773 4,897 3,349 

Aid status

 No aid 490 1,837 2,906 6,075 10,711 4,072 1,768 

 Received aid 840 2,619 3,451 8,628 12,653 5,622 4,087 

Grant status

 No grants 528 2,048 3,073 6,403 10,795 5,061 2,101 

 Received grants 808 2,582 3,413 8,817 12,931 5,463 4,159 

Loan status

 No loans 563 1,947 2,956 6,294 10,507 3,966 2,012 

 Received loans2 1,230 2,883 3,647 9,918 13,998 6,260 5,614 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

71
Table 2.2b—Average tuition and fees for full-time, full-year undergraduates1

 according to type of institution,

Table 2.2b—by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non- All

Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions2

 

 Total $1,358 $3,188 $4,120 $10,987 $15,576 $6,879 $5,553 

Local residence

 On campus 1,300 3,659 4,530 12,260 16,843 10,275 8,494 

 Off campus 1,424 3,123 4,011 9,810 14,311 6,775 4,708 

 With parents/other relatives 1,310 2,824 3,699 9,072 13,794 6,797 3,834 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 — — — ————

 $4,000–7,999 1,206 2,125 1,927 3,151 2,827 2,877 1,531 

 $8,000–11,999 1,622 3,031 3,035 4,517 2,949 5,275 2,992 

 $12,000–15,999 2,072 5,150 4,892 8,471 8,520 7,029 5,868 

 $16,000 or more — 7,941 9,953 13,580 16,951 8,749 13,677 

Gender

 Male 1,302 3,265 4,214 10,403 15,677 7,607 5,434 

 Female 1,409 3,130 4,032 11,373 15,481 6,404 5,653 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 1,436 3,202 4,144 11,849 15,539 7,050 5,691 

 Black, non-Hispanic 1,447 3,759 3,590 7,814 13,628 6,727 4,801 

 Hispanic 882 2,129 3,158 7,029 13,865 6,458 3,971 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 1,090 3,713 4,878 14,324 17,835 7,162 7,508 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native — 2,343 4,384 — — — 4,077 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 1,257 3,214 4,355 11,543 16,557 6,867 6,015 

 19–23 years 1,327 3,259 4,187 11,470 15,788 7,284 5,928 

 24–29 years 1,589 2,975 3,574 8,240 12,056 6,867 4,179 

 30–39 years 1,341 2,961 3,348 8,206 12,113 6,418 4,076 

 40 years or older 1,467 2,737 3,361 7,870 9,434 6,086 3,545 

Dependency status

 Dependent 1,316 3,255 4,266 11,589 16,124 7,450 6,067 

 Independent 1,440 2,992 3,422 8,309 11,467 6,581 4,063 

 No dependents, unmarried 1,676 3,155 3,734 9,437 12,710 7,019 4,669 

 No dependents, married 1,737 2,787 3,157 8,096 8,972 5,879 3,667 

 With dependents 1,239 2,887 3,105 7,399 10,565 6,516 3,703 

_______

72
Table 2.2b—Average tuition and fees for full-time, full-year undergraduates1

 according to type of institution,

Table 2.2b—by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non- All

Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions2

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 $1,253 $3,084 $3,875 $10,011 $15,471 $7,281 $5,350 

 $20,000–39,999 1,256 3,144 3,973 10,952 15,993 7,182 5,448 

 $40,000–59,999 1,455 3,223 3,916 11,875 15,313 7,712 5,603 

 $60,000–79,999 1,248 3,363 4,317 12,163 16,119 7,286 6,187 

 $80,000–99,999 1,309 3,453 4,734 12,554 16,037 — 7,071 

 $100,000 or more 1,372 3,642 5,218 13,222 17,327 8,057 8,179 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 1,435 3,026 3,437 8,375 11,829 6,695 4,202 

 $10,000–19,999 1,496 2,812 3,140 7,649 11,155 6,735 3,868 

 $20,000–29,999 1,218 3,225 3,670 8,809 10,643 6,748 4,075 

 $30,000–49,999 1,435 2,756 3,536 8,345 — 6,125 3,888 

 $50,000 or more — 3,307 3,751 8,429 — 5,659 4,056 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 1,288 3,060 3,765 9,779 14,579 6,858 4,915 

 Middle quartiles 1,383 3,175 3,891 11,000 15,131 6,969 5,235 

 Highest quartile 1,399 3,425 4,809 12,297 16,588 6,662 6,935 

Aid status

 No aid 1,213 3,165 4,342 12,464 16,260 5,929 4,631 

 Received aid 1,489 3,199 3,999 10,741 15,287 7,039 5,992 

Grant status

 No grants 1,311 3,267 4,322 11,680 15,915 6,879 4,824 

 Received grants 1,417 3,118 3,895 10,784 15,366 6,878 6,167 

Loan status

 No loans 1,311 3,062 4,091 10,514 15,441 5,584 4,592 

 Received loans3 1,609 3,333 4,158 11,299 15,709 7,459 6,844 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Represents 38 percent of all undergraduates.

2

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

73
Table 2.2c—Average tuition and fees for part-time or part-year undergraduates1

 according to type of 

Table 2.2c—institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non- All

Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions2

 Total $454 $1,315 $1,828 $3,670 $5,361 $4,409 $1,292 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year † † † ††††

 Full-time, part-year 579 1,383 1,828 4,793 6,917 4,715 2,148 

 Part-time, full-year 665 1,844 2,486 4,755 6,840 4,819 1,615 

 Part-time, part-year 239 661 849 1,651 2,317 2,935 532 

Local residence

 On campus 515 1,872 2,340 6,414 8,991 6,418 3,164 

 Off campus 422 1,228 1,718 3,220 4,729 4,318 1,210 

 With parents/other relatives 536 1,418 1,972 4,005 5,271 4,490 1,195 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 262 548 560 1,016 1,331 1,103 363 

 $4,000–7,999 735 1,371 1,423 2,593 2,630 2,692 1,181 

 $8,000–11,999 1,004 2,207 2,545 4,521 4,892 5,427 2,833 

 $12,000–15,999 — 3,476 4,024 6,755 7,484 7,479 5,736 

 $16,000 or more — — 9,176 11,824 12,844 9,264 11,279 

Gender

 Male 446 1,333 1,890 3,702 5,376 4,954 1,342 

 Female 460 1,303 1,767 3,646 5,347 4,082 1,255 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 458 1,300 1,806 3,816 5,175 4,495 1,267 

 Black, non-Hispanic 542 1,244 1,559 3,233 5,112 4,505 1,320 

 Hispanic 334 1,278 1,437 2,656 4,743 4,067 1,149 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 437 1,712 2,721 5,063 7,217 4,229 1,767 

 American Indian/

 Alaskan Native 422 — — — — — 885 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 565 1,719 2,359 5,680 7,347 4,016 1,468 

 19–23 years 557 1,529 2,255 5,056 7,055 4,480 1,682 

 24–29 years 449 1,279 1,563 3,065 4,701 4,722 1,180 

 30–39 years 401 1,130 1,318 2,680 3,594 4,248 1,080 

 40 years or older 315 1,029 964 2,824 3,268 4,216 872 

Dependency status

 Dependent 569 1,550 2,325 5,410 7,176 4,367 1,670 

 Independent 400 1,195 1,382 2,865 4,043 4,424 1,099 

 No dependents, unmarried 382 1,271 1,531 3,212 4,616 4,587 1,196 

 No dependents, married 354 1,120 1,375 2,498 3,494 4,101 909 

 With dependents 429 1,161 1,195 2,771 3,711 4,407 1,102 

_______

74
Table 2.2c—Average tuition and fees for part-time or part-year undergraduates1

 according to type of 

Table 2.2c—institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non- All

Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions2

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 $560 $1,456 $2,036 $3,938 $5,528 $3,927 $1,540 

 $20,000–39,999 579 1,564 2,388 5,422 6,568 4,606 1,518 

 $40,000–59,999 549 1,608 2,065 5,471 6,426 4,928 1,492 

 $60,000–79,999 585 1,564 2,310 5,728 7,889 4,124 1,753 

 $80,000–99,999 638 1,485 2,413 5,289 7,678 4,143 1,809 

 $100,000 or more 508 1,570 3,120 7,836 8,920 5,292 2,578 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 455 1,440 1,803 3,516 5,705 4,608 1,451 

 $10,000–19,999 423 1,217 1,269 2,764 4,424 4,409 1,058 

 $20,000–29,999 393 1,138 1,308 2,820 3,457 4,623 984 

 $30,000–49,999 384 1,084 1,142 2,932 3,346 4,091 978 

 $50,000 or more 316 1,045 1,077 2,358 3,411 3,594 893 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 501 1,479 1,925 3,806 5,873 4,455 1,504 

 Middle quartiles 456 1,308 1,760 3,620 5,160 4,502 1,196 

 Highest quartile 407 1,204 1,864 3,655 5,343 4,000 1,299 

Aid status

 No aid 393 1,109 1,612 2,996 4,649 3,567 885 

 Received aid 603 1,611 2,139 4,161 6,055 4,692 1,987 

Grant status

 No grants 412 1,197 1,687 3,198 4,950 4,243 1,043 

 Received grants 584 1,596 2,185 4,198 6,002 4,553 1,900 

Loan status

 No loans 431 1,156 1,660 3,040 4,673 3,426 982 

 Received loans3 956 1,886 2,324 5,433 7,543 5,339 3,285 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Represents 62 percent of all undergraduates.

2

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

75
Table 2.2d—Percentage distribution of all undergraduates according to tuition and fees, by institutional

Table 2.1c—and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Less than $500– $1,000– $2,000– $4,000– $8,000

 $500 999 1,999 3,999 7,999 or more

 Total 31.3 13.7 16.8 17.5 10.0 10.8 

Type of institution

 Public 39.2 16.0 18.9 17.7 6.4 1.9 

 Less-than-2-year 63.3 18.8 8.0 5.5 4.4 0.0 

 2-year 60.5 19.9 15.0 4.3 0.3 0.0 

 4-year 7.8 10.4 24.7 37.2 15.1 4.7 

 Nondoctorate-granting 10.1 13.1 29.3 35.9 9.8 1.8 

 Doctorate-granting 6.3 8.5 21.6 38.1 18.8 6.7 

 Private, not-for-profit 3.1 5.1 8.8 15.5 16.5 51.0 

 Less-than-4-year 8.4 11.9 16.7 23.3 32.8 6.8 

 4-year 2.7 4.5 8.1 14.9 15.1 54.7 

 Nondoctorate-granting 3.2 5.3 8.5 16.7 17.8 48.5 

 Doctorate-granting 1.5 2.9 7.3 11.2 9.8 67.3 

 Private, for-profit 0.8 5.1 9.9 21.4 43.4 19.4 

Level of institution

 Less-than-2-year 20.1 8.5 7.5 14.4 36.6 12.9 

 2-year 56.7 19.1 15.0 5.7 2.5 1.0 

 4-year 6.1 8.5 19.4 29.9 15.4 20.7 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 3.7 5.3 18.4 30.1 17.8 24.9 

 Full-time, part-year 25.1 22.8 20.9 14.1 12.2 4.8 

 Part-time, full-year 33.3 20.8 22.5 15.0 5.6 2.9 

 Part-time, part-year 73.8 14.7 6.6 3.0 1.5 0.3 

Local residence

 On campus 4.1 3.1 12.1 25.0 17.7 38.0 

 Off campus 37.9 14.9 15.8 16.2 9.0 6.2 

 With parents/other relatives 29.7 16.3 21.6 16.8 8.4 7.2 

Gender

 Male 30.0 14.2 16.3 17.8 10.6 11.1 

 Female 32.2 13.3 17.1 17.4 9.5 10.6 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 30.0 13.7 17.0 18.5 9.5 11.3 

 Black, non-Hispanic 31.4 14.8 19.0 15.7 10.9 8.1 

 Hispanic 41.7 14.9 15.3 12.6 9.5 6.2 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 28.9 8.5 11.5 17.4 15.7 18.0 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 35.1 18.7 21.9 12.3 5.7 6.3 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 18.2 10.0 20.2 19.6 12.5 19.6 

 19–23 years 20.6 12.3 18.0 21.7 12.0 15.4 

 24–29 years 40.1 15.0 17.5 15.4 7.8 4.2 

 30–39 years 46.6 16.6 14.6 11.3 7.6 3.4 

 40 years or older 55.6 16.7 10.9 9.1 5.5 2.1 

_______

76
Table 2.2d—Percentage distribution of all undergraduates according to tuition and fees, by institutional

Table 2.1c—and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Less than $500– $1,000– $2,000– $4,000– $8,000

 $500 999 1,999 3,999 7,999 or more

Dependency status

 Dependent 18.1 11.2 18.3 22.1 12.4 18.0 

 Independent 44.0 16.0 15.3 13.2 7.7 3.9 

 No dependents, unmarried 41.1 14.5 15.5 14.9 8.8 5.2 

 No dependents, married 49.4 15.8 13.2 13.6 5.3 2.7 

 With dependents 44.0 17.2 15.9 11.7 7.8 3.4 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 18.5 14.3 20.5 20.2 13.2 13.4 

 $20,000–39,999 19.6 12.1 20.2 21.2 11.7 15.2 

 $40,000–59,999 19.0 11.5 20.0 22.6 11.1 15.9 

 $60,000–79,999 18.4 11.0 15.5 24.6 11.7 18.9 

 $80,000–99,999 14.9 9.4 17.3 21.7 14.0 22.6 

 $100,000 or more 14.5 5.0 11.7 22.4 15.3 31.2 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 32.9 12.9 18.2 18.4 11.7 6.0 

 $10,000–19,999 43.3 17.6 15.6 12.8 7.2 3.5 

 $20,000–29,999 48.3 18.0 14.4 9.3 6.5 3.5 

 $30,000–49,999 50.9 16.7 13.2 10.9 5.8 2.6 

 $50,000 or more 53.3 16.6 12.8 10.6 4.5 2.2 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 25.6 13.5 19.4 19.4 12.2 9.9 

 Middle quartiles 32.9 14.6 17.0 17.0 9.1 9.5 

 Highest quartile 33.6 12.0 13.6 16.9 9.8 14.2 

Aid status

 No aid 46.7 16.5 14.3 12.1 5.3 5.1 

 Received aid 15.0 10.6 19.4 23.3 15.0 16.8 

Grant status

 No grants 40.8 15.5 15.2 14.7 7.5 6.5 

 Received grants 16.1 10.8 19.3 22.1 14.0 17.7 

Loan status

 No loans 40.6 16.4 16.7 14.0 6.2 6.1 

 Received loans* 2.5 5.3 17.0 28.5 21.6 25.1 

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

77

79

Section 3: Financial Aid

All Types of Aid

• Fifty percent of undergraduate students received some form of financial aid in 1995–96

(table 3.1a).

• The proportion of students receiving any financial aid was directly related to the tuition

and fees charged at the institution attended, as well as the students’ total price of attendance (table 3.1a).

• Financial aid was received by about one-third of the students in public 2-year institutions, by 55 percent in public 4-year institutions, and by 71 percent in private, not-forprofit 4-year institutions (table 3.1a).

• A greater proportion of students (39 percent) received grants than loans (26 percent).

Five percent of students received aid through subsidized work-study jobs (table 3.1a).

• About one-fourth (28 percent) of the students at public 2-year institutions received

grants, compared to 40 percent at public 4-year institutions and 61 percent at private,

not-for-profit 4-year institutions (table 3.1a).

• At public 2-year institutions, 6 percent of the students took out a student loan in 1995–

96, compared to 36 percent at public 4-year institutions, 45 percent at private, not-forprofit 4-year institutions, and 56 percent at private, for-profit institutions (table 3.1a).

• About one-fifth (22 percent) of the students attending institutions that charged $8,000

or more for tuition and fees held a work-study job (table 3.1a).

• As family income increased, the percentage of students who received any aid decreased. This was true for both dependent and independent students (table 3.1a).

• Approximately two-thirds (69 percent) of the students in the lowest income quartile received financial aid, compared to about half (48 percent) in the middle quartiles and

one-third (34 percent) of those in the highest quartiles (table 3.1a).

• Among the aided students, about three-fourths (79 percent) received grants and about

half (52 percent) received student loans. Among those who took out student loans,

two-thirds (69 percent) also received grants (table 3.1a).

• Among dependent students, both the proportion receiving grants and the proportion

taking out student loans declined as family income increased. This was also true for

independent students (table 3.1a).
Section 3: Financial Aid

80

• The average amount of financial aid received by aided students in 1995–96 was

$4,900. The average grant was $2,700. Students receiving loans borrowed an average

of $4,100 (table 3.1b).

• The average amount of financial aid received was directly related to the amount of tuition charged. For example, students charged less than $500 in tuition received an average of $1,050 in aid, while those charged $8,000 or more received an average of

$11,100 (table 3.1b).

• Although the proportion of dependent students receiving financial aid decreased as income increased (see table 3.1a), the average amount received by aided dependent students was not related to income (table 3.1b). For example, the average amount received

by dependent students with family incomes under $20,000 ($5,800) was about the

same as the average amount received by those with family incomes of $100,000 or

more ($5,500). However, 70 percent of these low-income students received financial

aid, compared to 28 percent of these high-income students (table 3.1b).

• Among independent students, the average amount of aid decreased as family income

increased. This was primarily due to the decrease in the average amount of grant aid as

family income increased; the average amount of loans did not vary directly with income (table 3.1b).

Federal Aid

• Thirty-six percent of undergraduates received some form of federal aid. Student loans

were the most common type of federal aid (received by 25 percent), followed by federal grants (received by 22 percent) (table 3.2a).

• Almost half (48 percent) of the students attending private, for-profit institutions received federal grant aid, compared to about one-fourth (24 percent) at private, not-forprofit institutions (table 3.2a).

• Independent students were more likely to receive federal grants (25 percent) than were

dependent students (19 percent). However, independent students were less likely to receive federal loans (21 percent) than dependent students (30 percent) (table 3.2a).

• Married independent students without dependents were less likely to receive federal

aid than dependent students, unmarried independent students, or independent students

with dependents. Dependent students and independent students with dependents were

about equally likely to receive federal aid: about 39 percent of students in each category received some kind of federal aid (table 3.2a).

• About half of the students in the lowest family income quartile received federal grants

(54 percent), and about one-third received federal loans (34 percent). About 1 percent

of the students in the highest income quartile received federal grant aid, but 14 percent

received federal student loans (table 3.2a).

• Among students who received grant aid from any source, somewhat more than half (56

percent) received federal grants. Among those who received student loans from any

source, 99 percent received federal loans (table 3.2a).
Section 3: Financial Aid

81

• The average federal grant amount received by undergraduates in 1995–96 was nearly

$1,700; the average federal student loan was about $4,000; and the average federal

work-study amount was about $1,300 (table 3.2b).

• The amount of the average federal loan borrowed in 1995–96 was directly related to

the price of attendance. Students with price below $4,000 borrowed an average federal

loan of about $1,700, while those with price of $16,000 or more borrowed an average

federal loan of nearly $5,000 (table 3.2b).

• The average federal loan borrowed by independent students in 1995–96 was about

$1,000 more than that borrowed by dependent students ($4,600 compared to $3,600).

The average federal loan amount did not vary by income level among independent students. Among dependent students, the average amount increased slightly with family

income (table 3.2b).

• There was no measurable difference in the average federal loan amount borrowed by

students who received grant aid and those who did not ($4,080 compared to $3,950)

(table 3.2b).

• Students at private, for-profit institutions were more likely to receive federal aid than

those at public or private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions or those at public 2-year institutions (table 3.2c).

• Among students who received any aid from any source, 72 percent received federal

aid. At private, for-profit institutions, 90 percent of aided students received federal aid,

compared to 55 percent at public 2-year institutions (table 3.2c).

• The average amount of federal aid received by students who had student loans in

1995–96 was $5,500; the average amount of federal aid among students who did not

have student loans in 1995–96 was $1,800 (table 3.2d).

State Aid

• State aid was less common than federal aid, and was received by 12 percent of undergraduates. Grants were the most common type of state aid, with 11 percent of undergraduates receiving grants. However, less than 1 percent of students received state

loans or state work-study aid (table 3.3a).

• About 2 percent of the undergraduates attending 4-year institutions received state

grants or scholarships that were not based on need (table 3.3a).

• The average amount of grant aid received by students who were awarded state grants

was $1,570 (table 3.3b).

• Students attending private, not-for-profit 4-year nondoctorate-granting institutions

were more likely than students in any other type of institution to receive state aid. Onequarter of students in private, not-for-profit nondoctorate-granting institutions received

such aid (table 3.3c).
Section 3: Financial Aid

82

• The average amount of state aid for full-time, full-year undergraduates attending public

2-year institutions was about $1,000; for full-time, full-year students attending private,

not-for-profit 4-year doctorate-granting institutions, it was about $2,500 (table 3.3d).

Institutional Aid

• Sixteen percent of undergraduate students received aid directly from their institution.

Grants were the most common type of institutional aid, and were received by 14 percent of all undergraduates. The average amount of institutional aid received by aided

undergraduates was $2,900 (tables 3.4a and 3.4b).

• At private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions, 12 percent of the undergraduates received

non-need-based aid from the institutions, compared to 3 percent who received such aid

at public 4-year institutions (table 3.4a).

• At private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions, the average amount of institutional grant

aid was almost $5,000, compared to $2,200 at public 4-year institutions (table 3.4b).

• About 45 percent of students at private, not-for-profit 4-year nondoctorate-granting institutions and 42 percent of students at private, not-for-profit 4-year doctorate-granting

institutions received aid directly from their institutions (table 3.4c).

• Aided undergraduates who attended institutions that charged less than $500 in tuition

received about $290 in institutional aid, while those attending institutions charging

$8,000 or more received about $5,900 (table 3.4d).

Aid Packages

• Among those who received aid, more than one-third (38 percent) of the undergraduates

received only grant aid; one-fourth received only grants and loans; and 13 percent received only loans (table 3.5a).

• Students who received a combination of grants, loans, and work-study had an average

aid package of $12,100, which was the largest aid package of the combinations shown

in table 3.5b.

Aid by Institution Type

• At public 4-year institutions, 66 percent of the full-time, full-year undergraduates received financial aid; 49 percent received grants; and 45 percent received loans (table

3.6a).

• At public 4-year institutions, the average amount of aid received by full-time, full-year

undergraduates was $6,000, with an average grant of $3,000 and an average loan of

$4,400 (table 3.6b).

• At public 2-year institutions, 53 percent of the full-time, full-year students received financial aid: 45 percent received grants, and 16 percent received loans (table 3.7a).
Section 3: Financial Aid

83

• At public 2-year institutions, the average amount of aid received by full-time, full-year

undergraduates was $3,100, with an average grant of $2,000 and an average loan of

$2,900 (table 3.7b).

• At private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions, 80 percent of full-time, full-year undergraduates received financial aid in 1995–96: 72 percent received grants; and 57 percent

received loans (table 3.8a).

• At private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions, the average amount of financial aid received by full-time, full-year students was $10,900, averaging $6,600 in grants and

$4,700 in loans (table 3.8b).
Table 3.1a—Percentage of undergraduates receiving aid according to type of aid, by institutional and

Table 3.1a—student characteristics: 1995–96

 Any Any Any Any Any other

 aid grants work-study loan1 type aid2

 Total 49.7 39.0 5.0 25.6 7.4 

Type of institution

 Public 41.9 32.7 3.1 18.2 6.0 

 Less-than-2-year 34.2 26.9 0.1 3.0 10.2 

 2-year 32.8 27.6 1.5 6.3 4.6 

 4-year 55.2 40.3 5.6 35.6 7.8 

 Nondoctorate-granting 55.1 41.3 6.0 34.4 6.6 

 Doctorate-granting 55.3 39.6 5.4 36.5 8.7 

 Private, not-for-profit 69.9 59.7 16.2 44.0 11.7 

 Less-than-4-year 61.9 46.9 2.3 35.2 8.7 

 4-year 70.7 60.8 17.4 44.8 12.0 

 Nondoctorate-granting 74.3 64.4 18.0 46.6 12.2 

 Doctorate-granting 63.2 53.5 16.1 41.2 11.5 

 Private, for-profit 77.1 54.9 0.4 55.8 12.2 

 More than one institution 76.5 52.9 3.8 50.7 10.9 

Level of institution3

 Less-than-2-year 62.1 45.8 0.1 37.1 10.5 

 2-year 35.6 29.3 1.5 9.4 5.1 

 4-year 60.3 46.9 9.3 38.7 9.2 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 68.4 54.1 11.0 43.7 10.9 

 Full-time, part-year 51.8 39.7 1.9 24.6 8.2 

 Part-time, full-year 44.1 34.6 2.2 18.2 5.5 

 Part-time, part-year 25.2 20.0 0.4 5.3 3.9 

Local residence

 On campus 73.6 59.5 18.9 53.1 13.7 

 Off campus 46.1 35.5 2.8 22.2 7.0 

 With parents/other relatives 45.3 36.4 2.9 19.0 5.1 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 23.2 19.8 0.5 2.0 3.5 

 $500–999 37.8 30.3 1.4 9.4 5.5 

 $1,000–1,999 56.1 44.4 4.0 24.8 6.5 

 $2,000–3,999 64.6 48.6 6.1 39.7 8.7 

 $4,000–7,999 72.6 53.9 7.2 52.9 12.3 

 $8,000 or more 75.5 63.2 21.7 57.0 15.2 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 23.1 19.6 0.1 1.7 3.3 

 $4,000–7,999 48.7 39.0 3.0 18.1 6.1 

 $8,000–11,999 63.4 47.2 6.1 40.1 9.1 

 $12,000–15,999 74.1 55.8 7.9 54.3 13.9 

 $16,000 or more 74.6 63.6 23.8 56.4 14.8 

Gender

 Male 46.7 35.8 4.3 24.4 8.7 

 Female 51.9 41.4 5.6 26.5 6.5 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 47.1 35.4 4.6 25.6 7.5 

 Black, non-Hispanic 62.9 52.8 6.1 30.9 9.8 

 Hispanic 54.2 47.3 5.8 22.3 5.2 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 42.9 35.7 6.6 21.3 5.7 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 59.4 48.4 3.9 25.2 12.0 

_______

84
Table 3.1a—Percentage of undergraduates receiving aid according to type of aid, by institutional and

Table 3.1a—student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Any Any Any Any Any other

 aid grants work-study loan1 type aid2

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 57.2 47.7 9.2 30.5 9.4 

 19–23 years 52.2 40.1 7.0 30.8 7.3 

 24–29 years 49.6 39.0 2.3 25.6 7.2 

 30–39 years 47.0 38.2 1.6 17.8 7.2 

 40 years or older 36.8 28.7 1.2 10.4 6.9 

Dependency status

 Dependent 50.9 38.8 7.8 30.5 7.7 

 Independent 48.5 39.2 2.3 20.9 7.1 

 No dependents, unmarried 45.0 32.4 2.5 24.6 7.5 

 No dependents, married 36.3 25.6 1.0 12.9 5.7 

 With dependents 55.4 48.9 2.6 21.1 7.4 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 70.2 66.3 10.9 35.4 6.5 

 $20,000–39,999 60.3 51.0 10.4 38.2 7.5 

 $40,000–59,999 47.4 30.4 7.8 32.4 9.0 

 $60,000–79,999 42.5 25.3 5.8 27.0 8.1 

 $80,000–99,999 37.6 20.4 4.9 23.3 9.0 

 $100,000 or more 27.5 17.3 2.7 12.6 6.0 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 67.4 60.5 5.7 34.0 8.4 

 $10,000–19,999 50.6 38.4 1.6 23.7 7.7 

 $20,000–29,999 41.9 34.0 0.9 15.7 6.3 

 $30,000–49,999 36.3 24.7 0.6 12.3 6.9 

 $50,000 or more 29.3 20.7 0.1 5.9 4.9 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 68.5 63.3 8.2 34.8 7.5 

 Middle quartiles 48.1 35.5 4.8 26.6 7.8 

 Highest quartile 33.9 21.3 2.2 14.4 6.6 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † †

 Received aid 100.0 78.5 10.1 51.6 15.0 

Grant status

 No grants 17.5 † 0.8 13.1 6.1 

 Received grants 100.0 100.0 11.6 45.2 9.5 

Loan status

 No loans 32.4 28.7 1.8 † 5.2 

 Received loans4 100.0 68.8 14.3 100.0 13.9 

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Includes PLUS loans.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

85
Table 3.1b—Average amount of aid received by aided undergraduates according to type of aid, by

Table 3.1b—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Total Total Total Total Total

 aid grant work-study loan other

 amount amount amount amount1 type aid2

 

 Total $4,926 $2,716 $1,397 $4,074 $3,692 

Type of institution

 Public 3,684 1,925 1,411 3,867 2,801 

 Less-than-2-year 2,054 1,734 — 3,630 1,261 

 2-year 1,890 1,255 1,347 2,739 1,762 

 4-year 5,244 2,587 1,435 4,153 3,750 

 Nondoctorate-granting 4,615 2,258 1,485 3,811 3,234 

 Doctorate-granting 5,672 2,821 1,397 4,372 4,018 

 Private, not-for-profit 8,642 5,252 1,374 4,585 5,741 

 Less-than-4-year 4,845 2,529 1,187 4,236 3,381 

 4-year 8,944 5,442 1,376 4,610 5,896 

 Nondoctorate-granting 8,056 4,815 1,257 4,448 4,800 

 Doctorate-granting 11,090 6,996 1,651 4,988 8,293 

 Private, for-profit 5,049 1,979 — 4,141 4,035 

 More than one institution 4,415 1,932 1,568 3,697 3,836 

Level of institution3

 Less-than-2-year 4,316 1,884 — 3,944 3,342 

 2-year 2,337 1,370 1,340 3,243 2,077 

 4-year 6,618 3,746 1,399 4,342 4,636 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 6,832 3,864 1,371 4,345 4,904 

 Full-time, part-year 3,282 1,656 1,239 3,320 2,483 

 Part-time, full-year 3,305 1,664 1,629 3,946 2,381 

 Part-time, part-year 1,555 840 1,668 2,970 1,541 

Local residence

 On campus 8,247 4,972 1,394 3,890 5,696 

 Off campus 4,256 2,085 1,469 4,405 2,945 

 With parents/other relatives 3,638 2,198 1,245 3,417 3,226 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 1,051 747 — 2,199 1,283 

 $500–999 1,943 1,262 1,424 2,708 1,398 

 $1,000–1,999 3,328 1,878 1,398 3,336 2,292 

 $2,000–3,999 4,945 2,441 1,359 4,123 3,288 

 $4,000–7,999 6,397 3,248 1,280 4,293 4,299 

 $8,000 or more 11,114 6,559 1,435 4,981 7,147 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 763 652 — 1,573 637 

 $4,000–7,999 2,691 1,695 1,133 2,708 2,097 

 $8,000–11,999 5,004 2,405 1,369 4,109 3,374 

 $12,000–15,999 7,304 3,648 1,479 4,829 4,605 

 $16,000 or more 11,784 6,940 1,491 5,150 7,561 

Gender

 Male 5,110 2,723 1,384 4,137 3,935 

 Female 4,801 2,712 1,405 4,030 3,442 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 5,009 2,669 1,391 4,155 3,835 

 Black, non-Hispanic 4,700 2,619 1,420 3,833 3,081 

 Hispanic 4,152 2,407 1,210 3,880 3,350 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 6,268 4,144 1,617 4,007 4,471 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 4,642 2,959 — 3,848 2,315 

_______

86
Table 3.1b—Average amount of aid received by aided undergraduates according to type of aid, by

Table 3.1b—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Total Total Total Total Total

 aid grant work-study loan other

 amount amount amount amount1 type aid2

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger $5,782 $3,757 $1,209 $2,991 $5,231 

 19–23 years 5,675 3,303 1,399 3,929 4,481 

 24–29 years 4,437 1,860 1,567 4,736 2,739 

 30–39 years 3,583 1,739 1,503 4,747 2,157 

 40 years or older 2,983 1,616 1,827 4,304 2,354 

Dependency status

 Dependent 5,923 3,626 1,356 3,685 4,872 

 Independent 3,915 1,846 1,534 4,626 2,453 

 No dependents, unmarried 4,642 1,939 1,480 4,943 2,787 

 No dependents, married 3,261 1,595 1,821 4,911 2,202 

 With dependents 3,646 1,849 1,531 4,298 2,281 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 5,799 3,723 1,339 3,530 3,189 

 $20,000–39,999 6,111 3,591 1,353 3,719 3,860 

 $40,000–59,999 6,009 3,680 1,389 3,670 4,791 

 $60,000–79,999 5,809 3,566 1,314 3,797 5,743 

 $80,000–99,999 5,945 3,546 1,313 3,676 6,584 

 $100,000 or more 5,536 3,194 1,503 3,944 7,245 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 4,763 2,235 1,508 4,555 2,617 

 $10,000–19,999 3,916 1,765 1,720 4,630 2,320 

 $20,000–29,999 3,333 1,370 1,529 4,627 2,999 

 $30,000–49,999 3,020 1,331 — 4,922 2,251 

 $50,000 or more 2,235 1,419 — 4,659 1,754 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 5,298 2,984 1,394 4,035 2,931 

 Middle quartiles 4,893 2,577 1,401 4,083 3,654 

 Highest quartile 4,259 2,387 1,397 4,137 4,663 

Grant status

 No grants 4,328 † 1,433 4,011 3,624 

 Received grants 5,090 2,716 1,394 4,103 3,760 

Loan status

 No loans 2,385 2,102 1,416 † 2,734 

 Received loans4 7,313 3,461 1,391 4,074 4,728 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Includes PLUS loans.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

87
Table 3.2a—Percentage of undergraduates receiving federal aid according to type of aid, by institutional

Table 3.2a—and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Any Federal

 federal Federal Federal Federal PLUS

aid1 grants work-study loans2 loans

 Total 35.7 21.9 4.1 25.3 2.4 

Type of institution

 Public 28.1 18.4 2.4 17.9 1.4 

 Less-than-2-year 13.8 12.8 0.1 3.0 0.0 

 2-year 18.1 15.0 1.4 6.0 0.1 

 4-year 42.9 23.6 4.0 35.4 3.3 

 Nondoctorate-granting 44.0 26.1 4.5 34.2 2.2 

 Doctorate-granting 42.2 21.9 3.7 36.2 4.0 

 Private, not-for-profit 50.8 23.9 13.6 43.5 5.5 

 Less-than-4-year 50.9 31.7 2.0 34.6 3.4 

 4-year 50.8 23.2 14.7 44.3 5.7 

 Nondoctorate-granting 53.8 26.4 14.9 46.3 5.5 

 Doctorate-granting 44.6 16.5 14.3 40.2 6.2 

 Private, for profit 69.6 47.7 0.4 54.3 5.2 

 More than one institution 69.8 42.9 3.4 50.7 5.0 

Level of institution3

 Less-than-2-year 50.6 37.9 0.1 35.4 3.0 

 2-year 21.3 16.8 1.3 9.1 0.5 

 4-year 45.7 23.6 7.3 38.4 4.0 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 54.9 30.6 9.0 43.2 5.0 

 Full-time, part-year 39.5 27.6 1.5 24.2 2.0 

 Part-time, full-year 28.4 19.2 1.7 17.8 0.8 

 Part-time, part-year 10.8 8.1 0.3 5.1 0.1 

Local residence

 On campus 59.6 26.6 15.3 52.5 9.3 

 Off campus 31.4 20.6 2.2 21.8 1.1 

 With parents/other relatives 33.0 22.6 2.5 18.7 1.6 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 8.3 7.4 0.5 1.7 0.04

 $500–999 24.0 19.6 1.3 9.3 0.1 

 $1,000–1,999 40.8 28.3 3.2 24.4 1.0 

 $2,000–3,999 50.5 30.1 4.6 39.4 2.9 

 $4,000–7,999 60.0 33.1 5.6 52.2 5.6 

 $8,000 or more 60.1 24.0 18.0 56.1 9.5 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 7.7 6.9 0.1 1.6 0.04

 $4,000–7,999 34.3 25.5 2.6 17.5 0.7 

 $8,000–11,999 49.7 29.0 4.6 39.7 3.2 

 $12,000–15,999 60.9 32.8 6.0 53.8 6.4 

 $16,000 or more 59.8 23.8 19.8 55.6 8.9 

Gender

 Male 31.7 18.2 3.4 23.9 2.7 

 Female 38.7 24.8 4.6 26.2 2.2 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 32.3 16.6 3.6 25.2 2.5 

 Black, non-Hispanic 48.7 38.1 5.4 30.4 2.5 

 Hispanic 43.8 36.1 5.2 22.0 1.5 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 32.5 22.9 5.6 20.7 2.2 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 45.6 37.3 2.3 25.2 1.5 

_______

88
Table 3.2a—Percentage of undergraduates receiving federal aid according to type of aid, by institutional

Table 3.2a—and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Any Federal

 federal Federal Federal Federal PLUS

aid1 grants work-study loans2 loans

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 42.6 23.2 7.9 30.2 6.5 

 19–23 years 41.3 22.6 5.8 30.8 3.9 

 24–29 years 36.0 25.5 2.2 25.5 †

 30–39 years 28.2 21.5 1.3 17.4 †

 40 years or older 17.9 13.5 0.9 10.0 †

Dependency status

 Dependent 38.8 18.9 6.2 30.1 4.9 

 Independent 32.7 24.8 2.0 20.5 †

 No dependents, unmarried 30.9 18.7 2.1 24.0 †

 No dependents, married 18.0 8.6 0.7 12.7 †

 With dependents 39.2 35.1 2.4 20.9 †

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 62.6 57.0 9.6 35.2 3.0 

 $20,000–39,999 49.1 31.7 8.8 37.4 4.4 

 $40,000–59,999 34.2 3.7 6.2 32.2 6.3 

 $60,000–79,999 27.8 0.5 3.8 26.6 5.6 

 $80,000–99,999 24.0 0.2 2.8 23.1 6.0 

 $100,000 or more 13.6 0.3 1.4 12.2 4.1 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 57.9 52.3 5.2 33.7 †

 $10,000–19,999 36.7 24.4 1.2 23.1 †

 $20,000–29,999 24.7 18.3 0.8 15.4 †

 $30,000–49,999 14.7 6.0 0.5 12.1 †

 $50,000 or more 5.8 0.1 0.04 5.8 †

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 59.4 54.3 7.3 34.3 1.5 

 Middle quartiles 34.0 16.1 3.9 26.2 2.7 

 Highest quartile 15.1 0.9 1.2 14.1 2.6 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † †

 Received aid 71.8 44.1 8.2 50.8 4.8 

Grant status

 No grants 13.2 † 0.4 12.9 1.7 

 Received grants 71.0 56.2 9.9 44.6 3.4 

Loan status

 No loans 13.9 13.4 1.4 † 0.3 

 Received loans5 99.1 46.8 12.0 98.6 8.5 

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

2

Excludes PLUS loans.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

Value rounds to less than .1 percent.

