U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Forest Service

Rocky Mountain Research Station RMRS-RB-36 January 2022

NEVADA’S FOREST RESOURCES, 2009–2018

Chris Witt, Kristen A. Pelz, Sara A. Goeking, John D. Shaw, 

Jennifer L. Bakken, Jim A. Menlove
ii

Witt, Chris; Pelz, Kristen A.; Goeking, Sara A.; Shaw, John D.; Bakken, Jennifer L.; Menlove, Jim A. 2022. Nevada’s 

forest resources, 2009–2018. Resour. Bull. RMRS-RB-36. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 115 p. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-RB-36

Abstract

This report summarizes the most recent Forest Inventory and Analysis data of Nevada’s 

forests based on field data collected between 2009 and 2018. Many of the results were 

compared to those from the 2004––2013 evaluation period. Results show that Nevada’s 

forest land covers 10.6 million acres, most of which (63 percent or 6.7 million acres) 

are administered by the United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land 

Management. The State’s most abundant forest type is Pinyon-juniper woodland, which 

covers almost 7.3 million acres. At 1.9 billion live trees, woodland softwoods (principally 

pinyon and juniper species) make up the largest share of the estimated 2.5 billion live 

trees 5.0. inches or greater in diameter in Nevada, and this species group is the most 

abundant by volume and biomass as well. Nevada’s forests contain 6.2 billion cubic feet 

of net volume in trees 5.0 inches diameter and larger. Nevada had positive annual net 

growth of all live trees 5.0 inches diameter and larger, at 9.5 million cubic feet per year 

during the most recent evaluation period (2009–2018). Most of this growth occurred 

in Pinyon-juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forest types. The bulk of the other 

forest types in Nevada had negative annual net growth for the evaluation period. The 

report includes descriptive highlights and tables of area, numbers of trees, biomass, 

volume, growth, and mortality on forested lands. Also included is a case study that 

uses the Forest Vegetation Simulator tool to project possible future conditions of the 

Pinyon-juniper woodlands that dominate Nevada’s forested landscape. Most results 

are organized by forest type or forest-type group, tree species group, diameter class, or 

owner group. 

_____________________________

Keywords: Nevada, forest inventory, field data, trees, biomass, growth, mortality, 

projections

Cover: Lamoille Canyon, Ruby Mountains, Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. USDA 

Forest Service photo by Marisa Anderson.
All Rocky Mountain Research Station publications are published by U.S. Forest Service 

employees and are in the public domain and available at no cost. Even though U.S. Forest 

Service publications are not copyrighted, they are formatted according to U.S. Department 

of Agriculture standards and research findings and formatting cannot be altered in reprints. 

Altering content or formatting, including the cover and title page, is strictly prohibited.

iii

Authors

All authors are members of the Analysis Team with the Forest Inventory and Analysis 

Program at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Rocky 

Mountain Research Station with headquarters in Ogden, Utah.

Chris Witt is an Ecologist and holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in ecology from Idaho State 

University.

Kristen A. Pelz is a Supervisory Biological Scientist and has a B.A. in environmental 

studies and geography from Middlebury College, and an M.S. in forest science and a 

Ph.D. in ecology from Colorado State University.

Sara A. Goeking is a Biological Scientist and has a B.S. degree in environmental science 

and an M.S. degree in forest ecology, both from Utah State University.

John D. Shaw is a Research Forester and has B.S. and M.S. degrees in natural resources 

management from the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and a Ph.D. in forest ecology 

from Utah State University.

Jennifer L. Bakken is a Forester and has B.S. and M.S. degrees in forestry from Utah 

State University.

Jim A. Menlove is an Ecologist and has a B.S. degree in biology from the University of 

Utah and an M.S. degree in zoology and physiology from the University of Wyoming, 

both with an emphasis in ecology. 

Acknowledgments

We extend special thanks to private landowners and Tribal Nations who graciously 

allowed our crews access to field plots located on their lands and to the dedicated 

field staff who worked hard to collect high quality data. The Rocky Mountain Research 

Station gratefully acknowledges the invaluable cooperation and assistance of the 

Duck Valley and Tina Tino Tribes; the Nevada Department of Wildlife; the Nevada 

Department of Natural Resources and Conservation; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; 

the U.S. Department of Energy; and the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land 

Management, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and National Park Service. We are very grateful 

for the insightful comments by the reviewers of this document.
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Table of Contents

Abstract.............................................................................................................ii

Authors ............................................................................................................iii

Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................iii

Introduction, Methods, and Data .................................................................. 1

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1

Methods and Data....................................................................................................................... 1

Overview of Nevada’s Forests........................................................................ 4

Forest Area, Forest Type, and Ownership............................................................................ 4

Number of Trees ......................................................................................................................... 7

Dead Trees as Habitat: A Focus on Cavity-Nesting Birds ................................................. 9

Tree Volume and Biomass ...................................................................................................... 11

Stand-Age Class.......................................................................................................................... 14

Pinyon Mast and Tree Age...................................................................................................... 15

Understory Vegetation............................................................................................................. 18

Forest Health in Nevada ............................................................................... 24

Growth and Mortality.............................................................................................................. 24

Tree Damage and Forest Disturbance................................................................................. 28

Special Section: Projecting Possible Forest Conditions............................. 33

Simulation Summary............................................................................................................... 33

Results.......................................................................................................................................... 34

Quality Assurance.......................................................................................... 39

Quality Control .......................................................................................................................... 39

Quality Assessment .................................................................................................................. 39

Conclusions..................................................................................................... 44

References ...................................................................................................... 45

Appendices

Appendix A - Details About Forest Vegetation Simulator Projections........................ 49

Appendix B - Standard Forest Inventory and Analysis Terminology......................... 56

Appendix C - Standard Forest Resource Tables ................................................................ 64

Appendix D - Nevada Forest-Type Groups and Forest Types, with 

Descriptions and Timber (T) or Woodland (W) Designations .....................................111

Appendix E - Tree Species Groups and Tree Species Measured in Nevada’s 

Annual Inventory, with Common Name, Scientific Name, and Timber (T) 

or Woodland (W) Designation .............................................................................................116
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USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 1

Introduction, Methods, and Data

Introduction

Nevada encompasses a wide variety of forested environments that are valued for their 

scenic beauty, forest products, wildlife habitat, and myriad ecosystem services. This 

report contains highlights of the status of Nevada’s forest resources based on a full 10-

year cycle of forest inventory data, collected from 2009 to 2018.

This chapter summarizes inventory methods conducted in Nevada. The following 

chapters present an overview of forest attributes quantified by the FIA program, such 

as forest land area, tree volume, and indicators of forest health. The appendices include 

supplemental information, including a glossary of terms used in this report, standard 

forest resource tables, a list of Nevada’s forest types and forest-type groups, and a list of 

Nevada’s tree species and species groups.

The annual inventory is designed with the intention of allowing for analysis of trends 

through time. This report can be compared to previous reports, while keeping in mind 

definitional changes within FIA that could contribute to apparent changes. Tree growth 

and mortality data have been updated since publication in past reports, so current 

analysis will differ slightly from previously published results. 

Methods and Data

The data used to produce this report were collected by the Rocky Mountain Research 

Station Forest Inventory and Analysis (RMRS-FIA) program. In 1998, the Agricultural 

Research Extension and Education Reform Act, also known as the Farm Bill, mandated 

that inventories would be conducted throughout the forests of the United States under 

an annualized system. The annual inventory system includes a systematic national 

sampling design consisting of 1 plot per approximately 6,000 acres, a nationally 

consistent plot configuration with 4 fixed-radius subplots, and annual measurement 

of a constant proportion of permanent plots. The inventory strategy for the western 

United States involves measurement of 10 systematic samples, or subpanels, where one 

subpanel is completed each year and all subpanels are measured over a 10-year period. 

Each subpanel is spatially balanced across the State and is preassigned to be surveyed 

during a specific calendar year, which is referred to as inventory year (see Appendix 

B for standard FIA terminology). The year in which each plot is actually surveyed 

is recorded as its measurement year. The entire inventory cycle is designed to be 

completed in 10 years in RMRS-FIA. FIA’s statistical sampling and estimation procedures 

are described in more detail in Bechtold and Patterson (2005). Where error bars are 

included in this report, they indicate one standard error from the estimated mean, or a 

68 percent confidence interval (Bechtold and Patterson 2005). 

Initial implementation of the annual inventory system in Nevada began in 2004 in 

tandem with the Nevada Photo-Based Inventory Pilot (NPIP) (Frescino et al. 2009). 

During the 2006 field season, annual inventory ceased due to lack of funding. In 2009, 

FIA crews resumed work in Nevada, completing as many of the plots scheduled for 
 2 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

measurement in previous inventory years as possible, and by 2013 the initial full 

inventory cycle was completed. Data collection in Nevada has been fully funded 

and followed the regular inventory schedule since 2012. This report is based on the 

aggregated data collected in inventory years 2009 to 2018. Nevada’s full inventory 

consists of 11,346 plots, of which, during the current cycle, 1,931 sampled forest land 

and 9,415 sampled nonforest or water. This report focuses on forest resources on forest 

land only. FIA’s forest land definition is described in detail in Appendix B. Results from 

the NPIP data are also available (Frescino et al. 2016), which evaluated Nevada’s forest 

resources using different methods than FIA’s standard annual field inventory and 

provide more information about land cover and land use on Nevada’s nonforest areas.

Plot measurements begin when office staff assess plot locations using aerial 

photography. Any plot locations that are clearly nonforest (for example: in a lake, 

parking lot, or agricultural field) are recorded and entered into the database as 

nonforest, along with their nonforest land use and land cover type. Plot locations 

that are forested (or potentially forested) are designated for visit and potential full 

measurement by field crews. (When potentially forested plots are found to be nonforest, 

land use and land cover type are recorded by crews.) 

The FIA field plot layout consists of four subplots (Bechtold and Scott 2005, USDA Forest 

Service 2016). The centers of subplots 2, 3, and 4 are 120 feet from the center of subplot 

1 at azimuths of 360, 120, and 240 degrees, respectively (fig. 1). Trees with a diameter 

(diameter at breast height [d.b.h.] or at root collar [d.r.c.]) of 5.0 inches and larger are 

measured on a 24-foot radius (1/24 acre) circular subplot. All trees less than 5.0 inches 

diameter are measured on a 6.8-foot radius (1/300 acre) microplot located 12 feet and 90 

degrees from each subplot center. Attributes reported here are generally measured on 

forested plots only (see Appendix B for FIA forest definition). Changes in land conditions 

(forest, nonforest, or water) that occur on the subplots and microplots are recorded. 

Those land conditions recorded as forest can be further differentiated by differences in 

reserved status, ownership group, forest type, stand-size class, tree regeneration status, 

and tree density.

Specific data collection procedures are described in RMRS-FIA field manuals (USDA 

Forest Service 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016), which are available online at 

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/ogden/data-collection/field-manuals.shtml. FIA data, including 

those used for this report, are available to the public through the National FIA Tools 

and Data website (https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/tools-data/index.php). Data documentation 

(Burrill et al. 2018) is available from the FIA Library website 

(https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/library/database-documentation/index.php). For assistance 

with data, contact persons listed on the Customer Service website 

(https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/tools-data/customer-service/index.php) or authors of this 

report.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 3

Figure 1—Forest Inventory and Analysis plot layout.
 4 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Overview of Nevada’s Forests

This chapter summarizes the current status of Nevada’s forests for attributes such as 

forest area and ownership, forest type, numbers of trees, tree volume and biomass, 

stand age, understory vegetation, tree growth, and mortality. When applicable, these 

will be compared to the most recent annual inventory report for Nevada (Menlove et al. 

2016). Some forest attributes are reported at a statewide scale, while others are reported 

for specific forest land classifications. FIA uses a nationally consistent standard for 

defining different categories of forest land based on reserved status and productivity. 

These categories were originally developed for separating forest land deemed suitable 

for timber production from forest land that was either not suitable or unavailable for 

timber harvesting activity, which includes woodland forest types. 

The first division of forest land is unreserved forest land and reserved forest land. 

Unreserved forest land is considered available for harvesting activity where wood 

volume can be removed for timber products. Reserved forest land is considered 

unavailable for any type of wood utilization management practice due to legal 

designation. It should be noted that a combination of physical and regulatory factors 

may preclude removal of timber products from unreserved forest land, and timber 

removal may occasionally be allowed on reserved forest land to meet nontimber 

management objectives. Both unreserved and reserved forest lands are further 

divided based on productivity. Unreserved forest land is subdivided into timberland 

and unproductive forests. Timberland is defined as unreserved forest land capable 

of producing 20 cubic feet per acre per year of wood (at culmination of mean annual 

increment) from timber species. Unproductive forests, because of some combination 

of woodland (nontimber) tree species and site conditions, are those not capable of 

producing 20 cubic feet per acre of commercial-quality wood (see Appendix B for 

definition details). 

Forest Area, Forest Type, and Ownership

The State of Nevada, minus the Nellis Air Force Range, covers almost 68 million acres, 

of which an estimated 10.6 million acres are classified as forest land by FIA. Most of 

this forest land (8.9 million acres) is unreserved and available for a multitude of uses, 

with 256,000 acres considered productive enough to meet FIA timberland standards. 

Only 1.7 million acres of forest land in Nevada are in reserved status, with 250,000 acres 

of reserved forest acres classified as productive. Table C1 (in Appendix C) reports the 

proportion of Nevada classified as forest land, along with the percentage of that forest 

land by reserve status and productivity.

A large portion of Nevada’s forested land is classified in the Nonstocked forest type; it is 

second only to the Pinyon-juniper woodland forest type in acreage (FIA-defined forest 

types and forest-type groups are capitalized throughout the report to distinguish them 

from specific tree species or other categorizations of forest composition). Nonstocked 

forests (the Nonstocked forest type) include those forest lands that formerly had the 

requisite stocking of live trees to be considered forested, but, upon measurement during 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 5

the current evaluation period, were not stocked but are expected to return to a forested 

condition in a foreseeable period of time (see Appendix B for detailed definition). A 

Nonstocked condition is most often due to recent disturbance such as fire, disease, or 

commercial harvest where tree regeneration is expected. Nevada has an estimated 

744,000 acres of Nonstocked forest land, a large portion of which has had disturbance 

(fig. 2). This is an increase from the 2004–2013 estimate of 598,000 acres (Menlove et al. 

2016). The majority (87 percent) of Nevada’s Nonstocked forests were formerly in the 

Pinyon/juniper woodland type group. Of the 303,000 Nonstocked acres with a recent 

disturbance (e.g., recorded during the current evaluation period), fire accounted for 91 

percent of this acreage. This proportion is similar to the estimate from the 2004–2013 

period. This suggests that over at least the past 15 years fire has played a role in the 

increasing conversion of the Pinyon-juniper woodland type to the Nonstocked forest 

type in Nevada. A more thorough examination of the role of disturbance in Nevada’s 

forests appears later in this report.

Figure 2—Estimated acres of recent disturbance type in Nonstocked forests. Error bars indicate +/-one standard error 

of the estimate. Nevada, 2009–2018.
 6 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Together, federal entities manage over 96 percent of all forested lands and 93 percent 

of the productive forest land in Nevada (figs. 3a and 3b). The United States Department 

of Interior Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages most of Nevada’s forest land 

(6.7 million acres) with the vast majority (98 percent) of BLM forest land classified as 

unproductive (table C2). These unproductive forests are dominated by the Pinyon/

juniper (5.7 million acres) and Woodland hardwoods (294,000 acres) forest-type groups, 

which together account for 90 percent of the forest on BLM-administered lands. The 

BLM also holds more Nonstocked forest lands than all other owners combined, at an 

estimated 518,000 acres. 

Figure 3a—Estimated acres of the most common forest-type groups administered by the U.S. Forest Service and BLM. 

Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the estimate. Nevada 2009-2018.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 7

Figure 3b—Estimated acres of forest land administered by various ownership classes by the most abundant forest-type 

groups. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the estimate. Nevada 2009–2018.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service administers 30 percent (3.2 

million acres) of all forest land in Nevada and 65 percent (166,000 acres) of the State’s 

timberland. Similar to the BLM’s lands, Forest Service forested lands are dominated 

by the Pinyon/juniper forest-type group, which makes up 68 percent of Forest Service 

forested acres. However, the Forest Service manages lands containing several hundreds 

of thousands of acres in the Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock (97,000), Aspen/birch 

(204,000), and Other western softwoods (95,000) forest-type groups that are not common 

under other ownerships in Nevada (table C4). 

Number of Trees

Nevada contains an estimated 2.5 billion live trees 1.0 inch in diameter or larger (table 

C10). Estimates of tree numbers are useful to a variety of silvicultural, forest health, 

and habitat management applications. FIA classifies individual tree species into species 

groups and categorizes each species and species group as either softwood or hardwood 

(Appendix E). FIA tree species group names are capitalized throughout the document to 

distinguish them from specific species.

Softwood species total over 2 billion live trees, or 81 percent of the State’s live trees. 

Around 47 percent of live softwood trees are under 5.0 inches in diameter, and 7 

percent are 15.0 inches and larger in diameter. The Woodland softwoods species group 
 8 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

contains the most live trees (1.9 billion) and accounts for 93 percent of all softwood 

trees in Nevada. The most abundant tree species in Nevada, singleleaf pinyon, accounts 

for 61 percent of all live softwoods (and half of all live trees), with 1.2 billion trees 1.0 

inch or greater in diameter.

Hardwood species account for 19 percent, or 483 million, of Nevada’s live trees. Only 

two species groups make up all hardwoods in Nevada. The Woodland hardwoods 

species group comprises the majority (60 percent) of the hardwood species, with 

288 million trees, while trees in the Cottonwood and aspen group are the remaining 

195 million hardwood trees in Nevada. The most common species in the Woodlands 

hardwood and Cottonwood and aspen groups are curlleaf mountain-mahogany (238 

million trees) and quaking aspen (194 million trees), respectively.

Roughly 1.3 billion, or 52 percent, of Nevada’s trees are less than 5.0 inches in diameter. 

The hardwoods species groups have at least 60 percent of their population in the 1.0–4.9 

inch diameter class. In contrast, only 3 relatively scarce softwood species—lodgepole 

pine, Douglas-fir, and white fir—have more than 60 percent of their totals coming from 

small-diameter trees. Estimated tree numbers, by species, changed little from 2004–2013 

to 2009–2018, suggesting little change in relative species abundance across the forested 

landscape during this time. 

Nevada’s timberlands contain 22 million growing-stock trees (trees that meet standards 

that identify them as a valuable timber resource; see Appendix B for full definition). 

Most of Nevada’s growing-stock trees are quaking aspen (6.6 million) and white fir (5 

million), but the majority of these are in size classes less than 9.0 inches in diameter 

(table C12). Jeffrey pine has the most growing-stock trees (1.9 million) in size classes 

equal to or greater than 11.0 inches in diameter.

There are over 151 million standing dead trees 5.0 inches in diameter or larger in 

Nevada’s forests (table C11). Most of these are singleleaf pinyon (54 million) and Utah 

juniper (46 million). Together, these 2 species account for two-thirds of all dead trees 

5.0 inches and greater diameter in Nevada. However, dead trees account for less than 

10 percent of the total trees of these species (fig. 4). Of the species contributing at least 

1 percent of the total number of trees in Nevada, limber pine has the largest proportion 

of standing trees that are dead (23 percent). Overall, standing dead trees make up 11 

percent of total trees 5.0 inches or greater in diameter in Nevada.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 9

Figure 4—Ratio of live and dead trees 5.0 inches or greater in diameter for the most common species found in Nevada 

(> 10 million trees). Nevada, 2008–2019.

Dead Trees as Habitat: A Focus on Cavity-Nesting Birds

Standing dead trees are used by many species for nesting, denning, and foraging 

activities. Members of the guild of cavity-nesting birds are especially dependent on 

standing dead trees, or “snags,” for nesting. There are a handful of bird species that act 

as primary excavators of nest sites. These birds create a cavity during one breeding 

season but often abandon it and create a new cavity the following year. The old 

cavities are then occupied by secondary cavity-nesting birds that depend on primary 

excavators, as well as a suite of other species. The suitability of an old cavity for a 

secondary nester often depends on the species of primary excavator that created it. 

The Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus), Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis), 

and Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) are relatively abundant and widespread 

throughout Nevada’s forest types and create different sized openings and cavities in 

dead trees. They provide suitable nest sites for a wide variety of secondary nesting 

species across a large range of habitats. In the following analysis we estimated the 

abundance of snags in Nevada that meet these birds’ nesting preferences. Suitability 

was based on mean diameters found to be used by these species regionally (Dobkin et 

al. 1995; Flack 1976; Martin et al. 2004; McClelland et al. 1979).
 10 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

There are 52.6 million snags in Nevada that meet the diameter preferences of Hairy 

Woodpeckers (greater than or equal to 10.0 inches diameter). Almost 31 million snags 

are in the greater than or equal to 12.0-inch diameter class preferred by Red-naped 

Sapsuckers, and just over 17 million snags meet Northern Flicker size requirements 

of greater than or equal to 14.0 inches in diameter. Utah juniper and singleleaf pinyon 

provided the bulk of snags in each size class analyzed. Douglas-fir has the highest 

proportion of snags of a size suitable for all 3 bird species (e.g., greater than or equal to 

14.0-inch class), with about 28 percent standing dead trees meeting or exceeding this 

diameter. This is closely followed by limber pine at 24 percent. However, these species 

are comparatively rare in Nevada, so the higher percentages do not necessarily equate 

to high snag numbers or densities overall. 

Snags available for this suite of cavity-nesting birds have appeared to remain stable 

at the statewide scale from the 2004–2013 to the 2009–2018 time period (fig. 5). The 

greatest number of these snags (regardless of if they were in the 10.0-inch, 12.0-inch, or 

14.0.-inch and greater size class), are in forests between 101 and 200 years old, with the 

second-highest number in forests between 0 and 100 years old. For the 10.0- and 12.0-

inch or greater classes, the fewest snags are in forests over 200 years old, while for the 

14.0-inch or greater class there are nearly equal numbers in the youngest and oldest 

forests (fig. 6). This warrants further investigation into whether these snags provide 

suitable nest sites, as site selection by birds includes other environmental and structural 

site characteristics, such as proximity to food and level of thermal and security cover 

provided by an individual nest tree and/or the surrounding stand. Forest stands of 

differing age classes and species composition will vary in how well they meet these 

other needs.

Figure 5—Number of snags meeting diameter preferences for three cavity-nesting bird species in Nevada, by tree 

species, diameter class, and inventory period. Nevada 2004–2013, 2009–2018.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 11

Figure 6—Estimated number of standing dead trees in Nevada that meet the diameter preferences of three cavitynesting birds, by age class. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the estimate. Nevada, 2009–2018.

Tree Volume and Biomass

Cubic-foot volume of wood in a forest is important for determining the possibility and 

sustainability of current and future wood utilization. Estimates of gross and net volume 

include only the sawlog portion of live trees 5.0 inches in diameter and larger. Net 

volume is computed by deducting rotten, missing, or form defects from gross volume. 

Net volume is reported here for the following categories: all live trees, growing-stock 

trees, sawtimber, and sawlogs (see Appendix B for detailed definitions). Tree biomass 

estimates are based on gross volume and describe aboveground tree weight by various 

components (merchantable bole and bark, tops and limbs, saplings). This method of 

estimating tree biomass is referred to as the component ratio method and is described 

by Woodall et al. (2011). Biomass estimates are in units of oven-dry weight (estimates 

of bone-dry weight can be calculated using the following conversion: 1 bone-dry unit 

equals 2,400 pounds of oven-dry wood). Tables C13 through C26 show the net volume 

of live and dead trees in Nevada, by various categories. Unless otherwise noted, all 

estimates of volume in this section include live trees 5.0 inches or greater in diameter.
 12 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

The net volume of all live trees on Nevada’s forest land is 6.2 billion cubic feet; 79 

percent (4.9 billion cubic feet) on unreserved lands, and only 5 percent (297,000 cubic 

feet) on timberland (table C13). The Forest Service administers most (73 percent) of 

Nevada’s timberland volume, even though the BLM oversees most (63 percent) of the 

unreserved forest land acres found in the State. Privately owned forests contain only 3 

percent of the State’s total live volume, or 186 million cubic feet. 

The Pinyon/juniper forest-type group contains far more live-tree volume than any other 

forest-type group in Nevada, with an estimated 4.9 billion cubic feet, followed by the 

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group with 381 million cubic feet live volume (table C15). 

In terms of tree species rather than forest type, singleleaf pinyon (2.8 billion cubic feet) 

and Utah juniper (2.2 billion cubic feet) contribute the most volume statewide.

Growing-stock volume varies by species and also by owner class (table C24). Forest 

Service lands have the most growing-stock volume on timberland, where 3 fir species 

contribute a combined 131 million cubic feet to Nevada’s total. Jeffrey pine is the 

largest contributor to growing-stock volume on privately owned lands in Nevada, with 

21 million cubic feet on these lands. The net volume of Nevada’s sawtimber trees on 

timberland totals 1.3 billion board feet (table C25). Sawtimber live volume includes 

softwood trees 9.0. inches in diameter or larger, or hardwood trees 11.0 inches in 

diameter or larger (International 1⁄4-inch rule, Appendix B).

The total weight of oven-dry aboveground biomass for trees 1.0-inch diameter or 

greater on Nevada’s forest land is 110 million tons, of which 78 percent (85.9 million 

tons) comes from 2 species, singleleaf pinyon and Utah juniper. Curlleaf mountainmahogany has the most hardwood biomass, contributing 5.8 million dry short tons, or 5 

percent, to Nevada’s total. Although biomass is typically sold by green weight, the water 

content of wood is highly variable. In contrast, oven-dry weight does not change due 

to fluctuations in tree water content. Tables C27–C31 report aboveground biomass by 

various categories in Nevada.

Not surprisingly, the two forest types with the largest net volume and biomass per acre, 

White fir and Limber pine, are timber forest types (fig. 7). Because estimates for forest 

types with small samples may not be representative, only forest types sampled on at 

least 10 plots are discussed here. The White fir forest type had the highest per-acre net 

volume of live trees 5.0 inches or greater in diameter, with 1,510 cubic feet per acre, 

followed closely by the Limber pine type with 1,286 cubic feet per acre. The White fir 

and Limber pine forest types also have the most per-acre biomass of the forest types in 

Nevada (fig. 8). However, these 2 types are a small fraction of sampled forest land, with 

only 27 and 11 non-zero plots, respectively. The woodland forest type with the highest 

per-acre net volume and biomass is the Pinyon-juniper woodland forest type, with 622 

cubic feet per acre (and 1,291 plots). The Aspen forest type has the highest biomass per 

acre of any hardwood type. Note that when estimating volume and biomass by forest 

type, all tree species found on the plot are included in the estimate.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 13

Figure 7—Estimated per-acre volume (cubic feet) of live trees ≥ 5.0 inches diameter by forest type (for forest types with 

≥ 10 plots). Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the estimate. Nevada 2009–2018.

Figure 8—Estimated per-acre aboveground biomass (dry short tons) of live trees ≥ 5.0 inches diameter by forest type 

(for forest types with ≥ 10 plots). Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the estimate. Nevada 2009–2018.
 14 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Stand-Age Class

Stand age is estimated on every FIA plot that samples forest land and has suitable 

trees for increment core extraction. This is based on the average age of those trees that 

fall within the calculated stand-size class (e.g., the dominant tree size). For example, 

suppose an FIA plot sampled a softwood forest type where about 30 percent of the 

live-tree stocking was in the large-diameter stand-size class (trees ≥ 9.0 inches d.b.h.) 

and 70 percent was in the medium-diameter stand-size class (trees between 5.0 and 9.0 

inches d.b.h.). The stand would be classified as a medium-diameter stand-size class, and 

therefore only the medium-size trees would be used in determining stand age. 

