United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

International Institute

of Tropical Forestry

General Technical Peter L. Weaver and Gerald P. Bauer

Report IITF-25

011
Au ti hors:

Peter L-. Wcaver, Rcsearch h)resIer, Interni nal W Instit"utc

(dTrpia htJ I FOrestrs. I .S. DCepar11mentI (d ALricLJture.

hwrest sclr\ icc R 1,( Piedrajs, Puer-to Rilo).

Gra Ild P. Bauuer, Nu II kC IulcC ()liccr. L .S Ag nIc

Ait rict rWt I opI II II I ,t ' .l 'm i it p am a-I I I. ( i

Cmer photo: 1--Mr1 Shicrman.l bcn in 1* 911, recmi inlcd

>n1*()1(, * h1 dicl rlhwc, l cllaom lo h oll amel n 'ia 1anat

TAc lrcalic ms .neg<ioatc bcwe cche /(, 1n mewd Shlaes (1/0

Ilimai Iii V77 rturncil 7,(0) uiilitarv ain civi /ita

bili/i/ N/i i/ ' ( tCantil /nic to th' l'ti/m/ in/

Gli r/m/ li>/ < ila , Shcrmi i ii li tc N ti/i c ntil rl/)

historic wite wi/h 1<>011d thlr / balleriC's. (1n Oirstrl p

/1"ighoh<> w, oflcer , </lortcr, harrflc/ , dot ck

warIeh<>use, rccrcoli<>nol /actlitics, (Old a ( hopc/.
The San Lorenzo Protected Area:

Peter L. Weaver and Gerald P. Bauer

April 2004

International Institute of Tropical Forestry

Jardin Botanico Sur

1201 Calle Ceiba

San Juan, PR 00926- 1119
Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2013

http://archive~org/detaiIs/sanprotec00inte
ContlH I\s

Objectives . ------

Legal and Administrative 1)etail s

Brief I istorical Perspective 

ajor nations .rm . 6

M ajor Soil Types. 

Shoreline and Reefs .

. .I

S.ste IH d lo l . ys.e m . I 

T topography .

.................................... .. .. ......................................

General .. . .2

Rainfall and Temperature. . . 2

Relative H umidit. Evaporation, and Wind. . 3

Variation in Weather and Climate. 3

hu r ln n d f Ru e es . . 3

Pre-Columbian Activities. 3

Spanish Conquest . 4

Fortune Seekers: Pirates and the Gold Rush. 6

African and West Indian Heritage. 

The Panama Canal: France and the United States. . 19

Agricultural Activities: A Forgotten Past . . 19

SurroundingCammuniti ay .Commun. .2

r Kh irm . . 2 I

M ilitar y H history .

Infrast ruc ture . . 24

Transportation System. . . I.24

A i eF'cl t 

S u l- 1-n c in C m m ni ie T d a ............................
Pag

. . I. I.2

( We n e r a l . . . 2 5

1 i, e / (O es and M a jo r Fo re st Ty pe s . . 38

)t her Vegetation (Ferns, C ane, and L i n s) . . 44

M edicinal Plants . . . . . . . 44

-. . . . . 4 5

M am m als . . . . 45

B ird s . . . 4 8

Reptiles and Amphibians . 60

. . 63

. . . . 64

C oral Reefs . . . 64

Sea-G rass Communities . 65

Sea turtles . . 66

. . 6 6

. . . . . 6 6

. . 6 7

Permanent Forest Monitoring Plots . . 67

STRI Crane. . 67

Major Partners of the SLPA .68

Ecotouri st's Paradise . 7.70

Environmental Issues . .727. 

Management Issues. . . 7.75

. . ...... ..... . ....... . ....... . 7 7

Acronyms used in text or in literature cited . . 83

Major partners with activities in the SLPA . . 85

Chronology of main events in the history of the SI.A . . 87

I'V
' I bsi I ' c

The 12 000-ha Sm [oreni/o lrmected Area (SLPA). located at the

inorth\eStern entrance to the Parana (anal i c1rrcntl1 part of the

\1esoamiericani corridor of protected areas extcnidlne rnm (juatcmfal

to the Colombian hordcr. The SI PA containl two ort hnit for maru0 a

protective nlinctioins: Fort Sari 1Lorcn/o at the mrionth of the ( hiacreN

Ri\er, first initiated hy the Spanish in 1597 to protect the -(ano de

las Cruces, the gold iont O\ er tile iS11hmurir i'.; arid Fort Sheriiiani. LIarted

ill 11 to protect the northern entrance to the Panaiia anal the 201

ceitr\ 's -ro\al corridor" through Pariaria. Both 01rt> 'auccCeshull\

Inlfilled their military objecies, arid Fort Sherman simtiultatieou'lyh\

protected the area's natural reSoirces drIon tile 2ff centunr\ Tii N report

hiichrlilghts tle SILPA'S setting a" a major crosr(ads, and briefly\ descriheN

pre-Columriibian actr\ tile,, the Spaiiishi coiqnIet, the heCacy of frtuIne

seekers and the Chagrcs Ri\er including pirms arid shi pX\ reckN. the

building of the Panama railroad. the efTOrtN of FIratice and the t iinited

States on the Pariariia Canal, arid carly aeriCeltural acti\ itieN. It alo

mentions the military liistor\ of Forts Sari ILorei/o and Sheriari. and

cUrrent krlo\\ ledge on the geology soi. flora, fntia, mrinI tie reonrlee.

ecological research, arid proposed coiser\atiori of the SI PA, inrichludlinc

ecotourisi. Rehev\ant ci\ r ronmiiiental lhel nation is' outlined along \\ ith

the major functions of all entities that are cooperating ith program n

the SLPA. Also iticICded is a chirolhog\ of imiajor lii1storical e\ ent>

related to the SI PA

Keywiords: CLilt uralI resorIces, fir unia, flora, Panriama, protected area.

V
i ci In the SI1n\ I mr /o Prm tc d A rea .. . . . -- .

Maorge lo icl oM nations III the anloren1/() Pro(cteced Area

(~~. m 1 9 8 . .u.a 

'111 a d rj\ r e I II thle Sa lL r n Protccted A rei. -. 

Majoi- pyli\ graphic ICIturc- 41I the Sin Lorn'/o Protected Ar 

(Mc( nulloieli mnd others IW6). 

( lin1itic diuagzm I(r the Sin L ren/n Proiected :\ie

(Iun, l( N., 79 1 ' \\. ele\.ition 25 m: nd ( ono Solo, N 7) \\

ele \ti n m) (\ iltei I+73 1 . 1.

AreIhaenlnuiel NiteN in the in 1orein/i PIriteted Are (( bIer 97

I Ie /nne> in the Sin ILwren/o rIotee( .\rea (T i 17) .

Ve e t ition t\ pe in the Sin I nreni Protected Arei

SA iciain NAici oin para i ( mi iseic\ icn dc Ii NiturAie/A id The Nit Lire

( nnser.i y )9 \ c( tillniudh and otherI 9>, IR I R ( ) S.\. .1 . 4tt
hyt l W 1>00\

Major ortiFicatins built at Fort Shcrimnm Ihrough \\rld \\ir II

Phint species in the San Lorcn/o r ct Area . .

Additional tie species recorded in tall scismnal mer \v n h irest

at the San A enz) PrO ected Ara - .

Mamminlnal species in the San Lorenzo Prtcted a rei. . 4.

Bird species in the San LrCn/o PrOAICCICd Area . 4>

Reptile and amphibian species in the San LorCn/o PMUiCed \v 

fresh" ater I'ish in the San Lorwn/O Protected Area C. GattUlln I Lak.

and the Chares \atershICd . .03

The San Loienio Protected Area: biodiep .r.ity v mm ry. 7.(

Vii

Bl /k4I)l//hd I/fi/onu//iun01 part ol the SLPA. [he ,11Cirn hbunlar\ olhe SI\ 

is demarcated arhit rarely h\ a I lie hr1 lnk the u

Ri\ Ci south loi S km and then 1Othieast !)r tllhe N

The 12 000-ha area known as the San Loren/o km. The maJor points ( headaids ) mng ihe laL

Protected A\rea (SLPA) encompasses both Fort Sal tra\eli n counterZ7lock\ isc Irom 1h soith\e'icrn

Lorenzo and Fort Sherman. The SL PA was initialiv corner f im' iay. arc: Limnn,1 ) 1 pit, S he r.

part of the Canal Zone (renamed the Canal Area alter Toro, Naranjitos, lelesias, and Fort San loren/o ( liz.

