COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Huff, Russell and Athey

Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia

TRACEY COOK AND 

 ARTHUR COOK

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1047-19-4 JUDGE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.

FEBRUARY 4, 2020

GARY SCOTT JENSEN AND 

 JENNIFER DEBRA SPRINGER JENSEN

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF STAFFORD COUNTY

Victoria A.B. Willis, Judge

Joseph T. Brown for appellants.

Michael J. George for appellees.

Appellants, Tracey and Arthur Cook, are the maternal grandparents of the child at the center 

of this litigation. They seek to challenge the circuit court’s granting of the adoption petition of Gary 

and Jennifer Jensen, the appellees. Jennifer Jensen is the child’s paternal grandmother and Gary 

Jensen is her husband, but is not the child’s biological grandfather. For the reasons that follow, the 

judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

BACKGROUND

The child, who is autistic and has special needs, was born on April 9, 2013. Prior to 

February 26, 2016, the child lived with his biological parents and older half-sister, but, on that date, 

his mother died from a drug overdose, and his father was incarcerated on multiple felony charges. 

Thereafter, the child resided exclusively with the Jensens in Stafford County, and his half-sister took 

residence with the Cooks in Spotsylvania County.

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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On August 3, 2016, in a proceeding that is not the subject of this appeal, the Spotsylvania 

County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (JDR court) entered an order awarding the 

Jensens sole legal and physical custody of the child. The order also granted the Cooks visitation in 

accordance with an agreement the Cooks and Jensens had reached. The visitation agreement 

contemplated that the Cooks would have weekly visits of two to three hours with an end goal of 

weekend overnight visits. No set visitation schedule was established; rather, scheduling was “to be 

provided by the [Jensens].” The agreement also contemplated that the child’s special needs would 

take priority in conducting visitation.

1

In April 2017, a dispute arose between the Cooks and Jensens regarding visitation. The 

Jensens did not want to allow the Cooks visitation of the child unless the visitation was supervised, 

even though the visitation order did not specifically require supervision. The Cooks filed in the 

JDR court a motion to show cause against the Jensens and a motion to amend the custody and 

visitation order.

On May 1, 2017, while the JDR court matters were pending, the Jensens filed a petition for 

adoption in the Circuit Court of Stafford County (circuit court) seeking to adopt the child. No 

notice was provided to the Cooks or to the JDR court. The Jensens indicated that they were filing 

their petition pursuant to Code § 63.2-1241, which pertains to adoptions by stepparents, but the 

petition clearly avers that “[Mrs.] Jensen is the paternal grandmother of the minor child” while 

“[Mr.] Jensen is the step-paternal grandfather[.]” The following day, the Jensens filed with the 

circuit court a copy of the father’s consent to the adoption, which had been executed before a notary 

1 The agreement specified that the child’s “progress, school and any therapy schedules 

will dictate when the[] visits occur” and acknowledged “that things happen[.]” The agreement 

recognized that the child “requires a consistent schedule and consistent behavior modification 

techniques” and took into account “the developmental and possible future diagnoses that may 

occur including learning disabilities, non-verbal situation, and early intervention requirements.” 

The agreement noted that “[the Cooks] understand the need to be flexible, go slowly, and give 

[the child] time to adjust.”
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on April 14, 2017. In addition to stating his consent to the adoption of the child by his mother and 

stepfather, father attested that he understood that he was entitled to counsel and that he waived such 

right, that no financial consideration had been given or received in relation to the proposed 

adoption, and that execution of the consent was done “of [his] own free will” and without coercion. 

He further acknowledged that the adoption would terminate his parental rights.

The circuit court entered an order of reference pursuant to Code § 63.2-1208 directing the 

local Department of Social Services (DSS) to “make a thorough investigation of the matter in 

accordance with [Code §] 63.2-1242 . . . [and] report thereon in writing to this [c]ourt . . . .” DSS 

filed its investigative report on August 8, 2017. On the certificate of service of the report, DSS

indicated that the report was delivered in accordance with Code §§ 63.2-1208 and 1242.2 In its 

report, DSS noted the grandparent relationship of the Jensens to the child, their financial 

circumstances, and the child’s developmental status. Ultimately, DSS recommended that the 

petition for adoption be granted.

