United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest

Research Station

General Technical

Report

PNW-GTR-514

May 2001

Analysts Guide: Treeval for

Windows, Version 2.0

Roger D. Fight, John T. Chmelik, Edward A. Coulter
Roger D. Fight is a principal economist and John T. Chmelik and Edwin A. Coulter

were foresters, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208-

3890. Chmelik currently is with the University of Montana, Missoula, and Coulter is with

the consulting firm of Mason, Bruce, and Girard, Portland, OR.

Authors
Fight, R.D.; Chmelik, J.T.; Coulter, E.A. 2001. Analysts guide: TreeVal for Windows,

Version 2.0. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-514. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 21 p.

TreeVal for Windows provides financial information and analysis to support silvicultural

decisions in coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). It integrates the

effect of growth and yield, management costs, harvesting costs, product and mill type,

manufacturing costs, product prices, and product grade premiums. Output files from

the ORGANON growth and yield simulator can be read directly into TreeVal. All management actions, including pruning, are supported. Results, including product recovery

information, net value, and financial analysis of silvicultural regimes, are available in

both tabular and graphical forms to facilitate comparison of alternative regimes and

sensitivity analysis with prices, costs, and other assumptions.

Keywords: Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, computer programs, software,

computer applications, forestry, forest valuation, product recovery, ecosystem

management.

Abstract
This page has been left blank intentionally.

Document continues on next page.
1

The primary intended use of TreeVal is to evaluate silvicultural regimes for Douglas-fir

(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations including the effect of those regimes on wood quality and value. The various windows in the program are structured to

make it easy to conduct either a limited analysis or a highly detailed one. The capabilities of TreeVal to deal with wood quality and value can be explored with a minimum of

input data by looking at the product volume and grade recovery for a single log. By

adding data on bucking a tree into logs, one can look at the logs coming from a single

tree or a stand of trees plus the product recovery for those logs. The next step up in

complexity is evaluating a management regime that produces a stand of trees. Often

what is of interest is a comparison of alternative management regimes applied to a

particular stand.

This document describes how silviculturists, foresters, and analysts can use TreeVal

for Windows as a tool for analyzing forest management regimes.1 Appendix 1 describes

hardware and software requirements. The Help topics within TreeVal provide detailed

user information accessible through Help buttons on the screen, F1 on the keyboard,

or the Contents and Search commands from the Help menu. To learn specific details

of TreeVal components or how to conduct specific operations within TreeVal, such as

creating or editing files, review TreeVal Help and the TreeVal tutorial.

TreeVal is a framework for helping users understand how stand treatments, tree

growth, wood quality, and economics interact in silvicultural regimes. Users set up

scenarios with input files containing silvicultural and economic data. The interaction of

these factors are summarized in a series of tables and graphs showing financial return,

product volumes and value, and other information. This framework facilitates the construction of scenarios with differences in tree growth, silviculture, and economics and

the comparison of differences between scenario inputs and results.

TreeVal helps answer questions like:

• What financial return can I expect from my stand under a certain silvicultural

regime?

• Which silvicultural treatments can I afford?

• How would the value of my stand be affected by changes in the silvicultural regime

or economic conditions?

• Which of several silvicultural regimes is most valuable for my stand?

TreeVal is not designed for timberland appraisals. The bucking algorithm allocates logs

to a restricted set of specified lengths and product choices. This is appropriate for longterm decisions but would suboptimize in an appraisal setting with a wider array of product and bucking choices. TreeVal produces detailed results for Douglas-fir only. Trees

of other species also can be valued, but only as logs. This is because product recovery

information reflecting the results of management decisions is not available for other

species.

TreeVal was designed to run on the Windows 95 operating system. Version 2.0 appears to be fully compatible with Windows NT, 98, and 2000 operating systems as well.

Version 2.0 has improved user-friendliness and new capabilities for analyzing forest

management scenarios. The Windows format offers the flexibility to approach forest

Introduction

Model Description

What TreeVal Does

What is New in

Version 2.0

1 The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for

reader information and does not imply endorsement by

the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or

service.
2

management scenarios from either a silvicultural or economic perspective. Scenarios

can be developed in as much or as little detail as desired. The mouse and menu commands allow users knowing only how to use Windows to develop scenarios, view results, and conduct other functions. TreeVal supports pruning. After pruning, trees will

grow clear wood from which select lumber and other high-value products are manufactured. Although TreeVal will accept data for up to three pruning lifts, the product recovery information currently in TreeVal is valid only for single-lift pruning.

This document provides information to silviculturists, foresters, and analysts on how

to use TreeVal to analyze forest management regimes. The next section covers some

cautions that all users should be aware of. The section “Using TreeVal to Analyze Forest Management Questions” explains how TreeVal uses silvicultural and economic

data. It goes on to describe details of input files, results tables, and the organizational

framework for input files and developing a forest management question. “A TreeVal

Sample Project” gives two examples for setting up forest management questions in

TreeVal and discusses other possible projects.

Users should be aware of the sources of inaccuracies and software constraints in conducting analyses and making input assumptions. Knowledge of forestry and economics

and general experience in problem solving through assumptions will help users mitigate

these inaccuracies and constraints. Sources of inaccuracies come from input data and

calculations; software constraints are the result of the incomplete state of current recovery work.

Sources of inaccuracies—Inaccuracies can come from the users’ input data and from

TreeVal calculations. The quality of the input data impacts the quality of TreeVal results. Users should understand how their stand data relate to the real stands that they

are modeling. Stand data usually come from growth and yield models or directly from

forest inventories. In either case, deviations from real forest growth and yield will occur.

When users make assumptions in generalizing cost and price data, they should understand how those assumptions affect discounting in net present value, the allocation of

logs to products, and the calculation of costs and values.

Users should be aware of some calculation methods in TreeVal. Log volumes are

computed from Bruce’s butt log formula for butt logs (Bruce 1982) and Smalian’s formula for all other logs (USDA Forest Service 1991). TreeVal calculates results from

recovery equations, which are statistical estimates of output from particular mill configurations. These configurations may differ significantly from those encountered by the

user. TreeVal recovery equations are from a second-growth Douglas-fir recovery study

(Fahey et al. 1991). TreeVal calculates costs by linearly interpolating cost tables with

parameters such as diameter at breast height (DBH), small-end diameter, and average

volume per tree. Also, TreeVal derives lumber prices from aggregate categories of

lumber grades. Such derivations may not represent the grade volume distribution produced by actual mills in the local area. Finally, TreeVal calculates net present value

and soil expectation value with one discount rate.

