FAA-S-8081-XX

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration

PRIVATE PILOT ‒

AIRPLANE

Airman Certification Standards

Date TBD

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE

Washington, DC 20591
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards

Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125 developed this ACS with the assistance of 

the aviation community. The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable support from the many individuals 

and organizations who contributed their time and expertise to assist in this endeavor.

AVAILABILITY

This ACS is available for download from www.faa.gov. Please send comments regarding this document 

to AFS630comments@faa.gov.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

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FOREWORD

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has published the Private Pilot—Airplane Airman Certification 

Standards (ACS) document to communicate the aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and risk 

management standards for private pilot certification in the airplane category, single-engine land and sea; 

and multiengine land and sea classes. 

The FAA views the ACS as the foundation of its transition to a more integrated and systematic approach 

to airman certification testing and training. The ACS is part of the safety management system (SMS) 

framework that the FAA uses as a systematic approach to achieving acceptable levels of safety risk. 

Specifically, the ACS, associated guidance, and test item bank question components of the airman 

certification system are constructed around the four functional components of an SMS: 

• Safety Policy that defines and describes aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and risk 

management as integrated components of the airman certification system;

• Safety Risk Management processes through which internal and external stakeholders identify and 

evaluate regulatory changes, safety recommendations, or other factors that require modification 

of airman testing and training materials;

• Safety Assurance processes to ensure the prompt and appropriate incorporation of changes 

arising from new regulations and safety recommendations; and 

• Safety Promotion in the form of ongoing engagement with both external stakeholders (e.g., the 

aviation training industry) and FAA policy divisions.

In this connection, the FAA gratefully acknowledges and deeply appreciates the many hours that aviation 

training experts throughout the industry have contributed to the development of this ACS, along with the 

associated guidance and a more systematic approach to knowledge test question development. This kind 

of collaboration, a hallmark or a robust safety culture, strengthens and enhances aviation safety at every 

level of the airman certification system.

John M. Allen

Director, Flight Standards Service
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................. ii

AVAILABILITY............................................................................................................................................... ii

FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1

Airman Certification Standards Concept................................................................................................1

Using the ACS .......................................................................................................................................1

SECTION 1: AIRPLANE—SINGLE ENGINE LAND AREAS OF OPERATION...........................................3

I. Preflight Preparation .........................................................................................................................3

A. Pilot Qualifications............................................................................................................................3

B. Airworthiness Requirements ............................................................................................................4

C. Weather Information.........................................................................................................................5

D. Cross-Country Flight Planning .........................................................................................................6

E. National Airspace System ................................................................................................................7

F. Performance and Limitations............................................................................................................8

G. Operation of Systems.......................................................................................................................9

H. Human Factors...............................................................................................................................10

II. Preflight Procedures........................................................................................................................11

A. Preflight Assessment......................................................................................................................11

B. Cockpit Management......................................................................................................................12

C. Engine Starting...............................................................................................................................13

D. Taxiing............................................................................................................................................14

E. Before Takeoff Check.....................................................................................................................15

III. Airport Operations ...........................................................................................................................16

A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals .............................................................................16

B. Traffic Patterns ...............................................................................................................................17

IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds .............................................................................................18

A. Normal Takeoff and Climb..............................................................................................................18

B. Normal Approach and Landing.......................................................................................................19

C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb..........................................................................................................21

D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing...................................................................................................23

E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb .................................................................25

F. Short-Field Approach and Landing.................................................................................................27

G. Forward Slip to a Landing ..............................................................................................................29

H. Go-Around/Rejected Landing.........................................................................................................31
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V. Performance Maneuvers.................................................................................................................32

A. Steep Turns ....................................................................................................................................32

B. Ground Reference Maneuvers .......................................................................................................33

VI. Navigation .......................................................................................................................................34

A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning........................................................................................................34

B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services.......................................................................................35

C. Diversion ........................................................................................................................................36

D. Lost Procedures .............................................................................................................................37

VII. Slow Flight and Stalls......................................................................................................................38

A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight ....................................................................................................38

B. Power-Off Stalls..............................................................................................................................39

C. Power-On Stalls .............................................................................................................................40

D. Spin Awareness .............................................................................................................................41

VIII. Emergency Operations ...................................................................................................................42

A. Inadvertent IMC..............................................................................................................................42

B. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) ............................................................................44

C. Systems and Equipment Malfunction.............................................................................................45

D. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear.....................................................................................46

IX. Night Operation ...............................................................................................................................47

A. Night Preparation............................................................................................................................47

X. Postflight Procedures ......................................................................................................................48

A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing.............................................................................................48

SECTION 2: AIRPLANE—SINGLE ENGINE SEA AREAS OF OPERATION...........................................51

SECTION 3: AIRPLANE—MULTIENGINE LAND AREAS OF OPERATION............................................53

SECTION 4: AIRPLANE—MULTIENGINE LAND AREAS OF OPERATION............................................55

APPENDIX 1: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST.................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Description ...............................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Eligibility Requirements............................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Centers.....................................................................................................................1-1

Test Authorization...............................................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Procedures...............................................................................................................1-2

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations.........................................1-3

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct ..........................................................................................1-3

Airman Knowledge Test Report..........................................................................................................1-3
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APPENDIX 2: THE PRACTICAL TEST ....................................................................................................2-1

Conduct of the Practical Test..............................................................................................................2-1

Use of Checklists ................................................................................................................................2-1

Use of Distractions..............................................................................................................................2-1

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls ..................................................................................................2-2

Stall and Spin Awareness...................................................................................................................2-2

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test............................................................................................2-2

Prerequisites for the Test....................................................................................................................2-3

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test .....................................................................2-3

APPENDIX 3: INSTRUCTOR AND EVALUATOR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES............................3-1

Role of Instructor.................................................................................................................................3-1

Role of Evaluator ................................................................................................................................3-1

APPENDIX 4: ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLES .............................................................................4-1

APPENDIX 5: PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST .......................................................................................5-1

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist....................................................................................................5-1

APPENDIX 6: REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................6-1

APPENDIX 7: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...............................................................................7-1
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INTRODUCTION

Airman Certification Standards Concept

The goal of the airman certification process is to ensure the applicant is ready to safely manage the risks 

of flight as pilot-in-command, consistent with the privileges of the certificate or rating being exercised. In 

fulfilling its responsibilities for the airman certification process, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 

Flight Standards Service (AFS) plans, develops, and maintains materials related to airman certification 

training and testing. 

Historically, these materials have included several components. The FAA knowledge test measures 

mastery of the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 

CFR) part 61. The Practical Test Standards (PTS) define the acceptable parameters of flight proficiency 

in the Areas of Operation listed in14 CFR part 61. FAA H-series handbooks, test supplements, and other 

materials provide guidance to applicants, instructors, and evaluators on aeronautical knowledge, flight 

proficiency, and risk management. 

The FAA recognizes that safe operations in today's complex National Airspace System (NAS) require a 

more systematic integration of aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency standards, and risk 

management. The FAA further recognizes the need to more clearly calibrate knowledge, skills, and risk 

management according to the level of the certificate or rating. To that end, the FAA drew upon the 

expertise of organizations and individuals across the aviation community to develop the Airman 

Certification Standards (ACS). 

Based on aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency standards specified in 14 CFR part 61, the ACS 

integrates the knowledge, skills, and risk management abilities necessary for the safe conduct of each 

Task. In keeping with this integrated and systematic approach, the knowledge, skills, and risk 

management sections of each Task stipulate that the applicant must demonstrate understanding of each 

specific item. The applicant demonstrates this understanding by passing the knowledge exam and 

practical test.

Throughout this process, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery of the topic in 

accordance with the level of learning (i.e., rote, understanding, application, or correlation) most 

appropriate for the specified Task. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or 

explain. For other items, the evaluator will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario 

that requires the applicant to appropriately apply and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and information 

to the circumstances of the given scenario. The flight portion of the practical test requires the applicant to 

demonstrate flight proficiency, operational skill, and risk management in accordance with the ACS. (Note: 

As used in this ACS, an evaluator is any person authorized to conduct airman testing (e.g., an FAA 

aviation safety inspector, designated pilot examiner, or other individual authorized to conduct a practical 

test.)

Using the ACS

The ACS consists of Areas of Operation, arranged in a logical sequence that begins with Preflight 

Preparation and ends with Postflight Procedures. Each Area of Operation includes Tasks appropriate to 

that Area of Operation. Each Task begins with an Objective stating what the applicant should know 

and/or do. The ACS then lists the aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management considerations 

relevant to the specific Task, along with the conditions and acceptable standards for performance. The 

ACS uses Notes to emphasize special considerations. The FAA will revise the ACS as circumstances 

require.

Practical Tests will be based on the ACS in effect the day of the test. The FAA encourages applicants and 

instructors to use the ACS to measure progress during training, and as a reference to ensure the 

applicant is adequately prepared for the knowledge and practical tests.
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The FAA expects evaluators to adhere to 14 CFR and this ACS. The ACS uses the terms "will" and 

"must" to convey directive (mandatory) information. The terms "should" and "may" denote items that are 

recommended, but not required.

The applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test. Further, the applicant must 

pass the oral portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion because the oral portion of the 

practical test allows the evaluator to determine whether the applicant is sufficiently prepared to advance 

to the flight portion of the practical test.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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SECTION 1: AIRPLANE—SINGLE ENGINE LAND AREAS OF OPERATION

I. Preflight Preparation

Task A. Pilot Qualifications

Reference 14 CFR parts 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-25

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with airman and medical certificates including privileges, limitations, currency, and 

operating as pilot-in-command as a private pilot.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Currency, regulatory compliance, privileges and limitations.

2. Location of documents and identification required when exercising privileges. 

3. Inspection of certificate. 

4. Pilot logbook/record-keeping.

5. Compensation.

6. Towing.

7. Category and Class.

9. Endorsements.

10. Medical Certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications.

11. Drugs, alcohol regulatory restrictions that affect the pilot’s ability to operate safely.

Skills The applicant demonstrates the ability to apply requirements to act as PIC under VFR in a 

scenario given by the evaluator.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Distinguishing proficiency vs. currency.

2. Setting personal minimums and accounting for pilot physiology.

3. Maintaining compliance with medical certificates.

4. Over the Counter medications.

5. Flying with unfamiliar flight display systems or advanced avionics.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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Task B. Airworthiness Requirements

Reference 14 CFR parts 39, 43, 91; FAA-H-8083-25

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with airworthiness requirements, including aircraft certificates and checklist 

compliance.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes.

a. Certificate location and expiration dates

b. Required inspections

c. Inspection requirements

2. Individuals who can perform maintenance on the aircraft, including A&P and IA roles in 

aircraft maintenance.

3. Pilot-performed preventative maintenance.

4. Equipment requirements for flight including flying with inoperative equipment (approved 

Minimum Equipment List (MEL), Kinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL), required 

equipment for VFR flight, required equipment, placards).

5. Proving airworthiness (specifics of the aircraft–compliance with Airworthiness Directives or 

Safety Bulletins.

6. Obtaining a special flight permit

7. Experimental aircraft airworthiness.

8. Equipment malfunctions.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Locate aircraft airworthiness information.

2. Determine the aircraft is airworthy in a scenario given by the evaluator.

3. Explain conditions where flight can be made with inoperative equipment.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Flying with inoperative equipment.

2. Equipment failure in flight.

3. Proper reporting of discrepancies or placards.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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Task C. Weather Information 

Reference 14 CFR part 91; AC 00-6, AC 00-45, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with weather information for a flight under visual flight rules (VFR).

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Weather products required for preflight planning, enroute operations, and proceeding to the 

destination or alternate upon arrival.

2. Current and forecast weather for departure, arrival, enroute phases of flight.

3. Meteorology as applicable to local, departure, enroute, alternate, and destination of VFR 

flight in VMC to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:

a. Atmospheric composition and stability

b. Wind

c. Temperature

d. Moisture

e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts

f. Clouds

g. Turbulence

h. Thunderstorms

i. Wind shear

j. Icing

k. Fog

l. Frost

4. Equipment available enroute to aid weather assessment and route selection.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.

2. Correlate weather information to determine alternate requirements.

3. Correlate available weather information to make a competent go-no-go decision.

4. Perform procedures to update/interpret weather in flight.

5. Given scenario, divert.

6. Evaluate environmental conditions using valid and reliable information sources to be able to 

make a competent go/no go or diversion decision.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Making a valid go/no go decision.

2. Weather in flight.

3. Dynamic weather affecting flight.

4. Limitations of portable weather equipment.

5. Limitations of aviation weather reports and forecasts.

6. Limitations of inflight aviation weather resources.

7. Identifying alternate airports along the intended route of flight and circumstances that would 

make diversion prudent.

8. Identifying weather conditions that may affect the planned flight.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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Task D. Cross-Country Flight Planning 

Reference 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Charts; AFD; AIM; NOTAMS

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with cross-country flights and VFR flight planning.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Route planning.

2. Applying universal coordinated time to flight planning

3. Converting and calculating time relative to time zones and ETA.

4. Calculating heading, speed, course.

5. Calculating time, rate, distance.

6. Fuel planning.

7. Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of aircraft, 

hemispherical rules, and effect of wind.

8. Conditions conducive to icing.

9. Symbology found on VFR charts.

10. Elements of a VFR flight plan.

11. Procedures for activating a VFR flight plan in controlled and non-controlled airspace.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Prepare a cross-country flight assigned by the evaluator.

2. Transfer knowledge used for one region to another region (given local climate, terrain, etc.).

3. Update fuel planning/manage fuel.

4. Select appropriate routes, altitudes, and checkpoints.

5. Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.

6. Create and file a VFR flight plan.

7. Interpret departure, enroute, arrival, route with reference to proper charts.

8. Demonstrate diversion to alternate.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Pilot.

2. Aircraft.

3. Environment.

4. External pressures.

5. Lack of appropriate training when flight is planned in an area different from local area such 

as mountains, high density airspace, or Alaska.

6. Tendency to complete the flight in spite of changing conditions.

7. Not maintaining appropriate VFR altitudes for the direction of flight.

8. Limitations of ATC services.

9. Not establishing conservative fuel reserves.

10. Planning a route overflying significant environmental influences, such mountains, and large 

bodies of water.

11. Overflying areas unsuitable for landing or below personal minimums.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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Task E. National Airspace System

Reference 14 CFR parts 71, 91, 93; Navigation Charts; AIM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with the National Airspace System operating under VFR as a private pilot.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Kinds of airspace/airspace classes.

2. Charting symbology.

3. Requirements for flying in that airspace.

4. Special use airspace.

5. Temporary flight restrictions.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Determine the requirements for flying in particular class of airspace.

2. Determine the requirements for special use airspace, special flight rules areas, and other 

airspace areas.

3. Properly identify airspace and operate accordingly with regards to communication and 

equipment requirements.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Various classes of airspace.

2. Maintaining VFR at night underneath airspace.

3. Special use airspace.

4. Effectively planning for compliance with or avoidance of specific enroute airspace.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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Task F. Performance and Limitations

Reference FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with operating an aircraft safely within the parameters of the aircraft performance 

capabilities and limitations.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Elements related to performance and limitations (takeoff and landing, crosswind and 

headwind, density altitude, glide performance, weight and balance, climb, cruise, descent) by 

explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.

2. Factors affecting performance to include atmospheric conditions, pilot technique and aircraft 

condition, airport environment.

3. Effects of adverse loading (weight and balance).

4. Effects of weight and balance over the course of the flight.

5. Aerodynamics.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Given scenario, compute weight and balance, including practical techniques to resolve outof-limits calculations.

2. Use aircraft manufacturer’s approved performance charts, tables, and data.

3. Evaluate takeoff and landing performance based on the values calculated.

4. Evaluate environmental conditions.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Performance charts.

2. Exceeding limitations.

3. Variations in flight performance resulting in operational loads.

4. Applying published aircraft performance data to expected performance.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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Task G. Operation of Systems

Reference FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with the safe operation of systems on the airplane provided for the flight test.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Major components of the systems:

a. Primary flight controls and trim

b. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers

c. Powerplant and propeller (basic engine knowledge)

d. Landing gear

e. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic

f. Electrical

g. Avionics

h. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure and associated flight instruments

i. Environmental

j. Deicing and anti-icing

2. Normal operation of systems.

3. Common mistakes made by pilots (operator error).

4. Abnormal operation of systems.

5. Systems interaction.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Explain operation of systems/operate systems.

2. Use checklist procedures.

3. Use checklist memory items during emergency operations, as applicable.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Handling a failure properly.

2. Pilot error, including improperly operating the system that creates failure or problem.

3. Determining and/or declaring an emergency.

4. Ways to identify system failure, recognizing problems as they develop.

5. Outside/environmental factors affecting the systems, including improper fueling, carburetor 

ice, extremely cold temperatures, vapor lock.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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Task H. Human Factors

Reference FAA-H-8083-25; AIM

Airman Test 

Report

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with personal health, flight physiology and human factors, as it relates to safety of 

flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with:(Require 

all)

a. hypoxia

b. hyperventilation

c. middle ear and sinus problems

d. spatial disorientation

e. motion sickness

f. carbon monoxide poisoning

g. stress and fatigue

h. dehydration and nutrition

i. medication (OTC and Prescription)

j. hypothermia

2. The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications, and associated regulations.

3. The effects of excess nitrogen during scuba dives upon a pilot or passenger in flight.

4. Aeronautical decision-making as affected by hazardous attitudes.

5. Vision (including optical illusion, environmental impacts, day/night, haze, sloping runways).

6. Collision Avoidance (CFIT, scanning, wire strike avoidance).

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Perform self-assessment including whether he or she is fit for flight.

2. Show sound decision-making and judgment (based on reality of circumstances).

3. Perform SRM tasks: ADM, risk management, automation management, task management, 

situational awareness, and CFIT.

4. Using examples, account for environmental impacts/visual cues at the airport, as well as at 

one airport vs. a different airport.

5. Establish personal limitations.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Environmental impacts on medication.