On August 22, 2017, the circuit court entered a final order of adoption granting the Jensens’ 

petition. The order noted that “all requirements of the applicable statutes have been complied with 

to the satisfaction of the court” and that “the best interest[s] of the child will be promoted by such 

adoption[;]” accordingly, the circuit court ordered that, “pursuant to [Code §] 63.2-1241, [the child] 

is henceforth, for all intents and purposes, the child of [the Jensens] . . . .” Before the end of August 

2017, the Cooks became aware that the circuit court had entered the adoption order.3

2 Code § 63.2-1242 relates specifically to investigative reports undertaken for stepparent 

adoptions.

3

In pleadings filed in the circuit court, the Cooks aver that the guardian ad litem in the 

JDR custody/visitation proceeding learned of the entry of the adoption order in August 2017. In 

oral argument in this Court, counsel for the Cooks could not identify the exact date the Cooks 

became aware of the entry of the August 22, 2017 order; however, he conceded that the Cooks 

learned of it from the guardian ad litem and likely learned of it in August 2017.
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In the ordinary course, the circuit court lost jurisdiction over the matter on September 12, 

2017, twenty-one days after entry of the August 22, 2017 order. See Rule 1:1 (“All final judgments, 

orders, and decrees, irrespective of terms of court, shall remain under the control of the trial court 

and subject to be modified, vacated, or suspended for twenty-one days after the date of entry, and no 

longer.”). Furthermore, no appeal of the order was noted in the time provided for in Rule 5A:6

(“No appeal shall be allowed unless, within 30 days after entry of final judgment or other appealable 

order or decree . . . , counsel files with the clerk of the trial court a notice of appeal, and at the same 

time mails or delivers a copy of such notice to all opposing counsel.”). Accordingly, absent an 

exception to the general rule, the August 22, 2017 order became a final, non-appealable order when 

no appeal was noted before the September 21, 2017 deadline.

Despite being aware of the order in August, the Cooks took no action for more than two 

months. On November 9, 2017, they filed in the circuit court a motion to vacate the adoption order. 

They sought to intervene in the matter and argued that the circuit court had erred in granting the 

adoption. Although the Cooks advanced several arguments in the motion, they did not expressly 

allege that the adoption order was void ab initio or raise any challenge to the circuit court’s subject 

matter jurisdiction.

4

 In response to the Cooks’ motion to vacate, the Jensens asserted that the Cooks 

had no standing to challenge the adoption order.

The circuit court held a hearing on the Cooks’ motion on January 26, 2018. The parties and 

at least one other witness testified; however, no court reporter was present, and thus, no transcript of 

4 At a January 22, 2019 hearing in the circuit court, the Cooks repeatedly conceded that 

their November 9, 2017 motion did not challenge the jurisdiction of the circuit court to have 

entered the initial August 22, 2017 adoption order. Specifically, referencing the November 9, 

2017 motion and the resulting argument, counsel for the Cooks stated that “jurisdiction wasn’t 

specifically pled” and that the Cooks, prior to an October 12, 2018 filing, had “never asked the 

[circuit c]ourt to rule on jurisdiction.” Later in the January 22, 2019 hearing, counsel for the

Cooks reiterated that the November 9, 2017 motion did not raise a jurisdictional challenge, 

stating “[w]e are raising new issues here, and jurisdiction was not raised in the prior” hearing and 

that “[t]here was no jurisdiction argument made in the prior hearing[.]”
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the hearing was created.5 Accordingly, we do not know with specificity the arguments made by the 

parties or the testimony that was adduced at the hearing. We do not know if any of the arguments 

raised in the motion that had been filed were abandoned. Nonetheless, the circuit court entered 

multiple orders and letter opinions related to the hearing that provide us with at least some idea as to 

what transpired at the hearing.

After indicating it would take the matter under advisement, the circuit court, on the day of 

the hearing, entered an order specifying the issues before it. Per the order, the circuit court was to 

decide: (1) whether “the Cooks or [the child’s guardian ad litem (GAL) from the JDR court 

custody/visitation proceeding] have standing to challenge the final adoption order”; (2) the 

“remedy/ies [that] would correct the defects (procedural) in the adoption”; and (3) whether “the 

court [should] appoint a GAL to act in the best interests of the child, and if so[,] should the court 

appoint [the child’s GAL from the JDR court custody/visitation proceeding] or another GAL.” The 

child’s GAL from the JDR court custody/visitation proceeding, counsel for the Cooks, and counsel 

for the Jensens all endorsed the order without objection, confirming that the issues the circuit court 

was to resolve were the potential appointment of a GAL, standing, and the correction of alleged 

“procedural” defects underlying the August 22, 2017 final order of adoption.

