# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 8- 17 70

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Je ss ic a Leah Kam

ps ch ro er; Co ry

Pat ric k Kam

ps ch ro er,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff s - Ap pe ll an ts ,

v.

Ano ka Co un ty; Cit y

of An ok a; Cit y

of Ap pl e Val le y ; Ci ty of Arli ng to n; Cit y of Bax te r; C it y

of B el le Pla in e; Bel tra m i Co un ty; Ben to n C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Bl ai ne ; Ci ty of Bl oo m in gt on ; Bl ue Earth Co un ty; Cit y of B rah am ; Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Cen te r; C it y

of B ro ok lyn Park ; Ci ty of Bro wnt on ; Ci ty of Bu rn sv il le ; Ci ty of Cam br id ge ; Ci ty of Can no n F al ls ; Ca rv er Co un ty; Cas s C ou nt y ; Ce nt en ni al Lake s Po li ce Dep art m en t; Cit y

of C ha m pl in ; Ci ty of Ch as ka ; Ci ty of Ch is ag o; Ch is ag o Co un ty; Cit y

of C ol um

bi a Hei gh ts ; Ci ty of Co rco ran ; Ci ty of Co tt ag e Gro ve ; Ci ty of Cro sb y ; Cr ow Win g C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Crysta l,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es ,
Dak ot a Co un ty,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t ,
Ci ty of Deep ha ve n; Cit y

of Du nd as ; Ci ty of Eag an ; Ci ty of Ede n P rai rie ; Ci ty of Edi na ; Ci ty of Elk Riv er; Cit y of F ai rm on t; Fari ba ul t Co un ty; Cit y of F ari ba ul t; Ci ty of Farm in gt on ; Ci ty of Fo le y ,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es ,

Fi ll m or e Co un ty,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t ,Ci ty of Fo res t Lak e; Cit y of F rid le y ; Ci ty of Gle nc oe ; Ci ty of Gol de n Val le y ; Goo dh ue Co un ty; Cit y

of Go od vi ew; Gra nt Co un ty; Cit y of Ha st in gs ; Hen ne pi n Co un ty; Cit y

of Ho pk in s; Cit y

of Ho ward Lake ; Hu bb ard Co un ty; Cit y of Hut ch in so n; Cit y

of I nv er Gro ve Heig ht s; Cit y of I sa nt i; Isa nt i Co un ty; Cit y of Jo rd an ; Kan ab ec Co un ty; Lake s Are a Po li ce Dep art m en t; Cit y of Lak ev il le ; Le Su eu r Co un ty; Cit y

of Li tc hf ie ld ; Ci ty of Man ka to ; Ci ty of Map le Grov e; Cit y of Map le woo d; McLeo d C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Med in a; Mi ll e Lacs Co un ty; Cit y of Mi nn eap ol is ; Ci ty of Mi nn et on ka ; Ci ty of Mo nt go m ery; Cit y of M oo rh ead ; Mo rri so n C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Mo rri st own ; Ci ty of Mo un ds View; Mi nn eap ol is Park & Rec reat io n B oa rd
,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es ,

Met ro po li ta n Ai rp or ts Co m m is si on ,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t ,
Ci ty of New Bri gh to n; Cit y of Ne w Hop e; Cit y

of Ne w Prag ue ; Ci ty of Newp or t; Nico ll et Co un ty; Cit y

of No rth Sai nt Pau l; Cit y of No rth Man ka to ; Ci ty of Nor th fie ld ; Ol m st ed Co un ty; Cit y of Owat on na ; Ci ty of Pri or Lake
,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es ,

Ram se y Co un ty,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t ,

C i t y o f R a m s e y ; R i ce Co unt

y ; Ci ty of Ri ch fi el d; Ci ty of Ro bbi ns d a l e ; C i t y o f R o c h e s t e r ,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es ,

Ro ch es te r Mo to rs , LLC,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t ,