1977), a I 6-km wide strip of land ceded by Panama to 1 I. Named beaches incILude: Shimmey (or PlIaa I a

the United States in 1903 tor bni ldinr and protection Fbr), south of Shelter Point: DO i1's, \est ol fort

the Panama Canal. Construct i Sherman; and Hidden (or Toriuuilla ). north olI For

of Fort Sherman began in 191 I to defend the northern, San Lorenzo. A lare, erassy field ocenpies the area

or Caribbean. entrance to the Panama Canal ( fig. ) around G iaforn 1am. The ma or colonial sites are t

By 1 918, Fort San Lorenio and the coastal strip San Lorenzo, remnants of the colonial north coast

between the Chagres and Pifia Rivers west of the trail, and the Gatin trenches. historical sites from the

original Canal Zone were added by accord with the late 191 and early 2( centuries include the 1reneh

Panamanian Government. Canal. the Fort Sherman complex, numerous World

War I batteries, and the Gatin Locks and Dam. [he

The SLPA extends 24 km at its loigest dimension major long-term research site containing the caip

from Toro Point to the town of Escobal, and nearly crane of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

I I km at its widest dimension from the southeastern (STR I) is situated in tall forest on a ridee above the

corner of Lim6n Bay to the beaches northeast of the Chagres River.

town of Pifia. The SLPA is bordered on the north by

the Caribbean Sea and on the east by Lim6n Bav. the T h II\mllINMI I I'M(. ] I -, cls i' ) I ern a/li iand cxit:e 4n hcaili ihraiug f/h an /i a/i miii

northernmost part of the Panama Canal, Gatin Locks. m , k aii ,'ii7i i (, a , 1( II

and Gatin Lake. The Pifia River, roughly parallel and wa. / , \, I Ibhd ht NOniC iI IWI i/1, PCI h I [ 1 11d

west of the Chagres River, bounds the northwestern ThC hYr ,a III uw haul

\Al
24

119

33 13 

9

353

1 DCaribbean Sea

2 1iddL

3 mey

4 1'

'(dlmrnll 2L@ m6n

5 f- rt San Lorenzo 1 Bay

6 Gatun trniCheS 

5

7 North coast trail

Historical structures

8 French Canal na

9 Fort Sheman 

4

10 Gatun Dam Chaes

11 Gatun Looks Pifa River

12 Breakwaters R 

r

30

World War I batteries

13 Baird

14 Howarid

15 Kilpatrick

16 MacKenzie

17 Mower

18 Pratt

19 Stanley

Points

20 Iglesias

21 Linon

22 Naranjitos

23 Pulpit Gatn

24 Shelter Lake

25 Toro

Populations

26 Achiote

27 Congo Village

28 El Clemente

29 Escobal

30 Pina

Re search

31 STHI tower

Military

32 Bunker Hill

33 Devils village

34 Gitun dtro zone

35 Knowir distance iange

36 Micr owv, tower

37 P1 mv Hill

38 it FIi I Range

illi~v
Although heavily imiipactel in soIle areas bw iidepeiideliec -mi ( olomlia. naciied I li I\ 

1)ast acriiCLtural Iad iiilitary aetix ities. the SILA ktinia-\ arilla 11reai oi Ns cmiel i - 111 Wi

contaills larCe areas ofmliattire seCoiidarV uirests that the Iiited States rights to the Plailni ( vIil 1i

mayV be readily enloyed IromIl iitiiimerotis roads and perplettiity (( old 1900 I lie oric iniiil Iiryii IInlu Ivd

trails. With Paniama's increasing pOItulatiOl grow th all and \w ithin N kill of the cmal. Te 'I "ep Lpultvi

and urban expansion especially along the canal the ( )ider" of D e.elber 7_ 1.1 12' IreIm x ed all perm)n

SLPA is seen as an oasis xw here forests and \\ Widlile Iroi the Caal /one, reimiineranlu those xiith \Ajid

still abond. In faet, it xxould be di fficuIlt to identify a itles. At this time, the old settleinicits of lortiguii Lia

comparable area elsewx here in Central America. this Point Fort San Loren/o, and ( .11 g xx oud

rare combination of natnralI resonrCes and accessible lit\ of the lone.

is dye to past Ilitary protectioll Irom timber hardest To better defend the eanai ih I nited State

and hunting. CarefiI plan inc and management of the requested that the ( a /one he exicnled xx c f

nat nral resources of the SLPA conId generate local Fort Sherman to incIuide tOe iiItIt te ( Iha ei

employment and pro\ ide residents and \ isitors \\i th Ri\er ( Pereira Jiimne/ 1%04). In1 itne IQ I o. thc

numerous opportuniies IMr reCreation and ecolonrisilI request wx as granted, and t ils area wx as a I -m

(ont i nnal surxei I lance and mon itori ng of the natnralI depopiilated. Former ( hares res dCiiets \\ C re I Ix ed

resources of the SLPA are im peratix e if it is to be Used I 3 km sonthxwestxard aolon the coast to Neu ( Ii ci

on a sustained basis. on the Lagarto Rix er. I hus by\ 191 ( all land north tf

the ( 'hagres R 1ier had been incILtided in the Ca vi

lone. I ally, in JI I I. a strip of land betmxell I the

The main purpose of this report is to provide (hares aid Pinfa Riers a lonu the (ari bbeai (ast

baseline information and important ref rences oni the to the Cara Ione as a resiI oI 41tcr

natural resources and history of the SLPA. Naturalists req-St (ereira i men 1% 04. According tO the

ecotonrists, avid Wildlife researchers are the intended ITorrio0S-( arter ITreaty enacted mi III 77- all property

audience. The major topics incILuide tild operations of the (maal /oic xxotiud rex ett to

* Administrative details, incltdiiin entities inxolxved latiaPanimian control by the year 2000. For the SLI]PA

withI past and cIrrent iiMIanaCement areas not Used for military training rex erted in I

- A description of the geology, physiography, the remaininvig areas oft lie SL IA, iiIildin the Plfia

soils, and climate Iiriig Rmc aid the Fort Shermaii coiplCx \x ith

* A summary of past human in1LIence fIrom pre- sUIrroti iid inI c forests, w cc etiiurned on J ticune 3,I O0)k.

(olurImbiatI times to the 20 cent TIhe ramework under Ihich Panuniti iaina I

" An ox erx iewx of Fort Sherman's iI fi rastructuree sni dd acll ic I, f~tittioni established bx lx a1rid tIl

fIcilitics, and past m ilita ry listorx obleties ate outliiid ii tleir elartcrN Soii of

* A c lassie icat ion of the maj or vecetati tol 1pes the IeLa I basis for mlaemet of I tle SI \\ a

" [ists of flora and failla pexi uly m(m ried inlie 1mm geti t plain

" A summary of oncoig research act iitiles for Portoblo Natiolal Park ( Acelcia Ispanola dI

" A rex icxx of illalageiiietit o pportumtes( Cioprci n Intcriional ard others IIt? j aid

edtcatioial programs, iixirometal issues. is ottliied iII this report (appendi\ \ eintaiis the

and ecotourisill potential Spanish aid IEniglish meaicaiiiiis il aemicirn 1ms used in

the text aiid Cited litcraituire: appciidix H coitiils a list

ol eCitiis ii \ \d ) ithI Ie NI P\. their aeroni m Is.

The Spooner Act of I(9() -iithoried the Presideilt avid their major object ix es *id lticioins: aInd

of the U united States to lnecotiate a trcatx \\ ith appCiidi\ ( pro lides a chronolocx o 1x cils that

Colombia for a strip of land across Panama at that miifticiiccd tIle SL P \ I \ltloili Sail LIorcii/o is

tille a proxine 1C Co0mbia inl order to btiild a Ctirr-etly inCILed a pIoteetedl area. tIle tcrill a.

canal il e :ct ASO anthoriied Ile purllase oltlie sulCh doe not appear as oiic of tle I catcgoric. listed

rights and property froi the French after tlicir initial il the "iiationial sytmcil ol protected i ldlnds or

attempts to build a canal lamled ((octllals 1Q1 (old areas- ( I R E N \RE 19. v Tihe NlI P\ conaini boith

1999 M to\ er I 01. Patiaiiia aftem dcclariinc Its 'piotecion birest avd "proieeted coastal Li dseap.
I11d illl IHm) the proCest of dC\ eloping the tile spcitiC I'LHIctions arC rCCionlaI cConomic

,i m 1n 1 I it pIin I\8s )III, eiI colIs]dered for dC\ clopient. the opmIlum usC of e\Istiln resourCes.

I K- aI I as a national )i Ii piL COLhOration %\ ill public and prik at InstltLutions OIl

I h, , ine Irium of S[l I orcn/o. at the month CIr\ iionmeniltall 11otCctloIl. tile Jdoptioll of t CCllCral

I Ii( ( jul Cs IK\C kl\\ C d ~t Cd for pro tect ion 1and use pkil. and cooirdiaitioi xith \V IR "sARI on

h\ tile 01 ol ')tis K thc Iio\ l~a-lian ( 1 t staial Use 1 of reC urCCs ithini the ( mdal Arca.

I cpiibic N w I Piina 11979). 1 \\ 9 of 970. regulating Panama's I a\ I of 1994 cstalisChed IOrestr

l siic I s ii P liiaimm i t\ Iid PortobI (o, al.so Iei slaltion that prohibited sc\cral Icti\ tics in national

clrtcd Porohclo National Park. in 19>)6. am 2 I iCeses such as tie Linaithori/Cd CuttinC and

Cr I Id hNat ioiiiI InstitutC for RCncw\ahlc NzIturl destruCtioln of IrCes, uniipproveCd barth momCIInCIlt hy

RcsOurces ( lN RI A\R ). I Tic spOnsihilitICS of hea\ Cq tiipmllt, illel construction. thc di si uran1cc

11h Inslitutc iilCnLldCd the plannin. oraMllz/atiOnL of the -ecologica haiallcC of an rCa. and tile setting

idiioni. reCutationl, amd deC\Clopmillt of of 1orCst tirCs (I IeCad 1999). Paiiamas 8I\\ S of

pfhcics Cor the hcnc fit col nsCr\ atio n, and use of 1994 w\ as de\ i sed to promote torii sm by pro\ id in i

IC C\\ ailc natunralI resi)OtrCCs. Re '>pon iilities tiI' ta\ Inceil\ C s and belief its 1,0r toutrisi Proicts

thc consCr\ ition)I of PortobdCo NationIal Park \wrc ( ihcerknecht and others I 1999). Amon2 the

releCIted to INRI NARI 1md tile Paiiaimianian TourinsmI pr',isions of thc I'mw are ta\ CxCmpltioIs oil materials.