The circuit court issued a letter opinion on February 2, 2018. The circuit court concluded 

that neither the Cooks nor the child’s GAL from the JDR court custody/visitation proceeding had 

standing to challenge the final order of adoption. In light of this conclusion, the circuit court 

determined that it was “unnecessary” for it “to consider the arguments of counsel regarding the 

reappointment or the appointment of a guardian ad litem[.]” Finally, the circuit court addressed 

the issue of whether there were defects in the August 22, 2017 order of adoption.

5

In addition to the lack of a transcript of the hearing, no written statement of facts in lieu 

of a transcript regarding the hearing was made a part of the record pursuant to Rule 5A:8(c).
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The circuit court determined that the August 22, 2017 adoption order did contain an error. 

Specifically, consistent with the adoption petition filed by the Jensens, the August 22, 2017 order 

granted an adoption pursuant to Code § 63.2-1241, which governs stepparent adoptions. 

Because neither Jensen was the child’s stepparent, the circuit court found that this constituted an 

error; however, the circuit court viewed it as a mere clerical error that “made no impact on the 

process or the investigation conducted by the Department of Social Services.” The circuit court 

determined that the statutory reference in the adoption order “should be corrected for clarity 

purposes.” The circuit court concluded the letter opinion by directing counsel for the Jensens to 

prepare orders effectuating the circuit court’s rulings and to present them to the circuit court for 

entry.

On April 9, 2018, prior to the circuit court entering any orders related to its February 2, 

2018 letter opinion, the Cooks filed a motion to reconsider. It does not appear from the record 

that the Cooks ever requested or received a ruling on the motion to reconsider.

On April 18, 2018, the circuit court entered two orders memorializing the rulings 

contained in the February 2, 2018 letter opinion. One order was an amended order of adoption. 

In it, the circuit court concluded that the prior order’s reference to the stepparent adoption statute 

represented an “incorrect citation of the statutory authority” under which the circuit court had 

acted and that the “incorrect citation . . . had no impact as to the process or the investigation 

conducted by the Department of Social Services[.]” The order noted that the “incorrect citation

. . . should be corrected for the sake of clarity in accordance with Code of Virginia Section 

8.01-428[.]” Accordingly, unlike the prior order of adoption, the amended order does not

reference Code § 63.2-1241, the stepparent adoption statute, but rather, references Code

§ 63.2-1242.1, the close relative adoption statute. Finally, the amended order provides that it 

“shall relate back to the entry of the original Final Order of adoption, nunc pro tunc, and the 
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child shall continue to be deemed adopted by [the Jensens] as of the entry of that previous order, 

August 22, 2017.”

No objections are noted on the amended adoption order, and no party sought to appeal it. 

Accordingly, to the extent that the circuit court had jurisdiction to enter this order, the circuit 

court was divested of jurisdiction over the order on May 9, 2018, Rule 1:1, and the order became 

a final, non-appealable order when no notice of appeal was filed on or before May 18, 2018. 

Rule 5A:6.

The other April 18, 2018 order entered by the circuit court memorialized the circuit 

court’s conclusion that neither the Cooks nor the child’s GAL from the JDR court 

custody/visitation proceeding had standing to challenge the final order of adoption that had been 

entered on August 22, 2017. Accordingly, the order “dismissed for lack of standing” the motion 

to vacate that had been filed by the Cooks.

Both the Cooks and the child’s GAL from the JDR court custody/visitation proceeding 

noted objections to this order; however, neither noted an appeal of the order. Accordingly, by 

operation of Rule 5A:6, the order, to the extent that the circuit court had authority to enter it, became 

a final, non-appealable order on May 18, 2018.

Despite their decision not to appeal either of the circuit court’s April 18, 2018 orders, the 

Cooks on October 12, 2018—more than a year after entry of the initial adoption order—filed in the 

circuit court a petition to vacate the April 18, 2018 orders. They raised many of the same issues that 

had been raised at the January 26, 2018 hearing and advanced in detail arguments that the circuit

court had lacked jurisdiction to enter the orders. The Cooks also argued that the circuit court erred 

in granting an adoption pursuant to Code § 63.2-1242.1 in favor of Mr. Jensen because Mr. Jensen
- 8 -

did not meet the statutory definition of “close relative” in effect at the time of the circuit court’s 

order.6

The Jensens filed a motion to dismiss the Cooks’ petition. The Jensens argued that res 

judicata barred the petition, particularly in that the circuit court already had ruled that the Cooks 

lacked standing. The Jensens, based on the six-month limitation imposed by Code § 63.2-1216,

further contended that the petition was filed too late to be considered.