Software constraints—The current state of product recovery work constrains the

breadth of the applicability of TreeVal by species, DBH, pruning, and juvenile wood.

The recovery equations are designed for Douglas-fir trees up to 30 inches2 DBH.

Overview

Cautions

2 Program calculations and reports are in English units.

A table of metric equivalents is provided at the end of the

text.
3

Douglas-fir trees larger than 30 inches DBH are beyond the intended use of the recovery equations in TreeVal; however, these trees can be valued as logs. TreeVal accepts

trees pruned up to three times, but it uses recovery information based on a single pruning lift. TreeVal assumes that calculating grade recovery of the knotty core is the same

as calculating the recovery for the log at time of pruning. For a single-lift pruning, the

knotty core forms a truncated cone. For two- and three-lift pruning, the knotty core approximates a cylinder. The volume of select lumber and other premium grades that

require clearwood is based on the volume of clearwood. Further analysis is required to

determine the bias involved when multiple-lift pruning is evaluated from the current

recovery data.

The grade recovery equations depend on defining juvenile wood core diameter as 20

growth rings. Because juvenile wood changes gradually into mature wood and is difficult to observe under field conditions, the use of a consistent definition results in lower

variation and error in the recovery equations. It would be a misapplication of the recovery equations to use juvenile wood measurements based on other definitions.

Answers to forest management questions are found through comparison of forest management scenarios with their net present value, soil expectation value, product volume

and values, and other information generated by scenario calculation. Users create a

Stand Project and analyze scenarios in the Stand Project window. Users create silvicultural and market files by selecting input files in the Stand Project window. After calculating scenarios, they view results by selecting one or more scenarios in the Stand Project

window and the type of result they want to see. Meaningful analysis of forest management questions depends on creating realistic input files and setting up multiple scenarios having recognizable differences.

In addition to examining forest management questions at the stand level, TreeVal also

can be used to create a Log Project for valuing individual logs rather than stands of

trees and the regimes that produce them. Input files and results are viewed in the Log

Project window. The primary value of this feature is that it allows the user to verify and

understand the workings of the software. Log Projects are not discussed here, but the

TreeVal tutorial provides detailed instructions on creating a Log Project.

The structure of the project window is designed to facilitate answering complex forest

management questions. Users create scenarios in the project window by selecting

input files for silvicultural and market regimes. In the project window, silvicultural regimes are represented by rows below the “SILVICULTURAL REGIME” title; e.g., in row

17 of the project window in figure 1, “con60.qua” (cell B17) represents the stand file for

the silvicultural regime with the identification “none” (cell A17). Market regimes are represented by columns to the right of the “MARKET REGIME” title on the first row. For

example, in column F of the same project window, market files are in the cells F7 to

F15 and represent an array of economic data, including costs for manufacturing, harvesting, annual activities, treatment, sales and administration, and product prices and

real rates of change for prices and costs.

The general steps in creating a project are as follows:

1. Set up a project

2. Set up one or more silvicultural regimes

3. Set up one or more market regimes

4. Calculate scenarios

Using TreeVal to Analyze

Forest Management

Questions

Using the Project

Window to Set Up

Analyses
4

In TreeVal, input and result data are organized in a project. A project is set up by recording the project name and projectwide parameters. Once users have done this, they

create scenarios by setting up silvicultural and market regimes, which are composed of

data input files. Each silvicultural regime contains a stand file, and each market regime

consists of up to nine types of market files. The intersection of a silvicultural regime,

which takes up a row in the project window, and a market regime, which takes up a

column, is a scenario cell. Once both regimes of a scenario are set up, TreeVal can

calculate the scenario.

Project setup—TreeVal calculates all scenarios within a project with the same projectwide parameters. Users set these parameters in dialog boxes by using the New command (File menu). The parameters are stump height, nominal saw-log length, stand

age for discounting, and diameter class limits. Users set stump height for all trees and

the nominal saw-log length at 16 or 20 feet. Veneer log length is fixed at 17 feet (including trim). Users choose to discount the stand to either stand age zero (stand establishment) or the first stand age in the Stand file (ORGANON), which is usually when the

stand was last inventoried or when a growth model started growing the stand. We call

the age to which discounting is done the analysis age. Soil expectation values are calculated only if analysis age is zero. Finally, TreeVal shows results by diameter with the

same diameter limits for all scenarios. Users can select these limits. For more information, see Project Setup dialog box and Creating a Project in TreeVal Help.

Setting up a silvicultural regime—The contents of the stand file determine the silvicultural component of the forest management question. A silvicultural regime consists

of one stand file. Once users type in a four-character code in the Silv ID column, (which

TreeVal uses to name results files and add titles to results tables), they can select a

Stand file by right-clicking under the Stand File Column. The Stand file can be a Wood

Figure 1—Project window for DEMO.PRJ. DEMO.PRJ is a sample project displaying four silvicultural

regimes and three market regimes producing results for 12 scenarios.
5

Quality Output file produced by the ORGANON growth model (Hann et al. 1997).

Information about ORGANON can be found at the ORGANON internet site:

www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fr/research/organon/. Users also can manually enter stand data

into a Stand file spreadsheet readable by TreeVal. See the TreeVal tutorial for more

information. After the selection, TreeVal reads the stand history and lists the thinning

and harvest ages in descending order, so that you can readily recognize the stand file

by final harvest age and thinning ages. Existing silvicultural regimes can be cut, copied,

pasted, and deleted.

Setting up a market regime—A market regime consists of up to nine market files and

some additional information. The market files provide information on product prices,

production costs, and their estimated real rates of change. Additional information required for a complete market regime includes the interest rate for discounting when

calculating net present value and soil expectation value, and the list of products to

manufacture from the stands. Once users type in a two-character code for the market

identification, which TreeVal uses to name results files and add titles to results tables,

they can select or create market files. Frequently-used market files can be kept in a file

pool, which can be accessed from any project. Existing market regimes can be cut,

copied, pasted, and deleted.