5

Categories refer to the student’s loan status. Among students who received loans, 8.5 percent had parents who also took out

PLUS loans. Among students who did not take out loans for themselves, less than one percent (0.3) had parents who took out

PLUS loans.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

89
Table 3.2b—Average amount of federal aid received by undergraduates who received federal aid according

Table 3.2b—to type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Total Total Total Total Federal

 federal federal federal federal PLUS

aid1 grants work-study loans2 loans 

 Total $4,430 $1,668 $1,322 $4,041 $5,917 

Type of institution

 Public 3,908 1,633 1,344 3,876 5,192 

 Less-than-2-year 2,104 1,429 — 3,630 —

 2-year 2,294 1,488 1,336 2,840 —

 4-year 4,902 1,768 1,348 4,130 5,308 

 Nondoctorate-granting 4,357 1,751 1,450 3,801 4,447 

 Doctorate-granting 5,289 1,782 1,263 4,341 5,626 

 Private, not-for-profit 5,916 2,013 1,292 4,474 7,328 

 Less-than-4-year 4,141 1,669 1,075 4,122 3,814 

 4-year 6,078 2,055 1,295 4,499 7,518 

 Nondoctorate-granting 5,746 2,021 1,184 4,356 6,725 

 Doctorate-granting 6,901 2,168 1,532 4,840 8,954 

 Private, for-profit 4,597 1,566 — 4,082 4,471 

 More than one institution 4,007 1,401 1,478 3,674 5,627 

Level of institution3

 Less-than-2-year 4,127 1,557 — 3,875 4,211 

 2-year 2,754 1,501 1,326 3,287 4,002 

 4-year 5,329 1,856 1,313 4,287 6,293 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 5,275 2,001 1,302 4,288 6,334 

 Full-time, part-year 3,045 1,167 1,041 3,252 3,785 

 Part-time, full-year 3,790 1,549 1,608 3,988 5,035 

 Part-time, part-year 2,212 903 1,429 3,033 —

Local residence

 On campus 5,592 1,996 1,312 3,795 6,524 

 Off campus 4,387 1,581 1,381 4,398 5,574 

 With parents/other relatives 3,384 1,650 1,232 3,404 4,606 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 1,654 1,173 — 2,456 —

 $500–999 2,236 1,351 1,305 2,723 —

 $1,000–1,999 3,360 1,666 1,320 3,374 3,323 

 $2,000–3,999 4,666 1,802 1,261 4,109 4,659 

 $4,000–7,999 5,238 1,781 1,214 4,261 4,767 

 $8,000 or more 7,014 2,235 1,359 4,814 7,685 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 1,140 874 — 1,656 —

 $4,000–7,999 2,701 1,559 1,120 2,750 2,825 

 $8,000–11,999 4,707 1,794 1,337 4,081 4,359 

 $12,000–15,999 5,974 1,956 1,330 4,785 5,417 

 $16,000 or more 7,267 2,321 1,393 4,992 8,328 

Gender

 Male 4,698 1,674 1,318 4,109 5,759 

 Female 4,265 1,665 1,325 3,993 6,067 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 4,655 1,587 1,317 4,114 6,061 

 Black, non-Hispanic 4,153 1,715 1,369 3,823 5,256 

 Hispanic 3,687 1,741 1,158 3,864 5,187 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 4,569 1,929 1,523 3,973 6,279 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 3,974 1,976 — 3,825 —

_______

90
Table 3.2b—Average amount of federal aid received by undergraduates who received federal aid according

Table 3.2b—to type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Total Total Total Total Federal

 federal federal federal federal PLUS

aid1 grants work-study loans2 loans

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger $4,230 $1,815 $1,203 $2,896 $6,354 

 19–23 years 4,563 1,731 1,306 3,873 5,764 

 24–29 years 4,560 1,578 1,470 4,746 †

 30–39 years 4,228 1,596 1,409 4,772 †

 40 years or older 3,668 1,477 1,837 4,398 †

Dependency status

 Dependent 4,615 1,775 1,282 3,615 5,917 

 Independent 4,218 1,590 1,444 4,645 †

 No dependents, unmarried 4,895 1,523 1,359 5,005 †

 No dependents, married 4,151 1,390 1,301 4,876 †

 With dependents 3,846 1,633 1,515 4,298 †

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 4,196 2,034 1,238 3,492 4,016 

 $20,000–39,999 4,438 1,480 1,325 3,684 4,864 

 $40,000–59,999 4,717 1,044 1,305 3,593 5,381 

 $60,000–79,999 5,045 1,430 1,196 3,705 6,556 

 $80,000–99,999 5,559 — 1,241 3,623 7,715 

 $100,000 or more 6,170 — 1,466 3,601 9,070 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 4,308 1,690 1,448 4,567 †

 $10,000–19,999 4,080 1,625 1,391 4,685 †

 $20,000–29,999 3,913 1,270 1,542 4,670 †

 $30,000–49,999 4,402 890 — 4,871 †

 $50,000 or more 4,647 — — 4,658 †

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 4,270 1,830 1,326 4,031 4,331 

 Middle quartiles 4,382 1,421 1,325 4,047 5,433 

 Highest quartile 5,298 922 1,284 4,038 7,869 

Grant status

 No grants 4,760 † 1,277 3,947 6,545 

 Received grants 4,335 1,668 1,325 4,083 5,426 

Loan status

 No loans 1,752 1,545 1,354 † 6,827 

 Received loans4 5,518 1,771 1,312 4,041 5,835 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

2

Excludes PLUS loans.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

91
Table 3.2c—Percentage of undergraduates receiving federal aid1

 according to type of institution, by

Table 3.2c—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year Total

 Non- Non- receiving

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, federal

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit aid2

 

 Total 18.1 44.0 42.2 53.8 44.6 69.6 35.7 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 38.3 58.6 50.5 67.5 54.4 78.4 54.9 

 Full-time, part-year 23.6 44.7 36.5 51.7 35.3 67.8 39.5 

 Part-time, full-year 19.9 35.2 35.0 35.8 32.0 71.2 28.4 

 Part-time, part-year 6.2 12.2 15.5 18.6 13.7 53.4 10.8 

Local residence

 On campus 27.9 65.5 53.7 69.5 57.9 74.5 59.6 

 Off campus 17.1 39.1 39.5 38.5 33.5 66.6 31.4 

 With parents/other relatives 19.5 39.8 35.4 62.7 43.2 78.3 33.0 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 8.8 3.3 4.7 5.0 8.5 13.5 8.3 

 $500–999 25.1 22.7 21.4 11.4 4.2 51.7 24.0 

 $1,000–1,999 39.4 45.6 42.8 25.6 11.4 54.0 40.8 

 $2,000–3,999 39.7 57.5 49.2 46.8 25.3 64.5 50.5 

 $4,000–7,999 — 57.9 50.7 63.9 42.6 74.7 60.0 

 $8,000 or more — 58.7 38.6 64.9 54.0 82.9 60.1 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 7.3 6.1 5.9 9.1 3.0 43.1 7.7 

 $4,000–7,999 27.7 45.8 38.9 46.8 27.9 63.0 34.3 

 $8,000–11,999 38.9 55.9 47.1 51.7 30.2 72.0 49.7 

 $12,000–15,999 40.1 59.9 55.2 64.8 46.9 80.6 60.9 

 $16,000 or more — 46.0 42.7 66.1 54.8 79.7 59.8 

Gender

 Male 12.2 42.2 39.4 52.7 41.5 69.4 31.7 

 Female 22.4 45.3 44.9 54.6 47.5 69.7 38.7 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 14.7 41.5 38.8 51.0 41.8 66.5 32.3 

 Black, non-Hispanic 31.3 58.0 64.3 63.4 59.6 72.4 48.7 

 Hispanic 22.3 52.7 52.8 67.3 62.2 80.8 43.8 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 14.3 40.7 39.9 43.4 41.4 52.6 32.5 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 32.3 57.9 50.8 — — 75.2 45.6 

Dependency status

 Dependent 16.3 47.2 41.5 61.4 49.2 69.3 38.8 

 Independent 19.2 40.1 43.8 41.8 33.0 69.7 32.7 

 No dependents, unmarried 13.5 41.5 42.5 45.0 35.5 67.1 30.9 

 No dependents, married 7.8 21.8 38.2 28.0 27.0 48.3 18.0 

 With dependents 26.9 47.9 47.9 44.3 33.0 74.8 39.2 

_______

92
Table 3.2c—Percentage of undergraduates receiving federal aid1

 according to type of institution, by

Table 3.2c—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year Total

 Non- Non- receiving

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, federal

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit aid2

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 41.0 71.6 67.7 79.6 65.3 88.4 62.6 

 $20,000–39,999 20.4 63.6 58.3 73.4 74.7 75.7 49.1 

 $40,000–59,999 8.1 44.7 39.6 64.4 55.6 67.0 34.2 

 $60,000–79,999 5.8 29.0 31.5 56.1 41.1 51.5 27.8 

 $80,000–99,999 0.6 23.7 27.7 46.1 39.8 28.6 24.0 

 $100,000 or more 3.9 13.2 11.5 23.3 25.4 14.9 13.6 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 41.5 69.9 66.2 68.0 58.2 79.5 57.9 

 $10,000–19,999 23.9 46.7 45.7 47.8 39.1 72.9 36.7 

 $20,000–29,999 12.0 30.9 35.9 45.7 23.0 69.3 24.7 

 $30,000–49,999 6.2 16.8 22.6 27.2 19.1 49.7 14.7 

 $50,000 or more 0.9 5.6 9.3 11.9 10.7 32.3 5.8 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 39.8 71.2 66.5 74.9 63.9 82.0 59.4 

 Middle quartiles 15.8 42.4 42.9 58.0 49.6 69.3 34.0 

 Highest quartile 2.3 16.8 19.3 29.0 28.7 38.4 15.1 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † † †

 Received aid 55.1 79.8 76.3 72.5 70.6 90.2 71.8 

Grant status

 No grants 3.2 19.7 22.0 20.9 15.2 42.0 13.2 

 Received grants 57.2 78.5 73.1 72.1 70.2 92.2 71.0 

Loan status

 No loans 12.8 14.9 9.4 14.0 6.8 33.0 13.9 

 Received loans4 97.2 99.6 99.2 99.5 98.8 98.6 99.1 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

2

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

93
Table 3.2d—Average amount of federal aid1

 received by undergraduates who received federal aid according

Table 3.2d—to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions2

 

 Total $2,294 $4,357 $5,289 $5,746 $6,901 $4,597 $4,430 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 2,935 4,780 5,641 6,279 7,241 5,797 5,275 

 Full-time, part-year 1,450 2,895 3,537 3,763 5,314 3,846 3,045 

 Part-time, full-year 2,439 4,161 5,318 5,482 6,273 4,472 3,790 

 Part-time, part-year 1,238 2,536 3,279 3,067 4,689 2,982 2,212 

Local residence

 On campus 2,588 4,682 5,255 6,198 7,215 7,443 5,592 

 Off campus 2,458 4,669 5,695 5,666 6,994 4,603 4,387 

 With parents/other relatives 1,959 3,211 3,893 4,800 5,729 4,288 3,384 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 1,621 — — — — — 1,654 

 $500–999 2,170 2,509 2,880 2,400 — 1,180 2,236 

 $1,000–1,999 2,750 3,822 4,226 2,658 3,271 2,087 3,360 

 $2,000–3,999 3,107 4,687 5,592 3,745 3,881 3,221 4,666 

 $4,000–7,999 — 5,082 5,748 5,469 5,344 4,731 5,238 

 $8,000 or more — 6,895 7,351 6,694 7,420 7,180 7,014 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 1,030 1,534 1,717 1,611 — 1,187 1,140 

 $4,000–7,999 2,282 3,077 3,347 3,090 3,328 2,695 2,701 

 $8,000–11,999 3,536 4,882 5,263 4,578 4,664 4,235 4,707 

 $12,000–15,999 — 6,126 6,363 5,907 5,978 5,861 5,974 

 $16,000 or more — 8,276 7,988 6,985 7,481 7,347 7,267 

Gender

 Male 2,173 4,345 5,485 5,752 6,874 5,219 4,698 

 Female 2,341 4,366 5,125 5,742 6,922 4,233 4,265 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 2,332 4,538 5,392 5,918 6,912 4,956 4,655 

 Black, non-Hispanic 2,352 4,198 5,167 6,091 7,332 4,296 4,153 

 Hispanic 2,050 3,315 4,786 4,315 6,186 4,050 3,687 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 2,169 3,557 5,146 5,906 6,999 4,489 4,569 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 2,743 5,044 5,419 — — 4,942 3,974 

Dependency status

 Dependent 2,055 4,073 4,939 5,752 6,834 4,795 4,615 

 Independent 2,415 4,758 6,019 5,732 7,153 4,517 4,218 

 No dependents, unmarried 2,589 4,786 6,147 6,285 7,885 4,991 4,895 

 No dependents, married 1,789 4,682 5,309 5,422 6,046 4,567 4,151 

 With dependents 2,428 4,751 6,115 5,392 6,638 4,321 3,846 

_______

94
Table 3.2d—Average amount of federal aid1

 received by undergraduates who received federal aid according

Table 3.2d—to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions2

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 $2,122 $4,015 $4,888 $5,530 $7,669 $4,316 $4,196 

 $20,000–39,999 1,835 3,964 4,828 6,114 6,518 4,974 4,438 

 $40,000–59,999 2,097 4,069 4,729 5,607 6,406 5,271 4,717 

 $60,000–79,999 — 4,146 5,018 5,680 6,481 5,206 5,045 

 $80,000–99,999 — 4,582 5,625 5,192 6,661 — 5,559 

 $100,000 or more — 5,130 5,873 6,709 7,684 — 6,170 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 2,551 5,014 6,156 6,157 7,573 4,395 4,308 

 $10,000–19,999 2,337 4,653 6,229 5,527 7,121 4,632 4,080 

 $20,000–29,999 1,850 4,053 5,490 5,442 6,027 4,668 3,913 

 $30,000–49,999 2,676 4,367 5,636 5,260 6,739 4,546 4,402 

 $50,000 or more — — — 5,232 — 4,827 4,647 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 2,285 4,517 5,385 5,919 7,646 4,388 4,270 

 Middle quartiles 2,307 4,172 5,142 5,693 6,412 4,761 4,382 

 Highest quartile 2,225 4,631 5,559 5,538 7,001 4,875 5,298 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † † †

 Received aid 2,294 4,357 5,289 5,746 6,901 4,597 4,430 

Grant status

 No grants 2,614 4,230 5,142 5,698 7,581 5,018 4,760 

 Received grants 2,247 4,403 5,356 5,754 6,773 4,440 4,335 

Loan status

 No loans 1,547 2,019 2,180 2,169 3,429 1,495 1,752 

 Received loans4 3,747 5,023 5,801 6,325 7,241 5,419 5,518 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

2

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

95
Table 3.3a—Percentage of undergraduates receiving state aid according to type of aid, by institutional and

Table 3.3a—student characteristics: 1995–96

State

 Any Other non-need

 state State State State state grants or

 aid grants loans work-study aid scholarships

 Total 11.5 10.6 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.8

Type of institution

 Public 9.5 8.8 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.7

 Less-than-2-year 10.6 8.1 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0

 2-year 6.1 5.5 0.01 0.1 0.6 0.2

 4-year 14.4 13.4 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.5

 Nondoctorate-granting 15.9 14.7 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.9

 Doctorate-granting 13.3 12.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 2.0

 Private, not-for-profit 21.6 20.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.7

 Less-than-4-year 14.5 13.1 0.2 0.1 1.4 1.4

 4-year 22.2 21.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.7

 Nondoctorate-granting 25.3 24.7 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.9

 Doctorate-granting 16.0 15.1 0.5 0.5 0.3 1.2

 Private, for-profit 10.4 8.8 0.1 0.0 1.7 0.3

 More than one institution 9.6 8.6 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.5

Level of institution2

 Less-than-2-year 8.2 6.1 0.1 0.0 2.1 0.01

 2-year 6.8 6.1 0.01 0.1 0.7 0.3

 4-year 16.7 15.8 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.6

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 19.8 18.7 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.8

 Full-time, part-year 11.1 9.8 0.1 0.3 1.3 0.5

 Part-time, full-year 8.1 7.5 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3

 Part-time, part-year 2.4 2.0 0.01 0.01 0.4 0.1

Local residence

 On campus 21.3 20.4 0.4 0.8 0.5 2.2

 Off campus 9.2 8.2 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.5

 With parents/other relatives 11.6 11.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.9

Tuition and fees2

 Less than $500 1.8 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0

 $500–999 6.7 6.2 0.01 0.1 0.4 0.2

 $1,000–1,999 13.8 13.0 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.5

 $2,000–3,999 18.9 17.6 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.5

 $4,000–7,999 21.0 19.6 0.2 0.5 1.4 1.5

 $8,000 or more 23.4 22.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 1.6

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 2.5 1.9 0.0 0.01 0.5 0.1

 $4,000–7,999 10.9 10.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.7

 $8,000–11,999 16.9 15.6 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.7

 $12,000–15,999 22.4 21.1 0.2 0.3 1.3 1.5

 $16,000 or more 23.3 22.2 0.8 0.9 0.5 1.6

Gender

 Male 10.0 9.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.8

 Female 12.5 11.7 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.9

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 10.9 10.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.9

 Black, non-Hispanic 15.2 14.2 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.9

 Hispanic 11.2 10.6 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

 Asian/Pacific Islander 11.6 11.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.7

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 13.6 10.5 0.0 1.5 2.8 0.6

_______

96
Table 3.3a—Percentage of undergraduates receiving state aid according to type of aid, by institutional and

Table 3.3a—student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

State

 Any Other non-need

 state State State State state grants or

 aid grants loans work-study aid scholarships

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 16.0 15.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.9

 19–23 years 13.2 12.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.2

 24–29 years 9.7 9.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.3

 30–39 years 9.6 8.3 0.01 0.2 1.4 0.4

 40 years or older 6.3 5.1 0.01 0.01 1.2 0.1

Dependency status

 Dependent 13.3 12.6 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.4

 Independent 9.7 8.7 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.3

 No dependents, unmarried 9.0 8.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.3

 No dependents, married 4.4 3.7 0.01 0.1 0.8 0.3

 With dependents 12.1 10.8 0.01 0.2 1.3 0.4

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 23.0 22.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.1

 $20,000–39,999 19.3 18.7 0.3 0.5 0.3 1.7

 $40,000–59,999 12.1 11.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.4

 $60,000–79,999 6.6 6.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.6

 $80,000–99,999 4.3 3.6 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.1

 $100,000 or more 2.9 2.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.0

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 17.8 16.3 0.1 0.4 1.4 0.5

 $10,000–19,999 10.3 9.3 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.3

 $20,000–29,999 7.1 6.6 0.0 0.01 0.6 0.2

 $30,000–49,999 4.6 3.6 0.1 0.01 1.0 0.4

 $50,000 or more 1.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 20.4 19.3 0.1 0.4 1.0 1.0

 Middle quartiles 10.9 10.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8

 Highest quartile 3.5 2.7 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.7

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † †

 Received aid 23.1 21.4 0.3 0.5 1.4 1.7

Grant status

 No grants 0.8 † 0.1 0.1 0.6 †

 Received grants 28.1 27.2 0.2 0.5 0.8 2.2

Loan status

 No loans 6.7 6.0 † 0.1 0.7 0.6

 Received loans3 25.4 24.1 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.5

†Not applicable.

1

Value rounds to less than .1 percent.

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

97
Table 3.3b—Average amount of state aid received by undergraduates who received state aid according to

Table 3.3b—type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Any

 State State State State Other state

 aid grant loan work-study state non-need

 total total total total aid grants

 

 Total $1,647 $1,571 $3,162 $1,498 $1,968 $1,484 

Type of institution

 Public 1,373 1,327 — 1,467 1,352 1,570 

 Less-than-2-year 2,113 2,411 — — 1,135 —

 2-year 815 779 — — 898 —

 4-year 1,691 1,625 — 1,459 1,916 1,673 

 Nondoctorate-granting 1,464 1,384 — 1,405 1,720 1,250 

 Doctorate-granting 1,876 1,819 — — 2,047 1,807 

 Private, not-for-profit 2,115 2,012 2,916 1,476 3,549 1,363 

 Less-than-4-year 2,510 2,259 ————

 4-year 2,092 1,998 2,885 1,473 3,349 1,389 

 Nondoctorate-granting 2,013 1,923 2,857 1,253 — 1,378 

 Doctorate-granting 2,346 2,250 — — — 1,427 

 Private, for-profit 2,540 2,192 — — 4,130 —

 More than one institution 1,411 1,265 — — — 1,372 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 2,777 2,634 — — 3,095 —

 2-year 1,054 988 — — 1,390 975 

 4-year 1,856 1,780 3,134 1,464 2,204 1,574 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 1,916 1,829 3,365 1,610 2,451 1,647 

 Full-time, part-year 1,315 1,212 — — 1,822 885 

 Part-time, full-year 1,102 1,033 — — 1,600 971 

 Part-time, part-year 816 736 ————

Local residence

 On campus 2,021 1,939 3,129 1,423 2,404 1,625 

 Off campus 1,534 1,425 3,308 1,642 1,957 1,403 

 With parents/other relatives 1,489 1,463 — — 1,720 1,406 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 647 650 — — 613 —

 $500–999 622 551 ————

 $1,000–1,999 1,047 1,006 — — 1,407 1,558 

 $2,000–3,999 1,552 1,496 — 1,551 1,675 1,683 

 $4,000–7,999 2,328 2,163 — — 3,961 1,367 

 $8,000 or more 2,381 2,246 3,435 1,445 4,350 1,326 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 593 539 — — 766 —

 $4,000–7,999 970 925 — — 1,282 1,303 

 $8,000–11,999 1,653 1,581 — 1,397 1,989 1,756 

 $12,000–15,999 2,304 2,159 — — 3,869 1,352 

 $16,000 or more 2,454 2,323 3,348 1,437 3,695 1,367 

Gender

 Male 1,726 1,618 3,177 1,284 2,481 1,576 

 Female 1,599 1,543 3,151 1,604 1,579 1,428 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 1,616 1,517 3,361 1,514 2,039 1,543 

 Black, non-Hispanic 1,458 1,449 — — 1,313 1,221 

 Hispanic 1,621 1,559 ————

 Asian/Pacific Islander 2,423 2,423 ————

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 2,030 1,615 ————

_______

98
Table 3.3b—Average amount of state aid received by undergraduates who received state aid according to

Table 3.3b—type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Any

 State State State State Other state

 aid grant loan work-study state non-need

 total total total total aid grants

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger $1,740 $1,707 $3,086 $1,091 $1,516 $1,750 

 19–23 years 1,740 1,681 3,361 1,565 1,695 1,522 

 24–29 years 1,380 1,284 — — 2,093 —

 30–39 years 1,442 1,312 — — 1,930 860 

 40 years or older 1,742 1,527 — — 2,399 —

Dependency status

 Dependent 1,793 1,732 3,225 1,449 1,929 1,593 

 Independent 1,454 1,345 — 1,602 1,981 1,052 

 No dependents, unmarried 1,725 1,587 — — 2,878 1,098 

 No dependents, married 1,406 1,341 ————

 With dependents 1,315 1,214 — — 1,807 1,005 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 1,907 1,873 — — 2,007 1,067 

 $20,000–39,999 1,897 1,844 — 1,457 — 1,454 

 $40,000–59,999 1,564 1,495 — 1,236 — 1,693 

 $60,000–79,999 1,516 1,375 — — — 1,740 

 $80,000–99,999 1,722 1,567 — — — 1,898 

 $100,000 or more 1,798 1,491 — — — 2,156 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 1,476 1,393 — — 2,072 1,031 

 $10,000–19,999 1,313 1,179 — — 1,795 —

 $20,000–29,999 1,356 1,206 — — 2,783 —

 $30,000–49,999 1,760 1,589 — — 1,947 —

 $50,000 or more 1,844 2,281 ————

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 1,733 1,678 — 1,469 2,047 1,205 

 Middle quartiles 1,548 1,460 2,990 1,540 2,039 1,473 

 Highest quartile 1,773 1,645 — — 1,678 1,917 

Grant status

 No grants 2,132 † 4,046 — 2,049 †

 Received grants 1,625 1,571 2,679 1,626 1,866 1,484 

Loan status

 No loans 1,503 1,443 † — 1,811 1,651 

 Received loans2 1,756 1,662 3,162 1,437 2,349 1,296 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

99
Table 3.3c—Percentage of undergraduates receiving state aid according to type of institution, by institutional

Table 3.3c—and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

 Total 6.1 15.9 13.3 25.3 16.0 10.4 11.5 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 14.9 23.4 17.6 33.5 19.4 12.6 19.8 

 Full-time, part-year 7.4 14.5 9.3 25.8 14.7 11.0 11.1 

 Part-time, full-year 6.6 9.3 8.8 16.1 11.9 9.7 8.1 

 Part-time, part-year 1.7 3.6 3.3 4.7 4.6 4.4 2.4 

Local residence

 On campus 4.4 25.5 18.8 31.0 17.0 9.8 21.3 

 Off campus 5.7 12.5 11.6 17.6 11.2 10.0 9.2 

 With parents/other relatives 7.2 17.1 11.4 34.3 26.4 11.9 11.6 

Tuition and fees2

 Less than $500 1.9 1.5 1.1 0.6 2.5 0.5 1.8 

 $500–999 7.5 4.9 4.4 3.3 2.2 5.9 6.7 

 $1,000–1,999 17.2 12.2 13.2 6.2 2.6 5.2 13.8 

 $2,000–3,999 22.2 24.6 16.4 17.6 6.0 11.4 18.7 

 $4,000–7,999 — 26.6 19.0 30.5 19.8 12.7 21.0 

 $8,000 or more — 12.1 5.0 34.1 19.6 10.6 23.4 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 2.4 2.3 0.9 3.1 1.8 6.1 2.5 

 $4,000–7,999 9.9 14.3 11.6 14.6 8.9 9.1 10.9 

 $8,000–11,999 12.3 22.6 16.2 21.8 8.4 11.0 16.8 

 $12,000–15,999 14.7 20.2 18.6 35.9 22.9 13.7 22.3 

 $16,000 or more — 18.3 7.2 33.9 19.5 11.7 23.4 

Gender

 Male 4.1 13.6 12.4 25.4 14.4 10.1 10.0 

 Female 7.6 17.6 14.2 25.1 17.5 10.6 12.5 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 5.2 15.3 12.0 25.2 15.2 11.5 10.9 

 Black, non-Hispanic 11.9 16.5 17.8 28.7 21.4 10.8 15.2 

 Hispanic 4.9 20.4 16.7 25.0 23.3 8.0 11.2 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 5.0 20.0 17.0 19.3 13.8 6.3 11.6 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 12.8 16.3 18.9 — — 9.0 13.6 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 8.4 22.2 19.6 29.4 16.8 6.5 16.0 

 19–23 years 6.3 18.2 13.2 29.3 17.4 9.3 13.2 

 24–29 years 6.2 12.7 12.2 22.2 14.9 10.2 9.7 

 30–39 years 6.9 12.9 11.6 15.7 12.2 11.7 9.6 

 40 years or older 3.8 7.7 5.4 14.8 7.1 14.6 6.3 

Dependency status

 Dependent 5.7 17.8 13.7 29.2 17.0 9.0 13.3 

 Independent 6.4 13.6 12.5 19.1 13.6 11.0 9.7 

 No dependents, unmarried 3.7 14.4 12.0 23.1 14.3 12.5 9.0 

 No dependents, married 2.0 5.8 8.9 9.0 9.6 6.8 4.4 

 With dependents 9.8 16.7 14.8 19.7 14.8 11.1 12.1 

_______

100
Table 3.3c—Percentage of undergraduates receiving state aid according to type of institution, by institutional

Table 3.3c—and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 13.3 31.8 28.1 40.2 28.6 12.0 23.0 

 $20,000–39,999 7.3 28.7 20.8 40.9 37.3 10.9 19.3 

 $40,000–59,999 4.2 14.7 11.2 34.0 20.6 10.0 12.1 

 $60,000–79,999 1.0 6.9 7.5 20.0 9.3 2.7 6.6 

 $80,000–99,999 0.6 1.7 5.5 12.5 5.2 1.8 4.3 

 $100,000 or more 0.0 2.4 3.6 6.1 3.8 0.0 2.9 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 13.5 25.1 21.6 36.6 21.6 13.2 17.8 

 $10,000–19,999 7.7 14.2 11.9 21.8 17.7 8.9 10.3 

 $20,000–29,999 4.4 9.4 7.3 18.3 9.9 11.4 7.1 

 $30,000–49,999 2.3 6.2 5.7 10.2 10.5 10.0 4.6 

 $50,000 or more 0.8 1.5 0.9 2.0 3.2 6.0 1.5 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 13.5 29.0 24.8 39.5 28.1 12.4 20.4 

 Middle quartiles 5.2 15.0 12.6 28.1 20.1 10.3 10.9 

 Highest quartile 1.2 3.2 4.2 8.5 5.0 5.7 3.5 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † † †

 Received aid 18.7 28.9 24.0 34.0 25.3 13.5 23.1 

Grant status

 No grants 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.6 2.5 0.8 

 Received grants 20.6 37.2 32.3 38.9 29.5 17.0 28.1 

Loan status

 No loans 4.9 9.0 7.6 11.7 5.7 11.6 6.7 

 Received loans3 24.4 29.2 23.3 40.8 30.8 9.5 25.4 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

101
Table 3.3d—Average amount of state aid received by undergraduates who received state aid according to

Table 3.3d—type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

 Total $815 $1,464 $1,876 $2,013 $2,346 $2,540 $1,647 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 1,011 1,638 2,034 2,163 2,524 2,890 1,916 

 Full-time, part-year 623 893 1,149 1,318 1,425 2,609 1,315 

 Part-time, full-year 709 1,121 1,493 1,744 2,206 1,381 1,102 

 Part-time, part-year 679 645 — 1,414 — 989 816 

Local residence

 On campus — 1,607 2,005 2,229 2,300 — 2,021 

 Off campus 781 1,382 1,792 1,886 2,152 2,799 1,534 

 With parents/other relatives 869 1,451 1,862 1,774 2,635 1,906 1,489 

Tuition and fees2

 Less than $500 674 — — — — — 647 

 $500–999 636 598 — — — — 622 

 $1,000–1,999 890 1,138 1,270 1,043 — — 1,047 

 $2,000–3,999 1,058 1,567 1,799 916 1,052 1,932 1,552 

 $4,000–7,999 — 1,833 2,660 1,758 2,056 3,003 2,328 

 $8,000 or more — — 1,905 2,333 2,490 2,800 2,381 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 587 — — — — — 593 

 $4,000–7,999 864 1,121 1,070 675 800 1,742 970 

 $8,000–11,999 824 1,636 1,814 1,402 1,698 2,900 1,653 

 $12,000–15,999 — 1,701 2,623 1,953 2,223 2,818 2,304 

 $16,000 or more — — 1,999 2,450 2,521 2,863 2,454 

Gender

 Male 877 1,430 1,855 1,995 2,349 2,677 1,726 

 Female 791 1,483 1,894 2,026 2,343 2,463 1,599 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 782 1,431 1,650 2,084 2,193 2,578 1,616 

 Black, non-Hispanic 729 1,437 1,814 1,852 2,372 2,718 1,458 

 Hispanic 846 1,459 2,287 1,507 2,474 1,979 1,621 

 Asian/Pacific Islander — 1,833 2,904 2,752 3,062 — 2,423 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native — — — — — — 2,030 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 859 1,461 2,108 2,143 2,319 1,757 1,740 

 19–23 years 913 1,566 1,934 2,004 2,390 1,838 1,740 

 24–29 years 697 1,287 1,594 1,908 2,375 2,257 1,380 

 30–39 years 798 1,126 1,448 1,918 2,160 2,964 1,442 

 40 years or older 711 1,490 — 2,123 — 3,847 1,742 

_______

102
Table 3.3d—Average amount of state aid received by undergraduates who received state aid according to

Table 3.3d—type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

Dependency status

 Dependent $942 $1,574 $2,008 $2,020 $2,379 $1,842 $1,793 

 Independent 748 1,290 1,559 1,996 2,242 2,774 1,454 

 No dependents, unmarried 780 1,358 1,790 2,061 2,533 3,065 1,725 

 No dependents, married — 1,397 1,257 1,542 — — 1,406 

 With dependents 729 1,211 1,389 2,014 2,102 2,590 1,315 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 978 1,889 2,262 2,004 3,094 1,902 1,907 

 $20,000–39,999 866 1,560 1,965 2,489 2,627 1,960 1,897 

 $40,000–59,999 995 1,065 1,781 1,873 1,871 — 1,564 

 $60,000–79,999 — 1,443 1,747 1,276 1,780 — 1,516 

 $80,000–99,999 — — 1,875 1,746 — — 1,722 

 $100,000 or more — — 2,012 — 1,306 — 1,798 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 776 1,346 1,704 2,186 2,453 2,447 1,476 

 $10,000–19,999 687 1,199 1,431 1,661 2,589 3,075 1,313 

 $20,000–29,999 717 1,049 — 1,978 — 2,856 1,356 

 $30,000–49,999 — — — 1,743 — 3,442 1,760 

 $50,000 or more — — — — — — 1,844 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 865 1,680 2,065 2,182 2,861 2,305 1,733 

 Middle quartiles 755 1,232 1,679 1,962 2,173 2,623 1,548 

 Highest quartile — 1,661 1,918 1,616 1,613 3,426 1,773 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † † †

 Received aid 815 1,464 1,876 2,013 2,346 2,540 1,647 

Grant status

 No grants 923 1,890 2,661 — — 4,562 2,132 

 Received grants 807 1,448 1,844 1,997 2,327 2,300 1,625 

Loan status

 No loans 834 1,546 1,917 1,824 2,180 3,208 1,503 

 Received loans3 757 1,416 1,853 2,076 2,390 1,894 1,756 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

103
Table 3.4a—Percentage of undergraduates receiving institutional aid according to type of aid, by 

Table 3.4a— institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Any Other Institutional

 institutional Institutional Institutional Institutional institutional non-need

 aid grants loans work-study aid grants

 Total 15.9 14.1 0.7 0.8 1.2 3.4 

Type of institution

 Public 11.2 9.7 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.9 

 Less-than-2-year 6.3 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 

 2-year 8.2 7.2 0.3 0.1 0.8 1.1 

 4-year 15.7 13.5 0.4 1.4 1.2 3.0 

 Nondoctorate-granting 12.8 11.3 0.2 0.9 0.7 3.2 

 Doctorate-granting 17.8 15.1 0.6 1.7 1.5 3.0 

 Private, not-for-profit 41.7 38.8 1.5 2.3 2.6 11.6 

 Less-than-4-year 21.3 16.2 5.6 0.3 1.0 4.4 

 4-year 43.5 40.9 1.1 2.5 2.8 12.2 

 Nondoctorate-granting 44.5 42.1 0.9 2.8 2.7 13.6 

 Doctorate-granting 41.5 38.4 1.6 1.9 3.0 9.5 

 Private, for-profit 9.9 5.8 4.2 0.0 0.6 1.7 

 More than one institution 12.5 11.0 0.5 0.3 1.2 1.9 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 10.9 6.3 4.6 0.02 0.8 1.0 

 2-year 8.5 7.3 0.5 0.1 0.8 1.2 

 4-year 24.3 22.0 0.6 1.7 1.7 5.9 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 27.7 25.3 1.0 1.9 1.4 7.4 

 Full-time, part-year 11.7 9.9 1.4 0.1 0.6 1.9 

 Part-time, full-year 11.4 9.6 0.4 0.3 1.4 1.0 

 Part-time, part-year 5.0 3.6 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.4 

Local residence

 On campus 39.4 37.0 1.3 3.2 1.8 11.9 

 Off campus 11.5 9.6 0.6 0.5 1.2 1.7 

 With parents/other relatives 13.8 12.3 0.6 0.3 1.0 2.7 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 7.6 6.4 0.3 0.02 1.0 0.2 

 $500–999 5.4 4.4 0.1 0.02 0.9 1.2 

 $1,000–1,999 13.5 11.9 0.4 0.6 0.8 3.0 

 $2,000–3,999 16.7 14.3 0.4 1.4 1.3 3.1 

 $4,000–7,999 24.4 20.8 2.2 1.3 1.6 5.9 

 $8,000 or more 51.2 48.2 2.6 3.3 2.4 14.9 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 4.9 3.6 0.1 0.02 1.2 0.3 

 $4,000–7,999 12.4 10.8 0.6 0.2 0.9 2.2 

 $8,000–11,999 18.0 15.6 0.9 1.3 0.9 3.3 

 $12,000–15,999 28.5 25.0 1.7 2.0 2.1 7.0 

 $16,000 or more 51.3 48.9 2.0 3.6 2.2 14.9 

Gender

 Male 15.5 13.7 0.9 0.8 1.0 3.5 

 Female 16.3 14.3 0.6 0.8 1.3 3.3 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 15.3 13.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 3.8 

 Black, non-Hispanic 17.1 14.4 1.1 0.8 1.4 3.4 

 Hispanic 16.5 15.2 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.6 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 19.6 17.5 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.7 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 13.9 12.1 0.2 0.1 1.8 2.0 

_______

104
Table 3.4a—Percentage of undergraduates receiving institutional aid according to type of aid, by 

Table 3.4a— institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Any Other Institutional

 institutional Institutional Institutional Institutional institutional non-need

 aid grants loans work-study aid grants

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 26.5 24.9 0.9 1.1 1.4 7.9 

 19–23 years 20.0 18.1 0.7 1.4 1.0 5.1 

 24–29 years 11.0 9.3 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.8 

 30–39 years 9.0 7.1 0.6 0.1 1.3 0.7 

 40 years or older 8.7 6.1 0.8 0.2 1.8 0.4 

Dependency status

 Dependent 21.5 19.7 0.7 1.4 1.2 6.0 

 Independent 10.5 8.6 0.7 0.3 1.2 0.8 

 No dependents, unmarried 11.2 9.2 1.0 0.4 1.0 0.8 

 No dependents, married 10.0 8.1 0.5 0.3 1.4 0.8 

 With dependents 10.2 8.4 0.6 0.1 1.3 0.9 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 23.9 22.3 0.8 1.1 1.0 5.4 

 $20,000–39,999 25.9 23.7 1.2 1.4 1.3 6.2 

 $40,000–59,999 21.6 19.8 0.7 1.4 1.1 6.5 

 $60,000–79,999 20.4 18.7 0.5 1.7 1.2 6.9 

 $80,000–99,999 17.2 14.8 0.3 2.0 1.4 5.9 

 $100,000 or more 12.9 11.4 0.4 1.2 0.9 3.9 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 17.2 15.1 0.9 0.5 1.2 1.4 