3. Personal risk factors and the conflict between being goal oriented and personal limitations.

4. Optical illusions, including awareness, being able to anticipate, and limiting the effects.

5. Circumstances of the flight (day/night, hot/cold) that affect the pilot’s physiology.

6. Inadvertent continued VFR into IMC (check Weather)
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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II. Preflight Procedures

Task A. Preflight Assessment

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with preparing for safe flight accounting for pilot, aircraft, environment, and external 

factors.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Pilot self-assessment.

2. Determining an appropriate aircraft for the mission by considering sufficient load, range, 

equipment, and altitude capability.

3. Aircraft preflight inspection including which items must be inspected, the reasons for 

checking each item, and how to detect possible defects, and the associated regulations.

4. Environmental factors including weather and flight plan (terrain, route selection, 

obstructions).

5. External pressures.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Use checklist to systematically identify and manage pilot-related risks and personal 

minimums associated with the flight.

2. Inspect the airplane with reference to an appropriate checklist.

3. Verify the airplane is airworthy and in condition for safe flight.

4. Assess the factors related to the environment (weather, airports, terrain, airspace).

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Environmental factors.

2. External pressures.

3. Aviation security concerns.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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Task B. Cockpit Management

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM; AC 91-21.1

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with safe cockpit management practices.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Pilot and passenger restraint and safety system rules and operational considerations.

2. Oxygen use regulations, system operational guidelines, and system checks, if applicable.

3. Passenger briefing requirements and appropriate information.

4. PIC responsibility to have available material for the flight as planned.

5. Establishing and logging PIC for the flight.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Ensure all loose items in the cockpit and cabin are secured.

2. Organize, access, and determine suitability of material, equipment, and technology in an 

efficient manner.

3. Brief occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, sterile cockpit, flight 

control freedom of movement, and emergency procedures.

4. Properly program the navigational equipment available to the pilot on that particular aircraft.

5. Brief and execute positive exchange of flight controls and PIC responsibility. 

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Positive exchange of the flight controls.

2. Suitability of using portable electronic devices.

3. Ensuring technology is an asset and not a distraction.

4. Abandoning technology when it is not appropriate.

5. Recognizing impact of reported discrepancies. 
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

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Task C. Engine Starting

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 91-13, AC 91-55; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with recommended engine starting procedures including proper airplane positioning.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Options for starting with a weak or depleted battery.

2. Starting under various atmospheric conditions. 

3. Starting procedures for airplane being flown including awareness that there are differences 

between carbureted and fuel injected engines.

4. Equipment limitations (starter cycles).

5. Proper positioning of the aircraft.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Position the airplane properly considering structures, other aircraft, and the safety of nearby 

persons and property.

2. Utilize the appropriate checklist for starting procedure.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Propeller safety and awareness to include passenger briefing.

2. Hand propping.

3. Abnormal start..

4. Cold weather operation.

5. Electrical system failure following aircraft engine starts.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

14 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task D. Taxiing

Reference AFD; FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73, AC 150-5340-18

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Positioning aircraft controls for wind.

2. Airport markings (including hold short lines), signs, and lights.

3. Aircraft lighting.

4. Towered and non-towered airport operations.

5. Visual indicators for wind.

6. Airport information resources (AFD, airport diagram).

7. Good cockpit discipline during taxi, including maintaining a sterile cockpit, proper speed, 

separation between other aircraft and vehicles, communication procedures.

8. Procedures for appropriate cockpit activities during taxiing including taxi route planning, 

briefing the location of HOT SPOTS, communicating and coordinating with ATC.

9. Rules for entering or crossing runways.

10. Procedures unique to night operations.

11. Hazards of low visibility operations.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Perform a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.

2. Position the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions.

3. Control direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.

4. Exhibit procedures for steering, maneuvering, maintaining taxiway, runway position, and 

situational awareness to avoid runway incursions.

5. Exhibit proper positioning of the aircraft relative to hold lines.

6. Exhibit procedures to ensure clearances/instructions are received, recorded, and read back 

correctly.

7. Exhibit situational awareness and taxi procedures in the event the aircraft is on a taxiway that 

is between parallel runways. 

8. Use a taxi chart during taxi.

9. Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, ATC clearances and instructions.

10. Utilize procedures for eliminating pilot distractions to avoid other aircraft or vehicles and 

hazards.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Distractions during aircraft taxi.

2. Proper workload management.

3. Confirmation or expectation bias.

4. Recording taxi instructions/clearances

5. Resource management.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

15 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task E. Before Takeoff Check

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with the before takeoff check, including the reasons for checking each item, detecting 

malfunctions, and ensuring the airplane is in safe operating condition as recommended by the 

manufacturer.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Purpose of the runup.

2. Aircraft performance given expected conditions.

3. Purpose of a checklist.

4. Wake turbulence avoidance.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Position the airplane properly considering other aircraft, and wind.

2. Divide attention inside and outside the cockpit.

3. Ensure that powerplant and instrumentation are suitable for runup and takeoff.

4. Accomplish the before takeoff checklist and departure briefing.

5. Review takeoff performance, such as airspeeds, takeoff distances, departure, and 

emergency procedures.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Division of attention and scanning.

2. Different runway than expected.

3. Positive exchange of flight controls.

4. Wake turbulence avoidance.

5. Automation management.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

16 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

III. Airport Operations

Task A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals

Reference 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with normal and emergency radio communications and ATC light signals to conduct 

radio communications safely while operating the aircraft.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. How to obtain frequency.

2. Standard communication procedures and ATC standard phraseology.

3. ATC light signal recognition. 

4. Communication procedures.

5. Transponders.

6. Emergency Locator Transmitter.

7. Radar assistance.

8. Lost communication procedures.

9. Use of automated weather and airport information.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select appropriate frequencies.

2. Transmit using standard phraseology and procedures.

3. Acknowledge radio communications and comply with instructions.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Overcoming human factors associated with communication

2. Overcoming human factors associated with declaring an emergency

3. Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication. 

4. Automation management.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

17 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task B. Traffic Patterns

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 90-66; AIM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with safe operations in and around the airport traffic patterns.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Towered and non-towered airport operations and runway selection.

2. Airport markings, lighting, wind indicators.

3. Collision avoidance.

4. Right-of-way rules.

5. Wake turbulence recognition and resolution.

6. Wind shear avoidance.

7. Runway incursion avoidance.

8. Use of automated weather and airport information. 

9. Use of radio for proper communications.

10. Parachuting operations.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Properly identify and interpret airport runways, taxiways, markings, and lighting.

2. Comply with proper traffic pattern procedures.

3. Maintain proper spacing from other aircraft.

4. Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.

5. Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use.

6. Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.

7. Maintain an awareness of the position of other aircraft in the pattern.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Collision avoidance.

2. Scanning.

3. Wake turbulence.

4. Lack of situational awareness.

5. Aircraft separation.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

18 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds

Task A. Normal Takeoff and Climb

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a normal takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.

NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements 

shall be evaluated through oral testing.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Takeoff distance.

2. Takeoff power.

3. Wind conditions and effects.

4. Minimum safe altitude.

5. Density altitude.

6. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component.

7. Application of VX or VY.

8. Emergency procedures during takeoff and climb.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Verify ATC clearance and no aircraft is on final before entering the runway.

2. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct takeoff runway.

3. Ascertain wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.

4. Calculate if crosswind component is above his or her ability or that of the aircraft’s capability.

5. Position the flight controls for the existing wind conditions.

6. Clear the area; taxi into the takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway center.

7. Confirm takeoff power, and proper engine instrument indications prior to rotation.

8. Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerates to VY.

9. Establish a pitch attitude that will maintain VY +10/-5 knots.

10. Retract the landing gear and flaps in accordance with manufacturer guidance.

11. Maintain takeoff power and VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.

12. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

13. Comply with noise abatement and published departure procedures.

14. Complete the appropriate checklist.

15. Use proper emergency procedures during takeoff and climb, according to the manufacturer.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Selection of runway based on wind, pilot capability, and aircraft limitations

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or aircraft capability.

3. Windshear.

4. Tailwinds.

5. Wake turbulence.

6. Go/no go decision making.

7. Task management.

8. Low altitude maneuvering. 

9. Wire strikes.

10. Minimum safe altitude for climb.

11. Situational awareness of obstacles on departure path.

12. Recognition of need for rejected takeoff.

13. Handling engine failure during takeoff and climb.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

19 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task B. Normal Approach and Landing

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a normal approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of 

flight controls.

NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements 

shall be evaluated through oral testing.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Landing distance.

2. Stabilized approach.

3. Energy management.

4. Wind conditions and effects.

5. Density altitude.

6. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component.

7. Emergency procedures during approach and landing.

8. Land and hold short operations.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Consider the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and selects a suitable 

touchdown point.

2. Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts 

pitch attitude and power as required.

3. Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 

1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots, with wind gust factor applied.

4. Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during the round out and touchdown.

5. Touch down smoothly at the manufacturer’s recommended speed.

6. Touch down within the available runway, within 400 feet beyond a specified point with no 

drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.

7. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing 

sequence.

8. Execute a timely go around decision when the approach cannot be made within the 

tolerances specified above.