Table C6 shows the area of forest land, by age class and forest-type group, with 20-

year intervals for stand-age classes. Half of Nevada’s forest land, or 5.3 million acres, 

is dominated by trees between 100 and 200 years of age. Stands dominated by trees 

121–140 years of age are the most prevalent age class and cover nearly 1.4 million acres, 

or 11 percent of Nevada’s forest land area. Forests younger than 20 years, including the 

Nonstocked type, cover 1.1 million acres, while forests older than 200 years cover 1.7 

million acres.

Figure 9 displays the age classes of four of the five most abundant stocked forest types 

in Nevada (the most abundant forest type, Pinyon-juniper woodland, is discussed 

separately). Four varying age-class distributions are evident for these types. Aspen 

stands rarely age past 120 years in Nevada and most of its stands are in the younger age 

classes. Juniper woodlands have many acres of young (< 100 years old) and old (> 200 

years old) stands. The Cercocarpus (Mountain brush) woodlands (stocked primarily by 

curlleaf mountain-mahogany) are primarily in the moderate age classes (120–180 years 

old) and the White fir type is relatively equally distributed across ages, with slightly 

more acreage in the older classes.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 15

Figure 9—Age class, by acres, in four common forest types. Nevada 2009–2018.

There are limitations to collecting and interpreting data on stand ages. Reliable 

measurements of increment cores are difficult to collect from certain tree species, 

particularly woodland species, those that may be very long-lived, or those prone to rot 

(see the Quality Assurance section of this report for more detail). A single estimated 

stand age cannot represent the age structure of uneven-aged stands, which include 

trees of a variety of ages. Stand ages are difficult to accurately determine for stands 

that are dominated by small-diameter species such as Gambel oak. A stand age of 0 is 

categorized as Nonstocked forest, which is defined as stands that contain less than 10 

percent stocking of live trees because of disturbance. 

Pinyon Mast and Tree Age

Pinyon-juniper is the most common of Nevada’s forest types and singleleaf pinyon the 

most abundant species. How pinyon-containing woodlands are distributed across age 

classes has important consequences for pinyon mast production. Pinyon pine seeds, 

or “pine nuts,” are an extraordinary food resource very high in protein and fats and 

containing all amino acids required for human growth (Janetski 1997). Unlike many 

other food items used in the past by indigenous peoples, pine nuts were able to be 

stored for several years, making them a critical food in winter, times of drought, and 

periods of game scarcity. Pine nuts continue to be an important cultural and economic 

staple of contemporary communities in Nevada. Each year pine nuts supplement the 

diets and incomes of those who know how and where to collect, process, store, and sell 

them. U.S. pine nut production is estimated to be 400 to 500 tons per year, contributing 

to a $100 million domestic market for the seeds (Sharashkin and Gold 2004). 
 16 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Singleleaf pinyon generally begins producing seeds at around 35 years of age. Although 

important to wildlife at this stage, the numbers of seeds produced by these young trees 

are not economical to harvest. Not until tree age reaches roughly 75 years do pinyon 

trees start producing pine nuts in sufficient quantities for efficient harvest. Singleleaf 

pinyon trees reach maximum seed production around 160 years old and continue until 

roughly 300 years old, at which time production often falls off considerably (Lanner 

1981). Thus, it is useful to know how many acres of pinyon-juniper are currently of 

sufficient age to provide a useful crop of pine nuts, and how many acres are close to 

moving into and out of the most productive age classes.

Here we use FIA data to estimate the extent and age distribution of Nevada’s Pinyonjuniper woodland forest type and relate the estimates to potential seed production. This 

analysis estimates the number of acres of “raw material” for pine nut production and 

does not account for timing and amount of annual precipitation, major disturbances, or 

other factors that might affect the extent of pinyon masting. Estimates were stratified 

by the age classes that reflect the varying seed productivity levels discussed above. In 

addition, the portion of each age class that will move to another in the next 20 years 

(in the absence of natural or anthropogenic disturbance) is identified. This information 

may be useful to resource managers interested in perpetuating Pinyon-juniper 

woodlands that have the potential to produce large quantities of pine nuts. 

The 75–160 year age class currently covers over half (52 percent) of Nevada’s Pinyonjuniper woodland area (fig. 10). This age class represents fully mature trees that 

consistently yield harvest-worthy quantities of pine nuts when environmental 

conditions are favorable. The second-most abundant age class, at 33 percent of the 

area, is 161–300 years. These stands produce the most pine nuts of any age class and 

this estimate is nearly the same as during the 2004–2013 period (was then 29 percent) 

(Menlove et al. 2016). While very few Pinyon-juniper woodlands are expected to move 

from a productive age class into an unproductive one due to aging during the next 

20 years, many acres are within 20 years of moving into a more productive age class. 

Barring major mortality events, 54 percent (363,000 acres) of the 35–74 year age class 

will move into the productive 75–160 year class, and over 865,000 acres moving from 

that category to the older 161–300 class (fig. 11). 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 17

Figure 10—Area of Pinyon-juniper woodland by age class and inventory year. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error 

or the estimate. Nevada, 2004–2013, 2009–2018.

Figure 11—Acres of Pinyon-juniper woodland predicted to remain or shift age class over the next 20 years. Nevada 

2009–2018.

These data suggest that in the absence of a major disturbance or shift in climate, 

Nevada’s Pinyon-juniper woodland will likely increase its number of woodlands in 

prime pine-nut producing age classes over the next 20 years due to a large recruitment 

of stands into the most productive age class. However, should a major disturbance 

convert large areas of seed-producing woodlands into zero-aged (Nonstocked) 

sites, net pine nut productivity in Nevada could decrease or remain flat. Pinyonjuniper woodlands become more susceptible to catastrophic wildfire, disease, and 

insect outbreaks as they age and become more heavily stocked. In addition, as these 
 18 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

woodlands become more productive in terms of pine nut production, they often become 

less valuable to some wildlife species due to changes in stand structure and understory 

plant composition (Miller et al. 2008). Therefore, there are trade-offs that need to be 

considered when managing pinyon-juniper woodlands for the pine nut resource.

Understory Vegetation

The structure and composition of understory vegetation reflects the overall diversity, 

productivity, and habitat quality of forested ecosystems. FIA collects understory 

vegetation data using two distinct protocols that characterize vegetation structure 

and composition. Under the vegetation structure protocol, FIA field crews record the 

height class and percent cover that is occupied by each of four plant growth habits: 

forbs, graminoids, shrubs, and understory trees (trees less than 5.0 inches in diameter). 

Under the species composition protocol, height class, growth habit, and percent cover 

are recorded for individual plant species that occupy at least 3 percent of the ground 

area. Prior to 2011, there was a 5 percent minimum cover threshold for a species to 

be recorded. Only the most abundant four species per life form are recorded. The 

vegetation structure protocol includes all species of a life form, including both those 

that do and do not meet the minimum threshold for being recorded under the species 

composition protocol. On plots where many species are present but where each 

occupies less than 3 percent cover (or 5 percent prior to 2011), there are no species 

recorded under the species composition protocol but aggregate cover of these species 

within the same growth habit will be recorded using the understory structure protocol. 

Average cover of each life form was calculated for each plot, then averaged across 

plots within each forest-type group (fig. 12). Understory trees cover more area on 

average than the other three growth habits in all forest-type groups, except for the 

Elm/ash/cottonwood and Nonstocked types, which have higher average shrub and 

graminoid cover, respectively. Average understory tree cover ranges from 1 percent in 

the Nonstocked forest-type areas to 27 percent in the Elm/ash/cottonwood forest-type 

group. Shrubs have the second-highest average cover in most forest-type groups. The 

lone exception is the Nonstocked group, which has higher mean cover of graminoids 

than shrubs. The Pinyon/juniper group has the lowest average forb and shrub cover 

of any forest-type group in Nevada, while the Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group has 

the lowest graminoid cover, and Nonstocked stands have the lowest tree cover. These 

overall patterns have not changed from the 2013 evaluation period.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 19

Figure 12—Mean cover of understory vegetation by growth habit and forest-type group. Nevada 2009–2018.

Unsurprisingly, the most common forest-type group in Nevada, the Pinyon/juniper 

group, was the most frequent location for all but four species recorded (table 1). 

Species diversity was highest in the shrubs, with 162 species identified. There were 

139 forbs recorded, followed by 84 graminoid species and 29 tree species. The two 

most ubiquitous understory tree species, singleleaf pinyon and Utah juniper, were 

encountered more frequently than all species other than cheatgrass, big sagebrush, and 

black sagebrush.

Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) was one of the most frequently encountered understory 

plants and has been increasing its average coverage and frequency of detection since 

2013. Cheatgrass is a nonnative annual grass that has invaded and displaced native 

vegetation throughout the Interior West, particularly the Great Basin (Knapp 1999). 

Cheatgrass grows and produces seeds earlier than most native species, thus gaining a 

competitive advantage for the limited resources in the arid environments of Nevada 

and elsewhere. The fine, continuous fuels created by cheatgrass facilitate fire spread 

and therefore increase fire frequency in areas that formerly had bare ground patches 

between native shrubs and other plants. Fire perpetuates the spread of cheatgrass, 

which sprouts prolifically after burning, by creating new areas to invade after native 

plants adapted to the less frequent historical fire regime are killed (Melgoza et al. 1989). 
 20 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table 1—Average cover of the four most frequently observed understory species, by growth habit and most common 

forest-type group, where observed. This data uses a 5 percent minimum threshold for a species to be recorded. Nevada 

2009–2018.

Growth 

habit Scientific name Common name

Average 

percent 

cover 

(where 

found)

Most frequent 

forest-type group 

(where found)

Forb

Wyethia amplexicaulis mule-ears 12.7 Woodland hardwoods

Collinsia parviflora maiden blue-eyed Mary 6.2 Pinyon/juniper

Balsamorhiza sagittata arrowleaf balsamroot 4.7 Woodland hardwoods

Stenotus acaulis

stemless mock 

goldenweed 3.4 Pinyon/juniper

Graminoid

Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 15.0 Pinyon/juniper

Pseudoroegneria spicata bluebunch wheatgrass 7.6 Pinyon/juniper

Festuca idahoensis Idaho fescue 7.5 Pinyon/juniper

Poa secunda Sandberg bluegrass 6.8 Pinyon/juniper

Shrub

Artemesia nova black sagebrush 9.8 Pinyon/juniper

Artemesia tridentata big sagebrush 9.5 Pinyon/juniper

Symphoricarpos 

oreophilus mountain snowberry 9.5 Pinyon/juniper

Purshia tridentata antelope bitterbrush 6.9 Pinyon/juniper

Tree

Populus tremuloides quaking aspen 28.7 Aspen/birch

Cercocarpus ledifolius

curlleaf mountainmahogany 9.0 Woodland hardwoods

Pinus monophylla singleleaf pinyon 6.1 Pinyon/juniper

Juniperus osteosperma Utah juniper 5.7 Pinyon/juniper

Both public and private land managers are interested in understanding the spatial and 

temporal patterns of cheatgrass and any other information that can be used to mitigate 

infestation. FIA field crews document this species using the understory vegetation 

procedure if its cover reaches the threshold (3 percent in 2011 or later, 5 percent before 

2011). In addition, vegetation data is only collected on forested conditions (USDA FS 

2016). Therefore, the data do not reflect areas with trace amounts of cheatgrass or 

cheatgrass on nonforest portions of plots. In order to maintain data consistency over all 

years used in this report, we compare mean cover of cheatgrass measured at 5 percent 

cover or greater between the 2004–2013 and 2009–2018 evaluation periods.

Cheatgrass was measured at 5 percent or greater cover on 241 plots during the current 

evaluation period, an increase from 202 plots in the 2004 to 2013 inventory (table 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 21

2). The Nonstocked forest-type group has the highest average cover of cheatgrass in 

Nevada, followed by three common woodland types (fig. 13). The high incidence in the 

Nonstocked forest type is expected as cheatgrass invades and quickly establishes itself 

in areas of severe or frequent disturbance. 

Table 2—Comparison of number of plots where cheatgrass was detected (where ≥ 5 percent ground cover) 

between the 2004–2013 and 2009–2018 Nevada inventories, by forest type.

Forest type 2013 2018 Change in 

detections

Nonstocked 57 82 25

Cercocarpus woodland 10 19 9

Juniper woodland 31 39 8

Pinyon/juniper woodland 101 97 -4

Aspen 0 2 2

Deciduous oak woodland 2 1 -1

Jeffrey pine 1 1 0

Total 202 241 49

Figure 13—Mean cover of cheatgrass by forest type and inventory period. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of 

the estimate. Nevada 2004–2013, 2009–2018.
 22 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

The average cover of cheatgrass, where found at 5 percent or greater cover on forested 

plots, is not appreciably different among ecological section, or “ecosections” (Bailey 

1995; Cleland et al. 2007) across Nevada, nor between the 2004–2013 and 2009–2018 

inventories by ecosection (figs. 14, 15). Acres infested, by ecosection, are reflected 

in figure 16. There are currently just under 1.3 million forest acres in Nevada with 

cheatgrass at 5 percent or greater cover, with the East Great Basin and Mountains 

ecosection containing the highest number of infested acres (367,000). No cheatgrass (at 

5 percent cover or greater) was found on plots located within the sampled portions of 

the Bonneville Basin and Owyhee Uplands ecosections. These estimates are only for the 

portion of the ecosection in Nevada (fig. 14).

Figure 14—Ecological sections found fully or partially within Nevada (Bailey 1995; Cleland et al. 2007).
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 23

Figure 15—Mean cover of cheatgrass (where found) by ecosection and inventory period. Error bars indicate +/- one 

standard error of the estimate. Nevada 2004–2013, 2009–2018.

Figure 16—Acres of forest with cheatgrass by ecosection and inventory period. Nevada 2004–2013, 2009–2018.
 24 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Forest Health in Nevada

Growth and Mortality

The change in live-tree volume over time is influenced by ingrowth of new trees, 

continued growth on existing trees, mortality, removals, and changes in plot status 

(from forest to nonforest, for example). Growth is typically expressed as net annual 

growth, which is defined as the gross growth minus the volume lost to mortality. 

Mortality is expressed as the average annual net volume of trees that died over a given 

time period due to natural causes. Tree mortality typically occurs at low and predictable 

rates due to factors such as endemic levels of insects and disease, self-thinning, or 

advanced tree age—this is often referred to as “background mortality.” Occasionally, 

severe losses occur due to insect or disease epidemics, wildfire, or major weather 

events. 

Growth and mortality can be assessed in one of two ways: (1) by using measurements 

of the same plot at two points in time; or (2) based on a single inventory, as described 

in the next paragraph. Gross growth, mortality, and net growth are analyzed here. 

Removal estimates are not provided. Remeasurement data is needed for standard 

removal estimates and remeasurement of Nevada’s plots did not begin until 2014. 

Estimates of removals (net volume trees harvested or otherwise removed from the 

inventory) will be available prior to the next 5-year State report. 

The procedures used to estimate tree growth and mortality depend on the 

remeasurement status of the annual plot. A remeasured plot refers to a plot where 

an inventory plot was established in the previous inventory (time 1), and the field 

crews remeasured the plot during the current inventory (time 2). Over 50 percent of 

all plots that sampled forest land in Nevada during the current inventory (2009–2018) 

were remeasured between 2014 and 2018 and thus the same trees measured at 2 

points in time. The time interval between remeasurement in Nevada varied from 3 to 

12 years, with an average time of 8.5 years. This is less than the regularly scheduled 

remeasurement period of 10 years due to the delayed implementation of the annual 

inventory in Nevada. Growth on plots with two measurements is based on a similar 

model using individual tree changes in diameter over the remeasurement period. On 

remeasurement plots, mortality volume is the volume of any tree that dies during 

the time between visits. On plots with no previous measurement, growth is estimated 

from the previous 10 years of radial growth taken from increment cores and mortality 

is estimated from trees that died in the 5 years prior to measurement. Differences 

between remeasured versus new plots, and differences in remeasurement periods, can 

influence estimates of average annual growth and mortality. When FIA has completed 

a full cycle of remeasurement in Nevada, then procedures and remeasurement periods 

used to estimate growth and mortality will be consistent across all plots.

The annual estimate of gross growth of all live trees 5.0 inches or greater diameter on 

forest land in Nevada totaled nearly 61.5 million cubic feet (MMCF). This is the sum of 

growth on all survivor and ingrowth trees. Survivor trees on remeasured plots are live 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 25

trees 5.0 inches or greater diameter at time 1 and still alive at time 2, and on new plots 

they are live trees determined to be 5.0 inches or greater diameter 10 years prior to 

the current measurement. Ingrowth trees are live trees 5.0 inches or greater diameter 

that grew over the 5.0-inch threshold during the previous 10 years. While 61.5 MMCF 

gross growth appears large in absolute terms, it is small compared to the net volume of 

live trees 5.0 inches or greater diameter; average annual gross growth and net growth 

were both less than 1 percent per year. Average annual mortality was estimated at 51.9 

MMCF (tables C39–C42). Average annual net growth (the difference between annual 

gross growth and annual mortality) was estimated at 9.5 MMCF (tables C35–C38). Net 

growth for the previous reporting period (2004–2013) was also positive, with 16.3 MMCF 

per year, while mortality was 47.7 MMCF per year and gross growth was 64 MMCF per 

year (Menlove et al. 2016).

The relationship between growth and mortality varies by ownership group in Nevada. 

Net growth and mortality during 2009–2018 are summarized by ownership class in 

tables C35 and C39, while figure 17 shows comparisons of these estimates with those 

for 2004–2013. The algorithm for calculating net growth on remeasurement plots was 

revised in 2016, so the estimates provided for 2008–2019 are slightly different from 

those reported by Menlove et al. for 2004–2013 (2016). As in 2004–2013, net growth 

continues to be positive on Forest Service, BLM, and State lands, while it is negative 

on National Park Service and private lands; all of these patterns are more than one 

standard error from zero net growth.

Figure 17—Average net growth and mortality, by ownership class, in Nevada for the periods 2004–2013 and 2009–

2018. Error bars represent +/- one standard error of the estimate. The class representing “Other Federal” is not shown 

because it is negligibly small (less than 10,000 MMCF).
 26 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Estimates of growth and mortality per acre, rather than totals, reflect a clearer picture 

of the density of growth and mortality in each ownership class Although Forest Service 

and BLM lands contain the greatest volume of trees and therefore the greatest volumes 

of growth and mortality, they both have relatively low densities of mortality and livetree growth per acre. In contrast, mortality is occurring at a higher density per acre 

than growth on National Park Service lands, and live-tree growth per acre is highest on 

State lands (fig. 18).

Figure 18—Growth of live trees and mortality, by ownership class, per acre of forest land. Error bars represent +/- one 

standard error of the estimate. Nevada 2009–2018.

For the two most voluminous species in Nevada, singleleaf pinyon and Utah juniper, 

live-tree growth exceeded mortality (fig. 19). Curlleaf mountain-mahogany, white fir, 

and Great Basin bristlecone pine also had more growth than mortality, but because the 

magnitude of the difference between growth and mortality was less than one standard 

error, growth and mortality should be considered approximately equivalent for these 

species. Limber pine is the only species, among the six most voluminous species in 

Nevada, with mortality that appeared greater than live-tree growth (fig. 19). Mortality 

also appeared to exceed live-tree growth for subalpine fir, Rocky Mountain juniper, 

whitebark pine, lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 27

Figure 19—Growth of live trees and mortality for the six species that make up the greatest tree volume. Error bars 

represent +/- one standard error of the estimate. Nevada 2009–2018.

Of the 51.9 MMCF of annual mortality estimated from the 2009–2018 data, 41 percent 

was attributed to fire, 32 percent to insects, and 13 percent due to disease (fig. 20). 

A combination of weather, adverse effects of other vegetation, logging or humaninduced physical damage, animals, or unknown/other causes were responsible for the 

remaining 14 percent of mortality volume. These mortality agents are the most obvious 

and proximate even though mortality is often caused by an interaction of factors. 

Although total mortality was higher on unreserved land (33.9 MMCF per year) than on 

reserved land (18.0 MMCF per year), there is far more unreserved than reserved forest 

land in Nevada and mortality per acre was much less on unreserved lands (3.8 cubic 

feet per acre per year) than reserved lands (10.3 cubic feet per acre per year). This 

is similar to what was observed in Nevada in 2004–2013 (Menlove et al. 2016) and in 

adjacent Arizona (Shaw et al. 2018) and Utah (Werstak et al. 2016).
 28 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Figure 20—Mortality by causal agent and reserved status. Error bars represent +/- one standard error of the estimate. 

Nevada 2009–2018.

Tree Damage and Forest Disturbance

Damage to live trees 5.0 inches or greater in diameter are recorded on FIA plots if they 

will often prevent the tree from surviving more than 1 or 2 years, reduce the growth 

of the tree in the near term, or negatively affect a tree’s merchantability. In this report, 

damage agents have been grouped into nine major categories: insect, disease, fire, 

animal, abiotic, competition, human, form defect, and unknown. Most damage agents 

affect a tree’s health, resulting in reduced growth and often tree death. Form defect can 

have very little negative impact on a tree’s health. Up to three damage agents may be 

assigned to one tree by inspecting a tree beginning from the roots, then traveling along 

the bole, branches, and finally to the foliage. Because damage lower in the tree (roots/

bole) is typically more consequential, more detrimental damage is typically listed as 

primary damage, while damages occurring higher up, typically less serious, would be 

secondary (or tertiary). Primary damage agents are reported here unless otherwise 

indicated.

A forest disturbance is an event that causes a noticeable change in the structure or 

composition of a forested area. The FIA program records both natural- and humancaused disturbances that cause live-tree damage and mortality (see Growth and 

Mortality section). The affected disturbance area must be an acre in size and affect at 

least 25 percent of all trees or 50 percent of an individual species. Additionally, some 

disturbances (e.g., grazing, browsing, flooding) may affect ground surface or nontree 

vegetation, in which case at least 25 percent of the ground surface or vegetation must 

be affected. Disturbances are grouped into nine general categories including: insect, 

disease, fire, animal, weather, vegetation, human, geologic, and unknown. Human 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 29

disturbance reported here includes silvicultural treatments (e.g., cutting, pruning, or 

chaining) as well as more general human-caused disturbance (e.g., firewood cutting or 

excessive tree marking). Since a forest may be impacted by more than one disturbance 

at a time (e.g., drought and insect disturbance) up to three disturbances may be 

recorded at once, ranging from the disturbance exhibiting the most impact to the least 

impact at the time of the field visit. Primary disturbances are reported here unless 

otherwise indicated.

Primary damages were recorded on 19 percent (229.0 million) of all live trees (1.2 

billion); 5 percent of all trees had a secondary damage and 0.8 percent also had a 

tertiary damage. Form defect was recorded most often (usually from a dead top), 

occurring on 9 percent of trees of all species, on 21 percent of timber species trees, and 

8 percent of Woodland species trees (table 3) (Woodland species are those measured at 

d.r.c.; see Appendix E for species designations). Disease damage was next most common, 

recorded on 7 percent of all trees (on 11 percent of timber species trees and 7 percent of 

woodland species trees). Dwarf mistletoe was the most common disease agent, followed 

by rot, foliage or crown dieback, and stem or broom rusts. 

Table 3—Percent of all live trees, timber species trees, and woodland species trees ≥ 5.0 inches d.b.h. (for timber 

species) or d.r.c. (for woodland species) with primary damage, damage agent group. Woodland species are those 

measured at d.r.c.; see Appendix E for designations. Parentheses indicate +/- one standard error of the estimate. 

Nevada 2009–2018.

Damage 

agent

All live 

trees

Timber 

species

Woodland 

species

No damage 81.1 (1.7) 63.9 (7.6) 82.4 (1.8)

Insect 1.0 (0.1) 1.2 (0.4) 1.0 (0.1)

Disease 7.3 (0.5) 11.1 (2.3) 7.0 (0.5)

Fire 0.2 (0.1) 0.4 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)

Animal 0.3 (0.0) 0.3 (0.2) 0.3 (0.0)

Abiotic 0.4 (0.1) 1.0 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1)

Competition 0.2 (0.0) 0.7 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1)

Human 0.4 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0)

Form defects 8.5 (0.4) 21.3 (2.5) 7.5 (0.4)

Unknown 0.6 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.6 (0.1)

Total 100.0 (1.9) 100.0 (10.3) 100.0 (2.0)

At least one forest disturbance was found on 10 percent of Nevada’s forest land 

while two or more disturbances occurred on only 0.4 percent of forest land. Forest 

disturbance was present at different levels within groupings of Nevada’s forest types 

based on their dominant species. Timber types include: Douglas-fir, Ponderosa pine, Fir/

spruce/mountain hemlock, Lodgepole pine, Other western softwoods, and Aspen/birch. 
 30 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Woodland types include: Pinyon-juniper and Woodland hardwoods (see Appendix D 

forest types and timber vs. woodland designations). Forest disturbance was recorded 

on 42 percent of Nonstocked forest-type acres, 15 percent on timber forest-type acres, 

and 7 percent on woodland forest-type acres. Fire was the most common disturbance 

and occurred on 3 percent of all forest land, with a large footprint on Nonstocked type 

acres (37 percent of acres) (table 4). Nonstocked type is often associated with forest 

disturbances that result in severe live-tree loss such as intense fire, tree harvesting/

removals, or severe levels of disease and/or insect disturbance. Disease disturbance 

acres were the second highest, affecting nearly 3 percent of all forest land. 

Table 4—Percent occurrence of primary disturbances on all forest types, timber forest types, and woodland forest 

types, and the Nonstocked forest type. Timber vs. woodland forest types are based on the primary tree species 

present; woodland species are those measured at d.r.c. See Appendix D. Parentheses indicate +/- one standard error of 

the estimate. Nevada 2009–2018.

Disturbance 

agent

All forest 

types

Timber 

forest types

Woodland 

forest types Nonstocked

No disturbance 90.0 (1.3) 85.1 (7.7) 92.9 (1.5) 58.2 (5.6)

Insect 1.9 (0.3) 3.9 (1.8) 1.9 (0.3) 0.2 (0.2)

Disease 2.6 (0.4) 4.3 (1.9) 2.6 (0.4) 0.2 (0.2)

Fire 3.2 (0.4) 3.2 (1.7) 0.5 (0.2) 37.2 (5.3)

Animal 0.6 (0.2) 0.9 (0.9) 0.5 (0.2) 1.5 (1.1)

Weather 0.5 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.2) 0.8 (0.8)

Competition 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)

Human 0.6 (0.1) 1.0 (0.9) 0.5 (0.1) 1.8 (0.0)

Geologic 0.3 (0.3) 0.6 (0.5) 0.3 (0.3) 0.0 (1.6)

Unknown 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.6) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)

Total 100.0 (1.4) 100.0 (8.7) 100.0 (1.6) 100.0 (8.4)

Live-tree damage in Nevada has been fairly consistent from the 2004–2013 to the 

2009–2018 inventory. Form defect damage occurred most often in both periods and for 

both timber and woodland species groups (figs. 21-22). Form defect was present on over 

20 percent of timber species trees in both periods. Form defect in woodland species 

averaged 7 percent, or 5.8 million damaged trees. The incidence of damage from disease 

showed little change from 2004–2013 to 2008–2017 but then appeared to rise by the 

2009–2018 period. At this time there were 9.5 million disease-damaged timber species 

trees 79.1 million disease-damaged woodland species trees.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 31

Figure 21—Damage agents on live timber species trees (≥ 5.0 inches d.b.h.) through time. Error bars indicate +/-one 

standard error of the estimate. Nevada 2009–2018.