 $10,000–19,999 11.7 9.4 1.2 0.3 1.1 1.1 

 $20,000–29,999 7.8 6.4 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.5 

 $30,000–49,999 5.7 4.1 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.3 

 $50,000 or more 4.2 2.2 0.1 0.1 1.8 0.2 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 21.3 19.1 1.0 0.9 1.2 3.5 

 Middle quartiles 15.8 14.1 0.8 0.7 1.1 3.6 

 Highest quartile 10.7 8.8 0.3 1.0 1.4 2.7 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † †

 Received aid 32.1 28.3 1.5 1.7 2.4 6.8 

Grant status

 No grants 1.9 † 0.3 0.4 1.2 †

 Received grants 37.9 36.1 1.4 1.5 1.2 8.6 

Loan status

 No loans 10.8 9.4 † 0.4 1.2 2.4 

 Received loans3 30.9 27.5 2.8 2.0 1.1 6.2 

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

Value rounds to less than .1 percent.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

105
Table 3.4b—Average amount of institutional aid received by undergraduates who received institutional aid

Table 3.4b—according to type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Institutional Institutional Institutional Institutional Other Institutional

 aid grant loan work-study institutional non-need

 total amount amount amount aid grants

 Total $2,928 $2,943 $1,465 $1,525 $2,512 $3,369 

Type of institution

 Public 1,481 1,490 780 1,398 1,178 2,276 

 Less-than-2-year 872 907 ————

 2-year 571 581 — — 495 802 

 4-year 2,171 2,186 1,216 1,471 1,800 3,024 

 Nondoctorate-granting 1,614 1,608 — 1,449 1,426 2,296 

 Doctorate-granting 2,445 2,481 1,189 1,479 1,921 3,559 

 Private, not-for-profit 5,012 4,877 1,738 1,672 4,935 4,352 

 Less-than-4-year 1,532 1,624 825 — — 2,389 

 4-year 5,166 4,994 2,143 1,675 5,046 4,417 

 Nondoctorate-granting 4,338 4,214 1,906 1,554 3,578 3,860 

 Doctorate-granting 6,995 6,755 2,418 2,051 7,712 6,063 

 Private, for-profit 1,584 911 1,956 — 3,580 1,043 

 More than one institution 1,948 2,018 — — — 3,012 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 1,552 930 1,847 — 3,358 1,835 

 2-year 652 642 800 — 552 883 

 4-year 3,856 3,827 1,764 1,566 3,481 3,928 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 3,848 3,808 1,786 1,433 4,064 3,703 

 Full-time, part-year 1,596 1,504 1,429 — 2,003 1,944 

 Part-time, full-year 1,101 991 — 1,669 1,624 1,668 

 Part-time, part-year 713 640 — — 818 1,208 

Local residence

 On campus 4,912 4,814 2,081 1,630 4,218 4,059 

 Off campus 1,963 1,976 1,197 1,477 1,876 2,828 

 With parents/other relatives 1,794 1,702 1,418 1,137 2,653 2,550 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 294 307 — — 215 —

 $500–999 639 605 — — — 629 

 $1,000–1,999 1,226 1,188 — 1,914 1,196 1,325 

 $2,000–3,999 1,681 1,649 1,074 1,252 1,811 2,190 

 $4,000–7,999 2,676 2,625 1,510 1,311 3,367 3,245 

 $8,000 or more 5,941 5,732 2,158 1,678 7,155 4,858 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 375 349 — — 459 —

 $4,000–7,999 950 918 783 — 1,255 1,305 

 $8,000–11,999 1,597 1,543 1,450 1,213 2,139 2,088 

 $12,000–15,999 3,081 3,027 1,477 1,584 3,108 3,636 

 $16,000 or more 6,318 6,036 2,345 1,848 7,986 5,105 

Gender

 Male 2,970 2,967 1,295 1,543 2,944 3,517 

 Female 2,899 2,925 1,672 1,512 2,266 3,250 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 3,071 3,082 1,327 1,498 2,756 3,248 

 Black, non-Hispanic 2,628 2,746 1,428 1,455 1,793 3,964 

 Hispanic 1,891 1,830 1,858 1,414 2,130 2,880 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 3,599 3,646 1,968 1,900 — 4,387 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 2,690 2,943 ————

_______

106
Table 3.4b—Average amount of institutional aid received by undergraduates who received institutional aid

Table 3.4b—according to type of aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Institutional Institutional Institutional Institutional Other Institutional

 aid grant loan work-study institutional non-need

 total amount amount amount aid grants

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger $3,780 $3,733 $1,949 $1,144 $2,955 $3,467 

 19–23 years 3,521 3,469 1,694 1,581 3,997 3,567 

 24–29 years 1,354 1,293 1,106 — 1,737 1,795 

 30–39 years 1,261 1,180 1,455 — 1,237 1,057 

 40 years or older 931 910 858 — 843 2,086 

Dependency status

 Dependent 3,761 3,723 1,780 1,512 3,775 3,580 

 Independent 1,280 1,223 1,160 1,596 1,370 1,903 

 No dependents, unmarried 1,509 1,461 930 — 2,003 2,239 

 No dependents, married 1,445 1,341 1,460 — 1,449 2,594 

 With dependents 1,041 995 1,336 — 986 1,476 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 3,428 3,427 1,391 1,765 2,557 3,635 

 $20,000–39,999 3,687 3,737 1,498 1,188 2,605 3,678 

 $40,000–59,999 4,079 3,996 2,316 1,702 4,459 3,484 

 $60,000–79,999 3,830 3,717 2,420 1,508 4,231 3,428 

 $80,000–99,999 3,951 3,835 — 1,414 5,907 3,595 

 $100,000 or more 3,659 3,565 — 1,581 4,618 3,859 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 1,362 1,305 1,121 1,331 1,721 2,308 

 $10,000–19,999 1,221 1,129 1,119 — 1,442 1,699 

 $20,000–29,999 1,051 982 978 — — —

 $30,000–49,999 1,290 1,240 — — 1,224 —

 $50,000 or more 1,331 1,501 — — 1,016 —

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 2,508 2,540 1,245 1,383 1,991 3,289 

 Middle quartiles 3,101 3,097 1,504 1,633 2,717 3,295 

 Highest quartile 3,258 3,327 2,032 1,499 2,659 3,676 

Grant status

 No grants 2,175 † 1,851 1,533 2,454 †

 Received grants 2,987 2,943 1,330 1,522 2,608 3,369 

Loan status

 No loans 2,244 2,174 † 1,502 2,476 3,617 

 Received loans2 3,622 3,710 1,465 1,539 2,637 3,095 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

107
Table 3.4c—Percentage of undergraduates receiving institutional aid according to type of institution, by

Table 3.4c—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

 Total 8.2 12.8 17.8 44.5 41.5 9.9 15.9 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 15.4 19.3 23.2 61.2 52.4 11.9 27.7 

 Full-time, part-year 7.8 7.5 10.8 34.0 31.6 9.6 11.7 

 Part-time, full-year 10.0 8.3 12.8 20.4 23.3 9.9 11.4 

 Part-time, part-year 3.9 3.1 5.6 15.7 14.5 6.4 5.0 

Local residence

 On campus 17.9 20.7 27.5 68.2 56.6 15.1 39.4 

 Off campus 7.0 10.4 14.9 27.7 30.1 9.3 11.5 

 With parents/other relatives 10.3 12.7 13.7 40.5 36.6 11.1 13.8 

Tuition and fees2

 Less than $500 8.1 2.4 5.1 5.2 4.9 0.0 7.7 

 $500–999 5.0 4.8 7.2 9.4 6.6 2.2 5.4 

 $1,000–1,999 13.0 13.9 15.1 15.6 9.8 5.6 13.5 

 $2,000–3,999 9.9 16.7 18.5 23.2 20.4 6.6 16.7 

 $4,000–7,999 — 16.9 25.3 41.1 37.3 10.9 24.5 

 $8,000 or more — 16.2 28.5 65.8 51.6 17.9 51.1 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 4.7 3.1 5.5 9.8 6.9 3.1 4.8 

 $4,000–7,999 12.4 12.4 11.6 16.6 15.1 8.1 12.3 

 $8,000–11,999 12.5 16.7 18.7 37.5 28.0 12.2 18.1 

 $12,000–15,999 12.2 15.6 26.0 52.9 42.9 12.3 28.5 

 $16,000 or more — 26.3 29.8 66.6 52.4 10.7 51.3 

Gender

 Male 7.4 13.2 16.4 42.6 41.5 11.3 15.5 

 Female 8.8 12.5 19.0 45.8 41.5 9.1 16.3 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 6.6 11.4 16.3 49.5 42.1 8.8 15.3 

 Black, non-Hispanic 11.5 14.2 23.1 35.5 38.5 13.4 17.1 

 Hispanic 12.0 18.2 25.8 24.7 41.2 9.3 16.5 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 13.1 17.1 17.9 43.6 40.6 13.1 19.6 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 7.9 18.6 25.7 — — 8.1 13.9 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 14.0 18.5 27.2 62.6 53.8 11.0 26.5 

 19–23 years 9.0 14.9 19.0 55.2 46.3 9.8 20.0 

 24–29 years 7.7 11.4 11.9 27.3 25.6 11.0 11.0 

 30–39 years 6.1 6.4 10.4 18.8 24.2 8.3 9.0 

 40 years or older 6.7 6.5 9.5 19.7 16.0 10.4 8.7 

_______

108
Table 3.4c—Percentage of undergraduates receiving institutional aid according to type of institution, by

Table 3.4c—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

Dependency status

 Dependent 9.2 15.4 20.4 57.7 47.9 10.6 21.5 

 Independent 7.7 9.7 12.0 23.7 25.4 9.7 10.5 

 No dependents, unmarried 8.0 10.6 10.8 25.9 27.3 9.0 11.2 

 No dependents, married 6.7 8.1 14.3 27.0 23.9 10.7 10.0 

 With dependents 7.8 9.7 12.6 20.9 23.7 9.8 10.2 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 12.7 19.8 28.8 48.2 54.2 12.7 23.9 

 $20,000–39,999 11.5 21.0 26.2 69.6 69.6 12.7 25.9 

 $40,000–59,999 7.9 14.1 20.6 65.8 61.2 12.1 21.6 

 $60,000–79,999 7.9 11.6 17.6 65.0 42.1 6.0 20.4 

 $80,000–99,999 5.0 8.0 13.4 50.0 41.1 1.3 17.2 

 $100,000 or more 3.1 7.4 9.9 33.5 23.9 3.7 12.9 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 15.1 19.0 15.9 35.5 39.8 10.2 17.2 

 $10,000–19,999 9.1 9.8 11.9 28.0 30.7 12.1 11.7 

 $20,000–29,999 5.3 4.6 11.8 19.4 21.4 9.6 7.8 

 $30,000–49,999 2.9 3.4 9.5 17.7 16.5 6.5 5.7 

 $50,000 or more 2.5 3.0 4.7 12.6 9.8 2.8 4.2 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 15.2 20.7 23.5 46.5 50.9 11.6 21.3 

 Middle quartiles 7.4 11.8 18.0 50.9 49.0 10.2 15.8 

 Highest quartile 3.4 6.2 12.1 32.4 27.8 4.7 10.7 

Grant status

 No grants 0.8 1.7 2.8 4.0 5.1 5.4 1.9 

 Received grants 27.6 28.5 40.5 66.9 73.1 13.6 37.9 

Loan status

 No loans 7.5 9.4 13.8 29.2 22.5 4.9 10.8 

 Received loans3 19.5 19.3 24.7 62.1 68.7 13.9 30.9 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

109
Table 3.4d—Average amount of institutional aid received by undergraduates who received institutional aid,

Table 3.4d—by type of institution and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

 Total $571 $1,614 $2,445 $4,338 $6,995 $1,584 $2,928 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 972 1,747 2,660 4,954 7,739 1,913 3,848 

 Full-time, part-year 599 1,137 1,959 2,008 4,391 1,344 1,596 

 Part-time, full-year 354 1,366 1,709 2,214 4,138 1,339 1,101 

 Part-time, part-year 326 702 927 1,052 2,479 1,388 713 

Local residence

 On campus — 1,954 2,870 5,385 8,409 — 4,912 

 Off campus 497 1,499 2,163 2,988 5,706 1,507 1,963 

 With parents/other relatives 623 1,433 2,282 3,109 4,703 1,762 1,794 

Tuition and fees2

 Less than $500 291 — — — — — 294 

 $500–999 539 784 832 — — — 639 

 $1,000–1,999 969 1,374 1,483 1,166 — — 1,226 

 $2,000–3,999 — 1,582 1,911 1,020 2,195 1,104 1,681 

 $4,000–7,999 — 2,420 3,176 2,456 3,700 1,598 2,676 

 $8,000 or more — — 5,033 5,363 7,802 1,836 5,941 

Price of attendance2

 Less than $4,000 276 547 502 767 — — 375 

 $4,000–7,999 677 1,424 1,371 1,182 1,907 1,289 950 

 $8,000–11,999 717 1,567 1,799 1,636 2,678 1,623 1,597 

 $12,000–15,999 — 2,269 3,245 3,402 4,068 1,640 3,081 

 $16,000 or more — — 5,023 5,672 7,984 1,791 6,318 

Gender

 Male 568 1,775 2,551 3,995 7,026 1,904 2,970 

 Female 572 1,491 2,358 4,558 6,967 1,350 2,899 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 734 1,546 2,363 4,320 6,531 1,415 3,071 

 Black, non-Hispanic 430 2,459 2,723 4,068 8,943 1,786 2,628 

 Hispanic 311 1,261 2,280 3,342 6,983 1,498 1,891 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 327 1,527 2,628 6,078 8,212 — 3,599 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native — — — — — — 2,690 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 899 1,760 2,794 5,357 7,911 1,784 3,780 

 19–23 years 627 1,762 2,605 4,747 7,319 1,543 3,521 

 24–29 years 353 1,221 1,605 1,773 5,492 1,346 1,354 

 30–39 years 619 1,269 1,529 1,755 3,033 1,896 1,261 

 40 years or older 349 1,226 — 1,802 2,869 1,582 931 

_______

110
Table 3.4d—Average amount of institutional aid received by undergraduates who received institutional aid,

Table 3.4d—by type of institution and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year 

 Non- Non- All

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit tions1

Dependency status

 Dependent $785 $1,792 $2,670 $4,955 $7,557 $1,686 $3,761 

 Independent 416 1,278 1,609 1,967 4,316 1,538 1,280 

 No dependents, unmarried 381 1,168 1,548 2,416 5,142 1,706 1,509 

 No dependents, married — 1,194 2,283 1,696 4,108 1,620 1,445 

 With dependents 353 1,438 1,344 1,687 3,221 1,452 1,041 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 651 1,630 3,292 4,983 8,007 1,586 3,428 

 $20,000–39,999 708 1,635 2,561 4,843 8,860 1,687 3,687 

 $40,000–59,999 830 2,231 2,442 5,501 7,787 — 4,079 

 $60,000–79,999 — 1,716 2,450 4,899 6,898 — 3,830 

 $80,000–99,999 — 1,829 2,112 4,717 6,190 — 3,951 

 $100,000 or more — 1,803 2,730 3,799 5,725 — 3,659 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 382 1,444 1,675 2,421 5,019 1,567 1,362 

 $10,000–19,999 363 1,114 1,853 1,938 4,382 1,509 1,221 

 $20,000–29,999 — — 1,493 1,102 2,735 1,341 1,051 

 $30,000–49,999 — — — 1,662 — — 1,290 

 $50,000 or more — — — 1,755 — — 1,331 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 471 1,573 2,671 4,261 7,289 1,583 2,508 

 Middle quartiles 606 1,686 2,310 4,549 7,396 1,550 3,101 

 Highest quartile 821 1,464 2,403 3,893 5,894 1,810 3,258 

Grant status

 No grants 493 1,227 1,754 3,744 7,167 2,402 2,175 

 Received grants 577 1,647 2,519 4,358 6,984 1,318 2,987 

Loan status

 No loans 595 1,790 2,678 3,890 6,520 1,998 2,244 

 Received loans3 433 1,451 2,219 4,580 7,218 1,467 3,622 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Total includes public, less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

111
Table 3.5a—Percentage distribution of aided undergraduates according to combination of financial aid

Table 3.5a—received, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Grant,

 Grant loan, and Grant Loan Other

Grant and work- and Loan and combi-

 only work study1 loan1 only1 work1 nations2

 

 Total 38.1 2.2 5.7 25.0 13.1 0.5 15.3 

Type of institution

 Public 44.9 2.3 3.2 21.5 12.7 0.6 14.9 

 Less-than-2-year 63.4 0.2 0.0 4.0 2.4 0.0 30.0 

 2-year 65.1 3.0 0.7 10.3 6.6 0.2 14.2 

 4-year 27.4 1.8 5.3 31.4 18.1 1.0 15.1 

 Nondoctorate-granting 29.3 2.2 6.0 32.0 16.9 1.0 12.7 

 Doctorate-granting 26.1 1.6 4.9 31.0 18.8 1.0 16.7 

 Private, not-for-profit 28.1 2.7 16.3 27.1 8.5 0.4 17.0 

 Less-than-4-year 36.4 1.0 2.0 29.0 17.4 0.1 14.1 

 4-year 27.4 2.8 17.4 26.9 7.8 0.4 17.2 

 Nondoctorate-granting 27.8 3.1 16.8 27.3 7.9 0.4 16.6 

 Doctorate-granting 26.4 2.0 18.7 26.1 7.6 0.7 18.6 

 Private, for-profit 21.7 0.2 0.3 41.7 20.4 0.03 15.8 

 More than one institution 27.0 1.9 2.2 31.1 23.2 0.4 14.3 

Level of institution4

 Less-than-2-year 30.7 0.1 0.1 35.7 16.4 0.0 17.0 

 2-year 59.3 2.6 0.8 14.2 8.5 0.2 14.5 

 4-year 27.4 2.2 9.7 29.8 14.4 0.8 15.8 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 27.1 3.0 9.4 29.7 13.6 0.8 16.4 

 Full-time, part-year 41.5 0.7 2.2 25.3 14.1 0.2 16.0 

 Part-time, full-year 48.0 2.1 2.0 21.6 13.3 0.2 12.8 

 Part-time, part-year 64.0 0.7 0.7 11.3 7.7 0.1 15.6 

Local residence

 On campus 20.8 3.0 17.0 27.5 11.5 1.1 19.2 

 Off campus 40.2 1.5 3.0 25.7 13.6 0.4 15.5 

 With parents/other relatives 48.2 3.2 2.4 21.3 13.3 0.2 11.5 

Tuition and fees4

 Less than $500 75.0 1.8 0.1 5.0 2.7 0.0 15.3 

 $500–999 60.4 2.3 0.7 12.2 9.7 0.1 14.7 

 $1,000–1,999 44.1 2.9 2.7 23.8 13.9 0.4 12.2 

 $2,000–3,999 29.3 2.2 4.8 32.0 16.6 1.0 14.1 

 $4,000–7,999 19.7 1.7 5.7 37.5 17.5 0.6 17.4 

 $8,000 or more 17.5 2.3 20.5 29.3 9.2 0.6 20.6 

Price of attendance4

 Less than $4,000 78.3 0.4 0.1 4.2 2.6 0.03 14.4 

 $4,000–7,999 49.2 3.5 1.8 20.6 12.1 0.1 12.7 

 $8,000–11,999 27.8 2.0 5.0 32.2 17.2 1.0 15.0 

 $12,000–15,999 19.3 1.7 6.1 36.8 16.1 0.6 19.3 

 $16,000 or more 17.4 2.5 22.6 27.9 8.5 0.8 20.3 

Gender

 Male 36.1 1.8 5.2 24.0 13.4 0.5 19.1 

 Female 39.5 2.5 6.0 25.8 12.9 0.5 12.8 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 35.9 1.5 5.8 24.5 15.4 0.7 16.3 

 Black, non-Hispanic 39.1 2.5 5.5 27.9 9.2 0.2 15.7 

 Hispanic 48.8 4.6 4.8 24.1 7.7 0.1 10.0 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 38.4 4.8 8.4 25.3 9.1 0.3 13.8 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 39.0 2.6 3.0 29.7 5.0 0.2 20.6 

_______

112
Table 3.5a—Percentage distribution of aided undergraduates according to combination of financial aid

Table 3.5a—received, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Grant,

 Grant loan, and Grant Loan Other

 Grant and work- and Loan and combi-

 only work study1 loan1 only1 work1 nations2

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 39.3 3.3 9.2 21.4 9.5 0.6 16.7 

 19–23 years 32.2 2.9 8.1 26.0 15.6 0.7 14.6 

 24–29 years 36.7 1.0 2.8 30.3 14.2 0.4 14.7 

 30–39 years 48.8 1.2 1.6 23.3 9.5 0.1 15.5 

 40 years or older 54.2 1.0 1.0 16.6 7.9 0.3 19.0 

Dependency status

 Dependent 31.9 2.9 9.0 24.0 15.6 0.8 15.8 

 Independent 44.4 1.5 2.3 26.1 10.6 0.3 14.9 

 No dependents, unmarried 32.8 0.9 3.2 28.3 17.3 0.6 16.9 

 No dependents, married 49.8 0.8 1.3 14.1 18.1 0.3 15.8 

 With dependents 49.9 1.9 2.1 27.6 5.0 0.03 13.5 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 40.4 5.6 8.8 31.9 3.9 0.03 9.4 

 $20,000–39,999 30.8 2.4 11.5 31.1 11.0 0.7 12.6 

 $40,000–59,999 24.5 1.9 9.7 18.7 24.4 1.3 19.6 

 $60,000–79,999 28.0 1.8 7.2 14.2 27.3 1.2 20.4 

 $80,000–99,999 25.7 1.2 5.5 13.6 26.0 1.2 26.8 

 $100,000 or more 41.3 1.5 4.0 9.5 19.0 1.0 23.6 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 38.5 2.6 4.3 36.1 5.4 0.4 12.8 

 $10,000–19,999 40.8 1.2 1.5 25.8 15.4 0.2 15.3 

 $20,000–29,999 50.7 0.5 1.1 22.7 9.9 0.1 15.1 

 $30,000–49,999 49.7 0.3 0.6 14.0 16.3 0.1 19.1 

 $50,000 or more 64.0 0.1 0.2 4.2 14.6 0.1 16.7 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 39.5 3.7 6.8 34.5 4.1 0.2 11.1 

 Middle quartiles 35.1 1.6 5.9 23.4 16.9 0.7 16.5 

 Highest quartile 43.9 0.8 2.9 10.5 20.6 0.5 20.7 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † † †

 Received aid 38.1 2.2 5.7 25.0 13.1 0.5 15.3 

Grant status

 No grants †††† 61.0 2.3 36.7 

 Received grants 48.5 2.8 7.3 31.9 † † 9.5 

Loan status

 No loans 78.7 4.5 †††† 16.8 

 Received loans5 † † 11.1 48.6 25.5 1.0 13.9 

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Includes PLUS loans.

3

Value rounds to less than .1 percent.

4

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

5

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

113
Table 3.5b—Average amount of financial aid received by undergraduates who received various combiTable 3.5b—nations of financial aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Grant,

 Grant loan, and Grant Loan Other

 Grant and work- and Loan and combi- Total

 only work study1 loan1 only1 work1 nations2 aid

 Total $1,982 $5,495 $12,126 $6,883 $4,063 $6,259 $6,981 $4,926 

Type of institution

 Public 1,555 4,591 8,531 6,263 3,749 6,377 5,056 3,684 

 Less-than-2-year 1,664 — — 6,286 — — 2,147 2,054 

 2-year 1,090 3,770 — 4,501 2,419 — 2,702 1,890 

 4-year 2,487 5,746 8,681 6,749 4,159 6,230 7,076 5,244 

 Nondoctorate-granting 2,118 5,302 7,953 6,136 3,774 5,458 5,903 4,615 

 Doctorate-granting 2,769 6,165 9,287 7,180 4,396 6,760 7,683 5,672 

 Private, not-for-profit 3,962 7,968 14,286 9,426 4,907 6,358 11,768 8,642 

 Less-than-4-year 2,310 — 10,887 6,620 5,008 — 6,520 4,845 

 4-year 4,137 7,997 14,317 9,666 4,890 6,369 12,109 8,944 

 Nondoctorate-granting 3,634 7,500 12,989 9,006 4,624 — 10,679 8,056 

 Doctorate-granting 5,418 9,889 17,202 11,333 5,561 — 15,201 11,090 

 Private, for-profit 2,229 — — 5,909 4,651 — 7,108 5,049 

 More than one institution 1,739 — 9,504 5,384 4,030 — 7,178 4,415 

Level of institution3

 Less-than-2-year 1,993 — — 5,561 4,623 — 5,583 4,316 

 2-year 1,154 3,827 7,793 5,140 3,128 — 3,352 2,337 

 4-year 3,097 6,800 12,410 7,736 4,341 6,263 9,115 6,618 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 3,297 6,072 12,739 7,832 4,421 6,083 9,656 6,832 

 Full-time, part-year 1,464 — 8,355 5,005 3,489 — 4,341 3,282 

 Part-time, full-year 1,413 4,171 8,809 6,002 3,862 — 4,203 3,305 

 Part-time, part-year 719 — — 4,084 3,284 — 1,928 1,555 

Local residence

 On campus 3,914 8,019 13,289 8,124 3,718 5,642 11,567 8,247 

 Off campus 1,651 4,771 10,780 6,742 4,459 7,105 5,321 4,256 

 With parents/other relatives 1,926 4,261 8,999 5,882 3,323 — 5,725 3,638 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 652 — — 3,629 1,863 — 1,666 1,051 

 $500–999 1,177 — — 4,198 2,651 — 2,317 1,943 

 $1,000–1,999 1,786 3,904 7,559 5,264 3,226 — 4,069 3,328 

 $2,000–3,999 2,540 4,916 8,271 6,373 4,227 6,501 6,305 4,945 

 $4,000–7,999 3,892 6,996 9,201 7,156 4,809 — 8,213 6,397 

 $8,000 or more 6,356 10,194 15,115 10,854 5,548 6,500 14,258 11,114 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 628 — — 2,315 1,828 — 786 763 

 $4,000–7,999 1,664 3,784 5,645 4,257 2,898 — 3,186 2,691 

 $8,000–11,999 2,467 5,398 8,136 6,484 4,262 5,847 6,232 5,004 

 $12,000–15,999 3,963 7,534 10,661 8,488 4,982 — 9,213 7,304 

 $16,000 or more 6,704 9,963 15,453 11,442 5,932 7,266 15,389 11,784 

Gender

 Male 2,008 5,514 12,161 6,997 4,190 6,311 7,259 5,110 

 Female 1,966 5,486 12,105 6,811 3,972 6,228 6,697 4,801 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 1,917 5,878 12,162 6,906 4,080 6,283 7,178 5,009 

 Black, non-Hispanic 2,037 4,821 10,450 6,596 3,901 — 6,381 4,700 

 Hispanic 1,789 4,047 11,675 6,569 4,095 — 6,350 4,152 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 2,891 8,003 15,209 8,022 4,236 — 7,746 6,268 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 2,323 — — 7,275 — — 4,157 4,642 

_______

114
Table 3.5b—Average amount of financial aid received by undergraduates who received various combiTable 3.5b—nations of financial aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Grant,

 Grant loan, and Grant Loan Other

 Grant and work- and Loan and combi- Total

 only work study1 loan1 only1 work1 nations2 aid

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger $2,623 $5,716 $12,329 $6,916 $2,657 $4,282 $9,998 $5,782 

 19–23 years 2,523 5,842 12,402 6,945 3,843 6,008 8,557 5,675 

 24–29 years 1,426 — 10,405 6,892 4,618 — 5,456 4,437 

 30–39 years 1,354 — 10,706 6,807 5,198 — 3,927 3,583 

 40 years or older 1,343 — — 6,442 4,278 — 3,578 2,983 

Dependency status

 Dependent 2,735 6,016 12,507 7,024 3,593 5,656 9,217 5,923 

 Independent 1,433 4,441 10,634 6,751 4,765 — 4,565 3,915 

 No dependents, unmarried 1,388 4,479 11,266 7,122 4,858 — 5,213 4,642 

 No dependents, married 1,358 — — 7,332 4,426 — 3,409 3,261 

 With dependents 1,469 4,432 9,898 6,460 4,871 — 4,413 3,646 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 2,823 5,540 12,727 7,186 3,513 — 8,506 5,799 

 $20,000–39,999 2,526 6,791 13,100 6,705 3,552 — 9,192 6,111 

 $40,000–59,999 2,754 6,485 12,425 6,971 3,355 5,867 9,262 6,009 

 $60,000–79,999 2,693 6,034 11,436 7,383 3,809 — 9,682 5,809 

 $80,000–99,999 3,034 — 10,412 7,561 3,677 — 9,120 5,945 

 $100,000 or more 2,909 — 10,828 7,752 4,035 — 9,561 5,536 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 1,727 4,709 10,599 6,892 4,775 — 5,872 4,763 

 $10,000–19,999 1,423 — 10,314 6,659 4,685 — 4,464 3,916 

 $20,000–29,999 1,078 — — 6,358 4,727 — 4,796 3,333 

 $30,000–49,999 1,230 — — 6,591 5,088 — 3,062 3,020 

 $50,000 or more 1,324 — — 6,877 4,470 — 2,420 2,235 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 2,233 5,302 12,119 7,011 4,064 — 7,078 5,298 

 Middle quartiles 1,818 5,769 12,364 6,684 3,970 5,835 7,069 4,893 

 Highest quartile 1,900 5,796 10,754 7,315 4,283 6,114 6,669 4,259 

Grant status

 No grants †††† 4,063 6,259 4,645 4,328 

 Received grants 1,982 5,495 12,126 6,883 † † 9,450 5,090 

Loan status

 No loans 1,982 5,495 †††† 3,436 2,385 

 Received loans4 † † 12,126 6,883 4,063 6,259 11,004 7,313 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Includes PLUS loans.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Averages are for those who received the specified combinations.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

115
Table 3.6a—Percentage of undergraduates in public 4-year institutions receiving financial aid according to 

Table 3.6a—type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96

 Any Any Any Any

 Any Any work- Any federal state institution

 aid grants study loans1 aid2 aid aid

 Total 55.2 40.3 5.6 35.6 42.9 14.4 15.7 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 66.3 49.4 8.2 44.8 53.4 19.7 21.8 

 Full-time, part-year 48.1 33.3 2.6 32.2 40.0 11.5 9.4 

 Part-time, full-year 48.2 34.2 3.5 29.3 35.1 9.0 10.8 

 Part-time, part-year 26.5 18.8 0.6 9.9 13.8 3.4 4.3 

Local residence

 On campus 71.1 53.0 11.0 50.9 57.6 21.1 25.2 

 Off campus 51.5 36.3 4.4 33.9 39.3 11.9 13.1 

 With parents/other relatives 49.0 38.1 3.4 24.5 37.5 14.1 13.2 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 18.5 13.4 0.3 2.4 4.0 1.3 3.7 

 $500–999 33.5 24.6 1.2 14.3 22.1 4.6 6.0 

 $1,000–1,999 56.6 41.9 4.4 33.6 44.1 12.7 14.5 

 $2,000–3,999 64.6 47.5 7.2 44.7 52.5 19.6 17.8 

 $4,000–7,999 64.4 46.2 8.5 47.0 52.6 21.0 23.1 

 $8,000 or more 57.1 39.3 10.1 41.2 41.7 6.1 26.6 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 20.3 15.1 0.3 3.5 6.0 1.6 4.3 

 $4,000–7,999 54.4 41.0 3.2 29.7 42.6 13.0 12.0 

 $8,000–11,999 63.0 45.7 7.3 43.7 50.4 18.6 17.9 

 $12,000–15,999 67.0 47.9 8.1 51.1 56.4 19.0 23.4 

 $16,000 or more 57.5 40.6 12.2 41.8 43.1 8.3 29.4 

Gender

 Male 53.4 38.2 4.6 34.5 40.5 12.8 15.3 

 Female 56.8 42.1 6.5 36.6 45.0 15.7 16.2 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 53.2 36.8 4.9 34.9 39.9 13.4 14.3 

 Black, non-Hispanic 70.8 57.8 9.1 49.1 61.7 17.2 19.4 

 Hispanic 61.1 53.0 7.3 32.8 52.7 18.3 22.6 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 48.8 39.4 7.1 27.9 40.1 17.8 17.7 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 68.4 59.7 5.4 42.2 53.8 17.8 22.7 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 66.9 52.2 7.7 38.8 50.3 20.5 24.1 

 19–23 years 56.4 39.6 6.8 37.6 44.7 15.0 17.5 

 24–29 years 53.1 40.7 4.0 37.8 45.4 12.4 11.6 

 30–39 years 47.2 36.3 1.9 28.8 34.0 12.3 8.4 

 40 years or older 42.9 31.8 1.6 17.8 21.9 6.7 7.7 

Dependency status

 Dependent 56.3 39.5 6.8 36.6 43.5 15.1 18.6 

 Independent 53.4 41.6 3.7 34.1 42.0 13.1 10.9 

 No dependents, unmarried 51.1 38.0 4.0 36.5 42.0 13.1 10.7 

 No dependents, married 43.6 25.9 1.9 23.8 29.2 7.2 10.9 

 With dependents 60.6 53.1 4.1 36.1 47.9 15.8 11.1 

_______

116
Table 3.6a—Percentage of undergraduates in public 4-year institutions receiving financial aid according to 

Table 3.6a—type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Any Any Any Any

 Any Any work- Any federal state institution

 aid grants study loans1 aid2 aid aid

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 77.2 72.2 11.2 46.2 69.2 29.5 25.4 

 $20,000–39,999 70.3 59.0 10.3 49.6 60.3 23.9 24.2 

 $40,000–59,999 56.1 31.8 6.2 39.7 41.5 12.5 18.2 

 $60,000–79,999 48.4 23.5 4.1 30.1 30.7 7.3 15.5 

 $80,000–99,999 40.2 15.8 3.1 25.7 26.5 4.4 11.7 

 $100,000 or more 25.7 13.9 1.9 10.9 12.0 3.3 9.3 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 72.7 66.1 8.0 52.9 67.9 23.2 17.3 

 $10,000–19,999 55.8 37.8 2.3 38.6 46.2 13.0 11.0 

 $20,000–29,999 46.9 34.1 1.5 27.1 33.2 8.5 7.9 

 $30,000–49,999 36.1 22.0 1.3 17.7 19.2 6.0 5.9 

 $50,000 or more 29.2 17.7 0.2 7.5 7.4 1.2 3.8 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 75.3 69.7 10.2 49.1 68.5 26.5 22.3 

 Middle quartiles 55.5 37.1 5.0 38.1 42.7 13.6 15.4 

 Highest quartile 35.1 17.6 2.3 17.8 18.4 3.9 10.0 

Undergraduate class level

 First-year beginning 69.2 54.2 7.5 41.3 52.7 20.6 23.5 

 Other first year 44.3 32.9 3.7 26.9 34.0 12.5 9.2 

 Second year 55.8 41.1 7.1 36.1 45.0 16.8 14.3 

 Third year 56.3 40.2 5.3 38.6 44.5 13.7 15.9 

 Fourth year or more 54.2 38.2 5.2 36.2 42.1 12.0 16.9 

 Unclassified 34.1 22.3 1.2 14.9 15.8 3.6 4.2 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † † †

 Received aid 100.0 72.9 10.2 64.5 77.7 26.0 28.5 

Grant status

 No grants 25.0 † 1.9 20.9 21.1 0.9 2.4 

 Received grants 100.0 100.0 11.1 57.6 75.3 34.3 35.5 

Loan status

 No loans 30.4 26.6 2.5 † 11.7 8.1 11.9 

 Received loans1 100.0 65.0 11.3 100.0 99.4 25.6 22.6 

†Not applicable.