Institul (IPAI ). Ill 1992. IPAI dclecated ihicsc \ CliCICs. C1uiIfpllclt. and real Cstatc C\eoneration

r1spOnsibilitiso ile Nat ioal InstitLlC of u(hIuLIC from iIncome t\ on a creditors inlterCst in hotel

INA( ) y \irtuIC of I I\\ 14 of 1()2. which dictates 1nCstmCnts; and rCal estate depreciation. ARI is

mileastlrCs rCIIardiII l tile CLstOdy. COIIsCr\ Ition0, Md the mainl vehiclee I6fr promoting tourism \ CntuirCs

administration of PaIa as historiC lIcyC sitcs. The in rC\ CrtCd arCas. La 3)) of 1 994 specifiCs the

s Ln LI\ aIso prolihits sC\ Clal actii ties such as rcqu i rCmClets for Cel\ Ironminital impact stud iCs.

I ishinli2 huntnii, mineral Cxploitation,. removing Or aaasIa 4o 9 salil~ ~iLi Imitim'.11111l.,1 ~pllttiolI'Cll)\ 111-1OFPimama s, Law\ 24 of' 199 ' established \\ildlile

dCstroy iing flora, ald ntIIlCthelrCd animals. ConstruCtlollction Z7~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~eilto that -tLFeI'KAIIIIStM I-1S11HInHCILuded SlteionIS ['()I h1.1tin- 01'

is I IllitCd to hbildimus rCtilrd for administration or.

snrII'\ ClkII ce, anlld calipi W is co~l Ii icd to desi 1CLat d C apt ur11i2 thr1eatnCled or Ce LdangerCd spCeCICs or those

prloteCted by ClOSed SeasonIS ( FeraMd No-)(. PanMIM'

sitCs. PCrrmits 1r the CollCCtioi Zid study of flora C I9% ). Relo\l inL euigs froill [ests, drainiin or

id fIatina a1C limited to rCCogniiCd sCiCiltific or

dikertinl'u waterw\ays, for purposes oI, h shingl,- and

CdulCatiollal institutions. RCIlmO\al Of sIpCCimInS that

Cr tlC ap~ariic~of sl~s r oftrading or Iraff iCkIng w\ildlife w ithout lpermissionl drallaticall\ aer the 1pelrancc I& sites, or ofalt

pc C:Ics t at are IFC or, C1 kil nuc rCd. I" ls o. \\ ClrC lso proh ibitcd. as \\as the pollution of

e\\,1Cr hodiCs.

ll I 991, INI-INAR[ coopCrated \\ itl the

I 00d anld :\uic illna I ( )ran at on of thC . 'il tcd I 19 of 1997 m andated that tie Panam a

NaIto ns", (L ))A . 29 il atio al o nanal Authority t A(T ) shall appro e policiCs.

tn n1rIrams, d pro eels both pu iIC and priaIC

'11d m110re thldn 50 MaiOnal lStutt*)nS m1eludin that may affect the wactcrshcd. and cal lCd for an

11nLO \ncrii rmlit or02811m/at Oils. priv\atc sector grolIps, iltCrmilsitutionalI commission to coordinated the

and~ coiutic,, Ill the de\ elopmlent of Panama s

ipcacti\is of goCrnmt and nougoCrellnlCllt

ropl~i al orest ctioll plai (C Ci&ciaI spaola e

00r811i/at iOns (PIanama 1 9 9 7a ). L av 2 I of I 997

'oopcracin Internaclonal and others 1992). This

appro\ ed I reg lina I planl IOr tile use. conservl,\ationl,

collahoratil\C \ CntuirC dClmonstratCd the iOVe rlnmnIlt S

,Z1and dic\clopmnllt of the interoccallic rCeioll (the arca

su ppt I I hei actionn 1p181 as a st rategic Cm strumen~lt I-Ci1comi1paIsed hy both the canal watcrsllcd and the

fur maiauinii reCIlc\\ahlc iattrial resources, and for

Ca al Arca). dcarint the SL PA as a protection forest

(1r-iminlL cxlernal coopera tionl

aid protcctcd lalldscapC ( Panama 1997). SpcCi fic

1\\iini i 3 of 1993 created the Authority mlcltiol \u85 imadc for collscr\ atlol of thc natural

(d tile 1liICI(ccaiii RCeeoi(1 \RI ) as 111 auto\llolllOtPs CI1\ i llllc1t. lcI lIdilU arcas u ith Ili io(1\ Crslt\

itit\ \ Is min rcsponsibiitI is thc protcctioIl. the historic ruIIs at Fort San borcI/o. tile lanuro\ Cs

bciicial us. aid idiiIstratiio of rc\ crtcd ( 18 of I im1On 1a, and ares \\ itlh sC\ crc limitations for-

\rCI prnipc tric I cmiid 1999. PlanaimlI 1993). \lollnu

4
use such as wetlands: c.u. the Nojinga Swamp, * Resolutio .11) () M 94 of Im)4 crwatc> >\ tclll

lowland drainac arcas into Limon Bay, and the of protcctcd areas \\ iih dCiicd uIc ca Wr,

Chacrcs floodplain. I xecltiixc Dirctic No. 3 ( tl 1X )N adopts

focus iieludinc tourismn, cotnscrnation. and

The National IEInx ironmental Authoritv ( ANAM \ I),

created by Law 4 1 of I 99 (Panamzi I 99N). replaced resch Ias a st 01- the dcxclopIIicnt tlic tourist itndustiy and colnscrx alion oF national

INkRFNA RF as the natural resource accncy for hcr t an d c (0, rc'Ionrccs

hila1,12 11d Coh ltJ reCourICCes.

Panama. ANAM, a national aullhority, hazs greater I~anma naionl N :\NI.a auhort v.hasurcacr. Rcsolut ion No. 3( of I 99W approx Cs a natiunnal

pwers and responsibi I tics than the lormcr nv mellnta111C L ,tr e y with mI sue IcZ'Ic I1t t h bIC

INRE"NA RE \\ith regard to tile ellnv-ironent, amloneu Ind prii\Zae sct rs and citi/Cns should adopt thCm tie formula ion of national policy. the promoion r

for C0ons1er\It(ion, us"e, and im iaaCiement (d

of projects, the C aluat ion of cen i ronmcntal imnipact ntraI rcsourccs.

statcmcnts, rcscarc h includingg iV ntorics Of nat nra!

resources ), education, and tie manaccmCnt of a In Junc 999, . I, \N\ NI. and I \T oIflic i a

database. ANA NI also reulates the national sy stem of si ned an incrienstitutiomal acrecmcnt for th1

all existing lIcga lly established protected areas. giving manacmcnit and i ntecral usc of thc SI PA\. i nd i cat in

priority to ccosystcms \\ith hich dix crsity and the respective rights and responsibilities of cach

producti\Vity such as corals. estuaries. and wetlands. acncy. 1n Nox ember 2000. INA, bx addcunm.

The same law allows third party management of also signed the agrcecnt.

protcctcd arcas and the dcxclopmcnt of public scr\ icc

concessions for tourism

Other dccrccs. rCsolut ions. and directixes cited in The history of Panama. particularly that of the

the plan for the management of Portobelo National SLPA. is rich and exciting. Spaunninc about tt) 10.000

Park (Agencia Fspahola de Coopcraci6n Internac ional ycars of human act ix ityV, Panama serxcd first as a

and others 1992), as well as more recent directives. crossroads for Indian mi rations cast and xe st, and

also apply to the protection and consecration of the later as a crossroads north and south for World trade.

SL PA's natural rcsourccs: Columbus discovered Panama's north coast iin 1502.

and by I 5 I3. the Pacific (Occan (cal lcd thc SouthI Sca)I . Decree 44 of 1967 rcgulatcs slash-and-burn ad bc 1ict3. ti ut followed dico crx and Z71 had been sighted. C onquest f~l lowe d discm ery and activities in rural arcas.

* ctiuit ix s ccr cc areas of I rearLy exploration. Soon, the Aiam ino R eal. and an + Executive DeCree 15 Of 198 1 r-eiulaktes fishing and , . .alcrnat ixc wct season routc, ''Cami ino dc las Cirnccs, lobster (Patudins argus) trappinmeentV \tS&01 _Lt.tcISCIe. ta lobtcr Ing. I or the Zualii Las (ruces c Trail. were devClopcd ox Cr thC - Resolution DIR 003 X6 of 1986 reculates hunting and t r sos ow ifcisthmus to transport Pcru 's gold trcasUIrcs hack to aind the purchase or sale of w\Ildlif'e species, dead

Spain. C'aribbean pirates. among them Francis Drake

or aliVe

" Resolution 1)12 87 of 1 987 rcuiatcs construction and Ilenry Morgan, plundered Spanish ships and

coastal installations from tie middle of the 10'( to the

in national parks and eqluixalclt reserves.

middle of the 18* Cenitury-. Pana~ma s mldepenlden"e " Resolution 024-90 of 1990 regulates tie raisingcmowidai s from Spain inl 1821 as fbillowcd h% California 's gold Of wild animals.

