Field Guide 

for Managing 

Saltcedar

United States 

Department of 

Agriculture

Forest

Service

Southwestern

Region

TP-R3-16-2

January 2010
Printed on recycled paper • January 2010

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Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.)

Tamarisk family (Tamaricaceae)

Saltcedar is an invasive plant common to southwestern 

states and has been listed as a noxious weed in New Mexico. 

This field guide is intended to serve as the U.S. Forest 

Service’s recommendations for management of saltcedar in 

forests, woodlands, riparian areas, and rangelands associated 

with the Forest Service’s Southwestern Region. The 

region consists of 11 national forests in Arizona and New 

Mexico together with 3 national grasslands in New Mexico, 

Oklahoma, and Texas.

Description

Tamarix is one of four genera in the Tamaricaceae and is 

represented by 54 species worldwide. Tamarix taxonomy 

is somewhat disputed, and authors can have nomenclatures 

different from each other. The common names of tamarisk 

and saltcedar have been applied to many species of the 

genus; however, these terms usually refer to T. chinensis or 

T. ramosissima in the southwestern United States. Although 

these species can hybridize, many taxonomists consider 

them to be the same species since they are indistinguishable 

from one another; in which case, T. chinensis is the proper 

taxonomic name.

Growth Characteristics

• Perennial, deciduous, small shrub or tree, 5 to 25 feet 

tall.

• Shallow, lateral rhizomes and deep roots can 

penetrate to a depth of 30 feet or more. Sprouting 

commonly occurs from disturbed root crowns or from 

stems or roots lying near the soil surface.

• Small, scaly, bluish-green flat leaves resemble 

evergreen “needles.”

• Reddish-brown branches are smooth, slender, and 

flexible but snap off easily. Bark becomes furrowed 

and ridged with age.

• Flowers March through October. Thousands of 

tiny, pink-to-white flowers with five petals produce 

extremely small seeds that resemble pepper. Tips of 

short-lived seeds have tufts of hair that aid in wind 

and animal dispersal.

Ecology

Impacts/threats – Saltcedar alters the ecology and 

hydrology of native riparian systems and generally 

diminishes habitat quality. Leaf drop increases soil salinity 

and lessens microbial activity. Evapotranspiration rates for 

saltcedar are higher than for native riparian species which 

may reduce streamflows. Soils become drier under dense 

saltcedar stands; however, saltcedar can provide nesting for 

birds and may be an important pollen source for honeybees.

Location – Found throughout most of the United States 

except for parts of New England, Middle Atlantic States, 

and the Midwest. Common along disturbed and undisturbed 

streams, riverbanks, desert springs, flood plains, drainages, 

and irrigation waterways. Seedlings require saturated soil to 

establish.

Spread – Rapid colonization and expansion most commonly 

occurs with flood events or water inundation. Seeds float on 

water and require damp soil moisture for germination and 

seedling survival.

Contributing Factors – The saltcedar root system is 

dominated by a root crown that lies 12 to 18 inches below 

the soil surface. Buds on the root crown and shallow lateral 

roots will sprout new stems rapidly when aerial portions of 

the plant are removed. 

Management

Saltcedar may be managed to enhance downstream 

waterflow, recreation, fire prevention, grazing, flood control, 

and aesthetics. Strategies to control saltcedar often vary 

depending on specific management objectives and location 

within a watershed. For example, an eradication strategy 

in headwater areas may be used to prevent the downstream 

spread of saltcedar along waterways. In transitional zones, 

such as river edges or riparian areas, saltcedar may be 

removed to enhance waterflow and channel characteristics. 
2

In depositional or flood plain areas, goals for saltcedar 

control can vary widely and may include enhancing wildlife 

habitat, minimizing potential fire hazard, regenerating 

native riparian communities, or meeting other multiple-use 

needs.