1

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

2

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

117
Table 3.6b—Average amount of financial aid received by aided undergraduates in public 4-year institutions

Table 3.6b—according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96

 Total Total Total Total

 Total Total work- Total federal state institution

 aid grant study loan aid aid aid

 amount amount amount amount1 amount2 amount amount

 Total $5,244 $2,587 $1,435 $4,153 $4,902 $1,691 $2,171 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 6,012 3,020 1,375 4,352 5,294 1,861 2,362 

 Full-time, part-year 3,498 1,693 1,505 2,887 3,235 1,013 1,684 

 Part-time, full-year 4,421 1,913 1,707 4,320 4,800 1,322 1,591 

 Part-time, part-year 2,087 920 — 3,107 2,946 756 846 

Local residence

 On campus 5,964 3,133 1,404 3,610 5,037 1,844 2,619 

 Off campus 5,314 2,338 1,490 4,646 5,280 1,617 1,947 

 With parents/other relatives 3,926 2,456 1,340 3,409 3,548 1,625 1,894 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 893 466 — — 2,232 — 351 

 $500–999 2,279 1,179 — 2,804 2,684 562 812 

 $1,000–1,999 4,068 2,063 1,528 3,643 4,025 1,209 1,433 

 $2,000–3,999 5,587 2,598 1,494 4,388 5,203 1,684 1,790 

 $4,000–7,999 6,863 3,645 1,393 4,394 5,556 2,384 3,030 

 $8,000 or more 8,698 4,597 1,125 4,718 7,252 1,821 4,926 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 929 661 — 1,837 1,619 582 520 

 $4,000–7,999 3,328 1,916 1,208 2,935 3,193 1,100 1,400 

 $8,000–11,999 5,448 2,580 1,378 4,256 5,104 1,733 1,718 

 $12,000–15,999 7,546 3,620 1,664 4,953 6,300 2,378 3,083 

 $16,000 or more 9,716 4,883 1,666 5,683 8,020 1,924 4,944 

Gender

 Male 5,353 2,580 1,509 4,201 5,045 1,689 2,302 

 Female 5,157 2,592 1,390 4,114 4,792 1,692 2,066 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 5,098 2,312 1,455 4,247 5,025 1,546 2,093 

 Black, non-Hispanic 5,619 2,979 1,199 3,770 4,782 1,662 2,641 

 Hispanic 5,229 3,017 1,403 3,950 4,166 1,897 1,933 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 5,960 3,672 1,635 3,970 4,708 2,578 2,339 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 6,204 3,422 — 4,250 5,248 — 2,394 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 5,070 3,092 1,230 2,828 4,251 1,857 2,509 

 19–23 years 5,284 2,775 1,391 3,963 4,754 1,773 2,347 

 24–29 years 5,825 2,133 1,683 5,057 5,470 1,447 1,429 

 30–39 years 5,181 1,995 — 5,369 5,821 1,278 1,429 

 40 years or older 3,487 1,665 — 4,557 4,864 1,519 1,033 

Dependency status

 Dependent 5,172 2,858 1,351 3,670 4,609 1,829 2,415 

 Independent 5,374 2,148 1,698 5,033 5,418 1,420 1,461 

 No dependents, unmarried 5,694 2,069 1,731 5,065 5,531 1,572 1,376 

 No dependents, married 4,608 1,802 — 5,462 5,049 1,319 1,836 

 With dependents 5,314 2,295 1,498 4,863 5,406 1,291 1,386 

_______

118
Table 3.6b—Average amount of financial aid received by aided undergraduates in public 4-year institutions

Table 3.6b—according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Total Total Total Total

 Total Total work- Total federal state institution

 aid grant study loan aid aid aid

 amount amount amount amount1 amount2 amount amount

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 $6,088 $3,792 $1,361 $3,550 $4,544 $2,109 $2,796 

 $20,000–39,999 5,500 2,678 1,332 3,751 4,475 1,776 2,249 

 $40,000–59,999 4,707 2,224 1,431 3,608 4,465 1,468 2,381 

 $60,000–79,999 4,368 2,220 1,377 3,721 4,735 1,649 2,261 

 $80,000–99,999 4,672 1,973 — 3,670 5,343 1,898 2,054 

 $100,000 or more 4,372 2,397 — 3,946 5,667 2,066 2,544 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 6,465 2,536 1,681 4,960 5,608 1,524 1,557 

 $10,000–19,999 5,573 2,157 — 5,339 5,506 1,315 1,554 

 $20,000–29,999 4,496 1,605 — 4,802 4,770 1,008 1,329 

 $30,000–49,999 3,678 1,262 — 5,116 4,997 1,480 1,096 

 $50,000 or more 2,047 938 — 4,491 4,555 — —

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 6,203 3,204 1,461 4,214 5,007 1,889 2,244 

 Middle quartiles 4,967 2,161 1,416 4,128 4,737 1,472 2,110 

 Highest quartile 4,071 1,911 1,397 4,087 5,249 1,840 2,191 

Undergraduate class level

 First-year beginning 4,897 2,966 1,240 2,794 4,108 1,827 2,401 

 Other first year 4,393 2,470 1,276 3,144 4,027 1,499 2,439 

 Second year 5,181 2,662 1,424 3,781 4,593 1,793 2,337 

 Third year 5,767 2,600 1,529 4,825 5,514 1,717 2,071 

 Fourth year or more 5,502 2,373 1,544 4,917 5,405 1,576 1,954 

 Unclassified 3,352 1,178 — 4,966 5,607 — —

Grant status

 No grants 4,573 † 1,497 4,059 4,802 2,338 1,604 

 Received grants 5,493 2,587 1,419 4,203 4,943 1,666 2,227 

Loan status

 No loans 2,808 2,589 1,407 † 2,095 1,749 2,390 

 Received loans4 6,583 2,585 1,446 4,153 5,496 1,658 1,962 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

119
Table 3.7a—Percentage of undergraduates in public 2-year institutions receiving financial aid according to

Table 3.7a—type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96

 Any Any Any Any

 Any Any work- Any federal state institution

 aid grants study loans1 aid2 aid aid

 Total 32.8 27.6 1.5 6.3 18.1 6.1 8.2 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 52.6 44.6 5.7 15.8 38.3 14.9 15.4 

 Full-time, part-year 38.9 31.4 0.4 5.0 23.6 7.4 7.8 

 Part-time, full-year 36.1 30.9 1.3 7.7 19.9 6.6 10.0 

 Part-time, part-year 19.8 16.6 0.2 1.6 6.2 1.7 3.9 

Local residence

 On campus 42.1 38.5 4.5 13.2 27.9 4.4 17.9 

 Off campus 32.6 27.5 1.4 6.2 17.1 5.7 7.0 

 With parents/other relatives 32.7 27.3 1.5 6.2 19.5 7.2 10.3 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 23.6 20.6 0.5 1.9 8.8 1.9 8.1 

 $500–999 38.6 31.6 1.7 8.2 25.1 7.5 5.0 

 $1,000–1,999 56.1 47.6 4.4 17.0 39.4 17.2 13.0 

 $2,000–3,999 54.0 40.4 4.0 20.1 39.7 22.2 9.9 

 $4,000–7,999 ———————

 $8,000 or more ———————

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 22.1 19.3 0.1 1.0 7.3 2.4 4.7 

 $4,000–7,999 43.0 35.9 2.7 9.9 27.7 9.9 12.4 

 $8,000–11,999 51.2 41.0 4.2 20.6 38.9 12.3 12.5 

 $12,000–15,999 64.5 50.2 2.8 25.4 40.1 14.7 12.2 

 $16,000 or more ———————

Gender

 Male 28.4 23.6 1.0 4.4 12.2 4.1 7.4 

 Female 36.1 30.6 1.8 7.7 22.4 7.6 8.8 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 29.3 24.0 0.9 6.6 14.7 5.2 6.6 

 Black, non-Hispanic 49.9 43.6 3.4 8.3 31.3 11.9 11.5 

 Hispanic 35.3 31.7 2.6 3.4 22.3 4.9 12.0 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 25.4 22.6 1.9 2.6 14.3 5.0 13.1 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 49.0 36.3 2.3 11.8 32.3 12.8 7.9 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 32.3 28.2 2.1 5.3 18.6 8.4 14.0 

 19–23 years 31.0 26.0 1.7 7.1 20.8 6.3 9.0 

 24–29 years 37.1 31.2 1.6 9.2 20.7 6.2 7.7 

 30–39 years 37.3 31.7 1.4 4.9 16.9 6.9 6.1 

 40 years or older 26.6 21.9 0.7 3.2 10.5 3.8 6.7 

_______

120
Table 3.7a—Percentage of undergraduates in public 2-year institutions receiving financial aid according to

Table 3.7a—type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Any Any Any Any

 Any Any work- Any federal state institution

 aid grants study loans1 aid2 aid aid

Dependency status

 Dependent 26.4 21.7 1.4 6.4 16.3 5.7 9.2 

 Independent 36.7 31.2 1.5 6.2 19.2 6.4 7.7 

 No dependents, unmarried 29.8 22.1 0.8 6.7 13.5 3.7 8.0 

 No dependents, married 26.1 21.7 0.4 2.5 7.8 2.0 6.7 

 With dependents 44.8 40.3 2.4 7.3 26.9 9.8 7.8 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 49.3 47.4 4.5 6.6 41.0 13.3 12.7 

 $20,000–39,999 32.0 27.2 1.3 8.6 20.4 7.3 11.5 

 $40,000–59,999 19.5 13.0 0.4 7.1 8.1 4.2 7.9 

 $60,000–79,999 15.6 10.2 0.4 5.4 5.8 1.0 7.9 

 $80,000–99,999 10.1 6.7 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 5.0 

 $100,000 or more 10.3 5.1 0.0 3.9 3.9 0.0 3.1 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 54.5 48.7 4.5 11.6 41.5 13.5 15.1 

 $10,000–19,999 39.1 32.6 1.3 8.9 23.9 7.7 9.1 

 $20,000–29,999 31.3 27.9 0.3 3.0 12.0 4.4 5.3 

 $30,000–49,999 28.1 21.2 0.4 3.4 6.2 2.3 2.9 

 $50,000 or more 21.6 17.5 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 2.5 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 51.6 48.0 4.1 9.1 39.8 13.5 15.2 

 Middle quartiles 30.3 24.4 1.0 7.0 15.8 5.2 7.4 

 Highest quartile 20.4 15.5 0.1 1.9 2.3 1.2 3.4 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † † †

 Received aid 100.0 84.2 4.5 19.2 55.1 18.7 25.1 

Grant status

 No grants 7.2 † 0.2 3.2 3.2 0.6 0.8 

 Received grants 100.0 100.0 4.9 14.5 57.2 20.6 27.6 

Loan status

 No loans 28.3 25.2 1.2 † 12.8 4.9 7.5 

 Received loans4 100.0 63.6 5.5 100.0 97.2 24.4 19.5 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

121
Table 3.7b—Average amount of financial aid received by aided undergraduates in public 2-year institutions

Table 3.7b—according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96

 Total Total Total Total

 Total Total work- Total federal state institution

 aid grant study loan aid aid aid

amount amount amount amount1 amount2 amount amount

 Total $1,890 $1,255 $1,347 $2,739 $2,294 $815 $571 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 3,108 2,044 1,252 2,935 2,935 1,011 972 

 Full-time, part-year 1,431 1,072 — 2,199 1,450 623 599 

 Part-time, full-year 1,845 1,196 1,648 2,829 2,439 709 354 

 Part-time, part-year 865 543 — 2,056 1,238 679 326 

Local residence

 On campus 2,379 1,474 — — 2,588 — —

 Off campus 1,909 1,183 1,445 3,048 2,458 781 497 

 With parents/other relatives 1,814 1,389 1,226 2,135 1,959 869 623 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 1,066 764 — 2,099 1,621 674 291 

 $500–999 1,903 1,300 1,503 2,618 2,170 636 539 

 $1,000–1,999 2,771 1,789 1,281 2,854 2,750 890 969 

 $2,000–3,999 3,567 2,355 — 3,384 3,107 1,058 —

 $4,000–7,999 ———————

 $8,000 or more ———————

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 660 594 — 1,356 1,030 587 276 

 $4,000–7,999 2,217 1,558 1,259 2,378 2,282 864 677 

 $8,000–11,999 3,605 1,855 — 3,652 3,536 824 717 

 $12,000–15,999 3,448 ——————

 $16,000 or more ———————

Gender

 Male 1,783 1,138 1,229 2,373 2,173 877 568 

 Female 1,953 1,321 1,394 2,894 2,341 791 572 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 1,837 1,149 1,190 2,718 2,332 782 734 

 Black, non-Hispanic 2,098 1,373 1,707 2,886 2,352 729 430 

 Hispanic 1,671 1,362 — — 2,050 846 311 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 1,959 1,558 — — 2,169 — 327 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 2,779 1,905 — — 2,743 — —

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 1,862 1,552 — 2,114 1,968 859 899 

 19–23 years 1,923 1,453 1,144 2,252 2,080 913 627 

 24–29 years 2,158 1,109 — 3,198 2,669 697 353 

 30–39 years 1,721 1,142 — 3,124 2,391 798 619 

 40 years or older 1,630 1,025 — 3,148 2,343 711 349 

_______

122
Table 3.7b—Average amount of financial aid received by aided undergraduates in public 2-year institutions

Table 3.7b—according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Total Total Total Total

 Total Total work- Total federal state institution

 aid grant study loan aid aid aid

amount amount amount amount1 amount2 amount amount

Dependency status

 Dependent $1,866 $1,443 $984 $2,144 $2,055 $942 $785 

 Independent 1,901 1,176 1,544 3,108 2,415 748 416 

 No dependents, unmarried 1,908 912 — 3,323 2,589 780 381 

 No dependents, married 1,268 910 — — 1,789 — —

 With dependents 2,034 1,318 1,590 3,064 2,428 729 353 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 2,279 1,897 987 2,244 2,122 978 651 

 $20,000–39,999 1,744 1,298 — 1,986 1,835 866 708 

 $40,000–59,999 1,606 916 — 2,028 2,097 995 830 

 $60,000–79,999 1,605 810 —————

 $80,000–99,999 ———————

 $100,000 or more ———————

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 2,493 1,583 1,564 3,284 2,551 776 382 

 $10,000–19,999 2,029 1,239 — 2,830 2,337 687 363 

 $20,000–29,999 1,463 886 — — 1,850 717 —

 $30,000–49,999 1,340 617 — — 2,676 — —

 $50,000 or more 830 592 —————

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 2,316 1,677 1,362 2,679 2,285 865 471 

 Middle quartiles 1,843 1,078 1,348 2,812 2,307 755 606 

 Highest quartile 1,005 630 — — 2,225 — 821 

Grant status

 No grants 2,045 † — 2,580 2,614 923 493 

 Received grants 1,862 1,255 1,393 2,831 2,247 807 577 

Loan status

 No loans 1,378 1,179 1,314 † 1,547 834 595 

 Received loans4 4,043 1,700 — 2,739 3,747 757 433 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

123
Table 3.8a—Percentage of undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions receiving financial

Table 3.8a—aid according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96

 Any Any Any Any

 Any Any work- Any federal state institution

 aid grants study loans1 aid2 aid aid

 Total 70.7 60.8 17.4 44.8 50.8 22.2 43.5 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 80.4 71.9 26.1 56.8 62.9 28.5 58.1 

 Full-time, part-year 62.4 53.7 9.2 38.3 46.4 22.2 33.2 

 Part-time, full-year 59.7 47.1 4.3 28.4 34.7 14.9 21.2 

 Part-time, part-year 46.2 35.5 1.4 13.1 17.2 4.7 15.4 

Local residence

 On campus 81.4 72.7 33.3 61.5 65.5 26.2 64.2 

 Off campus 60.7 49.9 6.7 31.7 36.9 15.6 28.4 

 With parents/other relatives 74.1 64.4 11.6 43.8 56.3 31.7 39.2 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 34.6 23.5 0.5 4.3 5.7 1.0 5.1 

 $500–999 40.4 31.6 0.0 5.4 9.9 3.1 8.8 

 $1,000–1,999 47.5 41.0 1.8 11.7 21.4 5.2 13.9 

 $2,000–3,999 67.1 57.4 6.3 28.0 41.5 14.7 22.5 

 $4,000–7,999 77.9 64.2 12.4 52.6 59.3 28.2 40.3 

 $8,000 or more 77.2 68.7 26.7 56.9 60.5 28.3 60.1 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 36.5 29.6 0.4 3.3 7.4 2.7 9.0 

 $4,000–7,999 63.3 53.3 6.9 27.7 42.9 13.4 16.3 

 $8,000–11,999 73.3 59.6 7.8 38.5 46.4 18.5 35.1 

 $12,000–15,999 81.3 70.0 13.3 55.1 61.3 33.3 50.9 

 $16,000 or more 77.0 68.9 28.7 57.7 61.2 27.6 60.4 

Gender

 Male 68.4 58.2 15.9 43.2 48.7 21.4 42.2 

 Female 72.3 62.8 18.5 46.0 52.4 22.9 44.5 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 69.8 59.8 17.5 44.4 47.9 21.9 47.0 

 Black, non-Hispanic 79.7 68.1 15.0 54.7 62.5 27.0 36.2 

 Hispanic 77.9 69.0 19.0 42.1 66.0 24.5 28.9 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 57.5 49.3 19.2 37.0 42.3 16.3 42.0 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 55.9 48.4 16.6 46.5 49.2 18.5 39.0 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 80.1 73.1 28.4 56.7 64.3 24.8 59.4 

 19–23 years 73.2 63.5 22.5 50.3 56.0 25.1 52.0 

 24–29 years 65.3 51.5 5.6 39.9 46.3 20.0 26.8 

 30–39 years 62.9 53.5 3.5 28.1 33.9 14.8 20.1 

 40 years or older 57.8 47.3 2.9 19.8 25.3 13.1 18.9 

Dependency status

 Dependent 73.9 65.0 24.0 51.3 57.0 24.8 54.1 

 Independent 64.7 53.2 5.4 32.9 39.5 17.6 24.1 

 No dependents, unmarried 62.2 48.1 7.6 38.0 42.0 20.3 26.3 

 No dependents, married 60.1 46.7 3.2 24.5 27.7 9.2 26.1 

 With dependents 68.7 60.1 4.3 32.0 42.0 18.7 21.5 

_______

124
Table 3.8a—Percentage of undergraduates in private, not-for-profit 4-year institutions receiving financial

Table 3.8a—aid according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Any Any Any Any

 Any Any work- Any federal state institution

 aid grants study loans1 aid2 aid aid

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 85.0 81.2 27.9 58.6 75.6 37.0 49.9 

 $20,000–39,999 90.0 83.2 35.2 67.4 73.8 39.8 69.6 

 $40,000–59,999 79.0 69.9 30.4 58.1 61.6 29.7 64.3 

 $60,000–79,999 69.3 58.2 19.9 48.2 50.0 15.7 55.8 

 $80,000–99,999 63.7 49.0 15.6 41.4 43.3 9.3 46.1 

 $100,000 or more 45.2 34.1 6.8 22.7 24.3 5.0 28.8 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 79.6 72.2 14.1 50.2 65.3 32.5 36.7 

 $10,000–19,999 68.8 53.8 3.7 38.9 45.5 20.7 28.8 

 $20,000–29,999 58.1 46.9 3.6 33.4 39.1 15.9 20.0 

 $30,000–49,999 57.6 43.5 1.1 23.7 25.4 10.3 17.4 

 $50,000 or more 52.2 41.1 0.8 11.6 11.6 2.3 11.9 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 83.8 78.9 24.3 56.9 71.8 36.3 47.7 

 Middle quartiles 74.8 64.3 20.5 50.7 55.4 25.6 50.3 

 Highest quartile 55.0 42.5 7.9 27.4 28.9 7.1 30.7 

Undergraduate class level

 First-year beginning 82.5 73.7 26.9 58.1 65.6 26.6 58.5 

 Other first year 60.7 50.2 9.4 30.1 38.1 14.9 29.3 

 Second year 73.6 62.9 19.8 49.0 55.3 24.9 46.6 

 Third year 72.4 63.2 19.1 47.6 53.0 25.0 47.2 

 Fourth year or more 66.9 57.1 14.7 42.7 47.3 21.4 39.6 

 Unclassified 60.7 49.2 3.7 19.6 18.0 7.5 26.1 

Aid status

 No aid † † † † † † †

 Received aid 100.0 86.1 24.6 63.4 71.9 31.5 61.6 

Grant status

 No grants 25.1 † 1.6 18.3 18.7 0.6 4.4 

 Received grants 100.0 100.0 27.6 61.8 71.5 36.2 68.7 

Loan status

 No loans 46.8 42.0 4.1 † 11.5 9.6 26.8 

 Received loans4 100.0 84.0 33.9 100.0 99.3 37.8 64.1 

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

125
Table 3.8b—Average amount of financial aid received by aided undergraduates in private, not-for-profit

Table 3.8b—4-year institutions according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96

 Total Total Total Total

 Total Total work- Total federal state institution

 aid grant study loan aid aid aid

amount amount amount amount1 amount2 amount amount

 Total $8,944 $5,442 $1,376 $4,610 $6,078 $2,092 $5,166 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 10,875 6,575 1,399 4,683 6,569 2,249 5,830 

 Full-time, part-year 5,640 3,023 1,075 3,845 4,146 1,341 2,744 

 Part-time, full-year 5,719 3,077 1,306 5,293 5,695 1,852 2,828 

 Part-time, part-year 2,643 1,663 — 3,565 3,432 1,334 1,434 

Local residence

 On campus 11,591 7,193 1,410 4,265 6,506 2,245 6,299 

 Off campus 6,949 3,990 1,410 5,348 6,044 1,946 3,892 

 With parents/other relatives 6,991 4,155 1,111 4,211 5,033 2,008 3,595 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 1,107 709 —————

 $500–999 1,850 1,440 — — 2,463 — —

 $1,000–1,999 2,416 1,664 — 3,075 2,755 991 1,340 

 $2,000–3,999 3,641 2,172 656 3,364 3,766 930 1,283 

 $4,000–7,999 6,871 3,644 1,124 4,506 5,450 1,802 2,700 

 $8,000 or more 11,924 7,228 1,458 4,883 6,956 2,377 6,212 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 1,207 1,059 — 1,823 1,599 541 913 

 $4,000–7,999 3,165 2,016 553 2,713 3,123 693 1,323 

 $8,000–11,999 4,827 2,576 947 4,088 4,592 1,435 1,841 

 $12,000–15,999 8,133 4,599 1,323 4,737 5,918 1,989 3,512 

 $16,000 or more 12,562 7,581 1,474 4,979 7,180 2,472 6,552 

Gender

 Male 8,920 5,342 1,321 4,552 6,098 2,080 5,073 

 Female 8,961 5,512 1,412 4,652 6,063 2,100 5,234 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 8,991 5,364 1,367 4,679 6,204 2,109 4,973 

 Black, non-Hispanic 8,919 5,330 1,473 4,581 6,370 1,949 5,289 

 Hispanic 6,749 4,178 1,138 4,183 4,760 1,738 4,651 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 12,070 8,684 1,636 4,463 6,494 2,896 7,213 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 13,524 ——————

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 10,463 6,836 1,235 3,356 5,600 2,187 6,200 

 19–23 years 10,057 6,146 1,436 4,534 6,235 2,099 5,563 

 24–29 years 6,975 3,579 1,068 5,852 6,219 2,018 2,889 

 30–39 years 5,459 2,841 1,294 5,777 5,959 1,965 2,120 

 40 years or older 4,804 2,829 — 5,625 5,531 2,074 2,002 

Dependency status

 Dependent 10,245 6,401 1,396 4,209 6,091 2,109 5,789 

 Independent 6,232 3,306 1,214 5,752 6,043 2,046 2,615 

 No dependents, unmarried 7,612 3,933 1,164 6,143 6,710 2,165 3,305 

 No dependents, married 5,182 3,033 — 5,674 5,595 1,566 2,326 

 With dependents 5,542 2,966 1,229 5,384 5,597 2,028 2,040 

_______

126
Table 3.8b—Average amount of financial aid received by aided undergraduates in private, not-for-profit

Table 3.8b—4-year institutions according to type and source of aid, by student characteristics: 1995–96

Table 3.8b——Continued

 Total Total Total Total

 Total Total work- Total federal state institution

 aid grant study loan aid aid aid

amount amount amount amount1 amount2 amount amount

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 $10,374 $6,906 $1,395 $4,011 $6,045 $2,239 $5,900 

 $20,000–39,999 11,516 7,377 1,412 4,396 6,239 2,529 6,079 

 $40,000–59,999 10,866 6,559 1,388 4,287 5,837 1,872 6,194 

 $60,000–79,999 9,733 5,687 1,290 4,224 5,946 1,396 5,509 

 $80,000–99,999 8,586 5,037 1,418 3,846 5,781 1,682 5,290 

 $100,000 or more 7,630 4,130 1,663 4,194 7,213 1,531 4,590 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 8,375 4,273 1,125 5,881 6,501 2,234 3,190 

 $10,000–19,999 6,174 2,945 — 5,776 5,895 1,873 2,638 

 $20,000–29,999 5,527 2,355 — 5,319 5,542 1,953 1,606 

 $30,000–49,999 5,004 2,841 — 5,874 5,507 1,698 2,274 

 $50,000 or more 3,715 2,770 — 5,611 5,590 — 1,922 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 9,995 6,181 1,336 4,704 6,350 2,329 5,167 

 Middle quartiles 9,341 5,560 1,387 4,640 5,892 2,013 5,407 

 Highest quartile 6,996 4,185 1,429 4,390 6,099 1,615 4,595 

Undergraduate class level

 First-year beginning 9,813 6,427 1,247 3,403 5,462 2,145 5,803 

 Other first year 6,382 4,055 1,264 3,927 5,092 1,832 4,126 

 Second year 9,268 5,819 1,359 4,284 5,959 2,096 5,396 

 Third year 9,941 5,633 1,488 5,371 6,896 2,154 5,197 

 Fourth year or more 9,038 5,150 1,476 5,652 6,547 2,128 4,947 

 Unclassified 4,393 2,714 — 4,148 6,575 — 3,283 

Grant status

 No grants 6,262 † 1,563 4,754 6,293 — 5,288 

 Received grants 9,378 5,442 1,370 4,583 6,041 2,074 5,161 

Loan status

 No loans 4,858 4,287 1,397 † 2,428 1,897 4,658 

 Received loans4 11,304 6,155 1,373 4,610 6,598 2,152 5,429 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Excludes veterans’ benefits.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

127

129

Section 4: Net Price and Need

Net Price

• The net price of attendance is the student’s total price of attendance minus the total

amount of financial aid received. It is a measure of the estimated amount that students

and their families pay to meet the current year’s educational expenses remaining after

financial aid, if any. Since student loans must eventually be repaid with interest, it is

not a measure of the ultimate price to those students with loans. For students who received no financial aid (about half of the total), the net price is the same as the price of

attendance. The net price and need tables in this section are based on the estimated

price of attendance as reported by the institutions in the student budgets used to determine financial aid need. They are not strictly comparable to the tables in the

NPSAS:93 undergraduate financing descriptive report, which were based on estimates

from student-reported expenses (see notes to compendium section 2 of this report).

• There are a variety of net price measures. In addition to total price of attendance minus

total financial aid (tables 4.1a, 4.1e, 4.1f, and 4.1g), these measures include total price

of attendance minus grant aid only (table 4.1b), total price of attendance minus federal

grant aid only (table 4.1c), and tuition and fees minus grant aid only (table 4.1d).

• The average net price after all financial aid in 1995–96 was $5,100 for all undergraduates at all institutions. The average for those who received no financial aid was $5,500;

for those who received financial aid, the average net price was $4,700 (table 4.1a).

• The average net price varied directly with the price of attendance (table 4.1a). For example, students with a total price of attendance under $4,000 had an average net price

of $1,400, while students with a total price of attendance over $16,000 had an average

net price of $12,600 (table 4.1a).

• Students attending private, not-for-profit 4-year doctorate-granting institutions had a

higher net price ($11,400) than students attending any other type of institution (table

4.1a).

• Among all dependent students, average net price increased as family income increased.

Among all independent students, however, there was no correlation between income

and net price (table 4.1a).

• Using a more restricted measure of net price, the total price of attendance minus grant

aid only was $6,500 for all students. This net price measure was somewhat higher for

students who received grants ($6,900) than for those who did not ($6,200) (table 4.1b).
Section 4: Net Price and Need

130

• Using another more restricted measure of net price, the total price of attendance minus

all federal grants only (Pell and SEOG grants) was $7,200 for all students (table 4.1c).

• The average net tuition (tuition and fees minus grant aid) for all students was $2,000.

Among low-income (less than $20,000) dependent students at private, not-for-profit

doctorate-granting institutions, the net tuition was $6,200 (table 4.1d); their tuition before grant aid was $12,900 (table 2.2a).

• The average net price (total price of attendance less total aid) for dependent undergraduates attending 4-year institutions was $5,100 for low-income (less than $20,000)

students; it was more than double that amount ($12,700) for high-income ($100,000 or

more) dependent students (table 4.1e).

• The average net price of low-income (less than $20,000) dependent students was

$3,600 for those who received grant aid; it was $6,100 for those low-income dependents who did not receive such aid (table 4.1e).

• There was no difference in the average net price (about $3,800) between independent

students who received grant aid and those who did not receive grants. There was also

no difference in the average net price (about $4,100) of independent students aged 24

to 29 and those younger than 24 (table 4.1f).

• Among full-time, full-year undergraduates, the net price was directly related to family

income for both dependent and independent students (table 4.1g).

• The average net price for all full-time, full-year students who received financial aid

was $5,900; the net price for those who received no financial aid ($11,400) was nearly

twice as much (table 4.1g).

Financial Aid Need

• With the exception of unsubsidized Stafford loans to students, PLUS loans to parents,

and some very small merit-based grant programs, all federal financial aid programs are

need based. The amount of need-based aid for which a student is eligible is determined

by subtracting the federal expected family contribution (EFC) from the price of attendance as estimated by the postsecondary institution in a student budget, which includes

tuition and fees, books and supplies, and allowances for room and board and other

normal living expenses (see notes to compendium section 2 above).

• The federal EFC is a measure of the family’s ability to pay for postsecondary education

that is calculated from the information provided on the Free Federal Application for

Student Aid (FAFSA). The information is used to determine the student’s dependency

status and to calculate an EFC based on family income, family size, the number of

family members in postsecondary education, and some family assets under certain circumstances (a major change in the EFC formula since 1993 is that home equity is no

longer included in calculating a contribution from assets). For dependent students, the

income and other circumstances of the parents have primary consideration, but the student’s savings and prior year’s earnings are also considered. For independent students

(all those aged 24 or older and some other categories of students), the parents’ finances
Section 4: Net Price and Need

131

are not considered, but the income of a spouse is taken into account. There are separate

formulas for independent students who are unmarried without dependents, married

without dependents, and those with dependents (married or unmarried).

• The EFC is highly correlated with family income for both dependent and independent

students. For example, the average EFC for dependent students from families with incomes of less than $20,000 a year was $1,000, compared to $27,500 for dependent students from families with incomes of $100,000 or more. Similarly, independent

students with incomes of $10,000 or less were expected to contribute $650, while

those with incomes of $50,000 or more were expected to contribute an average of

$21,100 (table 4.2).

• The EFC is based on the financial circumstances of the student and the student’s family, and is determined independently of tuition or the price of attendance. There is a

very low correlation between price of attendance and the EFC (table 4.2).

• Hispanic and non-Hispanic, black students had lower EFCs (ranging from $4,100–

4,900) than either white, non-Hispanics or Asian/Pacific Islanders ($8,400 and $7,200,

respectively) (table 4.2).

• Students between the ages of 24 and 29, who are all independent by definition, had a

lower average EFC ($4,700) than that of any other age group (table 4.2).

• The average EFC for students who received no financial aid was nearly $10,000; for

those who received financial aid, the average EFC was $4,800 (table 4.2).

• Financial aid need is determined by subtracting the EFC from the estimated price of

attendance. Somewhat more than half (56 percent) of all undergraduates and threefourths (77 percent) of full-time, full-year students had need (that is, their price of attendance was higher than their EFC) (table 4.3a).

• Not unexpectedly, financial need varied directly with family income and the price of

attendance. About 90 percent of students in the lowest income quartile had need, compared to 18 percent of students in the highest income quartile. Eighty-seven percent of

students with a price of attendance of $16,000 or more had some financial need, compared to less than one-fourth (23 percent) of students with a price of attendance under

$4,000 (table 4.3a).

• Financial need for federal aid varied by race–ethnicity. For example, 70 percent of

black, non-Hispanic students had financial need, compared to 51 percent of white, nonHispanic students. However, among students with need, the average amount of need

for both blacks and whites was about $7,000 (tables 4.3a and 4.3b).

• Fifty-six percent of undergraduates had financial need before receiving aid, and 46

percent still had remaining need after receiving financial aid. The average amount of

need before aid was $7,000; for those who still had remaining need after financial aid,

the average need was $4,200 (tables 4.3a, 4.3b, 4.4a, and 4.4b).

• Financial need, both before and after receipt of aid, varied by the total price of attendance. Before receiving aid, 87 percent of students with total price over $16,000 had
Section 4: Net Price and Need

132

financial need, compared to 23 percent of students with total price under $4,000. After

receiving aid, the percentage with remaining need dropped to 68 percent for those with

total price of attendance over $16,000 (68 percent), but remained similar for those with

total price of attendance under $4,000 (20 percent) (tables 4.3a and 4.4a).

• Sixty-nine percent of all undergraduates with need received financial aid. Those who

were charged less than $500 for tuition and fees were the least likely (45 percent) to receive any aid (table 4.5a).

• The average amount of aid received by students with need was $5,700. The average aid

award for undergraduates with need whose price of attendance was over $16,000 was

$12,200, while the average aid award for undergraduates with need whose price of attendance was below $4,000 was $1,100 (table 4.5b).

Table 4.1a—Average net price (total price of attendance less total aid) of postsecondary education among

Table 4.1a—undergraduates according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics:

Table 4.1a—1995–96

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

 

 Total $3,264 $5,032 $6,441 $7,232 $11,436 $6,523 $5,106 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 5,631 5,980 7,442 8,864 14,151 8,537 7,645 

 Full-time, part-year 3,394 4,090 4,800 5,569 7,952 5,376 4,365 

 Part-time, full-year 4,297 5,680 6,828 6,529 8,675 7,455 5,164 

 Part-time, part-year 1,343 2,137 2,489 2,621 2,846 3,944 1,696 

Local residence

 On campus 3,080 5,019 6,569 8,640 13,608 7,465 7,619 

 Off campus 2,979 4,928 6,208 6,341 9,596 6,766 4,584 

 With parents/other relatives 3,882 5,296 7,019 6,731 11,239 5,672 5,026 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 2,180 1,075 1,568 1,348 924 1,325 2,126 

 $500–999 4,422 3,317 3,385 1,910 1,617 2,675 4,013 

 $1,000–1,999 5,070 5,312 5,496 3,077 3,197 3,724 5,033 

 $2,000–3,999 6,513 5,723 6,487 5,109 5,410 5,150 6,023 

 $4,000–7,999 — 7,086 7,988 6,248 7,212 7,257 7,317 

 $8,000 or more — 10,269 13,282 10,025 14,600 9,055 11,709 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 1,353 1,377 1,507 1,492 1,472 1,992 1,391 

 $4,000–7,999 4,739 4,471 4,545 4,129 4,363 3,972 4,610 

 $8,000–11,999 7,534 6,145 6,628 6,099 7,032 6,272 6,626 

 $12,000–15,999 10,830 8,589 8,416 7,129 8,705 8,059 8,256 

 $16,000 or more — 12,005 13,221 10,705 14,930 11,873 12,580 

Gender

 Male 3,378 5,109 6,581 6,896 11,785 6,737 5,249 

 Female 3,180 4,977 6,307 7,465 11,118 6,390 4,996 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 3,184 5,095 6,644 7,751 11,805 6,734 5,211 

 Black, non-Hispanic 3,132 4,229 4,228 4,929 7,232 6,125 4,050 

 Hispanic 3,710 4,662 5,212 5,064 8,004 6,033 4,531 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 3,572 6,413 7,954 10,269 14,326 7,228 6,887 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 2,970 3,191 5,509 — — 6,684 4,145 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 4,468 5,662 7,111 8,604 14,253 5,981 6,539 

 19–23 years 3,935 5,518 7,151 8,356 12,785 6,369 6,220 

 24–29 years 3,103 4,479 4,968 5,091 7,649 6,869 4,135 

 30–39 years 2,573 4,226 4,189 5,130 6,047 6,514 3,610 

 40 years or older 2,267 3,915 4,099 4,929 5,538 6,737 3,189 

_______

134
Table 4.1a—Average net price (total price of attendance less total aid) of postsecondary education among

Table 4.1a—undergraduates according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics:

Table 4.1a—1995–96—Continued

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

Dependency status

 Dependent $4,155 $5,680 $7,298 $8,629 $13,315 $6,518 $6,510 

 Independent 2,726 4,252 4,570 5,040 6,664 6,526 3,755 

 No dependents, unmarried 2,850 4,499 4,676 5,277 7,499 6,578 4,009 

 No dependents, married 2,819 4,735 5,792 4,936 5,795 7,091 3,887 

 With dependents 2,617 3,751 3,887 4,907 6,081 6,395 3,524 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 3,453 3,914 4,599 5,853 8,477 5,233 4,495 

 $20,000–39,999 4,213 4,761 5,879 6,278 8,184 6,008 5,216 

 $40,000–59,999 4,217 5,755 7,156 8,046 11,047 7,082 6,127 

 $60,000–79,999 4,540 6,921 8,144 9,504 14,967 7,840 7,417 

 $80,000–99,999 4,495 7,063 8,975 11,912 15,529 7,659 8,342 

 $100,000 or more 4,388 8,079 10,470 14,925 19,760 10,823 10,712 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 2,785 3,650 4,178 4,842 7,290 6,228 3,831 

 $10,000–19,999 2,963 4,414 4,225 4,863 7,313 6,349 3,806 

 $20,000–29,999 2,852 4,497 4,792 5,686 6,687 6,693 3,797 

 $30,000–49,999 2,465 4,781 5,035 5,053 5,748 7,114 3,596 

 $50,000 or more 2,434 4,401 5,537 4,970 5,883 7,630 3,672 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 3,105 3,827 4,540 5,444 8,043 5,925 4,190 

 Middle quartiles 3,389 5,188 6,284 6,756 9,818 6,607 4,901 

 Highest quartile 3,126 6,024 8,413 9,545 15,082 7,811 6,434 

Aid status

 No aid 3,308 6,341 8,573 10,252 16,393 8,382 5,463 

 Received aid 3,174 3,973 4,730 6,186 8,549 6,004 4,727 

Grant status

 No grants 3,324 5,978 7,794 9,471 14,997 7,444 5,457 

 Received grants 3,108 3,696 4,398 6,024 8,342 5,779 4,545 

Loan status

 No loans 3,281 5,858 7,890 8,654 13,855 7,137 5,249 

 Received loans2 3,004 3,460 3,918 5,581 7,953 6,068 4,665 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

135
Table 4.1b—Average total price of attendance less all grants among undergraduates according to type of

Table 4.1b—institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- NonPublic doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

 

 Total $3,539 $6,647 $8,467 $10,123 $14,702 $9,420 $6,455 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 6,355 8,321 10,026 12,800 18,295 12,598 10,208 

 Full-time, part-year 3,614 5,158 5,953 7,443 9,893 7,771 5,405 

 Part-time, full-year 4,592 6,924 8,491 8,348 11,001 10,287 5,980 

 Part-time, part-year 1,424 2,428 2,962 3,203 3,600 5,247 1,906 

Local residence

 On campus 3,514 7,698 9,116 12,801 17,961 12,737 10,748 

 Off campus 3,278 6,512 8,315 8,410 12,193 9,582 5,763 

 With parents/other relatives 4,095 6,194 8,080 9,222 13,747 8,563 5,831 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 2,275 1,175 1,674 1,540 1,245 1,426 2,222 

 $500–999 4,746 3,786 3,862 2,246 1,745 2,945 4,365 

 $1,000–1,999 5,774 6,665 7,008 3,605 3,516 4,614 6,067 

 $2,000–3,999 7,489 7,983 8,940 6,376 6,391 6,759 8,031 

 $4,000–7,999 — 9,797 10,732 9,388 9,762 10,341 10,208 

 $8,000 or more — 14,193 16,299 14,256 18,871 14,787 15,949 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 1,384 1,457 1,605 1,620 1,598 2,250 1,439 

 $4,000–7,999 5,134 5,510 5,556 5,109 5,107 5,304 5,259 

 $8,000–11,999 8,620 8,470 8,835 8,219 8,676 8,897 8,662 

 $12,000–15,999 12,053 12,040 11,692 10,634 11,641 12,431 11,634 

 $16,000 or more — 15,643 16,818 15,220 19,300 17,303 16,961 

Gender

 Male 3,615 6,730 8,610 9,800 14,955 10,338 6,632 

 Female 3,483 6,588 8,332 10,347 14,472 8,849 6,319 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 3,448 6,784 8,644 10,776 14,949 9,888 6,583 

 Black, non-Hispanic 3,582 5,963 6,846 8,129 11,745 8,923 5,599 

 Hispanic 3,867 5,763 7,180 7,083 11,469 8,553 5,573 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 3,722 7,303 9,632 12,463 17,349 9,315 8,100 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 3,640 5,190 7,764 — — 9,391 5,433 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 4,634 7,199 9,029 11,935 17,829 8,725 8,053 

 19–23 years 4,152 7,284 9,107 11,700 16,441 9,358 7,845 

 24–29 years 3,560 6,217 7,619 7,760 10,412 10,115 5,523 

 30–39 years 2,854 5,578 6,308 7,038 8,013 9,225 4,585 

 40 years or older 2,481 4,855 5,124 6,427 6,812 9,149 3,798 

_______

136
Table 4.1b—Average total price of attendance less all grants among undergraduates according to type of

Table 4.1b—institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

Dependency status

 Dependent $4,334 $7,307 $9,172 $11,962 $16,894 $9,482 $8,086 

 Independent 3,059 5,852 6,928 7,238 9,139 9,394 4,886 

 No dependents, unmarried 3,223 6,214 7,145 8,072 10,498 10,082 5,408 

 No dependents, married 2,953 5,846 7,873 6,536 7,740 9,421 4,635 

 With dependents 2,999 5,476 6,220 6,890 8,179 9,075 4,604 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 3,678 5,594 6,734 8,788 12,479 7,938 6,087 