Calculation—Once silvicultural and market regimes are set up, calculation is done by

activating the cell representing the intersection of the silvicultural regime (a row) and

the market regime (a column).

TreeVal has 10 types of input files: the stand input file and nine types of market input

files—lumber, veneer, other products, other species, harvesting, treatment, annual

cost, real changes in prices, and real changes in costs. Stand and Market files hold

input data representing the parameters that define the forest management problem.

Although this is a large number of files, the advantage is that many of them can be

called up for successive analyses without modification. All files used for a scenario are

retained with the associated results; but when a scenario is deleted, those files are

automatically deleted as well (unless they have been used by more than one scenario).

Files saved to the File Pool directory in TreeVal remain intact until deleted by the user.

Stand file—The Stand file contains data on forest inventory, tree whorls, pruning, and

stand history. The stand history lists the treatments and stand age when treatments

occurred. Every tree in the Stand file has a line of inventory data, including DBH, total

height, and crown ratio, and one or more lines describing measurements at whorls:

height of whorl, diameter of largest branch, diameter of juvenile wood, and diameter

of bole. Also, for each time the tree was pruned, the Stand file has one line of pruning

data. The ORGANON growth model can produce an output file that can be read into

TreeVal. Users can manually enter data into a Stand file template.

Lumber, Veneer, and Other Products files—Lumber and Veneer files contain product prices, manufacturing costs, and the minimum and maximum small-end diameter

log constraints. See figure 2 for an example of a Lumber file. Veneer files have a similar

format. Users input lumber prices into six categories, which TreeVal converts to either

visual or machine stress-rated (MSR) lumber prices. Current prices for these six categories are reported quarterly by the Pacific Northwest Research Station (Warren 2000).

Price projections are available for the same grade groupings in Haynes and Fight

(1992). These price categories represent weighted averages of multiple grades, which

have variable production volumes from quarter to quarter. The TreeVal recovery equations recognize six lumber grade categories for both Visual and MSR lumber. However,

Input Files
6

these aggregations differ from those used for input prices, so TreeVal adjusts the

input prices (by applying volume weighting factors) to better approximate the grade

assortment generated from the lumber recovery equations. To calculate the price for

Select lumber, for example, TreeVal assumes production will be 50 percent C Select

and 50 percent D Select and Shop.

The Other Products file pertains only to Douglas-fir and contains the net value (or mill

yard value) of chip logs, the gross value of residue chips and other residues, and the

minimum small-end diameter for chip logs. If given more than one allocation option,

TreeVal will allocate logs to chip logs if the net value of a chip log is greater than the

net value of the log if processed as lumber or veneer. Residue chips and other residues

are byproducts of lumber and veneer manufacturing processes.

Treatment Cost file—The Treatment Cost file contains the cost of silvicultural treatments other than types of harvesting (fig. 3). These treatments are stand establishment

(STAND EST), fertilization (FERTIL), pruning (LIFT1, LIFT2, LIFT3), and precommercial thinning (PC THIN). If the analysis age is at stand age zero, TreeVal will include

the cost of stand establishment. TreeVal accepts different pruning costs for the first

(LIFT1), second (LIFT2), and third (LIFT3) pruning. Users also can enter pruning costs

in dollars per acre or per tree, or both. Users can assign the first thinning of a silvicultural regime as a precommercial thinning. There are no products for a precommercial

thinning, and the cost specified in the Treatment Cost file for precommercial thinning is

charged to the year it is incurred.

Harvest Cost file—The Harvest Cost file contains costs for three activities: harvesting

(felling, bucking, movement to roadside or landing, and loading), hauling (transport to

processing site), and sale administration (fig. 4). Harvest and sale costs each can be

split into two categories: Harvest cost/acre and Harvest cost/thousand cubic feet

(MCF), and Sale cost/acre and Sale cost/MCF, respectively. Users can enter harvest

costs and sales and administration costs as either $/acre or $/MCF, or both. Harvest

costs in $/MCF are entered in the table. The other three categories require only a single value. Any values entered in the above categories will be included in the total harvest cost (the harvest cost categories are additive). Alternatively, the users need to

enter only one value, if it reflects all relevant costs. A unique set of harvest costs can

Figure 2—Lumber input file.
7

be assigned to each of four Harvest Type options (Even-aged Harvest, Uneven-aged

Harvest, Overstory Removal, and Thinnings) displayed in the drop-down box at upper

left. TreeVal will assume zero harvest cost for any Harvest Type for which the user has

not entered a specific set of harvest costs. The $/MCF cost table differs with average

DBH of cut trees and harvested volume per acre (MCF/acre). TreeVal calculates harvest cost in $/MCF by interpolating between the user-entered DBH and harvest volume

values. The harvested volume per acre and average DBH parameters in the harvest

cost table remain the same for all Harvest Types in a scenario.

Annual Management Cost file—The Annual Management Cost file lists the annual

management costs that can be applied from stand analysis age to the end of the rotation (fig. 5). TreeVal assesses annual management costs and changes in real costs

and real prices based on the number of years from the analysis age. Annual management costs can be adjusted for inflation by entering an adjustment multiplier in the sales

and administration column of the Real Cost Change file.

Real Cost and Real Price Change files—The Real Cost Change file (fig. 6) lists real

percentages of change in costs and prices, which can be applied from analysis age to

the end of the rotation. To calculate real change, costs are grouped into four categories: manufacturing, harvesting and hauling, treatment, and sale administration. The

sale administration multiplier also will be applied to annual costs. Real changes in costs

and prices are zero beyond the first rotation.

The Real Price Change file adjusts prices similarly.

Figure 3–Treatment Cost File.

Figure 4—Harvest Cost file.
8

TreeVal displays volume and value results by product type, product grade, diameter

class, and stand (per acre and per thousand cubic feet); displays costs and values of

production steps from stump to finished product; and shows volume and value results

for individual trees and logs. Scenarios generate five types of results tables: Summary,

Log Allocation and Value, Product Recovery and Value, Stand Volume and Value, and

Production Costs and Values. Users view these results by selecting up to six scenarios

that share the same silvicultural or market regime and then clicking the result name

under the Table menu or on a Results button on the toolbar. Scenarios that have the

same silvicultural regime share the same row, and those that have the same market

regime share the same column. The selected scenarios need not be contiguous in the

column or row.