9. Utilize after landing runway incursion avoidance procedures.

10. Complete the appropriate checklist.

Task continued on next page.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

20 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task B. Normal Approach and Landing

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Selection of runway based on wind and pilot capability and aircraft limitations.

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or aircraft capability.

3. Windshear.

4. Tailwinds.

5. Wake turbulence.

6. Task management.

7. Low altitude maneuvering. 

8. Wire strikes. 

9. Collision Avoidance.

10. Right-of-way.

11. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach path.

12. Recognition of need for go-around/rejected landing.

13. Stall/spin awareness.

14. Land and hold short operations.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

21 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a soft-field takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings.

2. Awareness of additional left turning tendencies.

3. Effects of aircraft configuration.

4. Effects of runway surface.

5. Takeoff distance.

6. Takeoff power.

7. Wind conditions and effects.

8. Minimum safe altitude.

9. Density altitude.

10. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component.

11. Application of VX or VY.

12. Emergency procedures during takeoff and climb.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Verify ATC clearance and no aircraft is on final before entering the runway.

2. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct takeoff runway.

3. Ascertain wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.

4. Calculate the crosswind component and determine if it is above his or her ability or that of the 

aircraft’s capability.

5. Position the flight controls for the existing wind conditions.

6. Clear the area; taxi into the takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway center line 

without stopping while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

7. Confirm takeoff power, and proper engine instrument indications prior to rotation.

8. Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that will transfer the weight of the airplane from the 

wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.

9. Rotate and lift off at the lowest possible airspeed and remains in ground effect while 

accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate.

10. Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintains selected airspeed +10/-5 

knots during the climb.

11. Retract the landing gear and flaps after clear of any obstacles in accordance with 

manufacturer guidance.

12. Maintain takeoff power and VX or VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude

13. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

14. Comply with noise abatement and published departure procedures. 

15. Complete the appropriate checklist.

16. Use proper emergency procedures during takeoff and climb, according to the manufacturer.

Task continued on next page.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

22 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Selection of runway based on wind, pilot capability, and aircraft limitations.

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or aircraft capability.

3. Other than hard surfaced runway.

4. Windshear.

5. Tailwinds.

6. Wake turbulence.

7. Go/no go decision making.

8. Task management.

9. Low altitude maneuvering. 

10. Wire strikes.

11. Minimum safe altitude for climb.

12. Situational awareness of obstacles on departure path.

13. Recognition of need for rejected takeoff.

14. Strategies for handling engine failure during takeoff and climb.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

23 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a soft-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination 

of flight controls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Landing distance.

2. Hazards of other than hard surfaced runway.

3. Stabilized approach.

4. Energy management.

5. Wind conditions and effects.

6. Density altitude.

7. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component.

8. Emergency procedures during approach and landing.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Consider the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and selects a suitable 

touchdown point.

2. Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts 

pitch attitude and power as required.

3. Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 

1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots, with wind gust factor applied.

4. Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during the round out and touchdown 

and keep the nose wheel off the surface until loss of elevator effectiveness. 

5. Touch down softly with no drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over 

the runway centerline..

6. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing 

sequence.

7. Execute a timely go-around decision when the approach cannot be made within the 

tolerances specified above.

8. Maintain proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi on the soft surface.

9. Utilize after landing runway incursion avoidance procedures.

10. Complete the appropriate checklist.

Task continued on next page.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

24 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Selection of runway based on wind and pilot capability and aircraft limitations.

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or aircraft capability.

3. Other than hard-surfaced runway.

4. Windshear avoidance.

5. Tailwinds.

6. Wake turbulence.

7. Task management.

8. Low altitude maneuvering. 

9. Wire strikes.

10. Collision avoidance.

11. Right-of-way.

12. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach path.

13. Recognition of need for go-around/rejected landing.

14. Stall/spin awareness.

15. How to accomplish soft field landing without the use of power in power failure situation.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

25 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a short-field takeoff, maximum performance climb operations, and rejected 

takeoff procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Effects of aircraft configuration.

2. Effects of runway surface.

3. Takeoff distance.

4. Takeoff power.

5. Obstruction clearance.

6. Wind conditions and effects.

7. Minimum safe altitude.

8. Density altitude.

9. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component.

10. Application of VX or VY.

11. Emergency procedures during takeoff and climb.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Verify ATC clearance and no aircraft on final before entering the runway.

2. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct takeoff runway.

3. Ascertain wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.

4. Calculate if crosswind component and determine if it is above his or her ability or that of the 

aircraft’s capability.

5. Position the flight controls for the existing wind conditions.

6. Clear the area; taxi into takeoff position utilizing maximum available takeoff area and align 

the airplane on the runway center line.

7. Apply brakes (if appropriate), while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

8. Configure aircraft power settings to achieve maximum performance.

9. Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and proper engine instrument indications prior 

to rotation.

10. Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerate to the recommended 

obstacle clearance airspeed or VX.

11. Establish a pitch attitude that will maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed, or 

VX, +10/-5 knots, until the obstacle is cleared, or until the airplane is 50 feet above the 

surface.

12. After clearing the obstacle, establish the pitch attitude for VY, accelerate to VY, and maintain 

VY, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

13. Retract the landing gear and flaps after clear of any obstacles in accordance with 

manufacturer guidance.

14. Maintain takeoff power and VX or VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.

15. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

16. Comply with noise abatement and published departure procedures.

17. Complete the appropriate checklist.

18. Demonstrate proper emergency procedures during takeoff and climb, according to the 

manufacturer.

Task continued on next page.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

26 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Selection of runway based on wind and pilot capability and aircraft limitations.

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or aircraft capability.

3. Other than hard-surfaced runway.

4. Obstruction clearance.

5. Obstruction clearance climb attitude.

6. Windshear.

7. Tailwinds.

8. Wake turbulence.

9. Go/no go decision making.

10. Task management.

11. Low altitude maneuvering.

12. Wire strikes.

13. Minimum safe altitude for climb.

14. Situational awareness of obstacles on departure path.

15. Recognition of need for rejected takeoff.

16. Strategies for handling engine failure during takeoff and climb.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

27 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task F. Short-Field Approach and Landing

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a short-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination 

of flight controls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Landing distance.

2. Hazards of other than hard-surfaced runways.

3. Obstruction clearance.

4. Stabilized approach.

5. Energy management.

6. Wind conditions and effects.

7. Density altitude.

8. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component.

9. Emergency procedures during approach and landing.

10. Land and hold short operations.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Consider the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and select a suitable touchdown 

point.

2. Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjust 

pitch attitude and power as required.

3. Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 

1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots, with wind gust factor applied.

4. Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during the round out and touchdown.

5. Touch down smoothly at manufacturer’s recommended airspeed.

6. Touch down within the available runway, at or within 200 feet beyond a specified point, with 

no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over 

the runway center line.

7. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing 

sequence.

8. Execute a timely go-around decision when the approach cannot be made within the 

tolerances specified above.

9. Apply brakes as necessary, to stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.

10. Configure aircraft power settings to achieve maximum performance.

11. Utilize after landing runway incursion avoidance procedures.

12. Complete the appropriate checklist.

Task continued on next page.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

28 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task F. Short-Field Approach and Landing

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Selection of runway based on wind and pilot capability and aircraft limitations.

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or aircraft capability.

3. Other than hard surfaced runway.

4. Obstruction clearance.

5. Windshear.

6. Hazards of tailwinds.

7. Wake turbulence.

8. Task management.

9. Low altitude maneuvering.

10. Wire strikes.

11. Collision Avoidance.

12. Right-of-way.

13. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach path.

14. Recognition of need for go-around/rejected landing.

15. Stall/spin awareness.

16. Land and Hold Short Operations.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

29 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task G. Forward Slip to a Landing

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a forward slip to a landing.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. When and why forward slips are used and differences between side slips.

2. How forward slips are executed.

3. Landing distance.

4. Stabilized approach.

5. Energy management.

6. Effects of forward slips changing indicated airspeed vs. true airspeed.

7. Wind conditions and effects.

8. Density altitude.

9. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component.

10. Emergency procedures during approach and landing.

11. Land and hold short operations.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select runway based on wind and pilot capability and aircraft limitations.

2. Determine if crosswind component is above his or her ability or that of the aircraft’s 

capability.

3. Select touchdown point.

4. Establish the slipping attitude at the point from which a landing can be made using the 

recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed; adjust pitch attitude as 

required.

5. Maintain a ground track aligned with the runway centerline and an airspeed, which results in 

minimum float during the round out.

6. Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during the recovery from the slip, the 

round out, and the touchdown.

7. Touch down within 400 feet beyond a specified point with no drift, and with the airplane’s 

longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.

8. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing 

sequence.

9. Complete the appropriate checklist.

Task continued on next page.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

30 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task G. Forward Slip to a Landing

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Performing a go-around/rejected landing.

2. Importance of landing in direction of momentum, with wheels pointed forward on touchdown.

3. Correlating any cross wind effects with direction of forward slip and transition to side slip for 

landing.