 $20,000–39,999 4,411 6,811 8,394 10,307 12,914 9,521 7,069 

 $40,000–59,999 4,413 7,618 9,139 11,962 15,257 10,778 7,812 

 $60,000–79,999 4,709 8,214 9,849 13,067 18,280 10,685 8,911 

 $80,000–99,999 4,523 8,236 10,701 14,507 18,996 9,597 9,754 

 $100,000 or more 4,493 8,823 11,281 16,841 21,899 11,910 11,699 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 3,381 6,261 7,579 8,218 11,387 8,978 5,664 

 $10,000–19,999 3,351 6,343 6,836 7,327 10,511 9,557 5,067 

 $20,000–29,999 3,064 5,691 6,799 7,965 8,382 9,964 4,676 

 $30,000–49,999 2,714 5,627 6,374 6,736 7,351 9,859 4,321 

 $50,000 or more 2,510 4,763 6,024 5,758 6,716 9,586 4,012 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 3,500 5,999 7,183 8,708 12,169 8,686 5,913 

 Middle quartiles 3,684 6,862 8,461 10,097 13,437 9,841 6,293 

 Highest quartile 3,234 6,893 9,629 11,383 17,490 10,054 7,325 

Aid status

 No aid 3,308 6,341 8,573 10,252 16,393 8,382 5,463 

 Received aid 4,010 6,895 8,382 10,078 13,718 9,710 7,508 

Grant status

 No grants 3,470 6,926 9,076 10,931 16,695 10,068 6,156 

 Received grants 3,719 6,254 7,548 9,687 12,971 8,896 6,933 

Loan status

 No loans 3,375 6,029 8,055 9,028 14,522 7,572 5,417 

 Received loans2 5,968 7,825 9,184 11,394 14,961 10,790 9,663 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

137
Table 4.1c—Average total price of attendance less federal grants among undergraduates according to 

Table 4.1c—type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- NonPublic doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

 Total $3,664 $7,127 $9,200 $12,716 $18,102 $9,772 $7,169 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 6,673 9,073 11,053 16,597 22,941 13,074 11,744 

 Full-time, part-year 3,732 5,389 6,295 8,521 11,636 8,067 5,743 

 Part-time, full-year 4,713 7,193 8,867 9,462 12,284 10,651 6,264 

 Part-time, part-year 1,471 2,516 3,057 3,669 4,164 5,430 2,001 

Local residence

 On campus 3,775 8,573 10,383 17,249 23,283 13,204 13,289 

 Off campus 3,389 6,885 8,877 9,860 14,264 9,949 6,184 

 With parents/other relatives 4,242 6,636 8,643 11,072 16,185 8,858 6,274 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 2,337 1,226 1,712 1,648 1,419 1,464 2,283 

 $500–999 4,846 3,896 3,983 2,646 2,176 2,999 4,483 

 $1,000–1,999 6,086 7,047 7,433 4,085 3,984 4,687 6,428 

 $2,000–3,999 7,942 8,661 9,653 7,030 7,115 7,077 8,673 

 $4,000–7,999 — 10,702 12,057 11,205 11,457 10,792 11,371 

 $8,000 or more — 15,086 17,897 18,576 23,480 15,189 19,559 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 1,437 1,535 1,661 1,850 1,920 2,325 1,507 

 $4,000–7,999 5,326 5,897 5,897 5,624 5,691 5,515 5,522 

 $8,000–11,999 8,839 9,134 9,541 9,435 9,573 9,261 9,278 

 $12,000–15,999 12,542 12,735 12,998 13,342 13,798 12,833 13,027 

 $16,000 or more — 16,906 18,450 19,816 24,092 17,967 20,824 

Gender

 Male 3,740 7,209 9,302 12,088 18,331 10,686 7,319 

 Female 3,608 7,067 9,103 13,151 17,894 9,203 7,053 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 3,570 7,213 9,268 13,571 18,105 10,275 7,283 

 Black, non-Hispanic 3,746 6,629 7,878 10,383 15,994 9,312 6,353 

 Hispanic 3,959 6,303 8,237 8,298 15,211 8,786 6,100 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 3,856 8,004 10,581 16,084 21,310 9,531 9,182 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 3,779 6,062 9,321 — — 9,777 6,155 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 4,837 7,955 10,375 16,170 22,816 8,976 9,459 

 19–23 years 4,282 7,847 9,905 14,895 20,275 9,602 8,824 

 24–29 years 3,669 6,534 7,987 8,939 12,145 10,474 5,842 

 30–39 years 2,981 5,886 6,619 8,131 9,387 9,649 4,902 

 40 years or older 2,575 5,160 5,394 7,490 7,906 9,756 4,069 

_______

138
Table 4.1c—Average total price of attendance less federal grants among undergraduates according to 

Table 4.1c—type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Private, not-for-

 Public 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- NonPublic doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

Dependency status

 Dependent $4,467 $7,896 $10,055 $15,433 $21,009 $9,729 $9,194 

 Independent 3,179 6,199 7,333 8,453 10,721 9,790 5,220 

 No dependents, unmarried 3,310 6,546 7,519 9,415 12,299 10,483 5,763 

 No dependents, married 3,076 6,066 8,279 7,767 9,013 9,771 4,930 

 With dependents 3,137 5,904 6,666 8,008 9,651 9,478 4,936 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 3,902 6,578 8,441 11,988 18,185 8,238 7,458 

 $20,000–39,999 4,573 7,633 9,591 14,769 20,366 9,870 8,492 

 $40,000–59,999 4,525 8,118 9,902 16,174 20,425 11,042 8,925 

 $60,000–79,999 4,791 8,537 10,461 16,589 21,302 10,707 9,829 

 $80,000–99,999 4,609 8,485 11,036 17,250 21,323 9,626 10,503 

 $100,000 or more 4,524 9,010 11,661 18,128 23,409 12,018 12,257 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 3,545 6,866 8,160 9,945 13,844 9,337 6,152 

 $10,000–19,999 3,462 6,619 7,255 8,402 12,044 9,943 5,353 

 $20,000–29,999 3,178 5,957 7,097 8,689 9,216 10,279 4,908 

 $30,000–49,999 2,807 5,813 6,640 7,894 8,649 10,280 4,597 

 $50,000 or more 2,614 4,942 6,172 6,844 7,997 10,333 4,304 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 3,692 6,827 8,382 11,579 16,951 9,012 6,855 

 Middle quartiles 3,795 7,291 9,145 13,061 17,555 10,202 6,996 

 Highest quartile 3,328 7,098 10,027 13,134 19,336 10,448 7,835 

Aid status

 No aid 3,308 6,341 8,573 10,252 16,393 8,382 5,463 

 Received aid 4,390 7,763 9,703 13,570 19,097 10,160 8,978 

Grant status

 No grants 3,470 6,926 9,076 10,931 16,695 10,068 6,156 

 Received grants 4,170 7,411 9,388 13,679 19,323 9,533 8,786 

Loan status

 No loans 3,491 6,403 8,642 10,615 16,216 8,066 5,819 

 Received loans2 6,228 8,506 10,170 15,155 20,816 11,037 11,337 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

139
Table 4.1d—Average tuition and fees less grants among undergraduates according to type of institution,

Table 4.1d—by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

 Total $419 $1,561 $2,363 $5,009 $8,380 $4,222 $2,012 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 846 2,109 2,971 6,629 10,688 5,406 3,712 

 Full-time, part-year 409 999 1,439 3,501 5,194 3,879 1,651 

 Part-time, full-year 470 1,381 1,942 3,466 5,480 3,654 1,208 

 Part-time, part-year 196 540 715 1,259 1,796 2,366 429 

Local residence

 On campus 462 2,173 2,827 6,698 10,427 6,656 4,684 

 Off campus 356 1,379 2,157 3,821 6,659 4,101 1,560 

 With parents/other relatives 551 1,550 2,401 4,740 8,161 4,336 1,677 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 171 278 290 252 257 303 181 

 $500–999 522 581 607 546 599 441 538 

 $1,000–1,999 810 1,006 1,054 956 1,084 1,149 938 

 $2,000–3,999 1,820 1,759 1,961 1,782 2,009 2,002 1,877 

 $4,000–7,999 — 3,886 3,703 3,622 4,350 4,656 3,967 

 $8,000 or more — 8,368 9,245 8,142 11,330 8,429 9,273 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 203 465 527 774 1,047 829 291 

 $4,000–7,999 593 1,057 1,119 1,690 1,905 1,991 870 

 $8,000–11,999 856 1,889 2,056 3,092 3,215 4,240 2,066 

 $12,000–15,999 1,419 3,679 3,369 4,825 5,686 5,930 4,098 

 $16,000 or more — 5,788 8,199 8,410 11,508 7,290 9,242 

Gender

 Male 461 1,671 2,472 4,870 8,666 4,990 2,134 

 Female 389 1,482 2,259 5,105 8,120 3,744 1,919 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 461 1,648 2,487 5,592 8,660 4,466 2,139 

 Black, non-Hispanic 335 1,314 1,387 2,954 5,419 3,933 1,379 

 Hispanic 264 855 1,288 2,757 5,599 3,755 1,271 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 425 1,924 3,114 6,874 10,582 4,244 3,076 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 308 637 1,693 — — 4,267 1,130 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 609 1,978 2,805 6,125 10,454 4,190 2,876 

 19–23 years 554 1,899 2,716 6,230 9,662 4,497 2,767 

 24–29 years 368 1,171 1,605 3,116 5,296 4,428 1,288 

 30–39 years 275 947 1,269 2,734 3,508 3,794 1,048 

 40 years or older 275 881 960 2,433 2,906 3,780 840 

_______

140
Table 4.1d—Average tuition and fees less grants among undergraduates according to type of institution,

Table 4.1d—by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

Dependency status

 Dependent $612 $1,985 $2,826 $6,403 $9,990 $4,806 $2,941 

 Independent 303 1,051 1,353 2,822 4,291 3,978 1,119 

 No dependents, unmarried 373 1,224 1,630 3,516 5,265 4,542 1,397 

 No dependents, married 355 1,287 1,593 2,667 3,665 4,080 1,077 

 With dependents 241 752 874 2,380 3,405 3,701 934 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 336 929 1,365 3,770 6,195 3,587 1,632 

 $20,000–39,999 570 1,582 2,139 4,872 6,295 4,790 2,070 

 $40,000–59,999 731 2,254 2,736 6,345 8,439 5,876 2,726 

 $60,000–79,999 717 2,601 3,241 7,299 11,336 5,594 3,470 

 $80,000–99,999 745 2,622 3,836 8,621 11,942 5,400 4,191 

 $100,000 or more 724 2,800 4,433 10,786 14,414 6,561 5,714 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 240 869 1,323 2,998 5,378 3,833 1,261 

 $10,000–19,999 315 1,107 1,221 2,638 4,998 4,083 1,093 

 $20,000–29,999 306 1,171 1,543 3,437 3,957 4,334 1,096 

 $30,000–49,999 349 1,150 1,490 2,705 3,339 4,163 1,051 

 $50,000 or more 321 1,114 1,341 2,402 3,127 3,586 991 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 288 916 1,404 3,573 5,908 3,798 1,464 

 Middle quartiles 454 1,707 2,293 4,878 7,224 4,480 1,849 

 Highest quartile 465 1,956 3,343 6,459 11,010 4,545 2,892 

Aid status

 No aid 490 1,837 2,906 6,075 10,711 4,072 1,768 

 Received aid 274 1,338 1,927 4,639 7,022 4,264 2,272 

Grant status

 No grants 528 2,048 3,073 6,403 10,795 5,061 2,101 

 Received grants 136 873 1,291 4,257 6,282 3,543 1,871 

Loan status

 No loans 403 1,504 2,442 4,670 8,915 3,090 1,575 

 Received loans2 667 1,671 2,224 5,403 7,609 5,062 3,363 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

141
Table 4.1e—Average net price (total price of attendance less all financial aid) of postsecondary education

Table 4.1e—among dependent undergraduates according to dependent student family income, by

Table 4.1e—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Less $100,000 All

 than $20,000– $40,000– $60,000– $80,000– or dependent

 $20,000 39,999 59,999 79,999 99,999 more students

 Total $4,495 $5,216 $6,127 $7,417 $8,342 $10,712 $6,510 

Type of institution

 Public 3,909 4,820 5,477 6,302 6,750 8,053 5,534 

 Less-than-2-year 4,216 4,641 4,437 — — — 4,494 

 2-year 3,453 4,213 4,217 4,540 4,495 4,388 4,155 

 4-year 4,338 5,439 6,634 7,721 8,395 9,870 6,727 

 Nondoctorate-granting 3,914 4,761 5,755 6,921 7,063 8,079 5,680 

 Doctorate-granting 4,599 5,879 7,156 8,144 8,975 10,470 7,298 

 Private, not-for-profit 6,501 6,785 8,826 11,469 13,440 17,178 10,155 

 Less-than-4-year 4,994 4,944 5,302 5,755 8,971 10,248 5,788 

 4-year 6,587 6,871 9,003 11,718 13,551 17,314 10,341 

 Nondoctorate-granting 5,853 6,278 8,046 9,504 11,912 14,925 8,629 

 Doctorate-granting 8,477 8,184 11,047 14,967 15,529 19,760 13,315 

 Private, for-profit 5,233 6,008 7,082 7,840 7,659 10,823 6,518 

Level of institution

 Less-than-2-year 4,844 5,322 5,638 7,084 8,289 9,077 5,693 

 2-year 3,600 4,287 4,339 4,653 4,652 4,698 4,279 

 4-year 5,096 5,898 7,344 9,001 10,186 12,671 7,900 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 5,254 6,030 7,647 9,229 10,612 13,119 8,070 

 Full-time, part-year 3,827 4,092 4,617 5,083 5,785 6,353 4,668 

 Part-time, full-year 4,717 5,789 6,192 7,196 7,038 8,968 6,241 

 Part-time, part-year 1,963 2,198 1,992 2,082 2,583 2,658 2,151 

Local residence

 On campus 5,229 5,359 6,838 9,227 10,681 13,958 7,973 

 Off campus 4,900 5,450 6,254 7,525 8,355 10,399 6,745 

 With parents/other relatives 3,868 4,962 5,546 6,148 6,602 7,701 5,396 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 2,667 2,976 2,557 3,320 2,697 3,285 2,883 

 $500–999 3,582 4,807 4,589 4,566 4,745 4,594 4,410 

 $1,000–1,999 3,926 4,911 5,620 6,090 6,120 6,736 5,272 

 $2,000–3,999 4,047 5,153 6,742 7,403 7,840 8,420 6,334 

 $4,000–7,999 5,175 6,182 7,550 8,568 9,629 11,005 7,603 

 $8,000 or more 8,887 8,172 10,270 13,461 14,939 18,138 12,193 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 1,787 1,898 1,826 1,770 1,907 1,893 1,836 

 $4,000–7,999 3,514 4,630 5,197 5,378 5,536 5,672 4,764 

 $8,000–11,999 5,251 5,786 7,152 7,916 8,457 8,967 6,996 

 $12,000–15,999 5,900 7,149 8,464 9,509 10,494 11,989 8,595 

 $16,000 or more 9,790 8,708 10,961 14,146 15,550 19,001 13,025 

_______

142
Table 4.1e—Average net price (total price of attendance less all financial aid) of postsecondary education

Table 4.1e—among dependent undergraduates according to dependent student family income, by

Table 4.1e—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Less $100,000 All

 than $20,000– $40,000– $60,000– $80,000– or dependent

 $20,000 39,999 59,999 79,999 99,999 more students

Gender

 Male $4,285 $5,128 $6,130 $7,407 $8,004 $10,495 $6,457 

 Female 4,683 5,288 6,125 7,427 8,669 10,935 6,559 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 4,955 5,195 5,953 7,291 8,410 10,655 6,768 

 Black, non-Hispanic 3,844 4,311 4,876 6,674 5,798 7,697 4,581 

 Hispanic 3,605 5,092 6,664 6,593 6,882 7,989 5,102 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 5,485 7,076 9,761 10,673 10,463 13,713 8,456 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 4,024 3,726 ———— 5,272 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 4,521 5,022 6,078 7,697 9,171 11,045 6,631 

 19–23 years 4,490 5,262 6,141 7,356 8,157 10,632 6,482 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 4,495 4,907 ———— 4,602 

 Middle quartiles — 5,341 6,127 7,117 — — 6,091 

 Highest quartile — — — 7,982 8,342 10,712 9,280 

Aid status

 No aid 6,108 5,891 6,413 7,776 8,436 11,039 7,481 

 Received aid 3,770 4,755 5,800 6,908 8,173 9,860 5,534 

Grant status

 No grants 6,083 5,820 6,207 7,488 8,196 10,662 7,241 

 Received grants 3,648 4,633 5,950 7,212 8,898 10,946 5,351 

Loan status

 No loans 4,980 5,780 6,474 7,692 8,496 10,971 7,077 

 Received loans* 3,580 4,269 5,360 6,616 7,765 8,942 5,150 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Students age 24 or older are independent. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

143
Table 4.1f—Average net price (total price of attendance less all financial aid) of postsecondary education

Table 4.1f—among independent undergraduates according to independent student income, by

Table 4.1e—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Less $50,000 All

 than $10,000– $20,000– $30,000– or independent

 $10,000 19,999 29,999 49,999 more students

 

 Total $3,831 $3,806 $3,797 $3,596 $3,672 $3,755 

Type of institution

 Public 3,224 3,356 3,317 3,119 3,167 3,243 

 Less-than-2-year 3,755 4,247 4,645 4,455 4,218 4,186 

 2-year 2,785 2,963 2,852 2,465 2,434 2,726 

 4-year 3,934 4,311 4,632 4,889 4,951 4,412 

 Nondoctorate-granting 3,650 4,414 4,497 4,781 4,401 4,252 

 Doctorate-granting 4,178 4,225 4,792 5,035 5,537 4,570 

 Private, not-for-profit 5,472 5,395 5,849 5,311 5,383 5,468 

 Less-than-4-year 5,316 4,729 5,051 6,154 7,050 5,477 

 4-year 5,502 5,532 5,973 5,209 5,209 5,466 

 Nondoctorate-granting 4,842 4,863 5,686 5,053 4,970 5,040 

 Doctorate-granting 7,290 7,313 6,687 5,748 5,883 6,664 

 Private, for-profit 6,228 6,349 6,693 7,114 7,630 6,526 

Level of institution

 Less-than-2-year 4,413 4,721 5,141 5,119 5,216 4,831 

 2-year 3,088 3,149 3,002 2,612 2,617 2,930 

 4-year 5,742 5,753 5,929 6,057 5,370 5,782 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 5,310 6,450 7,459 7,575 9,445 6,412 

 Full-time, part-year 3,916 3,899 4,068 4,751 4,622 4,086 

 Part-time, full-year 4,204 4,647 4,811 4,600 4,941 4,622 

 Part-time, part-year 1,737 1,615 1,592 1,434 1,257 1,532 

Local residence

 On campus 3,496 4,457 5,076 — — 3,754 

 Off campus 3,894 3,739 3,818 3,633 3,725 3,769 

 With parents/other relatives 3,653 4,195 3,291 2,845 2,340 3,637 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 2,060 2,055 1,783 1,632 1,525 1,826 

 $500–999 3,224 3,793 4,344 3,648 3,842 3,746 

 $1,000–1,999 3,926 4,693 5,234 5,414 5,774 4,760 

 $2,000–3,999 4,352 5,776 5,853 6,471 7,473 5,522 

 $4,000–7,999 6,255 6,406 7,205 8,006 8,886 6,874 

 $8,000 or more 8,292 8,975 11,025 10,552 13,414 9,540 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 1,314 1,374 1,271 1,125 1,024 1,224 

 $4,000–7,999 3,724 4,366 4,795 5,052 5,208 4,447 

 $8,000–11,999 4,943 5,915 6,863 6,853 8,377 6,075 

 $12,000–15,999 6,388 7,706 8,625 9,430 10,426 7,769 

 $16,000 or more 9,429 10,188 12,259 11,783 14,343 10,795 

_______

144
Table 4.1f—Average net price (total price of attendance less all financial aid) of postsecondary education

Table 4.1f—among independent undergraduates according to independent student income, by

Table 4.1e—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Less $50,000 All

 than $10,000– $20,000– $30,000– or independent

 $10,000 19,999 29,999 49,999 more students

Gender

 Male $3,967 $3,911 $3,941 $3,569 $3,700 $3,841 

 Female 3,746 3,736 3,699 3,613 3,654 3,699 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 3,699 3,641 3,778 3,421 3,667 3,641 

 Black, non-Hispanic 3,691 3,706 3,573 4,107 3,521 3,716 

 Hispanic 4,216 4,192 3,760 3,911 3,339 4,005 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 4,514 5,298 4,657 4,994 4,224 4,726 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 4,100 3,424 — — — 3,376 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 4,154 ———— 4,139 

 19–23 years 4,093 4,191 4,161 4,039 — 4,140 

 24–29 years 3,922 4,353 4,054 4,022 5,071 4,135 

 30–39 years 3,659 3,462 3,748 3,483 3,731 3,610 

 40 years or older 3,280 2,842 3,256 3,316 3,247 3,189 

Dependency status

 Independent 3,831 3,806 3,797 3,596 3,672 3,755 

 No dependents, unmarried 3,951 4,195 3,832 3,735 4,585 4,009 

 No dependents, married 4,792 3,870 4,246 3,774 3,499 3,887 

 With dependents 3,556 3,416 3,611 3,449 3,617 3,524 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 3,774 ———— 3,774 

 Middle quartiles 4,143 3,806 3,797 3,517 — 3,789 

 Highest quartile — — — 3,656 3,672 3,665 

Aid status

 No aid 3,937 3,547 3,613 3,449 3,592 3,618 

 Received aid 3,777 4,072 4,066 3,862 3,867 3,908 

Grant status

 No grants 3,969 3,724 3,743 3,575 3,774 3,750 

 Received grants 3,737 3,941 3,908 3,662 3,285 3,763 

Loan status

 No loans 4,082 3,767 3,629 3,413 3,503 3,703 

 Received loans* 3,318 3,938 4,774 5,025 6,699 3,967 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

145
Table 4.1g—Average net price (price of attendance less total aid) of postsecondary education among fullTable 4.1g—time, full-year undergraduates according to type of institution, by institutional and student

Table 4.1g—characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

 Total $5,631 $5,980 $7,442 $8,864 $14,151 $8,537 $7,645 

Local residence

 On campus 3,916 5,260 7,011 8,945 14,189 9,345 8,317 

 Off campus 5,875 6,333 7,568 9,358 14,148 8,954 7,668 

 With parents/other relatives 5,564 6,128 7,856 7,887 14,040 7,280 6,920 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 5,808 — — — — — 5,751 

 $500–999 5,440 4,068 4,351 — — — 5,541 

 $1,000–1,999 5,204 5,571 5,677 — — 10,961 5,449 

 $2,000–3,999 6,666 5,637 6,508 5,369 6,886 7,565 6,228 

 $4,000–7,999 — 6,906 7,914 6,213 7,129 8,003 7,506 

 $8,000 or more — 10,173 13,311 9,860 14,889 9,587 11,795 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 — — — — — — —

 $4,000–7,999 4,681 4,348 4,253 3,714 3,983 4,979 4,571 

 $8,000–11,999 7,233 5,968 6,560 5,837 7,310 6,162 6,448 

 $12,000–15,999 10,862 8,181 8,180 6,669 8,352 8,054 8,011 

 $16,000 or more — 11,973 13,176 10,549 15,040 11,928 12,528 

Gender

 Male 5,833 6,072 7,651 8,297 14,496 8,831 7,723 

 Female 5,444 5,909 7,247 9,239 13,825 8,345 7,580 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 5,735 6,133 7,770 9,546 14,654 8,831 7,940 

 Black, non-Hispanic 5,144 4,958 4,572 5,572 8,390 7,918 5,552 

 Hispanic 5,323 5,315 5,378 6,180 10,032 8,093 6,074 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 5,776 7,230 8,887 12,290 16,734 8,931 9,940 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native — 2,338 6,176 — — — 5,892 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 5,489 5,982 7,357 8,966 14,964 7,448 7,765 

 19–23 years 5,721 6,094 7,772 9,086 14,328 8,116 7,939 

 24–29 years 5,571 5,652 5,751 7,248 10,781 9,198 6,500 

 30–39 years 5,121 5,248 5,551 8,056 11,611 8,916 6,575 

 40 years or older 6,022 5,938 7,705 8,322 10,989 9,086 7,190 

Dependency status

 Dependent 5,718 6,195 7,827 9,200 14,677 8,162 8,070 

 Independent 5,460 5,343 5,604 7,369 10,202 8,732 6,412 

 No dependents, unmarried 5,758 5,204 5,626 7,331 10,318 8,601 6,411 

 No dependents, married 6,525 7,146 7,033 7,564 9,130 10,191 7,392 

 With dependents 5,016 4,609 4,800 7,337 10,646 8,526 6,080 

_______

146
Table 4.1g—Average net price (price of attendance less total aid) of postsecondary education among fullTable 4.1g—time, full-year undergraduates according to type of institution, by institutional and student

Table 4.1g—characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 $3,875 $4,156 $4,759 $6,473 $9,652 $6,758 $5,254 

 $20,000–39,999 5,541 4,952 6,007 6,422 8,963 7,148 6,030 

 $40,000–59,999 6,295 6,302 7,744 8,402 12,245 8,394 7,647 

 $60,000–79,999 6,424 7,682 8,810 10,128 16,516 9,375 9,229 

 $80,000–99,999 6,460 7,957 9,749 12,988 16,890 — 10,612 

 $100,000 or more 6,775 9,326 11,133 15,955 21,335 13,365 13,119 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 4,715 4,031 4,287 5,543 8,461 8,214 5,310 

 $10,000–19,999 5,598 5,505 5,454 8,185 10,076 8,343 6,450 

 $20,000–29,999 6,377 6,666 6,827 9,240 13,948 8,854 7,459 

 $30,000–49,999 5,400 8,282 7,984 8,230 — 9,567 7,575 

 $50,000 or more — 8,648 10,564 10,564 — 12,042 9,445 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 4,385 4,170 4,770 6,138 9,168 7,681 5,312 

 Middle quartiles 5,995 6,156 7,256 8,053 12,070 8,432 7,284 

 Highest quartile 6,609 8,375 10,077 13,417 19,050 11,077 11,066 

Aid status

 No aid 7,092 9,744 11,662 19,200 24,106 13,794 11,360 

 Received aid 4,312 4,282 5,149 7,143 9,941 7,651 5,875 

Grant status

 No grants 6,765 8,243 9,893 15,790 21,565 10,280 10,036 

 Received grants 4,218 3,952 4,722 6,845 9,535 7,362 5,631 

Loan status

 No loans 6,041 8,050 9,942 13,085 19,617 10,896 9,457 

 Received loans2 3,443 3,604 4,224 6,070 8,795 7,479 5,212 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

147
Table 4.2—Average federal expected family contribution (EFC) among undergraduates according to type

Table 4.2—of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

 Total $7,349 $7,183 $8,517 $7,875 $10,603 $4,041 $7,419 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 5,766 6,451 8,739 7,707 11,090 4,102 7,314 

 Full-time, part-year 6,240 6,253 6,374 5,841 9,229 3,587 5,695 

 Part-time, full-year 7,288 8,206 9,004 8,803 10,063 5,113 7,625 

 Part-time, part-year 8,432 8,835 8,702 8,972 9,810 4,461 8,349 

Local residence

 On campus 7,879 6,827 8,865 7,948 12,007 4,735 8,469 

 Off campus 7,803 7,594 8,544 8,315 10,113 4,218 7,618 

 With parents/other relatives 6,353 6,445 7,962 6,480 8,626 3,417 6,363 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 8,042 9,980 9,685 9,199 11,814 8,242 8,145 

 $500–999 6,708 7,918 7,667 9,029 9,550 3,806 7,006 

 $1,000–1,999 5,485 6,378 6,930 8,100 9,419 5,568 6,245 

 $2,000–3,999 6,993 6,789 8,192 6,368 8,636 3,949 7,187 

 $4,000–7,999 — 7,019 9,171 5,751 8,718 3,670 6,806 

 $8,000 or more — 9,497 13,653 8,919 11,393 4,480 9,807 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 8,231 9,582 9,202 9,331 10,985 5,065 8,379 

 $4,000–7,999 6,553 6,303 6,818 6,234 7,652 3,940 6,402 

 $8,000–11,999 5,678 6,843 8,448 5,958 9,256 3,342 6,926 

 $12,000–15,999 5,335 7,316 8,712 7,003 8,910 4,316 7,273 

 $16,000 or more — 9,357 12,392 9,126 11,412 5,313 10,027 

Gender

 Male 7,865 7,180 8,735 8,006 10,626 5,048 7,829 

 Female 6,970 7,185 8,311 7,784 10,581 3,448 7,108 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 8,159 7,926 9,582 9,130 11,861 5,197 8,428 

 Black, non-Hispanic 4,272 4,163 4,267 4,377 6,406 2,507 4,125 

 Hispanic 5,970 4,675 4,731 4,033 5,899 2,004 4,862 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 8,061 6,283 6,836 7,675 9,203 4,912 7,217 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 5,079 3,954 6,198 — — 2,275 4,759 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 6,683 7,110 9,810 8,203 13,120 3,369 7,882 

 19–23 years 6,705 7,119 9,078 7,992 10,879 3,890 7,530 

 24–29 years 5,496 4,473 3,988 4,764 4,739 2,910 4,737 

 30–39 years 8,402 8,428 7,775 8,002 10,954 4,016 7,810 

 40 years or older 10,096 11,727 13,793 10,571 12,573 6,925 10,219 

_______

148
Table 4.2—Average federal expected family contribution (EFC) among undergraduates according to type

Table 4.2—of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, All

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit institutions1

Dependency status

 Dependent $7,437 $7,623 $9,610 $8,384 $11,694 $5,483 $8,273 

 Independent 7,297 6,656 6,114 7,072 7,846 3,451 6,593 

 No dependents, unmarried 5,614 4,976 4,750 5,156 4,752 3,592 5,062 

 No dependents, married 12,402 11,460 9,368 11,945 11,731 8,970 11,668 

 With dependents 6,467 6,001 6,510 6,744 9,692 2,395 5,864 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 985 874 1,237 1,221 1,618 443 1,038 

 $20,000–39,999 3,314 2,556 2,997 2,459 2,633 2,370 2,876 

 $40,000–59,999 6,616 6,058 6,597 5,851 6,265 6,052 6,301 

 $60,000–79,999 11,633 11,041 11,305 10,817 10,943 10,885 11,148 

 $80,000–99,999 14,365 14,482 14,757 14,816 14,923 13,716 14,501 

 $100,000 or more 25,341 27,760 28,100 27,341 29,053 27,850 27,487 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 732 717 717 626 646 416 657 

 $10,000–19,999 3,136 2,928 2,983 3,086 3,655 1,832 2,915 

 $20,000–29,999 6,302 5,378 5,391 4,829 5,998 3,806 5,707 

 $30,000–49,999 10,809 10,255 10,261 9,327 10,154 8,411 10,257 

 $50,000 or more 21,259 21,514 22,451 19,515 22,596 18,834 21,137 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 936 831 1,078 1,012 1,232 460 897 

 Middle quartiles 5,595 5,429 5,766 5,202 5,950 3,404 5,352 

 Highest quartile 17,701 18,195 19,968 18,086 20,950 15,303 18,317 

Aid status

 No aid 8,827 10,749 11,992 12,630 14,982 8,343 9,957 

 Received aid 4,322 4,280 5,710 6,225 8,057 2,766 4,849 

Grant status

 No grants 8,690 10,019 11,253 11,876 14,548 7,432 9,599 

 Received grants 3,836 3,152 4,340 5,659 7,172 1,260 4,008 

Loan status

 No loans 7,633 9,101 10,825 10,380 13,226 5,569 8,564 

 Received loans2 3,128 3,521 4,505 4,998 6,851 2,832 4,095 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Actual EFC values were only available for financial aid applicants (48 percent of students). EFCs for others were

imputed by regression. This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

149
Table 4.3a—Percentage of undergraduates with financial need for federal aid according to type of instituTable 4.3a—tion, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-for- Total

Public 4-year profit 4-year with

 Non- Non- federal

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, aid

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit need1

 

 Total 40.7 62.8 64.4 73.7 75.5 85.9 56.1 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 67.3 75.9 71.7 87.4 87.2 91.8 76.6 

 Full-time, part-year 50.2 65.0 62.2 76.7 66.7 86.2 63.2 

 Part-time, full-year 46.3 58.2 61.5 60.1 64.7 86.2 52.2 

 Part-time, part-year 21.6 28.8 33.7 31.7 32.3 69.1 25.4 

Local residence

 On campus 43.5 75.1 68.4 87.4 85.1 91.6 75.6 

 Off campus 36.9 58.7 62.2 61.0 66.4 84.5 50.7 

 With parents/other relatives 48.6 63.5 65.8 80.2 77.1 89.8 58.5 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 28.5 16.0 18.6 20.5 13.7 20.2 28.0 

 $500–999 52.7 41.5 45.9 24.5 30.3 67.1 49.6 

 $1,000–1,999 66.6 68.0 66.1 45.7 33.2 69.4 65.2 

 $2,000–3,999 65.0 74.1 69.2 66.6 56.0 84.1 70.6 

 $4,000–7,999 — 78.3 73.2 82.3 69.6 90.3 79.9 

 $8,000 or more — 83.5 73.1 86.9 87.5 94.2 86.1 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 22.0 19.6 21.2 22.7 17.6 60.0 22.6 

 $4,000–7,999 57.4 65.1 62.4 62.9 55.3 79.2 60.8 

 $8,000–11,999 75.6 74.7 68.2 77.6 62.2 90.2 73.7 

 $12,000–15,999 93.2 82.7 77.0 84.1 80.0 92.8 82.9 

 $16,000 or more — 90.2 78.7 88.1 88.4 92.6 87.3 

Gender

 Male 36.5 63.3 63.9 72.6 75.7 85.0 54.2 

 Female 43.8 62.3 64.8 74.5 75.3 86.5 57.5 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 34.6 59.3 59.6 70.8 72.2 82.5 51.2 

 Black, non-Hispanic 60.1 75.7 80.7 80.2 81.7 89.9 70.3 

 Hispanic 50.6 74.8 81.0 81.7 84.9 93.7 65.9 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 45.9 69.3 74.6 79.5 84.5 80.0 64.5 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 55.8 72.7 64.9 — — 93.5 64.6 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 50.4 70.2 66.6 86.1 81.2 90.9 65.4 

 19–23 years 46.4 66.6 64.8 81.5 80.8 86.4 62.6 

 24–29 years 45.8 71.7 77.5 73.4 78.5 92.6 60.7 

 30–39 years 34.3 45.9 53.2 54.7 46.4 83.6 44.4 

 40 years or older 25.0 36.7 30.5 42.0 42.1 73.3 31.8 

_______

150
Table 4.3a—Percentage of undergraduates with financial need for federal aid according to type of instituTable 4.3a—tion, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Private, not-for- Total

Public 4-year profit 4-year with

 Non- Non- federal

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, aid

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit need1

 

Dependency status

 Dependent 41.8 64.6 63.3 82.0 80.2 81.3 60.1 

 Independent 40.1 60.5 66.8 60.8 63.5 87.9 52.1 

 No dependents, unmarried 38.7 67.1 71.3 71.7 75.9 90.6 55.7 

 No dependents, married 16.0 39.8 57.2 37.6 44.5 67.3 29.0 

 With dependents 49.7 64.0 65.0 61.2 57.9 90.5 58.1 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 86.4 95.3 96.0 97.2 96.4 99.2 92.8 

 $20,000–39,999 65.6 93.0 94.8 96.6 95.7 96.7 83.3 

 $40,000–59,999 29.8 72.5 81.2 92.4 92.0 82.7 62.3 

 $60,000–79,999 4.2 32.3 41.8 79.4 85.9 54.8 35.8 

 $80,000–99,999 6.2 15.3 22.4 64.6 73.7 31.7 27.3 

 $100,000 or more 1.0 5.9 6.3 28.1 45.8 8.1 13.7 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 80.8 94.7 96.6 96.4 99.3 99.5 89.1 

 $10,000–19,999 53.2 78.4 76.2 78.0 84.9 97.4 65.1 

 $20,000–29,999 29.3 54.8 63.3 65.5 55.3 87.4 42.8 

 $30,000–49,999 11.6 29.2 33.6 41.1 44.1 63.3 22.6 

 $50,000 or more 2.9 8.0 7.3 12.0 13.5 28.2 6.4 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 81.9 95.7 96.4 97.1 97.9 99.2 90.5 

 Middle quartiles 38.8 67.7 75.0 82.9 85.2 90.5 58.2 

 Highest quartile 4.8 15.4 17.3 38.7 52.6 38.5 17.7 

Aid status

 No aid 26.6 36.8 43.2 42.5 56.5 57.3 33.4 

 Received aid 69.5 83.7 81.4 84.6 86.5 93.9 80.1 

Grant status

 No grants 28.8 45.2 50.1 50.2 60.6 72.5 39.4 

 Received grants 71.8 87.5 86.0 86.4 88.4 96.8 82.7 

Loan status

 No loans 37.7 47.8 50.5 55.6 62.2 72.3 44.6 

 Received loans2 85.2 91.2 88.6 94.8 94.6 96.0 91.4 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

151
Table 4.3b—Average financial need among undergraduates who have need according to type of institution, 

Table 4.3b—by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-for- Average

Public 4-year profit 4-year federal

 Non- Non- aid

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, need

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit total1

 Total $3,970 $6,119 $7,096 $10,969 $14,266 $8,958 $7,031 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 5,387 7,011 7,844 12,808 16,261 11,644 9,189 

 Full-time, part-year 3,400 4,008 4,632 6,855 8,907 7,185 5,114 

 Part-time, full-year 4,269 5,940 7,002 8,049 9,935 9,692 5,639 

 Part-time, part-year 1,949 2,690 3,510 3,682 4,989 5,351 2,654 

Local residence

 On campus 4,121 6,471 7,330 13,224 16,422 10,833 10,355 

 Off campus 4,157 6,306 7,292 9,412 12,495 9,260 6,636 

 With parents/other relatives 3,660 5,390 6,165 9,071 12,767 7,872 5,552 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 2,923 1,190 2,113 — — — 2,851 