" Resolution 91 36 of 1991 reulates mineral rush of I849, stimulatiuc a rcncwd intcct in . Etransisthm us passage. Panama's railroad, built in 1 555

cOnlcessiOnls Mid requires ell -ir'Onmencltal t'I1ItllLSIZS IC 1111MsIlilO tbll l

served westward Migration i the Lumited States before

impact statements. impactstatewuts.thc complei in af the U.S transront incnta I railroad in

* Resolution DG 106 91 of 1991 authorizes agency I c n tcmpt to bui isa lcx c l

Offiial to ars onfscat an veicle ofz_71869. The French attempt to build I sea-le\ el canal officials to conifiscatc arms and xchiclcs o lrn lciSf xasfilxc wPnmna

during, the I 880s \\as followed by Paniamaniln

persons violatingg hunting regUatiOns.

co huntin regutiomdcpcndence from Colombia in 19103. and the i~ol DG 007 91 Of 1 99 1 authorizcs acncv successful .S. eftrt to build and opcn the Panama officials to confiscate tools used to illeCala cut Canal at thc outbreak of World War I in 1 914.

trecs or forests.

- Fxecutive Decree 4 of 1992 regulates shrimp The construction of Fort Sherman xxas started in

fishing and specifies measures for the 1911 as part of a Caribbean defensixc strategy to

conserxation of marinC turtics. protect the Panama Canal. I )cfcnsixc batteries xxcrc
mIuri i l \nh11\ , a d,e ,f W d \0 l a re miimls up t kin dr 'Id d m ln dl a m] IIl .i

1 II iI I (i l I C \ h\ r Il l- I r ih I lh III 11\ 11i n i Ii h lu ln l di llC

ia ud l i\ 1 idnt i l itr iw\rht. idl drl p liici

ilililid ill\ in s I \c( Lliorl ihdlrmimllielsIdI 

11I p i I I I HC'i I I ViIs l bIFlC ' i I iy

( 1'12. d n h md'ii 211 Ild l Ol 2iplhlmd r idc l II

\ y Il r \-uIlll'l ys ls r Oll i yrdlldi). 1 \s (l\e 

Syl y l !u~ ill Ils iyll nthlilrr' \\ ul rid nul \)- L c lily'

di idoewii (lMl(i lliui h d i'y 1 o lher 1( tlly u1hi y'k. Pleistocenc, has beenI the Ilmin C()ntrol I' r the:

i is ld il Id t( i l \ 1 rst i l the cill il

1ypQ -r77i, 1 n it . I ach ()I , the thr i upil nd ryly ic

sI tl l yicll by itwilnll)mar-rIi Ilul a d

11 (1y1 y'Ar C y Iyl .11 th2 di rn d ylr 11 lthe '(i LII)lhitd alth rc- pcct to the Ilow ildsk mid ollIset ulth

Hily' itl I I m il'I li \ lily' " I C , i1 o: Is liiiy' r i i to On IIOthI lCr. \ll u pJhml d y lOCk \ r il tiied

Ic orI d to) thsy Py' ial ,li n 1111 i\ r mn111 1 .illy

HI ~I \ ii i y'ii IIIIii 111 Is I ' ii P I il lflyiiI IC RIO1 I kl1t lIi'(WIMIMI l ii(, I C lly 1 11 211

0h R ('111 midn inlr( ll reul

(IIIII I 1'1d the 1im116ii i Hi L lil11dy ( lil( 10l.lliy

o)Ilc ,,, 'o.11IA1 c cl itiml )l tlkan d oher 1950). Th II C imenl lli O C all IId mlUck.

c1nt.in a 1m ilt oll'Iem IIrge cr. mid arI I M M \ .( tlluh 1md oIhcr, I ()" o ld u

Iho priicipAl "11udk Ira tho- "d P\A 1 un6erl1i l l (im maym he 00 il dCep (Jones' 1 150, V Much (fl

h\ "C seies (d neals k 1,1-1\ 111L Ied nInCu the dep ,it \\X formed unde& br-A-ki'dh coasl,1

1 1rmL,1i1n_ rn I in _, Ig lroml M iddie M iocenie to) sw m s, her ( h1a,_rc,, Ri\ r "Mied ient \\ere

Rec:nit. I ho. uphimd, 1re comlp()-d ()I consoidalted 11OI) M C Inop rt< ic 1e 111m6n Biay ho m 11d" containl

sedhiimciury- rOCks fIlekd at lo \ w dc wn l 111Ch abhtffi fnl Corl frgm nt

THe ( '11,21-C ['0rm1a0i0n li111o ea d 1rde 1ito

phaces 1)1 uncll oil-' ddl d clays\ , m 11( ill,. I hc

NAI~i~kI'M IM111, hk2CI h10111"A 11(.1thc Tmoro 11im1CtoNe (MVC( *Llo11.1-h 111d 01thers I9 6

hulld om I '~c- ) tl~lt ldl o.-Cit h~ c ,1n-CItu In''g 1 11he , m \\ wideCl. cxpt),d hcdr(cA uim

11pm d 111 a l ahe s al e Wo th ela ad ae nt b ic k I l t i l 1 1 ,, Arel. ~c o l , 1 ,1H l: ' l d p~ ~

111d t1I,,,d lk.cHu tmhu d ra pily Ill deep w aer

hh) k ul\ le "A h I,:k\ hulmd unlit, mrv ow\ IIn r pp d ITIIhe fr' member. (fl I ()\\Lr 0]cneo en

h 11w ic Icccill(I\ler 1c h ,( 'I'm ll i Im rs 11nle1twll c o 11( 'd llot ly

I m c 111 c ro tes I\(llms ri A l

() c 1(uml)io cf 111dw t Ihe r mInI I h

I(I i ll H 1 I w r( ll I It) I S Ill1 dcq) O tmcll I

11*" ' ()I llIltmh(1 t porccilt (l l i 111c "mlhm t It\\ s lho: upper 'M It) () Ill r

n1W u e IJAnICIIn , k& I, ppCr C\P()sed 111Cg .h I east d mouthlcaIt sidc ()I the [(Ir

t Shwrml uIpI1nd,, Mnd the hull 11hidkneC, al10n1 the

ni ml i C Iue 1t1n 1 m dc ulp, \\ -' IIIh'nd n o (iatun I Ikc: 111 1ler pmdlChe capI 11hC

uplo er Is a d lou s \111di I bl11s \\ her cic se thw coquinla 1)1,) Id&

clInC ) 1111 lh k into tHe pam t h 1 1 " \ M e o Fhe 2101 11\ 1ls0

a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11 m1111In prm inui hsumrusml a III Ohe up"land arAl ad 1

de n hadc. 111AI I1IhInCIr'_ ofa sIl unLrg ou d 1rC,111 Ill

a lo e a d umieareofth" 1111s 1hosI , 1)1,) id(iIIo \dhiotc R,,"d I S I I I

I ,,I I ho. I, s m i d Iiubl l-rrlnceln strAt n h 110 n t
Chagres formation

Solid, fine-grained sandstone

Gatbn formation

Sandstone, shale, tuff, conglomerate

Rio Hato formation

Conglomerate, sandstone, shale, tuff,

unconsolidated sandstone, pumice

Chagres River

I IIc Major .'I'olo'-'ical Io i n in II the n r lcn/o Protcicc&\rci RcplIhhei dc P'1utmi
2

81

9

5 4

Roads

/ Rivers

Roads and trails

A Gatun Locks-Escobal Road (S10) B Gatun Locks-Sherman Road (S2) C Piha Road (S1)

D Sherman-San Lorenzo Road (S8) E Tower Road

Rivers and streams

1 Aguadulce

2 Arenal

3 Arenoso

4 Buena Vista

5 Chagres

6 Congo

7 Crematorio

8 Grande

9 Iglesias

10 Indio

11 Mojinga

12 Medio

13 Morito

14 Narajitos

15 Negrita

16 Paulino

17 Petitpie 

18 Pina 7

19 Providencia

20 Trienticinco

(tthrs

21 Frunch Cainal

22 Mopnii Swaminp

23 P[in ii Cai al
Fort Sherman uplands

Mindi Hills

Piha-Escobal highlands

Chagres-Mojinga-Gatun lowlands

Limon Bay lowlands

Caribbean shore lowlands

Chagres River

I Uire 4 a lor ph\ lographic ofatire-o the San I orcnzo PIOrtcjCd \1rC \h( ia IL h 1nI Othec l
I hlc m;II e lie (0h111rc '- , lh i I P ic icl icn r

I5 km 1\1'\ (d iiCiiii li it c aIl Iiromil Piin itl low Pllt

,[!m)l 1 )iiWI 0J i liil t C/ ( dIN I l rici i AhSmut I I'll ( of I.clii lcl\ iI-o l li P(llt south

II lic ") l i \ Iiii( li lllltuih liid oIhiiL to 1oiheid an\l C.i id i nothcr 4.Ic kill alminr the