The circuit court addressed the Cooks’ petition to vacate at a hearing on January 22, 2019. 

The circuit court first considered whether the petition was time-barred. The Cooks argued that 

Code § 63.2-1216 did not bar their petition because it was filed within six months of the amended 

adoption order, which they characterized as a new order because it was substantively different from 

the initial order. Despite its decision to enter the amended order nunc pro tunc to August 22, 2017, 

the circuit court stated that “I feel [the latest petition to vacate is] timely filed and it’s appropriate for 

the [c]ourt to listen to it.”

Regarding standing, the Cooks conceded that there was no statute establishing who can 

contest an adoption, but argued that the loss of their visitation rights constituted a harm that gave 

them a justiciable interest in the adoption proceedings. The Cooks then argued that their failure to 

appeal the prior orders and the doctrine of res judicata did not preclude consideration of their 

petition because, they stated, the previous motion was to address “statutory authority” while the new 

petition raised for the first time issues of subject matter jurisdiction, personal jurisdiction, and the 

6 At the time the circuit court entered its April 18, 2018 orders, Code § 63.2-1242.1(A) 

provided that “[f]or the purposes of this chapter, a ‘close relative placement’ shall be an adoption 

by the child’s grandparent, great-grandparent, adult nephew or niece, adult brother or sister, adult 

uncle or aunt, or adult great uncle or great aunt.” The statute was amended effective July 1, 

2019, to expand the definition of a “close relative” to include “the child’s grandparent, 

great-grandparent, adult nephew or niece, adult brother or sister, adult uncle or aunt, adult great 

uncle or great aunt, stepparent, adult stepbrother or stepsisters, or other adult relatives of the 

child by marriage or adoption.” (Emphasis added).
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best interests of the child. In addition, during the hearing, the Cooks, for the first time, alleged that 

there may have been extrinsic fraud in the Jensens’ filing their petition for adoption and in procuring 

the final order. At the hearing, they questioned both Jensens as to whether they sought the adoption 

in order to eliminate visitation. Both Jensens denied seeking the adoption in order to terminate the 

Cooks’ visitation. Mrs. Jensen cited facilitating the securing of services to meet the child’s special 

needs as her motivation. Mr. Jensen testified, “We understood that legally that would sever, but that 

did not play so much into the adoption. In fact, being legally severed and being morally severed are 

two different things.”

The circuit court issued a letter opinion on March 15, 2019. Despite stating at the hearing 

that the petition was timely, the court readdressed the issue in its opinion. The court stated that “the 

[a]mended [a]doption [o]rder was not a final order but instead was an amendment” and therefore 

concluded that “the six months’ time period to challenge the adoption would have expired February 

22, 2018.” The circuit court nevertheless proceeded under the understanding that an order, if void, 

could be subject to attack at any time, but it noted that some of the arguments had been raised by the 

Cooks and rejected by the circuit court previously. The circuit court created a chart to determine 

which issues had been addressed in both petitions to vacate and concluded that, while “standing and 

compliance with the statutory requirements” had been raised in both petitions, the Cooks’

arguments regarding “the best interests of the child and the allegation of extrinsic fraud” had not. 

The circuit court found that res judicata barred relitigation of the former, but that it could address 

the latter.

The circuit court entered its order denying the Cooks’ petition to vacate the April 2018 

orders on May 28, 2019. The court memorialized its ruling as follows:

The issues of standing and statutory compliance were previously 

argued in a prior hearing and concluded and are res judicata; the 

issues of jurisdiction as a result of statutory construction is an issue 

that was either (a) previously determined and therefore res judicata
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or (b) should have been asserted in the prior hearing and therefore 

precluded; the determination as to the best interests of the child was 

previously considered in the 2018 hearing; and the allegation of 

extrinsic fraud, based solely upon an unsubstantiated assertion by 

counsel without substantive proof, amounts to nothing more than a

theory[.]