Saltcedar potentially serves as nesting habitat for the 

endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax 

traillii extimus) which is protected under the Endangered 

Species Act of 1973. To avoid harm to this species, 

information should be obtained from the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service (Arizona, phone (602) 242-0210; New 

Mexico, phone (505) 248-6920) before implementing 

treatment of saltcedar stands of a quarter acre or more in 

riparian or wetland areas. A formal survey for flycatcher 

nesting habitat by a surveyor with a scientific permit may 

be required for a saltcedar site prior to treatment if the 

nesting status of the site is undetermined. Within occupied 

or suitable flycatcher habitat, saltcedar treatment operations 

(including ground or aerial herbicide spraying) should 

not occur during the flycatcher nesting period of April 15 

to August 30. Other migratory birds also nest from April 

through August, and saltcedar treatment during this period 

should be avoided if possible. When nesting habitat of the 

southwestern willow flycatcher is present, a quarter mile 

buffer surrounding the nest(s) is necessary. 

Control and restoration of saltcedar infested areas over the 

long term requires an integrated management approach. 

Selection of effective control methods depends on specific 

Table 1. Control Decisions

Site Factor Physical Control Cultural 

Control

Biological 

Control 1 Chemical Control

Goal is to eradicate or provide high 

mortality.

Excavation, grubbing, 

and root plowing/

raking.

NA NA Targeted application with a lethal 

herbicide. Methods include cut 

stump, foliage spray, and aerial 

application. 

Goal is to suppress. Mowing, shredding, 

mulching, scraping, 

and fire.

Grazing by 

goats or other 

livestock.

NA Sublethal herbicide application 

that defoliates but does not kill 

the tree.

Site is easily accessible and targeted 

control is needed.

Excavation and 

grubbing.

NA NA Cut stump method, IPT2 foliage 

spray, aerial application by 

helicopter.

Site is difficult to access and targeted 

control is needed.

NA NA NA Cut stump, IPT foliage spray, 

aerial application by helicopter.

Open areas on a flood plain. Excavation, grubbing, 

and root plowing/

raking.

NA NA Aerial application.

Protection of other resources (cultural 

resources, wildlife, endangered 

species, etc.) is necessary.

Hand removal or 

selective mechanical 

removal.

NA Cut stump method, IPT foliage 

spray.

Emergent seedlings are on tillable 

land.

Shallow disking. Prolonged 

flooding

NA Low volume broadcast spray.

Sparse to moderate stands of young 

saltcedar or re-growth.

Excavation and 

grubbing.

Grazing with 

goats

NA IPT or broadcast foliage spray.

Older growth, dense uniform stands. Large-scale clearing 

(root plowing/raking).

NA NA Aerial application by helicopter or 

fixed-wing aircraft.

1

 Although saltcedar leaf beetles (Diorhabda elongata) have been released as biological control agents in portions of the western U.S., the beetle species 

currently cannot be released in Arizona or New Mexico pending review of regulations by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

2

 IPT – Individual plant treatment
stand and site characteristics. The methods are based either 

on individual plant treatment (IPT) or stand treatment. 

Control methods that target and destroy the root system are 

the only techniques that provide complete plant control. 

Methods that damage or remove aboveground growth 

without destroying the root crown will suppress saltcedar 

but will not kill the plant. Aboveground control methods 

include fire, mowing, grazing with goats or other livestock, 

defoliating herbicides, foliage feeding insects, etc. Since 

saltcedar is difficult to eradicate completely, saltcedar 

control programs should be based on the degree of control 

necessary to achieve management objectives. The control 

decision table (table 1) summarizes approaches for many 

common situations. 

Physical Control

Manual Methods 

Hand removal by hoeing or digging can be used to 

target individual plants in relatively small areas. Some 

commercially available hand implements are practical for 

uprooting small saltcedar plants; however, a shovel or hoe 

is most commonly used. The root crown and associated 

layered roots must be entirely removed from the soil. 

Uprooted material should be stacked into piles and dried 

before burning or mulching. 

Mechanical Methods 

Mechanical methods to treat saltcedar range in scale from 

individual plant excavation (from hand-operated equipment 

to excavators) to broad scale clearing (from tillers to 

bulldozers). Clearing saltcedar stands with a mechanical 

method often requires repeated applications. 

Grubbing with a tractor mounted implement is particularly 

useful for control of scattered individual trees. A grubbing 

tool mounted on a tractor’s hydraulic system drives a blade 

into the soil to sever roots below the root crown and force 

the root crown onto the surface. To prevent re-rooting, 

grubbed saltcedar should be piled, dried, and then burned or 

mulched rather than left on the surface.