Figure 22—Damage agents on live woodland species trees (≥ 5.0 inches d.r.c.) through time. Error bars indicate +/- one 

standard error of the estimate. Nevada 2009–2018.

Approximately 10 percent (an estimated 1,019,003 acres) of forest land was disturbed 

in Nevada in the 2009–2018 inventory and 9 percent (an estimated 898,418 acres) in 

the 2004–2013 period (fig. 23). Fire has been a dominant disturbance, affecting over 

3 percent (341,417 acres) of forest land in the 2009–2018 period. Disease disturbance 

affected nearly 3 percent of total forest area (272,803 acres) in 2009–2018, up slightly 

but within the standard error of the 2004–2013 estimate of affected area (222,066 acres).
 32 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Figure 23—Primary forest disturbance area in acres by disturbance groups from Nevada’s 2004–2013 inventory 

through the 2009–2018 inventory. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the estimate.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 33

Special Section: Projecting Possible Forest Conditions

Although FIA has a long history of publishing State reports based on the most current 

inventory, little has been done to include likely future scenarios. The data and tools 

that are needed to create future scenarios have recently come together to allow for 

evaluation of these scenarios using the same data as are used for standard reporting. 

The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS; Dixon 2002) is the standard tool used by the 

Forest Service to create forest growth and treatment simulations. FVS can realistically 

simulate stand development and model a wide variety of silvicultural treatments and 

disturbance factors, such as fire (Rebain 2010). Data for all States covered by the RMRSFIA program have recently been converted into FVS-ready format (Shaw and Gagnon 

2019) and are now included in FIA Data Mart tables 

(https://apps.fs.usda.gov/fia/datamart/datamart_sqlite.html). The combination of FVS 

geographic coverage and FVS-ready FIA plot data availability, along with having FVS 

and FIA tables housed in a common database, provides projection capabilities that have 

not been available previously. This section will focus on a relatively simple scenario 

projecting forest conditions for 50 years under low, average, and high fire extent 

scenarios. See Appendix A for detailed information about the simulation and term 

definitions.

Simulation Summary

For this example, forest trajectories for the Pinyon/juniper woodland group were 

simulated for 50 years (2019–2069), with 10-year intervals, using the most recent cycle 

of plots (2009–2018) measured in Nevada. The Utah variant of FVS, which covers most 

of Nevada, was used (https://www.fs.fed.us/fvs/documents/index.shtml). Three fire 

extent scenarios (average, high, and low) were created, based on the recent average 

estimate of 267,475 acres disturbed by fire and an average expansion factor of 5,965 

acres per plot. Fire was applied to approximately 45 plots per cycle in the average fire 

scenario, 67 plots (about 399,600 acres) per cycle in the high-fire scenario, and 22 plots 

(about 131,200 acres) in the low-fire scenario. FVS default fire weather conditions were 

used (see Appendix A for references), so variability of fire severity was determined 

primarily by plot data (stand density, composition, and structure from the tree tally 

and fuel loading values from downed woody material measurements). Stands were 

selected for fire effects randomly, based on their classification (field-determined forest 

type) in the Pinyon/juniper forest-type group at the time of most recent inventory. As a 

result, “recovering” stands will be allowed to (re)burn. Before any fire simulations were 

run, all stands were run for the 50-year simulation period without fire. Although not a 

primary purpose of this exercise, the no-fire scenario provides a basis for comparison of 

modeled FVS growth rates and current FIA growth estimates. See Appendix A for more 

simulation details. 
 34 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Results

From the current Nevada inventory, average annual net growth of the Pinyon/juniper 

forest-type group is 28.7 million cubic feet (table C36) on 4,990 million cubic feet of 

live volume (table C15), or 0.58 percent. This estimate compares reasonably with FVS’s 

no-fire net growth of 0.65 percent annually, since at least some disturbances have an 

effect on the actual current growth estimate and, because the base FVS model does not 

include disturbance, the FVS-modeled rate should be somewhat higher. Actual growth 

also falls in the range of FVS net growth rates for this time period in the scenarios that 

include some fires: 0.62 percent in the low-fire scenario, 0.55 percent in the medium-fire 

scenario, and 0.41 percent in the high-fire scenario. The closeness of these independent 

calculations suggests that FVS growth projections are realistic. Tree growth projections 

likely benefit from the inclusion of FIA remeasurement data for many plots used in the 

simulation, since these data inform the FVS self-calibration function. 

The random stand selection process resulted in varying numbers of stands being 

burned in each cycle and in each scenario, but the simulations generally achieved the 

target number of plots over the total simulation period. The low-fire scenario target 

was 110 plots over the course of the simulation; the actual number of burned plots 

was 108, with between 16 and 26 plots burned per cycle. For the medium-fire scenario, 

225 was the target and 224 were burned (35 to 57 per cycle); for the high-fire scenario, 

335 was the target and 337 were burned (59 to 73 per cycle). This method added some 

decadal variability in fire extent to the stand-level variability of fire effects due to stand 

composition and structure. This variability can be seen in figure 24, which shows the 

varying effects of fire on stand-level live volume across the medium-fire treatment 

group. Note that the stands with the highest volume per acre tended to be the most 

severely affected by fire, owing to the large amount of fuel in the form of live trees. FVS 

can graphically depict individual stand conditions at various points in the simulation, 

so it is possible to examine inventory conditions, FVS-projected stand conditions before 

fire, and conditions after simulated fire (fig. 25). The example stand is somewhat typical 

of stands burned in the scenarios, experiencing stand-replacing fire.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 35

Figure 24—Stand trajectories for the medium-fire simulation in FVS. The last year fire was applied to any stand was 

2070, so the right half of each trajectory represents undisturbed recovery of the affected stands.

This example focuses on the effects of various fire extents on population net growth and 

total live biomass, as expressed through live wood cubic-foot volume, though the effects 

can be examined from many angles. In all three scenarios, net annual growth remains 

positive for 50 years into the future (fig. 26). As would be expected, the projected 

increase in volume is inversely proportional to the simulated area burned, but the 

high-fire scenario used does not result in a net decrease in population live volume. 

This volume growth is allocated among residual trees that were not killed by fire and 

trees in unburned stands. No regeneration was modeled so no regeneration volume 

is included, though if included it would have likely had little impact on total growth 

because of the gradual establishment and slow growth of pinyon and juniper species. 

Seedlings established following simulated fires would not likely get large or numerous 

enough to register substantial volume over the 50-year period, as compared to trees that 

are already included in the inventory.
 36 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Figure 25—Graphical depiction of stand conditions at different points in the FVS simulation: (A) Pre-fire stand 

conditions; note the presence of live trees (green crowns), dead trees (brown crowns), older snags (no crown), 

and down woody material. The image also shows the varying density within the stand by depicting each subplot 

in a separate quadrant. (B) The number frames depicted during fire can be specified for illustration purposes. (C) 

Immediate post-fire conditions show no surviving trees. (D) At the time of the next simulation cycle (10 years later), the 

stand is a combination of down dead material and snags; no regeneration was programmed for this stand.

Figure 26—Change in mean volume per acre for low-, medium-, and high-fire scenarios in the Pinyon/juniper woodland 

group in Nevada.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 37

Differences in rate of fire do have implications for future growth even though net 

volume growth remains positive for the duration of the simulation period. Percent 

growth declines through time in all scenarios (fig. 27). In the low-fire scenario, 

simulated net growth increases slightly over the first 2 decades, but decreases for the 

remainder of the simulation. The decrease in net growth begins immediately in the 

medium- and high-fire scenarios. Given that the medium-fire scenario is based on rates 

of disturbance measured over the most recent decade, this result suggests that the 

current fire regime might be acting to decrease net growth currently. This is difficult 

to determine conclusively from current inventory data, because annualized inventory 

has only been conducted on its regular schedule for about 10 years, and during the 

early- to mid-2000s singleleaf pinyon was heavily impacted by the pinyon ips beetle 

(Ips confusus) outbreak (Shaw et al. 2005). Therefore, the current fire regime might be 

amplifying the pinyon ips impact, due to the reduction of live trees from beetle-caused 

mortality in the recent past.

Figure 27—Simulated trends in net annual growth of Pinyon/juniper woodland volume in Nevada, expressed as a 

percentage of live volume. When annual net growth is positive, total live population volume is increasing; when it is 

negative, the live volume is being reduced. All three simulation scenarios show positive net volume over the next 50 

years, but with volume increasing at decreasing rates due to fire.

Despite the decreasing growth trend, these simulation results suggest that negative net 

growth should not occur in the Pinyon/juniper woodland group for at least 50 years, 

even if fires were to increase to affect 50 percent more area than in recent history. It 

should also be noted that net increases in live volume cannot continue indefinitely; on 

the acreage currently occupied by Pinyon/juniper woodlands, there is a finite, albeit 

undetermined, limit to the amount of live biomass that can be sustained by current soil 
 38 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

and climate conditions. As a result, live forest biomass must fluctuate between periods 

of increasing and decreasing net growth; the constant influences of disturbance agents 

such as insects, disease, drought, and fire are such that periods of perfect equilibrium 

(i.e., zero net growth) are rare, if they ever occur at all. Ongoing remeasurement 

of established plots will provide data to verify the trends suggested in this range of 

simulation scenarios.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 39

Quality Assurance

The FIA Quality Assurance (QA) program provides a framework to assure the 

production of complete, accurate, and unbiased forest information of known 

quality. There are two primary facets of the QA program: quality control and quality 

assessment. Quality control is intended to improve data quality by providing timely 

training and feedback to field crews, whereas the goal of quality assessment is to 

provide objective estimates of the repeatability of field measurements. 

Quality Control

Quality control occurs throughout field data collection and compilation. The field aspect 

of quality control is conducted by data quality inspectors, who train all field crews, 

assess the quality of the data collected by individual crews, and then provide timely 

feedback to improve the quality of future measurements. Feedback is accomplished 

by means of “hot checks” and “cold checks.” During a hot check, an inspector 

accompanies a field crew to a plot and provides immediate feedback on measurement 

quality. Cold checks occur when an inspector visits a recently completed plot, typically 

in possession of the original crew’s data but without the crew present, and then 

verifies each measurement and provides the crew an overall score and feedback on 

measurements that did not meet FIA specifications. A key aspect of the quality control 

process is identifying why errors may be occurring and selecting a corrective action 

such as additional training. On average, hot checks are done on 2 percent of all fieldsampled plots and cold checks are done on 5 percent of field-sampled plots. Quality 

control is also accomplished via programming of portable data recorders that check for 

complete, valid, and reasonable values during data collection. Following data collection, 

information management specialists conduct further logic checks to address errors and 

missing values.

Quality Assessment

Quality assessment quantifies the overall precision of field measurements by comparing 

two independent measurements of the same plots. The independent measurements 

are collected by means of blind checks, where measurements are collected by a regular 

field crew and then a second regular crew (alone), without knowledge of or access to 

the first crew’s measurements (Pollard et al. 2006). Thus, these paired observations 

provide a means of objectively assessing field measurement repeatability.

Quality control and quality assessment both require a data quality standard that 

defines the target level of precision. FIA has specific Measurement Quality Objectives 

(MQOs) that enumerate data quality standards for individual field-measured variables. 

Each variable’s MQO consists of two parts: a measurement tolerance (the acceptable 

range of differences between independent observations) and a compliance standard 

(the target percentage of independent observations that should be within the 

measurement tolerance; the observed percentage is the compliance rate). To assess 

whether measurements of a particular variable are meeting an MQO, we compare 

the compliance standard to the observed compliance rate. For example, the MQO for 
 40 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

tree height defines the tolerance as ±10 percent and the compliance standard as 90 

percent. This means that at least 90 percent of paired, independent measurements 

of tree height should be within 10 percent of each other. For categorical variables 

(e.g., field-recorded forest type), the tolerance is often defined as “no errors,” where 

the compliance standard represents the minimum percentage of independent 

measurements that should assign the same category. A previous version of the FIA field 

manual (USDA 2013) specifies the measurement tolerances and compliance standards 

for each variable; later versions present tolerances but not compliance standards in an 

appendix.

The results of the most recent quality assessment for Nevada are presented in tables 

7 and 8. Between 2009 and 2018, quality assessment data were collected from 59 plots 

(with 67 conditions and 1,129 trees). Each variable and its associated MQO are followed 

by the percentage of total paired records that fall within one, two, three, and four 

times the tolerance. The last four columns show the number of observations that fell 

outside the tolerance. The compliance rates shown in tables 7 and 8 are similar to those 

reported by Menlove et al. (2016), indicating that FIA data quality has not changed 

appreciably in Nevada in the past 5 years.

Table 5 shows that the compliance rates of most condition-level variables are high 

enough to meet the MQOs. Exceptions include stand size (73 percent), disturbance (93 

percent), and percent bare ground (61 percent). One condition-level regional variable 

that appears to be very repeatable is “forest type” (variable FLDTYPCD in FIADB; table 

5). At the 1X tolerance level, its observed compliance rate was about 97 percent. In 

contrast, the compliance rate for “percent bare ground,” which has a tolerance of ±10 

percent, was only 61 percent. This low compliance rate warrants further investigation 

to come up with possible corrective action. For example, low repeatability may be 

due to the fact that different methods are allowed to evaluate bare ground cover (i.e., 

either using transects or ocular estimates), or due to the definition of “bare ground,” 

which includes only substrate particles that are smaller than 0.75 inches in their longest 

dimension (USDA FS 2013) and changes here could be proposed. Users of FIA’s standsize variable should note that most FIA tools and tables, including the tables presented 

in the appendices of this report, rely on stand size as calculated post-hoc from actual 

tree measurements, whereas the stand-size variable shown here represents fieldestimated stand-size.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 41

Table 5—Results of quality assessment for condition-level variables in Nevada. Variables that did not have any non-null 

values recorded on any QA plots are not shown; these include secondary and tertiary disturbances and treatments, 

owner industrial status, and regeneration species.

Variable Measurement Quality 

Objective (MQO)

Percentage of data 

within tolerance 

(compliance rate)

Number of times data 

exceeded tolerance

Number of 

conditions

National core 

variable Tolerance Compliance standard @1x @2x @3x @4x @1x @2x @3x @4x

Condition status No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 100% 0 67

Reserved status No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 99% 1 67

Owner group No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 100% 0 67

Forest type No errors

At least 99% 

of the time in 

group

97% 2 59

At least 95% of 

the time in type

Stand size No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 73% 16 59

Regeneration 

status No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 100% 0 59

Tree density No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 100% 0 59

Stand age ±10%

At least 95% of 

the time 95% 97% 97% 97% 3 2 2 2 59

Disturbance 1 No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 93% 4 60

Disturbance 

Year 1 ±2 yrs

At least 99% of 

the time 100% 0 1

Disturbance 2 No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 100% 0 1

Treatment 1 No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 98% 1 59

Physiographic 

class No errors

At least 99% of 

the time 90% 6 60

Regional 

variable

Percent crown 

cover ±10% Not defined 93% 98% 98% 98% 4 1 1 1 58

Percent bare 

ground ±10% Not defined 61% 78% 93% 98% 23 13 4 1 59
 42 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

The tree measurements that have the biggest influence on estimates of forest volume 

are tree species, tree diameter, and tree height. As shown in table 6, the compliance 

rate for the variable “Species” was nearly 100 percent. The variables “d.b.h.” and “d.r.c.” 

represent the respective diameters of timber and woodland tree species. Whereas 

timber species are measured at breast height (4.5 feet above ground level), woodland 

species are measured near ground level at root collar. The 1X compliance rate was 

almost 89 percent for both d.b.h., which has a 0.1-inch tolerance, and d.r.c., which has 

a 0.2-inch per stem tolerance. The larger tolerance for d.r.c. is to allow for difficulty in 

determining the precise diameter measurement location on multi-stemmed woodland 

trees. Tree height is represented by the variables “total length” and “actual length.” Both 

variables have a tolerance level of ±10 percent of the measured length, and compliance 

rates at the 1X level were about 81 percent and 80 percent, respectively. 

Users are advised that the low compliance rate for tree age (45 percent) is based 

on field-measured ages only. A portion of tree cores used to assign ages in the field 

are now also measured using microscopes in a tree-ring laboratory to obtain more 

accurate age estimates. Though FIA has not yet determined the complete compliance 

rate of laboratory-recorded tree ages, preliminary results show that it is much closer 

to the compliance standard for tree age, thus data quality for tree and stand ages is 

substantially improved when tree cores are sent to a tree-ring laboratory for analysis.

Other tree variables generally met the MQOs defined in table 6. Notable exceptions 

include cause of death (50 percent) and sound dead (45 percent). Although the 

compliance rate for horizontal distance fell below the compliance standard (table 

6), this variable does not affect any FIA estimates and is used only to help future 

field crews with tree identification; standards may be unnecessarily strict for this 

variable. Compliance rates that fall below standards, such as those of cause of death 

and sound dead, indicate variables for which either more intensive crew training is 

required, protocols should be clarified, or that the variable’s MQO needs to be adjusted 

accordingly to better reflect the realistic expectation of quality for that variable. 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 43

Table 6—Results of quality assessment for tree-level variables in Nevada. The variable “form defect” is not shown 

because there were no non-null form defect values recorded on any QA plots.

Variable Tolerance Percentage of data within 

tolerance

Number of times data 

exceeded tolerance

Number of 

records

@1x @2x @3x @4x @1x @2x @3x @4x

National core variable

d.b.h. ±0.1/20 in. 89% 89% 94% 94% 4 4 2 2 35

d.r.c. using IW MQO

±0.2 in * 

#stems 89% 96% 97% 98% 88 32 21 14 791

Azimuth ±10o 96% 98% 98% 98% 33 17 14 13 828

Horizontal distance ±0.2/1.0 ft 60% 80% 82% 84% 36 18 16 14 90

Species No errors 99% 6 828

Tree status No errors 99.5% 4 828

Rotten/missing cull ±10% 97% 99% 99% 99% 26 11 8 5 780

Total length ±10% 80% 97% 99% 99.5% 170 27 6 4 828

Actual length ±10% 79% 97% 99% 99.6% 148 22 4 3 704

Compacted crown ratio ±10% 69% 91% 98% 99.7% 459 139 24 5 1482

Uncompacted crown ratio 

(P3) ±10% 93% 97% 99% 99% 56 19 11 5 744

Crown class

No 

tolerance 82% 264 1482

Decay class ±1 class 100% 100% 100% 100% 0 0 0 0 34

Cause of death No errors 50% 3 6

Mortality year ±2 yr 83% 100% 1 0 6

Condition class No errors 99.9% 1 828

Regional variables

Mistletoe ±1 class 97% 99% 99.5% 99.9% 26 12 4 1 790

Number of stems ±1 stem 94% 97% 99% 99.7% 44 24 12 2 791

Percent missing top ±10% 99.7% 99.7% 99.7% 99.7% 2 2 2 2 780

Sound dead ±10% 45% 45% 45% 45% 432 432 432 432 780

Current tree class No errors 96% 34 828

Tree age ±5% 25% 33% 42% 54% 88 79 68 54 118
 44 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Conclusions

Our inventory results show that Nevada is relatively sparsely forested. Eighty-seven 

percent of Nevada’s forest land is either Pinyon-juniper woodland or Woodland 

hardwoods forest type, and about the same proportion of total trees are in the 

Woodland softwood and Woodland hardwood species groups (75 percent and 11 

percent, respectively). Woodland softwood forest types, primarily Utah juniper and 

singleleaf pinyon, and Woodland hardwood forest types, mostly curlleaf mountainmahogany, dominate the forest on the lower slopes and basins of Nevada. 

Mortality rates in the current inventory are higher than in previous inventories, 

primarily due to recent increases in insect activity and fires. Several important 

nonwoodland trees species in Nevada had negative net growth. Analysis of plots 

common to multiple inventories suggests that live and dead woody biomass continues 

to accumulate across Nevada. This is not unexpected, because despite occasional 

disturbances, wood utilization is relatively low. The combination of recovery processes 

following 19th and 20th century extraction; woodland range expansion, whether 

created by altered disturbance regimes or other factors favorable to tree growth; and 

the relatively unhindered growth of undisturbed forests may all lead to increasing 

forest biomass in Nevada’s future, though it is likely this growth will continue to be 

offset by mortality from fires and other causes.

This is the first FIA State report to include projections of possible future conditions 

using FIA plot data in the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Projections into the future 

with varying fire suggest that woodland net growth will likely remain positive but 

decrease by about half over the next 50 years, even assuming a 50 percent lower rate 

of disturbance by fire than has been observed during the past decade. Continued 

monitoring may reveal that other factors, such as the landscape-scale age-class 

diversification caused by stand-replacing fire, may alter trends compared to current 

simulations, which could then be further refined. 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 45

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estimation. In: Bechtold, W.A.; Patterson, P.L. The enhanced Forest Inventory and 

Analysis program–National sampling design and estimation procedures. Gen. Tech. Rep. 

SRS-80. Asheville, NC; U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research 

Station: 69–73. https://doi.org/10.2737/SRS-GTR-80.

Pollard, J.E.; Westfall, J.A.; Patterson, P.L.; [et al.]. 2006. Forest inventory and analysis 

national data quality assessment report 2000 to 2003. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-181. 

Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 43 p. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-181.

Reams, G.A.; Smith, W.D.; Hansen, M.H.; [et al.]. 2005. The Forest Inventory and Analysis 

sampling frame. In: Bechtold, W.A.; Patterson, P.L. The enhanced Forest Inventory and 

Analysis program—National sampling design and estimation procedures. Gen. Tech. 

Rep. SRS-80. Asheville, NC; U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Research Station: 11–26. https://doi.org/10.2737/SRS-GTR-80.

Rebain, S.A. comp. 2010 The Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator: 

Updated Model Documentation. Internal Rep. Fort Collins, CO: U. S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Management Service Center. 403 p. (Revised March 

23, 2015.) Online: https://www.fs.fed.us/fmsc/ftp/fvs/docs/gtr/FFEguide.pdf.

Reineke, L. H. 1933. Perfecting a stand-density index for even-aged forest. Journal of 

Agricultural Research. 46: 627–638.

Sharashkin, L.; Gold, M. 2004. Pine nuts: Species, products, markets, and potential for 

U.S. production. In: Northern Nut Growers Association 95th annual report; 16-19 August 

2004; proceedings for the 95th annual meeting. Columbia, Missouri.

Shaw, J.D.; Gagnon, A. 2019. Field note: A new conversion of Forest Inventory and 

Analysis data for use in the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Journal of Forestry. 118(3): 

307–312. https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvz050.

Shaw, J.D.; Steed, B.E.; DeBlander, L.T. 2005. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) annual 

inventory answers the question: What is happening to pinyon-juniper woodlands? 

Journal of Forestry. 103(6): 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/103.6.280.

Shaw, J.D.; Goeking, S.A.; Menlove, J.; [et al.]. 2017. Assessment of fire effects based on 

Forest Inventory and Analysis data and a long-term fire mapping data set. Journal of 

Forestry. 115(4): 258–269. https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.2016-115.
 48 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Shaw, J.D.; Menlove, J.; Witt, C.; [et al.]. 2018. Arizona’s forest resources, 2001–2014. 

Resour. Bull. RMRS-RB-25. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 126 p. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-RB-25.

Stage, A.R. 1973. Prognosis model for stand development. Res. Pap. INT-137. Ogden, UT: 

USDA Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 32 p. 

Online: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/7511.

Teck, R.; Moeur, M.; Eav, B. 1996. Forecasting ecosystems with the Forest Vegetation 

Simulator. Journal of Forestry. 94(12): 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/94.12.7.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service [USDA FS]. 2008. Interior West Forest 

Inventory and Analysis field procedures, Ver. 3.02. 

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/ogden/data-collection/pdf/p2_manual_08.pdf [Accessed 1 June 

2020].

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service [USDA FS]. 2010. Interior West Forest 

Inventory and Analysis P2 field procedures, Ver. 4.00. 

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/ogden/data-collection/pdf/p2_midas_40_final_reduced.pdf. 

[Accessed 1 June 2020].

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service [USDA FS]. 2011. Interior West Forest 

Inventory and Analysis P2 field procedures, Ver. 5.00. 

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/ogden/data-collection/pdf/iwfia_p2_50.pdf. [Accessed 1 June 

2020].
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 49

Appendix A 

Details About Forest Vegetation Simulator Projections

The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS; Dixon 2002) is the standard tool used by the 

Forest Service to create forest growth and treatment simulations. FVS can realistically 

simulate stand development and model a wide variety of silvicultural treatments and 

disturbance factors, such as fire (Rebain 2010). Data for all States covered by the RMRSFIA program have recently been converted into FVS-ready format (Shaw and Gagnon 

2019) and are now included in FIA Data Mart tables 

(https://apps.fs.usda.gov/fia/datamart/datamart_sqlite.html). The combination of FVS 

geographic coverage and FVS-ready FIA plot data availability, along with having 

FVS and FIA tables housed in a common database, provides projection capabilities 

that have not been available previously. This Appendix provides more detail on the 

simulations described in the SPECIAL SECTION: Projecting Possible Forest Conditions. 

It also describes considerations that should go into meaningful, more comprehensive 

simulations.

The terms “projection” and “simulation” are often used interchangeably, and their use 

in relationship to FVS has varied over time and with context. The predecessor to FVS 

was the Prognosis Model for Stand Development (Stage 1973), which performed stand 

growth projections, with and without silvicultural treatments. In the user’s guide to 

Prognosis, Wyckoff et al. (1982) refer to “growth projections” at the tree and stand scale. 

When the Prognosis Model and other similar regional growth models, such as TWIGS 

(Hilt and Teck 1989), along with a wide variety of related model extension and postprocessing tools were brought together under the Forest Vegetation Simulator name, 

Teck et al. (1996) referred to both “making projections” and “simulating management 

activities.” The term “prediction” was also used in some contexts. For the purpose of 

FIA reporting, we will avoid using “prediction,” because it implies an ability to describe 

the state of the forest at some specific time in the future. Because of the wide variety 

of factors that influence forests, prediction of a future state is not generally possible. 

Instead, we use FVS to evaluate possible future forest conditions under a variety of 

likely scenarios. In this context, the term “projection” is used primarily to describe the 

result of quantitative models, such as those within FVS variants that relate to tree and 

stand growth and mortality, whereas a “simulation” includes growth and mortality 

projections, management activities, the effects of natural disturbance agents such as 

insects and fire, and other components. 

Setting Up a Simulation

A first step toward setting up a set of statewide simulations is deciding which FIA plot 

data will be used. The process by which FIA data are converted to FVS-ready format 

(Shaw and Gagnon 2019) includes all plots available in FIADB (Burrill et al. 2018) at 

the time of conversion. Because most States are now in remeasurement cycles under 

the annualized system, most plots will have data from multiple visits. For this type 

of exercise, the best approach would be to use the most recent visit to each plot in 

the State, which include all of the remeasurement data available (generally, from 

measurement years 2014 to 2018). Under ideal circumstances, every plot would have 
 50 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

been measured during its assigned inventory year, but for a variety of reasons it is 

common for some scheduled plot visits to have been missed during the most recent 

cycle or otherwise measured in an off-cycle year. This is true of many plots in Nevada. 