-2

-Ci ty of Ro se m ou nt ; Ci ty of Ro se vi ll e; Cit y of S art el l; Cit y

of S av ag e; Sco tt Co un ty; Cit y

of S ha ko pe e; Sh erb ur ne Co un ty; Cit y of S pr in g Lak e Par k; Cit y of Sai nt Clo ud
,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es ,
Sai nt Lou is Co un ty,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t ,
Ci ty of Sai nt Lou is Park ; Ci ty of Sai nt Pau l; Cit y of S ta pl es ; St earn s C ou nt y ; St eel e Co un ty; Cit y

of S ti ll wate r; C it y

of West Sai nt Pau l; W ad en a Co un ty; Cit y of W ai te Park ; Wash in gt on Co un ty; Cit y of Way zat a; Cit y

of Whi te Bear Lake ; W in on a Co un ty; Cit y

of Woo db ur y ; Wrig ht Co un ty; Yell ow M ed ic in e Co un ty,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es ,

Mi ch ael Cam

pi on , in hi s i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Jo hn an d J an e Doe s (1 -1 50 0)
, act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s, em

pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es ; En ti ty Doe s (1 -5 0) , in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d o th er en ti ti es si te d i n Mi nn es ot a an d fed eral de pa rtments an d ag en ci es ; DPS Doe s; Met ro po li ta n Co un ci l,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l

Defe nd an ts ,

Pi ne Co un ty; Cit y

of C oo n R ap id s; Dako ta Co m m un ic at io ns Cen te r; C it y

of Men do ta Heig ht s; Cit y

of S ai nt Ant ho ny; Ci ty of Sai nt Fran ci s; Cit y of S ai nt Pau l Park ; Ci ty of Sai nt Pet er,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es ,

Pat McC or m ack , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Dir ect or of Dri ve r an d Veh ic le

Serv ic es at t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty,

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t

.

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-App eal fro m Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Dis tri ct of M in ne so ta - Mi nn eap ol is

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Su bm it te d: Feb ru ary 12 , 20 19 Fi le d: Aug us t 3 0, 2 01 9

__ __ __ __ __ __ Befo re LOKEN, COLLO TON, and KELLY , Cir cu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ COLLOTON, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

Je ss ic a an d Co ry Kam

ps ch ro er b r o ug ht th is act io n ag ai ns t a gr ou p of ci ti es ,
co un ti es , lo cal en ti ti es , an d in di vi du al s, al le gi ng vi ol at io ns of th e Driv er’s Pri va cy Pro te ct io n Act (DPPA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 27 21 -2 72 5. Afte r di sm is si ng cl ai m s ag ai ns t

so m e o f th e d efen da nt s, th e di st ric t co ur t pe rm it te d li m it ed di sc ov ery to de te rm in e 1
whe th er th e Kam

ps ch ro ers were en ti tl ed to eq ui ta bl e to ll in g on cl ai m s th at ha d

accr ue d ou ts id e th e st at u to ry li m it at io ns pe rio d. The co ur t th en co nc lu de d th at
eq ui ta bl e to ll in g was un av ai la bl e an d g ran te d su m m ary jud gm en t for th e rem ai ni ng de fen da nt s o n t he ti m e-b arre d c la im s. Th e Kam ps ch ro ers ap pe al , and we affi rm

.

I.

Je ss ic a Kam

ps ch ro er ha s wor k e d a s a ne ws rep or te r fo r a lo cal Mi nn es ot a
te le vi si on st at io n si nc e 20 03

. Her hu sb an d Co ry wor ke d as a ne ws an ch or an d

rep or te r fo r a d iff

eren t l oc al st at io n fr om

20 06 to 20 10

.

The Hon or ab le Su sa n Ri ch ard Nels on , Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e f o r th e 1 Dis tri ct of M in ne so ta

.
-4

-In May 20 08
, Je ss ic a le arn ed ab ou t un au th or iz ed vi ewin g of he r dr iv in g reco rd

by a st at e em

pl oyee. Pat ric ia McC or m ack
, Dire ct or of th e Driv er an d Veh ic le
Serv ic es Div is io n (DVS) of th e Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t of Pu bl ic Safe ty, no ti fie d
Je ss ic a by le tt er da te d May 29