Excavating can be used to remove individual trees 

selectively. Operators of excavating equipment must be 

skilled in placing the extracting bucket beneath the root 

crown of the target plant and grasping the tree with an 

opposing hydraulic arm so that it can be pulled directly 

upward in a vertical motion. Extracting the tree vertically 

rather than sideways minimizes excessive breakage of the 

root material at or near the ground surface.

Mulching and excavating can be used in combination by 

first eliminating top growth of saltcedar quickly through 

mulching and then using excavation to destroy the remaining 

root system. Mulching requires mobile, high horsepower 

machinery to operate a high speed rotating drum equipped 

with cutting teeth. The mulching equipment mows saltcedar 

top growth to ground level and simultaneously grinds it into 

fine segments. Mulching by itself may be used to reduce fuel 

loading for fires by clearing significant acreage of saltcedar 

in a relatively short period of time. Mulching operations 

leave the roots intact; therefore, saltcedar will re-sprout 

when growth conditions become favorable and will typically 

reach 2 to 5 feet in height within the first or second season 

after mulching. A track mounted excavator may be employed 

to remove the remaining live root crowns and layered roots 

as indicated by the re-sprouting. 

Root plowing and raking is a combined mechanical 

treatment designed to clear large, mature saltcedar stands 

on relatively level areas. A 2-phase approach is generally 

followed. In the first phase, aerial trunks and stems are cut at 

the soil surface and piled using a D-7 or D-8 class bulldozer 

equipped with a front-mounted brush blade. An articulated 

loader equipped with a brush rake working in tandem with 

a bulldozer may be used to facilitate piling. Piles should be 

allowed to dry for a month or longer prior to burning. The 

work may be accomplished during winter months to avoid 

over-heating of equipment and summer nesting of birds. The 

second phase of control should occur during hot and dry 

summer months (usually May and June) when root material 

will dry out after removal from the soil. A 12-foot-wide root 

plow pulled by a bulldozer (e.g., D-7 class) can be used to 

sever the root crown from the remaining root system about 
12 to 18 inches below the soil surface depending on the 

maturity of the saltcedar stand. Root material near the soil 

surface can then be raked by a bulldozer (e.g., D-8 class) 

equipped with a 21-foot-wide hydraulic root rake containing 

teeth that are 4 feet in length and are spaced 15 inches apart. 

The material can then be windrowed and piled using an 

articulated loader. The piles are subsequently burned.

Prescribed Fire

Prescribed fire as a single control method is not 

recommended for long-term saltcedar management since 

saltcedar is fire adapted and re-grows rapidly. Natural or 

prescribed fires in mature or decadent stands of saltcedar 

are hazardous as flame lengths in these fires can be 

extremely high, and crown fires can be difficult to stop with 

standard fire-fighting methods. However, burning may be 

useful or necessary to remove brush piles or dead saltcedar 

left standing after herbicide spraying. 

Cultural Control

Education and monitoring can be important components to 

saltcedar control. Some nurseries still stock saltcedar as a 

decorative plant which could serve as sources of escaped 

stock in non-invaded areas. 

Biological Control

Grazing 

Livestock will browse saltcedar, but the foliage has little 

nutritional value and is usually not 

preferred. Grazing with goats may 

be used to suppress re-sprouting 

after other treatments have been 

made. 

Classical Biological Agents

Saltcedar is typically damaged 

by a number of organisms in its 

native Mediterranean and Asian 

habitat. The saltcedar leaf beetle 

(Diorhabda elongata) is a host-specific species currently 

under study as an option for saltcedar control (see table 2). 

Different subspecies of this beetle with specific requirements 

for climate and day length have been released in the 

U.S. according to their corresponding needs. Four other 

insect species feed on saltcedar (including the cicadellid 

leafhopper, Opsius stactogalus) but have not been observed 

to cause more than minimal damage. Currently, further 

releases of Diorhabda beetles have been suspended pending 

review of regulations for release by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.