I i I2 Ii i11 idci\ 1 40s0 ll , and l il s 1 i ,ti Ic (Iics. I fl-c \ic t. h lviidc el ilr It 'ti ut

un \l o th \lnt Ih ls hescap10 k'm almIn, (atIII I lkc

o m~umtm iml I It,,, I"til 'I p Cill fo. IN i 11 1 l \1:1 rell 

I i ) i l, r I I RI ths barrthr iilic (d, i

iN ktos o i1Ct is il )\ ll l ( ci tilt Itl\ alld

i in I hiiiiiN i (liv'mio Si is p ihf' i aI

i l uI il Liii icic 1ccIc (\Cnt ClJ'1 Jt 1 iiintkll s i i \c r t (1 C I t

h:Ii cI I '11d s\thiiiilitil NO i~i~k5. tu li lt J i ll l oitoen r c1se Io\ on l lch ii. I nto al Iu pIL'llr Iii

(dnic I) )u liclt luld is J1I1d Lii I lic L l w I j) C cl lc i I l K J 11121

>1 ci ii 11h N i ~ Nliic [I ohic Iuclons ()hi ohriIspccucs \\rcput' hc chilracui/i 1s shoie

cuia I iiiul iiIurigthe pasi 1,ic as p aurtI icuiafh Ishifehne w( herei~ ud r oi 1 i'4 r ic ih sciic otaa

i \ I\ ii i 00 (ilW \ ,it \ atr it tll ii\Ncslr t ll , s ilic 11Ccis A copil s lliN K icsnh oIl'th uciici'(ll 

, (d Pi l\ Ni iliNN Md ( IIl t.u l h i/ I iW I)AI l iu1 ', 01' illm IeM ili of l \\ -rIT Ju Iil' d \ I I . krtt il A

hi AI 'i II t111111 i \\i1 i \ , in t l ilk i tIolu II i\nlit s il ' ol pi ll .r cl iou il\ \i> i cis\ c Ril r, At

\s ch Imut hVi \ ci I m rimiiit I(, c or O f, one tieiim1 ny lio\c ci.thll i heacsi proi ah\ i I Crl d

lit dlllg lullLgro .es t-N called ollto Ilh Illd Is Wurtle e tI112 ]tC ,' Ihe 'eC Luded IIatuIe 01 tllC e

fassla d I. : d the' COMnf\MA g fu a(im l t.oastII Io\\ lnds oll~ers" the \ isitor1 pre ious m Cment

Illd nILN (Idill) 1ia p a e leC llhll c u ilt ff s le oll) I hu',\ \ oldep nde t o thse nim ls efeals image t i th ilRe f Iltas order mlost of the ( m.ihhcII "hore.

Ih l ongestsemnt Allng the CoastImell of thet 'SW\-

1,01che fr narky 1\. 1 km rom ll Be\ a* l ch to

NaIrtmnjitw' PoHIn riin nArk 20 Il tlid forming11L

\hMut I'M ). 1Ihe CMrlies1 feknihe e fs il rjs I ld (l\IJLeIulMou h Mid OthersP' 1950).

m te ieint\ f he 1 P wa un erake toa('m- arbbi hafrier feelfs,, pIrleIn Ic Ig dhe com"t, hm\

JgI- uh ra plshh i t:1111Cnne 1912 Among(_ theC dC\ loped unldCer ConditiOns of strong! \\ inld'. hicl

'(111111W )l s()I], 'llc(m ili re \\Cle ( Ittll cl I\ 'Illd 1 111L fil, 'Illd IlI,_,h "kd 11llelltalla l (m , 1\ Im of

(1 haojs ill 10 ( Ijlull dlil\, \\tea(llered h"0111 coral I)II iall" art: "Ii-uled alowl, 111 C PA coast

under& I mk Iw- dimen, tf1y1 .\fOck", con tihmbo t X0 Ill fouf Jred, 1 0r1 SherAman, 111 1 rj1 s Putat

Iwfccnilla '1md I "' pcife nt ,Iih \\Ilh other. fractions- xaranljito , mid Punit' IgLeia"'. ReeCfl ro Ill' 'down

I licnnlei1 1)21) 1, hIILrc 1il1 loam ll uva 1,'1m a1'nd the dhore of the SLT P\ rf charalctcri/cd h\ a iw-h

contains o t 50p'rccnt it 1 5 p rCenCtI clay, Indk diveri-" y of alk-m mid conitainl 'tout wne-hal1f of thc

211 PeCenCtI \CI 1,\ I mt s \n \ ith ()[her WrctIn . )te cOrali piecess reported 1,01f the ( 1rih eNCm "horc ol,

()1s Imound in 11im11 d area d i cd saturated marsh-d P,1nam11, ((ju11 a d 110kst 10')4) 1 t! h 1CIC be Of

s0111 mIInIgfI\, Mk s il nd dredL'e I'ill ,MuthweCst, of hC om "O peC i ,ICCC1 1Cofl-A 1m1,1 hC l resut 0f theC 2CenefAlI

()"' \mum ' c sN ro tIlps o'li "o s m id Irc '1hAllow naufe of,11 the C feefs 'I" 'I s century\ ol

101,und 11 fiI\' efAnd slf1CInI 11M 111hs Ilmn 1h1 C rib a ('nnfhIonmenta1CIIl impact,1 CIuPed h\ ,edimilentllionl 'nd

( ) M 0 1 oa t etwe n o Pment Ind 1thc mo(thl (4 11t: ()t.CJasI0na oi ll . RelatiI,\ l i\c., ereCoral

(,\C ha e f H *11nnCH it) ) I)0L p pult iJ n0Ws, hI u\\ , has1\ ',s i e\ d 11 Punta~

Naran 'iito d h LrCIn/o.
upil i (I blkcks anid tb alIi III lo;1 Ih lalk n/I

the SI PA ( Mc('ullou nI d others I 1 ! 

The SIPA has numerous permanent and The upland )ck are

intermittent streams. some \\ ith \\ aterhliii'. About Iehalf of the area's axerace 3000 mm of annual rainili ThI JI lOrl Sherman plaid. loca .tW 11)1h o th

is iilterceptcd and c\ aporated directly back into the (haircs Rixcr 'imid (Ist o I limon ii. w iII the

atmosphere, or is absorbed by trees and later hi guest 1011poi t I I I.

transpired (GE A Consuiltores, S.A and Louis Bcrcer- T 1he Mindi I lills. Iowx id iounlded. situated

Intiernationa IInc. 11)99)). The rema inuder escapes to betwxec the (hacrcs Rix er and 1 mon Kay

the ocean b\ means of streams and rix ers. Seasonal SIroIiIdC hy thexai'iatiol in rainlaill produces greater avcruc fos I m\\ hlad. tile\ c\tIcld ncarlx I ki n1 iorilieasit 1

during the Wet season. ait hough heax\ doxw npours at soiitheIIxcst id are aboit 1. km ll \x iie I hii Il ih

any ti me xiIll causc high runoff1. the steep siopcs 0f point is X In.

the SLPA produce many intcrmittent wxatcrfails duIrinw * Th Pina-cobai hichiands, 1he most r111cd ol

iainstorls. the lmost notable beinc cox enicentl tile uphimd areas. Located soith ot thic (hlres

located alonc the Gatun Locks-i scobal Road (S IM betxecei ( Gatin Lakc md the ( aribbean Sea I heir

just abo e (at Li Iake. The most spectacular

xwaterfali. which is about 20 Ill hich, is a 4-hour hike AC& uphi areas ranle 1r1m moderate\ ill to

from ( Gatun iavmi alonc the Ticer Trait iucgcd (Mcuiiouch and others I56) I xes atiolns

The major rix Cr or creeks that drain the Si PA ailon ti1e narrix riduCcs celcra liy dccliniie Pruoim

area 1lo\\ into tile Caribbcain Sez or 111111 a (ii. eisterly \ i 1h points toward the \\ est and iorthiixxest.

3I. Tie main drainage lines arc to the northxxcst and aliex s bctxxcen the rides arc ilarrxm id steep, and

xxest. \\ ith some smaller stremals llox in northeast slope> o445 or more are common. ILarucr strialls

11110 Linm16n Bay or so thwst into the (hares haxe small loodplains along their lo er reaches.

(NIcCuil 1 ough and others 1956). DIi rect dra inUe Where these rides and xaI\leyx reacI the (a rihhea ll

hrom the scarps bordering Gatn Lake is limited to a Sea. tile\ terminate in a series 01 cliItI Ieadlaimds and

narrow\ strip of land east ofI the ( iat un I ocks-EscobaI cox c beaches.

Road ( S i). I lree loxx land areas arc reCOcnied ( M I(1loich

The Cihagres, the largest rix er flow ing thronch the and others I06) fi.

SLPA. separates the area into a northeastern one-third I [le ( 1agr-Miniia-(atun 1 oxx lands are ike

contain in Fort Sherman. and a southwestern lwo- largestI Thex e\teid alon, the ( iales roi its

thirds containinu the Piia Rance ( Ti. . The Indio mouth to (atun LI ake. and encompass the \lo inca

and Necrita Rixerci and Paulino (reek llox into the Sxxamp aid surrounding, ilds keIxxeeii 1ke I oi

Charges from the south. and the Mojinca. C01120 and Shernan uplads and the \lidi I ills

Buena Vista Ri ers enter h-om the northeast-. the imon la lo land>. ne\t il si/e lie east

Numerous rixers or streams also enter directix. into the of the [ort Sherman uplands. 0Outh of Toro Poin.

(aribbean Sea, the largest of xwhic arc the Iclesias. and north of ike Miiidi 1111' l 1e ( itlnl I

Grande. Naranjitos and Arenal. The A\uadnlce and Shrmini Road IS2i aiiiaiil\ separates the

Petitpie Ri\ ers and Morito ( reck are the mIao ( hacies-\lojinaailiu I o\\ kinds Ioii Ikle

xwatercoLirses that 1loxx into Liiimon Bay. Tle Pida Limia I oxulands

Medio. Ircinticinco. and Pro idencia Rix ers, and the . Th ( aribbean she lxwlands the smCallesi ire.