4. Stall/spin awareness.

5. Windshear.

6. Land and hold short operations.

7. Tailwinds.

8. Wake turbulence.

9. Task management.

10. Low altitude maneuvering.

11. Wire strikes.

12. Collision avoidance.

13. Right-of-way.

14. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach path.

15. Risks associated with forward slip operations, including fuel flowage, tail stalls with flaps, and 

airspeed control.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

31 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task H. Go-Around/Rejected Landing

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a go around/rejected landing with emphasis on factors that contribute to 

landing conditions that may require a go around.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Landing distance.

2. Stabilized approach.

3. Energy management.

4. Wind conditions and effects.

5. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component.

6. Emergency procedures during approach and landing.

7. Communication procedures.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.

2. Apply takeoff power immediately and transition to climb pitch attitude for VX or VY as 

appropriate +10/-5 knots and/or appropriate pitch attitude.

3. Configure aircraft power settings to achieve maximum performance.

4. Retract the flaps and adjust pitch trim, as appropriate.

5. Retract the landing gear in accordance with manufacturer guidance.

6. Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.

7. Maintain takeoff power VY +10/-5 to a safe maneuvering altitude.

8. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.

9. Complete the appropriate checklist.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Timeliness for making and executing decision.

2. Task management.

3. Low altitude maneuvering.

4. Slow flight.

5. Wire strikes.

6. Collision avoidance.

7. Right-of-way.

8. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach path.

9. Spin awareness.

10. Elevator trim stalls.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

32 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

V. Performance Maneuvers

Task A. Steep Turns

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with steep turns.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Coordinated flight.

2. Attitude control at various airspeeds.

3. Maneuvering speed, including changes in weight.

4. Controlling rate and radius of turn.

5. Accelerated stalls.

6. Overbanking tendencies.

7. Use of trim.

8. Aerodynamics associated with steep turns.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Establish the manufacturer’s recommended airspeed or if one is not stated, a safe airspeed 

not to exceed VA.

2. Roll into a coordinated 360° turn; maintain a 45° bank.

3. Perform the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the evaluator.

4. Maintain the entry altitude, ±100 feet, airspeed, ±10 knots, bank, ±5°; and roll out on the 

entry heading, ±10°.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Dividing attention between airplane control and orientation.

2. Task management.

3. Energy management.

4. Stall/spin awareness.

5. Situational awareness.

6. Rate and radius of turn with confined area operations.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

33 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task B. Ground Reference Maneuvers

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; 14 CFR part 61

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with ground reference maneuvering which may include a rectangular course, s-turns, 

or turns around a point.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Effects of wind on ground track and relation to a ground reference point.

2. Effect of bank angle and airspeed on rate and radius of turn.

3. Entry/exit requirements of maneuver.

4. Relation of maneuver to airport traffic pattern.

5. Emergency landing considerations during conduct of the maneuver, including entry and exit.

6. Use of maneuver to increase separation from other aircraft.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Ensure the area is clear of other aircraft and obstructions.

2. Select a suitable reference area or ground reference line.

3. Identify a suitable emergency landing area.

4. Plan the maneuver so as to enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an 

appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg (if 

rectangular course), perpendicular to the selected reference line (if s-turns), or at an 

appropriate distance from the reference point (if turns around a point).

5. Apply adequate wind-drift correction during straight-and turning flight to maintain a constant 

ground track if around a rectangular reference area or to track a constant radius turn on each 

side of the selected reference line.

6. If performing a pattern such as s-turns, reverse the turn directly over the selected reference 

line; if performing turns around a point, complete turns in either direction around the selected 

reference point.

7. Divide attention between airplane control and the ground track while maintaining coordinated 

flight.

8. Maintain altitude, ±100 feet; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Collision avoidance.

2. CFIT avoidance.

3. Task management.

4. Wire strike avoidance.

5. Airmanship as exhibited by positive aircraft control.

6. Planning for a suitable landing area in the case of an engine failure.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

34 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

VI. Navigation

Task A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning

Reference FAA-H-8083-25; 14 CFR part 61; Navigation Chart

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with pilotage and dead reckoning.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Navigation process selection.

2. Determining heading, speed, course.

3. Estimating time, rate, distance.

4. True airspeed and density altitude.

5. Wind correction angle.

6. Checkpoint selection.

7. Planned vs. actual flight plan calculations and required corrections.

8. Topography.

9. Plotting a course.

10. Magnetic compass errors.

11. Route selection.

12. Altitude selection.

13. Power setting selection.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Prepare a document or electronic equivalent to be used in flight for comparisons with 

planned fuel usages and times over waypoints while dead reckoning.

2. Follow the preplanned course by reference to landmarks.

3. Identify landmarks by relating surface features to chart symbols.

4. Navigate by means of precomputed headings, groundspeeds, and elapsed time.

5. Demonstrate use of magnetic compass in navigation, to include turns to new headings.

6. Correct for and record the differences between preflight groundspeed, fuel consumption, and 

heading calculations and those determined en route.

7. Verify the airplane’s position within 3 nautical miles of the flight-planned route.

8. Arrive at the en route checkpoints within 5 minutes of the initial or revised ETA and provide a 

destination estimate.

9. Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and headings, ±15°.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. CFIT risk avoidance plan.

2. Avoiding/recovering from misidentification of landmarks.

3. Bracketing strategy.

4. Selecting an alternate.

5. Situational awareness.

6. Task management.

7. Actual vs. planned fuel consumption.

8 Exit strategies.

9. Preflight pilot/operation risk assessment and planning.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

35 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-6, FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Equipment Operation Manuals; AIM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with navigation systems and radar services.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. VOR (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations).

2. GPS (equipment, regulations, databases authorized use, RAIM).

3. Radar assistance to VFR aircraft (operations, equipment, available services, traffic 

advisories).

4. Transponder (Mode A, C, and S).

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Demonstrate the ability to use installed electronic navigation system.

2. Locate the airplane’s position using the navigation system.

3. Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing, as appropriate.

4. Recognize and describe the indication of station passage, if appropriate.

5. Recognize signal loss and take appropriate action.

6. Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.

7. Maintain the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and headings ±15°.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Automation management.

2. Task management.

3. Situational awareness.

4. Limitations of the navigation system in use.

5. Planning to avoid automation distractions.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

36 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task C. Diversion

Reference FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Navigation Chart

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with diversion.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Selecting divert destination.

2. Deviating from ATC instructions and/or the flight plan.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an appropriate diversion airport and route.

2. Efficiently divert to the new airport without taking the time to make precise measurements 

first.

3. Make an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to 

the divert airport.

4. Maintain the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.

5. Make safe entry into the traffic pattern at diversion airport.

6. Accurately communicate intentions with ATC and/or local traffic

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Selection of appropriate airport.

2. Timely decision to divert.

3. Improving situation by diversion.

4. Maintaining proper procedures during diversion.

5. Collision avoidance.

6. CFIT.

7. Task management.

8. Situational awareness.

9. Resource management (automation, ATC, cockpit planning aids).
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

37 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task D. Lost Procedures

Reference FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Navigation Chart

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with lost procedures and taking appropriate steps to achieve a satisfactory outcome if 

lost.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Understands value of recording time at waypoints.

2. Assistance available if lost (radar services, communication procedures).

3. Responsibility and authority of PIC.

4. Deviation from ATC instructions.

5. Declaring an emergency.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an appropriate course of action.

2. Estimate current position.

3. Maintain an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary.

4. Identify prominent landmarks.

5. Use navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an ATC facility for assistance, as 

appropriate.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Following a procedure of recording times over waypoints.

2. Task management.

3. Situational awareness.

4. CFIT.

5. Collision avoidance.

6. Recognition of a deteriorating situation and seeking assistance.

7. Knowing when to declare an emergency.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

38 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

VII. Slow Flight and Stalls

Task A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with maneuvering during slow flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Maneuver relative to a real-life portion of a flight.

2. Relationship between AOA, airspeed, load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and 

aircraft attitude.

3. Importance of reliance on aircraft performance indications (aircraft buffet) instead of artificial 

warning systems (stall horn).

4. The difference between AOA and aircraft attitude during all flight conditions and how it 

relates to aircraft performance.

5. How environmental elements affect aircraft performance.

6. Importance of the 1,500 foot AGL minimum altitude.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL.

2. Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase 

in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in an immediate stall.

3. Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with landing 

gear and flap configurations specified by the evaluator.

4. Divide attention between airplane control and orientation.

5. Maintain the specified altitude, ±100 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/-0 knots; 

and specified angle of bank, ±10°.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft 

weight, and aircraft attitude.

2. Reliance on aircraft performance indications, such as aircraft buffet instead of artificial 

warning systems such as a stall horn.

3. Understanding how environmental elements affect aircraft performance.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

39 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task B. Power-Off Stalls

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; AC 61-67; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with power-off stalls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Importance of the 1,500 foot AGL minimum altitude.

2. Relating the maneuver to a real-life portion of a flight.

3. Components of a stabilized descent.

4. Approach to stall indications.

5. Full stall indications.

6. Determining which aircraft inputs are required to meet heading or bank angle requirements.

7. Determining the most efficient stall recovery procedure so that a minimum loss of altitude 

occurs.