Chemical Control

Herbicides are a primary method of saltcedar control and 

can be applied by a number of methods including fixedwing aircraft, helicopter, tractor, truck or ATV-mounted 

boom sprayers, power sprayers, backpack sprayers, and 

carpet rollers. Treatment success depends on care taken 

during herbicide application. Most compounds available for 

saltcedar control have post-emergence activity and provide 

limited pre-emergence control (see “Table 3. Herbicide 

Recommendation Table”). 

Herbicide Control Methods 

IPT basal bark treatment can be made on individual 

saltcedar plants by using herbicide mixed with oil and an 

adjustable nozzle (X0 to X1 orifice size) to deliver a mist 

spray from the base of the stem up to 6 inches above the 

ground. Triclopyr ester herbicide should be mixed with 

Table 2. Classical Biological Agents

Species Type of 

Agent

Site of 

Attack

Impact/

Availability

Considerations for 

Release

Diorhabda 

elongata

beetle Larvae and 

adults feed 

on foliage. 

Varies by D. 

elongata subspecies 

but has been 

released in Nevada, 

Utah, Colorado, 

California, and 

Texas. 

Potentially impacts saltcedar 

habitat of endangered 

southwestern willow 

flycatcher. Presently, these 

insects cannot be released in 

accordance with regulations 

of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.
5

crop oil in a 50:50 v/v (volume to volume) ratio. Imazapyr 

may also be used for this application. Although basal bark 

treatment provides fair control, it is very tedious and time 

consuming, especially when the saltcedar is multistemmed. 

Applications on older stems with thick, furrowed bark 

should be avoided since success may be limited. Basal bark 

treatments are more easily made in winter when foliage is 

shed; however, summer treatment is recommended in Texas.

IPT cut stump treatment is often used in areas where 

mechanical treatments or foliar applied herbicide spraying 

are restricted due to logistical considerations or when 

there is a need to be highly selective and protect non-target 

vegetation. The treatment involves hand cutting or chain 

sawing the saltcedar trunk or stems as close to the ground 

surface as reasonable, and then applying herbicide to the 

cut stump surface by paintbrush, hand-held spray bottle, or 

backpack sprayer. The cut surface should be horizontal to 

the ground to minimize runoff, and any residual sawdust 

over the cut surface should be removed prior to herbicide 

application. A solution of triclopyr ester or imazapyr mixed 

with bark or crop oil must be immediately applied within 

15 minutes. The herbicide:oil mixture ratio can vary from 

33:67 to 50:50 v/v depending on the number and size of 

plants to be treated and the application technique used. 

The lower ratio is typically used when applications are 

made with a low volume backpack sprayer or hand-held 

spray bottle, whereas the higher ratio can be used when 

the solution is brushed directly onto the cut stump. Cut 

surfaces of plants with less than 4 inches diameter must be 

thoroughly wetted with herbicide to kill the roots; however, 

the herbicide should be applied to the cambial layer just 

inside the bark ring if the diameter of the saltcedar stump 

exceeds 4 inches. A blue indicator dye should be added 

to the spray mixture to show prior treatment of stumps. 

Disposal of trunks, limbs, and other top growth should 

follow acceptable practices (e.g., stack piles or chips). 

Mortality rates from cut-stump treatments are directly 

related to care taken when treating cut surfaces. Control can 

be 60 to 80 percent under optimal conditions, but plant kills 

may be less than 40 percent due to difficulties associated 

with this method. Therefore, followup treatment using 

ground-based foliar applications should be anticipated. 

IPT foliar spray may be used to control small saltcedar 

that is less than 5 feet in height and is relatively small in 

acreage. Saltcedar foliage should be completely covered 

and the terminal ends of all branches, including blooms, 

should be wetted without allowing dripping to occur. The 

interior of the plant should then be laced with the spray 

solution to complete treatment. Ground application of 1 

percent imazapyr solution by volume to saltcedar foliage 

can be made with a variety of sprayers including hand-held 

pump-up or backpack sprayers; cattle or trailer sprayers; 

or ATV-mounted low and high powered sprayer systems. 