A query of the POP_EVAL table in FIADB shows several evaluations for the most recent 

data year and a 10-year inventory cycle (inventory years 2009–2018; table A.1). A query 

of the PLOT table shows 1,931 plots with at least one forested condition, 9,877 plots with 

no forested conditions, and 119 nonsampled plots. Of the 119 nonsampled plots, 24 had 

at least one forested condition present at the time of the previous visit.

Table A.1—Starting and ending inventory years for the recent evaluations for Nevada.

EVALID EVAL_DESCR STATECD START_INVYR END_INVYR

321800 NEVADA 2018: 2009-2018: ALL AREA 32 2009 2018

321801

NEVADA 2018: 2009-2018: CURRENT AREA, 

CURRENT VOLUME 32 2009 2018

321803

NEVADA 2018: 2004-2008 to 2009-2018: GROWTH, 

MORTALITY 32 2009 2018

321807 NEVADA 2018: 2009-2018: DWM 32 2009 2018

321809 NEVADA 2018: 2009-2018: INVASIVE 32 2009 2018

321810 NEVADA 2018: 2009-2018: VEG PROFILE 32 2009 2018

FVS is designed such that in a simulation that includes inventory data measured over 

a period of several years, as is the case with annualized FIA inventories, FVS will 

project stands from the earlier years forward to a common, user-specified year. For 

example, in the ideal case where every plot is measured during its assigned inventory 

year, the most recent inventory year (2018) could be used as the common starting 

year. In the simulation, all forested conditions measured from 2009 to 2017 would be 

grown forward to 2018, and then all conditions would be processed and reported at the 

user-specified interval thereafter—e.g., 2023, 2028, and so on, for a 5-year simulation 

interval.

An important setup step is to review the FVS variant(s) to which the plots under 

consideration have been assigned. FVS variants are assigned to FIA plots using the 

FVS variant map and FIA public coordinates, and the values are stored in the FIADB 

PLOTGEOM table. Within each variant boundary there can be many FVS “locations,” 

which are geographic subdivisions of the area covered by a variant that may contain 

unique parameters for the various internal FVS submodels. FVS locations are generally 

based on National Forests and assigned the codes for those forests, but there are 

locations based on other land ownerships. The FVS variant map currently covers all of 

the coterminous 48 States and Alaska, so all FIA plots in these areas are assigned to FVS 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 51

variants and locations, regardless of ownership. The map is periodically updated and 

posted to the FVS web site (https://www.fs.fed.us/fvs/documents/index.shtml). 

Examination of the PLOTGEOM table, or the FVS_StandInit_Cond or FVS_StandInit_

Plot tables, shows that there are seven combinations of FVS variants and location 

codes in Nevada (table A.2). The vast majority are located in the Utah variant and the 

Humboldt and Toiyabe locations. Note that while many National Forests have been 

administratively combined, FVS still maintains model parameter resolution mostly 

for the proclaimed forest, and in some cases, even down to the district level. However, 

some mapped boundaries are imprecise and the combination of small boundary errors 

and fuzzed public coordinates can lead to mis-assignments. For example, the three 

Central Rockies variant assignments are located where the Central Rockies variant 

wraps around the southern tip of Nevada and includes some of southern California. 

These are map errors because public FIA coordinates always fall within the same State 

as the actual locations. The same is true for the two SORNEC variant assignments. These 

mis-assignments are of no consequence to the simulations being considered here, 

because most of the plots have no forested conditions present and the FVS variant map 

is characterized as showing “suggested” variant assignment, it is reasonable to reassign 

the small number of variant/location exceptions. Therefore, the FVS StandInit tables can 

be edited to reflect the appropriate Utah variant locations.

Table A.2—FVS variant and location assignments for FIA plots in Nevada, inventory years 2009–2018.

FVS variant FVS location Number of 

plots

Central Rockies (CR) Tonto (312) 3

SORNEC (SO) Plumas (511) 2

Utah (UT) Humboldt (409) 7,036

Utah (UT) Toiyabe (417) 4,192

Utah (UT) Inyo (504) 2

Western Sierra (WS) Toiyabe (417) 539

Western Sierra (WS) Inyo (504) 153

The plots assigned to the Western Sierra variant represent a different situation, since 

the Western Sierra variant does cross into Nevada from California. In this case there are 

again two [equal] choices. FVS allows for selecting and running stands with only one 

variant at a time. Therefore, one option is to keep the variant assignments, run separate 

simulations with the Utah and Western Sierra variants, and combine simulation results 

at the end. However, both of the locations within the Western Sierra variant are also 
 52 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

included in the Utah variant, so the combination step can be avoided by changing only 

the variant assignment. So again, reassigning the variant is a reasonable approach. This 

may or may not be possible in other States covered by two or more variants, such as 

California, with five, and Oregon, with seven. FVS documentation should be consulted 

to evaluate whether or not variant re-assignments are appropriate.

Using Past Data to Project the Future

Setting up realistic simulation scenarios requires extensive knowledge of many 

factors, especially when the simulations are conducted at the scale of entire States. 

Forest products markets, different types of natural disturbances, and the mixtures of 

forest types, size classes, and age classes can be interacting factors. Being a woodlanddominated State, Nevada has very little industrial forestry (Keegan et al. 2006) and 

therefore harvest and subsequent regeneration is not a major consideration for 

simulation scenarios. Also, in contrast to most other States, the proportions of area 

in different forest types are heavily skewed to a few types, with over 80 percent of 

forest area in the Pinyon/juniper forest-type group and an additional 7 percent in the 

Woodland hardwoods group (see Appendix D in this report). When considered as a 

forest-type group, “nonstocked” is third largest in area. 

Given this situation, this example will focus on the effects of disturbance on the area of 

nonstocked forest, as it relates to the area and live volume of Pinyon/juniper woodland 

type group in Nevada. In the current inventory, the estimate of area within the Pinyon/

juniper woodland type group affected by some disturbance is 572,406 acres (fig. A.1a-c). 

Of that area, only 3.6 percent, or less than 21,000 acres, was recorded as having been 

disturbed by fire. This is somewhat surprising, because Shaw et al. (2017) found that 

over 8 million acres of Nevada burned during the period from 1984 to 2012, and over 

10 percent of the burned area was forest land. Given the 29-year burned-area average 

and the fact that the current inventory accounts for disturbance that occurred over 

approximately a 10-year period, the area disturbed by fire should be close to 280,000 

acres. This large discrepancy suggests that the dire-disturbed acreage might be found by 

using other combinations of variables. 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 53

Figure A.1a-c—Disturbed area and proportions of area by disturbance type for the Pinyon/juniper woodlands group 

(a), nonstocked forest land identified as one of the group members by the forest type field call (b; FLDTYPCD1), and 

both categories combined (c).

Again looking into the current inventory, nonstocked area was broken into likely past/

future forest types using the crew call of forest type, which cannot include nonstocked 

and instead is based on evidence of the forest type prior to becoming nonstocked. This 

showed that over 90 percent of the area classified as nonstocked and having a fieldcalled forest type (FLDTYPCD) belonging to the Pinyon/juniper group was disturbed by 

fire (fig. A.1b). The estimate of area meeting those criteria is 239,709 acres, which when 

added to the area of Pinyon/juniper type group disturbed by fire, gives a total of 266,049 

acres—very close to the historical average reported by Shaw et al. (2017).

The interpretation of these data suggest that fire is potentially a forest type-altering 

force, at least reducing stocking to a point where the forest type cannot be determined 

by the FIA forest-type algorithm (Arner et al. 2001) over large areas of forest land. The 

data also suggest that insects, disease, other nonfire disturbance agents, while being 

widespread and about as common as fire in the Pinyon/juniper forest-type group (fig. 

A.1c), do not have the same effect on stocking and forest classification. 

Given this situation, FVS simulations can be used to evaluate possible futures for 

pinyon/juniper woodlands. One question that it raises is whether or not regeneration 

is adequate to allow nonstocked stands to be classified as a type in the Pinyon/juniper 

group or some other forest type at the same pace at which future fire converts stands 

currently in the Pinyon/juniper group into nonstocked acreage. A further evaluation 

of the major disturbance types shows that there have been no strong trends during 

the period spanning inventory years 2012 to 2018 (fig. A.2). While it is possible to 

extrapolate these short-term trends by fitting various models, such projections should 

be used with caution for simulations that might run several decades into the future. 

For example, the relatively modest trendline fitted to the disease category in figure A.2 

would increase from the most recent estimate of about 240,000 acres to almost 640,000 

acres in 2069, after a 50-year simulation. Given that this value would imply that by 2069 

the decadal rate of disturbance would be over three times greater than recorded during 

the past decade, such a high rate might be unrealistic.
 54 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Figure A2—Recent trends of the major disturbance agents, showing a linear model fit to the annual estimates for area 

disturbed by disease. Although the trendline shows a moderate increase of 8,010 acres per year, in a 50-year simulation 

(2019–2069) such a linear extrapolation would result in a decadal disturbance area of over 640,000 acres by 2069.

Without additional evidence supporting a constant long-term increase in disturbances, 

a more prudent approach might be to use the short-term averages from the inventory 

years shown in figure A.2, and do FVS simulations for high-, average-, and low-acreage 

scenarios, with the high and low scenarios using values that are +/-50 percent of the 

average rates. FVS simulations based on these assumptions will therefore have the 

following properties:

• The most recent cycle of plots (2009–2018) measured in Nevada will be used. All 

plots will be brought up to the common starting year of 2019 as the start of the 

simulation period. Simulations will be run for 50 years (2019–2069) with 10-year 

intervals.

• Only fire will be programmed as a disturbance agent, given its disproportionate 

effect on changing Pinyon-juniper woodland into Nonstocked forest land. FVS 

default fire weather conditions will be used, so variability of fire severity will 

be determined primarily by plot data (stand density, composition, and structure 

from the tree tally and fuel loading values from downed woody material 

measurements). Default weather conditions are 20 mph windspeed, 70 °F air 

temperature, and very dry moisture conditions (Rebain 2010).

• Based on the recent average estimate of 267,475 acres disturbed by fire and 

an average expansion factor of 5,965 acres per plot, fire will be applied to 

approximately 45 plots per cycle in the average fire scenario, 67 plots (about 
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 55

399,600 acres) per cycle in the high-fire scenario, and 22 plots (about 131,200 

acres) in the low-fire scenario.

• Stands will be selected for fire effects randomly, based on their classification 

(FLDTYPCD) in the Pinyon/juniper forest-type group at the time of most recent 

inventory. As a result, “recovering” stands will be allowed to (re)burn. 

• Before any fire simulations were run, all stands were run for the 50-year 

simulation period without fire. Although not a primary purpose of this exercise, 

the no-fire scenario provides a basis for comparison of modeled FVS growth 

rates and current FIA growth estimates. 

References

Dixon, G.E. comp. 2002. Essential FVS: A user’s guide to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. 

Internal Rep. Fort Collins, CO: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest 

Management Service Center. 226 p. (Revised: January 7, 2020)

Rebain, S.A. comp. 2010 (revised March 23, 2015). The Fire and Fuels Extension to the 

Forest Vegetation Simulator: Updated model documentation. Internal Rep. Fort Collins, 

CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Management Service Center. 

403 p.
 56 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Appendix B

Standard Forest Inventory and Analysis Terminology

Note: For the FIA national glossary please go to 

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/fia/data-tools/state-reports/glossary/default.asp

Average annual mortality—The average annual volume of trees 5.0 inches d.b.h./

d.r.c. and larger that died from natural causes.

Average annual net growth—Average annual net change in volume of trees 5.0 

inches d.b.h./d.r.c. and larger in the absence of cutting (average annual gross 

growth minus average annual mortality).

Basal area (BA)—The cross-sectional area of a tree stem/bole (trunk) at the point 

where diameter is measured, inclusive of bark. BA is calculated for trees 1.0 inch 

and larger in diameter, and is expressed in square feet. For timber species, the 

calculation is based on d.b.h.; for woodland species, it is based on d.r.c.

Biomass—The quantity of wood fiber, for trees 1.0-inch d.b.h./d.r.c. and larger, 

expressed in terms of oven-dry weight. It includes aboveground portions of trees: 

bole/stem (trunk), bark, and branches. Biomass estimates can be computed for live 

and/or dead trees.

Board-foot volume—A unit of measure indicating the amount of wood contained 

in an unfinished board 1-foot wide, 1-foot long, and 1.0-inch thick. Board-foot 

volume is computed for the sawlog portion of a sawtimber-size tree; the sawlog 

portion includes the part of the bole on a sawtimber-size tree from a 1-foot stump 

to a minimum sawlog top of 7.0 inches d.o.b. for softwoods, or 9.0 inches d.o.b. for 

hardwoods. Net board-foot volume is calculated as the gross board-foot volume 

in the sawlog portion of a sawtimber-size tree, less deductions for cull (note: 

board-foot cull deductions are limited to rotten/missing material and form defect—

referred to as the merchantability factor—board-foot). Board-foot volume 

estimates are computed in both Scribner and International 1⁄4-inch rule, and can be 

calculated for live and/or dead (standing or down) trees.

Census water—Streams, sloughs, estuaries, canals, and other moving bodies of water 

200 feet wide and greater, and lakes, reservoirs, ponds, and other permanent 

bodies of water 4.5 acres in area and greater.

Coarse woody debris—Down pieces of wood leaning more than 45 degrees from 

vertical with a diameter of at least 3.0 inches and a length of at least 3.0 feet.

Condition class—The combination of discrete landscape and forest attributers that 

identify, define, and stratify the area associated with a plot. Such attributes include 

reserved status, owner group, forest type, stand-size class, stand origin, and tree 

density.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 57

Crown class—A classification of trees based on dominance in relation to adjacent 

trees in the stand as indicated by crown development and amount of sunlight 

received from above and the sides.

Crown cover (Canopy cover)—The percentage of the ground surface area covered by 

a vertical projection of plant crowns. Tree crown cover for a sample site includes 

the combined cover of timber and woodland trees 1.0 inch d.b.h./d.r.c. and larger. 

Maximum crown cover for a site is 100 percent; overlapping cover is not double 

counted.

Cubic-foot volume (merchantable)—A unit of measure indicating the amount of 

wood contained in a cube 1 by 1 by 1 foot. Cubic-foot volume is computed for the 

merchantable portion of timber and woodland species; the merchantable portion 

for timber species includes that part of a bole from a 1-foot stump to a minimum 

4.0-inch top d.o.b, or above the place(s) of diameter measurement for any 

woodland tree with a single 5.0-inch stem or larger or a cumulative (calculated) 

d.r.c. of at least 5.0 inches to the 1.5-inch ends of all branches. Net cubic-foot 

volume is calculated as the gross cubic-foot volume in the merchantable portion of 

a tree, less deductions for cull.

Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)—The diameter of a tree bole/stem (trunk) 

measured at breast height (4.5 feet above ground), measured outside the bark. The 

point of diameter measurement may vary for abnormally formed trees.

Diameter at root collar (d.r.c.)—The diameter of a tree stem(s) measured at root 

collar or at the point nearest the ground line (whichever is higher) that represents 

the basal area of the tree, measured outside the bark. For multi-stemmed trees, 

d.r.c. is calculated from an equation that incorporates the individual stem diameter 

measurements. The point of diameter measurement may vary for woodland trees 

with stems that are abnormally formed. With the exception of seedlings, woodland 

stems qualifying for measurement must be at least 1.0 inch in diameter or larger 

and at least 1.0 foot in length.

Diameter class—A grouping of tree diameters (d.b.h. or d.r.c.) into classes of a 

specified range. For some diameter classes, the number referenced (e.g., 4”, 6”, 

8”) is designated as the midpoint of an individual class range. For example, if 2.0-

inch classes are specified (the range for an individual class) and even numbers are 

referenced, the 6.0-inch class would include trees 5.0 to 6.9 inches in diameter.

Diameter outside bark (d.o.b.)—Tree diameter measurement inclusive of the outside 

perimeter of the tree bark. The d.o.b. measurement may be taken at various points 

on a tree (e.g., breast height, tree top) or log and is sometimes estimated.

Field plot/field location—A reference to the sample site or plot; an area containing 

the field location center and all sample points. A field location consists of four 

subplots and four microplots.
 58 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

• Subplot—A 1/24-acre fixed-radius area (24-foot horizontal radius) used to 

sample trees 5.0 inches d.b.h./d.r.c. and larger and understory vegetation.

• Microplot—A 1/300-acre fixed-radius plot (6.8-foot radius), located 12 feet 

from the center of each subplot at an azimuth of 90 degrees, used to inventory 

seedlings and saplings.

Fixed-radius plot—A circular sample plot of a specified horizontal radius: 1/300 acre 

= 6.8-foot radius (microplot); 1/24 acre = 24.0-foot radius (subplot).

Forest land—Land that has at least 10 percent cover of live tally tree species of 

any size, or land formerly having such tree cover, and not currently developed 

for a nonforest use. The minimum area for classification as forest land is 1 acre. 

Roadside, stream side, and shelterbelt strips of trees must be at least 120 feet wide 

to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams and other bodies of 

water, or natural clearings in forested areas are classified as forest if less than 120 

feet in width or 1 acre in size. Grazed woodlands, reverting fields, and pastures that 

are not actively maintained are included if the above qualifications are satisfied. 

Forest type—A classification of forest land based on the species forming a plurality of 

live-tree stocking.

Forest-type group: A combination of forest types that share closely associated 

species or site requirements.

Gross growth—The annual increase in volume of trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger in 

absence of cutting and mortality. Gross growth includes survivor growth, ingrowth, 

growth on ingrowth, growth on removals before removal, and growth on mortality 

prior to death.

Growing-stock trees—A live timber species, 5.0 inches d.b.h. or larger, with less than 

two-thirds (67 percent) of the merchantable volume cull, and containing at least 

one solid 8-foot section, now or prospectively, reasonably free of form defect, on 

the merchantable portion of the tree.

Growing-stock volume—The cubic-foot volume of sound wood in growing-stock trees 

at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. from a 1-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top d.o.b. to the 

central stem.

Hardwood trees—Dicotyledonous trees, usually broadleaf and deciduous.

Industrial wood—All commercial roundwood products, excluding fuelwood.

Inventory year—The year in which a plot was scheduled to be completed. Within 

each subpanel, all plots have the same inventory year. Inventory year may differ 

from measurement year.

Land use—The classification of a land condition by use or type.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 59

Litter—The uppermost layer of organic debris on a forest floor; that is, essentially 

the freshly fallen, or only slightly decomposed material, mainly foliage, but also 

bark fragments, twigs, flowers, fruits, and so forth. Humus is the organic layer, 

unrecognizable as to origin, immediately beneath the litter layer from which it is 

derived. Litter and humus together are often termed duff.

Logging residue—The unused sections within the merchantable portions of sound 

(growing-stock) trees cut or killed during logging operations.

Logging residue/products—Bolt—A short piece of pulpwood; a short log.

Mill or plant residue—Wood material from mills or other primary manufacturing 

plants that is not used for the mill’s or plant’s primary products. Mill or plant 

residue includes bark, slabs, edgings, trimmings, miscuts, sawdust, and shavings. 

Much of the mill and plant residue is used as fuel and as the raw material for such 

products as pulp, pelletized fuel, fiberwood, mulch, and animal bedding. Mill or 

plant residue includes bark and the following components: coarse residue (wood 

material suitable for chipping, such as slabs, edgings, and trim); fine residue 

(wood material unsuitable for chipping, such as sawdust and shavings); pulpwood 

(roundwood, whole-tree chips, or wood residues that are used for the production of 

wood pulp); roundwood (logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees).

Mapped-plot design—A sampling technique that identifies (delineates or maps) and 

separately classifies distinct “conditions” on the field location sample area. At 

the most basic level, condition class delineations include forest land, nonforest 

land, and water. Forest land conditions can be further subdivided into separate 

condition classes if there are distinct variations in reserved status, owner group, 

forest type, stand-size class, stand origin, and stand density, given that each distinct 

area meets minimum size requirements.

Measurement year—The year in which a plot was completed. Measurement year may 

differ from inventory year.

Merchantable portion—For trees measured at d.b.h. and 5.0-inches d.b.h. and larger, 

the merchantable portion (or “merchantable bole”) includes the part of the tree 

bole from a 1-foot stump to a 4.0-inch top (d.o.b.). For trees measured at d.r.c., 

the merchantable portion includes all qualifying segments above the place(s) 

of diameter measurement for any tree with a single 5.0-inch stem or larger or 

a cumulative (calculated) d.r.c. of at least 5.0 inches to the 1.5-inch ends of all 

branches; sections below the place(s) of diameter measurement are not included. 

Qualifying segments are stems or branches that are a minimum of 1 foot in length 

and at least 1.0 inch in diameter; portions of stems or branches smaller than 1.0 

inch in diameter, such as branch tips, are not included in the merchantable portion 

of the tree.
 60 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Mortality tree—All standing or down dead trees 5.0 inches d.b.h./d.r.c. and larger that 

were alive at the previous inventory, or within the previous 5 years for the initial 

annual measurement.

National Forest System (NFS) lands—Public lands administered by the Forest 

Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, such as National Forests, National 

Grasslands, and some National Recreation Areas.

National Park lands—Public lands administered by the Park Service, U.S. Department 

of the Interior, such as National Parks, National Monuments, National Historic 

Sites (such as National Memorials and National Battlefields), and some National 

Recreation Areas.

Noncensus water—Portions of rivers, streams, sloughs, estuaries, and canals that are 

30 to 200 feet wide and at least 1 acre in size; and lakes, reservoirs, and ponds 1 to 

4.5 acres in size. Portions of rivers and streams not meeting the criteria for census 

water, but at least 30 feet wide and 1 acre in size, are considered noncensus water. 

Portions of braided streams not meeting the criteria for census water, but at least 

30 feet in width and 1 acre in size, and more than 50 percent water at normal highwater level are also considered noncensus water.

Nonforest land—Land that does not support, or has never supported, forests, and 

lands formerly forested where tree regeneration is precluded by development 

for other uses. Includes areas used for crops, improved pasture, residential areas, 

city parks, improved roads of any width and adjoining rights-of-way, power line 

clearings of any width, and noncensus water. If intermingled in forest areas, 

unimproved roads and nonforest strips must be more than 120 feet wide, and 

clearings, etc., more than 1 acre in size, to qualify as nonforest land.

Nonstocked stand—A formerly stocked stand that currently has less than 10 percent 

stocking but has the potential to again become 10 percent stocked. For example, 

recently harvested, burned, or windthrow-damaged areas.

Other Federal lands—Public lands administered by Federal agencies other than the 

Forest Service. 

Poletimber-size trees—For trees measured at d.b.h., softwoods 5.0 to 8.9 inches d.b.h. 

and hardwoods 5.0 to 10.9 inches d.b.h. For trees measured at d.r.c., all live trees 

5.0 to 8.9 inches d.r.c.

Primary wood processing plants—An industrial plant that processes roundwood 

products, such as sawlogs, pulpwood bolts, or veneer logs.

Private lands—All lands not owned or managed by a federal, state, or other public 

entity, including lands owned by corporations, trusts, or individuals, as well as 

Tribal lands.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 61

Productive forest land—Forest land capable of producing 20 cubic feet per acre per 

year of wood from trees classified as timber species (see Appendix E) on forest land 

classified as a timber forest type (see Appendix D).

Productivity—The potential yield capability of a stand calculated as a function 

of site index (expressed in terms of cubic-foot growth per acre per year at age 

of culmination of mean annual increment). Productivity values for forest land 

provide an indication of biological potential. Timberland stands are classified by 

the potential net annual growth attainable in fully stocked natural stands. For FIA 

reporting, Productivity Class is a variable that groups stand productivity values 

into categories of a specified range. Productivity is sometimes referred to as “yield” 

or “mean annual increment.”

Removals—The net volume of trees removed from the inventory by harvesting or 

other cultural operations (such as timber-stand improvement), by land clearing, or 

by changes in land use (such as a Wilderness designation).

Reserved land—Land withdrawn from management for production of wood products 

through statute or administrative designation; examples include Wilderness areas 

and National Parks and Monuments.

Sampling error—A statistical term used to describe the accuracy of the inventory 

estimates. Expressed on a percentage basis in order to enable comparisons 

between the precision of different estimates, sampling errors are computed by 

dividing the estimate into the square root of its variance.

Sapling—A live tree 1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h./d.r.c.

Sawlog portion—The part of the bole of sawtimber-size trees between a 1-foot stump 

and the sawlog top.

Sawlog top—The point on the bole of sawtimber-size trees above which a sawlog 

cannot be produced. The minimum sawlog top is 7.0 inches d.o.b. for softwoods, 

and 9.0 inches d.o.b. for hardwoods.

Sawtimber-size trees—Softwoods 9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger and hardwoods 11.0 

inches and larger.

Sawtimber volume—The growing-stock volume in the sawlog portion of sawtimbersize trees in board feet.

Seedlings—Live trees less than 1.0 inch d.b.h./d.r.c. and at least 6.0 inches in length for 

softwoods or 12.0 inches for hardwoods.

Site index—A measure of forest productivity for a timberland tree/stand. Expressed 

in terms of the expected height (in feet) of trees on the site at an index age of 50 (or 

80 years for aspen and cottonwood). Calculated from height-to-age equations.
 62 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Site tree—A tree used to provide an index of site quality. Timber species selected for 

site index calculations must meet specified criteria with regards to age, diameter, 

crown class, and damage.

Snag—A standing dead tree.

Softwood trees—Coniferous trees, usually evergreen, having needle- or scale-like 

leaves.

Stand—A community of trees that can be distinguished from adjacent communities 

due to similarities and uniformity in tree and site characteristics, such as age-class 

distribution, species composition, spatial arrangement, structure, etc.

Stand density—A relative measure that quantifies the relationship between trees per 

acre, stand basal area, average stand diameter, and stocking of a forested stand.

Stand density index (SDI)—A widely used measure developed by Reineke (1933) 

and is an index that expresses relative stand density based on a comparison of 

measured stand values with some standard condition; relative stand density

is the ratio, proportion, or percent of absolute stand density to a reference level 

defined by some standard level of competition. For FIA reporting, the SDI for a site 

is usually presented as a percentage of the maximum SDI for the forest type. Site 

SDI values are sometimes grouped into SDI classes of a specified percentage range. 

Maximum SDI values vary by species and region.

Standing dead tree—A dead tally tree at least 5.0 inches in diameter has a bole that 

has an unbroken actual length of at least 4.5 feet, and leans less than 45 degrees 

from vertical as measured from the base of the tree to 4.5 feet. Portions of boles 

on dead trees that are separated greater than 50 percent (either above or below 

4.5 feet) are considered severed and are included in down woody material (DWM) 

if they otherwise meet DWM tally criteria. For western woodland species with 

multiple stems, a tree is considered down if more than two-thirds of the volume is 

no longer attached or upright; without considering cut and removed volume. For 

western woodland species with single stems to qualify as a standing dead tally tree, 

dead trees must be at least 5.0 inches in diameter, be at least 1.0 foot in unbroken 

actual length, and lean less than 45 degrees from vertical.