8. Importance of establishing the correct aircraft configuration during the recovery process and 

the consequences of failing to do so.

9. Aerodynamics associated with stalls and spins in various aircraft configurations and 

attitudes.

10. Circumstances that can lead to an inadvertent stall or spin. 

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL.

2. Establish a stabilized descent in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the 

evaluator.

3. Transition smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude that will induce a 

stall.

4. Maintain a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not 

to exceed 20°, ±10°; if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

5. Recognize and recover promptly after a fully developed stall occurs.

6. Retract the flaps to the recommended setting; retract the landing gear, if retractable, after a 

positive rate of climb is established.

7. Execute stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the POH.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, aircraft 

configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. 

2. Reliance on aircraft performance indications such as aircraft buffet instead of artificial 

warning systems such as a stall horn.

3. Understanding how environmental elements affect aircraft performance.

4. Understanding the required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the consequences 

of failing to do so.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

40 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task C. Power-On Stalls

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; AC 61-67; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with power-on stalls.

NOTE: In some high performance airplanes, the power setting may have to be reduced below 

the practical test standards guideline power setting to prevent excessively high pitch attitudes 

(greater than 30° nose up).

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Importance of the 1,500 foot AGL minimum altitude.

2. Relating the maneuver to a real-life portion of a flight.

3. Rationale for power setting variances.

4. Approach to stall indications.

5. Full stall indications.

6. Determining which aircraft inputs are required to meet heading or bank angle requirements.

7. Determining the most efficient stall recovery procedure so that a minimum loss of altitude 

occurs.

8. Importance of establishing the correct aircraft configuration during the recovery process and 

the consequences of failing to do so.

9. Aerodynamics associated with stalls and spins in various aircraft configurations and 

attitudes.

10. Circumstances that can lead to an inadvertent stall or spin.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL.

2. Establish the takeoff, departure, or cruise configuration as specified by the evaluator. 

3. Set power (as assigned by evaluator)to no less than 65 percent available power.

4. Transition smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce 

a stall.

5. Maintain a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not 

to exceed 20°, ±10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

6. Recognize and recover promptly after a fully developed stall occurs.

7. Retract the flaps to the recommended setting; retract the landing gear if retractable, after a 

positive rate of climb is established.

8. Accelerate to VX or VY speed before the final flap retraction; return to the altitude, heading,

and airspeed specified by the evaluator.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, aircraft 

configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. 

2. Reliance on aircraft performance indications such as aircraft buffet instead of artificial 

warning systems such as stall horn.

3. Understanding how environmental elements affect aircraft performance.

4. Understanding the required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the consequences 

of failing to do so.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

41 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task D. Spin Awareness

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; AC 61-67; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with spins, flight situations where unintentional spins may occur and procedures for 

recovery from unintentional spins.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Aerodynamics associated with stalls and spins in various aircraft configurations and 

attitudes.

2. Circumstances that can lead to an inadvertent stall or spin.

3. Different spin types, causes, recovery strategies.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Assess flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.

2. Explain procedures for recovery from unintentional spins.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, aircraft 

configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. 

2. Reliance on aircraft performance indications such as aircraft buffet instead of artificial 

warning systems such as stall horn.

3. Understanding how environmental elements affect aircraft performance.

4. Understanding the required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the consequences 

of failing to do so.

5. Uncoordinated flight.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

42 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

VIII. Emergency Operations

Task A. Inadvertent IMC

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-H-8083-15

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with inadvertent flight into IMC, including controlling the airplane solely by instrument 

reference, recognizing and recovering from unusual attitudes and using available communication 

and navigation facilities and services.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Flight instrument function and operation.

2. Flight instrument sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes.

3. Flight instrument correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments).

4. Human factors: vestibular illusions, spatial disorientation, especially involving distractions,

and interaction with charts and avionics equipment.

5. Aerodynamic factors related to maintaining straight flight and level flight, constant airspeed 

climb and descent, establishing and making turns while climbing, descending, and 

maintaining level flight and returning to level flight.

6. Aerodynamic factors related to unusual pitch and bank attitudes and returning to level flight.

7. Appropriate pitch, bank, and power settings for airplane being flown.

8. Hazards of inappropriate control response to stabilizing an unusual attitude.

9. How to determine the minimum safe altitude for location.

10. Radio communications equipment and procedures.

11. Air traffic control facilities and services.

12. Installed navigation equipment function and displays.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Perform timely cross-check and interpretation of instruments.

2. Perform coordinated, smooth control application to correct for altitude, heading, airspeed, 

and bank deviations during straight-and-level, climb, descent, and return to level off.

3. Perform coordinated, smooth control application to establish a standard-rate turn and to 

correct for altitude and bank deviations and rollout on specified heading.

4. Perform timely recognition of the nature of the unusual attitude and correct, coordinated, and 

smooth control application to resolve unusual pitch and bank attitudes while staying within 

the airplane’s limitations and flight parameters.

5. Perform appropriate trimming to relieve control pressures.

6. Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.

7. Maintain controlled flight while selecting proper communications frequencies and setting up 

navigation equipment to select desired course.

8. Control the airplane to follow verbal ATC instructions.

9. Control the airplane to follow desired navigation signals.

Task continued on next page.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

43 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task A. Inadvertent IMC

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Maintaining proficiency of instrument reference skills.

2. Good cockpit management.

3. Awareness of the direction for nearest VMC.

4. Avoiding IMC when operating VFR.

5. Awareness of the potential risks associated with turning, climbing or descending under 

emergency instrument conditions.

6. Descending straight and turning level under emergency instrument conditions.

7. Correlating the relationship between recovery techniques and load factor.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

44 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task B. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with emergency approach and landing procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Glide speed, distance.

2. Landing distance.

3. Hazards of other than hard surfaced runway.

4. Stabilized approach.

5. Energy management.

6. Wind conditions and effects.

7. Density altitude.

8. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component.

9. Emergency procedures.

10. Communications.

12. Regulations pertaining to emergencies safe altitudes.

14. ATC clearance deviations.

15. Minimum fuel.

16. Selecting a landing location.

17. ELTs.

18. Radar assistance to VFR aircraft.

19. Transponder.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Analyze the situation and select an appropriate course of action.

2. Establish and maintain the recommended best-glide airspeed, ±10 knots.

3. Plan and follow a flight pattern to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, 

and obstructions.

4. Prepare for landing, or go-around, as specified by the evaluator.

5. Follow the appropriate checklist.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Accounting for wind.

2. Selecting a suitable landing area.

3. Planning and following a flight pattern to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, 

terrain, and obstructions.

4. Task management.

5. Low altitude maneuvering.

6. Wire strike avoidance.

7. Collision Avoidance.

8. Right-of-way.

9. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach path.

10. Stall/Spin Awareness.

11. Understanding the difference between best glide speed (L/D) and minimum sink speed and 

when each one is appropriate.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

45 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunction

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the 

practical test and analyzing the situation and take appropriate action for simulated emergencies.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Elements related to system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane, 

including the following—

a. partial or complete power loss.

b. engine roughness or overheat.

c. carburetor or induction icing.

d. loss of oil pressure.

e. fuel starvation.

f. electrical malfunction.

g. vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments malfunction.

h. pitot/static system malfunction.

i. landing gear or flap malfunction.

j. inoperative trim.

k. inadvertent door or window opening.

l. structural icing.

m. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.

n. any other emergency appropriate to the airplane.

2. Maintenance inspections, records.

3. Preflight inspections.

4. Light signals.

5. Supplemental oxygen.

6. Gliding distance.

7. Load factors.

8. High drag versus low drag.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Analyze the situation and take appropriate action for simulated emergencies appropriate to 

the airplane provided.

2. Follow the appropriate checklist or procedure.

3. Establish the appropriate airspeed and configuration and maintain positive loads factors 

during emergency procedure.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Hazardous attitudes.

2. Preflight inspections.

3. Maintenance.

4. Checklist usage.

5. Recognizing situations, such as depressurization, cockpit smoke, and/or fire that require an 

emergency descent.

6. Orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.

7. Energy management.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

46 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

Task D. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the airplane and 

environment encountered during flight and identifying appropriate equipment that should be 

onboard the airplane.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Emergency equipment.

2. Climate extremes (hot/cold).

3. Mountainous terrain.

4. Overwater operations.

5. Survival gear.

6. ELT operation, limitations and testing requirements.

Skills The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Identify appropriate equipment that should be onboard the airplane.

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Hazardous attitudes.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

47 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

IX. Night Operation

Task A. Night Preparation

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with night operations.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Physiological aspects of night flying as it relates to vision. 

2. Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot 

controlled lighting. 

3. Airplane equipment requirements for night operations.

4. Airplane lighting systems – type, interpretation in flight, when to use what. 

5. Personal equipment essential for night flight. 

6. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques. 

7. Safety precautions and emergencies unique to night flying. 

8. Somatogravic illusion and black hole approach illusion.

9. Disorientation experienced in unusual attitudes at night.

10. Visual scanning techniques during night operations.

11. Hazards of inadvertent IMC. 

Skills [Not generally evaluated in flight. If the practical test is conducted at night, all PTS tasks are 

evaluated in that environment, thus there is no need for explicit task elements to exist here.]