Crematorlo and \renosa (reeks. are tributaries that rance from Toro Point I) the ( la es Rix er I e

floxw out ol 1he SLPA to the xxest. and ultiiatelx in1 loxx lands are a discontinuous strip siiuate1 kctewen

the Caribbean Sea. The Mojinca Samp. located the sea aiid the 20-im conitorli

north of the (lures. drains into the Ccres \ ia the

M~ojinea Rix er and into Limo6n ax x ia Niorito (reek. The lowlands are l. poorly drained ind huh

altered b erosion. \\ ater comlllll e er

con>iderIbe areas.

I
( )imatic data bOr thI SI PA\ are \ iIlablc IoiMI t\\()

stations. ( iltn I ocks ( 9 6 N. 7,) k' \ t and

I ung stuth tl th( Caibcain hirricanc hct. o((co Solo (12 N2 7) 53 \\ locsscd dat in

the ( tuni statiil incliide: rainlal, rccoidtd rom

1 1-nr h I 9W to I ( N: inlciise rain Ialis. cst imaitcd frtim data J \\Ct sistII io Max to ocner and a drx seasti

11 (11 1 )CCCnIhI I)Ci I AI) I- I hI II i I n lt I I rcollctcd c tbewI\ 1908 and 1041: c apI rattnI : aI d

a1d ihicrs tI)SO). I h x\ct seisiiol, Uit\ crncd y the \ Ind direction and xelttcity. Data From Co(,ctt Solo

ap ton til thc lntcr- I rttpical ( ttnx crocncc , iicludc xIlld dircctitin Id \clocit\, and axcrai

is uiinil m II tem pcratnrcs, hitp.h h/iimiditx. ie ir lIativc lhumiliidity. ican teI m 'eratur IV was ast

h cc'c- arid rcqnci ix N (conx101 cl h i ttil a. ) c cctt(crdcd Irttmii 1976 to 1978, 1Q5 to mi) 2 and Irom

ht~e C',,111 l'IC(IICI~ C mect~lA1984 to 191) I lc\ \ raintals arc t Itcn accompIllCd y thundcrI4to

liahtCin., and occasittnally. h\ hii \ minds. I )tiiitu a RainltIll and teiperaturc from tle dilcrCnt stations

10omal \ca11 the cnltrc coinir\ recei\cs an ax crauc ol hax c hccn combined in a climatic diaurin ( i . 0 ).

0I mm ol rainfall A prttnOunced rainfall radCin Ihe mhCM aiinnal rainill is 3022 mm yar and is

\ cri. ei1st s across Ihc sishmus ct\ccii the ttaly seasoial. JanIiiuary to April. the dry season.

( arihhcaii and Paciic sihtincs. Mean annual has mican monthly rainialis ctwx celi 42 and 125 mm

rantall ailtti the ( arihcan is ahtt 3000 111mm ycar, month. May thron-h Dcccmehr., the xxct seatn. has

xhcrcas th PIaci Fic recC cs ahout oiIC-ha that rainlIlls hctxccn 25 to 500 mm month. The driest

amt01nt ( Kcnnct t) 2

' Ts ) PI I I lanamta s and xettcst months arc March xxwith 42 mm. and

(ari cani cntriancc to the canal. dcspitc its grcatcr Nox cmhcr \\ ith 500 mm. Tecmpcratrc is rcmarkahly

rainial. rcccics an a\crac ot neary onc-hall honr consistent throughout the ycar. rainii Irom 2.8 C

n11ric td sunsielic pci da\ than le IPacilic cntrnIcc in Scptcmher to 27.7 C in April and May.

tt the canal.

500 Monthly rainfall (Gatun)

Total annual rainfall = 3022 mm

Monthly temperature (Coco Solo)

Mean annual temperature 27 2 C) 400

300 

C)

C 200 

100

30

T 20

10

0 ---0

J F M A M J J A S 0 N D

Month

121( L I11, du knh thc Im I \1" (l 0 \
()iperno and otlcr'- 99 I). V Imonsequnt I lid

and uplind taxa grwC\x tocthcr in Io\ 1L1id mrc as

Relative humridity averages 7 percent for tile enIInre

species assemubkaws nlot seenl today\. I ultmr:huie

year, ranging in the low 70s during the dry season. Md

in i~c mi- durnt~ tolti~-7t~ lk ~ ~ he climtai ol thc SLlP\ arc a nmattcr ot speculation In the mild- to higoh-70s during the remaind~er of the hclmtofieS-A r atr()

but could occur. If thc carbon dioxidc concunatI'Ion n

year. Mcan annual evaporation is 1040 mm and mcan

annual evapotranspiration is 1535 mm ((ilA t atinospherc contiutic to incrcaic. tcipcraturc \\ II

probably incrcasc as cill, iad raintlil patcru'1 iay Consultorcs, S.A and Louis BcreCr Intcrnationala

chiange Wondit 199'N). 5eScnal pttern of rainkall

Inic. 1999). would then bccoIC critical part icularly i ldry scasonIs

Wind velocity ax cragcs 16 km hour during the wrc pronounced.

cntirc year. From December to April, the mcan wind

velocity ranges bctxecn 19 and 24 km hour: th e Humn Iu/lin 

remainder of thc year, it ranges betwccn I 10 and 14

km hour. Wind dircctioii at the (Jatlin station is

predominantly from the north, and at the Coco Solo ScveraII ndian groups uscd Panama as a uatcway

station, predominantly from the north-northeast (GEA tween cutral and South Amcrica ((riamianin ol

Consultorts, S A and Louis Bcrger IntcrrationaI, Inc.American States 197 1) (appendix C). The disco\er\ of

1999). The dry season along the Caribbean Coast is projccti I points uscd by 'palcoindians' ncar Maddcn

characterized by strong winds, localDl called Dam, about 5)) km Cast ofthe SLPA. deionstratcs

northerss.' that may' avcragc ncarlx km hour. that hunters of larIc mammals ( mcgaiifau.na ) Occupicd

and occasional ly up to 9) km hour (cnnctt 1 929). Panaa about 9,000 B.C. ( Bird and Cooke 1977, Jaen

Although not of hurricane forcc, winds of this Suarc, 1981 ). Until 31,000 B. these nomadic groups

velocity wht hcer associated wi th dry season x\ minds of two or thrcc fais probably camped tcmp rarilx

or thunderstorms can snap or uproot largc trecs. collcctinc fruit, and kill inc nam bcforc moxinc on.

create forest openings, and stimulate regeneration 

of the forest. Corcs drilled in the (iatun Lake basin by the

Panama Canal Company durng the carlv I 9%06s hax C

pro\idcd a lon series of scdiiint datcs used to

Interpret changes in climate, vcgctat ion, and human

Although mcan climatic data are usCLul a Zr ac0\avInes, meCLudimg ag1_rICultLIre (Bartlett anld

charactcrizing average conditions, extreme values are g' a

Barghoorn 1 973), Gooke and others 19%0). T he dates

often critical to the survival of the flora and fauna of

were largely siabstantiatcd by phvtol ith ic ( phytolyths

a region. During the 1982-83 E'l Nifio event, nearby are microscopic pieces of silica formed xxi th in tle

Barro Colorado Island received 25 percent less-than- analyses cl Is of living plants) -lye (Pipcrno I985 ). average rainfall because of an extended dry season I II untcr-gathcrers were present in the C shares \alley Leigh and others 1990) consequently. many bctxxccn 9_100 and 7,000 ycars ago. x cn raIn forest

components of the scmicvergrcen forest suffered high coxvcrcdthi e.MIz p01lcen has bccn found in

mortality. Moreover, heavy rainfalls at Gatnn are not oedthar.malplenasbn MidII

comolity. NF'ocvr h1cy rA.tI atd Ltdn arrc ifrcshwatcr sediments and peat deposited after 7,000

common (GEA Consultorcs, S A and Louis Bcrgcr Wars ago, somc of which appeared to be associated

International, Inc. 1999). Rainfall rates of I 1) mm xvith acriculturc (Hart lctt and others 199) A\ fcr th is

hour for 5 minutes, or 130 mm hour for 10 m i nutes, or cid a-lcxcl can c rd th habta. fir to

period, Sea-leveI lianges altered the habitat, first to

65 mm hour dUrin an entire hour, average once per mangrox c, and later to freshwater (WCooke and others

year. Similarly, rates of 230 mm/hour fOr 5 minutes, 1)

20011111110,1- 0 m nuesor12511111111,1- fr or ll 1996). Betwecen 2,900 and 2,050 B.C ., hum111ans, CLt anld

200 mm/hour for 10 minutes, or I 25 mm/hour for at-n undtcIrs.adpanc rp.Tcinrain

i ~burned tile forest, and planted crops. T he increasingly cltirc houir, arc cstimatcd to avcragc on ce pcr 100 human presence on the landscape can be secn in the

years. Heavy rainfalls may precipitate local landslides

or case sol crol~ll.VIrtuLJ disappearance of trece pollenl, e\ en that of Car]y or causc soil erosion. scnayscis secondary species.