 $500–999 4,081 3,530 3,637 2,832 2,795 3,152 3,939 

 $1,000–1,999 4,985 5,580 5,684 4,036 4,056 4,025 5,224 

 $2,000–3,999 6,066 6,654 7,030 6,535 5,748 6,201 6,674 

 $4,000–7,999 — 7,592 8,626 8,982 8,268 9,692 8,862 

 $8,000 or more — 11,000 11,197 13,862 16,491 13,091 14,255 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 1,765 1,604 1,628 2,145 1,700 2,694 1,805 

 $4,000–7,999 4,063 4,486 4,388 5,030 4,614 4,934 4,282 

 $8,000–11,999 6,686 6,816 6,687 7,103 6,337 8,285 6,912 

 $12,000–15,999 8,962 9,435 9,501 10,392 9,387 11,129 9,958 

 $16,000 or more — 12,735 11,958 14,807 16,897 15,352 15,139 

Gender

 Male 3,730 6,016 6,999 10,249 14,108 9,142 6,949 

 Female 4,117 6,195 7,186 11,456 14,412 8,845 7,092 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 3,650 5,853 6,747 11,240 13,712 8,951 6,900 

 Black, non-Hispanic 4,512 6,999 7,595 10,644 15,016 9,272 7,067 

 Hispanic 4,293 6,335 7,251 8,432 13,805 8,711 6,597 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 3,911 7,370 8,561 13,691 16,714 8,692 8,757 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 5,251 6,423 9,858 — — 10,561 7,459 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 3,625 5,836 7,025 12,047 15,917 7,992 7,546 

 19–23 years 3,931 5,953 6,897 11,584 14,839 8,861 7,466 

 24–29 years 4,258 6,365 7,653 9,036 11,752 9,683 6,545 

 30–39 years 3,909 6,832 7,570 9,237 10,964 9,095 6,298 

 40 years or older 3,893 6,192 6,998 8,980 9,326 8,168 5,712 

_______

152
Table 4.3b—Average financial need among undergraduates who have need according to type of institution, 

Table 4.3b—by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Private, not-for- Average

Public 4-year profit 4-year federal

 Non- Non- aid

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, need

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit total1

Dependency status

 Dependent $3,681 $5,685 $6,764 $11,733 $15,091 $7,953 $7,523 

 Independent 4,152 6,679 7,781 9,352 11,621 9,347 6,486 

 No dependents, unmarried 3,642 6,417 7,498 9,327 12,376 8,636 6,479 

 No dependents, married 4,353 5,338 7,288 7,823 9,924 7,629 6,084 

 With dependents 4,371 7,385 8,390 9,705 11,074 9,913 6,565 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 4,428 7,561 9,131 13,103 18,991 9,240 8,358 

 $20,000–39,999 3,580 6,384 7,839 13,764 19,470 8,354 7,804 

 $40,000–59,999 2,496 4,155 5,124 11,627 15,939 6,734 6,551 

 $60,000–79,999 — 2,733 4,135 8,958 13,059 4,198 6,875 

 $80,000–99,999 — 2,344 4,051 7,058 11,187 — 6,639 

 $100,000 or more — — 4,008 9,991 7,995 — 7,577 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 4,520 7,841 8,813 11,035 14,221 10,174 7,277 

 $10,000–19,999 4,016 6,160 7,163 8,378 10,998 9,166 5,942 

 $20,000–29,999 3,744 5,181 6,131 8,994 9,435 8,717 5,747 

 $30,000–49,999 3,209 4,693 6,220 7,176 7,602 7,035 5,350 

 $50,000 or more — 3,993 — 6,499 — 5,673 4,281 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 4,432 7,724 8,934 12,611 17,505 9,878 7,843 

 Middle quartiles 3,671 5,226 6,226 10,850 14,735 8,536 6,528 

 Highest quartile 1,950 3,700 4,436 7,836 10,226 5,802 6,313 

Aid status

 No aid 2,919 4,324 5,342 9,048 11,316 6,436 4,646 

 Received aid 4,791 6,758 7,843 11,303 15,389 9,387 8,088 

Grant status

 No grants 2,989 4,374 5,375 8,507 11,195 6,886 4,925 

 Received grants 4,996 7,395 8,609 11,741 16,095 10,211 8,635 

Loan status

 No loans 3,755 5,265 5,995 9,124 12,105 7,203 5,472 

 Received loans2 5,380 6,972 8,187 12,224 16,310 9,937 9,384 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

153
Table 4.4a—Percentage of undergraduates with remaining financial need after receiving financial aid

Table 4.4a—according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-for- Total

Public 4-year profit 4-year with

 Non- Non- remaining

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, need

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit after aid1

 Total 36.8 48.8 49.0 54.9 59.0 74.6 45.9 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 61.5 58.4 53.8 65.6 69.2 83.1 61.2 

 Full-time, part-year 46.1 49.3 47.3 56.3 46.8 73.0 52.3 

 Part-time, full-year 42.0 46.8 50.6 45.2 52.1 77.2 45.1 

 Part-time, part-year 18.8 23.2 25.8 22.0 22.6 54.1 21.1 

Local residence

 On campus 34.1 51.2 47.7 61.6 64.0 71.4 53.7 

 Off campus 33.1 46.3 47.1 46.4 53.3 74.5 42.0 

 With parents/other relatives 44.7 53.0 56.9 64.2 62.8 75.3 51.2 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 25.8 14.1 15.3 16.3 7.3 12.2 25.3 

 $500–999 48.5 32.8 38.3 16.0 25.1 60.4 44.3 

 $1,000–1,999 59.0 54.0 51.9 37.2 26.7 56.1 54.3 

 $2,000–3,999 57.6 56.5 50.4 54.5 45.2 69.2 54.4 

 $4,000–7,999 — 58.4 55.4 57.3 45.9 80.7 62.0 

 $8,000 or more — 68.7 58.9 64.0 69.4 82.6 67.0 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 19.8 17.2 17.9 19.2 15.7 54.9 20.2 

 $4,000–7,999 51.9 50.6 48.6 51.5 43.3 63.0 51.9 

 $8,000–11,999 68.2 57.2 50.6 55.3 45.3 79.3 58.2 

 $12,000–15,999 86.9 63.6 58.1 61.7 57.5 80.8 64.6 

 $16,000 or more — 75.2 64.1 64.4 70.0 85.3 68.1 

Gender

 Male 32.9 49.1 48.9 54.6 58.4 71.2 44.0 

 Female 39.6 48.5 49.1 55.1 59.6 76.7 47.4 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 31.0 44.4 44.2 50.8 55.9 68.3 40.7 

 Black, non-Hispanic 54.5 63.0 59.5 59.0 58.8 81.0 59.1 

 Hispanic 47.0 65.1 67.0 69.8 66.2 87.3 58.6 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 41.9 62.5 64.7 66.7 73.4 71.3 57.0 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 48.3 44.0 44.6 — — 88.2 50.2 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 47.3 54.8 50.1 61.8 61.3 79.1 53.3 

 19–23 years 42.6 50.4 49.7 60.5 63.2 74.8 50.7 

 24–29 years 41.2 58.0 59.3 55.2 62.9 80.4 50.8 

 30–39 years 29.2 36.6 37.8 42.7 36.6 73.2 36.3 

 40 years or older 22.4 29.9 23.1 31.8 34.1 62.9 26.8 

_______

154
Table 4.4a—Percentage of undergraduates with remaining financial need after receiving financial aid

Table 4.4a—according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Table 4.4a——Continued

Private, not-for- Total

Public 4-year profit 4-year with

 Non- Non- remaining

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, need

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit after aid1

Dependency status

 Dependent 38.4 48.9 48.3 60.0 62.3 67.4 48.1 

 Independent 35.8 48.6 50.5 46.8 50.8 77.6 43.8 

 No dependents, unmarried 33.8 53.2 53.6 53.2 61.9 73.3 45.0 

 No dependents, married 14.8 30.0 42.9 26.3 33.4 53.8 23.5 

 With dependents 44.7 53.2 49.7 49.4 46.1 84.0 50.5 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 79.8 83.4 81.2 87.4 83.0 95.2 82.9 

 $20,000–39,999 61.9 76.8 76.8 79.5 81.0 82.7 71.7 

 $40,000–59,999 25.7 45.9 59.5 63.5 70.7 55.6 45.5 

 $60,000–79,999 3.3 19.2 25.6 40.2 63.1 27.9 21.8 

 $80,000–99,999 5.9 6.7 13.7 33.7 50.8 15.1 16.8 

 $100,000 or more 1.0 2.8 3.8 19.2 32.4 6.3 9.3 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 73.4 79.8 76.1 82.7 87.0 94.8 78.4 

 $10,000–19,999 47.9 61.0 55.5 57.5 67.2 85.0 54.7 

 $20,000–29,999 25.8 43.0 45.2 53.7 43.5 70.5 34.9 

 $30,000–49,999 8.7 21.6 25.6 24.0 28.2 45.3 15.8 

 $50,000 or more 2.5 4.8 3.2 5.8 7.8 15.7 3.9 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 75.6 82.1 79.9 85.4 85.1 94.5 80.5 

 Middle quartiles 34.5 50.3 55.3 59.2 66.8 74.8 46.2 

 Highest quartile 4.0 8.7 10.5 21.6 36.5 22.9 11.2 

Aid status

 No aid 26.6 36.8 43.2 42.5 56.5 57.3 33.4 

 Received aid 57.5 58.5 53.7 59.2 60.5 79.4 59.3 

Grant status

 No grants 27.2 36.3 41.3 41.7 54.3 55.6 34.3 

 Received grants 61.8 66.4 60.6 62.0 63.2 89.9 64.7 

Loan status

 No loans 35.8 45.2 47.3 49.0 56.2 69.8 41.8 

 Received loans2 51.6 55.5 52.0 61.7 63.2 78.2 58.8 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

155
Table 4.4b—Average amount of remaining financial need among aided undergraduates after receiving

Table 4.4b—financial aid according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics:

Table 4.4b—1995–96

Private, not-for- Average

Public 4-year profit 4-year remaining

 Non- Non- need

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, after

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit aid1

 Total $3,022 $3,510 $4,179 $5,406 $8,037 $5,515 $4,170 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 3,673 3,709 4,358 5,830 8,779 6,731 4,959 

 Full-time, part-year 2,704 2,574 3,255 4,464 5,784 4,570 3,480 

 Part-time, full-year 3,373 4,062 4,619 5,201 6,768 6,067 3,995 

 Part-time, part-year 1,699 2,000 2,551 2,454 3,476 3,870 2,050 

Local residence

 On campus 3,107 3,099 3,599 5,762 8,251 5,825 4,970 

 Off campus 3,100 3,647 4,402 5,542 7,714 5,768 4,189 

 With parents/other relatives 2,895 3,518 4,241 4,415 8,251 4,706 3,678 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 2,496 947 1,800 — — — 2,443 

 $500–999 3,155 2,669 2,793 2,514 — 2,522 3,073 

 $1,000–1,999 3,383 3,489 3,618 2,826 2,949 3,076 3,438 

 $2,000–3,999 4,295 3,435 3,871 4,161 4,164 4,366 3,898 

 $4,000–7,999 — 4,340 4,725 4,715 5,135 5,925 5,091 

 $8,000 or more — 7,064 7,539 6,416 9,047 7,111 7,467 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 1,471 1,212 1,387 1,606 1,431 1,960 1,481 

 $4,000–7,999 2,990 2,729 2,906 3,136 3,401 3,471 2,994 

 $8,000–11,999 5,106 3,677 3,842 4,308 4,499 5,122 4,284 

 $12,000–15,999 7,306 5,698 5,142 4,822 5,506 6,373 5,580 

 $16,000 or more — 8,535 7,688 7,050 9,273 9,107 8,136 

Gender

 Male 3,022 3,537 4,181 4,781 8,269 5,313 4,144 

 Female 3,022 3,490 4,178 5,837 7,830 5,631 4,188 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 2,761 3,338 4,122 5,516 8,024 5,528 4,073 

 Black, non-Hispanic 3,222 3,701 3,523 4,893 6,227 5,549 3,905 

 Hispanic 3,468 3,761 3,682 4,167 6,400 5,264 3,998 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 3,341 4,807 5,512 7,790 9,912 6,064 5,644 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 3,736 3,168 5,241 — — 6,414 4,615 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 2,846 3,468 3,851 5,556 8,934 4,820 4,198 

 19–23 years 3,141 3,409 4,139 5,491 8,097 5,275 4,316 

 24–29 years 3,048 3,753 4,579 4,888 7,733 6,131 4,100 

 30–39 years 2,843 3,515 4,192 5,404 6,648 5,686 3,933 

 40 years or older 2,938 3,531 3,703 5,281 6,049 5,187 3,711 

_______

156
Table 4.4b—Average amount of remaining financial need among aided undergraduates after receiving

Table 4.4b—financial aid according to type of institution, by institutional and student characteristics:

Table 4.4b—1995–96—Continued

Private, not-for- Average

Public 4-year profit 4-year remaining

 Non- Non- need

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, after

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit aid1

Dependency status

 Dependent $3,017 $3,340 $4,066 $5,559 $8,325 $4,726 $4,315 

 Independent 3,025 3,717 4,415 5,099 7,138 5,802 4,017 

 No dependents, unmarried 2,876 3,734 4,517 4,995 7,611 5,418 4,063 

 No dependents, married 3,646 3,663 4,816 4,158 5,896 5,515 4,195 

 With dependents 3,018 3,715 4,116 5,356 6,820 5,989 3,957 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 3,417 3,907 4,606 5,721 8,835 5,107 4,490 

 $20,000–39,999 2,979 3,431 4,467 5,303 7,346 4,695 4,070 

 $40,000–59,999 2,322 2,891 3,434 5,350 8,383 4,141 3,871 

 $60,000–79,999 — 1,948 3,224 5,087 9,676 3,751 4,931 

 $80,000–99,999 — — 3,477 5,155 8,846 — 5,265 

 $100,000 or more — — 3,518 9,241 6,487 — 6,681 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 3,166 3,885 4,744 5,291 7,704 6,175 4,262 

 $10,000–19,999 3,009 3,791 4,215 5,164 6,921 5,572 3,842 

 $20,000–29,999 2,933 3,319 3,708 5,100 7,111 5,623 3,839 

 $30,000–49,999 2,269 3,259 3,914 4,193 5,522 4,554 3,471 

 $50,000 or more — — — — — 3,566 2,856 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 3,254 3,893 4,659 5,503 8,338 5,852 4,360 

 Middle quartiles 2,886 3,255 3,908 5,226 7,825 5,287 3,937 

 Highest quartile 1,518 2,753 3,380 5,884 8,113 4,148 4,787 

Aid status

 No aid 2,919 4,324 5,342 9,048 11,316 6,436 4,646 

 Received aid 3,119 3,095 3,428 4,501 6,252 5,329 3,886 

Grant status

 No grants 2,909 3,944 4,784 8,069 10,469 5,439 4,440 

 Received grants 3,152 3,176 3,556 4,441 6,221 5,552 3,942 

Loan status

 No loans 3,098 4,193 5,032 7,126 10,105 5,867 4,444 

 Received loans2 2,234 2,450 2,831 3,819 5,388 5,282 3,567 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

1

Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

157
Table 4.5a—Percentage of undergraduates with need who received financial aid according to type of

Table 4.5a—institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, Total

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit aided*

 Total 56.2 73.8 70.1 85.2 72.4 85.4 69.3 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 64.9 79.4 75.1 89.3 75.0 88.2 77.2 

 Full-time, part-year 61.6 73.3 59.5 79.8 66.2 83.6 70.1 

 Part-time, full-year 54.8 66.0 63.3 73.6 68.0 89.1 60.8 

 Part-time, part-year 42.8 49.4 49.8 72.7 59.0 81.4 49.5 

Local residence

 On campus 63.5 86.2 80.2 89.1 78.5 86.2 83.1 

 Off campus 58.8 71.1 68.6 79.4 66.4 84.2 67.9 

 With parents/other relatives 51.5 68.7 60.6 88.4 70.8 88.9 62.7 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 46.9 35.8 33.1 — — — 45.3 

 $500–999 55.8 59.0 49.6 64.2 46.2 79.3 56.0 

 $1,000–1,999 69.8 72.3 68.5 69.8 50.7 80.4 70.4 

 $2,000–3,999 65.8 79.5 75.2 86.2 66.1 81.9 76.9 

 $4,000–7,999 — 76.0 74.4 87.7 82.3 86.6 81.1 

 $8,000 or more — 74.7 60.6 86.9 73.3 89.6 80.1 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 47.7 40.2 30.6 57.3 30.3 77.3 47.4 

 $4,000–7,999 59.3 75.1 65.3 79.9 65.2 82.5 64.8 

 $8,000–11,999 59.4 76.7 73.8 87.2 72.8 85.3 74.0 

 $12,000–15,999 64.5 75.8 75.6 88.8 78.3 89.4 80.8 

 $16,000 or more — 58.5 63.2 86.7 73.5 86.6 78.8 

Gender

 Male 47.1 71.2 66.9 85.9 69.0 87.0 65.5 

 Female 61.7 75.7 73.1 84.7 75.6 84.5 72.1 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 54.4 73.1 69.2 85.8 71.7 85.2 69.0 

 Black, non-Hispanic 64.8 80.8 84.4 89.2 86.8 86.8 75.7 

 Hispanic 56.2 76.4 70.6 86.3 82.5 88.7 70.0 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 38.7 63.3 58.8 67.3 61.1 69.2 55.8 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 65.0 84.1 91.0 — — 84.5 74.7 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 48.4 78.8 78.6 89.3 79.3 84.7 71.7 

 19–23 years 51.9 75.8 68.9 85.7 72.3 89.0 69.6 

 24–29 years 59.8 64.8 66.8 82.8 61.3 82.8 66.3 

 30–39 years 65.2 77.6 71.4 80.3 81.4 84.2 71.8 

 40 years or older 58.1 74.4 80.6 83.1 69.1 81.9 68.1 

_______

158
Table 4.5a—Percentage of undergraduates with need who received financial aid according to type of

Table 4.5a—institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, Total

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit aided*

Dependency status

 Dependent 45.6 74.6 69.4 86.3 73.2 84.7 68.2 

 Independent 62.8 72.7 71.7 82.7 70.1 85.7 70.5 

 No dependents, unmarried 50.8 67.9 66.2 77.8 63.3 82.8 63.8 

 No dependents, married 53.1 62.9 70.2 82.6 80.8 76.0 65.1 

 With dependents 69.7 80.9 80.3 86.9 76.9 88.4 76.1 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 56.0 82.3 77.4 87.5 82.8 91.1 73.1 

 $20,000–39,999 41.3 76.7 74.2 92.2 91.8 85.9 68.4 

 $40,000–59,999 34.2 69.7 61.1 85.4 79.2 78.9 64.2 

 $60,000–79,999 — 60.2 64.0 87.0 58.2 70.8 67.8 

 $80,000–99,999 — 68.1 58.9 75.0 61.8 — 61.7 

 $100,000 or more — — 65.1 64.8 54.2 — 60.0 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 65.2 79.2 73.2 82.7 73.8 86.5 72.8 

 $10,000–19,999 61.1 68.0 68.7 81.2 64.3 85.9 67.5 

 $20,000–29,999 60.1 65.4 69.6 80.0 68.7 85.6 68.1 

 $30,000–49,999 66.9 61.5 75.1 87.3 71.0 81.9 72.9 

 $50,000 or more — 69.9 — 87.1 — 82.5 64.1 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 60.8 81.0 75.6 86.8 79.8 87.8 73.0 

 Middle quartiles 52.8 69.1 66.9 86.3 75.9 84.0 67.0 

 Highest quartile 42.9 68.7 67.3 77.8 58.9 79.4 66.4 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

159
Table 4.5b—Average amount of financial aid received by undergraduates who had need according to type 

Table 4.5b—of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, Total

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit aid*

 Total $2,343 $5,019 $6,203 $8,993 $12,143 $5,200 $5,694 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 3,292 5,722 6,762 10,355 13,587 6,607 7,389 

 Full-time, part-year 1,576 3,134 4,194 5,119 8,415 4,309 3,529 

 Part-time, full-year 2,320 4,348 5,506 6,347 7,394 5,012 3,885 

 Part-time, part-year 1,266 2,407 3,471 3,279 5,333 3,223 2,213 

Local residence

 On campus 2,981 5,695 6,823 11,352 14,489 8,224 9,152 

 Off campus 2,493 5,218 6,395 7,289 10,378 5,248 5,052 

 With parents/other relatives 2,023 3,809 4,385 6,749 9,239 4,748 3,975 

Tuition and fees

 Less than $500 1,519 1,277 — — — — 1,522 

 $500–999 2,209 2,655 3,026 2,347 — 1,173 2,287 

 $1,000–1,999 3,018 4,185 4,573 2,902 3,553 2,146 3,624 

 $2,000–3,999 3,651 5,526 6,209 3,967 4,072 3,497 5,234 

 $4,000–7,999 — 6,382 7,521 7,238 7,127 5,378 6,630 

 $8,000 or more — 7,810 9,600 11,565 13,916 8,092 11,576 

Price of attendance

 Less than $4,000 960 1,410 1,626 1,484 — 1,237 1,057 

 $4,000–7,999 2,417 3,463 3,629 3,381 3,365 2,946 2,887 

 $8,000–11,999 3,776 5,680 5,824 5,197 5,052 4,710 5,248 

 $12,000–15,999 3,425 7,283 8,154 8,532 7,955 6,624 7,560 

 $16,000 or more — 10,368 10,008 12,245 14,222 8,450 12,219 

Gender

 Male 2,332 5,035 6,326 8,565 12,482 5,846 6,025 

 Female 2,348 5,008 6,098 9,286 11,859 4,794 5,476 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 2,367 5,122 6,058 9,497 11,753 5,585 5,919 

 Black, non-Hispanic 2,495 5,040 6,297 8,524 12,996 5,064 5,265 

 Hispanic 1,950 4,081 6,357 5,853 11,354 4,424 4,518 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 2,260 4,871 6,784 11,298 14,084 5,121 7,140 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 3,126 5,665 7,235 — — 5,404 5,219 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 2,062 4,447 5,973 10,071 13,080 4,780 6,412 

 19–23 years 2,121 4,958 6,057 9,699 12,913 5,128 6,292 

 24–29 years 2,714 5,411 6,703 6,966 9,805 5,543 5,009 

 30–39 years 2,449 5,493 6,953 6,697 7,648 5,198 4,562 

 40 years or older 2,275 4,644 5,473 6,660 6,887 5,051 4,029 

_______

160
Table 4.5b—Average amount of financial aid received by undergraduates who had need according to type 

Table 4.5b—of institution, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Private, not-forPublic 4-year profit 4-year

 Non- Non-

 Public doctorate- Doctorate- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, Total

 2-year granting granting granting granting for-profit aid*

Dependency status

 Dependent $2,107 $4,775 $5,988 $9,869 $13,079 $5,240 $6,651 

 Independent 2,450 5,343 6,635 7,056 9,008 5,185 4,667 

 No dependents, unmarried 2,567 5,371 6,758 7,811 10,308 5,631 5,441 

 No dependents, married 2,000 4,845 6,101 7,207 7,789 4,900 4,783 

 With dependents 2,450 5,437 6,666 6,459 7,772 5,029 4,201 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 2,320 5,096 6,836 9,183 13,952 4,821 6,013 

 $20,000–39,999 1,949 4,830 6,000 10,449 14,679 5,282 6,506 

 $40,000–59,999 1,873 4,392 5,244 10,362 12,882 5,767 6,735 

 $60,000–79,999 — 4,363 5,460 9,678 12,531 5,977 7,871 

 $80,000–99,999 — 5,015 6,008 9,092 11,154 — 8,444 

 $100,000 or more — — 6,481 8,671 10,198 — 8,566 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 2,588 5,843 7,079 7,928 10,222 4,984 4,907 

 $10,000–19,999 2,319 5,022 6,590 6,170 9,156 5,245 4,319 

 $20,000–29,999 2,054 4,355 5,790 6,394 6,295 5,371 4,188 

 $30,000–49,999 2,799 4,702 5,417 6,828 7,508 5,519 4,945 

 $50,000 or more — — — 6,529 — 6,612 5,625 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 2,401 5,481 6,816 9,038 13,015 4,937 5,494 

 Middle quartiles 2,282 4,643 5,787 9,118 12,194 5,352 5,635 

 Highest quartile 2,385 4,922 5,863 8,396 10,864 6,011 7,213 

—Sample size too small for a reliable estimate.

*Includes public, less-than-2-year; and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year.

NOTE: This table excludes students attending more than one institution.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

161

163

Section 5: Student Characteristics

Dependency Status

• According to federal financial aid regulations, undergraduates who are less than 24

years old are assumed to be financially dependent on their parents unless they are married, have dependents of their own, or are veterans, orphans, or wards of the court. Almost half (49 percent) of all undergraduates were considered dependent for financial

aid purposes, while 18 percent of all students were independent and unmarried, 9 percent were married independent students with no dependents, and 25 percent were independent (married or unmarried) with dependents (table 5.1a).

• Among students 18 years or younger, 96 percent were dependent; among those aged 19

to 23, 89 percent were dependent (table 5.1a).

• Institutions with longer programs of study were more likely to enroll dependent students than were less-than-4-year institutions. Sixty-three percent of students at 4-year

institutions were financially dependent, compared to 38 percent at 2-year institutions

and 24 percent at less-than-2-year institutions (table 5.1a).

• Dependency was related to institutional control. Students at private, not-for-profit institutions were more likely to be dependent than those at other types of institutions.

Forty-four percent of students enrolled in private, for-profit institutions were independent with dependents (table 5.1a).

• Dependency status was also related to attendance patterns. Almost three-quarters (74

percent) of undergraduates who attended full time for the entire 1995–96 academic

year were financially dependent. Students who attended part time for all or part of the

year were more likely to be independent with dependents than were those who attended

full time for the full academic year. Students who enrolled full time for part of the year

were twice as likely to be independent with dependents as those who enrolled full time

for the full year.

Attendance Status

• Thirty-eight percent of the undergraduates were enrolled full time for a full year (8 or

more months). One-fourth (24 percent) were enrolled part time for a full year, and another one-fourth (24 percent) were enrolled part time for less than a full year (table

5.1b).
Section 5: Student Characteristics

164

• More than one-half (58 percent) of undergraduates enrolled in 4-year institutions were

enrolled as full-time, full-year students, compared to less than one-fifth (18 percent) of

undergraduates attending 2-year institutions (table 5.1b).

• Students attending less-than-2-year institutions, which offer short vocational programs,

were more likely to be enrolled full time for less than a full year than those attending 2-

year or 4-year institutions (table 5.1b).

• Dependent students were more likely to be enrolled as full-time, full-year students than

independent students (58 percent compared to 20 percent) (table 5.1b).

• The proportion of dependent students enrolled full time, full year increased as family

income increased; the proportion of independent students enrolled full time, full year

decreased as family income increased (table 5.1b).

Residence

• About 60 percent of undergraduates enrolled in the 1995–96 academic year lived in

off-campus housing; 25 percent lived with their parents or other relatives; and 14 percent lived in on-campus housing. At 4-year institutions, about one-fourth (26 percent)

lived on campus (table 5.1c).

• Forty percent of dependent undergraduates lived at home with parents or relatives (table 5.1c).

• Nearly one-half (48 percent) of the undergraduates who were charged $8,000 or more

in tuition and fees lived in on-campus housing (table 5.1c).

Race–Ethnicity

• The racial–ethnic distribution of undergraduates varied by institution control. Students

attending public or private, not-for-profit institutions were more likely to be white,

non-Hispanic and were less likely to be black, non-Hispanic or Hispanic than those attending private, for-profit institutions (table 5.2a).

• A similar pattern was reflected by institution level. Students attending 4-year institutions were more likely to be white and less likely to be black or Hispanic than those

attending 2-year institutions (table 5.2a).

• White students represented less than one-half (46 percent) of dependent low-income

undergraduates (family income less than $20,000). Twenty percent of the low-income

dependent students were black; 21 percent were Hispanic; 11 percent were

Asian/Pacific Islander; and 2 percent were American Indian/Alaskan Native (table

5.2a).
Section 5: Student Characteristics

165

Gender and Citizenship

• A majority of undergraduates were women (57 percent). There was a higher proportion

of women than men both among dependents (53 percent) and independents (61 percent) (table 5.2b).

• Ninety-five percent of all undergraduates were U.S. citizens. Among Asian/Pacific Islanders, 27 percent were noncitizens eligible for federal financial aid, and 7 percent

were nonresident aliens ineligible for federal student aid (table 5.2b).

Family Income

• Among dependent undergraduates, 19 percent came from families with incomes of less

than $20,000; 11 percent came from families with incomes of $100,000 or more (table

5.3).

• One-third (34 percent) of the dependent students attending private, for-profit institutions came from families with incomes of less than $20,000, compared to 18 percent of

the dependent undergraduates attending either public or private, not-for-profit institutions (table 5.3).

• Private, not-for-profit doctorate-granting institutions enrolled a higher percentage (21

percent) of dependent students with family incomes of $100,000 or more than did any

other type of institution (table 5.3).

• Twelve percent of white, non-Hispanic dependent students came from families with

incomes of less than $20,000, compared to nearly 40 percent of dependent black, nonHispanic or Hispanic students (table 5.3).

• About half (53 percent) of the dependent students whose parents had not completed a

high school education came from families with incomes of less than $20,000 (table

5.3).

• Twenty-nine percent of independent undergraduates had incomes of less than $10,000.

Among independent students attending private, for-profit institutions, 44 percent had

incomes of less than $10,000 (table 5.4).

• Younger independent students were more likely to have low incomes than older independent students. For example, 87 percent of independent students age 18 or younger

had incomes of less than $10,000, compared to 15 percent of those age 40 or older (table 5.4).

• Thirty percent of the married independent students who had no dependents had family

incomes of $50,000 or more (table 5.4).

Institution Level and Control

• More undergraduates were enrolled in public 2-year institutions (43 percent) than in

any other type. Five percent of undergraduates were enrolled in private, for-profit in-
Section 5: Student Characteristics

166

stitutions. Nearly 5 percent of the students attended more than one institution during

the 1995–96 academic year (table 5.5).

• The public 2-year institutions enrolled 19 percent of full-time, full-year students, 41

percent of full-time, part-year students, 58 percent of part-time, part-year students, and

69 percent of part-time, part-year students (table 5.5).

• Eighty-eight percent of the students who were charged less than $500 in tuition and

fees and 66 percent of those charged between $500 and $1,000 attended public 2-year

institutions (table 5.5).

• More than half (53 percent) of all independent students attended public 2-year institutions, while 33 percent of dependent students did so (table 5.5).

• More than half (55 percent) of students whose parents had less than a high school education were enrolled in public 2-year institutions, compared to 34 percent of those

whose parents had completed a bachelor’s degree (table 5.5).

Table 5.1a—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to dependency status, by institutional

Table 5.1a—and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Independent

 No No

 dependents, dependents, With

 Dependent unmarried married dependents

 Total 49.2 17.5 8.8 24.5 

Type of institution

 Public 47.7 18.2 9.5 24.6 

 Less-than-2-year 24.4 18.5 13.2 43.9 

 2-year 37.6 19.5 11.5 31.4 

 4-year 63.0 16.5 6.6 14.0 

 Nondoctorate-granting 54.5 18.6 9.0 17.9 

 Doctorate-granting 68.8 15.0 4.9 11.3 

 Private, not-for-profit 61.9 14.1 6.5 17.5 

 Less-than-4-year 32.6 22.9 9.6 35.0 

 4-year 64.6 13.3 6.2 15.9 

 Nondoctorate-granting 61.2 13.6 6.6 18.7 

 Doctorate-granting 71.6 12.8 5.4 10.1 

 Private, for-profit 29.1 19.5 7.9 43.6 

 More than one institution 54.1 15.2 5.9 24.9 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 23.9 19.3 9.9 46.9 

 2-year 37.5 19.5 11.3 31.8 

 4-year 63.1 15.6 6.5 14.9 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 73.9 9.8 4.1 12.3 

 Full-time, part-year 47.8 17.9 7.4 27.0 

 Part-time, full-year 33.9 21.7 12.8 31.6 

 Part-time, part-year 26.6 24.9 13.2 35.3 

Local residence

 On campus 91.5 4.0 1.3 3.1 

 Off campus 27.4 23.0 13.6 36.0 

 With parents/other relatives 78.9 11.6 1.4 8.1 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 28.4 23.1 14.2 34.4 

 $500–999 40.2 18.7 10.4 30.7 

 $1,000–1,999 53.4 16.3 7.1 23.2 

 $2,000–3,999 61.8 14.9 7.0 16.4 

 $4,000–7,999 60.8 15.5 4.8 19.0 

 $8,000 or more 81.8 8.4 2.2 7.6 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 27.3 23.5 14.0 35.2 

 $4,000–7,999 51.4 16.2 8.5 23.8 

 $8,000–11,999 59.8 15.2 6.4 18.6 

 $12,000–15,999 58.9 16.1 6.0 19.0 

 $16,000 or more 80.0 8.6 2.5 8.9 

_______

168
Table 5.1a—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to dependency status, by institutional

Table 5.1a—and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Independent

 No No

 dependents, dependents, With

 Dependent unmarried married dependents

Gender

 Male 54.0 20.4 6.7 18.9 

 Female 45.5 15.4 10.4 28.7 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 50.4 17.4 10.3 22.0 

 Black, non-Hispanic 38.7 18.6 4.3 38.4 

 Hispanic 48.3 16.1 5.3 30.3 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 57.9 20.2 7.9 14.1 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 40.8 15.9 7.1 36.2 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 96.1 0.8 0.5 2.6 

 19–23 years 88.7 2.3 2.4 6.7 

 24–29 years † 52.0 13.0 35.1 

 30–39 years † 27.6 16.3 56.2 

 40 years or older † 23.3 24.0 52.8 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 49.9 24.7 3.3 22.1 

 Middle quartiles 48.6 19.5 7.2 24.8 

 Highest quartile 49.7 6.2 17.8 26.4 

Parents’ highest education

 Less than high school diploma 24.8 19.5 15.1 40.7 

 High school diploma or equivalent 42.0 17.8 9.8 30.4 

 Postsecondary education 63.2 13.9 7.0 15.9 

Aid status

 No aid 48.0 19.2 11.2 21.7 

 Received aid 50.4 15.9 6.4 27.3 

Grant status

 No grants 49.4 19.4 10.7 20.5 

 Received grants 48.9 14.6 5.8 30.7 

Loan status

 No loans 45.9 17.8 10.3 26.0 

 Received loans2 58.6 16.8 4.4 20.2 

†Not applicable. Students age 24 or older are all considered to be independent.