Stand-size class—A classification of forest land based on the predominant diameter 

size of live trees presently forming the plurality of live-tree stocking. Classes are 

defined as follows:

• Sawtimber stand (large-tree stand)—A stand at least 10 percent stocked with 

live trees, in which half or more of the total stocking is from live trees 5.0 inches 

or larger in diameter, and with sawtimber (large tree) stocking equal to or 

greater than poletimber (medium tree) stocking.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 63

• Poletimber stand (medium-tree stand)—A stand at least 10 percent stocked 

with live trees, in which half or more of the total stocking is from live trees 

5.0 inches or larger in diameter, and with poletimber (medium tree) stocking 

exceeding sawtimber (large tree) stocking.

• Sapling/seedling stand—A stand at least 10 percent stocked with live trees, in 

which half or more of the total stocking is from live trees less than 5.0 inches in 

diameter.

• Nonstocked stand—A formerly stocked stand that currently has less than 10 

percent stocking but has the potential to again become 10 percent stocked. For 

example, recently harvested, burned, or windthrow-damaged areas.

Stocking—An expression of the extent to which growing space is effectively utilized 

by live trees.

Timber species—Tally tree species traditionally used for industrial wood products. 

These include all species of conifers, except pinyon and most junipers. Diameters 

for timber species are measured at d.b.h.

Timber-stand improvement—A term comprising all intermediate cuttings or 

treatments, such as thinning, pruning, release cutting, girdling, weeding, or 

poisoning, made to improve the composition, health, and growth of the remaining 

trees in the stand.

Timberland—Unreserved forest land capable of producing 20 cubic feet per acre per 

year of wood from trees classified as a timber species (see Appendix E) on forest 

land designated as a timber forest type (see Appendix D).

Unproductive forest land—Forest land not capable of producing 20 cubic feet per 

acre per year of wood from trees classified as a timber species (see Appendix E) on 

forest land designated as a timber forest type and all forest lands designated as a 

woodland forest type (see Appendix D).

Unreserved forest land—Forest land not withdrawn from management for 

production of wood products through statute or administrative designation.

Wilderness area—An area of undeveloped land currently included in the Wilderness 

System, managed to preserve its natural conditions and retain its primeval 

character and influence.

Woodland species—Tally tree species that are not usually converted into industrial 

wood products. Common uses of woodland trees are fuelwood, fenceposts, and 

Christmas trees. These species include pinyon, juniper, mesquite, locust, mountainmahogany (Cercocarpus spp.), Rocky Mountain maple, bigtooth maple, desert 

ironwood, and most western oaks (note: bur oak and chinkapin oak are classified 

as timber species). Because most woodland trees are extremely variable in form, 

diameter is measured at root collar (d.r.c.).
 64 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Appendix C

Standard Forest Resource Tables

Table C.1—Percentage of all area by land status; Nevada, 2009-2018.

Land status

Percent 

Sampling Error

Accessible forest land

Unreserved forest land

Timberland

 0.4

(14.21)

Unproductive

 12.4

(1.80)

Total

 12.7

(1.76)

Reserved forest land

Productive

 0.4

(14.24)

Unproductive

 2.1

(5.52)

Total

 2.5

(5.02)

Total accessible forest land

 15.2

(1.41)

Nonforest and other land

Nonforest land water

 83.3

(0.27)

Noncensus water

 0.1

(33.34)

Census water

 0.5

(12.52)

Total nonforest and other land

 83.9

(0.26)

Nonsampled land

Access denied

 0.3

(15.76)

Hazardous conditions

 0.3

(15.19)

Skipped visit

 0.2

(20.96)

Other

 0.0

(59.43)

Total nonsampled land

 0.8

(9.64)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 65 Table C.2—Area, in thousand acres, of forest land (percent sampling error) by owner group, owner class, reserved status, and forest land status. Unreserved Reserved Owner Group Timberland Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total All Forest Land Forest Service National forest 166.3 (17.48) 2,083.0 (4.45) 2,249.3 (4.29) 172.0 (17.49) 777.0 (7.85) 949.0 (7.03) 3,198.4 (3.39) Other Federal National Park Service —(—) —(—) —(—) 37.7 (39.17) 43.5 (37.39) 81.3 (26.98) 81.3 (26.98) Bureau of Land Management 64.2 (29.53) 6,037.9 (2.41) 6,102.1 (2.40) 42.8 (36.11) 546.7 (9.79) 589.5 (9.44) 6,691.6 (2.18) Fish and Wildlife Service —(—) —(—) —(—) 1.5 (101.36) 109.9 (21.22) 111.4 (21.17) 111.4 (21.17) Departments of Defense/ Energy —(—) 141.9 (20.21) 141.9 (20.21) —(—) —(—) —(—) 141.9 (20.21) Other Federal —(—) 6.6 (97.15) 6.6 (97.15) —(—) —(—) —(—) 6.6 (97.15) State and local government State 1.4 (102.53) —(—) 1.4 (102.53) 11.0 (74.50) 6.0 (100.17) 17.0 (59.78) 18.5 (55.67) Private Undifferentiated private and Native American 24.4 (44.30) 333.6 (12.62) 358.0 (12.13) —(—) —(—) —(—) 358.0 (12.13) Total 256.4 (14.14) 8,602.9 (1.76) 8,859.3 (1.71) 265.0 (14.09) 1,483.2 (5.41) 1,748.2 (4.91) 10,607.5 (1.35) Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding. A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 66 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 Table C.3—Area, in thousand acres, of forest land (percent sampling error) by forest-type group and site productivity class (cubic ft/acre/year). Forest-type group Site productivity class (cubic ft/acre/year) Total all classes 0-19 20-49 50-84 85-119 120-164 165-224 225+ Pinyon / juniper group 8,480.0 (1.74) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 8,480.0 (1.74) Douglas-fir group —(—) 6.0 (100.17) 6.0 (100.17) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 12.1 (70.72) Ponderosa pine group 1.4 (106.50) 34.5 (40.09) 15.7 (54.01) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 51.6 (31.37) Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group 12.1 (71.19) 130.9 (20.51) 32.7 (40.19) 13.4 (53.78) 12.0 (71.77) —(—) —(—) 201.1 (16.31) Lodgepole pine group —(—) 16.2 (59.63) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 16.2 (59.63) Other western softwood group 86.7 (25.57) 50.7 (33.46) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 137.4 (20.27) Elm/ash/cottonwood group —(—) 5.8 (72.97) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 5.8 (72.97) Aspen/birch/group 98.1 (23.31) 128.5 (19.61) 11.0 (74.80) 6.0 (100.17) —(—) 1.4 (106.50) —(—) 245.0 (14.41) Woodland hardwoods group 714.8 (8.57) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 714.8 (8.57) Nonstocked 693.2 (8.75) 33.3 (38.71) 2.9 (71.34) 14.3 (57.39) —(—) —(—) —(—) 743.7 (8.40) Total 10,086.1 (1.44) 405.9 (11.27) 68.3 (28.10) 33.8 (39.30) 12.0 (71.77) 1.4 (106.50) —(—) 10,607.5 (1.35) Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding. A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 67 Table C.4—Area, in thousand acres, of forest land (percent sampling error) by forest-type group, ownership group, and forest land status. Forest Service Other Federal State and Local Government Private and Native American Forest Group- Type Timberland Other forest land Total Timberland Other forest land Total Timberland Other forest land Total Timberland Other forest land Total All forest land Pinyon/juniper group —(—) 2,186.4 (4.26) 2,186.4 (4.26) —(—) 6,007.5 (2.41) 6,007.5 (2.41) —(—) 6.0 (100.17) 6.0 (100.17) —(—) 280.1 (13.95) 280.1 (13.95) 8,480.0 (1.74) Douglas-fir group —(—) 6.0 (100.17) 6.0 (100.17) —(—) 6.0 (100.17) 6.0 (100.17) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 12.1 (70.72) Ponderosa pine group 28.4 (42.67) 11.5 (66.38) 40.0 (35.64) —(—) 3.6 (85.19) 3.6 (85.19) 1.4 (102.53) —(—) 1.4 (102.53) 6.6 (97.15) —(—) 6.6 (97.15) 51.6 (31.37) Fir/spruce/ mountain hemlock group 32.5 (40.22) 64.1 (28.83) 96.7 (23.40) 17.6 (58.67) 76.9 (26.80) 94.4 (24.28) —(—) 5.5 (106.50) 5.5 (106.50) 4.5 (100.17) —(—) 4.5 (100.17) 201.1 (16.31) Lodgepole pine group 10.7 (72.45) 5.5 (106.50) 16.2 (59.63) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 16.2 (59.63) Other western softwood group —(—) 95.6 (24.30) 95.6 (24.30) 16.6 (57.91) 25.1 (48.03) 41.7 (36.97) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 137.4 (20.27) Elm/ash/ cottonwood group —(—) 2.7 (106.50) 2.7 (106.50) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 3.0 (100.17) —(—) 3.0 (100.17) 5.8 (72.97) Aspen/birch/ group 68.1 (27.96) 136.9 (19.27) 204.9 (15.83) 17.9 (52.55) 12.0 (70.45) 29.9 (42.28) —(—) 1.4 (106.50) 1.4 (106.50) 8.8 (75.94) —(—) 8.8 (75.94) 245.0 (14.41) Woodland hardwoods group —(—) 382.4 (12.03) 382.4 (12.03) —(—) 319.1 (12.78) 319.1 (12.78) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 13.2 (56.04) 13.2 (56.04) 714.8 (8.57) Nonstocked 26.6 (41.56) 140.9 (19.73) 167.5 (17.85) 12.1 (70.40) 518.2 (10.16) 530.3 (10.05) —(—) 4.1 (106.50) 4.1 (106.50) 1.5 (98.40) 40.3 (36.97) 41.8 (35.80) 743.7 (8.40) Total 166.3 (17.48) 3,032.1 (3.49) 3,198.4 (3.39) 64.2 (29.53) 6,968.4 (2.13) 7,032.6 (2.12) 1.4 (102.53) 17.0 (59.78) 18.5 (55.67) 24.4 (44.30) 333.6 (12.62) 358.0 (12.13) 10,607.5 (1.35) Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding. A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 68 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.5—Area, in thousand acres, of forest land (percent sampling error) by forest-type group and stand-size class.

Forest-type group

Stand-size class

All size 

classes

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter Nonstocked

Pinyon/juniper group

7,725.4

(1.93)

525.1

(10.17)

229.4

(15.67)

—

(—)

8,480.0

(1.74)

Douglas-fir group

6.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

6.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

12.1

(70.72)

Ponderosa pine group

51.6

(31.37)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

51.6

(31.37)

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group

172.7

(17.66)

22.2

(50.87)

6.2

(78.81)

—

(—)

201.1

(16.31)

Lodgepole pine group

16.2

(59.63)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

16.2

(59.63)

Other western softwood group

122.6

(21.60)

10.0

(73.71)

4.7

(98.82)

—

(—)

137.4

(20.27)

Elm/ash/cottonwood group

2.7

(106.50)

—

(—)

3.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

5.8

(72.97)

Aspen/birch/group

8.8

(71.20)

89.5

(23.45)

146.7

(18.73)

—

(—)

245.0

(14.41)

Woodland hardwoods group

534.2

(9.91)

38.0

(38.65)

142.6

(19.52)

—

(—)

714.8

(8.57)

Nonstocked

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

743.7

(8.40)

743.7

(8.40)

Total

8,640.2

(1.71)

684.9

(8.83)

538.7

(9.94)

743.7

(8.40)

10,607.5

(1.35)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 69 Table C.6—Area, in thousand acres, of forest land (percent sampling error) by forest-type group and stand-age class (years). Forest-type group Stand-age class (years) Nonstocked 1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140 141- 160 161-180 181- 200 201+ All classes Pinyon/juniper group —(—) 144.1 (19.99) 130.8 (20.84) 321.7 (12.92) 753.6 (8.52) 987.0 (7.45) 1,042.0 (7.25) 1,162.6 (6.83) 984.6 (7.46) 760.7 (8.59) 613.9 (9.52) 1,579.0 (5.75) 8,480.0 (1.74) Douglas-fir group —(—) —(—) 6.0 (100.17) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 6.0 (100.17) 12.1 (70.72) Ponderosa pine group —(—) —(—) —(—) 6.6 (97.15) 2.7 (106.50) 4.1 (106.50) 4.3 (102.53) 17.3 (54.41) —(—) 6.1 (96.50) —(—) 10.4 (66.94) 51.6 (31.37) Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group —(—) 6.2 (78.81) —(—) 6.6 (97.15) 5.6 (82.43) 32.7 (42.05) 13.6 (53.22) 42.2 (37.68) 6.0 (99.99) 22.6 (50.48) 22.6 (50.28) 42.9 (35.66) 201.1 (16.31) Lodgepole pine group —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 5.5 (106.50) 6.6 (97.15) —(—) 4.1 (106.50) —(—) —(—) 16.2 (59.63) Other western softwood group —(—) —(—) —(—) 4.7 (98.82) 7.5 (66.08) —(—) 23.0 (51.33) 10.8 (70.75) 18.1 (57.62) 5.5 (99.99) 6.0 (99.64) 61.7 (30.70) 137.4 (20.27) Elm/ash/cottonwood group —(—) 3.0 (100.17) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 2.7 (106.50) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 5.8 (72.97) Aspen/birch/group —(—) 96.6 (23.34) 45.5 (34.16) 25.4 (41.15) 43.1 (35.35) 19.4 (50.37) 7.4 (83.81) 1.5 (100.07) 6.1 (80.11) —(—) —(—) —(—) 245.0 (14.41) Woodland hardwoods group —(—) 87.8 (25.00) 25.1 (46.46) 15.0 (59.96) 11.4 (66.34) 47.0 (35.55) 88.6 (25.52) 110.5 (21.61) 169.0 (18.10) 87.4 (24.57) 41.2 (36.32) 20.6 (48.98) 714.8 (8.57) Nonstocked 743.7 (8.40) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 743.7 (8.40) Total 743.7 (8.40) 337.7 (12.67) 207.4 (16.32) 379.9 (11.80) 824.0 (8.09) 1,090.2 (7.05) 1,187.1 (6.74) 1,351.4 (6.24) 1,183.8 (6.73) 886.5 (7.86) 683.7 (8.98) 1,720.7 (5.46) 10,607.5 (1.35) Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding. A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 70 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.7—Area, in thousand acres, of forest land (percent sampling error) by forest-type group and stand origin.

Forest-type group

Stand origin

Natural stands All forest land

Artificial 

regeneration

Pinyon/juniper group

8,480.0

(1.74)

—

(—)

8,480.0

(1.74)

Douglas-fir group

12.1

(70.72)

—

(—)

12.1

(70.72)

Ponderosa pine group

51.6

(31.37)

—

(—)

51.6

(31.37)

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group

201.1

(16.31)

—

(—)

201.1

(16.31)

Lodgepole pine group

16.2

(59.63)

—

(—)

16.2

(59.63)

Other western softwood group

137.4

(20.27)

—

(—)

137.4

(20.27)

Elm/ash/cottonwood group

5.8

(72.97)

—

(—)

5.8

(72.97)

Aspen/birch/group

245.0

(14.41)

—

(—)

245.0

(14.41)

Woodland hardwoods group

711.8

(8.59)

3.0

(100.07)

714.8

(8.57)

Nonstocked

743.7

(8.40)

—

(—)

743.7

(8.40)

Total

10,604.5

(1.35)

3.0

(100.07)

10,607.5

(1.35)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 71 Table C.8—Area, in thousand acres, of forest land (percent sampling error) by forest-type group and disturbance class. Forest-type group Disturbance class Unavailable Insect Disease Fire Animal Weather Vegetation Unknown Human Geologic All forest land Pinyon/juniper group 7,907.5 (1.89) 168.5 (18.72) 237.6 (15.64) 20.8 (51.13) 41.8 (38.04) 40.3 (38.67) 18.1 (58.01) 5.5 (105.08) 19.4 (51.94) 20.5 (50.90) 8,480.0 (1.74) Douglas-fir group 6.0 (100.17) 6.0 (100.17) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 12.1 (70.72) Ponderosa pine group 51.6 (31.37) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 51.6 (31.37) Fir/spruce/ mountain hemlock group 173.3 (17.50) 15.7 (59.70) —(—) 6.0 (100.17) 6.0 (99.64) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 201.1 (16.31) Lodgepole pine group 16.2 (59.63) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 16.2 (59.63) Other western softwood group 131.3 (20.71) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 6.0 (99.64) —(—) —(—) 137.4 (20.27) Elm/ash/ cottonwood group 5.8 (72.97) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 5.8 (72.97) Aspen/birch group 191.9 (16.14) 4.5 (99.64) 28.8 (42.97) 15.7 (59.90) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) —(—) 4.1 (105.08) 245.0 (14.41) Woodland hardwoods group 664.4 (8.89) 6.0 (100.17) 5.1 (107.99) 22.1 (51.15) 6.0 (100.56) 6.0 (100.17) —(—) —(—) —(—) 5.1 (107.99) 714.8 (8.57) Nonstocked 440.5 (10.86) 1.6 (97.15) 1.3 (107.99) 276.9 (14.26) 11.2 (73.23) 6.3 (98.82) —(—) —(—) 6.0 (100.07) —(—) 743.7 (8.40) Total 9,588.5 (1.55) 202.4 (16.92) 272.8 (14.50) 341.4 (12.80) 65.0 (30.42) 52.6 (33.88) 18.1 (58.01) 11.5 (72.30) 25.4 (46.17) 29.7 (42.29) 10,607.5 (1.35) Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding. A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 72 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.9—Area, in thousand acres, of timberland (percent sampling error) by forest-type group and stand-size class.

Forest-type group

Stand-size class All size 

Large diameter Medium diameter Small diameter Nonstocked classes

Ponderosa pine group

36.4

(38.49)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

36.4

(38.49)

Fir/spruce/mountain 

hemlock group

54.6

(31.52)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

54.6

(31.52)

Lodgepole pine group

10.7

(72.45)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

10.7

(72.45)

Other western softwood 

group

12.1

(70.40)

4.5

(99.64)

—

(—)

—

(—)

16.6

(57.91)

Elm/ash/cottonwood group

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

3.0

(100.17)

Aspen/birch group

5.5

(105.08)

38.7

(36.19)

50.6

(32.44)

—

(—)

94.8

(23.45)

Nonstocked

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

40.2

(34.89)

40.2

(34.89)

Total

119.3

(20.93)

43.2

(34.04)

53.6

(31.13)

40.2

(34.89)

256.4

(14.14)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.10—Number of live trees (at least 1 in dia), in thousand trees, on forest land (percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and diameter class (inches).

Species group 

type

Diameter class (inches)

1.0-2.9 3.0-4.9 5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9 9.0-10.9 11.0-12.9 13.0-14.9 15.0-16.9 17.0-18.9 19.0-20.9 21.0-22.9 23.0-24.9 25.0-26.9 27.0-28.9 29.0-30.9 31+ All classes

Softwood species groupsDouglas-fir

1,809.1

(61.19)

1,356.8

(57.66)

472.0

(51.47)

399.4

(47.07)

326.8

(53.17)

181.5

(52.80)

72.6

(70.72)

108.9

(74.57)

36.3

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

4,763.5

(41.85)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

2,597.2

(60.25)

—

(—)

457.1

(41.68)

772.8

(37.66)

390.8

(39.89)

517.2

(42.92)

693.2

(46.08)

512.7

(46.17)

442.2

(36.84)

181.2

(53.63)

214.2

(41.42)

246.2 

(44.16)

70.9 

(72.44)

72.5

(1.77)

36.3 

(100.17)

—

(—)

7,204.6

(30.39)

True fir

28,139.7

(20.42)

15,551.6

(21.53)

9,776.6

(18.09)

7,009.2

(17.21)

3,775.7

(16.94)

2,903.5

(21.61)

2,402.1

(19.92)

1,571.9

(21.00)

847.3

(24.97)

535.5

(30.64)

250.9

(37.86)

214.6

(72.55)

138.7

(51.49)

105.7

(59.14)

39.5

(97.15)

178.43

(45.17)

73,441.0

(16.52)

Western white pine

1,643.7

(83.65)

410.9

(106.50)

132.1

(83.65)

66.0

(106.50)

66.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

39.5

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2,358.2

(86.61)

Engelmann and other spruces

1,356.8

(74.57)

452.3

(100.17)

471.7

(47.99)

471.6

(47.99)

145.2

(61.27)

326.7

(59.85)

217.7

(74.65)

181.5

(52.88)

36.2

(99.99)

36.2

(99.99)

—

(—)

72.5

(70.65)

—

(—)

72.5

(99.99)

—

(—)

36.31

(100.17)

3,877.2

(55.42)

Incense-cedar

—

(—)

—

(—)

66.0

(106.50)

39.5

(97.15)

—

(—)

33.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

33.02

(106.50)

171.5

(61.56)

Lodgepole pine

4,189.9

(67.15)

1,394.2

(75.36)

587.1

(61.16)

488.0

(54.14)

145.0

(71.77)

112.0

(75.36)

105.5

(75.92)

178.0

(61.44)

66.0

(106.50)

66.0

(74.50)

33.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

7,364.7

(56.92)

Woodland softwoods

505,937.2

(4.55)

383,711.2

(4.47)

286,190.5

(2.72)

222,180.5

(2.62)

168,555.6

(2.58)

117,192.6

(2.72)

78,484.7

(3.03)

52,943.1

(3.54)

31,811.5

(4.27)

21,043.6

(4.87)

11,947.5

(6.34)

7,602.3

(7.77)

4,401.3

(9.85)

3,009.0

(11.32)

2,276.3

(13.06)

3,517.35

(12.30)

1,900,804.0

(2.53)

Other western softwoods

8,548.2

(34.58)

7,939.9

(37.22)

5,296.4

(23.93)

4,061.8

(21.98)

3,046.9

(20.72)

1,771.7

(24.21)

1,333.0

(30.25)

1,027.7

(26.09)

809.8

(26.93)

586.7

(32.82)

553.0

(30.27)

297.0

(42.71)

146.8

(49.81)

41.2

(95.09)

41.2

(95.09)

614.77

(43.41)

36,116.2

(20.79)

Subtotal

554,221.8

(4.36)

410,816.9

(4.30)

303,449.5

(2.61)

235,488.8

(2.50)

176,451.9

(2.47)

123,038.2

(2.63)

83,308.9

(2.93)

56,523.9

(3.40)

34,049.3

(4.10)

22,449.3

(4.70)

12,998.7

(6.04)

8,432.6

(7.50)

4,797.1

(9.34)

3,300.8

(10.88)

2,393.3

(12.72)

4,379.88

(11.75)

2,036,100.9

(2.42)
Species group 

type

Diameter class (inches)

1.0-2.9 3.0-4.9 5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9 9.0-10.9 11.0-12.9 13.0-14.9 15.0-16.9 17.0-18.9 19.0-20.9 21.0-22.9 23.0-24.9 25.0-26.9 27.0-28.9 29.0-30.9 31+ All classes

Hardwood species groupsCottonwood and aspen

139,475.3

(19.26)

29,817.2

(23.36)

13,753.6

(21.58)

7,380.7

(21.60)

2,668.4

(26.43)

1,044.7

(32.31)

498.2

(40.97)

171.7

(68.34)

72.6

(70.64)

33.0

(106.50)

132.1

(83.65)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

195,047.5

(17.24)

Woodland hardwoods

115,947.8

(16.01)

55,224.1

(15.79)

35,706.8

(9.16)

29,127.1

(8.94)

19,437.9

(9.73)

12,359.5

(9.60)

8,966.6

(10.95)

5,024.2

(12.66)

2,999.4

(15.36)

1,078.0

(19.40)

942.0

(28.10)

470.3

(27.79)

325.9

(37.04)

145.5

(50.08)

36.2

(99.99)

41.20

(95.09)

287,832.6

(9.76)

Subtotal

255,423.1

(12.76)

85,041.3

(13.27)

49,460.4

(8.98)

36,507.8

(8.36)

22,106.2

(9.10)

13,404.2

(9.16)

9,464.8

(10.58)

5,195.9

(12.43)

3,072.0

(15.08)

1,111.0

(19.09)

1,074.1

(26.71)

470.3

(27.79)

325.9

(37.04)

145.5

(50.08)

36.2

(99.99)

41.20

(95.09)

482,880.0

(9.07)

Total

809,644.9

(4.98)

495,858.2

(4.23)

352,909.9

(2.53)

271,996.6

(2.38)

198,558.1

(2.35)

136,442.4

(2.48)

92,773.7

(2.81)

61,719.8

(3.23)

37,121.2

(3.91)

23,560.3

(4.54)

14,072.8

(5.90)

8,903.0

(7.23)

5,123.1

(9.09)

3,446.3

(10.62)

2,429.5

(12.62)

4,421.07

(11.65)

2,518,980.9

(2.54)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.

Table C.10 continued.
Table C.11—Number of standing-dead trees (at least 5 in dia), in thousand trees, on forest land (percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and diameter class (inches).

Species group 

type

Diameter class (inches)

5.0-

6.9

7.0-

8.9

9.0-

10.9 11.0-12.9 13.0-14.9 15.0-16.9 17.0-18.9

19.0-

20.9

21.0-

22.9

23.0-

24.9 25.0-26.9

27.0-

28.9

29.0-

30.9

31.0-

32.9

33.0-

34.9

35.0-

36.9 37+

All 

classes

Softwood species groupsDouglas-fir

254.2

(87.00)

290.5

(68.46)

181.5

(72.13)

145.2

(79.12)

217.8

(46.97)

72.6

(70.72)

72.6

(70.72)

—

(—)

36.3

(100.17)

108.9

(74.57)

36.3

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

 (—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1,416.0

(53.24)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

—

(—)

36.3

(101.36)

36.3

(101.36)

77.4

(69.28)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

36.3

(101.36)

78.9

(67.31)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

33.3

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

35.6

(99.95)

334.2

(32.47)

True fir

2,572.7

(38.28)

1,971.2

(35.94)

1,357.1

(25.58)

1,336.6

(28.40)

722.4

(32.57)

288.8

(39.60)

178.3

(45.23)

75.8

(69.74)

39.5

(97.15)

—

(—)

74.0

(70.48)

—

(—)

—

(—)

33.3

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

39.5

(97.15)

8,689.3

(28.39)

Western white pine

—

(—)

33.0

(106.50)

33.0

(106.50)

33.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

99.1

(106.50)

Engelmann and other spruces

—

(—)

36.3

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

36.3

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

72.6

(70.72)

Lodgepole pine

118.4

(97.15)

105.5

(59.12)

151.4

(79.44)

39.5

(97.15)

33.0

(106.50)

39.5

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

99.1

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

33.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

619.3

(68.60)

Woodland softwoods

28,832.3

(8.16)

24,606.2

(6.28)

18,075.2

(6.60)

12,312.5

(6.70)

7,546.7

(8.23)

3,719.1

(11.17)

2,472.5

(12.49)

1,431.5

(17.40)

813.4

(21.11)

284.9

(35.71)

71.4

(70.68)

36.1

(100.56)

69.3

(72.75)

37.9

(98.82)

36.4

(99.64)

—

(—)

—

(—)

100,345.3

(5.13)

Other western softwoods

1,162.7

(45.41)

1,265.5

(54.18)

814.2

(40.31)

717.7

(26.50)

610.9

(30.60)

224.1

(47.10)

145.3

(49.90)

36.3

(100.17)

145.2

(49.96)

—

(—)

72.6

(71.07)

72.5

(99.99)

—

(—)

36.2

(99.99)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

5,303.3

(32.68)

Subtotal

32,940.3

(7.96)

28,344.5

(6.50)

20,648.8

(6.37)

14,661.9

(6.43)

9,130.9

(7.75)

4,344.2

(10.41)

2,868.7

(11.66)

1,579.9

(16.41)

1,248.7

(18.87)

393.8

(33.01)

254.3

(37.82)

108.6

(74.66)

135.6

(51.55)

107.4

(57.56)

36.4

(99.64)

—

(—)

75.1

(69.68)

116,879.1

(5.21)

Hardwood species groupsCottonwood and aspen

3,770.4

(25.78)

1,325.7

(25.82)

433.2

(35.58)

362.1

(42.22)

68.8

(72.30)

35.7

(99.62)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

— 

(—)

—

(—)

5,995.8

(20.89)

Woodland hardwoods

9,918.6

(10.69)

8,398.4

(11.20)

5,344.8

(12.06)

2,596.7

(13.29)

1,058.3

(22.31)

579.1

(26.54)

300.4

(34.67)

171.6

(46.00)

36.3

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

28,404.2

(9.12)

Subtotal

13,689.0

(10.45)

9,724.0

(10.24)

5,778.0

(11.44)

2,958.8

(12.74)

1,127.2

(21.40)

614.8

(25.66)

300.4

(34.67)

171.6

(46.00)

36.3

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

34,400.0

(8.31)

Total

46,629.2

(6.61)

38,068.6

(5.67)

26,426.8

(5.57)

17,620.7

(5.80)

10,258.1

(7.33)

4,959.0

(9.67)

3,169.2

(11.11)

1,751.5

(15.45)

1,285.0

(18.55)

393.8

(33.01)

254.3

(37.82)

108.6

(74.66)

135.6

(51.55)

107.4

(57.56)

36.4

(9.64)

—

(—)

75.1

(69.68)

151,279.2

(4.61)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.12—Number of growing-stock trees (at least 5 in), in thousand trees, on timberland (percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and diameter class (inches).