After users select a results table for viewing, they choose the reporting options (such

as viewing volume or value results) and harvests they want. A scenario may include

several commercial thinnings and other types of harvests. Users can compare any set

of harvest results from multiple scenarios; TreeVal will display a table with the results

for each scenario identified by the silvicultural and market labels given by the user in

the Project window. While the Results table window is active, users also can view

graphic representations for all results except the Production Costs and Values table.

The five results tables are briefly described below.

Summary table—The Summary table shows net present value, soil expectation value,

and total product volume in cubic feet. Users can compare the differences in silvicultural or market regimes of scenarios with net present value, soil expectation value, and

gross product value. View the Summary table by choosing Tables from the menu bar

or the Summary button on the toolbar.

Log Allocation and Value—Log Allocation and Value results summarize log volume

and net value of logs at the mill. These results are listed by Douglas-fir product type:

lumber (either visually graded or machine stress rated), veneer, and chip logs; and logs

of species other than Douglas-fir.

Figure 5—Annual Management Cost file.

Figure 6—Real Cost Change file.

Solutions and Reports
9

Product Recovery and Value—Product Recovery and Value results summarize gross

value and volumes by the grade in each product type. Chip logs are a single product

with no grades. These results show how different silvicultural regimes may effect the

production of quality wood.

Stand Table, Volume, and Values—Stand Table, Volume, and Values command

shows trees per acre, gross value, product volume, clearwood volume, juvenile wood

volume, and largest limb diameter by DBH classes. These results show how silvicultural regimes affect the growth of different sized trees and their growth in clearwood and

juvenile wood volume and limb diameter. Also, these results show which tree size contributes the most volume and value.

Production Costs and Values—Production Costs and Values results show values

and costs from gross value to conversion return at the stump. These results show the

relation between silvicultural treatment, manufacturing, harvesting, and hauling costs.

Higher cost silvicultural treatments generally produce larger log sizes, which are associated with lower unit cost of harvest and manufacture.

Other Results—TreeVal allows users to view value and volume information of individual trees from multiple scenarios. It also is possible to analyze log output at the log level

instead of the stand level. This is accomplished by accessing the Tree List file and associated Detail files. When a scenario is calculated, TreeVal generates six data files

(Tree List file, Log Allocation Detail, Product Volume Detail, Product Value Detail,

Stand Detail, and Production Cost and Value Detail) that can be viewed by clicking on

the right mouse button and double clicking on the highlighted selection. A Tree List file

(with a “.tre” extension) is generated for each calculated scenario and can be several

hundred kilobytes in size. Each of the five detail files contains data for all scenarios in a

project. The files are described briefly below. Definitions of all labels used in reporting

are listed in appendix 3.

Tree List—Displays product, volume, and value information for every log of each harvested tree in the Stand file for the selected scenario. Unless otherwise indicated, designations refer to tree-specific data and results pertaining to trees included in the Stand

file.

Log Allocation Detail—Reports all calculated scenarios. Displays allocation of

harvest by log type, volume, and net value for every harvest activity and the total of

all harvests. Total harvest data are given first, then each harvest activity, beginning

with the final harvest. All reporting is at the stand level.

Product Volume Detail—Reports all calculated scenarios. Displays product volume

allocation by type and grade for every harvest activity and the total of all harvests. Total

harvest data are given first, then each harvest activity, beginning with the final harvest

All reporting is at the stand level.

Product Value Detail—Reports all calculated scenarios. Displays product value allocation by product type and grade for every harvest activity and the total of all harvests.

Total harvest data are given first, then each harvest activity, beginning with the final

harvest. All reporting is at the stand level.

Stand Detail—Reports all calculated scenarios. Displays aggregate volume and

value data for pruned and unpruned trees by diameter class. All reporting is at the

stand level.
10

Production Cost and Value Detail—Reports all calculated scenarios. Displays

Douglas-fir log revenue and harvest and manufacturing costs per acre and per cubic

foot for every harvest activity and the total of all harvests. Total harvest data are given

first, then each harvest activity, beginning with the final harvest. All reporting is at the

stand level.

Users can analyze a set of scenarios when the scenarios have relevant differences

among them. These differences arise from the files and information composing the

regimes: stand files, market files, interest rates, and product allocations. Scenarios with

the same market regime, but different silvicultural regimes, can illustrate the effectiveness of silvicultural treatments and management actions. Using a computer model,

users may want to grow a stand or a set of stands with a different number of thinnings,

under different thinning intensities, or compare fertilized with not fertilized, or pruned

with not pruned. Scenarios with the same silvicultural regimes, but different market

regimes, can illustrate the influence of different harvesting systems, manufacturing

systems, product allocations or other market components.

TreeVal includes a sample project, called DEMO.PRJ, displaying four silvicultural regimes and three market regimes producing results for 12 scenarios. Three of the silvicultural regimes (with Silv IDs “none,” “thin,” and “prun”) arise from the same set of

initial stand conditions, a stand in western Washington with 304 trees per acre and

King’s site index (King 1966) of 125. Additional stand information can be found in Barbour et al. (1997). The silvicultural regimes for this project analysis are as follows:

Grow/harvest (Silv. ID=”none”), no treatments, even-aged harvest age 60.

Grow/commercial thin/harvest (Silv. ID=”thin”), commercial thin age 30 to 100 trees per

acre, even-aged harvest at age 60.

Grow/precommercial thin/prune/harvest (Silv. ID=”prun”), precommercial thin at

age 19 to 100 trees per acre, prune all remaining stems at age 19, even-aged harvest at age 54.

The final silvicultural regime (Silv. ID=”read”) contains stand data read in from an Excel

file created with the STIMPORT.XLS template, has no treatments and an even-aged

harvest age 40. This regime is intended only to demonstrate how stand data in spreadsheet format can be read into TreeVal; it is not meant to be comparable with the regimes described above. The results of the various market regimes on a given silvicultural regime can be compared directly, however.