. McC or m ack wro te th at an in te rn al au di t rev eal ed th at

an em pl oyee ha d acce ss ed Je ss ic a’s pr iv at e in fo rm at io n fo r pu rp os es th at were no t

wor k- rel a t ed

. McC or m ack ap ol og iz ed fo r th e “ m is us e of th e Driv er an d Veh ic le
Serv ic e da ta ba se ,” an d st at ed th at “ [t]h e d e p art m en t ha s ta ke n th e ap pr op ria te an d al lo wab le di sc ip li na ry act io ns ne ces sa ry to ad dr es s t hi s m at te r wit h th e em pl oyee.” The l e t t e r ’s he ad in g li st ed “ Driv er an d Veh ic le Serv ic es ” un de r a ba nn er wit h th e

wor ds “ Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t of Pu bl ic Saf e t y.” McC or m ack si gn ed th e le tt er as Dire ct or of “ Driv er an d Veh ic le Serv ic es .” Je ss ic a un de rs to od th e le tt er to m ean th at DVS ha d au di te d us e of th e da ta ba se by al l em pl oyees of th e Dep art m en t of Pu bl ic Safe ty, whi ch sh e th ou gh t in cl ud ed al l ci ty an d co un ty em pl oyees in vo lv ed in pu bl ic

sa fet y

.

Je ss ic a cal le d McC or m ack so on aft er rece iv in g th e le tt er. Fo r pr iv acy reas on s, McC or m ack co ul d n o t gi ve Je ss ic a m an y de ta il s ab ou t th e em pl oyee who ha d

acce ss ed he r in fo rm at io n im pr op erl y

. McC or m ack di d sa y th a t t h e em pl oyee was

un de rg oi ng a di sc ip li na ry pr oc es s an d th at t h e e mp lo y ee ha d act ed ou t of “ ba si c

cu rio si ty.” Je ss ic a an d McC or m ack b o t h t e s ti fie d th at McC or m ack m ay ha ve to ld
Je ss ic a th at th e im

pr op er acce ss at is su e was an “ is ol at ed in ci de nt .” Je ss ic a co nt in ue d

to be li ev e th at he r in fo rm at io n ha d be en acce ss ed im pr op erl y on ly o nc e. Co ry sa w th e le tt er, di sc us se d it wit h Je ss ic a, an d m ay ha ve be en pr es en t du rin g Je ss ic a’s ph on e cal l wi th McC or m ack

.

On J un e 1 1, 2 00 8, J es si ca’s b an k n ot ifi ed he r th at ch an ge s ha d b een m ad e to th e pe rs on al pr of

il e se ct io n of he r acco un t. Co nc ern ed by th e pr ox im it y of th e ba nk

no ti ce t o t h e DVS le tt er, Je ss ic a sp ok e wit h McC or m ack ag ai n on th e ph on e. McC or m ack rei te r a t e d th at sh e co ul d no t di sc lo se pe rs on al in fo rm at io n ab ou t th e

em pl oyee, bu t as su red Je ss ic a th at th ere was no reas on to be co nc ern ed

. The ch an ge s

-5

-to Je ss ic a’s ba nk acco un t tu rn ed ou t to be un rel at ed to th e im pr op er us e of th e DVS da ta ba se

.

O n J u n e 1 5, 20 08
, Je ss ic a se arch ed fo r an d pr in te d ou t a ne ws sc rip t fr o m earl ie r in th e y ear th at rep or te d on un au th or iz ed vi ewin g of dr iv er’s li cen se in fo rm at io n. The sc rip t sa id th at two cu st om er se rv ic e sp eci al is ts fo r th e Dep art m en t of Pu bl ic Safe ty were accu se d of acce ss in g th e pe rs on al in fo rm at io n of ab ou t 40 0
pe op le

. On Ju ne 19
, an an on y m ou s so ur ce se nt a le tt er to an at to rn ey at Je ss ic a’s

te le vi si on st at io n su gg es ti ng th at th e st at io n sh ou ld in ve st ig at e un la wfu l a c c e s s to dr iv er’s li cen se da ta by th e Dep art m en t of Pu bl ic Safe ty. The at to rn ey pr ov id ed th e le tt er t o J es si ca.

Ove r fo ur y ears lat er, i n J an ua ry 20 13 , t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Nat ur al
Res ou rces se n t a l e t t e r no ti fy in g Je ss ic a th at on e of it s em pl oyees ha d acce ss ed
Je ss ic a’s m ot o r ve hi cl e reco rd s wit ho ut au th or iz at io n. Je ss ic a an d Co ry th en each

req ue st ed a fu ll au di t of th ei r m ot or ve hi cl e reco r d s

. The au di ts su gg es te d th at th e K am psc hr oe rs ’ pr iv at e in fo rm at io n ha d be en acce ss ed m or e th an 1,4 00 ti m es be tw ee n 20 03 an d 2 01 3.