Species group type

Diameter class (inches)

5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9

9.0-

10.9

11.0-

12.9

13.0-

14.9

15.0-

16.9

17.0-

18.9

19.0-

20.9

21.0-

22.9

23.0-

24.9

25.0-

26.9

27.0-

28.9

29.0-

30.9

31.0-

32.9

33.0-

34.9

35.0-

36.9 37+

All 

classes

Softwood species groupsPonderosa and Jeffrey pines

285.4

(50.30)

561.9

(43.45)

252.4

 (47.67)

302.8

(58.03)

481.9

(58.37)

331.6

(63.33)

300.2

(45.50)

72.5

(71.77)

72.5

(71.77)

213.2

 (48.50)

33.0

 (106.50)

72.5

(71.77)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2,979.8

(36.26)

True fir

2,810.7

(33.90)

2,123.1

(38.02)

1,002.4

 (33.85)

1,109.1

(47.08)

855.6

(38.86)

557.3

(39.31)

347.0

(45.40)

174.1

(52.64)

69.4

(72.50)

—

(—)

33.0

 (106.50)

33.0 

(106.50)

39.5

 (97.15)

33.3 

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

39.5

 (97.15)

9,227.0

(33.28)

Western white pine

99.1 

(106.50)

33.0 

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

39.5

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

171.5

(84.99)

Incense-cedar

—

(—)

39.5

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

39.5

(97.15)

Lodgepole pine

422.0

(69.08)

190.9

(65.40)

78.9

 (97.15)

78.9

(97.15)

39.5

(97.15)

112.0

(75.36)

—

(—)

33.0 

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

955.2

(67.22)

Other western softwoods

473.9

(43.95)

576.4

(42.64)

394.0

 (41.91)

247.9

(47.77)

36.3 

(100.17)

36.3 

(100.17)

148.4

(49.60)

72.7

(70.40)

72.7

(70.64)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2,058.5

(33.61)

Subtotal

4,091.1

(27.12)

3,524.8

(26.96)

1,727.7

(6.44)

1,738.7

(34.35)

1,413.3

(32.11)

1,037.2

(31.40)

795.6

(29.72)

352.3

(34.52)

214.6

(41.34)

213.2

 (48.50)

105.5

(59.12)

105.5

(59.12)

39.5

(7.15)

33.3 

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

39.5

 (97.15)

15,431.6

(23.74)

Hardwood species groupsCottonwood and aspen

2,726.0

(37.70)

2,397.7

(43.20)

786.4

 (49.89)

463.3

(55.64)

181.5

(82.58)

36.3 

(100.17)

72.6

(70.64)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

6,663.9

(37.61)

Subtotal

2,726.0

(37.70)

2,397.7

(43.20)

786.4

 (49.89)

463.3

(55.64)

181.5

(82.58)

36.3 

(100.17)

72.6

(70.64)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

6,663.9

(37.61)

Total

6,817.1

(24.22)

5,922.5

(24.31)

2,514.1

 (24.67)

2,202.0

(30.69)

1,594.8

(29.95)

1,073.5

(30.52)

868.2

(27.86)

352.3

(34.52)

214.6

(41.34)

213.2

(8.50)

105.5

(59.12)

105.5

(59.12)

39.5

 (97.15)

33.3 

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

39.5

(97.15)

22,095.4

(21.23)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 77 Table C.13—Net volume of live trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling error) by ownership group, owner class, reserved status, and forest land status. Ownership group Unreserved Reserved All forest land Timberland Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total Forest Service National forest 217.1 (24.75) 1,348.7 (5.77) 1,565.8 (6.04) 283.5 (27.37) 465.9 (12.63) 749.4 (12.80) 2,315.2 (5.64) Other Federal National Park Service —(—) —(—) —(—) 52.8 (48.00) 18.8 (44.41) 71.7 (37.19) 71.7 (37.19) Bureau of Land Management 42.8 (46.44) 3,038.3 (3.41) 3,081.1 (3.40) 57.5 (38.67) 359.5 (13.21) 417.0 (12.58) 3,498.1 (3.15) Fish and Wildlife Service —(—) —(—) —(—) 0.6 (101.36) 43.3 (27.62) 43.9 (27.69) 43.9 (27.69) Departments of Defense/Energy —(—) 71.4 (24.90) 71.4 (24.90) —(—) —(—) —(—) 71.4 (24.90) Other Federal —(—) 2.3 (97.15) 2.3 (97.15) —(—) —(—) —(—) 2.3 (97.15) State and local government State 4.1 (102.53) —(—) 4.1 (102.53) 23.5 (76.66) 6.9 (100.17) 30.4 (63.52) 34.5 (57.29) Private Undifferentiated private and Native American 32.9 (66.93) 153.0 (15.96) 185.9 (17.56) —(—) —(—) —(—) 185.9 (17.56) Total 296.9 (20.62) 4,613.7 (2.54) 4,910.6 (2.63) 417.9 (20.58) 894.5 (8.39) 1,312.4 (8.52) 6,223.0 (2.49) Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding. A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 78 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.14—Net volume of standing-dead trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling 

error) by ownership group, owner class, reserved status, and forest land status.

Ownership group

Unreserved Reserved All 

forest 

Timberland Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total land

Forest Service

National forest

43.6

 (43.74)

89.1

 (12.18)

132.7

 (16.50)

50.6

 (36.83)

50.0

 (28.29)

100.7

 (23.21)

233.4

 (13.67)

Other Federal

National Park Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

33.1

 (49.33)

0.9

 (49.87)

34.0

 (48.00)

34.0

 (48.00)

Bureau of Land Management

5.4

 (54.07)

229.8

 (6.89)

235.1

 (6.83)

25.9

 (47.81)

40.0

 (29.76)

65.9

 (26.00)

301.1

 (7.71)

Fish and Wildlife Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

6.0

 (40.32)

6.0

 (40.32)

6.0

 (40.32)

Departments of Defense/

Energy

—

(—)

4.9

 (36.33)

4.9

 (36.33)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

4.9

 (36.33)

Other Federal

—

(—)

0.4

 (97.15)

0.4

 (97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.4

 (97.15)

State and local government

State

0.3

 (102.53)

—

(—)

0.3 

(102.53)

0.0

 (106.50)

—

(—)

0.0 

(106.50)

0.4

 (91.45)

Private

Undifferentiated private and 

Native American

3.7

 (69.26)

18.8

 (29.53)

22.4

 (27.06)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

22.4

 (27.06)

Total

52.9

 (36.71)

343.0

(5.70)

396.0

(6.82)

109.7

 (25.08)

96.9

 (19.11)

206.6

 (15.96)

602.5

 (6.97)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 79

Table C.15—Net volume of live trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling error) by 

forest-type group and stand-size class.

Forest-type group

Stand-size class

All size 

classes

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter Nonstocked

Pinyon/juniper group

4,809.9

(2.47)

164.7

(12.87)

15.5

(19.51)

—

(—)

4,990.1

(2.35)

Douglas-fir group

6.5

(100.17)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

6.5

(99.78)

Ponderosa pine group

106.9

(32.85)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

106.9

(32.85)

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group

364.5

(20.96)

15.6

(62.07)

1.2

(70.81)

—

(—)

381.3

(20.19)

Lodgepole pine group

49.7

(61.54)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

49.7

(61.54)

Other western softwood group

244.2

(30.39)

8.1

(101.98)

—

(—)

—

(—)

252.3

(29.60)

Elm/ash /cottonwood group

6.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

1.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

7.1

(91.97)

Aspen/birch /group

19.1

(71.79)

75.3

(33.34)

10.8

(34.26)

—

(—)

105.3

(27.35)

Woodland hardwoods group

303.3

(11.81)

8.4

(41.61)

3.5

(43.54)

—

(—)

315.2

(11.41)

Nonstocked

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

8.7

(31.97)

8.7

(31.97)

Total

5,910.1

(2.64)

272.1

(12.94)

32.1

(16.16)

8.7

(31.97)

6,223.0

(2.49)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 80 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.16—Net volume of standing-dead trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling 

error) by forest-type group and stand-size class

Forest-type group

Stand-size class

All size 

classes

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter Nonstocked

Pinyon/juniper group

235.2

(5.62)

12.5

(26.27)

5.6

(43.14)

—

(—)

253.3

(5.39)

Douglas-fir group

6.8

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

6.8

(100.17)

Ponderosa pine group

5.0

(72.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

5.0

(72.15)

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group

80.3

(28.30)

5.0

(99.99)

0.8

(98.82)

—

(—)

86.1

(27.00)

Lodgepole pine group

22.1

(76.16)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

22.1

(76.16)

Other western softwood group

15.5

(49.09)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

15.5

(49.09)

Elm/ash/cottonwood group

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

Aspen/birch/group

0.3

(105.08)

21.5

(56.65)

23.1

(58.10)

—

(—)

45.0

(40.36)

Woodland hardwoods group

21.6

(19.94)

9.7

(95.74)

8.1

(39.01)

—

(—)

39.5

(27.13)

Nonstocked

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

129.4

(13.60)

129.4

(13.60)

Total

386.8

(8.44)

48.8

(33.73)

37.6

(37.32)

129.4

(13.60)

602.5

(6.97)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 81

Table C.17—Net volume of live trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling error) by 

species group type and species group and ownership group

Species group type

Ownership group

All owners

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Private 

and Native 

American

Softwood species groups

Douglas-fir

0.0

(100.17)

16.6

(52.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

16.6

(52.09)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

77.1

(30.37)

15.1

(53.14)

4.3

(98.71)

21.2

(97.15)

117.6

(28.08)

True fir

199.8

(22.61)

111.3

(24.17)

14.9

 102.46)

4.0

(100.17)

330.0

(16.54)

Western white pine

3.8

(81.43)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

3.8

(80.86)

Engelmann and other spruces

48.1

(65.39)

6.5

(94.23)

—

(—)

—

(—)

54.6

(58.68)

Incense-cedar

7.4

(103.96)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(97.15)

7.6

(101.84)

Lodgepole pine

27.9

(64.13)

—

(—)

2.2

(106.50)

—

(—)

30.0

(59.82)

Woodland softwoods

1,486.8

(5.21)

3,343.5

(3.08)

6.9

(100.17)

150.2

(16.17)

4,987.3

(2.28)

Other western softwoods

211.1

(31.38)

75.7

(38.68)

—

(—)

1.6

(100.17)

288.4

(25.08)

Subtotal

2,062.1

(5.99)

3,568.6

(3.13)

28.2

(62.53)

177.1

(18.16)

5,836.0

(2.59)

Hardwood species groups

Cottonwood and aspen

81.8

(28.04)

7.4

(59.34)

6.2

(106.50)

6.0

(81.35)

101.3

(24.35)

Woodland hardwoods

171.4

(13.64)

111.4

(11.83)

—

(—)

2.8

(44.95)

285.6

(9.29)

Subtotal

253.2

(12.90)

118.8

(11.68)

6.2

(106.50)

8.8

(57.64)

3

(9.31)

Total

2,315.2

(5.64)

3,687.4

(3.07)

34.5

(57.29)

185.9

(17.56)

6,223.0

(2.49)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 82 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.18—Net volume of standing-dead trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling 

error) by species group type and species group and ownership group

Species group type

Ownership group

All owners

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Private 

and Native 

American

Softwood species groups

Douglas-fir

—

(—)

28.0

(46.09)

—

(—)

—

(—)

28.0

(46.09)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

3.0

(71.98)

9.7

(95.33)

—

(—)

0.3

(97.15)

13.1

(72.98)

True fir

44.2

(36.20)

25.3

(36.18)

0.3

(102.53)

1.9

(100.17)

71.8

(25.76)

Western white pine

1.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1.0

(106.50)

Engelmann and other spruces

2.4

(100.17)

0.2

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2.6

(93.61)

Lodgepole pine

17.1

(83.96)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

17.1

(83.73)

Woodland softwoods

97.5

(11.38)

241.6

(6.54)

—

(—)

17.8

(30.47)

356.9

(5.46)

Other western softwoods

39.7

(39.10)

17.3

(44.11)

—

(—)

0.4

(100.17)

57.4

(30.12)

Subtotal

204.9

(15.12)

322.1

(8.61)

0.4

(91.45)

20.4

(28.76)

547.8

(7.50)

Hardwood species groups

Cottonwood and aspen

9.3

(28.73)

2.9

(68.73)

—

(—)

1.3

(79.82)

13.5

(25.84)

Woodland hardwoods

19.2

(19.15)

21.3

(14.49)

—

(—)

0.7

(59.10)

41.2

(11.53)

Subtotal

28.5

(15.95)

24.2

(15.15)

—

(—)

2.0

(54.86)

54.7

(10.74)

Total

233.4

(13.67)

346.3

(8.16)

0.4

(91.45)

22.4

(27.06)

602.5

(6.97)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.19—Net volume of live trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and diameter class (inches)

Species group type

Diameter class (inches)

5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9 9.0-10.9

11.0-

12.9

13.0-

14.9

15.0-

16.9

17.0-

18.9

19.0-

20.9

21.0-

22.9

23.0-

24.9

25.0-

26.9

27.0-

28.9

29.0-

30.9

31.0-

32.9

33.0-

34.9

35.0-

36.9 37+ All classes

Softwood species groupsDouglas-fir

0.8

(52.17)

1.7

(47.62)

3.3

(53.66)

3.0

(58.18)

2.1

(70.87)

3.6

(70.88)

2.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

16.6

(52.09)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

0.4

(39.90)

2.5

(37.69)

2.3

(40.30)

5.9

(47.61)

12.8

(48.33)

15.7

(49.71)

16.2

(37.76)

8.7

(56.77)

13.3

(42.67)

20.4

(47.06)

4.8

(76.87)

9.3

(72.32)

5.4

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

117.6

(28.08)

True fir

11.9

(19.87)

24.4

(17.74)

25.3

(17.69)

36.0

(23.00)

42.9

(20.92)

40.0

(22.69)

28.1

(27.65)

22.3

(33.26)

13.4

(38.83)

16.8

(69.88)

12.0

(52.95)

10.3

(62.17)

6.3

(97.15)

15.7

(59.29)

—

(—)

7.2

(106.50)

17.5

(97.15)

330.0

(16.54)

Western white pine

0.2

(92.53)

0.3

(106.50)

0.3

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.1

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.8

(80.86)

Engelmann and other spruces

0.8

(50.51)

2.2

(47.37)

1.2

(73.66)

5.6

(60.77)

7.6

(74.76)

8.3

(56.61)

2.4

(99.99)

2.8

(99.99)

—

(—)

5.6

(70.93)

—

(—)

9.2

(99.99)

—

(—)

—

(—)

8.8

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

54.6

(58.68)

Incense-cedar

0.2

(106.50)

0.2

(97.15)

—

(—)

0.2

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

7.0

(106.50)

7.6

(101.84)

Lodgepole pine

1.2

(56.23)

3.0

(51.80)

2.1

(73.38)

2.4

(79.92)

3.1

(76.56)

7.1

(61.55)

3.6

(106.50)

4.6

(75.01)

2.9

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

30.0

(59.82)

Woodland softwoods

252.3

(2.94)

447.4

(2.80)

620.9

(2.75)

691.3

(2.93)

666.4

(3.24)

590.5

(3.76)

463.4

(4.45)

365.6

(5.29)

240.6

(6.82)

176.7

(8.40)

125.3

(10.58)

93.8

(12.30)

77.8

(13.96)

53.5

(18.87)

34.8

(24.75)

22.7

(27.49)

64.1

(27.00)

4,987.3

(2.28)

Other western softwoods

6.2

(28.41)

14.1

(23.65)

21.7

(22.31)

19.8

(27.29)

21.8

(33.15)

25.4

(27.36)

28.3

(27.46)

21.6

(36.42)

22.5

(32.47)

16.1

(43.21)

10.4

(50.39)

3.2

(95.09)

3.0

(95.09)

12.9

(63.06)

31.7

(43.34)

—

(—)

29.7

(77.35)

288.4

(25.08)

Subtotal

273.9

(2.88)

495.8

(2.74)

677.2

(2.68)

764.3

(3.00)

756.7

(3.36)

690.7

(3.87)

544.0

(4.55)

425.6

(5.44)

292.6

(6.74)

235.7

(9.55)

155.5

(10.40)

125.9

(14.01)

92.5

(14.99)

82.0

(19.40)

75.4

(24.46)

29.9

(33.07)

118.3

(28.92)

5,836.0

(2.59)

Hardwood species groupsCottonwood and aspen

16.1

(25.05)

25.0

(24.88)

21.4

(31.71)

14.4

(36.36)

9.8

(44.73)

3.2

(69.06)

2.6

(70.66)

1.3

(106.50)

7.5

(89.43)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

101.3

(24.35)

Woodland hardwoods

19.4

(9.64)

33.5

(9.05)

39.6

(10.29)

40.3

(9.89)

43.8

(11.39)

32.4

(13.30)

25.7

(16.27)

12.0

(20.83)

14.1

(32.00)

9.2

(28.54)

7.5

(40.33)

4.6

(51.92)

1.4

(99.99)

—

(—)

2.2

(95.09)

—

(—)

—

(—)

285.6

(9.29)

Subtotal

35.4

(12.53)

58.5

(11.82)

61.1

(12.91)

54.7

(11.95)

53.6

(12.34)

35.6

(13.57)

28.3

(16.11)

13.3

(21.52)

21.6

(37.41)

9.2

(28.54)

7.5

(40.33)

4.6

(51.92)

1.4

(99.99)

—

(—)

2.2

(95.09)

—

(—)

—

(—)

387.0

(9.31)

Total

309.4

(2.97)

554.3

(2.74)

738.3

(2.63)

819.0

(2.90)

810.3

(3.25)

726.3

(3.73)

572.3

(4.37)

438.9

(5.30)

314.2

(6.74)

244.9

(9.24)

163.0

(10.09)

130.5

(13.63)

93.9

(14.85)

82.0

(19.40)

77.5

(23.87)

29.9

(33.07)

118.3

(28.92)

6,223.0

(2.49)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.20—Net volume of standing-dead trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and diameter class (inches)

Species group type

Diameter class (inches)

5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9 9.0-10.9

11.0-

12.9

13.0-

14.9

15.0-

16.9

17.0-

18.9

19.0-

20.9

21.0-

22.9

23.0-

24.9

25.0-

26.9

27.0-

28.9

29.0-

30.9

31.0-

32.9

33.0-

34.9

35.0-

36.9 37+ All classes

Softwood species groupsDouglas-fir

0.3

(95.87)

1.2

(64.87)

1.4

(70.72)

2.0

(80.61)

3.4

(51.43)

2.3

(72.77)

3.2

(70.72)

—

(—)

2.4

(100.17)

8.3

(71.63)

3.4

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

28.0

(46.09)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

—

(—)

0.1

(101.36)

0.0

(101.36)

0.7

(69.28)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(101.36)

2.7

(78.54)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

9.3

(99.95)

13.1

(72.98)

True fir

3.4

(45.26)

7.9

(45.32)

9.1

(30.31)

16.5

(32.15)

10.4

(35.81)

5.2

(41.09)

6.7

(47.13)

2.0

(72.72)

2.5

(97.15)

—

(—)

4.6

(74.72)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.3

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.0

(97.15)

71.8

(25.76)

Western white pine

—

(—)

0.2

(106.50)

0.4

(106.50)

0.5

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1.0

(106.50)

Engelmann and other spruces

—

(—)

0.2

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2.4

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2.6

(93.61)

Lodgepole pine

0.2

(97.15)

0.3

(64.06)

1.8

(77.80)

1.0

(97.15)

1.1

(106.50)

1.5

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

6.6

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

4.6

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

17.1

(83.73)

Woodland softwoods

24.1

(9.92)

42.0

(7.30)

56.5

(7.59)

61.2

(8.30)

54.9

(9.66)

34.5

(12.65)

32.4

(14.25)

19.7

(18.25)

15.6

(24.00)

6.0

(37.50)

1.6

(71.38)

1.4

(100.56)

4.8

(72.92)

0.9

(98.82)

1.3

(99.64)

—

(—)

—

(—)

356.9

(5.46)

Other western softwoods

1.8

(54.66)

5.6

(63.07)

5.9

(50.31)

7.7

(30.01)

8.9

(33.49)

5.9

(53.22)

3.8

(54.00)

1.2

(100.17)

4.6

(54.31)

—

(—)

2.3

(73.61)

5.9

(99.99)

—

(—)

3.7

(99.99)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

57.4

(30.12)

Subtotal

29.9

(10.28)

57.4

(10.43)

75.0

(8.60)

89.6

(9.00)

78.7

(10.02)

49.4

(13.60)

46.2

(14.51)

23.2

(17.52)

37.0

(27.33)

14.2

(44.43)

12.0

(44.07)

7.2

(83.41)

9.4

(63.97)

4.9

(78.02)

1.3

(99.64)

—

(—)

12.3

(79.12)

547.8

(7.50)

Hardwood species groupsCottonwood and aspen

3.3

(32.20)

3.6

(29.68)

2.2

(40.48)

2.7

(49.28)

0.8

(72.86)

0.8

(99.62)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

13.5

(25.84)

Woodland hardwoods

4.7

(11.81)

7.6

(12.12)

9.4

(13.86)

7.1

(14.84)

4.1

(23.77)

3.4

(26.91)

2.5

(37.33)

2.0

(47.52)

0.5

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

41.2

(11.53)

Subtotal

8.1

(14.98)

11.2

(12.56)

11.6

(13.56)

9.8

(17.28)

4.9

(23.04)

4.2

(29.03)

2.5

(37.33)

2.0

(47.52)

0.5

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

54.7

(10.74)

Total

37.9

(9.01)

68.6

(9.18)

86.7

(7.69)

99.4

(8.31)

83.6

(9.53)

53.6

(12.75)

48.6

(13.97)

25.2

(16.55)

37.4

(27.02)

14.2

(44.43)

12.0

(44.07)

7.2

(83.41)

9.4

(63.97)

4.9

(78.02)

1.3

(99.64)

—

(—)

12.3

(79.12)

602.5

(6.97)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 85

Table C.21—Net volume of live trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling error) by 

forest-type group and stand origin.

Forest-type group

Stand origin

Natural stands All forest land

Artificial 

regeneration

Pinyon/juniper group

4,990.1

(2.35)

—

(—)

4,990.1

(2.35)

Douglas-fir group

6.5

(99.78)

—

(—)

6.5

(99.78)

Ponderosa pine group

106.9

(32.85)

—

(—)

106.9

(32.85)

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group

381.3

(20.19)

—

(—)

381.3

(20.19)

Lodgepole pine group

49.7

(61.54)

—

(—)

49.7

(61.54)

Other western softwood group

252.3

(29.60)

—

(—)

252.3

(29.60)

Elm/ash/cottonwood group

7.1

(91.97)

—

(—)

7.1

(91.97)

Aspen/birch/group

105.3

(27.35)

—

(—)

105.3

(27.35)

Woodland hardwoods group

314.4

(11.44)

0.9

(100.07)

315.2

(11.41)

Nonstocked

8.7

(31.97)

—

(—)

8.7

(31.97)

Total

6,222.1

(2.49)

0.9

(100.07)

6,223.0

(2.49)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1
 86 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.22—Net volume of standing-dead trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling 

error) by forest-type group and stand origin.

Forest-type group

Stand origin

Natural stands All forest land

Artificial 

regeneration

Pinyon/juniper group

253.3

(5.39)

—

(—)

253.3

(5.39)

Douglas-fir group

6.8

(100.17)

—

(—)

6.8

(100.17)

Ponderosa pine group

5.0

(72.15)

—

(—)

5.0

(72.15)

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group

86.1

(27.00)

—

(—)

86.1

(27.00)

Lodgepole pine group

22.1

(76.16)

—

(—)

22.1

(76.16)

Other western softwood group

15.5

(49.09)

—

(—)

15.5

(49.09)

Elm/ash/cottonwood group

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

Aspen/birch/group

45.0

(40.36)

—

(—)

45.0

(40.36)

Woodland hardwoods group

39.5

(27.13)

—

(—)

39.5

(27.13)

Nonstocked

129.4

(13.60)

—

(—)

129.4

(13.60)

Total

602.5

(6.97)

—

(—)

602.5

(6.97)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.23—Net volume of growing-stock trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on timberland (percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and diameter class (inches).