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

169
Table 5.1b—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to attendance pattern, by institutional

Table 5.1b—and student characteristics: 1995–96

Full-time Part-time

 Full-year Part-year Full-year Part-year

 Total 38.3 13.1 24.2 24.4 

Type of institution

 Public 33.3 11.8 26.5 28.5 

 Less-than-2-year 45.1 28.7 10.9 15.3 

 2-year 16.8 12.2 32.3 38.7 

 4-year 56.6 10.5 18.7 14.2 

 Nondoctorate-granting 51.0 10.9 20.5 17.7 

 Doctorate-granting 60.4 10.3 17.5 11.8 

 Private, not-for-profit 59.2 11.4 15.8 13.7 

 Less-than-4-year 41.6 28.8 15.9 13.8 

 4-year 60.7 9.9 15.7 13.6 

 Nondoctorate-granting 58.9 10.0 16.6 14.5 

 Doctorate-granting 64.4 9.8 14.0 11.8 

 Private, for-profit 36.3 42.1 10.2 11.5 

 More than one institution 52.5 6.2 31.5 10.0 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 37.3 45.4 7.9 9.5 

 2-year 18.1 13.5 31.1 37.3 

 4-year 57.8 10.4 17.8 14.0 

Local residence

 On campus 79.8 8.9 6.8 4.5 

 Off campus 27.2 12.8 28.7 31.3 

 With parents/other relatives 42.7 16.0 22.7 18.6 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 4.4 10.7 25.4 59.5 

 $500–999 14.5 22.3 36.2 27.1 

 $1,000–1,999 41.3 16.7 32.0 10.0 

 $2,000–3,999 64.6 10.7 20.4 4.4 

 $4,000–7,999 66.6 16.3 13.4 3.7 

 $8,000 or more 86.9 6.0 6.4 0.8 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 0.2 13.8 18.9 67.1 

 $4,000–7,999 30.3 21.1 36.2 12.4 

 $8,000–11,999 63.0 9.6 24.7 2.7 

 $12,000–15,999 75.3 7.0 16.7 1.1 

 $16,000 or more 90.3 2.7 6.6 0.3 

Gender

 Male 40.0 13.7 22.1 24.2 

 Female 37.0 12.6 25.8 24.6 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 39.0 12.2 23.7 25.1 

 Black, non-Hispanic 33.6 16.4 25.6 24.4 

 Hispanic 34.6 14.6 26.5 24.3 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 44.6 13.2 23.5 18.8 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 36.3 13.7 25.9 24.2 

_______

170
Table 5.1b—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to attendance pattern, by institutional

Table 5.1b—and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Full-time Part-time

 Full-year Part-year Full-year Part-year

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 64.3 12.1 13.7 9.9 

 19–23 years 53.5 14.5 17.4 14.7 

 24–29 years 22.8 13.5 30.8 32.9 

 30–39 years 15.9 12.4 33.6 38.2 

 40 years or older 12.1 8.6 36.6 42.7 

Dependency status

 Dependent 57.5 12.7 16.6 13.2 

 Independent 19.7 13.4 31.5 35.3 

 No dependents, unmarried 21.6 13.4 30.1 34.9 

 No dependents, married 17.5 10.9 35.1 36.5 

 With dependents 19.2 14.4 31.3 35.2 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 52.9 15.8 18.4 12.9 

 $20,000–39,999 56.7 12.1 18.2 13.1 

 $40,000-59,999 56.4 12.1 16.2 15.3 

 $60,000–79,999 58.9 11.9 16.2 13.0 

 $80,000–99,999 59.4 10.9 16.0 13.7 

 $100,000 or more 65.7 12.3 12.4 9.6 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 31.0 19.3 24.4 25.2 

 $10,000–19,999 19.9 15.0 30.9 34.2 

 $20,000–29,999 15.6 11.4 33.3 39.7 

 $30,000–49,999 12.7 9.4 36.1 41.9 

 $50,000 or more 9.8 6.3 39.3 44.7 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 42.6 17.2 21.3 18.9 

 Middle quartiles 36.7 13.0 24.3 26.0 

 Highest quartile 37.2 8.9 27.0 27.0 

Parents’ highest education

 Less than high school diploma 26.9 14.1 33.2 25.9 

 High school diploma or equivalent 39.2 13.5 26.5 20.8 

 Postsecondary education 50.8 12.3 19.9 17.0 

Aid status

 No aid 24.1 12.5 26.9 36.4 

 Received aid 52.6 13.6 21.5 12.4 

Grant status

 No grants 28.9 12.9 26.0 32.1 

 Received grants 52.9 13.3 21.4 12.5 

Loan status

 No loans 29.0 13.3 26.6 31.1 

 Received loans2 65.3 12.5 17.2 5.0 

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

171
Table 5.1c—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to local residence, by institutional 

Table 5.1c—and student characteristics: 1995–96

With

On Off parents/

 campus campus other relatives

 Total 13.8 61.1 25.2 

Type of institution

 Public 9.9 63.3 26.8 

 Less-than-2-year 1.7 73.9 24.4 

 2-year 1.9 66.7 31.4 

 4-year 21.6 58.0 20.3 

 Nondoctorate-granting 17.8 58.3 23.9 

 Doctorate-granting 24.3 57.8 17.9 

 Private, not-for-profit 34.9 47.6 17.6 

 Less-than-4-year 9.8 63.4 26.8 

 4-year 37.1 46.1 16.7 

 Nondoctorate-granting 36.3 47.0 16.8 

 Doctorate-granting 39.0 44.3 16.7 

 Private, for-profit 2.6 73.7 23.8 

 More than one institution 18.0 56.0 26.0 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 1.7 73.8 24.5 

 2-year 2.2 66.8 31.0 

 4-year 26.3 54.6 19.1 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 28.6 43.3 28.1 

 Full-time, part-year 9.4 59.7 31.0 

 Part-time, full-year 3.9 72.5 23.7 

 Part-time, part-year 2.6 78.3 19.2 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 1.8 74.4 23.9 

 $500–999 3.1 66.9 30.0 

 $1,000–1,999 9.8 57.7 32.5 

 $2,000–3,999 19.3 56.6 24.1 

 $4,000–7,999 23.9 54.9 21.2 

 $8,000 or more 47.8 35.5 16.7 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 2.2 75.0 22.9 

 $4,000–7,999 6.7 56.5 36.8 

 $8,000–11,999 19.5 59.3 21.2 

 $12,000–15,999 23.5 58.5 18.0 

 $16,000 or more 49.6 37.8 12.6 

Gender

 Male 14.4 58.4 27.2 

 Female 13.3 63.1 23.6 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 14.5 62.0 23.6 

 Black, non-Hispanic 14.1 62.2 23.6 

 Hispanic 6.9 56.8 36.3 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 16.0 55.2 28.8 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 12.5 66.8 20.7 

_______

172
Table 5.1c—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to local residence, by institutional 

Table 5.1c—and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

With

On Off parents/

 campus campus other relatives

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 39.1 13.1 47.8 

 19–23 years 20.3 43.0 36.7 

 24–29 years 2.8 82.4 14.9 

 30–39 years 1.5 92.2 6.4 

 40 years or older 0.9 96.1 3.0 

Dependency status

 Dependent 25.6 34.0 40.4 

 Independent 2.3 87.3 10.4 

 No dependents, unmarried 3.1 80.2 16.7 

 No dependents, married 2.1 94.1 3.9 

 With dependents 1.8 89.9 8.3 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 22.2 30.6 47.1 

 $20,000–39,999 23.6 33.1 43.3 

 $40,000-59,999 25.7 35.6 38.7 

 $60,000–79,999 27.0 33.8 39.2 

 $80,000–99,999 28.5 33.8 37.7 

 $100,000 or more 31.1 38.9 30.0 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 4.5 77.0 18.5 

 $10,000–19,999 1.8 86.3 11.9 

 $20,000–29,999 1.2 92.2 6.7 

 $30,000–49,999 1.2 94.2 4.7 

 $50,000 or more 1.1 95.8 3.1 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 13.4 53.7 32.9 

 Middle quartiles 13.1 62.4 24.6 

 Highest quartile 15.5 66.0 18.5 

Parents’ highest education

 Less than high school diploma 5.0 71.0 24.0 

 High school diploma or equivalent 12.8 60.4 26.8 

 Postsecondary education 22.7 48.6 28.7 

Aid status

 No aid 7.2 65.4 27.4 

 Received aid 20.4 56.7 23.0 

Grant status

 No grants 9.1 64.6 26.2 

 Received grants 21.0 55.5 23.5 

Loan status

 No loans 8.7 63.9 27.4 

 Received loans2 28.5 52.9 18.6 

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

173
Table 5.2a—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to race–ethnicity, by institutional and

Table 5.2a—student characteristics: 1995–96

American

Indian/

White, non- Black, non- Asian/Pacific Alaskan

Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic Islander Native Other

 Total 70.0 12.2 10.3 5.8 1.0 0.7 

Type of institution

 Public 71.5 11.6 9.7 5.6 1.1 0.6 

 Less-than-2-year 54.8 23.7 16.1 4.2 0.7 0.5 

 2-year 69.4 12.8 11.4 4.8 1.2 0.5 

 4-year 75.1 9.3 7.1 6.8 0.9 0.9 

 Nondoctorate-granting 76.4 9.7 7.4 4.6 0.9 1.0 

 Doctorate-granting 74.1 9.0 6.9 8.3 0.9 0.7 

 Private, not-for-profit 69.7 12.2 9.6 7.0 0.7 0.8 

 Less-than-4-year 66.2 12.4 10.3 7.0 3.7 0.4 

 4-year 70.1 12.2 9.5 7.0 0.4 0.9 

 Nondoctorate-granting 69.8 13.9 10.6 4.7 0.5 0.7 

 Doctorate-granting 70.7 8.8 7.3 11.7 0.4 1.2 

 Private, for-profit 55.4 19.5 18.4 4.8 0.7 1.1 

 More than one institution 65.1 13.8 13.3 6.4 0.7 0.8 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 51.4 22.9 19.1 4.7 0.9 1.1 

 2-year 69.1 12.9 11.5 4.8 1.2 0.5 

 4-year 73.2 10.3 8.1 6.9 0.7 0.8 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 71.4 10.7 9.3 6.7 0.9 1.0 

 Full-time, part-year 65.6 15.3 11.6 5.8 1.0 0.7 

 Part-time, full-year 68.6 12.9 11.3 5.6 1.1 0.5 

 Part-time, part-year 71.9 12.2 10.2 4.4 1.0 0.3 

Local residence

 On campus 73.8 12.5 5.2 6.7 0.9 0.8 

 Off campus 71.0 12.4 9.6 5.2 1.1 0.7 

 With parents/other relatives 65.6 11.4 14.9 6.6 0.8 0.7 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 67.6 12.1 13.6 5.3 1.1 0.4 

 $500–999 70.6 13.0 11.1 3.6 1.4 0.3 

 $1,000–1,999 71.4 13.6 9.3 4.0 1.3 0.4 

 $2,000–3,999 74.4 10.8 7.3 5.7 0.7 1.1 

 $4,000–7,999 66.8 13.1 9.6 9.0 0.6 0.9 

 $8,000 or more 73.5 9.1 5.8 9.6 0.6 1.5 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 71.8 12.5 10.0 4.5 1.1 0.2 

 $4,000–7,999 66.7 13.4 13.2 5.0 1.1 0.6 

 $8,000–11,999 72.5 10.8 9.3 5.5 0.9 0.9 

 $12,000–15,999 68.6 12.8 8.2 8.5 0.9 1.0 

 $16,000 or more 73.5 8.5 5.6 10.3 0.6 1.4 

Gender

 Male 71.2 10.4 10.3 6.5 0.8 0.8 

 Female 69.2 13.5 10.3 5.3 1.1 0.6 

_______

174
Table 5.2a—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to race–ethnicity, by institutional and

Table 5.2a—student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

American

Indian/

White, non- Black, non- Asian/Pacific Alaskan

Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic Islander Native Other

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 70.5 10.9 11.7 5.4 0.6 0.9 

 19–23 years 70.4 10.9 10.4 6.7 0.9 0.8 

 24–29 years 65.9 13.8 12.2 6.3 1.2 0.7 

 30–39 years 69.0 14.8 9.8 4.5 1.4 0.5 

 40 years or older 76.1 12.4 6.7 3.8 0.7 0.3 

Dependency status

 Dependent 71.8 9.6 10.1 6.8 0.8 0.9 

 Independent 68.4 14.7 10.5 4.8 1.1 0.5 

 No dependents, unmarried 69.4 12.9 9.5 6.7 0.9 0.7 

 No dependents, married 81.7 5.9 6.3 5.2 0.8 0.1 

 With dependents 62.8 19.1 12.8 3.3 1.5 0.5 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 46.1 20.3 20.5 10.6 1.6 1.0 

 $20,000–39,999 66.0 11.8 13.0 7.6 0.9 0.8 

 $40,000-59,999 80.2 6.9 6.3 4.9 0.7 1.0 

 $60,000–79,999 82.9 4.2 6.5 5.2 0.7 0.6 

 $80,000–99,999 82.6 5.7 5.3 5.3 0.3 0.9 

 $100,000 or more 85.8 3.0 3.6 6.5 0.2 0.9 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 59.1 20.1 12.8 5.8 1.5 0.7 

 $10,000–19,999 66.4 16.2 11.9 3.9 0.9 0.8 

 $20,000–29,999 72.6 12.1 9.9 4.0 1.0 0.4 

 $30,000–49,999 75.0 10.6 8.0 5.0 1.3 0.2 

 $50,000 or more 77.4 9.1 7.4 5.0 0.8 0.1 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 54.1 19.8 15.8 7.9 1.6 0.9 

 Middle quartiles 72.8 11.0 9.8 5.0 0.9 0.7 

 Highest quartile 80.7 6.9 6.0 5.3 0.6 0.5 

Parents’ highest education

 Less than high school diploma 44.6 12.4 31.3 10.0 1.3 0.4 

 High school diploma or equivalent 70.0 14.6 10.2 3.7 1.0 0.5 

 Postsecondary education 75.7 10.6 6.6 5.7 0.9 0.5 

Aid status

 No aid 73.7 9.0 9.4 6.6 0.8 0.6 

 Received aid 66.4 15.4 11.3 5.0 1.2 0.8 

Grant status

 No grants 74.1 9.4 8.9 6.1 0.8 0.6 

 Received grants 63.6 16.5 12.5 5.3 1.2 0.8 

Loan status

 No loans 70.1 11.3 10.8 6.1 1.0 0.7 

 Received loans2 69.9 14.7 9.0 4.8 1.0 0.7 

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

175
Table 5.2b—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to gender and citizenship, by institutional

Table 5.2b—and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Gender Citizenship 1995–96

 U.S. Eligible Ineligible

Male Female citizen noncitizen noncitizen

 Total 43.2 56.9 95.1 4.2 0.6 

Type of institution

 Public 43.9 56.1 95.4 4.1 0.6 

 Less-than-2-year 45.8 54.2 96.3 3.7 0.0 

 2-year 42.4 57.6 95.4 4.3 0.3 

 4-year 45.9 54.1 95.3 3.8 0.9 

 Nondoctorate-granting 41.9 58.1 95.3 3.9 0.8 

 Doctorate-granting 48.7 51.3 95.3 3.8 0.9 

 Private, not-for-profit 43.4 56.6 95.3 3.4 1.2 

 Less-than-4-year 46.5 53.5 93.3 6.1 0.6 

 4-year 43.1 56.9 95.5 3.2 1.3 

 Nondoctorate-granting 40.9 59.1 96.7 2.6 0.7 

 Doctorate-granting 47.6 52.4 93.1 4.5 2.4 

 Private, for-profit 37.1 62.9 92.8 6.7 0.5 

 More than one institution 37.6 62.4 93.0 6.7 0.3 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 37.3 62.7 93.5 6.4 0.1 

 2-year 42.3 57.7 95.3 4.4 0.4 

 4-year 45.2 54.8 95.3 3.7 1.0 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 45.1 54.9 94.6 4.6 0.9 

 Full-time, part-year 45.4 54.6 94.1 5.0 0.9 

 Part-time, full-year 39.4 60.6 94.9 4.7 0.4 

 Part-time, part-year 42.8 57.2 96.8 2.8 0.5 

Local residence

 On campus 45.2 54.8 96.2 3.0 0.8 

 Off campus 41.3 58.7 95.3 3.9 0.8 

 With parents/other relatives 46.6 53.4 94.0 5.8 0.2 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 41.8 58.2 95.7 4.0 0.3 

 $500–999 45.2 54.8 97.2 2.6 0.2 

 $1,000–1,999 42.4 57.6 95.8 3.7 0.5 

 $2,000–3,999 44.1 55.9 94.6 4.8 0.6 

 $4,000–7,999 46.2 53.8 92.8 6.0 1.2 

 $8,000 or more 44.7 55.3 93.8 4.1 2.2 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 42.3 57.7 97.3 2.3 0.4 

 $4,000–7,999 43.2 56.8 94.6 5.0 0.5 

 $8,000–11,999 45.2 54.8 94.7 4.9 0.4 

 $12,000–15,999 44.0 56.0 92.7 5.9 1.4 

 $16,000 or more 44.2 55.8 93.8 3.9 2.3 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 43.9 56.1 98.7 1.2 0.2 

 Black, non-Hispanic 36.8 63.2 94.9 4.5 0.6 

 Hispanic 43.1 56.9 88.6 11.2 0.2 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 48.3 51.7 66.0 27.1 6.9 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 35.0 65.0 97.8 2.1 0.1 

_______

176
Table 5.2b—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to gender and citizenship, by institutional

Table 5.2b—and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Gender Citizenship 1995–96

 U.S. Eligible Ineligible

Male Female citizen noncitizen noncitizen

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 41.9 58.1 96.2 3.5 0.4 

 19–23 years 46.4 53.6 95.1 4.2 0.8 

 24–29 years 45.0 55.0 93.6 5.4 1.0 

 30–39 years 38.5 61.5 95.4 4.1 0.5 

 40 years or older 35.1 65.0 96.6 3.4 0.1 

Dependency status

 Dependent 47.4 52.6 95.3 4.0 0.7 

 Independent 39.1 60.9 94.9 4.5 0.5 

 No dependents, unmarried 50.1 49.9 94.4 4.6 1.0 

 No dependents, married 33.0 67.0 94.1 5.4 0.5 

 With dependents 33.4 66.6 95.6 4.2 0.2 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 46.4 53.6 89.2 9.9 0.9 

 $20,000–39,999 44.8 55.2 93.8 5.6 0.6 

 $40,000-59,999 47.7 52.3 97.8 1.5 0.7 

 $60,000–79,999 48.9 51.1 98.1 1.4 0.5 

 $80,000–99,999 48.0 52.0 98.2 1.2 0.6 

 $100,000 or more 50.7 49.3 97.4 1.4 1.3 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 37.9 62.1 93.3 6.2 0.6 

 $10,000–19,999 39.9 60.1 93.5 6.1 0.5 

 $20,000–29,999 40.2 59.8 96.5 3.0 0.5 

 $30,000–49,999 39.3 60.8 95.9 3.6 0.5 

 $50,000 or more 38.7 61.3 97.7 1.7 0.7 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 42.3 57.7 91.7 7.6 0.7 

 Middle quartiles 43.2 56.8 95.8 3.6 0.6 

 Highest quartile 43.9 56.1 97.2 2.1 0.7 

Parents’ highest education

 Less than high school diploma 34.1 66.0 81.3 17.7 1.0 

 High school diploma or equivalent 40.2 59.8 95.9 3.8 0.4 

 Postsecondary education 44.7 55.3 95.5 3.7 0.8 

Aid status

 No aid 45.7 54.3 96.5 2.5 1.0 

 Received aid 40.6 59.4 93.7 6.0 0.3 

Grant status

 No grants 45.4 54.6 96.5 2.6 0.9 

 Received grants 39.6 60.4 93.0 6.8 0.3 

Loan status

 No loans 43.9 56.1 95.2 4.0 0.9 

 Received loans2 41.1 58.9 95.0 5.0 0.0 

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

177
Table 5.3—Percentage distribution of dependent undergraduates according to parents’ income, by 

Table 5.3—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Less

 than $20,000– $40,000– $60,000– $80,000– $100,000

 $20,000 39,999 59,999 79,999 99,999 or more

 Total 18.8 22.8 22.7 16.7 8.3 10.7 

Type of institution

 Public 18.1 23.4 23.8 16.8 8.0 9.8 

 Less-than-2-year 34.7 25.4 28.0 6.8 3.5 1.6 

 2-year 19.1 25.5 24.6 16.2 7.4 7.2 

 4-year 17.1 21.6 23.0 17.5 8.6 12.2 

 Nondoctorate-granting 18.6 23.8 24.3 17.1 7.4 8.7 

 Doctorate-granting 16.3 20.3 22.3 17.7 9.3 14.1 

 Private, not-for-profit 17.9 20.1 20.3 17.1 9.8 14.9 

 Less-than-4-year 26.7 23.2 22.2 16.2 5.2 6.5 

 4-year 17.5 20.0 20.2 17.2 10.0 15.3 

 Nondoctorate-granting 19.8 21.7 21.6 16.1 8.8 12.1 

 Doctorate-granting 13.5 16.9 17.7 19.1 12.0 20.8 

 Private, for-profit 33.9 24.8 18.0 11.2 6.7 5.5 

 More than one institution 22.7 23.9 20.5 15.9 7.7 9.3 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 35.5 26.0 19.5 9.1 6.1 3.7 

 2-year 19.7 25.4 24.4 16.1 7.3 7.1 

 4-year 17.4 21.1 22.0 17.4 9.1 13.2 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 17.3 22.4 22.4 17.1 8.6 12.2 

 Full-time, part-year 23.5 21.6 21.7 15.7 7.1 10.4 

 Part-time, full-year 20.8 24.8 22.2 16.3 8.0 8.0 

 Part-time, part-year 18.3 22.4 26.5 16.5 8.6 7.7 

Local residence

 On campus 16.3 21.1 22.9 17.6 9.3 12.9 

 Off campus 17.0 22.2 23.8 16.6 8.3 12.2 

 With parents/other relatives 22.0 24.5 21.8 16.2 7.7 7.9 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 19.0 24.4 24.1 17.1 6.8 8.6 

 $500–999 23.8 24.5 23.5 16.4 7.0 4.8 

 $1,000–1,999 20.9 25.1 25.1 14.2 7.9 6.9 

 $2,000–3,999 17.0 21.8 23.5 18.7 8.2 10.9 

 $4,000–7,999 19.7 21.3 20.5 15.8 9.4 13.2 

 $8,000 or more 13.8 19.2 20.3 17.6 10.5 18.6 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 21.4 22.3 26.2 15.8 7.7 6.7 

 $4,000–7,999 22.1 25.9 22.9 15.0 6.9 7.3 

 $8,000–11,999 16.1 22.2 23.3 19.0 8.5 10.9 

 $12,000–15,999 18.2 20.6 21.6 16.0 9.0 14.7 

 $16,000 or more 13.2 18.7 19.6 18.2 11.0 19.3 

_______

178
Table 5.3—Percentage distribution of dependent undergraduates according to parents’ income, by 

Table 5.3—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Less

 than $20,000– $40,000– $60,000– $80,000– $100,000

 $20,000 39,999 59,999 79,999 99,999 or more

Gender

 Male 18.4 21.6 22.9 17.2 8.4 11.4 

 Female 19.2 23.9 22.6 16.2 8.2 10.0 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 12.1 21.0 25.4 19.2 9.6 12.7 

 Black, non-Hispanic 39.9 28.1 16.4 7.3 5.0 3.4 

 Hispanic 38.0 29.2 14.0 10.6 4.3 3.8 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 29.2 25.3 16.4 12.6 6.4 10.1 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 36.8 24.3 19.9 13.8 3.2 2.1 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 16.9 22.8 25.3 16.0 8.0 11.1 

 19–23 years 19.3 22.9 22.1 16.8 8.4 10.5 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 74.2 25.8 ††††

 Middle quartiles † 32.7 45.6 21.7 † †

 Highest quartile † † † 23.5 33.5 43.0 

Parents’ highest education

 Less than high school diploma 53.0 32.2 9.8 3.2 0.6 1.3 

 High school diploma or equivalent 28.2 29.6 23.8 12.2 3.7 2.6 

 Postsecondary education 13.6 21.5 23.0 18.5 9.9 13.5 

Aid status

 No aid 11.4 18.5 24.4 19.5 10.6 15.7 

 Received aid 26.0 27.1 21.2 13.9 6.1 5.8 

Grant status

 No grants 10.4 18.3 25.9 20.3 10.8 14.4 

 Received grants 32.2 30.0 17.8 10.9 4.4 4.7 

Loan status

 No loans 17.5 20.3 22.1 17.5 9.2 13.4 

 Received loans2 21.8 28.6 24.2 14.7 6.3 4.4 

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. All students age 24 or older are independent.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

179
Table 5.4—Percentage distribution of independent undergraduates according to students’ income, by 

Table 5.4—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Less

 than $10,000– $20,000– $30,000– $50,000

 $10,000 19,999 29,999 49,999 or more

 

 Total 29.1 22.7 16.3 17.7 14.2 

Type of institution

 Public 27.1 23.1 17.1 18.2 14.6 

 Less-than-2-year 29.5 25.1 15.8 17.7 11.9 

 2-year 24.1 23.7 18.2 19.2 14.9 

 4-year 34.0 21.6 14.4 15.9 14.1 

 Nondoctorate-granting 31.8 19.7 15.6 18.4 14.5 

 Doctorate-granting 36.2 23.6 13.2 13.4 13.6 

 Private, not-for-profit 27.8 20.1 15.1 19.4 17.7 

 Less-than-4-year 33.5 24.4 14.4 15.5 12.2 

 4-year 26.8 19.3 15.2 20.0 18.6 

 Nondoctorate-granting 26.4 19.2 14.7 21.1 18.6 

 Doctorate-granting 27.8 19.8 16.8 17.0 18.7 

 Private, for-profit 44.1 24.5 12.7 11.3 7.3 

 More than one institution 44.8 18.7 12.1 15.4 9.0 

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 41.8 24.2 13.5 12.9 7.6 

 2-year 25.2 23.8 17.9 18.7 14.4 

 4-year 31.7 21.0 14.6 17.2 15.6 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 45.8 22.9 12.9 11.3 7.1 

 Full-time, part-year 41.8 25.3 13.9 12.4 6.6 

 Part-time, full-year 22.5 22.3 17.3 20.2 17.8 

 Part-time, part-year 20.7 22.0 18.4 20.9 18.0 

Local residence

 On campus 57.6 18.2 8.2 9.1 7.0 

 Off campus 25.7 22.4 17.2 19.1 15.5 

 With parents/other relatives 51.6 25.9 10.4 7.9 4.2 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 21.2 22.5 18.2 20.5 17.6 

 $500–999 22.9 25.1 18.6 18.4 15.1 

 $1,000–1,999 33.8 23.3 15.6 15.3 12.1 

 $2,000–3,999 39.6 22.2 11.7 14.7 11.7 

 $4,000–7,999 42.9 21.5 13.9 13.2 8.5 

 $8,000 or more 43.7 20.8 15.2 12.1 8.1 

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 19.8 21.6 18.7 21.2 18.8 

 $4,000–7,999 31.4 24.3 15.4 17.1 11.7 

 $8,000–11,999 37.3 24.8 14.5 12.5 10.9 

 $12,000–15,999 41.8 21.7 14.0 12.7 9.8 

 $16,000 or more 41.5 20.4 14.1 14.3 9.7 

_______

180
Table 5.4—Percentage distribution of independent undergraduates according to students’ income, by 

Table 5.4—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Less

 than $10,000– $20,000– $30,000– $50,000

 $10,000 19,999 29,999 49,999 or more

Gender

 Male 28.2 23.2 16.8 17.8 14.0 

 Female 29.7 22.4 16.0 17.7 14.3 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 25.2 22.0 17.3 19.4 16.0 

 Black, non-Hispanic 39.9 25.0 13.4 12.8 8.8 

 Hispanic 35.5 25.7 15.4 13.4 10.0 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 34.9 18.2 13.6 18.4 14.8 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 39.0 17.2 14.0 19.8 9.9 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 87.0 9.6 2.2 0.4 0.9 

 19–23 years 59.2 25.6 10.5 3.7 0.9 

 24–29 years 35.4 27.6 18.5 13.8 4.8 

 30–39 years 21.1 18.7 17.5 23.5 19.2 

 40 years or older 15.0 19.4 14.4 22.9 28.2 

Dependency status

 Independent 29.1 22.7 16.3 17.7 14.2 

 No dependents, unmarried 41.2 28.9 15.7 10.1 4.2 

 No dependents, married 11.0 13.7 16.4 28.6 30.4 

 With dependents 27.0 21.5 16.7 19.3 15.5 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 100.0 ††††

 Middle quartiles 8.8 44.4 31.9 14.9 †

 Highest quartile † † † 41.7 58.3 

Parents’ highest education2

 Less than high school diploma 22.4 21.4 15.9 22.8 17.5 

 High school diploma or equivalent 30.0 21.6 15.5 17.2 15.7 

 Postsecondary education 33.2 23.1 14.9 15.7 13.1 

Aid status

 No aid 18.5 21.8 18.4 21.9 19.5 

 Received aid 40.5 23.7 14.1 13.2 8.5 

Grant status

 No grants 18.9 23.0 17.7 21.9 18.5 

 Received grants 45.0 22.2 14.1 11.2 7.5 

Loan status

 No loans 24.3 21.9 17.4 19.6 16.9 

 Received loans3 47.5 25.8 12.3 10.4 4.0 

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

Total percentage is not within the range of the percentages for the subgroups due to missing values.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

181
Table 5.5—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to type of institution attended, by 

Table 5.5—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

Public Private, not-for-profit More

 4-year 4-year than

Less- Non- Less- Non- one

than- doctorate- Doctorate- than- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu2-year 2-year granting granting 4-year granting granting for-profit tion

 Total 1.2 43.2 12.3 18.0 1.3 9.5 4.6 5.3 4.5 

Control of institution1

 Public 1.6 57.8 16.5 24.1 † † † † †

 Private, not-for-profit † † † † 8.3 61.7 30.0 † †

 Private, for-profit † † † † † † † 100.0 †

Level of institution1

 Less-than-2-year 29.1 † † † 5.3 † † 65.6 †

 2-year † 93.4 † † 2.3 † † 4.3 †

 4-year † † 27.3 40.0 † 21.2 10.3 1.3 †

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 1.3 19.0 16.4 28.2 1.3 14.6 7.8 5.0 6.3 

 Full-time, part-year 2.5 40.6 10.3 14.1 2.7 7.3 3.5 16.9 2.2 

 Part-time, full-year 0.5 57.9 10.5 13.0 0.8 6.5 2.7 2.2 5.9 

 Part-time, part-year 0.7 68.8 8.9 8.6 0.7 5.7 2.2 2.5 1.9 

Local residence

 On campus 0.2 6.0 15.9 31.8 0.9 25.2 13.1 1.0 5.9 

 Off campus 1.5 47.2 11.7 17.0 1.3 7.3 3.4 6.4 4.2 

 With parents/other relatives 1.2 53.9 11.7 12.8 1.4 6.4 3.1 5.0 4.7 

Tuition and fees1

 Less than $500 2.4 87.9 4.2 3.8 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.1 †

 $500–999 1.6 66.1 12.5 11.8 1.1 3.9 1.0 2.0 †

 $1,000–1,999 0.6 40.8 22.6 24.4 1.2 5.1 2.1 3.2 †

 $2,000–3,999 0.4 11.2 26.5 41.0 1.7 9.5 3.1 6.6 †

 $4,000–7,999 0.5 1.3 12.7 35.5 4.1 17.7 4.8 23.5 †

 $8,000 or more 0.0 0.0 2.2 11.8 0.8 44.9 30.6 9.7 †

Price of attendance1

 Less than $4,000 1.5 77.0 7.2 6.4 0.7 4.1 1.5 1.6 †

 $4,000–7,999 1.9 58.0 14.9 13.2 1.2 5.2 1.4 4.2 †

 $8,000–11,999 0.5 19.1 23.4 38.8 1.4 6.7 2.2 8.0 †

 $12,000–15,999 0.8 5.0 12.7 38.2 3.4 20.3 5.0 14.6 †

 $16,000 or more 0.0 0.2 1.7 14.1 0.7 42.5 33.2 7.6 †

Gender

 Male 1.3 42.4 11.9 20.3 1.4 9.0 5.1 4.6 4.0 

 Female 1.2 43.8 12.6 16.3 1.2 9.9 4.3 5.9 5.0 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 1.0 42.8 13.4 19.1 1.2 9.5 4.7 4.2 4.2 

 Black, non-Hispanic 2.4 45.4 9.7 13.3 1.3 10.9 3.3 8.5 5.1 

 Hispanic 1.9 47.6 8.8 12.1 1.3 9.8 3.3 9.5 5.8 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 0.9 35.7 9.6 25.9 1.6 7.7 9.4 4.4 5.0 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.9 53.2 11.7 16.0 4.8 4.5 1.8 4.0 3.3 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 0.6 37.6 12.0 21.6 0.8 12.3 7.0 4.3 3.8 

 19–23 years 0.7 33.2 13.7 24.4 1.0 11.2 6.2 4.3 5.4 

 24–29 years 1.3 49.9 13.0 14.7 1.6 6.4 2.9 6.3 3.9 

 30–39 years 2.4 53.7 9.6 9.6 1.9 8.4 2.6 7.5 4.4 

 40 years or older 2.1 61.8 9.4 6.9 1.7 7.6 2.2 5.5 2.9 

_______

182
Table 5.5—Percentage distribution of undergraduates according to type of institution attended, by 

Table 5.5—institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

Public Private, not-for-profit More

 4-year 4-year than

 Less- Non- Less- Non- one

than- doctorate- Doctorate- than- doctorate- Doctorate- Private, institu-

 2-year 2-year granting granting 4-year granting granting for-profit tion

Dependency status

 Dependent 0.6 33.0 13.6 25.2 0.9 11.9 6.8 3.1 5.0 

 Independent 1.8 53.0 11.0 11.1 1.7 7.3 2.6 7.4 4.1 

 No dependents, unmarried 1.3 47.9 13.1 15.4 1.7 7.4 3.4 5.9 3.9 

 No dependents, married 1.8 56.5 12.5 10.1 1.4 7.1 2.8 4.7 3.0 

 With dependents 2.2 55.5 9.0 8.3 1.8 7.3 1.9 9.5 4.6 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependent

 Less than $20,000 1.1 33.5 13.5 21.8 1.2 12.5 4.8 5.7 6.0 

 $20,000–39,999 0.7 36.9 14.2 22.4 0.9 11.3 5.0 3.4 5.2 

 $40,000-59,999 0.7 35.7 14.6 24.7 0.8 11.3 5.3 2.5 4.5 

 $60,000–79,999 0.3 32.2 14.0 26.8 0.8 11.4 7.7 2.1 4.8 

 $80,000–99,999 0.3 29.4 12.2 28.2 0.5 12.6 9.8 2.5 4.6 

 $100,000 or more 0.1 22.4 11.1 33.3 0.5 13.5 13.2 1.6 4.4 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 1.8 43.9 12.0 13.7 2.0 6.6 2.5 11.2 6.3 

 $10,000–19,999 2.0 55.3 9.6 11.5 1.8 6.2 2.3 8.0 3.4 

 $20,000–29,999 1.7 59.2 10.5 9.0 1.5 6.6 2.7 5.8 3.0 

 $30,000–49,999 1.8 57.4 11.4 8.4 1.5 8.7 2.5 4.7 3.6 

 $50,000 or more 1.5 55.6 11.3 10.7 1.5 9.6 3.4 3.8 2.6 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 1.4 39.0 12.8 17.7 1.6 9.4 3.7 8.4 6.1 

 Middle quartiles 1.2 46.4 12.4 17.1 1.3 8.8 4.0 4.8 4.1 

 Highest quartile 1.0 40.8 11.6 20.2 1.1 11.2 7.0 3.3 3.9 

Parents’ highest education2

 Less than high school diploma 1.7 55.2 9.5 8.2 2.0 7.3 1.7 8.1 6.2 

 High school diploma or

 equivalent 1.3 43.2 13.6 14.8 1.7 10.0 3.0 6.8 5.6 

 Postsecondary education 0.6 34.2 13.7 22.9 1.0 11.2 6.4 3.8 6.3 

Aid status

 No aid 1.6 57.7 11.0 16.0 1.0 4.9 3.4 2.4 2.1 

 Received aid 0.8 28.5 13.6 20.0 1.6 14.3 5.9 8.2 7.0 

Grant status

 No grants 1.5 51.3 11.8 17.8 1.1 5.6 3.5 3.9 3.5 

 Received grants 0.8 30.6 13.0 18.3 1.6 15.7 6.4 7.5 6.2 

Loan status

 No loans 1.6 54.4 10.8 15.4 1.1 6.9 3.7 3.2 3.0 

 Received loans3 0.1 10.6 16.5 25.7 1.8 17.3 7.4 11.6 9.0 

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

2

Total percentage is not within the range of the percentages for the subgroups due to missing values.

3

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

NOTE: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.

_______

183

185

Appendix A—Glossary

This glossary describes the variables used in this report. The items were taken directly from the NCES

NPSAS:96 undergraduate Data Analysis System (DAS), an NCES software application that generates tables from the

NPSAS:96 data (see appendix B for a description of the DAS). The glossary is in alphabetical order by the variable

label in the DAS, shown in bold, capital letters and displayed along the right-hand column.

The variables listed in the index below are in the order they appear, first in the essay and the corresponding

compendium tables in section 1, and then as they appear in sections 2 through 5 of the compendium tables. The glossary index is organized by institutional characteristics, student characteristics, and financial aid variables.

Glossary Index

Essay And Compendium Section 1

INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Type of institution.......................................AIDSECT

Price of attendance/Student

 budget ..................................................BUDGETA2

Tuition and fees. ...................................... TUITION2

Non-tuition expenses .............................. SBNONTAJ

STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS

Dependent 1994 income ............................... DEPINC

Independent 1994 income......................... INDEPINC

Dependency status .......................................DEPEND

Attendance pattern .................................. ATTNSTAT

Undergraduate class level ....................... UGLEVEL2

FINANCIAL AID VARIABLES

Any aid/Total aid/Aid status .........................TOTAID

Any grants/Total grants/Grant status............TOTGRT

Total loans (except PLUS)........................TOTLOAN

Combinations of loans and

 other aid ................................................LOANAID2

Any loan (including PLUS) ...................TOTLOAN2

Federal loans (except PLUS) ....................... TFEDLN

Non-federal loans.......................................TNFEDLN

Stafford loan .......................................... STAFFAMT

Perkins loan .............................................PERKAMT

Federal loans (including

 PLUS) ..................................................... TFEDLN2

PLUS loan............................................... PLUSAMT3

Federal loan combinations ...........................LOANPK

Subsidized loan.......................................... STAFSUB

Unsubsidized loan................................... STAFUNSB

Subsidized and unsubsidized loan

 combinations ....................................... .STAFTYPE

Stafford subsidized maximum

 amount ..................................................STAFFCT1

Stafford total maximum

 amount ..................................................STAFFCT2

Ever borrowed federal student loan

 through 1996/Cumulative amount of

 federal student loans through 1996 ........... BORFED

Number of years borrowed .......................... STFYRS
Appendix A—Glossary

186

Compendium Sections 2 to 5

INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Type of institution.......................................AIDSECT

Control of institution...................................AIDCTRL

Level of institution......................................AIDLEVL

Tuition and fees ........................................ TUITION2

Price of attendance/student budget .........BUDGETA2

STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS

Attendance pattern .................................. ATTNSTAT

Local residence ....................................... LOCALRES

Gender .........................................................GENDER

Race–ethnicity .................................................. RACE

Age as of 12/31/95 ..............................................AGE

Dependency status (4 categories)...............DEPEND4

Dependency and 1994 income ..................... INCOME

Income percentile rank................................PCTALL2

Parents’ highest education ..............................PARED

Citizenship ................................................. CITIZEN2

FINANCIAL AID VARIABLES

Any aid/Total aid/Aid status .........................TOTAID

Any grants/Total grants/Grant status............TOTGRT

Any work-study/Total work-study ............TOTWKST

Any loan/Total loans/Loan status..............TOTLOAN

Any other type aid/Total other type aid .... TOTOTHR

Any federal aid/Total federal aid ................TFEDAID

Federal grants.............................................TFEDGRT

Federal work-study .................................. TFEDWRK

Federal loans (except PLUS) ....................... TFEDLN

PLUS loan............................................... PLUSAMT3

Income percentile rank................................PCTALL2

Any state aid/State aid total ................... STATEAMT

State grants ...............................................STGTAMT

State loans ................................................STLNAMT

State work-study .....................................STWKAMT

Other state aid ........................................STOTHAMT

State non-need grants or scholarships .... STATNOND

Any institutional aid/Total institutional

 aid ...........................................................INSTAMT

Institutional grants ..................................INGRTAMT

Institutional loans...................................... INLNAMT

Institutional work-study .............................INSTWRK

Other institutional aid ............................ INOTHAMT

Institutional non-need grants................... INSTNOND

Aid combinations by type of aid ................ AIDPACK

Net price (price of attendance less all aid)..NETCST1

Price of attendance less federal grants ........NETCST2

Price of attendance less all grants ...............NETCST3

Tuition and fees less grants.........................NETCST9

Expected family contribution............................. EFC4

Financial aid need .........................................SNEED1

Remaining need after aid ..............................SNEED2
Appendix A—Glossary

187

Age as of 12/31/95 AGE

Indicates student’s age as of 12/31/95. Calculated from date of birth.

18 years or younger

19–23 years

23–29 years

30–39 years

40 years or older

Control of institution AIDCTRL

Source of revenue and control of operations for the NPSAS institution. Excludes students attending more than one

institution. Students attending more than one institution in 1995–96 are in a separate category because information

on tuition, price of attendance, and financial aid at the second institution is incomplete or unknown.

Public A postsecondary education institution, which is supported primarily by public funds and operated by publicly elected or appointed officials who control the programs and activities.

Private, not-for-profit A postsecondary institution that is controlled by an independent governing board and incorporated under Section 501(c)(3)

of the Internal Revenue Code. 

Private, for-profit A postsecondary institution that is privately owned and operated as a profit-making enterprise. Includes career colleges and

proprietary institutions.

Level of institution AIDLEVL

Level of highest offering at the NPSAS institution. Excludes students attending more than one institution. Students

attending more than one institution in 1995–96 are in a separate category because information on tuition, price of

attendance, and financial aid at the second institution is incomplete or unknown.

Less-than-2-year Institution where all of the programs are less than 2 years in

duration. The institution must offer a minimum of one program

of at least 3 months in duration that results in a terminal certificate or license or is creditable toward a formal 2-year or

higher award.

2-year Institution that confers a 2-year formal award (certificate or associate’s degree) or offers a 2-year program that partially fulfills requirements for a baccalaureate or higher degree at a 4-

year institution. The institution does not award a baccalaureate

degree. These would include most community or junior colleges.

4-year Institution that confers at least a baccalaureate degree in one or

more programs, and may or may not award higher than a master’s degree.
Appendix A—Glossary

188

Combinations of financial aid by type of aid AIDPACK

Indicates package by type of aid package received during 1995–96. For students with any aid, this variable indicates

combinations of aid from grants, loans, and other types of aid. PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid” rather than

as student loans.