The K am

ps ch ro ers su ed nu m ero us ci ti es , co un ti es , lo cal en ti ti es , an d in di vi du al s on Sep te m

be r 15
, 20 13

. In th ei r se co nd am en de d co m pl ai n t , th e Kam ps ch ro ers al le ge d, in te r al ia , th at th e de fen da nt s vi ol at ed th e DPPA by kn owi ng ly ob ta in in g, di sc lo si ng , or us in g th e Kam ps ch ro ers ’ pe rs on al in fo rm at io n fo r im pe rm is si bl e pu rp os es

. Se e 18 U.S.C. § § 2 7 2 1, 27 24 (a). The di st ric t co ur t di sm is se d cl ai m s br ou gh t ag ai ns t cert ai n de fen da nt s fo r fai lu re to s t a te a cl ai m

. App lying th e fo ur -y ear st at ut e of li m it at io ns of 28 U.S

. C

. § 1 6 5 8 (a), th e co ur t

reas on ed th at ot he r cl ai m s ari si ng fro m vi ol at io ns th at oc cu rred be fo re Sep te m be r 15
, 2 0 0 9
, wou ld no rm al ly be ti m e-b arre d, be cau se th e st at ut e be gi ns to ru n whe n a vi ol at io n oc cu r s

. S e e McDo no ug h v. Ano ka Co un ty , 79 9 F.3 d 93 1, 94 3 (8 th Ci r. 20 15 ). Bu t th e co ur t co nc lu d e d th at li m it ed di sc ov ery was warra nt ed to ad dr es s

-6

-w h et he r th e Kam ps ch ro ers were en ti tl ed to eq ui ta bl e to ll in g on acco un t o f
McC or m ack ’s rep res en ta ti on s i n M ay 20 08

.

Afte r di sc ov ery, th e d is tri ct co ur t gran te d th e rem ai ni ng de fen da nt s’ m ot io ns fo r su m m ary jud gm en t on cl ai m s fo r vi ol at io ns th at oc cu rred be fo re Sep te m be r 15
, 20 09

. The co ur t de te rm in ed th at Je ss ic a’s co nf us io n ov er th e sc op e of th e May 20 08 DVS au di t was in su ffi ci en t to warra nt eq ui ta bl e to ll in g. The co ur t al so reas on ed th at J e s si ca was in a be tt er po si ti on to di sc ov er DPPA vi ol at io ns th an m os t pl ai nt i f f s be cau se sh e ha d en co un te red ev id en ce of un au th or iz ed D VS da ta ba se acce ss at

m ul ti p l e t i m es in 20 08

. Bec au se Co ry rel ie d on th e sa m e co nf us io n ov er th e DVS

au di t, th e co ur t co nc lu de d th at he was no t en t it le d to eq ui ta bl e to ll in g ei th er. The
Kam ps ch ro ers ap pe al ; we co ns id er th e gr an t of su m m ary jud gm en t de no vo , vi ewin g th e fact s in th e li gh t m os t fav or ab le to th e Kam ps ch ro ers as th e no n- m ov in g pa rti es

.

II.

Equ it ab le to ll in g is an ex cep ti on to th e ge ne ral ru le of en fo rci ng s t a t u t es of li m it at io n, an d it is th eref or e ap pr op ria te on ly in ex tra or di na ry ci rcu m st an ces

.

“ Gen eral ly, a li ti ga nt see ki ng eq ui ta bl e to ll in g b ears th e b ur de n o f es ta bl is hi ng two

e l e men ts : (1 ) th at he ha s be en pu rs ui ng hi s rig ht s di li ge nt ly, an d (2 ) th at so me

ex tra or di na ry

cir cu m st an ce sto od in hi s way .” Pac e v. DiGu gl ie lmo , 54 4 U.S. 4 08
, 41 8 (20 05 ). The pa rti es em br ace th at two -p art tes t fr om th e h ab eas co rp us co nt ex t,

so we ap pl y it wit ho ut de ci di ng whe th er a m or e st rin ge nt te st m ig ht ot he rwis e ap pl y in a no nh ab eas act io n. Cf

. Men omi ne e In di an Tr ib e of W is

. v. Uni te d St at es , 13 6 S. Ct . 75 0, 7 56 n.2 (20 16 ).