Species group type

Diameter class (inches)

5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9 9.0-10.9

11.0-

12.9

13.0-

14.9

15.0-

16.9

17.0-

18.9

19.0-

20.9

21.0-

22.9

23.0-

24.9

25.0-

26.9

27.0-

28.9

29.0-

30.9

31.0-

32.9

33.0-

34.9

35.0-

36.9 37+ All classes

Softwood species groupsPonderosa and Jeffrey pines

0.2

(49.79)

1.9

(45.67)

1.7

(47.04)

3.7

(63.81)

9.8

(60.33)

10.0

(69.43)

11.9

(46.06)

3.5

(72.13)

5.7

(71.79)

18.0

(51.56)

3.0

(106.50)

9.3

(72.32)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

78.7

(37.11)

True fir

4.3

(38.69)

7.9

(36.12)

7.8

(34.07)

15.8

(45.36)

16.4

(39.53)

17.0

(39.44)

11.0

(54.08)

8.3

(60.14)

4.9

(73.03)

—

(—)

2.6

(106.50)

4.7

(106.50)

6.3

(97.15)

6.3

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

17.5

(97.15)

130.9

(29.61)

Western white pine

0.2

(106.50)

0.2

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.1

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.4

(88.03)

Incense-cedar

—

(—)

0.2

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(97.15)

Lodgepole pine

0.8

(67.96)

1.5

(72.14)

1.4

(97.15)

1.9

(97.15)

1.1

(97.15)

4.4

(75.34)

—

(—)

2.6

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

13.7

(72.46)

Other western softwoods

0.7

(42.99)

1.8

(42.96)

2.3

(43.55)

2.2

(48.57)

0.4

(100.17)

0.7

(100.17)

5.7

(52.80)

1.4

(70.47)

2.3

(75.88)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

17.6

(32.26)

Subtotal

6.2

(30.88)

13.4

(26.65)

13.3

(27.68)

23.6

(33.82)

27.7

(32.68)

32.1

(32.65)

28.6

(31.62)

15.8

(39.72)

12.9

(44.20)

18.0

(51.56)

8.8

(59.26)

14.0

(59.53)

6.3

(97.15)

6.3

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

17.5

(97.15)

244.6

(23.01)

Hardwood species groupsCottonwood and aspen

5.0

(46.06)

9.5

(44.71)

7.3

(53.55)

7.5

(57.74)

4.0

(85.30)

1.0

(100.17)

2.6

(70.66)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

37.0

(45.96)

Subtotal

5.0

(46.06)

9.5

(44.71)

7.3

(53.55)

7.5

(57.74)

4.0

(85.30)

1.0

(100.17)

2.6

(70.66)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

37.0

(45.96)

Total

11.2

(31.43)

23.0

(25.11)

20.6

(27.55)

31.2

(30.83)

31.7

(30.50)

33.1

(31.82)

31.2

(29.57)

15.8

(39.72)

12.9

(44.20)

18.0

(51.56)

8.8

(59.26)

14.0

(59.53)

6.3

(97.15)

6.3

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

17.5

(97.15)

281.6

(21.31)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.24—Net volume of growing-stock trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on timberland (percent sampling 

error) by species group type and species group and ownership group.

Species group type

Ownership group

Forest Service Other Federal All owners

State and local 

government

Private 

and Native 

American

Softwood species groups

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

53.5

(36.23)

—

(—)

4.1

(102.53)

21.2

(97.15)

78.7

(37.11)

True fir

106.2

(33.38)

24.2

(65.20)

—

(—)

0.5

(100.17)

130.9

(29.61)

Western white pine

3.4

(88.03)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.4

(88.03)

Incense-cedar

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(97.15)

0.2

(97.15)

Lodgepole pine

13.7

(72.46)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

13.7

(72.46)

Other western softwoods

5.1

(54.26)

10.9

(43.13)

—

(—)

1.6

(100.17)

17.6

(32.26)

Subtotal

181.9

(27.00)

35.1

(52.20)

4.1

(102.53)

23.5

(88.76)

244.6

(23.01)

Hardwood species groups

Cottonwood and aspen

28.2

(57.00)

2.9

(93.84)

—

(—)

5.9

(82.19)

37.0

(45.96)

Subtotal

28.2

(57.00)

2.9

(93.84)

—

(—)

5.9

(82.19)

37.0

(45.96)

Total

210.1

(25.26)

38.0

(48.79)

4.1

(102.53)

29.4

(72.79)

281.6

(21.31)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.25—Net volume of sawtimber trees, in million board feet (International 1/4-inch rule), on timberland (percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and 

diameter class (inches).

Species group type

Diameter class (inches)

9.0-

10.9

11.0-

12.9

13.0-

14.9

15.0-

16.9

17.0-

18.9

19.0-

20.9

21.0-

22.9

23.0-

24.9

25.0-

26.9

27.0-

28.9

29.0-

30.9

31.0-

32.9

33.0-

34.9

35.0-

36.9 37+ All classes

Softwood species groupsPonderosa and Jeffrey pines

5.4

(51.27)

15.1

(68.00)

47.6

(61.43)

52.0

(71.15)

62.3

(46.32)

16.4

(73.39)

32.5

(71.79)

97.3

(52.86)

16.9

(106.50)

50.5

(72.84)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

396.1

(38.05)

True fir

25.9

(35.12)

69.6

(45.19)

79.7

(39.96)

88.8

(39.67)

57.9

(55.57)

45.9

(61.07)

27.1

(73.05)

—

(—)

14.0

(106.50)

29.5

(106.50)

35.2

(97.15)

40.7

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

116.3

(97.15)

630.6

(31.43)

Western white pine

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

24.3

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

24.3

(97.15)

Lodgepole pine

5.8

(97.15)

9.3

(97.15)

5.7

(97.15)

24.2

(75.34)

—

(—)

14.2

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

59.3

(73.03)

Other western softwoods

6.6

(44.09)

8.2

(48.72)

1.3

(100.17)

3.3

(100.17)

31.3

(53.54)

6.1

(70.41)

12.2

(79.18)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

69.1

(35.83)

Subtotal

43.7

(28.89)

102.2

(34.09)

134.3

(33.16)

168.4

(33.02)

151.5

(31.98)

82.7

(41.33)

71.7

(44.68)

97.3

(52.86)

55.2

(59.86)

80.1

(60.13)

35.2

(97.15)

40.7

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

116.3

(97.15)

1,179.3

(24.45)

Hardwood species groupsCottonwood and aspen

—

(—)

35.4

(59.87)

20.3

(88.31)

3.9

(100.17)

14.2

(70.77)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

73.8

(63.15)

Subtotal

—

(—)

35.4

(59.87)

20.3

(88.31)

3.9

(100.17)

14.2

(70.77)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

73.8

(63.15)

Total

43.7

(28.89)

137.6

(31.53)

154.6

(31.04)

172.3

(32.35)

165.7

(29.85)

82.7

(41.33)

71.7

(44.68)

97.3

(52.86)

55.2

(59.86)

80.1

(60.13)

35.2

(97.15)

40.7

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

116.3

(97.15)

1,253.1

(23.46)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.26—Net volume of sawtimber trees, in million board feet (International 1/4-inch rule), on forest land (percent 

sampling error) by species group type and species group and ownership group.

Species group type

Ownership group

All owners

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State and local 

government

Private 

and Native 

American

Softwood species groups

Douglas-fir

—

(—)

66.7

(56.69)

—

(—)

—

(—)

66.7

(56.69)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

364.5

(31.50)

79.3

(54.40)

22.3

(101.17)

110.5

(97.15)

576.5

(29.15)

True fir

901.9

(24.81)

407.7

(27.99)

83.8

(103.90)

0.3

(100.17)

1,393.7

(19.00)

Western white pine

24.9

(94.62)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

24.9

(94.62)

Engelmann and other spruces

209.0

(69.38)

25.7

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

234.7

(62.74)

Incense-cedar

33.2

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

33.2

(106.50)

Lodgepole pine

131.2

(66.73)

—

(—)

4.7

(106.50)

—

(—)

135.8

(64.46)

Other western softwoods

673.3

(35.74)

266.2

(42.92)

—

(—)

9.1

(100.17)

948.6

(28.04)

Subtotal

2,338.1

(18.59)

845.5

(23.70)

110.7

(81.62)

119.9

(89.88)

3,414.1

(14.51)

Hardwood species groups

Cottonwood and aspen

118.8

(44.26)

12.5

(77.26)

21.9

(106.50)

3.9

(100.17)

157.1

(37.08)

Subtotal

118.8

(44.26)

12.5

(77.26)

21.9

(106.50)

3.9

(100.17)

157.1

(37.08)

Total

2,456.9

(17.96)

858.0

(23.38)

132.6

(71.36)

123.7

(87.12)

3,571.2

(14.04)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 91

Table C.27—Aboveground dry weight of live trees (at least 1 in dia.), in million tons, on forest land (percent sampling 

error) by ownership group, owner class, reserved status, and forest land status.

Ownership group

Unreserved Reserved

Timber 

land Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total

All forest 

land

Forest Service

National forest

3.9

(23.23)

21.8

(5.67)

25.7

(5.97)

5.0

(26.90)

8.3

(12.46)

13.3

(12.53)

39.0

(5.63)

Other Federal

National Park Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1.0

(46.63)

0.3

(42.85)

1.3

(36.61)

1.3

(36.61)

Bureau of Land 

Management

0.8

(43.03)

55.2

(3.33)

56.1

(3.32)

1.0

(38.84)

6.4

(12.97)

7.5

(12.41)

63.5

(3.07)

Fish and Wildlife Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(101.36)

0.8

(26.38)

0.8

(26.43)

0.8

(26.43)

Departments of Defense/

Energy

—

(—)

1.3

(23.54)

1.3

(23.54)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1.3

(23.54)

Other Federal

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

State and local government

State

0.1

(102.53)

—

(—)

0.1

(102.53)

0.4

(75.87)

0.1

(100.17)

0.5

(62.26)

0.6

(55.99)

Private

Undifferentiated private 

and Native American

0.7

(61.41)

2.7

(15.40)

3.3

(17.26)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.3

(17.26)

Total

5.5

(19.26)

81.0

(2.50)

86.5

(2.58)

7.4

(20.18)

16.0

(8.26)

23.4

(8.33)

109.9

(2.44)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 92 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.28—Aboveground dry weight of standing-dead trees (at least 5 in dia), in million tons, on forest land (percent 

sampling error) by ownership group, owner class, reserved status, and forest land status .

Ownership group

Unreserved Reserved

Timber 

land Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total

All forest 

land

Forest Service

National forest

0.6

(42.82)

1.4

(11.34)

2.1

(15.44)

0.7

(37.22)

0.8

(26.17)

1.5

(22.38)

3.6

(12.95)

Other Federal

National Park Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.6

(49.08)

0.0

(49.70)

0.6

(47.92)

0.6

(47.92)

Bureau of Land 

Management

0.1

(49.91)

3.9

(6.78)

4.0

(6.71)

0.4

(50.86)

0.6

(29.13)

1.0

(26.33)

5.0

(7.42)

Fish and Wildlife Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(38.57)

0.1

(38.57)

0.1

(38.57)

Departments of Defense/

Energy

—

(—)

0.1

(46.41)

0.1

(46.41)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(46.41)

Other Federal

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

State and local government

State

0.0

(102.53)

—

(—)

0.0

(102.53)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

0.0

(91.90)

Private

Undifferentiated private 

and Native American

0.0

(69.89)

0.3

(28.29)

0.4

(26.12)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.4

(26.12)

Total

0.8

(35.96)

5.8

(5.54)

6.5

(6.40)

1.7

(25.69)

1.5

(18.16)

3.2

(15.88)

9.7

(6.64)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.29—Aboveground dry weight of live trees (at least 1 in dia.), in million tons, on forest land (percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and diameter class (inches).

Species group type

Diameter class (inches)

1.0-2.9 3.0-4.9 5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9 9.0-10.9

11.0-

12.9

13.0-

14.9

15.0-

16.9

17.0-

18.9

19.0-

20.9

21.0-

22.9

23.0-

24.9

25.0-

26.9

27.0-

28.9

29.0-

30.9

31.0-

32.9

33.0-

34.9

35.0-

36.9 37+

All 

classes

Softwood species groupsDouglas-fir

0.0

(86.04)

0.0

(59.72)

0.0

(52.19)

0.0

(47.57)

0.1

(53.67)

0.1

(58.18)

0.0

(70.87)

0.1

(70.88)

0.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.4

(49.75)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

0.0

(59.69)

—

(—)

0.0

(39.79)

0.0

(37.61)

0.0

(40.24)

0.1

(47.54)

0.2

(48.22)

0.3

(49.57)

0.3

(37.74)

0.2

(56.88)

0.2

(42.64)

0.4

(47.07)

0.1

(76.70)

0.2

(72.32)

0.1

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2.1

(28.01)

True fir

0.1

(23.67)

0.2

(22.04)

0.2

(19.72)

0.4

(17.51)

0.4

(17.50)

0.6

(22.42)

0.7

(20.83)

0.6

(22.30)

0.4

(26.61)

0.4

(33.37)

0.2

(38.39)

0.3

(70.40)

0.2

(52.75)

0.2

(61.52)

0.1

(97.15)

0.3

(59.28)

—

(—)

0.1

(106.50)

0.3

(97.15)

5.6

(16.17)

Western white pine

0.0

(75.79)

0.0

(106.50)

0.0

(92.43)

0.0

(106.50)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(76.66)

Engelmann and other spruces

0.0

(70.76)

0.0

(100.17)

0.0

(50.55)

0.0

(47.37)

0.0

(73.58)

0.1

(60.76)

0.1

(74.77)

0.1

(56.58)

0.0

(99.99)

0.0

(99.99)

—

(—)

0.1

(70.93)

—

(—)

0.1

(99.99)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.8

(58.53)

Incense-cedar

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(106.50)

0.1

(101.52)

Lodgepole pine

0.0

(61.51)

0.0

(77.34)

0.0

(56.25)

0.0

(51.77)

0.0

(73.36)

0.0

(79.87)

0.0

(76.54)

0.1

(61.55)

0.1

(106.50)

0.1

(75.01)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.5

(58.95)

Woodland softwoods

1.5

(4.69)

3.4

(4.55)

3.9

(2.96)

6.9

(2.79)

9.6

(2.70)

10.8

(2.85)

10.6

(3.18)

9.6

(3.66)

7.6

(4.30)

6.2

(5.08)

4.3

(6.59)

3.2

(7.96)

2.2

(10.18)

1.7

(11.82)

1.5

(13.62)

1.0

(18.13)

0.7

(24.18)

0.5

(27.49)

1.3

(27.00)

86.2

(2.25)

Other western softwoods

0.0

(37.94)

0.1

(38.99)

0.1

(29.52)

0.3

(24.05)

0.4

(22.58)

0.3

(27.51)

0.4

(33.89)

0.5

(27.55)

0.5

(27.42)

0.4

(36.85)

0.4

(32.49)

0.3

(43.11)

0.2

(50.79)

0.1

(95.09)

0.1

(95.09)

0.2

(62.81)

0.6

(44.10)

—

(—)

0.5

(77.33)

5.2

(25.09)

Subtotal

1.6

(4.51)

3.8

(4.41)

4.3

(2.93)

7.7

(2.76)

10.6

(2.67)

12.0

(2.96)

12.1

(3.36)

11.3

(3.83)

9.0

(4.45)

7.2

(5.30)

5.1

(6.55)

4.1

(9.12)

2.7

(10.02)

2.2

(13.04)

1.7

(14.27)

1.5

(18.68)

1.3

(23.73)

0.6

(30.19)

2.2

(27.82)

100.9

(2.56)

Hardwood species groupsCottonwood and aspen

0.4

(19.47)

0.6

(22.83)

0.3

(25.02)

0.5

(24.88)

0.4

(31.47)

0.2

(36.46)

0.2

(44.95)

0.0

(68.22)

0.0

(70.66)

0.0

(106.50)

0.1

(90.83)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2.8

(18.60)

Woodland hardwoods

0.6

(16.19)

0.9

(15.84)

0.3

(9.68)

0.5

(9.04)

0.6

(10.29)

0.7

(9.89)

0.7

(11.39)

0.5

(13.30)

0.4

(16.27)

0.2

(20.83)

0.2

(32.00)

0.1

(28.54)

0.1

(40.33)

0.1

(51.92)

0.0

(99.99)

—

(—)

0.0

(95.09)

—

(—)

—

(—)

6.1

(8.55)

Subtotal

1.0

(12.44)

1.5

(13.31)

0.6

(13.48)

1.0

(12.48)

1.0

(13.38)

0.9

(12.27)

0.9

(12.48)

0.6

(13.43)

0.5

(16.13)

0.2

(21.22)

0.3

(37.50)

0.1

(28.54)

0.1

(40.33)

0.1

(51.92)

0.0

(99.99)

—

(—)

0.0

(95.09)

—

(—)

—

(—)

9.0

(8.28)

Total

2.6

(5.50)

5.3

(4.91)

4.9

(3.16)

8.7

(2.83)

11.6

(2.66)

12.9

(2.88)

13.0

(3.26)

11.8

(3.68)

9.4

(4.27)

7.4

(5.16)

5.5

(6.54)

4.3

(8.85)

2.9

(9.74)

2.3

(12.71)

1.8

(14.15)

1.5

(18.68)

1.4

(23.20)

0.6

(30.19)

2.2

(27.82)

109.9

(2.44)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.30—Aboveground dry weight of standing-dead trees (at least 5 in dia), in million tons, on forest land (percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and diameter class (inches).

Species group type

Diameter class (inches)

1.0-2.9 3.0-4.9 5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9 9.0-10.9

11.0-

12.9

13.0-

14.9

15.0-

16.9

17.0-

18.9

19.0-

20.9

21.0-

22.9

23.0-

24.9

25.0-

26.9

27.0-

28.9

29.0-

30.9

31.0-

32.9

33.0-

34.9

35.0-

36.9 37+

All 

classes

Softwood species groupsDouglas-fir

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(95.87)

0.0

(64.87)

0.0

(70.73)

0.0

(80.57)

0.1

(52.70)

0.0

(72.78)

0.1

(70.72)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.17)

0.1

(71.63)

0.1

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.5

(45.96)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(101.36)

0.0

(101.36)

0.0

(69.30)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(101.36)

0.0

(82.58)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(99.95)

0.2

(64.74)

True fir

0.0

(105.08)

—

(—)

0.0

(45.06)

0.1

(46.81)

0.1

(32.82)

0.2

(33.10)

0.1

(38.86)

0.1

(42.62)

0.1

(49.21)

0.0

(80.53)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

0.1

(74.71)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.9

(26.85)

Western white pine

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

0.0

(106.50)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

Engelmann and other spruces

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(94.29)

Lodgepole pine

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(64.14)

0.0

(77.80)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(106.50)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.3

(83.35)

Woodland softwoods

0.0

(27.33)

0.1

(30.24)

0.4

(9.72)

0.7

(7.23)

0.9

(7.50)

1.0

(7.85)

0.9

(9.14)

0.5

(12.54)

0.5

(14.00)

0.3

(17.78)

0.3

(22.66)

0.1

(36.40)

0.0

(71.38)

0.0

(100.56)

0.1

(72.92)

0.0

(98.82)

0.0

(99.64)

—

(—)

—

(—)

5.8

(5.32)

Other western softwoods

0.0

(99.64)

—

(—)

0.0

(58.27)

0.1

(65.56)

0.1

(53.89)

0.1

(31.56)

0.1

(34.27)

0.1

(54.04)

0.1

(53.72)

0.0

(100.17)

0.1

(54.59)

—

(—)

0.0

(81.52)

0.1

(99.99)

—

(—)

0.1

(99.99)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.9

(30.36)

Subtotal

0.0

(27.35)

0.1

(30.24)

0.5

(10.16)

0.9

(10.36)

1.2

(8.82)

1.4

(8.62)

1.2

(9.82)

0.8

(13.55)

0.7

(14.43)

0.4

(17.16)

0.5

(26.39)

0.2

(44.10)

0.2

(44.98)

0.1

(80.24)

0.2

(54.92)

0.1

(77.11)

0.0

(99.64)

—

(—)

0.2

(88.01)

8.6

(7.28)

Hardwood species groupsCottonwood and aspen

0.0

(47.06)

0.1

(37.22)

0.0

(30.09)

0.1

(31.17)

0.0

(41.33)

0.0

(52.40)

0.0

(72.88)

0.0

(99.62)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.3

(24.99)

Woodland hardwoods

0.0

(35.18)

0.1

(37.04)

0.1

(11.76)

0.1

(12.14)

0.2

(13.78)

0.1

(14.84)

0.1

(23.77)

0.1

(26.91)

0.0

(37.33)

0.0

(47.52)

0.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.9

(12.51)

Subtotal

0.1

(29.62)

0.2

(27.46)

0.1

(13.17)

0.2

(12.50)

0.2

(13.26)

0.2

(17.38)

0.1

(23.06)

0.1

(28.97)

0.0

(37.33)

0.0

(47.52)

0.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1.1

(11.32)

Total

0.1

(21.88)

0.3

(22.48)

0.6

(8.75)

1.1

(9.06)

1.4

(7.85)

1.5

(7.96)

1.3

(9.33)

0.8

(12.68)

0.8

(13.88)

0.4

(16.21)

0.5

(26.06)

0.2

(44.10)

0.2

(44.98)

0.1

(80.24)

0.2

(54.92)

0.1

(77.11)

0.0

(99.64)

—

(—)

0.2

(88.01)

9.7

(6.64)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 95

Table C.31—Aboveground carbon in live trees (at least 1 in dia.), in million tons, on forest land (percent sampling error) 

by ownership group, owner class, reserved status, and forest land status. 

Ownership group

Unreserved Reserved

Timber 

land Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total

All forest 

land

Forest Service

National forest

2.0

(23.23)

10.9

(5.67)

12.9

(5.97)

2.5

(26.90)

4.2

(12.46)

6.7

(12.53)

19.5

(5.63)

Other Federal

National Park Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.5

(46.63)

0.2

(42.85)

0.6

(36.61)

0.6

(36.61)

Bureau of Land 

Management

0.4

(43.03)

27.6

(3.33)

28.0

(3.32)

0.5

(38.84)

3.2

(12.97)

3.7

(12.41)

31.8

(3.07)

Fish and Wildlife Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(101.36)

0.4

(26.38)

0.4

(26.43)

0.4

(26.43)

Departments of Defense/

Energy

—

(—)

0.6

(23.54)

0.6

(23.54)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.6

(23.54)

Other Federal

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

State and local 

government

State

0.0

(102.53)

—

(—)

0.0

(102.53)

0.2

(75.87)

0.1

(100.17)

0.3

(62.26)

0.3

(55.99)

Private

Undifferentiated private 

and Native American

0.3

(61.41)

1.3

(15.40)

1.7

(17.26)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1.7

(17.26)

Total

2.8

(19.26)

40.5

(2.50)

43.3

(2.58)

3.7

(20.18)

8.0

(8.26)

11.7

(8.33)

54.9

(2.44)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 96 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.32—Aboveground carbon in standing-dead trees (at least 5 in dia), in million tons, on forest land (percent 

sampling error) by ownership group, owner class, reserved status, and forest land status.

Ownership group

Unreserved Reserved

Timber 

land Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total

All forest 

land

Forest Service

National forest

0.3

(42.82)

0.7

(11.34)

1.0

(15.44)

0.4

(37.22)

0.4

(26.17)

0.8

(22.38)

1.8

(12.95)

Other Federal

National Park Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.3

(49.08)

0.0

(49.70)

0.3

(47.92)

0.3

(47.92)

Bureau of Land 

Management

0.0

(49.91)

2.0

(6.78)

2.0

(6.71)

0.2

(50.86)

0.3

(29.13)

0.5

(26.33)

2.5

(7.42)

Fish and Wildlife Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(38.57)

0.0

(38.57)

0.0

(38.57)

Departments of Defense/

Energy

—

(—)

0.1

(46.41)

0.1

(46.41)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(46.41)

Other Federal

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

State and local 

government

State

0.0

(102.53)

—

(—)

0.0

(102.53)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

0.0

(91.90)

Private

Undifferentiated private 

and Native American

0.0

(69.89)

0.2

(28.29)

0.2

(26.12)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(26.12)

Total

0.4

(35.96)

2.9

(5.54)

3.3

(6.40)

0.8

(25.69)

0.8

(18.16)

1.6

(15.88)

4.9

(6.64)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 97

Table C.33—Average annual net growth of trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling 

error) by ownership group, owner class, reserved status, and forest land status.

Ownership group

Unreserved Reserved

Timber 

land Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total

All forest 

land

Forest Service

National forest

1.1

(167.95)

5.4

(30.37)

6.5

(38.56)

-3.3

(-96.03)

0.4

(385.04)

-2.9

(-122.99)

3.6

(118.58)

Other Federal

National Park Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

-2.8

(-59.20)

0.1

(96.58)

-2.7

(-60.75)

-2.7

(-60.75)

Bureau of Land 

Management

0.4

(48.05)

10.5

(23.33)

10.9

(22.46)

-1.2

(-85.97)

1.1

(58.94)

-0.1

(-1300.86)

10.8

(25.33)

Fish and Wildlife 

Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(101.36)

-0.3

(-123.65)

-0.3

(-124.35)

-0.3

(-124.35)

Departments of 

Defense/Energy

—

(—)

0.3

(74.73)

0.3

(74.73)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.3

(74.73)

Other Federal

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

State and local 

government

State

0.1

(102.53)

—

(—)

0.1

(102.53)

0.4

(75.12)

-0.1

(-100.17)

0.3

(90.57)

0.4

(73.33)

Private

Undifferentiated 

private and Native 

American

0.2

(153.18)

-2.8

(-58.96)

-2.6

(-66.42)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

-2.6

(-66.42)

Total

1.9

(103.07)

13.3

(25.33)

15.2

(25.86)

-6.9

(-53.75)

1.2

(140.28)

-5.6

(-72.64)

9.5

(59.40)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 98 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.34—Average annual net growth of trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling 

error) by forest-type group and stand-size class.

Forest-type group

Stand-size class

All size 

classes

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter Nonstocked

Pinyon/juniper group

26.9

(7.15)

2.2

(17.44)

-0.4

(-98.80)

—

(—)

28.7

(6.96)

Douglas-fir group

-0.9

(-100.17)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

-0.8

(-101.24)

Ponderosa pine group

1.8

(38.20)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1.8

(38.20)

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group

-2.2

(-114.77)

-0.2

(-292.11)

0.0

(83.11)

—

(—)

-2.4

(-108.89)

Lodgepole pine group

-1.6

(-82.13)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

-1.6

(-82.13)

Other western softwood group

0.3

(330.85)

0.1

(94.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.4

(244.40)

Elm/ash/cottonwood group

0.1

(106.50)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

0.1

(82.00)

Aspen/birch/group

0.4

(71.89)

0.7

(137.94)

-3.5

(-75.71)

—

(—)

-2.4

(-118.70)

Woodland hardwoods group

2.3

(14.81)

0.2

(40.83)

-1.6

(-65.14)

—

(—)

0.8

(133.02)

Nonstocked

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

-15.1

(-18.31)

-15.1

(-18.31)

Total

27.2

(13.95)

3.0

(40.42)

-5.5

(-52.60)

-15.1

(-18.31)

9.5

(59.40)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 99

Table C.35—Average annual net growth of trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on forest land (percent sampling 

error) by species group type and species group and ownership group.