Grant only Student received only grants, scholarships, or employer aid.

Grant and work Student received grants and had a work-study job.

Grant, loan, and work-study Student received grants, loans, and work-study.

Grant and loan Student received only grant and loan aid.

Loan only Student received loan only.

Loan and work Student received a loan and had a work-study job.

Other Student received other combinations of aid not listed above.

Type of institution AIDSECT

Indicates the level and control of the NPSAS institution. Institution level concerns the institution’s highest offering

(see AIDLEVL), and control concerns the source of revenue and control of operations (see AIDCTRL). Students

attending more than one institution in 1995–96 are in a separate category because information on tuition, price of

attendance, and financial aid at the second institution is incomplete or unknown. “More than one institution” is not

shown in all tables, but is included in the totals unless specified otherwise. Doctorate- and nondoctorate-granting 4-

year institutions were aggregated in the essay. Public less-than-2-year and private, not-for-profit less-than-4-year are

either aggregated as “other” or not shown in the tables. They are included in the totals, as indicated on the tables.

Public

Less-than-2-year

2-year

4-year

Nondoctorate-granting

Doctorate-granting

Private, not-for-profit

Less-than-4-year

4 year

Nondoctorate-granting

Doctorate-granting

Private, for-profit

Attendance pattern ATTNSTAT

Combined attendance intensity and persistence during 1995–96. Intensity refers to the student’s full- or part-time

attendance while enrolled. Persistence refers to the number of months a student was enrolled during the year. Students were considered to have been enrolled for a full year if they were enrolled for 8 or more months during 1995–

96. Months did not have to be contiguous or at the same institution, and students did not have to be enrolled for a full

month in order to be considered enrolled for that month. In prior NPSAS surveys, full year had been defined as 9 or

more months. In the essay, the three part-time and part-year categories are aggregated into “part-time or part-year.”
Appendix A—Glossary

189

Full-time, full-year Students were enrolled at least 8 months full time during

1995–96. Additional months enrolled could be part time.

Full-time, part-year Students were enrolled less than 8 months during 1995–96 and

attending full time in all of these months.

Part-time, full-year Students were enrolled 8 or more months during 1995–96 but

less than 8 months were full time.

Part-time, part-year Students were enrolled less than 8 months during 1995–96 and

some of these months were part time.

Ever borrowed federal student loan through 1996/

Cumulative amount of federal student loans through 1996 BORFED

Indicates the cumulative federal loan amount the student borrowed for education through 1996. Excludes PLUS.

Includes all types of Stafford loans, SLS loans, and Perkins loans. Based on the cumulative amounts dispersed according to the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS) at the end of 1996 or the federal loan amount reported

by the student in the telephone interview, whichever was greater. The amount owed or outstanding in 1996 may be

less than the total amount borrowed. The percentage with a positive amount for this variable is the percentage who

ever borrowed a federal student loan.

Price of attendance/

Student budget BUDGETA2

Indicates total student budget (attendance adjusted) at the NPSAS institution. BUDGETA2 estimates actual expenses

based on tuition paid, number of months enrolled, and attendance status while enrolled. Non-tuition expenses

(SBNONTUN) are prorated for half-time (75 percent), unknown status (50 percent), and less than half-time (25 percent), and the actual tuition (TUITION) is added to the estimated non-tuition expenses. Excludes students attending

more than one institution, since the student budget at the second institution is unknown. More detailed categories are

shown in compendium sections 2 through 5 than in the essay.

Less than $4,000

$4000–7,999

$8,000 or more

Less than $4,000

$4000–7,999

$8,000–11,999

$12,000–15,999

$16,000 or more

Citizenship CITIZEN2

Indicates student’s citizenship status and federal financial aid eligibility. Constructed from citizenship status reported

on Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), institutional reports, and student interviews.
Appendix A—Glossary

190

U.S. Citizen Student has U.S. citizenship in 1995–96.

Eligible noncitizen Student was not a U.S. citizen in 1995–96; included permanent

residents and others eligible for federal financial aid.

Ineligible noncitizen Student was not a U.S. citizen in 1995–96, not a permanent

resident, and was not eligible for federal financial aid.

Dependency status DEPEND

Student dependency status. Students were considered independent if they met any of the following criteria:

1) Student was age 24 or older as of 12/31/95;

2) Student was a veteran of the U.S. Armed Forces;

3) Student was enrolled in a graduate or professional program (beyond a bachelor’s degree) in 1995–96;

4) Student was married;

5) Student was an orphan or ward of the court; or

6) Student had legal dependents other than spouse.

In addition, financial aid officers may designate students who do not meet these criteria to be independent, if

the students can document that they are in fact self-supporting.

Dependent

Independent

Dependency status (4 categories) DEPEND4

Student dependency status for financial aid, including marital status. Combines student dependency status, marital

status, and whether they have dependents. The distinction between the two types of independent students changed

between NPSAS:93 and NPSAS:96 as a result of the 1992 Reauthorization Amendments. Prior to the 1993–94 academic year, the spouse of a married student was considered to be a dependent of the student, and married students

without children were classified as independent with dependents. As of 1993–94, the spouse of a student is not considered to be that student’s dependent, so married students without children are classified as independent without

dependents in NPSAS:96. This variable is provided to allow comparability between the two surveys.

Dependent

Independent, no dependents, unmarried

Independent, no dependents, married

Independent with dependents (married or unmarried)

Dependent 1994 income DEPINC

Indicates dependent student’s parents’ total family income for 1994.

Under $25,000

$25,000–70,000

Over $70,000
Appendix A—Glossary

191

Expected family contribution EFC4

Indicates composite expected family contribution for 1995–96. The best estimate of the student’s EFC, derived from

examining the EFC values reported in the Pell payment file, the CPS matching records, the NPSAS institution in

CADE, or estimated by regressions based on dependency, family size, income, assets, and number in college. Differences in the timing of these sources (any time during the NPSAS year), differences in the institutions to which they

refer (not necessarily the NPSAS institution where the student was sampled), changes in the student’s dependency

status and financial situation during the period of a year, and the potential use of Professional Judgment changes by

financial aid officers at any time or at any institution make it impossible to determine a single definitive EFC value

or dependency status for all students during the entire year. For Pell grant recipients, the EFC on the Pell payment

file was always used; for other financial aid recipients, the primary EFC from the most recent CPS record (CPS162)

was used if available, or an EFC reported by the NPSAS institution was used. Approximately 52 percent of the EFCs

were imputed. The percentage of students with reported EFCs in a particular category is approximately the same as

the percentage who received federal financial aid in that category.

Gender GENDER

Male

Female

Dependency and 1994 income INCOME

Indicates total family income in 1994 (categorical) by student dependency status.

Dependent

Less than $20,000

$20,000–$39,999

$40,000–$59,999

$60,000–$79,999

$80,000–$99,999

$100,000 or more

Independent

Less than $5,000

$5,000–$9,999

$10,000–$19,999

$20,000–$29,999

$30,000–$49,999

$50,000 or more

Independent 1994 income INDEPINC

Indicates independent student’s total income (including spouse, if married) in 1994.

Under $10,000

$10,000–35,000

Over $35,000
Appendix A—Glossary

192

Institutional grants INGRTAMT

Indicates the total amount of institutional grant aid received during 1995–96. Includes all grants and scholarships,

tuition waivers, and graduate fellowships received during the NPSAS year. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

Institutional loans INLNAMT

Indicates the loan amount from funds provided by the educational institution during 1995–96. See grid under

TOTAID for more information.

Other institutional aid INOTHAMT

Indicates the amount of institutional aid that was not classified as grants, loans, or work-study. Includes teaching and

research assistantships. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

Any institutional aid/ INSTAMT

Total institutional aid

Indicates the total institutional aid amount received during 1995–96. Equal to the sum of institutional grants and fellowships, loans, institution-sponsored work-study, and all other institutional amounts including assistantships. The

percentage with a positive value is the percentage with institutional aid. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

Institutional non-need grants INSTNOND

Indicates the amount of institution grants and scholarships that were based entirely on merit or other circumstances

not related to need during 1995–96.

Institutional work-study INSTWRK

Indicates the amount of institution-sponsored work-study received during 1995–96. Includes any institutional

amounts that were classified as work-study or campus employment. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

Combinations of loans and other aid LOANAID2

Indicates whether a student received only loan aid (excluding PLUS), a combination of loan and non-loan aid, or

only non-loan aid such as grants or work-study. PLUS loans are classified as “other aid.”

Aided, no loans

Loans and other aid

Loans only

No aid
Appendix A—Glossary

193

Federal loan combinations LOANPK

Indicates the combination of federal Stafford loans, Perkins loans, and PLUS loans received during 1995–96. Students in each category may or may not have received other aid.

Stafford only

Stafford and Perkins

Stafford and PLUS

Stafford, Perkins, PLUS

Perkins only

PLUS only

Other combinations

No federal loans

Local residence LOCALRES

The student housing status as reported either by the NPSAS institution for the student budget, by the student on the

financial aid application, or by the student in the telephone interview.

On campus Student lived in institution-owned living quarters for students.

These are typically institution-owned dormitories, residence

halls, or other facilities.

Off campus Student lived off campus in noninstitution-owned housing, but

not with his or her parents or other relatives.

With parents/other relatives Student lived at home with parents or other relatives.

Net Price (Price of attendance less all aid) NETCST1

Indicates attendance-adjusted student budget minus total aid (BUDGETA2-TOTAID). This item helps to answer

“On average, how much money did students (including full-time and part-time students) who attended in 1995–96

need to come up with, considering the student budget (tuition, books, fees, living expenses) then subtracting all aid

received (grants, loans, work-study)?” It is not the total amount, because the loans will need to be repaid someday.

Price of attendance less federal grants NETCST2

Indicates attendance-adjusted student budget (BUDGETA2) minus federal grants (TFEDGRT). This item helps to

answer “How much money did students need to meet their price of attendance (including tuition, fees, books, living

expenses) after subtracting federal grants received?” See BUDGETA2 and NETCST1 for additional information.

Price of attendance less all grants NETCST3

Indicates attendance-adjusted student budget (BUDGETA2) minus total grant aid (TOTGRT). This item helps to

answer “How much money did students need to meet their price of attendance (including tuition, fees, books, living

expenses) after subtracting all grant aid received?” See BUDGETA2 and NETCST1 for additional information.
Appendix A—Glossary

194

Tuition and fees less grants NETCST9

Indicates tuition and fees (TUITION2) minus grants (TOTGRT). Negative values set to zero. See NETCST1 for

additional information.

Parents’ highest education PARED

The highest level of education completed by the student’s parents (mother or father, whoever has the highest level).

Less than high school diploma Neither parent graduated from high school or received a General Educational Development (GED) certificate.

High school diploma or equivalent One or both parents graduated from high school or received a

GED.

Postsecondary One or both parents had some postsecondary education.

Income percentile rank PCTALL2

Percentile rank of NPSAS sample students by total income in 1994. Percentiles were calculated separately for dependent and independent students, and then combined in this variable, so independent ranks are based on the independent student income distribution and dependent ranks are based on the dependent parents’ income distribution.

The cutpoints for the 25th and the 75th percentile were $25,000 and $70,000 for dependent students and $8,000 and

$35,000 for independent students.

Lowest quartile Dependent and independent students whose income ranked in

the lowest 25 percent of their income distributions.

Middle quartiles Students whose income ranked between 26 percent and 75

percent of their respective student income distributions.

Highest quartile Students whose income ranked in the top 25 percent of their

respective income distributions.

Perkins loan PERKAMT

Indicates the federal Perkins loan amount received during 1995–96. The Perkins loan is a campus-based (i.e., administered by each institution) low-interest loan for students who show exceptional financial need. It is intended to

supplement the Pell grant (priority is given to Pell grant recipients). For undergraduates, total annual awards cannot

exceed $3,000, and the maximum amount that can be borrowed is $15,000.

PLUS loan PLUSAMT3

Indicates the total federal PLUS loans (Direct and FFEL) received during 1995–96. PLUS loans are unsubsidized

variable-interest rate loans awarded to parents of dependent students who are able to meet criteria for credit worthiness. PLUS loans are awarded up to the maximum amount of the price of attendance at the institution minus any

other financial aid. Two types of PLUS loans are available to eligible students’ parents: Direct and FFEL PLUS

loans. Direct loans are available through the institution, and FFEL loans are offered by commercial lenders such as

banks, credit unions, or savings and loan associations. PLUS loans received at the second institution are included in

the calculation of PLUSAMT3.
Appendix A—Glossary

195

Race–ethnicity RACE

White, non-Hispanic A person having origins in any of the original peoples of

Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East (except those of Hispanic origin).

Black, non-Hispanic A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of

Africa, not of Hispanic origin.

Hispanic A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South

American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of

race.

Asian/Pacific Islander A person having origins in any of the peoples of the Far East,

Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, or Pacific Islands.

This includes people from China, Japan, Korea, the Philippine

Islands, Samoa, India, and Vietnam.

American Indian/Alaskan Native A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North

America and who maintains cultural identification through

tribal affiliation or community recognition.

Other A person not in any of the above categories.

Non-tuition expenses SBNONTAJ

The estimated non-tuition expenses reported in student budgets. Includes books and supplies, room and board or

housing and meal allowances, transportation, and personal expenses related to attendance. Equal to the student

budget minus tuition and fees (BUDGETA2-TUITION2). For students not enrolled full time for the full academic

year, non-tuition expenses were adjusted to reflect attendance status and the number of months enrolled.

Financial aid need SNEED1

The price of attendance (BUDGETA2) minus the expected family contribution (EFC4). A measure of total need for

financial aid. Negative values recoded to zero.

Remaining need after aid SNEED2

The price of attendance (BUDGETA2) minus the expected family contribution (EFC4) minus financial aid received

(TOTAID), if any, including loans. A measure of unmet need. Negative values recoded to zero.

Stafford loan STAFFAMT

Indicates the total amount of Stafford loans (Direct, FFEL, subsidized, and unsubsidized) received during 1995–96,

including loans borrowed to attend schools other than the NPSAS school. All of the federal loan variables in

NPSAS:96 include the loans borrowed at all schools attended, since the CADE institutional-reported amounts were

supplemented with information from the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS).
Appendix A—Glossary

196

There are four categories of federal Stafford Loans. Under the DIRECT Loan Program, the federal government

makes loans directly to students and parents through schools. Under the FFEL Program, private lenders such as

banks, credit unions, and savings and loan associations usually make the loans. Although the source of funds is different, both programs provide the same types of loans. A SUBSIDIZED loan is awarded on the basis of financial

need. If a student qualifies for a subsidized loan, the federal government pays the interest on the loan until the student begins repayment, and during authorized periods of deferment thereafter. An UNSUBSIDIZED loan is not

awarded on the basis of need. If a student qualifies for an unsubsidized loan, he or she is charged interest from the

time the loan is disbursed until it is paid in full. Students can choose to pay the interest or allow it to accumulate. If

the student allows the interest to accumulate, it will be capitalized (added to the principal amount of the loan). Annual loan limits vary considerably. See STAFFCT1 and STAFFCT2 for the restrictions.

Stafford subsidized maximum amount STAFFCT1

Indicates the Stafford subsidized loan amount categories received during 1995–96. Classifies the Stafford subsidized

loan total amount (STAFSUB) into categories based on maximum subsidized loan amounts. The subsidized maximum for first-year students in 1995–96 was $2,625; for second-year students, $3,500; for third-, fourth-, and fifthyear students, $5,500; and for graduate and professional students, $8,500.

None

Less than maximum

Maximum

Stafford total maximum amount STAFFCT2

Indicates the Stafford total amount categories received during 1995–96. Classifies the Stafford loan total amount

(STAFFAMT) into categories based on maximum loan amounts for subsidized and unsubsidized loans combined.

Maximum loan amounts were determined by the student’s class level and dependency status according to the following table:

Student class level: Dependent: Independent:

First year $2,625 $6,625

Second year $3,500 $7,500

Third–fifth year $5,500 $10,500

Graduate/First-professional N.A. $18,500

None

Less than maximum

Maximum

Subsidized loan STAFSUB

Indicates the amount of subsidized Stafford (FFEL or Direct) loans received during 1995–96. For more information

about loans, see STAFFAMT.
Appendix A—Glossary

197

Subsidized and unsubsidized loan combinations STAFTYPE

Indicates whether a student received a subsidized Stafford loan (STAFSUB), an unsubsidized Stafford loan

(STAFUNSB), or both in 1995–96. For more information about loans see STAFFAMT.

Subsidized only

Both subsidized and unsubsidized

Unsubsidized only

Unsubsidized loan STAFUNSB

Indicates the amount of unsubsidized Stafford (FFEL or Direct) loans received during 1995–96. For more information about loans, see STAFFAMT.

Any state aid/ STATEAMT

State aid total

Indicates the amount of state aid received during 1995–96. Equal to the sum of state grants (STGTAMT), state loans

(STLNAMT), state-sponsored work-study (STWKAMT), and all other state financial aid (STOTHAMT). Includes

amounts awarded for state work-study and State Student Incentive Grants (SSIG) grants (including the federal portion). The percentage with a positive value on this variable is the percentage with any state aid. See grid under

TOTAID for more information.

State non-need grants or scholarships STATNOND

Indicates the amount of state-funded grants and scholarships that were based on merit alone received during 1995–

96. Awards based on both merit and need are categorized separately.

Number of years borrowed STFYRS

The number of years that a student had borrowed federal Stafford or SLS loans according to the federal loan records

in the National Student Loan Data System at the end of 1996.

State grants STGTAMT

Includes state-funded grants, scholarships, fellowships, and traineeships, including the federal portion of State Student Incentive Grants (SSIG) received during 1995–96. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

State loans STLNAMT

Indicates the amount of state loans received during 1995–96. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

Other state aid STOTHAMT

Indicates the amount of state aid that was not classified as grants, loans, or work-study. Includes vocational rehabilitation and job training, waivers for state employees, and payments for incarcerated students received during 1995–

96.
Appendix A—Glossary

198

State work-study STWKAMT

Indicates the state work-study amount received during 1995–96. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

Any federal aid/ TFEDAID

Total federal aid

Indicates the total amount of federal financial aid, excluding veterans benefits. Equal to the sum of federal loans

(TFEDLN), federal grants (TFEDGRT), federal work-study (TFEDWRK), and all other federal financial aid, excluding veteran’s benefits, received during 1995–96. The percentage with a positive amount for this variable is the

percentage with any federal aid. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

Federal grants TFEDGRT

Indicates the total amount of federal grants, primarily Pell grants and Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants.

Does not include veteran’s benefits. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

Federal loans (except PLUS) TFEDLN

Indicates the total amount of federal loans, excluding PLUS. Includes Perkins (PERKAMT), Stafford

(STAFFAMT), and federal loans through the Public Health Service received during 1995–96. Includes amounts borrowed at a second non-NPSAS institution. See STAFFAMT and the grid under TOTAID for more information.

Federal loans (including PLUS) TFEDLN2

Indicates the total amount of federal loans, including PLUS, received during 1995–96. Includes Perkins

(PERKAMT), Stafford (STAFFAMT), other federal loans through the Public Health Service and PLUSAMT3. Includes amounts borrowed at a second non-NPSAS school. See STAFFAMT and TOTAID.

Federal work-study TFEDWRK

Indicates the total amount of federal work-study funds received during 1995–96, including the institutional or employer contribution.

Non-federal loans TNFEDLN

Indicates the total amount of non-federal student loans received during 1995–96. Equal to total amount of all loans

(TOTLOAN), minus total amount of federal loans (TFEDLN2). Non-federal loans to parents are not included.

Any aid/ TOTAID

Total aid/ 

Aid status

Indicates the total amount of all financial aid received during 1995–96. The percentage with a positive value is the

percentage with any aid. Aid status identifies those with a positive amount. TOTAID is related to other award variables by type and source of aid according to this grid:
Appendix A—Glossary

199

Federal + State + Institutional + Other = Total

Grants: TFEDGRT + STGTAMT + INGRTAMT + OTHGTAMT = TOTGRT

Loans: TFEDLN + STLNAMT + INLNAMT + OTHLNAMT = TOTLOAN

Work: TFEDWRK + STWKAMT + INSTCWS + OTHWKAMT = TOTWKST

Other: TFEDOTHR + STOTHAMT + INOTHAMT + OTHROTHR = TOTOTHR

Total: TFEDAID + STATEAMT + INSTAMT + OTHRSCR = TOTAID

PLUS loans are included in TFEDOTHR and TOTOTHR rather than in TFEDLN and TOTLOAN. Veteran’s and

military benefits are included in OTHROTHR (“other” financial aid), rather than as part of any federal aid totals.

Assistantships are classified as “other” type and “institutional” source. There are two totals of “other” amounts: other

by type and other by source.

TOTOTHR is the total of all amounts that were not classified by type as grants, loans, or work-study. This includes

PLUS loans (PLUSAMT3), veterans benefits and military aid, and vocational rehabilitation and JTPA. OTHRSCR is

the total of all amounts that were not classified by source as federal, state, or institutional, including employer aid

and private aid. The percentage with a positive value is the percentage with any aid. Aid status identifies those with a

positive amount.

NOTE: Not all NPSAS DAS variables shown in this grid are used individually in this report, and thus do not appear

in the glossary.

Any grants/ TOTGRT

Total grants/

Grant status

Indicates the total amount of all grants and scholarships: federal, state, institutional, and other received during 1995–

96. Equal to sum of all federal grants (TFEDGRT), state grants (STGTAMT), institutional grants (INGTAMT), and

“other” grants that were not classified as federal, state, or institutional. Includes employer tuition reimbursements.

The percentage with a positive value is the percentage with any grant aid. Grant status identifies those with a positive

amount. See grid under TOTAID for more information.

Any loan/ TOTLOAN

Total loans/

Loan status

Indicates the total amount of all loans: federal, state, institutional, and private sector received during 1995–96 except

PLUS. Equal to the sum of federal loan amount (TFEDLN), state loan amount (STLNAMT), institution loan amount

(INLNAMT), and other loan amount (OTHLNAMT). Does not include PLUS loans (PLUSAMT3), although

TOTLOAN2 does. The percentage with a positive value is the percentage with any loan aid. Loan status identifies

those with a positive amount.

Any loan (including PLUS) TOTLOAN2

Indicates the total amount of all loans: federal, state, institutional, and private sector received during 1995–96. Equal

to the sum of total loan amount (TOTLOAN) and the amount of PLUS loans to parents (PLUSAMT3). TOTLOAN,
Appendix A—Glossary

200

not TOTLOAN2, was used to calculate TOTAID (total amount of all aid). The percentage with a positive value is

the percentage with any loan aid, including PLUS loans to parents.

Any other type aid/ TOTOTHR

Total other type aid

Indicates the total of amount of aid received during 1995–96 that was not classified as grants, loans, or work-study.

Includes teaching and research assistantships, PLUS loans, veteran’s benefits and military tuition aid, vocational

rehabilitation and JTPA. Equal to the sum of other federal amounts, other state amounts (STOTHAMT), and other

institutional amounts (INOTHAMT). The percentage with a positive value is the percentage with any other aid.

Any work-study/ TOTWKST

Total work-study

Indicates the total amount of all work-study awards received during 1995–96. Equal to the sum of federal work-study

amount (TFEDWRK), state work-study amount (STWKAMT), and institution work-study amount (INSTWRK). The

percentage with a positive value is the percentage with any work-study aid.

Tuition and fees TUITION2

Indicates amount of tuition charged the student for the terms attended at the NPSAS institution, as reported by the

institution. If tuition amounts were not reported, they were estimated based on the average per credit or per term

charges for other students at the institution according to their class level, degree program, and attendance status. Students attending more than one institution during 1995–96 are excluded, since their tuition at the second institution is

unknown.

Undergraduate class level UGLEVEL2

Undergraduate level during last term 1995–96. Variable set equal to student level during last term for undergraduates. First-time beginning students were categorized separately as were seniors finishing in 1995–96. Other (category

8) includes unclassified undergraduates and students with degrees who may be taking an undergraduate course. Detailed categories were aggregated in the tables of this report as follows:

First year First-time beginning freshman

Other first year undergraduate

Second year Second year/sophomore

Third year Third year/junior

Fourth year or more Fourth year/senior

Fifth year or higher undergraduate

Graduating seniors

Other Other, including unclassified by level

For public 2-year and private, for-profit institutions, the percentage of students beyond the second year is very small

and was not shown in the tables. For 4-year institutions, graduating seniors were included in the category fourth year

or more and are also shown as a separate category. Unclassified students were not shown in the tables.
201

Appendix B—Technical Notes and Methodology

The 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96)

The 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96) is a comprehensive

nationwide study conducted by the Department of Education’s National Center for Education

Statistics (NCES) to determine how students and their families pay for postsecondary education.41 It also describes demographic and other characteristics of students enrolled. The study is

based on a nationally representative sample of all students in postsecondary education institutions, including undergraduate, graduate, and first-professional students. Students attending all

types and levels of institutions are represented in the sample, including public and private institutions and less-than-2-year institutions, 2-year institutions, and 4-year colleges and universities.

The study is designed to address the policy questions resulting from the rapid growth of financial

aid programs, and the succession of changes in financial aid program policies since 1986. The

first NPSAS study was conducted in 1986–87, and then again in 1989–90 and in 1992–93.

For NPSAS:96 information was obtained from more than 830 postsecondary institutions on

approximately 41,400 undergraduates, and approximately 27,000 of the undergraduates in the

sample were interviewed. The weighted response rate for institutional record data collection was

93.1 percent. The weighted effective response rate for the telephone interviews was 76.2 percent.

Accuracy of Estimates

The statistics in this report are estimates derived from a sample. Two broad categories of

error occur in such estimates: sampling and nonsampling errors. Sampling errors occur because

observations are made only on samples of students, not entire populations. Nonsampling errors

occur not only in sample surveys but also in complete censuses of entire populations. Nonsampling errors can be attributed to a number of sources: inability to obtain complete information

about all students in all institutions in the sample (some students or institutions refused to participate, or students participated but answered only certain items); ambiguous definitions; differences in interpreting questions; inability or unwillingness to give correct information; mistakes in

 

41For more information on the NPSAS survey, consult U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,

Methodology Report for the 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 98-073) (Washington, D.C.: 1997).
Appendix B—Technical Notes and Methodology

202

recording or coding data; and other errors of collecting, processing, sampling, and imputing

missing data.

Data Analysis System

The estimates presented in this report were produced using the NPSAS:96 Data Analysis

Systems (DAS). The DAS software makes it possible for users to specify and generate their own

tables from the NPSAS:96 data. With the DAS, users can replicate or expand upon the tables

presented in this report. In addition to the table estimates, the DAS calculates proper standard

errors42 and weighted sample sizes for these estimates. For example, table B1 contains standard

errors that correspond to table 3.1a in the table compendium, and it was generated by the DAS. If

the number of valid cases is too small to produce a reliable estimate (less than 30 cases), the

DAS prints the message “low-N” instead of the estimate.

In addition to tables, the DAS will also produce a correlation matrix of selected variables to

be used for linear regression models. Included in the output with the correlation matrix are the

design effects (DEFTs) for each variable in the matrix. Since statistical procedures generally

compute regression coefficients based on simple random sample assumptions, the standard errors

must be adjusted with the design effects to take into account the NPSAS:96 stratified sampling

method.

For more information about the NPSAS:96 Data Analysis Systems, consult the NCES DAS

Website (WWW.PEDAR-DAS.org) or contact:

Aurora D’Amico

NCES Data Development and Longitudinal Studies Group

555 New Jersey Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20208-5652

(202) 219-1365

Internet address: Adamico@inet.ed.gov

 

42The NPSAS:96 samples are not simple random samples, and therefore, simple random sample techniques for estimating sampling error cannot be applied to these data. The DAS takes into account the complexity of the sampling procedures and calculates

standard errors appropriate for such samples. The method for computing sampling errors used by the DAS involves approximating the estimator by the linear terms of a Taylor series expansion. The procedure is typically referred to as the Taylor series

method.
Appendix B—Technical Notes and Methodology

203

Table B1—Standard errors for table 3.1a: Percentage of undergraduates receiving aid according to type of

Table B1—aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96

 Any Any Any Any Any other

 aid grants work-study loan1 type aid2

 Total 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 

Type of institution

 Public 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.4 

 Less-than-2-year 7.1 6.3 0.1 1.4 3.0 

 2-year 1.3 1.2 0.3 0.7 0.6 

 4-year 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 

 Nondoctorate-granting 1.3 1.2 0.6 1.4 0.5 

 Doctorate-granting 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.6 

 Private, not-for-profit 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.5 0.8 

 Less-than-4-year 5.9 4.6 1.0 6.3 2.6 

 4-year 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 0.8 

 Nondoctorate-granting 1.6 1.9 1.7 2.1 1.2 

 Doctorate-granting 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.7 

 Private, for-profit 2.4 2.7 0.1 3.2 1.2 

 More than one institution 1.5 2.1 0.8 1.9 1.0 

Level of institution3

 Less-than-2-year 4.2 3.8 0.1 4.3 1.5 

 2-year 1.3 1.2 0.3 0.7 0.5 

 4-year 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.4 

Attendance pattern

 Full-time, full-year 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.4 

 Full-time, part-year 1.4 1.4 0.2 1.2 0.7 

 Part-time, full-year 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.5 

 Part-time, part-year 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.5 

Local residence

 On campus 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.6 

 Off campus 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.4 

 With parents 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.8 0.4 

Tuition and fees3

 Less than $500 1.1 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.5 

 $500–999 1.7 1.6 0.6 0.9 0.7 

 $1,000–1,999 1.3 1.4 0.4 1.0 0.6 

 $2,000–3,999 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.6 

 $4,000–7,999 1.3 1.4 0.7 1.5 0.8 

 $8,000 or more 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.8 

Price of attendance3

 Less than $4,000 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.5 

 $4,000–7,999 1.3 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.5 

 $8,000–11,999 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.1 0.5 

 $12,000–15,999 1.2 1.4 0.7 1.4 0.8 

 $16,000 or more 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.9 
Appendix B—Technical Notes and Methodology

204

Table B1—Standard errors for table 3.1a: Percentage of undergraduates receiving aid according to type of

Table B1—aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Any Any Any Any Any other

 aid grants work-study loan1 type aid2

Gender

 Male 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.4 

 Female 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.4 

Race–ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.4 

 Black, non-Hispanic 1.9 1.7 0.6 1.7 0.9 

 Hispanic 2.1 2.0 0.9 1.6 0.6 

 Asian/Pacific Islander 1.9 1.8 0.7 1.4 0.7 

 American Indian/Alaskan Native 4.6 4.5 1.4 3.7 3.6 

Age as of 12/31/95

 18 years or younger 1.3 1.3 0.6 1.1 0.5 

 19–23 years 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.3 

 24–29 years 1.5 1.4 0.4 1.0 0.6 

 30–39 years 1.4 1.3 0.2 0.9 0.8 

 40 years or older 1.6 1.4 0.2 0.7 0.7 

Dependency status

 Dependent 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.3 

 Independent 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.5 

 No dependents, unmarried 1.3 1.1 0.3 1.0 0.7 

 No dependents, married 1.7 1.6 0.2 0.8 0.7 

 With dependents 1.3 1.2 0.3 0.9 0.6 

Dependency and 1994 income

 Dependents

 Less than $20,000 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.4 0.5 

 $20,000–39,999 1.4 1.3 0.7 1.4 0.5 

 $40,000–59,999 1.4 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.6 

 $60,000–79,999 1.6 1.3 0.6 1.2 0.5 

 $80,000–99,999 1.7 1.3 0.6 1.3 0.9 

 $100,000 or more 1.4 1.1 0.4 0.9 0.6 

 Independent

 Less than $10,000 1.2 1.3 0.5 1.2 0.7 

 $10,000–19,999 1.9 1.8 0.3 1.2 0.6 

 $20,000–29,999 2.0 1.7 0.2 1.0 0.9 

 $30,000–49,999 1.8 1.6 0.2 0.9 1.0 

 $50,000 or more 1.6 1.4 0.1 0.6 0.8 

Income percentile rank

 Lowest quartile 1.0 1.1 0.5 1.0 0.5 

 Middle quartiles 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.4 

 Highest quartile 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.4 
Appendix B—Technical Notes and Methodology

205

Statistical Procedures

The descriptive comparisons were tested in this report using Student’s t statistic. Differences between estimates are tested against the probability of a Type I error, or significance level.

The significance levels were determined by calculating the Student’s t values for the differences

between each pair of means or proportions and comparing these with published tables of significance levels for two-tailed hypothesis testing.

Student’s t values may be computed to test the difference between estimates with the following formula:

t

E E

se se = −

+

1 2

1

1

2

2 (1)

where E1 and E2 are the estimates to be compared and se1 and se2 are their corresponding standard errors. This formula is valid only for independent estimates. When estimates are not independent, a covariance term must be added to the formula. If the comparison is between the mean

of a subgroup and the mean of the total group, the following formula is used:

Table B1—Standard errors for table 3.1a: Percentage of undergraduates receiving aid according to type of

Table B1—aid, by institutional and student characteristics: 1995–96—Continued

 Any Any Any Any Any other

 aid grants work-study loan1 type aid2

Aid status

 No aid † † † † †

 Received aid 0.0 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.6 

Grant status

 No grants 0.5 † 0.1 0.4 0.4 

 Received grants 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.0 0.4 

Loan status

 No loans 0.8 0.8 0.2 † 0.4 

 Received loans4 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.6 

†Not applicable.

1

Excludes PLUS loans.

2

Includes PLUS loans.

3

Excludes students attending more than one institution.

4

“Loans” only include loans to students. Parent PLUS loans are categorized as “other aid.”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:96), Undergraduate Data Analysis System.
Appendix B—Technical Notes and Methodology

206

E E

se se p se

sub tot

sub tot sub

−

+ − 22 2 2 

(2)

where p is the proportion of the total group contained in the subgroup.43

When comparing two percentages from a distribution that adds to 100 percent, the following formula is used:

E -E

se + se - 2(r)se se

1 2

1

2

2

2

1 2

 (3)

where r is the correlation between the two estimates.44 The estimates, standard errors, and correlations can all be obtained from the DAS.

There are hazards in reporting statistical tests for each comparison. First, comparisons

based on large t statistics may appear to merit special attention. This can be misleading since the

magnitude of the t statistic is related not only to the observed differences in means or percentages

but also to the number of students in the specific categories used for comparison. Hence, a small

difference compared across a large number of students would produce a large t statistic.

A second hazard in reporting statistical tests for each comparison occurs when making

multiple comparisons among categories of an independent variable. For example, when making

paired comparisons among different levels of income, the probability of a Type I error for these

comparisons taken as a group is larger than the probability for a single comparison. When more

than one difference between groups of related characteristics or “families” are tested for statistical significance, one must apply a standard that assures a level of significance for all of those

comparisons taken together.

Comparisons were made in this report only when p< .05/k for a particular pairwise comparison, where that comparison was one of k tests within a family. This guarantees both that the

individual comparison would have p< .05 and that for k comparisons within a family of possible

comparisons, the significance level for all the comparisons will sum to p< .05.45

For example, in a comparison of the percentages of males and females who enrolled in

postsecondary education, only one comparison is possible (males versus females). In this family,

 

43U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, A Note from the Chief Statistician, no. 2, 1993.

44Ibid.

45The standard that p≤ .05/k for each comparison is more stringent than the criterion that the significance level of the comparisons should sum to p≤ .05. For tables showing the t statistic required to ensure that p≤ .05/k for a particular family size and degrees of freedom, see Olive Jean Dunn, “Multiple Comparisons Among Means,” Journal of the American Statistical Association

56 (1961): 52–64.
Appendix B—Technical Notes and Methodology

207

k=1, and the comparison can be evaluated without adjusting the significance level. When students are divided into five racial–ethnic groups and all possible comparisons are made, then k=10

and the significance level of each test must be p< .05/10, or p< .005. The formula for calculating

family size (k) is as follows:

k j j = ( ) −1

2 (4)

where j is the number of categories for the variable being tested. In the case of race–ethnicity,

there are five racial–ethnic groups (American Indian/Alaskan Native; Asian/Pacific Islander;

black, non-Hispanic; Hispanic; and white, non-Hispanic), so substituting 5 for j in equation 2,

k = 5(5 -1)

2

=10

Assessing the Statistical Significance of the Relationship Between Two Continuous

Variables

There are two approaches to testing the statistical significance of the relationship between

two continuous variables used in this report. The first is based on serial t-tests with corrections

for multiple comparisons, while the second is based on the correlation between the two uncategorized variables.

For example, to make general statements about the relationship between income and the

amount of financial aid received by undergraduates, income can be coded into a set of mutually

exclusive and exhaustive categories (e.g., incomes below $10,000, $10,000–35,000, over

$35,000). Within each income category, the average amount of aid awarded can be calculated.

Testing the overall relationship requires calculating t-tests among all relevant comparisons, along

with a Bonferroni adjustment for the possibility of obtaining a significant difference due to the

number of multiple comparisons being made.

There are some limitations in using categorical versions of continuous variables. First, the

association or lack of association in a particular comparison may be affected by the choice of

categories. Second, in cases with clear trends for a positive or negative association between variables, failing to find a significant t-value for just one among many possible comparisons prevents

analysts from describing clear patterns in the data.

An alternative to categorizing continuous variables and conducting sequential t-tests is to

calculate the statistical significance of the correlation between two uncategorized metric variables. For several comparisons discussed in this report, the statistical significance of the correla-
Appendix B—Technical Notes and Methodology

208

tion between two variables was calculated using a combination of features from the Data Analysis System’s (DAS) correlation matrix option, and the ordinary least squares regression procedure in SPSS for Windows.

There are two steps to this process. In the first step, the DAS program produces a correlation matrix that can be read by SPSS for Windows. Included in the DAS output are the SPSS

code for ordinary least squares regression, correlation coefficients, variable means and standard

deviations, and the design effects (DEFT) for each variable. Although the DAS does not calculate

the statistical significance of the correlation between the variables, such information can be obtained using SPSS.

In the second step, the SPSS program code provided by the DAS is used to calculate the regression between the variables. The SPSS regression output includes two important pieces of information. First, the program calculates the standardized regression coefficient or beta. For a two

variable regression, the beta coefficient is equal to the correlation between the two variables.

Second, the regression output includes an estimated t-value for the statistical significance of the

beta (or correlation) coefficient.

The estimated t-value, however, does not take into account the complex sampling design

used in the NPSAS data collection, and the t-values are likely to overestimate the statistical significance of the coefficient. The DAS output, however, provides the design effects for each variable based on the complex sampling used in NPSAS, and this information can be used to adjust

the SPSS t-value by dividing it by the larger of the two design effects.46 This adjusted t-value

properly indicates the statistical significance of the correlation between the two variables given

the NPSAS sample design.

 

46This procedure was followed only if the DEFT was greater than 1.0.