The K a mpsc hr oe rs res t th ei r arg um en t fo r ex tra or di na ry ci rcu m st an ces on Mc C o r mack’s rep res en ta ti on s ab ou t th e DVS au di t. The y ack no wled ge th at th e
st at ut e of li m it at io ns fo r a DPPA cl ai m be gi ns to ru n whe n th e vi ol at io n oc cu rs , no t whe n a pl ai nt iff di sc ov ers th e vi ol at i o n

. Se e McDo no ug h , 7 99 F.3 d at 94 3. Bu t in

-7

-th e Kam

ps ch ro ers ’ vi ew, a reas on ab le pe rs on wou ld ha ve in te rp ret ed McC or m ack ’s le tt er an d he r two su bs eq ue nt ph on e co nv ers at io ns wit h Je ss ic a to co m m un ic at e th at th e au di t co ve red al l us es of th e DVS da ta ba se , no t jus t us es by DVS em p l o ye e s. Tha t in te rp ret at io n , t h e y e xp la in
, lu ll ed bo th of th em in to in act io n un ti l Je ss ic a

rece iv ed no ti ce fr om

th e Dep art m en t o f Nat ur al Res ou rces in 20 13

.

McC or m ack ’s co m

m un ic at io ns do no t co ns ti tu te ex tra or di na ry ci rcu m st an ces

. The be st read in g of McCo rm ack ’s le tt er is th at th e DVS au di t ex am in ed us es of t he da ta ba se on ly by DVS em pl oyees. The le tt er st at ed th a t “Dr iv er an d Veh ic le
Serv ic es ” ha d c o n d u c te d “ an in te rn al au di t” th at rev eal ed an un au th or iz ed vi ewin g of Je ss ic a’s dr iv in g re c o rd by “ an em pl oyee.” McC or m ack si gn ed th e le tt er as th e Dire ct or of “ Driv er an d Veh ic le Serv ic es ,” an d st at ed th at “ we

. . . wil l co nt in ue to

m on it or em

pl oyee us e.” The le tt er’s he ad i n g l i s te d “ Driv er an d Veh ic le Serv ic es ” ab ov e th e ret ur n a dd res s an d c on ta ct in fo rm at io n.

The to p of th e le tt er di d ha ve a ba nn er wit h th e wor ds “ Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t of Pu bl ic Safe ty,” bu t a reas on ab le pe rs on wou ld no t as su m e th at th e M in ne so ta Dep art m en t of Pu bl ic Safe ty in cl ud e s t h e en ti ret y of st at e an d lo cal go ve rn m en t in Mi nn es ot a. Eve n a le tt er refe rri ng to al l Dep art m en t em pl oyees wou ld no t co ns ti tu te

an ex ha us ti ve st at em en t a b o u t un au th or iz ed vi ewin g of Je ss ic a’s in fo rm at io n. The le tt er, m or eo ve r, sa id on ly th at “ [t ] he de pa rtment” ha d ta ke n ap pr op ria te “ di sc ip li na ry
act io ns .” Tha t th e Dep art m en t is res po ns ib le fo r di sc ip li ne of an em pl oyee wit hi n on e of it s di vi si on s do es no t co nv ey to a reas on ab le pe rs on th at th e DVS au di t ext en de d

to all Depa rtment e m

pl oyees.

McC or m ack ’s co nv ers at io ns wit h Je ss ic a ov er th e ph on e were co ns is te nt wit h th e in it ia l le tt er. Je ss ic a’s no te s fro m th e fir st ph on e cal l refl ect th at McC or m ack sa id th e em pl oyee was un de rg oi ng a di sc ip li na ry pr oc es s, an d th e no te s sa y no th in g ab ou t th e sc op e of th e DVS au di t. The Kam ps c h r oe rs m ak e m

uc h of th e po in t th at McC or m ack m ay ha ve sa id th at t h e i m pr op er acce ss ad dr es se d by t he le tt er was an