An adjustable cone nozzle (X6 to X8 orifice size) can be 

used to deliver a coarse spray (large droplets). A nonionic 

surfactant (0.25 percent by volume) and a blue indicator 

spray dye should be added to the mixture. Since absorption 

of herbicide into the foliage is relatively slow, chemical 

penetration into the plant should be increased by spraying 

during weather conditions of low wind, high relative 

humidity, and low air temperature. After spraying, the top 

growth should remain undisturbed for at least 2 years after 

treatment. Although plants may appear dead (i.e., completely 

defoliated) in the first growing season after spraying, the 

plant is still trying to grow. If branches (top growth) are 

removed too early after spraying, saltcedar will shift stored 

carbohydrate reserves toward apical root buds and will resprout.

Airplane or helicopter applications can be used to spray 

saltcedar successfully if the aircraft is equipped with 

the proper spray system. Helicopters can spray “tight,” 

difficult areas that require precision application such as 

edges of meandering rivers or saltcedar stands interspersed 

with nontarget vegetation. Fixed-wing aircraft are better 

for spraying large, monotypic blocks of saltcedar where 

an overlapping spray pattern can be delivered at a lower 

operational cost than by a helicopter. Aircraft should be 

equipped with a satellite guidance system, a variable rate 

flow meter, and an onboard GIS display system for spraying 
6

in wildland situations. Areas to be sprayed should be 

premapped, and the onboard computer spray system should 

be preprogrammed to apply herbicide only on defined 

treatment areas. Swaths should be overlapped to prevent 

streaking whereby plants are left untreated or slightly 

damaged.

For aerial applications, the spray volume should be 

sufficiently high to insure maximum spray coverage. Spray 

nozzles should be fitted to deliver moderate to large sized 

droplets ranging from 450 to 1,200 μm. As indicated by 

table 3, a spray mixture may include 2 quarts of imazapyr 

or a 1.5 quart imazapyr plus 1.5 quart glyphosate mixture 

applied in water. A nonionic surfactant (0.25 percent by 

volume) and a drift control agent (0.07 percent by volume) 

should be added to the mixture. For optimum plant control, 

an aerial application should leave the entire saltcedar 

canopy glistening with spray liquid long after spraying 

has occurred. This can partially be accomplished by 

equipping the aircraft with the correct spray system and by 

spraying under optimal environmental conditions. Moderate 

temperatures (60 to 80 oF), high relative humidity (65 to 90 

percent), and light winds (3 to 7 mph) are ideal to maximize 

herbicide activity. Late summer (August through September) 

is usually the best time to spray saltcedar by aircraft. Plants 

to be sprayed should be in a healthy state with full foliage 

that has not been stressed by drought, damaged by hail, or is 

beginning to turn yellow late in the season. 

Control Strategies

Numerous research and practical integrated approaches have 

been developed to manage saltcedar. Successful long-term 

management programs (typically more than 5 years) usually 

include a combination of mechanical, fire, and chemical 

control methods. A combination of methods is particularly 

necessary if the primary objective is to achieve long-term 

native plant stability.

Table 3. Herbicide Recommendations

Common 

Chemical 

Name

Product 

Example1

Product 

Example Rate 

per Acre

Individual Plant 

Treatment (IPT)

Time of 

Application Remarks

Triclopyr 

ester

Garlon 4 NA 50:50 mixture of triclopyr 

and crop oil with a blue 

indicator dye

Anytime For cut stump treatment, apply to fresh 

cut stump within 15 minutes of cutting.

Imazapyr Arsenal 2 quart 

 

1 percent mixture for 

foliage spray (1 gallon per 

100 gallons of water with 

0.25 percent surfactant and 

a blue indicator dye)

Late summer to 

early fall when 

plants are taking 

up nutrients 

—plants should 

be healthy and 

not stressed. 

For IPT, spray to wet all foliage 

especially the terminal ends of branches. 

For aerial broadcast spraying, add 0.25 

percent nonionic surfactant. Use a high 

spray volume; 15 gallons per acre total 

solution when applied by helicopter. 

Allow two full growing seasons before 

followup treatment.

Imazapyr + 

glyphosate

Arsenal + 

Rodeo

1.5 quarts + 1.5 

quarts

1/2 to 1 gallon + 1/2 to 

1 gallon (1 to 2 pounds 

+ 2 to 4 pounds per 100 

gallons of water with 0.25 

percent surfactant and a 

blue indicator dye)

Same as 

imazapyr.

Same as imazapyr.