Based on these determinations, “and the [c]ourt having issued a detailed letter opinion regarding the 

matter on March 15, 2019[,]” the circuit court denied the Cooks’ latest petition.

This appeal followed. The Cooks present three assignments of error. They first contend the 

circuit court erred in finding that they lacked standing. In their second assignment of error, they 

challenge both the circuit court’s entry of the August 2017 order of adoption and its April 2018 

amended adoption order; arguing three grounds for the alleged errors: 1) “the statutory 

requirements had not been met”; 2) “there was no factual basis for finding that the adoption was in 

the best interests of the child”; and 3) “the [circuit] court did not have jurisdiction to enter an 

adoption order.” Lastly, the Cooks allege that the circuit court erred “when it found that there was 

no evidence of extrinsic fraud.”

ANALYSIS

I. Standard of Review

Our resolution of this appeal is dictated by the operation of Rule 1:1 and Code § 63.2-1216. 

The interpretation and application of both the Rules of the Supreme Court and statutory provisions 

represent “questions of law[.]” Nelson v. Middlesex Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 69 Va. App. 496, 508 

(2018). We apply a de novo standard of review to such questions. Id.

II. Rule 1:1 and Code § 63.2-1216

Both Rule 1:1 and Code § 63.2-1216 are limitations on a circuit court’s ability to exercise 

jurisdiction it otherwise would possess. Rule 1:1 is applicable to all cases, while Code

§ 63.2-1216 applies only in adoption cases. A review of each and how they work in concert 

reveals that the circuit court lacked authority to revisit the substance of the August 22, 2017
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order granting the Jensens’ petition to adopt the child when it addressed the challenges raised by 

the Cooks.

A. Rule 1:1

In pertinent part, Rule 1:1 provides that “[a]ll final judgments, orders, and decrees, 

irrespective of terms of court, shall remain under the control of the trial court and subject to be 

modified, vacated, or suspended for twenty-one days after the date of entry, and no longer.” In 

short, Rule 1:1 divests a circuit court of jurisdiction over a case twenty-one days after the circuit 

court enters the final order.

“Although the finality imposed by Rule 1:1 generally governs, there are circumstances in 

which a trial court may exercise limited jurisdiction beyond the twenty-one-day period.” Minor

v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 728, 740 (2016). For example, the bar of Rule 1:1 does not 

prevent a circuit court from revisiting an order after twenty-one days to correct a clerical error. 

Id.; see also Code § 8.01-428(B). Additionally, a circuit court may revisit a void judgment at any 

time, regardless of whether the prior judgment is void by reason of the circuit court lacking

subject matter jurisdiction, the circuit court lacking jurisdiction over one of the parties, or the 

judgment having been procured by fraud. Nelson, 69 Va. App. at 509-10.

B. Code § 63.2-1216

Code § 63.2-1216 provides that

[a]fter the expiration of six months from the date of entry of any 

final order of adoption from which no appeal has been taken to the 

Court of Appeals, the validity thereof shall not be subject to attack 

in any proceedings, collateral or direct, for any reason, including 

but not limited to fraud, duress, failure to give any required notice, 

failure of any procedural requirement, or lack of jurisdiction over 

any person, and such order shall be final for all purposes.

The statute expresses the General Assembly’s “policy choice to favor finality” in 

adoption cases, “recognizing that repeatedly subjecting a child to multiple changes in or even 
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mere challenges to who his legal parents are has the potential to cause significant harm to the 

child.” Nelson, 69 Va. App. at 509. As we noted regarding an earlier incarnation of the statute, 

the General Assembly has concluded that the benefits of a “policy of stability in a family 

relationship, particularly when a young minor is involved, outweighs the possible loss to a 

person whose rights are cut off through fraud and ignorance.” F.E. v. G.F.M., 35 Va. App. 648,

661 (2001) (en banc) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Although the six-month period referenced in Code § 63.2-1216 is longer than Rule 1:1’s 

twenty-one-day period, it does not represent an extension of a circuit court’s jurisdiction in 

adoption cases. As we observed in Nelson,

[p]roperly understood, Code § 63.2-1216 sets an outer boundary 

within which a party may bring a challenge based on . . . an 

exception to Rule 1:1’s general rule. In the six months after the 

entry of an adoption order, a person with standing may challenge 

an adoption order more than twenty-one days after its entry for any 

of the grounds that would permit a challenge under Rule 1:1. After 

the six-month period has run, however, Code § 63.2-1216 prevents 

a person from challenging the adoption order even if one of the 

exceptions to Rule 1:1 is present. This remains true even if the 

exception is based upon “fraud, duress, failure to give any required 

notice, failure of any procedural requirement, or lack of 

jurisdiction over any person.”