-8

-“ is ol at ed in ci de nt .” Bu t wit ho ut ev id en ce th at McC or m ack pu rp or te d to sp eak ab ou t

st at e an d lo cal go v e r nm en t be y on d th e di vi si on th at sh e he ad ed
, th e “ is ol at ed in ci de nt ” st at em en t is be st un de rs to od to m ean th at th ere was on ly on e i m pr op er

acce ss of Je ss ic a’s in fo rm at i o n by a DVS em pl oyee. The sa m e go es fo r McC or m ack ’s as su ran ces in th e se co nd ph on e cal l th at th e un au th or iz ed acce ss was

a on e-t im e in ci de nt an d was no th in g to be co nc ern ed ab ou t. Si nc e a pl ai nt iff ’s “ m ere

m is un de rs ta nd in g” of accu rat e in fo rm at io n is n o t an ex tra or di na ry ci rcu m st an ce,

ne it he r of th e Kam

ps ch ro ers is en ti tl ed to eq ui ta bl e to ll in g. Mil le r v. Run yo n , 32 F.3 d
38 6, 3 90 (8t h C ir. 1 99 4)

.

Eve n i f McC or m ack ’s rep res en ta ti on s wer e am bi gu ou s as to th e sc op e o f th e DVS au di t, th ey wou ld st il l no t jus ti fy eq ui ta bl e to ll in g. To warra nt eq ui ta bl e to ll in g

un de r th e te st fro m Pac e , th e ci rcu m st an ces th at cau se d a pa rty’ s de la y m us t be “ bo th

ex tra or di na ry an d

be y on d i ts co nt ro l.” Men omi ne e In di an Tri be , 13 6 S. Ct . at 7 56

. A reas on a bl e pe rs on in th e Kam ps ch ro ers ’ po si ti on wou ld no t rel y on am bi gu ou s in fo rm at io n to co nc lu de th at no ot he r DPPA vi ol at io ns ha d eve r oc cu rred

. Not hi ng ke pt th e Kam

ps ch ro ers fro m se ek in g cl ari fic at io n ab ou t th e sc op e of th e DVS au di t. Je ss ic a co ul d ha ve in qu ire d ab ou t th e au di t whe n sh e sp ok e wit h McC or m ack on two

se pa rat e oc cas i o n s

. Je ss ic a ha d ev en m or e reas on to se ek cl ari fic at io n aft er sh e

rece iv ed th e an on y m ou s l e t t e r an d read th e ne ws sc rip t st at in g th at Dep art m en t of
P ub li c Safe ty em

pl oyees ha d im

pr op erl y acce ss ed pe rs on al in fo rm at io n

. Th e ci rcu m st an ces he re were ne i t h e r ex tra or di na ry no r be y on d th e co nt ro l of th e Kam ps ch ro ers

.

The Kam ps ch ro e r s ’ rem ai ni ng arg um en ts are un av ai li ng

. The y co nt en d th at th e di st ric t co ur t erro ne ou sl y req ui red a show ing tha t Mc Co rm ack in te nd ed to de cei ve th e Kam ps ch ro ers , an d th at th ere are ge nu in e di sp ut es of fact as to M cCo rm ack ’s in te nt

. W e ne ed no t ad dr es s McC or m ack ’s in te nt , be cau se he r rep res en ta ti on s were

no t m is le ad in g. In so far as th e di st ric t co ur t m ay h a v e r e li ed on a co nc lu si on ab ou t McC or m ack ’s in te nt , it was un ne ces sa ry to th e de ci si on

. The Kam ps ch ro ers al so

-9

-a r g u e t ha t th e di st ric t co ur t erre d by co nc lu di ng th at Je ss ic a “ en ga ge d in he r o w n

in ve st ig at io n” du rin g 20 08

. Bu t ho wev er Je ss ic a’s act io ns are ch arac t e r i z e d
, it is

un di sp ut ed th at sh e read th e ne ws sc rip t an d rece iv ed th e an on y m ou s le tt er ab ou t mi s u s e o f th e da ta ba se

. Tho se fact s weig h ag ai ns t eq ui ta bl e to ll in g whe th er or n o t sh e p ur su ed an in ve st ig at io n.

* * *

T he K am psc hr oe rs ar e not en ti tl ed to eq ui ta bl e to ll in g be cau se no ex traor din ar y ci rcu m st an ce pr ev en te d th em fro m pu rs ui ng t he ir rig ht s. The ir cl ai m s al le gi ng vi ol at io ns of th e D P P A t h a t oc cu rred be fo re Sep te m be r 15
, 20 09
, are th eref or e

un ti m el y . The jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t i s af fir m ed

.

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