Species group type

Ownership group

Forest Service Other Federal All owners

State and local 

government

Private 

and Native 

American

Softwood species groups

Douglas-fir

0.0

(100.17)

-3.0

(-52.73)

—

(—)

—

(—)

-3.0

(-52.75)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

1.4

(35.79)

0.1

(47.89)

0.1

(99.85)

0.2

(97.15)

1.9

(32.33)

True fir

-0.8

(-345.17)

-0.2

(-406.41)

0.2

(111.91)

-0.2

(-100.17)

-1.1

(-275.34)

Western white pine

0.0

(587.70)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

0.0

(333.71)

Engelmann and other 

spruces

0.0

(1371.55)

0.1

(87.05)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(367.26)

Incense-cedar

0.1

(88.59)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.1

(83.86)

Lodgepole pine

-1.3

(-89.21)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

-1.2

(-92.42)

Woodland softwoods

5.6

(28.67)

11.3

(21.21)

0.0

(100.17)

-2.8

(-58.90)

14.1

(23.52)

Other western softwoods

-2.1

(-83.41)

-1.0

(-73.01)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.17)

-3.1

(-61.56)

Subtotal

3.0

(136.37)

7.4

(42.69)

0.4

(61.35)

-2.9

(-59.65)

7.8

(69.44)

Hardwood species groups

Cottonwood and aspen

0.9

(55.08)

0.2

(78.71)

0.1

(106.50)

0.2

(96.77)

1.5

(39.64)

Woodland hardwoods

-0.2

(-305.99)

0.5

(56.38)

-0.1

(-100.17)

0.0

(90.29)

0.2

(337.44)

Subtotal

0.6

(139.08)

0.7

(46.02)

0.1

(264.05)

0.3

(84.81)

1.7

(58.48)

Total

3.6

(118.58)

8.1

(39.78)

0.4

(73.33)

-2.6

(-66.42)

9.5

(59.40)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 100 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.36—Average annual net growth of growing-stock trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on timberland 

(percent sampling error) by species group type and species group and ownership group

Species group type

Ownership group

Forest Service Other Federal All owners

State and local 

government

Private 

and Native 

American

Softwood species groups

Ponderosa and Jeffrey 

pines

1.2

(40.77)

—

(—)

0.1

(102.53)

0.2

(97.15)

1.5

(38.45)

True fir

1.4

(83.89)

0.3

(55.64)

0.0

(-102.53)

-0.2

(-100.17)

1.4

(83.48)

Western white pine

0.0

(72.90)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(72.90)

Incense-cedar

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(97.15)

Lodgepole pine

-1.4

(-78.26)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

-1.4

(-78.26)

Other western softwoods

-0.4

(-111.51)

0.1

(51.09)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.17)

-0.4

(-129.73)

Subtotal

0.7

(254.88)

0.4

(50.43)

0.1

(102.53)

0.0

(-899.02)

1.2

(162.68)

Hardwood species groups

Cottonwood and aspen

0.3

(139.64)

0.0

(492.15)

—

(—)

0.3

(84.04)

0.6

(80.29)

Subtotal

0.3

(139.64)

0.0

(492.15)

—

(—)

0.3

(84.04)

0.6

(80.29)

Total

1.0

(193.11)

0.4

(49.51)

0.1

(102.53)

0.2

(156.08)

1.7

(114.93)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 101

Table C.37—Average annual mortality of trees (at least 5 in dia), in million trees, on forest land (percent sampling error) 

by ownership group, owner class, reserved status, and forest land status.

Ownership group

Unreserved Reserved

All forest 

land

Timber 

land Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total

Forest Service

National forest

3.7

(46.19)

7.4

(20.20)

11.1

(20.38)

6.6

(47.95)

3.7

(40.54)

10.3

(34.01)

21.4

(19.47)

Other Federal

National Park Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.4

(53.36)

0.1

(94.19)

3.5

(52.41)

3.5

(52.41)

Bureau of Land 

Management

0.2

(67.49)

17.6

(12.65)

17.7

(12.55)

1.7

(65.37)

1.6

(38.43)

3.3

(38.86)

21.0

(12.16)

Fish and Wildlife Service

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.7

(49.54)

0.7

(49.54)

0.7

(49.54)

Departments of 

Defense/Energy

—

(—)

0.3

(59.89)

0.3

(59.89)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.3

(59.89)

Other Federal

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(97.15)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

State and local 

government

State

0.0

(102.53)

—

(—)

0.0

(102.53)

0.0

(106.50)

0.1

(100.17)

0.1

(87.28)

0.2

(71.23)

Private

Undifferentiated private 

and Native American

0.4

(78.05)

4.4

(38.67)

4.7

(36.01)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

4.7

(36.01)

Total

4.2

(40.64)

29.6

(10.52)

33.9

(10.33)

11.8

(32.38)

6.2

(26.76)

18.0

(23.08)

51.9

(10.39)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 102 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.38—Average annual mortality of trees (at least 5 in dia), in million trees, on forest land (percent sampling error) 

by forest-type group and stand-size class.

Forest-type group

Stand-size class

All size 

classes

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter Nonstocked

Pinyon/juniper group

14.4

(11.07)

0.8

(33.52)

0.8

(57.67)

—

(—)

15.9

(10.46)

Douglas-fir group

0.9

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.9

(100.17)

Ponderosa pine group

0.2

(62.78)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(62.78)

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock group

7.5

(35.02)

0.6

(92.71)

0.0

(98.82)

—

(—)

8.1

(32.98)

Lodgepole pine group

2.1

(71.85)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2.1

(71.85)

Other western softwood group

1.5

(59.91)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1.5

(59.91)

Elm/ash/cottonwood group

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

Aspen/birch/group

0.1

(99.64)

1.5

(56.49)

4.0

(67.57)

—

(—)

5.5

(51.07)

Woodland hardwoods group

0.6

(25.02)

0.0

(94.86)

1.7

(62.20)

—

(—)

2.4

(44.97)

Nonstocked

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

15.3

(18.08)

15.3

(18.08)

Total

27.3

(13.23)

2.9

(36.12)

6.4

(45.16)

15.3

(18.08)

51.9

(10.39)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 103

Table C.39—Average annual mortality of trees (at least 5 in dia), in million trees, on forest land (percent sampling error) 

by species group type and species group and ownership group.

Species group type

Ownership group

Forest Service Other Federal All owners

State and local 

government

Private 

and Native 

American

Softwood species groups

Douglas-fir

—

(—)

3.2

(52.25)

—

(—)

—

(—)

3.2

(52.25)

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(97.15)

0.1

(97.15)

True fir

4.9

(56.52)

1.6

(51.88)

0.0

(102.53)

0.3

(100.17)

6.8

(42.70)

Western white pine

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

Engelmann and other spruces

0.5

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.5

(100.17)

Lodgepole pine

1.6

(76.46)

—

(—)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

1.6

(75.47)

Woodland softwoods

7.5

(19.66)

18.5

(11.59)

0.1

(100.17)

4.3

(39.08)

30.4

(10.02)

Other western softwoods

3.9

(44.55)

1.5

(52.38)

—

(—)

—

(—)

5.4

(35.33)

Subtotal

18.4

(21.54)

24.7

(12.47)

0.1

(62.32)

4.7

(36.40)

47.9

(10.86)

Hardwood species groups

Cottonwood and aspen

1.3

(29.68)

0.1

(62.05)

—

(—)

0.0

(91.50)

1.4

(27.29)

Woodland hardwoods

1.8

(41.46)

0.8

(30.99)

0.1

(100.17)

0.0

(105.08)

2.6

(29.45)

Subtotal

3.0

(27.22)

0.9

(28.45)

0.1

(100.17)

0.1

(75.04)

4.0

(21.46)

Total

21.4

(19.47)

25.6

(12.32)

0.2

(71.23)

4.7

(36.01)

51.9

(10.39)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 104 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.40—Average annual mortality of growing-stock trees (at least 5 in dia), in million trees, on timberland (percent 

sampling error) by species group type and species group and ownership group.

Species group type

Ownership group

All 

Forest Service Other Federal owners

State and local 

government

Private 

and Native 

American

Softwood species groups

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(97.15)

0.1

(97.15)

True fir

1.1

(63.07)

0.1

(87.45)

0.0

(102.53)

0.2

(100.17)

1.5

(51.03)

Lodgepole pine

1.6

(76.46)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

1.6

(76.46)

Other western softwoods

0.5

(97.15)

0.0

(100.17)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.6

(92.07)

Subtotal

3.2

(51.57)

0.1

(91.13)

0.0

(102.53)

0.3

(77.42)

3.7

(45.48)

Hardwood species groups

Cottonwood and aspen

0.4

(60.90)

0.1

(95.92)

—

(—)

0.0

(105.08)

0.5

(54.65)

Subtotal

0.4

(60.90)

0.1

(95.92)

—

(—)

0.0

(105.08)

0.5

(54.65)

Total

3.6

(46.37)

0.2

(68.07)

0.0

(102.53)

0.3

(76.64)

4.2

(40.94)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
Table C.41—Area, in million acres, of forest land (percent sampling error) by inventory unit, county, ownership group, and forest land status.

Inventory 

unit

Forest Service Other Federal State and local government Private and Native American

Timber 

land

Other 

forest land Total

Timber 

land

Other 

forest land Total

Timber 

land

Other 

forest land Total

Timber 

land

Other forest 

land Total

All forest 

land

NevadaChurchill

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(8.71)

0.2

(8.71)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(8.71)

Clark

—

(—)

0.2

(11.80)

0.2

(11.80)

—

(—)

0.2

(15.86)

0.2

(15.86)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(99.95)

0.0

(99.95)

0.4

(6.14)

Douglas

0.0

(37.15)

0.0

(35.11)

0.1

(22.96)

—

(—)

0.1

(23.26)

0.1

(23.26)

0.0

(102.53)

—

(—)

0.0

(102.53)

0.0

(97.15)

0.1

(30.20)

0.1

(28.17)

0.2

(9.45)

Elko

0.1

(31.13)

0.2

(16.38)

0.2

(14.27)

0.0

(105.08)

0.8

(6.94)

0.8

(6.89)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(75.94)

0.1

(21.43)

0.1

(20.84)

1.2

(5.04)

Esmeralda

—

(—)

0.1

(29.37)

0.1

(29.37)

—

(—)

0.2

(14.49)

0.2

(14.49)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(95.09)

0.0

(95.09)

0.2

(9.62)

Eureka

—

(—)

0.1

(23.73)

0.1

(23.73)

0.0

(107.99)

0.4

(8.09)

0.4

(8.05)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.5

(6.02)

Humboldt

0.0

(82.50)

0.0

(45.15)

0.0

(39.59)

0.0

(97.78)

0.1

(32.06)

0.1

(29.81)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(22.65)

Lander

0.0

(103.58)

0.1

(17.09)

0.1

(17.06)

0.0

(99.62)

0.3

(10.41)

0.3

(10.35)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(70.38)

0.0

(70.38)

0.5

(6.65)

Lincoln

—

(—)

0.0

(40.66)

0.0

(40.66)

—

(—)

1.8

(3.11)

1.8

(3.11)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(71.02)

0.0

(71.02)

1.9

(2.92)

Lyon

—

(—)

0.1

(16.99)

0.1

(16.99)

—

(—)

0.0

(35.27)

0.0

(35.27)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(98.40)

0.0

(113.84)

0.0

(89.33)

0.2

(11.35)

Mineral

—

(—)

0.2

(12.20)

0.2

(12.20)

—

(—)

0.2

(14.21)

0.2

(14.21)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(48.18)

0.0

(48.18)

0.5

(6.12)

Nye

0.0

(81.42)

1.2

(4.79)

1.2

(4.74)

—

(—)

0.8

(7.57)

0.8

(7.57)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

2.0

(2.61)
Table C.41 continued.

Inventory 

unit

Forest Service Other Federal State and local government Private and Native American

Timber 

land

Other 

forest land Total

Timber 

land

Other 

forest land Total

Timber 

land

Other 

forest land Total

Timber 

land

Other forest 

land Total

All forest 

land

Pershing

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(15.31)

0.1

(15.31)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(53.97)

0.0

(53.97)

0.1

(14.77)

Storey

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.00)

0.0

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(56.15)

0.0

(56.15)

0.0

(47.61)

Washoe

0.0

(39.00)

0.0

(32.79)

0.1

(23.93)

0.0

(44.67)

0.2

(15.70)

0.2

(14.73)

—

(—)

0.0

(74.50)

0.0

(74.50)

—

(—)

0.0

(36.40)

0.0

(36.40)

0.4

(10.78)

White Pine

0.0

(70.72)

0.6

(8.62)

0.6

(8.50)

0.0

(58.22)

1.6

(4.51)

1.6

(4.46)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.17)

0.0

(100.17)

0.0

(72.13)

0.0

(50.45)

0.0

(41.62)

2.2

(2.72)

Carson City

0.0

(54.23)

—

(—)

0.0

(54.23)

—

(—)

0.0

(54.23)

0.0

(54.23)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.00)

0.0

(100.00)

0.0

(30.40)

Subtotal

0.2

(17.48)

3.0

(3.49)

3.2

(3.39)

0.1

(29.53)

7.0

(2.13)

7.0

(2.12)

0.0

(102.53)

0.0

(59.78)

0.0

(55.67)

0.0

(44.30)

0.3

(12.62)

0.4

(12.13)

10.6

(1.35)

Total

0.2

(17.48)

3.0

(3.49)

3.2

(3.39)

0.1

(29.53)

7.0

(2.13)

7.0

(2.12)

0.0

(102.53)

0.0

(59.78)

0.0

(55.67)

0.0

(44.30)

0.3

(12.62)

0.4

(12.13)

10.6

(1.35)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 107

Table C.42—Area, in million acres, of forest land (percent sampling error) by inventory unit, county, reserved status, and 

forest land status.

Inventory unit

Unreserved Reserved All forest 

Timber land Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive Total land

Nevada

Churchill

—

(—)

0.2

(8.71)

0.2

(8.71)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(8.71)

Clark

—

(—)

0.0

(34.20)

0.0

(34.20)

0.0

(47.93)

0.3

(7.71)

0.4

(6.78)

0.4

(6.14)

Douglas

0.0

(33.61)

0.2

(12.89)

0.2

(9.45)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(9.45)

Elko

0.1

(27.61)

1.0

(5.79)

1.1

(5.42)

0.0

(32.78)

0.0

(36.49)

0.1

(24.51)

1.2

(5.04)

Esmeralda

—

(—)

0.2

(12.88)

0.2

(12.88)

0.0

(95.09)

0.0

(44.60)

0.0

(38.97)

0.2

(9.62)

Eureka

0.0

(107.99)

0.5

(6.06)

0.5

(6.02)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.5

(6.02)

Humboldt

0.0

(63.49)

0.0

(37.66)

0.1

(31.92)

0.0

(100.07)

0.0

(38.32)

0.0

(35.86)

0.1

(22.65)

Lander

0.0

(79.82)

0.5

(6.67)

0.5

(6.65)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.5

(6.65)

Lincoln

—

(—)

1.5

(3.97)

1.5

(3.97)

0.0

(91.82)

0.3

(12.53)

0.3

(12.39)

1.9

(2.92)

Lyon

0.0

(98.40)

0.2

(11.43)

0.2

(11.35)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.2

(11.35)

Mineral

—

(—)

0.5

(6.12)

0.5

(6.12)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.5

(6.12)

Nye

0.0

(81.42)

1.7

(3.58)

1.7

(3.55)

0.0

(42.37)

0.3

(13.86)

0.3

(12.99)

2.0

(2.61)

Pershing

—

(—)

0.1

(14.77)

0.1

(14.77)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.1

(14.77)

Storey

—

(—)

0.0

(47.61)

0.0

(47.61)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(47.61)

Washoe

0.1

(29.66)

0.3

(13.60)

0.3

(11.97)

0.0

(38.50)

0.0

(83.56)

0.0

(35.84)

0.4

(10.78)

White Pine

0.0

(38.45)

1.6

(4.32)

1.7

(4.21)

0.1

(21.73)

0.4

(10.42)

0.6

(9.05)

2.2

(2.72)

Carson City

0.0

(54.23)

0.0

(45.37)

0.0

(30.40)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(30.40)

Subtotal

0.3

(14.14)

8.6

(1.76)

8.9

(1.71)

0.3

(14.09)

1.5

(5.41)

1.7

(4.91)

10.6

(1.35)

Total

0.3

(14.14)

8.6

(1.76)

8.9

(1.71)

0.3

(14.09)

1.5

(5.41)

1.7

(4.91)

10.6

(1.35)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 108 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.43—Area, in million acres, of timberland (percent sampling error) by inventory unit and county and stand-size 

class.

Inventory unit

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter Nonstocked

All size 

classes

Nevada

Douglas

0.0

(34.44)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(33.61)

Elko

0.0

(55.81)

0.0

(46.25)

0.0

(45.15)

0.0

(99.64)

0.1

(27.61)

Eureka

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(107.99)

—

(—)

0.0

(107.99)

Humboldt

—

(—)

0.0

(100.07)

0.0

(69.98)

—

(—)

0.0

(63.49)

Lander

—

(—)

0.0

(99.62)

—

(—)

0.0

(103.58)

0.0

(79.82)

Lyon

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(98.40)

0.0

(98.40)

Nye

—

(—)

0.0

(98.82)

0.0

(98.82)

—

(—)

0.0

(81.42)

Washoe

0.0

(39.79)

0.0

(99.64)

—

(—)

0.0

(51.61)

0.1

(29.66)

White Pine

0.0

(50.19)

0.0

(100.17)

0.0

(72.13)

—

(—)

0.0

(38.45)

Carson City

0.0

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(68.60)

0.0

(54.23)

Subtotal

0.1

(20.93)

0.0

(34.04)

0.1

(31.13)

0.0

(34.89)

0.3

(14.14)

Total

0.1

(20.93)

0.0

(34.04)

0.1

(31.13)

0.0

(34.89)

0.3

(14.14)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 109

Table C.44—Area, in million acres, of timberland (percent sampling error) by inventory unit and county and stocking 

class of growing-stock trees.

Inventory unit Nonstocked

Poorly 

stocked

Medium 

stocked Fully stocked Overstocked

All size 

classes

Nevada

Douglas

0.0

(97.15)

0.0

(56.18)

0.0

(47.66)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(33.61)

Elko

0.0

(65.20)

0.0

(99.64)

0.0

(43.16)

0.0

(51.91)

0.0

(82.15)

0.1

(27.61)

Eureka

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(107.99)

—

(—)

0.0

(107.99)

Humboldt

—

(—)

0.0

(100.07)

0.0

(97.78)

0.0

(100.07)

—

(—)

0.0

(63.49)

Lander

0.0

(103.58)

0.0

(99.62)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(79.82)

Lyon

0.0

(98.40)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(98.40)

Nye

—

(—)

0.0

(98.82)

0.0

(98.82)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(81.42)

Washoe

0.0

(51.61)

0.0

(46.23)

0.0

(76.17)

0.0

(106.50)

—

(—)

0.1

(29.66)

White Pine

—

(—)

0.0

(71.45)

0.0

(71.51)

0.0

(59.94)

—

(—)

0.0

(38.45)

Carson City

0.0

(68.60)

—

(—)

0.0

(100.00)

—

(—)

—

(—)

0.0

(54.23)

Subtotal

0.0

(31.58)

0.1

(28.47)

0.1

(24.65)

0.0

(33.64)

0.0

(82.15)

0.3

(14.14)

Total

0.0

(31.58)

0.1

(28.47)

0.1

(24.65)

0.0

(33.64)

0.0

(82.15)

0.3

(14.14)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
 110 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Table C.45—Net volume of growing-stock trees (at least 5 in dia), in million cubic feet, on timberland (percent sampling 

error) by inventory unit and county and spgrpgrpnm2.

Inventory unit

Hard 

hardwoods

Other 

softwoods

Soft 

hardwoods Pine

All size 

classes

Nevada

Douglas

—

(—)

47.6

(51.34)

—

(—)

68.8

(42.82)

116.3

(36.02)

Elko

—

(—)

36.5

(57.14)

14.8

(52.36)

—

(—)

51.3

(45.20)

Humboldt

—

(—)

0.6

(97.78)

2.9

(72.84)

—

(—)

3.5

(64.16)

Lander

—

(—)

—

(—)

2.7

(99.62)

—

(—)

2.7

(99.62)

Nye

—

(—)

0.0

(98.82)

0.8

(89.04)

—

(—)

0.9

(85.19)

Washoe

—

(—)

14.6

(53.34)

—

(—)

23.0

(53.66)

37.6

(42.63)

White Pine

—

(—)

32.8

(53.63)

15.7

(93.73)

—

(—)

48.4

(51.65)

Carson City

—

(—)

16.7

(96.68)

—

(—)

4.2

(100.00)

20.8

(97.33)

Subtotal

—

(—)

148.7

(27.40)

37.0

(45.96)

95.9

(33.57)

281.6

(21.31)

Total

—

(—)

148.7

(27.40)

37.0

(45.96)

95.9

(33.57)

281.6

(21.31)

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

A dash (—) indicates no sample for the cell; 0 indicates a value of greater than 0 but less than 0.1.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 111

Appendix D

Nevada Forest-Type Groups and Forest Types, with 

Descriptions and Timber (T) or Woodland (W) Designations

Forest types are usually named for the predominant species (or group of species) on the 

condition. In order to determine the forest type, the stocking (site occupancy) of trees is 

estimated by softwoods and hardwoods. If softwoods predominate, then the forest type 

will be one of the softwood types and if hardwoods predominate, then the forest type 

will be one of the hardwood types (Arner et al. 2001). Some other special stocking rules 

apply to individual forest types and are described below.

Associate species are defined as those that regularly form the majority of the 

nonpredominant species stocking of mixed-species conditions. These descriptions are 

applicable to the current inventory; species importance, including predominance in 

some cases, will vary for other States or inventory years. When species are listed, they 

are in decreasing order of overall forest-type stocking.

ASPEN/BIRCH GROUP (T)

Aspen 

Predominant species: quaking aspen

Associate species: subalpine fir, limber pine, white fir

Other species: curlleaf mountain-mahogany, Rocky Mountain juniper, California red 

fir, singleleaf pinyon, whitebark pine, incense-cedar, western juniper, lodgepole pine

DOUGLAS-FIR GROUP (T)

Douglas-fir 

Predominant species: Douglas-fir

Associate species: none identified

Other species: white fir, Engelmann spruce, limber pine, Great Basin bristlecone 

pine, quaking aspen

ELM/ASH/COTTONWOOD GROUP (T)

Cottonwood 

Predominant species: black cottonwood

Associate species: none identified

Other species: curlleaf mountain-mahogany

Special rules: Stocking of cottonwoods must be at least 50 percent of total stocking.
 112 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

FIR/SPRUCE/MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK GROUP (T)

Engelmann spruce 

Predominant species: Engelmann spruce

Associate species: quaking aspen

Other species: limber pine

Special rules: In order to use Engelmann spruce stocking predominance, subalpine 

fir stocking must be less than 5 percent of the total. If subalpine fir stocking is 5 

percent or more, Engelmann spruce stocking must be at least 75 percent of the total. 

Red fir 

Predominant species: California red fir

Associate species: none identified

Other species: western white pine, lodgepole pine, western juniper, Jeffrey pine, 

white fir

Subalpine fir 

Predominant species: subalpine fir

Associate species: limber pine

Other species: quaking aspen, whitebark pine

Special rules: In order to use subalpine fir stocking predominance, Engelmann 

spruce stocking must be less than 5 percent of the total. If Engelmann spruce 

stocking is 5 percent or more, subalpine fir stocking must be at least 75 percent of 

the total.

White fir 

Predominant species: white fir

Associate species: curlleaf mountain-mahogany, limber pine, Douglas-fir, Rocky 

Mountain juniper, Great Basin bristlecone pine, ponderosa pine, quaking aspen

Other species: singleleaf pinyon, Utah juniper, Jeffrey pine, Engelmann spruce

LODEPOLE PINE GROUP (T)

Lodgepole pine 

Predominant species: lodgepole pine

Associate species: California red fir

Other species: Jeffery pine, whitebark pine, western white pine, limber pine, 

mountain hemlock, white fir
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 113

NONSTOCKED

Nonstocked 

Predominant species: Most nonstocked conditions have no live-tree stocking. Where 

live trees are present, they are most often Utah juniper and/or singleleaf pinyon.

Associate species: Seldom more than one species on a condition.

Other species (complete species list): Utah juniper, singleleaf pinyon, curlleaf 

mountain-mahogany, western juniper, Jeffrey pine, limber pine

Special rules: Used when all live stocking is less than 10 percent. Implies disturbance 

but may be used for sparse stands with no disturbance, especially with woodland 

species.

OTHER WESTERN SOFWOODS GROUP (T)

Foxtail pine/bristlecone pine 

Predominant species: Great Basin bristlecone pine

Associate species: limber pine

Other species: Engelmann spruce, white fir, curlleaf mountain-mahogany, quaking 

aspen

Special rules: This is mostly an “either/or” forest type. Foxtail pine does not occur in 

Nevada, so this will always be Great Basin bristlecone pine predominance.

Note: In the previous periodic inventory, Great Basin bristlecone pine was not 

distinguished from Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine. The species code used for all 

bristlecone pines in that inventory was retained for Rocky Mountain bristlecone 

pine. Therefore, species-based reports using Nevada 1989 data may return results 

for “Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine.” These are almost certainly Great Basin 

bristlecone pines.

Limber pine 

Predominant species: limber pine

Associate species: white fir 

Other species: quaking aspen, Great Basin bristlecone pine, Engelmann spruce, 

Douglas-fir, curlleaf mountain-mahogany, subalpine fir
 114 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Western juniper 

Predominant species: western juniper

Associate species: none identified 

Other species: curlleaf mountain-mahogany, Utah juniper, western white pine, 

quaking aspen

Whitebark pine 

Predominant species: whitebark pine

Associate species: none identified

Other species: quaking aspen, mountain hemlock

PINYON/JUNIPER GROUP (W)

Juniper woodland

Predominant species: Utah juniper

Associate species: none identified

Other species: white fir, western juniper, curlleaf mountain-mahogany

Special rules: Predominance of any combination of junipers other than Rocky 

Mountain juniper or western juniper, and live pinyons are NOT present.

Pinyon/juniper woodland 

Predominant species: singleleaf pinyon, Utah juniper, common or two-needle pinyon

Associate species: curlleaf mountain-mahogany 

Other species: white fir, Gambel oak, Rocky Mountain juniper, quaking aspen, 

ponderosa pine 

Special rules: Any combination of pinyons and junipers other than Rocky Mountain 

juniper or western juniper predominate. Pinyons must be present.

Rocky Mountain juniper 

Predominant species: Rocky Mountain juniper

Associate species: none identified

Other species: quaking aspen, ponderosa pine, curlleaf mountain-mahogany, white 

fir, whitebark pine, subalpine fir
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 115

PONDEROSA PINE GROUP (T)

Jeffrey pine 

Predominant species: Jeffrey pine

Associate species: white fir 

Other species: curlleaf mountain-mahogany, western white pine, whitebark pine, 

incense-cedar

Ponderosa pine 

Predominant species: ponderosa pine

Associate species: none identified

Other species: singleleaf pinyon, white fir, curlleaf mountain-mahogany

WOODLAND HARDWOODS GROUP (W)

Cercocarpus (mountain brush) woodland

Predominant species: curlleaf mountain-mahogany

Associate species: singleleaf pinyon, Utah juniper, white fir, limber pine 

Other species: Rocky Mountain juniper, quaking aspen, Great Basin bristlecone pine, 

Jeffrey pine, western juniper, Douglas-fir 

Deciduous oak woodland 

Predominant species: Gambel oak

Associate species: singleleaf pinyon

Other species: curlleaf mountain-mahogany, Utah juniper

Mesquite woodland 

Predominant species: screwbean mesquite, honey mesquite

Associate species: none identified

Other species: none identified
 116 USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022

Appendix E Tree Species Groups and Tree Species Measured in Nevada’s Annual Inventory, with 

Common Name, Scientific Name, and Timber (T) or Woodland (W) Designation

HARDWOODS

Cottonwood and aspen group (T)

Black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera)

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Woodland hardwoods group (W)

Curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius)

Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii)

Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)

Screwbean mesquite (Prosopis pubescens)

SOFTWOODS

Douglas-fir group (T)

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Engelmann and other spruces group (T)

Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)

Incense-cedar group (T)

Incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens)

Lodgepole pine group (T)

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)

Other western softwoods group (T)

Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva)

Limber pine (Pinus flexilis)

Mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana)

Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)
USDA Forest Service RMRS-RB-36. 2022 117

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines group (T)

Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi)

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)

True fir group (T)

California red fir (Abies magnifica)

Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)

White fir (Abies concolor)

Western white pine group (T)

Western white pine (Pinus monticola)

Woodland softwoods group (W)

Common or two-needle pinyon (Pinus edulis)

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum)

Singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla)

Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma)
 118 
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