The three market regimes are as follows:

Produce veneer and visual grade lumber with high (1993) lumber prices (Market

ID = m1). TreeVal will allocate logs to the product option offering the highest returns.

Produce veneer and visual grade lumber (Market ID = m2). Lumber price equals

75 percent of m1.

Produce veneer and visual grade lumber with high (1993) lumber prices, but impose

log allocation restrictions such that all logs with a small-end log diameter (SED) greater

than 18 inches must be allocated to veneer production (Market ID = m3). This forces

big logs to veneer even if returns are less than those obtained from lumber production.

The project window for DEMO.PRJ is shown in figure 1.

Analyzing a Project

A TreeVal Sample

Project
11

TreeVal is configured to analyze a single silvicultural regime across multiple market

regimes, or a single market regime across multiple silvicultural regimes. First, we view

results tables (see description under Solutions and Reports) for one market regime

(M1) across the four silvicultural regimes described above. To display the results side

by side for all four regimes, drag the cursor across all four scenario cells under the m1

market column to highlight them. Then click on the desired results button from the

TreeVal tool bar. The Summary table is not illustrated here because much of what it

contains is already displayed in the Project window. Figure 7 shows the Log Allocation

table, which reports harvest log volume (the default setting for the table) for the entire

rotation. The thinning regime (Title/ID = “thin”) produced the lowest volume, 13,702

cubic feet, and the pruning regime had the highest volume, even though it was harvested 6 years earlier. The volume for the “read” silvicultural regime is actually higher than

the pruning regime, but this is a hypothetical stand, very different from the other three

silvicultural regimes.

View the table again, this time selecting net value instead of volume for the “show” option. The same relation holds, with the pruning regime generating the highest return at

the mill ($66,251). The net value for the “read” silvicultural regime is again the “highest,”

but remember, this is a hypothetical stand.

Figure 8 shows product recovery information. The default setting is for volume, but

again, this information also is available in value terms. The thinning regime produced

the lowest lumber volume and highest chip log volumes, as one would expect. Only the

pruned regime generated any of the highest value lumber grade category, D selects

and better. The lumber and veneer product units are expressed in board feet and

square feet, respectively, and chip logs and byproducts are listed in terms of cubic-foot

log volume.

The Stand table (fig. 9) reveals the diameter distribution of harvested trees. The thinning regime has a bimodal distribution, reflecting the cutting of 8- to 12-inch trees for

commercial thinning and then a final harvest. The regime with no treatments (“none”)

has a bell-shaped diameter curve owing to the higher stocking late in the rotation resulting in tree suppression. The pruning regime harvested only 82 trees because a

precommercial thinning was applied. Recall that the previous table reported a high volume of lumber produced by the pruned regime.

Figure 7—Log Allocation table.

Reviewing DEMO.PRJ
12

Figure 8—Product Recovery table.

Figure 9—Stand table.

The Production Costs and Values table (fig. 10) provides a breakdown of costs across

all activities to determine the conversion return to stumpage in either $/cubic feet log

volume or $/acre.

Now view the Log Allocation table results for only the “none” silvicultural regime across

all three market regimes (fig. 11). In this example, the harvest log volume is the same

for market regimes m1 and m2 (15,746 cubic feet), but slightly higher for m3 (15,752

cubic feet), even though the silvicultural treatments are identical in the three scenarios.
13

This arises from a shift in volume between products with different log lengths. Veneer

logs are bucked to 17-foot lengths vs. 16.5 feet for saw logs. Because of log length

assigned to each product, a tree allocated to veneer will have a top log length different

from the top log of the same tree allocated to lumber. Depending on log geometry,

trees with veneer logs may yield slightly more or less volume than the same stem

bucked to saw-log lengths. In market regimes m1 and m2, veneer is more profitable

than lumber for logs greater than 18 inches SED, so the volume allocation did not

change. In fact, over 90 percent of log volume is sent to veneer. However, in m3, the

lumber and veneer input files are configured to allocate all logs less than 18 inches

SED to lumber. The SED restrictions always take precedence over optimizing financial

returns, so all logs less than 18 inches SED allocated to veneer in m1 and m2 are

forced into lumber in m3. The result is a redirection of over 90 percent of the veneer

logs in m1 and m2 to lumber in m3. Thus product allocation can be dictated by prices

or diameter limits.

Figure 10—Production Cost and Value table.

Figure 11—Log Allocation table, volume comparison by

market regime.
14

When you know: Multiple by: To find:

Inches 2.54 Centimeters

Feet 0.305 Meters

Barbour, R.J.; Johnson, S.; Hayes, J.P.; Tucker, G. 1997. Simulated stand

characteristics and wood product yields from Douglas-fir plantations managed for

ecosystem objectives. Forest Ecology and Management. 91: 205-219.

Bruce, D. 1982. Butt log volume estimators. Forest Science. 23(3): 489-503.

Fahey, T.D.; Cahill, J.M.; Snellgrove, T.A.; Heath, L.S. 1991. Lumber and veneer

recovery from intensively managed young-growth Douglas-fir. Res. Pap. PNW-RP437. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Research Station. 25 p.

Hann, D.W.; Olsen, C.L.; Hester, A.S. 1994. ORGANON users manual. Corvallis, OR:

Department of Forest Resources, Oregon State University. 113 p.

Haynes, R.W.; Fight, R.D. 1992. Price projections for selected grades of Douglas-fir,

coast hem-fir, inland hem-fir, and ponderosa pine lumber. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-447.

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Research Station. 20 p.

King, J.E. 1966. Site index curves for Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest.

Weyerhaeuser For. Pap. 8. Centralia, WA: Weyerhaeuser Forestry Research

Center. 49 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1991. National Forest cubic scaling

handbook. FSH 2409.11a Amend. 2409.11a-1. Washington, DC.

Warren, D. 2000. Production, prices, employment, and trade in Northwest forest industries, all quarters 1988. Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-231. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 171 p.

Metric Equivalents

Literature Cited
15

TreeVal requires an IBM-compatible computer, 8 mb of RAM, and a Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, or Windows NT operating system. A Pentium microprocessor, additional RAM, and a large hard drive (1 GB or more) are desirable. RAM

requirements differ with problem size. Stands with many trees and activities will need

more RAM to do calculations.