1

Trade names for products are provided for example purposes only, and other products with the same active ingredient(s) may be available. Individual 

product labels should be examined for specific information and appropriate use with saltcedar.
7

Assessing revegetation potential is a critical first step before 

proceeding with saltcedar control. Costs for saltcedar 

control and revegetation are expensive, and careful 

selection of areas with a high potential for re-establishment 

is necessary to provide sustainable saltcedar control in the 

long term. In some situations, a treated area will recover 

naturally after aerial spraying without revegetation. In other 

situations, artificial plantings or seeding may be necessary. 

Sites that have dense saltcedar stands, poor hydrologic 

integrity, elevated salinity, or related conditions may have 

limited revegetation potential. A soil survey may be used 

to determine the soil texture, ground water depth, salinity 

levels, and other related factors that ultimately influence 

replacement of the vegetation community. 

The literature provides many examples of integrated 

saltcedar management and restoration programs. The 

herbicide-burn-mechanical control program, for example, 

has emerged as a practical strategy for controlling saltcedar 

in large, monotypic tracts on valley bottoms and flood 

plains. The initial intervention step is to apply herbicide 

aerially which typically provides 70 to 90 percent saltcedar 

mortality. After 2 years, prescribed burning is used to 

remove dead aerial trunks and stems. When prescribed 

burning cannot be done, then mechanical treatments such 

as chaining, cabling, bulldozing, or roller chopping may 

be used to drop standing dead debris. Surviving saltcedar 

plants can be removed in the fourth or fifth year after 

spraying with an excavator, grubber, or root plow and 

raking. In some instances, IPT foliage spraying may be used 

to control saltcedar re-sprouting. 

Once saltcedar has been removed, aggressive revegetation 

is often required. Managers should be cognizant of 

subsequent restoration processes and/or revegetation 

requirements when selecting a control strategy. Without 

special planning and care, treated areas may be rapidly 

re-invaded by saltcedar or other invasive species. In such 

instances, sustainable control over the long term is best 

accomplished by planting competitive native plants that 

have a high exclusionary ability. Native riparian woody 

species such as cottonwood (Populus deltoides), Goodings 

willow (Salix gooddingii), and coyote willow (S. exigua) 

have a rapid growth potential under conditions of low 

environmental stress and are good candidate species for 

plantings. 

Further Information

BASF. 2006. A better approach to controlling saltcedar. 

URL http://www.vmanswers.com/lib/PDF/2645014_

saltcedar_ss.pdf.

Carruthers, R. I., C. J. DeLoach, J. C. Herr, G. L. Anderson 

and A. E. Knutson. 2008. Saltcedar areawide pest 

management in the western United States, pp. 252-

279, Chapter 15. In: O. Koul, G. Cuperus and N. 

Elliott (eds.), Areawide Pest Management: Theory and 

Implementation. CAB Intern., Wallingford, U.K.

Duncan, K. and K. McDaniel. 2009. Chemical weed and 

brush control for New Mexico rangelands. Coop. 

Exten. Serv. Circular 579. New Mexico State Univ. 

Las Cruces, NM.

FISRWG. 1998. Stream corridor restoration: principles, 

processes, and practices. By the Federal Interagency 

Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRWG). 

URL http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/stream_

restoration/. Accessed 8-11-09.

McDaniel, K. C. 2008. Saltcedar information In Weed 

Information, New Mexico State Univ. Web site. URL 

< http://agesvr1.nmsu.edu/saltcedar/Index.htm>. 

Accessed 2-2-09.

Shafroth, P. B., J. R. Cleverly, T. L. Dudley, J. P. Taylor, 

C. V. Ripper III, E. P. Weeks, and J. N. Stuart. 2005. 

Control of Tamarix in the western United States: 

implications for water salvage, wildlife use, and 

riparian restoration. Environ. Manage. 35(5):1-16.
The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader 

information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture of any product or service. It does not 

contain recommendations for 

their use, nor does it imply that 

the uses discussed here have 

been registered. All uses of 

pesticides must be registered by 

appropriate State and/or Federal 

agencies before they can be 

recommended.

CAUTION: Pesticides can be 

injurious to humans, domestic 

animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are 

not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively 

and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of 

surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.