During the last part of the glacial period, froof i The origin and greater use ot'domestieated plants 20,000 to about 1 1,000 years B.P., the climate in In CetraI Amcnca took place In tle period bctxx ccn

central Panama was cooler and drier than now 7.000 and 5( )yars H.C. lI ms I975). A(cniculturc

1 3
d m Ma111 -s m i'mr l a pei d ()pp()rntyl I'lr [lder\\ aIr resea rchl and hme1\

h\ne I hmling! 'td -miheinmg hetw cln .0l tractcd prp sl o~r c ploraliOnl 1111d a a

(mce o n charactclri/cd Ib\ Ihc I( Poial nma~ '000. DkaL"Ill 1 00').

1, 1lk '111011 lot frIt t r Il" n ld Itubel :u lturc hc I\\ cc In

)m m-g th Il c (11,1 1()Illof dlcd tcl\ 111cs ch illla (acbans o ei le. ctrcd '1mL

1,11e tkm u nn a po a l li id 'l -bmul the CoasIt (fl th: -)[ P.V I, "ICe Iped III 11hc Iegac% of

IH H) d as im rd al to 'tbmut _ .AAM to IIhe Iurt II ag O\ILl ()1 ol m u .I 502, ( (ILumbusLl'

0 0 )0 h1 \ VD, 1500 (.IlaenSul re 19NI I. \t the ttineo diso:(r erd Ilhc ( hlrs i ler callin1(- it "a ats

-1 e 111c (d I urWIpedlms. Podl l 1' I'Crtile 1,11d. after ,lliatlr (een the hik,, ( '(lumbus ls

maneous nteshed. ad abuNIII ntI \\ IldlIfeetbice h 111Cea 'Cett~llm t \m obr dc DiWI.

111di'm chicfdomll (I Ichml 11)71 1 11C 1re ro psreatd POrHOb)IO. abhout 40 1\1m 10 IIhe norHIICJt Of theo S[TA.

to te (lube as f ( lom ia te (una. III,, (lio. tld hcklir returing~ to spain., IhbInd()ned hII" rve

'11d lhe (1111\ mi \\cre Pro:\, ln then. IImd arc 1til1 ( ndI l 11 thI out II O fII (Ithc Rclenl Ris r. Ibout IM)

Ilmind today IDaga (CCrH1C (osyB c u of k\1m to 111C \\ect ()I tho: SI P\ ( Kelih 'Imd ()oher 1990

int1ducd isease , \ir, tmid 11hc i is rm n t ,, u )I 1f(ioCthlll ( 1I)I,5) CaIllcd ( 011,um1b111 -the 1 ractid cal

1nd 'n ds k) Co ' 01 lahor III n11n1c mid ag icuhlurc, founlder of, the P 111,1n ( anal entcrprise. 1 0r he i a

()nH \ thmut I OAMO)( ()I 111c 111ri1g1nml ilh h t d 1)1-(e )rt o r~ o)Se d \\ Jter hIIIJ \\ a.\ Irll l I Ur(ope 10

P Imin , ur is~ I\ d fthe S mihCMInque t IB n e Cllcl \Ia. tho, A1\ti1mtic ( )ccIII

JLIen I ut e I T I. \ Qle a I I I lie \\aer" ol f o mbr do: I )io)" 11d Portlohelo

TIrIII I -lu l ar~chacologi2c,1l si1c, d tin 111Ch becam eI thc restIlin, pLice: for at 1 a1 30 e el

I oce ( clunic Peri d I \ . OW) to) 1600) har1\ I been het\\een I 03 mid I81 N ( olmnial P,111l1m1, 2000).

docume[11d I'Ch P tIqilla~ C011Cing01 \UncIMMi! NMleou age d 1111p, \oCIC ls o lt III Or n1Mr

abhmut 7" km1 ,omlhmcsl )I Ihe -,I M\ ( InriL, 10 8 111C ( h1a1gres River. 1, lollh s: "Ce r rl 11It-11)( omed

)nc sItc appears h) represclit nwt (11ly the ac hic t' rIullpmrWin tras r fr(ImI P,1nam11, 1() P()rtobhcl

cit w hilll but ,( ls h i I \ I prm c rwtd (3.Nt)iulk 111 10 1 1) 111 thlc f lgr s l\c ()I If ICIll\ l o i

')ll lij ) ( )IhIr ctuhurtal rcsources on () he 1hiC 1(,t III I 0_0 ()n reel", at 1he mouth od,1the

rence on inIude A cl / -ie -rlimi h ges hem rc a t ,hip ( hapcroni unk in I I1

N ri. ald111r111C.l phe l AvI sik .- ld t he mcn i t, s e s e tlttiell u i fi

\j l 'l ( W w IlaPh Ic C\plorat lw ) l >n Ihlilcre dill 1L, A\dIIlIral Vcril(I)ll",'t ck 111 1 -40

P 1 n' h1d . Ihmul 20 I'm \\""I ill 1 M\. reporic ted loi sl I(n I6 ml unildeniliod treasure _mllcon l (11p i

(d'1)(l iinll mwd r illicnls anld unlo~ c er I p()Wsherd' \ntonio) dc lima mtlk (m ilhe reehf c11 n )r 1unt1 de:

\, ut st u t s ( Iltirun , 195 1 Irj l.t ld 1thC sip I I lloticarial \u s llost nearl ilhe

I ) Il,, t it c ( th ' 1 P 'L do" a alii

nmidc 111h,01-111,1r11\ kil-ck| H Ihe)

I t wh c ) \ 1JI thc surll \ re C% in I h, Ill 1 c 1C i'thmul s w here.k: hrom~ IC\ 1)i 111 01i t I rld . 1hC

Ill,-,th ( hx_ rcs PI c\ . hbichl hcI()c 111c ho:ciune Ihe i rc I u~rpeAn 10 Ck! 111c P Iciic (e a

uden~ h (i n ),im. Could hC cO\ CrCd h\ ( hl n 19' 1) IOn 1f111h 1CI II f e enm n

il ll \\atcr duill thl e Ilic s\\ s \\Js mor ed Ill Panalma ( i1) w il"h \\,I hinkoed 1) trlad

I % n I II1 C le c K f I a CdI CI0,CupIA t ill Nombr dC DI \s AII aly a, I5 1 hl \ c 1

\ I I mm kCH reen eIkai an esh wc pa rd rd ( w.1cs to) cmdr l I'lr I ImssI LCATrOs

1n I it I (ili Io (), Ire Ic Ihe It u ( \1sm n % 1 ,1 "1 r t h

mI

d c

M Ilk IM 11n h)te 1 s ee C k1s thc (Ill\ crnw (ll P Inmllna k) Cxplh th I rc mlilh (11

t IT C I~a a \90 C Ih I la r )Ie Ao I st C to k Ct I a a I I

tCL

I~ ~ I cre I Io ia Ie IP ci i (C IIn Ii I Irt Io q e e I P 4 C 11 11ru1 1 1 1Ck 

1t II c I I C1s th~ cn cain Iein I

tIe c I

4 1 \\re k' pI)I \ lkde, all Alld \ 1 i c Iwlt, 1) 1ea l X Ii) Ill 1 4 . tllc I 'ls

( t u " II s Iail fr lm P'lnalm l it- ill 111 11he 1 m Out thl
@

@

@@

Site Feature and location Probable age

A Ceramic and bricks, south banks of Rio Lajas Colonial

80 m from confluence with Rio Chagres

B Bricks and stone Historic

C Stone wall, 100 m from the confluence of Historic

the Rio Lajas and Rio Chagres

D Vegetation anomaly, mouth of Rio Chagres Perhaps old colonial building sites

E Ceramic fragments near Rio Chagres Prehistoric

F Ceramic fragments near Rio Chagres Prehistoric

G Old stone well, 19"' century bottle fragments 19" century

H Road with cobblestone Colonial

I Road with cobblestone Colonial

J Silted dam with pipe running into Bahia 19" century

Limon north of Punta Limon

K Road with cobblestone Colonial

L Artillery gun emplacement World War I to early 1940s

M Artillery gun emplacement World War I to early 1940s

N Chagres town site 1600s to early 1900s

o Pair of railroad ore cars, 0.5 km west- 1880s, French Canal construction

northwest of Punta Pulpit

P Heavily eroded ceramic sherds Uncertain

0 1
I IIk w\i Irs! csiablishid: coPnI\tcntl\. \\hstr I7I I I ach of th ri chs. th longest of

I I SpaIn I()Isaw ihI nccd >r a iort at the 1hich is 2o0 m. casuircs abort I M \ idC and I.2 m

I uh c, pmIt ic O siis oILd ioutC O\ C1 dCCp. I ort ( Iatn. nox iloodcd \I (iat in Iakc. 'as

inu I I lsc \CIC t I Iceinni nIs of SpaIIisII situaitd aI t IIc con IlteincC of th C 1haurCs and ( alun

1111 11 l uiiiaiii. onc of tle ife areas in the Ri\ crs, jboit 120 it \erticaiI\ and 1 .0 kim hori/ontall

H I] I o\ iid, tile ci ClI \ci\ l controlled Iromn tile trcnciics. Il pnI pOsC 16r tile ti c esi\ c and

diUlI I Ihi colimaI period (C Ills 1,,, 1 ci-constIuccd ticnchcs is nnccrLain: ho\\c\ C. tile