Suggestions and strategies—Focus on comparing scenarios that share the same

silvicultural regime or market regime. Make sure that these scenarios have specific

differences so that valid deductions can be made. For example, one scenario may be

pruned and the other not or one scenario may have a heavy thinning at stand age 30,

another a light thinning at age 30, and a third no thinning.

In the Project window, the cells containing descriptions can be expanded and files can

be viewed by double-clicking the cell. When using a Stand Input file (*.STD), specify a

branch index (BIX) for the butt log. If you do not, TreeVal will estimate the branch index

at the base of the crown and extend that number to the butt log. Because the branch

index at the base of the crown tends to be larger than anywhere else along the bole,

not specifying a BIX for the butt log will cause TreeVal to overestimate the BIX for the

butt log. This overestimate results in predicting poorer quality forest products and a

lower valued butt log.

TreeVal produces files that are in Excel 4.0 format. Some of these files are used to

generate results tables; these files have the extensions TA1, TB2, TC1, TC2, TD1, and

TE1. To view these files, select one scenario cell, then select one of the detail file commands from the right-click menu. Calculating TreeVal scenarios also produces additional files not required to run a project; these files have the extensions: ERR and TRE.

Because TRE files are generally quite large, you may want to erase these files to free

hard disk space.

TreeVal operates efficiently when the number of trees in a scenario is 255 or less. TreeVal will run with stands of more than 255 trees (provided the amount of whorl data is

small; see next section, “Troubles”) but the maximum number of trees that can be displayed in the tree list file is 255. TreeVal accepts, at most, eight harvests of any type

(thinning, even-aged harvest, uneven-aged harvest, and overstory removal). If TreeVal

encounters more than eight harvests, it will ignore the first harvest(s).

TreeVal may use up available RAM on some computers. Save frequently and exit Windows when the calculations seem to be slowing down. If the stands you use have many

trees and you have several scenarios, you may have to calculate each scenario individually rather than use the Calculate All menu choice.

Troubles: memory problems and freezing up—TreeVal’s ability to solve scenarios is

influenced by many factors, such as rotation length and the number of activities conducted. The two primary limitations are available RAM on the computer and the amount

of data comprising each tree entry in the stand input file. For ORGANON output files,

tree data will consist primarily of lines of whorl data (one line for every 5 years of tree

growth). Thus the number of trees that TreeVal can handle in a stand input file is inversely correlated with the amount of whorl data per tree. If TreeVal fails to solve a

scenario with an ORGANON type input file, the user has three options. The first is to

add RAM to the computer. The second is to reduce the number of trees in the input file

by combining the information from several similar trees into one “typical” tree and adjusting its expansion factor. In stands where tree population is sufficiently diverse, this

may not be appropriate. The third option is to reduce the number of lines of whorl data

Appendix 1

System Requirements

Appendix 2

Tips and

Troubleshooting
16

for each tree down to four lines: the first whorl, the whorl having the greatest limb size

in the first 17 feet of the tree, the whorl having the greatest limb size in the rest of the

tree, and the whorl closest to a 4-inch top. TreeVal interpolates the remaining whorl

values. By reducing the number of whorls per tree from several dozen to just four,

many more trees can be included in the input file. The amount of information for each

tree is reduced, but the integrity of the stand data is enhanced by the inclusion of additional trees.

Tree List File—

TreeNum—Number of each tree in the stand input file

Spp—Species

DBH—Diameter at breast height

ht—Height of tree

tpa—Trees per acre; the expansion factor applied to a given tree number

age—Age of the tree

cr—Crown ratio; the ratio of live crown to total tree height

grossCubicVolume—Gross merchantable wood volume of a tree (in cubic feet)

totalValue—Total value of all wood products from tree for a selected market regime

grossClrWdVolume—Gross merchantable clearwood volume (in cubic feet)

grossJuvWdVolume—Gross merchantable juvenile wood volume (in cubic feet)

treeBIX—Branch index

pruned—Indicates if tree was pruned; 1=pruned, 0=unpruned

logCount—Number of logs of merchantable timber

mfgCost—Cost to manufacture lumber and veneer from a tree

product_1—Product type for log 1; 3=saw log, 5=veneer log, 6=chip log

logLength_1—Length of log 1

sed_1—Small-end diameter of log 1

led_1—Large-end diameter of log 1

logBIX_1—Branch index; average of largest limb in each quadrant of log 1

juvWoodCoreDiam_1—Diameter of juvenile wood core

logVol_1—Wood volume of log 1 (in cubic feet)

logVolume_g1_1 through logVolume_g6_1—Log 1 volume by product type and

grade (lumber in MBF, veneer in thousand square feet [MSF]). For visual lumber grade:

g1=D Selects and Btr; g2=Select Structural; g3=No.1; g4=No. 2; g5=No. 3;

g6=Economy. For MSR lumber grades: g1=D Selects & Btr.; g2=2100; g3=1650F;

g4=1450; g5=No. 3; g6=Economy. For veneer: g1=AB; g2=C; g3=D.

chipVolume_1—Wood chip volume of log 1 (in cubic feet) if designated as a chip log

Appendix 3

Definitions
17

residueChipsVolume_1—Volume of wood chips (in cubic feet solid wood equivalent,

generated by processing log 1 into lumber or veneer

residueVolume_1—Sawdust, etc., volume (in cubic feet solid wood equivalent, generated by processing log 1 into lumber or veneer

logValue_g1_1 through logValue_g6_1—Gross value of log 1 by product type and

grade ($). For visual lumber grade: g1=D Selects & Btr; g2=Select Structural; g3=No.1;

g4=No. 2; g5=No. 3; g6=Economy. For MSR lumber grades: g1=D Selects & Btr.;

g2=2100; g3=1650F; g4=1450; g5=No. 3; g6=Economy. For veneer: g1=AB; g2=C;

g3=D.