69 Va. App. at 510 (quoting Code § 63.2-1216).

C. Application to August 22, 2017 Order

The time periods contained in both Rule 1:1 and Code § 63.2-1216 are both triggered by 

a circuit court’s entry of a final order. “A final order is one which disposes of the whole subject, 

gives all the relief contemplated, provides with reasonable completeness for giving effect to the 

sentence, and leaves nothing to be done in the cause save to superintend ministerially the 

execution of the order.” Daniels v. Truck & Equip. Corp., 205 Va. 579, 585 (1964) (internal 

quotation marks and citations omitted). Applying this standard, it is clear that the circuit court’s 

August 22, 2017 order was, in fact, a final order.
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The only matter before the circuit court when it entered the August 22, 2017 order was 

the Jensens’ petition for adoption. The August 22, 2017 order, which the circuit court labeled 

the “FINAL ADOPTION ORDER[,]”7completely resolves that petition. It grants the petition

for adoption, decreeing that the child “is henceforth, for all intents and purposes, the child of 

Gary S. Jensen and Jennifer D. Jensen and shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges, and 

subject to all the obligations, of a child of the” Jensens. Underscoring its intended finality, the 

order directed that “the papers in this matter be placed in the closed files” of the circuit court. In 

short, there is no legitimate doubt that, when entered, the August 22, 2017 order was a final 

order.

Because the August 22, 2017 order was a final order, the circuit court retained 

jurisdiction over the matter until September 12, 2017. Rule 1:1. No one challenged the order in 

that time frame, and the circuit court did not suspend, modify, or vacate the order in the 

twenty-one-day period. Accordingly, absent one of the recognized exceptions to the finality 

imposed by Rule 1:1, the circuit court lost jurisdiction over the matter on September 12, 2017,

and lost with it the authority to enter any further substantive orders related to the adoption.

Nearly two months after Rule 1:1’s twenty-one-day period had run, the Cooks filed their 

first pleading challenging the adoption—their November 9, 2017 motion to vacate. Although the 

Cooks’ challenge was brought within Code § 63.2-1216’s six-month period, that is only part of 

the equation. For the circuit court to have had authority to rule on the Cooks’ challenge, it had to 

be predicated on one of the recognized exceptions to Rule 1:1. See Nelson, 69 Va. App. at 510 

(holding that “[i]n the six months after the entry of an adoption order, a person with standing 

7 Although the circuit court’s characterization of the order as final is not dispositive, it 

certainly suggests that, as far as the circuit court was concerned, nothing remained to be done.
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may challenge an adoption order more than twenty-one days after its entry for any of the grounds 

that would permit a challenge under Rule 1:1”).

From the record before us, we cannot conclude that such a ground was asserted by the 

Cooks in their initial challenge to the adoption order. As noted above, we lack a transcript of the 

hearing at which the Cooks pressed their initial challenge. Accordingly, we are unaware of the 

specific arguments they made, the evidence/testimony that was adduced, and any arguments that 

they may have made, but waived or abandoned.

The limited picture of the relevant hearing that the record does provide does not suggest 

that the Cooks asserted a viable basis for evading the bar of Rule 1:1 in their initial challenge. 

The circuit court’s January 26, 2018 order, which was endorsed without objection by the Cooks, 

lists three issues as being before the circuit court. None of them facially appears to constitute an 

exception to Rule 1:1.

8 Furthermore, when asked at oral argument in this Court to identify an 

argument advanced in the initial challenge that constituted an exception to Rule 1:1’s finality, the 

8 The circuit court did invoke an exception to Rule 1:1 in issuing the amended order of 

adoption on April 18, 2018. The circuit court asserted that the reference in the initial order to the 

stepparent adoption statute was a clerical error subject to correction pursuant to Code § 8.01-428, 

a recognized exception to the finality imposed by Rule 1:1. The Cooks argue that changing the 

statutory reference in the order from the stepparent adoption statute, which had been pled in the 

petition for adoption, to the close relative adoption statute represented a substantive change to 

the order that could not be corrected as a clerical error pursuant to Code § 8.01-428. We need 

not resolve this question because it does not affect the resolution of the appeal. If the Cooks are 

correct and the amendment reflected a substantive change that could not be accomplished 

pursuant to Code § 8.01-428, the circuit court was without jurisdiction to enter the amended 

order, leaving the August 22, 2017 order as the order from which both the Rule 1:1 and 