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Collision avoidance.

2. CFIT avoidance.

3. Task management.

4. Wire strike avoidance.

5. Airmanship as exhibited by positive aircraft control.

6. Situational awareness.

8. Environmental considerations at night: i.e. IMC; terrain (roads), etc.
Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Airplane—Single Engine Land

48 FAA-S-8081-XX

130408 PVT ACS DRAFT for FR Review

X. Postflight Procedures

Task A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Airman Test 

Report Pending

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with after landing, parking, and securing procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Positioning aircraft controls for wind.

2. Familiarity with airport markings (including hold short lines), signs, and lights.

3. Aircraft lighting.

4. Towered and non-towered airport operations.

5. Visual indicators for wind.

6. Airport information resources (AFD, airport diagram).

7. Good cockpit discipline during taxi.

8. Appropriate taxi speeds.

9. Exhibiting procedures for appropriate cockpit activities during taxiing including taxi route 

planning, briefing the location of HOT SPOTS, communicating and coordinating with ATC.

10. Procedures unique to night operations.

11. Hazards of low visibility operations.

12. Importance of documenting any in-flight/post-flight discrepancies.

13. NTSB accident/incident reporting.

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Maintain directional control after touchdown while decelerating to an appropriate speed.

2. Position the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions.

3. Control direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.

4. Exhibit procedures for steering, maneuvering, maintaining taxiway, runway position, and 

situational awareness to avoid runway incursions.

5. Observe runway hold lines and other surface control markings and lighting.

6. Exhibit procedures to ensure clearances/instructions are received and recorded/read back 

correctly. 

7. Exhibit situational awareness/taxi procedures in the event the aircraft is on a taxiway that is 

between parallel runways. (e.g., Exhibiting procedures for briefing if a landing rollout to a 

taxiway exit will place the pilot in close proximity to another runway which can result in a 

runway incursion.)

8. Use a taxi chart during taxi.

9. Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, ATC clearances and instructions.

10. Utilize procedures for eliminating pilot distractions.

11. Taxi to avoid other aircraft/vehicles and hazards.

12. Eliminate distractions during aircraft taxi (i.e. cell phone, texting, conversations with 

passengers).

13. Use proper workload management.

14. Use strategies to avoid confirmation or expectation bias.

15. Park in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.

16. Follow the appropriate procedure for engine shutdown.

17. Complete the appropriate checklist.

18. Conduct an appropriate post flight inspection and secure the aircraft.

Task continued on next page.
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Task A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Distractions during aircraft taxi and parking.

2. Proximity of other aircraft/vehicles/people when operating on airport surfaces.

3. Prop safety.

4. Proper workload management.

5. Confirmation or expectation bias.

6. Automation Management.
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Section 2: Airplane—Single Engine Sea

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SECTION 2: AIRPLANE—SINGLE ENGINE SEA AREAS OF OPERATION

To be developed.
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SECTION 3: AIRPLANE—MULTIENGINE LAND AREAS OF OPERATION

To be developed.
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SECTION 4: AIRPLANE—MULTIENGINE LAND AREAS OF OPERATION

To be developed.
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APPENDIX 1: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST

The knowledge test is an important part of the airman certification process. Applicants must pass the 

knowledge test before taking the practical test.

Knowledge Test Description

The knowledge test consists of objective, multiple-choice questions. There is a single best response for 

each test question. Each test question is independent of other questions. A correct response to one does 

not depend upon, or influence, the correct response to another.

Test 

Code Test Name Number of Questions

Allotted 

Time

Passing 

Score

PAR Private Pilot Airplane 60 2.5 70

PAT

Private Pilot 

Airplane/Recreational 

Pilot – Transition

30 1.5 70

PCP Private Pilot Canadian 

Conversion 40 2.0 70

Knowledge Test Eligibility Requirements

For information concerning eligibility for Private Pilot certification, please refer to:

• Medical Certificates: Requirement and Duration: 14 CFR 61.23

• Knowledge Test: Prerequisites and Passing Grades: 14 CFR 61.35

• Eligibility: 14 CFR § 61.83; 14 CFR § 61.96; 14 CFR 61.103

Knowledge Test Centers

The FAA authorizes hundreds of knowledge testing center locations. For information on authorized 

testing centers and to register for the knowledge test, contact one of the providers listed at www.faa.gov.

Test Authorization

In order to take the Private Pilot knowledge test, you must provide one of the following:

• Graduation certificate issued by an FAA certificated pilot school (14 CFR 61.71), or a

• Written statement or logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the 

applicant completed an applicable ground training or home study course and is prepared for the 

knowledge test (14 CFR 61.35, 61.96(b)(3) or 61.103(d)(2)).

Acceptable forms of authorization for PCP only: 

• Confirmation of Verification Letter issued by the Airmen Certification Branch (AFS-760).

Acceptable forms of retest authorization for ALL Private Pilot tests:

• Original failed, passing, or expired Airman Knowledge Test Report, provided the applicant still 

has the test report in his or her possession.

Note: If the applicant no longer possesses the original test report, he or she may present an 

‘expired test/credit’ letter issued by AFS-760.
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• An applicant retesting AFTER FAILURE is required to submit the applicable test report indicating 

failure, along with an endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the applicant the 

required additional training. The endorsement must certify that the applicant is competent to pass 

the test. The test proctor must retain the original failed test report presented as authorization and 

attach it to the applicable sign-in/out log.

Knowledge Test Procedures

Before starting the actual test, the testing center will provide an opportunity to practice navigating through 

the test. This practice or tutorial session may include sample questions to familiarize the applicant with 

the look and feel of the software. (e.g., selecting an answer, marking a question for later review, 

monitoring time remaining for the test, and other features of the testing software).

The applicant may use the following aids, reference materials, and test materials, as long as the material 

does not include actual test questions or answers:

Acceptable Materials Unacceptable Materials Notes

Supplement book provided by 

proctor

Written materials that are 

handwritten, printed, or

electronic

Testing centers may provide 

calculators and/or deny the 

use of personal calculators

All models of aviation-oriented 

calculators or small electronic 

calculators that perform only 

arithmetic functions

Electronic calculators 

incorporating permanent or 

continuous type memory circuits 

without erasure capability

Unit Member (proctor) may 

prohibit the use of your 

calculator if he or she is 

unable to determine the 

calculator’s erasure capability

Calculators with simple 

programmable memories, which 

allow addition to, subtraction from, or 

retrieval of one number from the 

memory; or simple functions, such 

as square root and percentages

Magnetic cards, magnetic tapes, 

modules, computer chips, or any 

other device upon which prewritten programs or information 

related to the test can be stored 

and retrieved

Printouts of data must be 

surrendered at the completion 

of the test if the calculator 

incorporates this design 

feature.

Scales, straightedges, protractors, 

plotters, navigation computers, blank 

log sheets, holding pattern entry 

aids, and electronic or mechanical 

calculators that are directly related to 

the test

Dictionaries Before, and upon completion 

of the test, while in the 

presence of the Unit Member, 

actuate the ON/OFF switch or 

RESET button, and perform 

any other function that ensures 

erasure of any data stored in 

memory circuits

Manufacturer’s permanently 

inscribed instructions on the front 

and back of such aids, e.g., 

formulas, conversions, regulations, 

signals, weather data, holding 

pattern diagrams, frequencies, 

weight and balance formulas, and air 

traffic control procedures

Any booklet or manual 

containing instructions related to 

use of test aids

Unit Member makes the final 

determination regarding aids, 

reference materials, and test 

materials 
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Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations

An applicant with a learning or reading disability may request approval from AFS-630 through the local 

FSDO or IFO to take an airman knowledge test using one of the three options listed below, in preferential 

order:

Option 1: Use current testing facilities and procedures whenever possible.

Option 2: Use a self-contained, electronic device which pronounces and displays typed-in words (e.g., 

the Franklin Speaking Wordmaster®) to facilitate the testing process.

(NOTE: The device should consist of an electronic thesaurus that audibly pronounces typed-in words and 

presents them on a display screen. The device should also have a built-in headphone jack in order to 

avoid disturbing others during testing.)

Option 3: Request the proctor's assistance in reading specific words or terms from the test questions 

and/or supplement book. To prevent compromising the testing process, the proctor must be an individual 

with no aviation background or expertise. The proctor may provide reading assistance only (i.e., no 

explanation of words or terms). When an applicant requests this option, the FSDO or IFO inspector must 

contact the Airman Testing Standards Branch (AFS-630) for assistance in selecting the test site and 

assisting the proctor. Before approving any option, the FSDO or IFO inspector must advise the applicant 

of the regulatory certification requirement to be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English 

language.

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct

Computer testing centers must follow strict security procedures to avoid test compromise in accordance 

with FAA Order 8080.6 (as amended), Conduct of Airman Knowledge Tests. Testing centers will 

terminate a test any time the test proctor suspects an occurrence of cheating.

The FAA will conduct an investigation of the incident. If the investigation determines that cheating or 

unauthorized conduct occurred, any airman certificate or rating the applicant holds may be revoked. In 

addition, the applicant may be prohibited from applying for or taking any test for a certificate or rating 

under 14 CFR part 61 for a period of one year.