chipValue_1—Value of wood chips from log 1 if designated as a chip log

residueChipsValue_1—Value of wood chips generated by processing log 1 into lumber or veneer

residueValue_1—Sawdust, etc., value generated by processing log 1 into lumber or

veneer

Definitions, Log Allocation Detail—

SilvId—Four-letter reporting code assigned to silvicultural regime

MarketId—Two-letter reporting code assigned to market regime

harvestAge_1—Age_1 represents the sum of all harvests occurring in the scenario

unprDFLumVol_1—Volume of unpruned Douglas-fir logs (in cubic feet) allocated for

lumber production from all harvests in the scenario

prDFLumVol_1—Volume of pruned Douglas-fir logs (in cubic feet) allocated for lumber

production from all harvests in the scenario

unprDFVenVol_1—Volume of unpruned Douglas-fir logs (in cubic feet) allocated for

veneer production from all harvests in the scenario

prDFVenVol_1—Volume of pruned Douglas-fir logs (in cubic feet) allocated for veneer

production from all harvests in the scenario

chipLogVolume_1—Volume of chip logs (Douglas-fir and other species) from all harvests in the scenario (in cubic feet)

otherVolume_1—Volume of other species logs (in cubic feet) produced from all harvests in the scenario

unprDFLumValue_1—Total value of unpruned Douglas-fir logs allocated for lumber

production from all harvests in the scenario

prDFLumValue_1—Total value of pruned Douglas-fir logs allocated for lumber production from all harvests in the scenario

unprDFVenValue_1—Total value of unpruned Douglas-fir logs allocated for veneer

production from all harvests in the scenario

prDFVenValue_1—Total value of pruned Douglas-fir logs allocated for veneer production from all harvests in the scenario

chipLogValue_1—Total value of chip logs (Douglas-fir and other species) from all

harvests in the scenario
18

otherValue_1—Total value of other species logs (in cubic feet) produced from all harvests in the scenario. Subsequent column headings in the file change only with respect

to time of harvest. For instance, for the heading “HarvestAge_2,” Age_2 represents the

final harvest in the scenario. Additional iterations (e.g., Age_3, Vol_3, and Val_3) refer

to age, volume, and value of a commercial thinning occurring earlier in the scenario. It

is the third harvest report (after total harvest and final harvest) in the file, hence the _3

designation.

Definitions, Product Volume Detail—

SilvId—Four-letter reporting code assigned to silvicultural regime

MarketId—Two-letter reporting code assigned to market regime

age_1—age_1 represents the sum of all harvests occurring in the scenario

prodTypeOfLumber_1—Indicates whether lumber is produced under visual or MSR

grading

volumeLumber_1_1 through volumeLumber_1_6—Total volume of Douglas-fir lumber produced from unpruned logs from all harvests in the scenario, reported by grades

1-6. For visual lumber grades: 1=D Selects and Btr; 2=Select Structural; 3=No.1; 4=No.

2; 5=No. 3; 6=Economy. For MSR lumber grades: 1=D Selects & Btr; 2=2100; 3=1650;

4=1450; 5=No. 3; 6=Economy.

volumeAB_1 through volumeD_1—Volume of Douglas-fir veneer by grade (grades

AB, C, D) from unpruned logs from all harvests in the scenario

volumeChipLogs_1—Total wood chip volume (in cubic feet) of chip logs from all harvests in the scenario

volumeChipResidue_1—Total volume of wood chips (in cubic feet solid wood equivalent, generated by processing unpruned logs from all harvests in the scenario

volumeResidue_1—Volume of sawdust, etc. (in cubic feet solid wood equivalent, generated by processing unpruned logs from all harvests

volPrLumber_1_1 through volPrLumber_1_6—Total value of Douglas-fir lumber

produced from pruned logs from all harvests in the scenario, reported by grades 1-6.

For visual lumber grades: 1=D Selects & Btr; 2=Select Structural; 3=No.1; 4=No. 2;

5=No. 3; 6=Economy. For MSR lumber grades: 1=D Selects & Btr; 2=2100; 3=1650;

4=1450; 5=No. 3; 6=Economy.

volPrAB_1 through volPRD_1—Total volume of Douglas-fir veneer by grade (grades

AB, C, D) produced from pruned logs from all harvests in the scenario

volPrChipLogs_1—Total wood chip volume (in cubic feet) of chip logs from all harvests in the scenario

volPrChipResidue_1—Total volume of wood chips (in cubic feet solid wood equivalent, generated by processing pruned logs from all harvests in the scenario

volPrResidue_1—Total volume of sawdust, etc. (in cubic feet solid wood equivalent),

generated by processing pruned logs from all harvests in the scenario. Subsequent

column headings in the file change only with respect to time of harvest. For instance,

for the heading “Age_2,” Age_2 represents the final harvest in the scenario. Additional

iterations (e.g., Age_3, volumeLumber_3_1) refer to the age when the third harvest
19

activity takes place (a commercial thinning occurring earlier in the scenario, because

_2 indicates final harvest), and volume of lumber of grade 1 produced from unpruned

logs of that harvest. It is the third harvest report (after total harvest (_1), and final harvest (_2) in the file), hence the _3 designation.

Definitions, Product Value Detail—

SilvId—Four-letter reporting code assigned to silvicultural regime

MarketId—Two-letter reporting code assigned to market regime

age_1—age_1 represents the sum of all harvests occurring in the scenario

prodTypeOfLumber_1—Indicates whether lumber is produced under visual or MSR

grading

valueLumber_1_1 through valueLumber_1_6—Total value of Douglas-fir lumber

produced from unpruned logs from all harvests in the scenario, reported by grade 1-6.

For visual lumber grades: 1=D Selects & Btr; 2=Select Structural; 3=No.1; 4=No. 2;

5=No. 3; 6=Economy. For MSR lumber grades: 1=D Selects & Btr; 2=2100; 3=1650;

4=1450; 5=No. 3; 6=Economy.

valueAB_1 through valued_1—Value of Douglas-fir veneer by grade (grades AB, C,

D) from unpruned logs from all harvests in the scenario

valueChipLogs_1—Total wood chip value (in cubic feet) of chip logs from all harvests

in the scenario

valueChipResidue_1—Total value of wood chips generated by processing unpruned

logs from all harvests in the scenario

valueResidue_1—Value of sawdust, etc., generated by processing unpruned logs

from all harvests

valuePrLumber_1_1 through valuePrLumber_1_6—Total value of Douglas-fir lumber produced from pruned logs from all harvests in the scenario, reported by grade 1-6.