Code § 63.2-1216 deadlines run. If the circuit court’s change was the permissible correction of a 

clerical error, the August 22, 2017 order remains the order from which the relevant deadlines run 

because the correction would necessarily represent a change effectuated nunc pro tunc. See

Minor, 66 Va. App. at 741-42 (holding that an order entered to correct a clerical error pursuant to 

Code § 8.01-428 is deemed to have been entered as of the date of the original order because 

correcting the error does “not vest [a circuit] court with jurisdiction to do anything else regarding 

the case”).
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Cooks largely conceded that they had not raised one, noting that the thrust of their initial 

challenge was that the circuit court had “misapplied” the adoption statutes.9

Such an argument goes to whether the circuit court committed error in granting the 

adoption in August 2017, not whether it lacked jurisdiction to act at that time. As the Supreme 

Court has explained, “[t]he validity of a judgment based upon a challenge to the application of a 

statute raises a question of trial error, and not a question of jurisdiction.” Parrish v. Jessee, 250 

Va. 514, 521 (1995) (citing Pflaster v. Town of Berryville, 157 Va. 859, 864 (1931)); see also

Hicks ex rel. Hicks v. Mellis, 275 Va. 213, 219 (2008). A circuit court’s misapplication of 

statutes renders its judgment voidable and subject to appeal; it does not render it void. Parrish, 

250 Va. at 521. Thus, even assuming that the circuit court erred in its application of the adoption 

statutes,10 the argument advanced by the Cooks in their initial challenge to the adoption order did 

not fall within the exceptions to the finality provisions of Rule 1:1. Accordingly, the circuit 

court was without authority to entertain that challenge, rendering the circuit court’s April 18, 

2018 order dismissing the Cooks’ petition for lack of standing a nullity.

Our conclusions that the circuit court lacked authority to substantively alter the initial 

adoption order when it considered the Cooks’ initial challenge and that the August 22, 2017 

adoption order constitutes the final order resolve the remaining issues.11 Although the Cooks 

9 On occasion, the Cooks have labeled this argument as one of “jurisdiction”; however, 

they did not challenge the circuit court’s subject matter jurisdiction and, as we explain, the 

argument they made does not raise a jurisdictional issue.

10 At oral argument in this Court, the Jensens, with credible candor, conceded that the 

circuit court had erred in that they did not qualify as stepparents for an adoption pursuant to 

Code § 63.2-1241 and that Mr. Jensen was not a close relative for the purposes of adoption 

pursuant to Code § 63.2-1241.1 as it existed when the circuit court acted.

11 In addition to resolving the Cooks’ second challenge to the adoption, these conclusions 

obviate the need for us to address the effect, if any, of the Cooks’ failure to timely appeal the 

circuit court’s orders entered on April 18, 2018.
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eventually did challenge the circuit court’s subject matter jurisdiction, they did not do so until 

October 12, 2018, when they filed their second challenge to the adoption, seeking to vacate the 

circuit court’s April 18, 2018 orders. Because this challenge was filed more than a year after the 

adoption was completed by entry of the August 22, 2017 order, Code § 63.2-1216 precluded the 

circuit court from considering the arguments raised in the Cooks’ second challenge, rendering 

the circuit court’s May 28, 2019 order a nullity. As a result, we cannot address the substance of 

their arguments.

Our determination that the law does not afford the Cooks the remedies they seek should 

not in any way be taken as a criticism of the Cooks’ motives. We have no reason to doubt that 

they are motivated by what they believe is in the best interests of their biological grandchild and 

understand their frustration with the process that led to this point. However, in enacting 

Code § 63.2-1216, the General Assembly made clear that the need for finality and stability in 

adoption proceedings dictates that we affirm the adoption order in this case. See F.E., 35 Va. App.

at 661 (recognizing the General Assembly’s policy choice that “stability in a family relationship, 

particularly when a young minor is involved, outweighs the possible loss to a person whose 

rights are cut off through fraud and ignorance” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). 

Consistent with that policy choice, the circuit court’s judgment granting the adoption of the child 

must be affirmed.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

Affirmed.