Airman Knowledge Test Report

Immediately upon completion of the knowledge test, the applicant receives a printed Airman Knowledge 

Test Report documenting the score with the testing center's raised, embossed seal. The applicant must 

retain the original Airman Knowledge Test Report and present it to the evaluator conducting the practical 

test.

An Airman Knowledge Test Report expires 24-calendar months from the month the applicant completes 

the knowledge test. If the Airman Knowledge Test Report expires before completion of the practical test, 

the applicant must retake the knowledge test.

To obtain a duplicate Airman Knowledge Test Report due to loss or destruction of the original, the 

applicant can send a signed request accompanied by a check or money order for $1.00, payable to the 

FAA to:

Federal Aviation Administration

Airmen Certification Branch, AFS-760

P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, OK 73125
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APPENDIX 2: THE PRACTICAL TEST

The evaluator must conduct the practical test in accordance with this ACS. The evaluator must assess 

the applicant on all tasks included in each Area of Operation of the ACS unless otherwise noted.

Note: The applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test, and the applicant must 

pass the oral portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion.

For an applicant who holds at least a private pilot certificate and seeks an additional airplane category 

and/or class rating at the private pilot level, the examiner shall evaluate that applicant in the Areas of 

Operation and Tasks listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. Please note, however, that the evaluator 

has the discretion to evaluate the applicant’s competence in the remaining Areas of Operation and Tasks.

If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at least at the private level, and the ratings 

table indicates differing required Tasks, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “ALL” and 

“NONE” are indicated for one Area of Operation, the “NONE” entry applies. If “B” and “B, C” are indicated, 

the “B” entry applies.

Conduct of the Practical Test

The evaluator must develop a written Plan of Action to conduct the test, which includes all required Areas 

of Operation and Tasks. The Plan of Action will include a scenario that evaluates as many of the required 

Areas of Operation and Tasks as possible. As the scenario unfolds during the test, the examiner will 

interject problems and emergencies the applicant must manage.

The evaluator has the discretion and flexibility to change the Plan of Action in order to accommodate 

unexpected situations as they arise. The evaluator will evaluate any selected Task in its entirety. The 

evaluator may elect to suspend and then resume the scenario in order to assess certain tasks.

If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the 

evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver.

Use of Checklists

The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of an approved manufacturer's checklist or equivalent during 

the practical test.

Note: If there is no published manufacturer's checklist, the applicant may use the appropriate FAA 

handbook or equivalent checklist.

Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should 

determine the applicant appropriately divides attention and uses proper visual scanning. In some 

situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator should 

assess the applicant's performance of published or recommended immediate action "memory" items 

along with his or her review of the appropriate checklist once conditions permit.

Use of Distractions

Research and accident analysis indicate that pilot distraction during critical phases of flight is a factor in 

many accidents. The evaluator will cause realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test 

in order to evaluate the applicant's ability to use and maintain proper control technique while dividing 

attention both inside and/or outside the cockpit.
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Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

There must always be a clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, the pilots 

involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls. 

The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots:

• When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, he or she will say, "You 

have the flight controls."

• The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, "I have the flight controls."

• The first pilot again says, "You have the flight controls."

Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during 

the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the 

exchange has occurred. There must never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.

Stall and Spin Awareness

During flight training and testing, the applicant and the instructor or evaluator must always maintain 

situational awareness with respect to operations that could lead to an inadvertent stall or spin.

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test

There are three possible outcomes of the practical test: (1) pass, (2) fail, or (3) discontinuance.

Pass

Satisfactory performance requires the applicant to:

• Perform the Tasks specified in the Areas of Operation for the certificate or rating sought within the 

approved standards;

• Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft by performing each Task successfully;

• Demonstrate proficiency and competency in accordance with the approved standards;

• Demonstrate sound judgment and exercise aeronautical decision-making/risk management;

• Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type certificated for single-pilot operations.

Satisfactory performance will result in the issuance of a temporary certificate.

Note: The tolerances listed in the ACS represent the performance expected in good flying conditions. 

Fail

If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards for any Task, the applicant 

fails the Task and associated Area of Operation, the test is unsatisfactory, and the examiner issues a 

Notice of Disapproval. When the examiner issues a Notice of Disapproval, he or she shall list the Area of 

Operation in which the applicant did not meet the standard. The Notice of Disapproval must also list the 

Area(s) of Operation not tested, and the number of practical test failures.

The examiner or the applicant may end the test if the applicant fails a Task. The examiner may continue 

the test only with the consent of the applicant and examiner, and the applicant is entitled to credit for only 

those Areas of Operation and the associated Tasks performed satisfactorily. Though not required, the 

examiner has discretion to reevaluate any Task, including those previously passed, during the retest.
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Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include:

• Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective intervention by the examiner 

to maintain safe flight.

• Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while 

performing maneuvers.

• Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.

• Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded.

• Failure to exercise Risk Management

Discontinuance

When it is necessary to discontinue a practical test for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance 

(e.g., equipment failure, weather, illness), the evaluator returns all the test paperwork to the applicant. 

The evaluator must prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance that lists those Areas of Operation 

the applicant successfully completed and the time remaining to complete the test. The evaluator should 

advise the applicant to present the Letter of Discontinuance to the evaluator when the practical test 

resumes in order to receive credit for the items successfully completed. The Letter of Discontinuance 

becomes part of the applicant's certification file.

Prerequisites for the Test

According to 14 CFR part 61, an applicant for the Private Pilot Practical Test must:

• Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language as detailed in AC 60-28;

• Have passed the appropriate private pilot knowledge test since the beginning of the 24th month 

before the month in which he or she takes the practical test;

• Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the prescribed aeronautical 

experience;

• Possess at least a current third class medical certification or, when a military pilot of the U.S. 

Armed Forces, show and present evidence of an up-to-date medical examination by the U.S. 

Armed Forces authorizing pilot status;

• Have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant has received and 

logged training time within two (2) calendar months preceding the date of application in 

preparation for the practical test, and is prepared for the practical test;

• Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course 

on the aeronautical knowledge areas of 14 CFR part 61.105 paragraph (b) that apply to the 

aircraft category and class rating sought; and

• Have an endorsement certifying that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of 

the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test (not required 

for power aircraft to non-power aircraft or power aircraft to power aircraft for additional category or 

class rating).
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Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test

The Private Pilot—Airplane applicant is required by 14 CFR 61.45 to provide an airworthy, certificated 

aircraft for use during the practical test. This section states that the aircraft must:

• Be of U.S., foreign, or military registry of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, for the 

certificate and/or rating for which the applicant is applying;

• Have fully functioning dual controls, except as provided for in 14 CFR 61.45(c) and (e); and

• Be capable of performing all Areas of Operation appropriate to the rating sought and have no 

operating limitations which prohibit its use in any of the Areas of Operation required for the 

practical test.
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APPENDIX 3: INSTRUCTOR AND EVALUATOR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Role of Instructor

Instructors are responsible for training the applicant to the acceptable standards in all subject matter 

areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in all the Tasks, even if the applicant is simply adding a 

category to his or her instrument rating.

Role of Evaluator

The evaluator who conducts the practical test is responsible for determining the applicant meets the 

acceptable standards of aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management for each Task in the 

appropriate ACS.

The FAA does not expect the evaluator to test every Knowledge and Risk Management element on the 

Practical Test, as the Knowledge Test assessed the applicant’s mastery of these areas. The evaluator 

must, however, test at least one item in each of the Knowledge and Risk Management elements for every 

Task, emphasizing the topics (if any) the applicant missed on the Knowledge Test. The evaluator must 

test each item in the Skills elements unless otherwise noted in the Task.

Applicants must complete the oral portion of the practical test before the flight portion; however, oral 

questioning will continue throughout the flight. To the greatest extent practicable, evaluators shall test the 

applicant’s ability to apply and correlate information, and only use rote questions when appropriate for the 

material being tested.

If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator may 

require the applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. The FAA made this provision in the 

interest of fairness, but it does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repetition of an unsatisfactory 

task is permitted during the practical test.

The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures 

throughout the entire test.
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APPENDIX 4: ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLES

To be developed.
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APPENDIX 5: PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist

Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name: __________________________________

Location: _________________________________________

Date/Time: ________________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

 Aircraft Documents:

 Airworthiness Certificate

 Registration Certificate

 Operating Limitations

 Aircraft Maintenance Records:

 Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD Compliance

 Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Aircraft Flight Manual

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

 View-Limiting Device 

 Current Aeronautical Charts (Printed or Electronic)

 Computer and Plotter

 Flight Plan Form

 Flight Logs

 Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate Publications

PERSONAL RECORDS

 Identification—Photo/Signature ID

 Pilot Certificate

 Current Medical Certificate

 Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature 

 Original Knowledge Test Report

 Pilot Logbook with appropriate Instructor Endorsements

 FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)

 Letter of Discontinuance (if applicable)

 Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)

 Evaluator’s Fee (if applicable) 
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APPENDIX 6: REFERENCES

To be developed.
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APPENDIX 7: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

To be developed.
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