For visual lumber grades: 1=D Selects & Btr; 2=Select Structural; 3=No.1; 4=No. 2;

5=No. 3; 6=Economy. For MSR lumber grades: 1=D Selects & Btr; 2=2100; 3=1650;

4=1450; 5=No. 3; 6=Economy.

valuePrAB_1 through valuePrD—Total value of Douglas-fir veneer by grade (grades

AB, C, D) produced from pruned logs from all harvests in the scenario.

valuePrChipLogs_1—Total wood chip value of chip logs from all harvests in the scenario

valuePrChipResidue_1—Total value of wood chips generated by processing pruned

logs from all harvests in the scenario

valuePrResidue_1—Total value of sawdust, etc., generated by processing pruned

logs from all harvests in the scenario

Subsequent column headings in the file change only with respect to time of harvest.

For instance, for the heading “Age_2,” Age_2 represents the final harvest in the scenario. Additional interactions (e.g., Age_3, valueLumber_3_1) refer to the age when the

third harvest activity takes place (a commercial thinning occurring earlier in the scenario, because _2 indicates final harvest), and value of lumber of grade 1 produced from

unpruned logs of that harvest. It is the third harvest report (after total harvest (_1), and

final harvest (_2)) in the file, hence the _3 designation.
20

Definitions, Stand Detail—

SilvId—Four-letter reporting code assigned to silvicultural regime

MarketId—Two-letter reporting code assigned to market regime

harvestAge—Age a harvest activity takes place; for a scenario, each activity is reported separately, as well as the sum of all harvests in the scenario.

dcSeq_01—Diameter class counter; tallies the number of diameter class increments

present

Dcls_01—The diameter range of diameter class 1; subsequent classes will all have the

same range (range and starting diameter selected in the Project Setup process)

tpaPruned_01—Number of pruned trees in the stand in diameter class 1

tpaUnpruned_01—Number of unpruned trees in the stand in diameter class 1

tpaOther_01—Number of other species trees in the stand in diameter class 1

grossValuePruned_01—Gross value of all pruned logs harvested in diameter class 1

grossValueUnpruned_01—Gross value of all unpruned logs harvested in diameter

class 1

grossValueOther_01—Gross value of all other species logs harvested in diameter

class 1

prodVolumePruned_01—Volume (in cubic feet) of all pruned logs harvested in diameter class 1

prodVolumeUnpruned_01—Volume (in cubic feet) of all unpruned logs harvested in

diameter class 1

prodVolumeOther_01—Volume (in cubic feet) of all other species logs harvested in

diameter class 1

clearVolumePruned_01—Volume (in cubic feet) of clearwood of all pruned logs harvested in diameter class 1

juvWoodPruned_01—Volume (in cubic feet) of juvenile wood in all pruned logs harvested in diameter class 1

juvWoodUnpruned_01—Volume (in cubic feet) of juvenile wood in all unpruned logs

harvested in diameter class 1

LLADPruned_01—Diameter of largest limb in pruned logs harvested in diameter

class 1

LLADUnpruned_01—Diameter of largest limb in unpruned logs harvested in diameter

class 1. Subsequent column headings in the file change only with respect to diameter

class. For instance, in the heading “dcSeq_02,” _02 represents the second diameter

class, _03 the third, etc.

Definitions, Production Cost and Value Detail—

SilvId—Four-letter reporting code assigned to silvicultural regime

MarketId—Two-letter reporting code assigned to market regime

harvestAge_1—Age_1 represents the sum of all harvests occurring in the scenario
21

productValueDFAc_1—Value of Douglas-fir products from all harvests (in dollars/

acre)

mfgCostDFAc_1—Cost of manufacturing Douglas-fir products from all harvests (in

dollars/acre)

convReturnAllLogsAc_1—Conversion return of all logs at the mill (in dollars/acre)

harvCostAllLogsAc_1—Cost of harvesting all logs for all harvests in a scenario (in

dollars/acre)

haulCostAllLogsAc_1—Haul cost for all logs for all harvests in a scenario (in dollars/

acre)

saleCostAllLogsAc_1—Sale cost for all logs for all harvests in a scenario (in dollars/

acre)

convReturnStumpageAllLogsAc_1—Conversion return of all logs at the stump (in

dollars/acre)

productValueDFFt_1—Value of Douglas-fir products from all harvests (in dollars/cubic

feet)

mfgCostDFFt_1—Cost of manufacturing Douglas-fir products from all harvests in a

scenario (in dollars/cubic feet)

convReturnAllLogsFt_1—Conversion return of all logs at the mill (in dollars/cubic

foot)

harvCostAllLogsFt_1—Cost of harvesting all logs for all harvests in a scenario (in

dollars/cubic feet)

haulCostAllLogsFt_1—Hauling cost for all logs for all harvests in a scenario (in dollars/cubic feet)

saleCostAllLogsFt_1—Sale cost for all logs for all harvests in a scenario (in dollars/

cubic feet)

convReturnStumpageAllLogsFt_1—Conversion return of all logs at the stump (in

dollars/cubic foot). Subsequent column headings in the file change only with respect

to time of harvest. For instance, in the heading “harvestAge_2,” Age_2 represents

the final harvest in the scenario. Additional iterations (e.g., harvestAge_3, harvCostAllLogsAc_3) refer to the age when the third harvest activity takes place (a commercial

thinning occurring earlier in the scenario, because _2 indicates final harvest), and the

harvest cost per acre for all logs removed in that harvest. It is the third harvest report

(after total harvest (_1), and final harvest (_2)) in the file, hence the _3 designation.
This page has been left blank intentionally.

Document continues on next page.
The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle

of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of

wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation

with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests

and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly

greater service to a growing Nation.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs

and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact

USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room

326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Pacific Northwest Research Station

Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw

Telephone (503) 808-2592

Publication requests (503) 808-2138

FAX (503) 808-2130

E-mail desmith@fs.fed.us

Mailing address Publications Distribution

Pacific Northwest Research Station

P.O. Box 3890

Portland, OR 97208-3890
U.S. Department of Agriculture

Pacific Northwest Research Station

333 S.W. First Avenue

P.O. Box 3890

Portland, OR 97208-3890

Official Business

Penalty for Private Use, $300