I Sai Iorcn/o \as coinstrictcd in sc\ ciril staics )illIti)Ilil i 1" it a i tcp and blnid

iartli paapct held \\ ith stonic. The stralcgic location

I)cii m 1993) In I 1587 and I 55. trenches \wCrc duI

to _,aId lh1 ri\ c i im o th lith ca nion . Ill 1 59 5 A ( I 17 1 ci

flat iorm and to\\cr \\cc constrncid about N m (bo)e h

"CA lc\l c)in tile side of a cii It) 1n IQ7, thc Saiwh Isackcd I ort Saii I orcii/o and then tra\ cled ailon the

M HMu Swamp11 shorelinele to 1-im16n H ay. I rOute thalt

konItractcd tile itaiim CiiniiCCr Aitonlcii to constRict \Ioiii(a Sap loi to I inikii 13. tica

)Oui hila passct below ihc rcnchcs. Perhaps I hc

a \\alcr ic\ci battcr\ to dcicnd ILK ( hautcs Ri\ ci at irenc lcs wo erc intended Or tile dcte eisc of I ort (Katin San Orci/. I -or the nc\t 40 \cars. the batter\ \\as - ~~sloihiu I' )rt San L orcino tall to i nvadcrs. ;\nilk!her altaked, birncdL iitk 1 o1 iscpaii) and rcbuiht

tiii i possibility\ is that the trenches \wctc bnilt as a last

NO11hi1n- k:11111n1 Ol'theC h)Mery todJy (MImneyC id tllcals kf Ode ieinsc to \\h1ich ri\cr i nhabi Ianills could

eseiii casc koi attack.

Ill the i0X(),. 1-oil SI I 1, ic2/0 \\as coinstRicted

iil its cuiiicnt location at 23 aho\c sCa lc\ Oi kn a

ClIlT aM tile mlOUthI Of theChre RIver (Dan 0C 1I )(-

ia i "Spamish Mlain' OriuinaIiy rcfcrrcd to the

/apatcro I)3a, )Nb). I lie \\ aills o thc iort on Soti :illCti (OaSt bclc PaiaM alt tii (Itiii

tiic laiid\\ard sitic \\ci-c p)1-)idCICt b\ al i0-in1 \\ RIC of Paria ( Robcrts 9 i)40. later. ho\\c\ r, it \oas

diy 1mia w\Ilh a dr'muhnd _e. EHe fOrt had a parade d\iiihaxI c\paIldcd to include the adjacent ailds aid \\atcrs oi

"grMind and "C\erAl ClCO"ed cells deslignd for1Iiik a s ic s ci s c( central Aicrica and tile (anibbcM. arcas \ visited and

thc Ck111,1n1CiI)I iiiiiic lPiis()nkis iid tlc sttoragc otra\ crscti y Spansh uai ikllens a icr id iun gold in the

c(uiipiiicnl id snpplics. Ill 1 74X, the Spanish \c\ i lhc tisco\ct\ Of IeRtis noiti icd to tilc

aMiIdoiicd the ( iiacs ot or tile isIitis.

tise oithe "Camill nink RcaIll iM PIama the rontc b\

piicrioi~iin_' tlia\ci ai)uiiid tiletill)kOi Sontil Aillcrica M \\ich a ll merchandise had to pa"' ilen crOkssinn the

( apc 1101ri. Irom tiat tiilc uiiitil he Lite Y cCIltiriai - ISthmus11' ( NM IIm Cy Imd G( iano111 1958. MInlter 1 '4, the: C m itm rillrnment, 01, ich Plialma \\as iitcrii 1973 1 lI\) rOtCs. ho\\we r, actUally c\islcd

11hCn I palrl. useCd tile JOr- 1 tP] 11p 011. ii Panai a. I lie -( aniio Rcail, iscd drill tiie dr\

I c i sietcs a ss !a citd ia1inl V it i oloil ad season wil\as lOcattd bct\nccii Palanma Cit\ and Noillbic

I centuri \uh ilitai\ acti\ ties CiC i otiid dirin( i ios .ic Th iliio de las (rucc>; l\w0-thirds Ofi

sc\ ca i c nii iiissicc trips tiro i Ile SI Ill \iwhicii w as ilc (ia res Ri\ci. \\,as i sed diriilg tile

1)7) ( bc iaher 1 Q7) ( I) I ie most imporant sitc \xc scasol. Ihe c(uiccs I aiil \\elt iikrim IainaMia C it'

\\ sI r1 Sail I OiCii/ aii ii s1ir iO iii tri ,ii 1iikt i-ii the i i\ ci sCttiklmicilt kif (rcces. (1O\\ 1i tle

iiicliii thi siris oi tih ( iaics R'ivc, hr\ci an ( harcs Ri\er past (ituiiI iii to Iort Saii I orln/o.

inieouii)s sutllemilcilt once cistd. ( iold. siI\ cr, and and then onto POrIo lO \ ia the (aribbean Sea.

khiki )OkiS \ri siiippti irom PIri to Paniamiia ( Iy, 'onIsticIioni ()i tile Pkilaiia C anal iloOdCd uLCh Of

IncK, bi iilc n i ii I as ( iuces Taii hcic it tile to\\ n oi1( ruccs and portoils oi tie caminilo Rcal

s k) hC- e I iao i s, antid hoat to I ort Sai I Oicii/o. Iiiatcs bcuai aickin iil ( kast IOLiii

\1111o Iitu l lil as, Immn as 00 "Inimlals were-d I 301) t

In I 3I , Sit I raicis Drakc cillrcd tiic ihaics

iri i aiI sacked (i rccs. piLndcniiCi batncs on toIe

\ A . i I X ii d k ie C11tioits tO 1ottii (Maso 1,42. PItersoin 1971. Ill I n 7. \\ ]ii the licip

P ano i e Siuish c\Ci i\itCd si\ ticirciics totliin Of cscaipcd \Ficai sia\ Cs kiio i as (ilatrrois

III mIl I nth o (a! m flill oi the \\ost bank oi th (\1 initcr 1 04N. I )trake tObbCd a imlulic traiin Ladcn

hawi i lp l I \iiti \ ant G(an J io I 5a, ith riasnrc bouid for \oimlbrc tic Dios. I lis Other

I 0
\ ventures i included attacks on Nombre de Dios, [he 1I848 diseo_ ery (f ld at SIilc mi1 m

Cartegena, the west coast of South America from Peru California caused '11dd e\ er d ['lh11 I rm thc

to Panama, aind CirCumnaVi'gation of the globe from I .S. I-astern seaboard \\est \ia se era l m1 jr eS.

1 577 to I 580. In 1 594. Drake returned from Ingland The first route was 48,)() ixm icios tle I[0 \iih

to again attack Spanish settlements in the Caribbean. Americaii plain by \ ah\ on train: the secon10i \\ bh

In 1596, he burned Nombre de Dios, and Portobelo ship to the month of Nicaracuas Sil) JIuii Ril. iic

snperceded it as the Atlantic port-o-call. Drake died northwest by bot to iake Nicaragua thIien to the

later that year and was buried at sea, Where his Pacific Coast port of Corinto nh staeea ch. then (m

remains lie somewhere in the shallow waters off to Califoinia by ship. Another rouile \\as a 25 (At-kiii

Portobelo an appropriate place for a buccaneer trip by ship around Cape 1orn The 1ast aIernIati\e

Vho, as a young man, gained fame for 111s Caribbean was o\er the I stim us of Panama. Ihe trip iniCl uded a

exploits against the Spanish. canoe ride begi un nn at tle liouth I tle Chares.

known then as "Yankee'TO\\n." ' followed hy im m erkind

Perhaps the most famous of Caribbean adventurers

trek by mule or foot south to Panama ( it\ on the

was Sir Hfenry Morgan buICCaneerI, adirIIal, anld

Pacific Coast. then north to the U5 vest c )ast h ship. Lieutenant Gjovernor of Jamiaica ( Bennett 191 S,

Earle 198 1. Forbes 1948, Lindsay 1 951, Peterson The gold rush attracted reckless, i mpaI in t lort tIne

1975, Roberts 1940). Born in Pencarn, Wales, around seekers not accustomed to hardships. (GIambiers,

1635, Morgan may have first sailed as a seanan in murderers. speculatorS. cheap politicians, and

search of wealth and adV\enture, although some prostitutes \\re in the majority alone the Panama

suggest that he sold himself as a bond sla\ve in Canal route (Perez-Venero 1978). Chacres in those

Barbados. Using Port Royal, Jamaica, as a base, days was a "1no man's land,'' an iucom fortable p ace

his early plundering included Puerto Prinucipe, Cuba, with frequent cIIiture clashes, all kinds of vices. and

and Portobelo, Panama. In 1670, Morgan ordered the people from the lo\\est social stratum ( Periera ii mcne/

attack that left Fort San Lorenzo in ruins. In 1671, 1964). All this was happening without protest on

after a forced march across the isthmus with about anybody's part a veritable American 'wild-west'

1,200 men, Morgan sacked and burned Panama City, atmosphere. Travel on the Chagres to Panama City

the "greatest mart for gold and silver in the whole was jLIst as had too f\ boats, miles, or horses fr

world" (Minter 1948). transport, exorbitant prices, no guarantees for

anything. Everybody traveled Lit their m\wn risk.

Once back at San Lorenzo, Morgan deceived his

own men, loading his ships and returning to Jamaica The gold rush and the need for an efficient E astWith the bulk of the stolen goods (Minter 1948). West mail route in the UInited States stimulated the

Morgan was soon deported to England, where he was constrmction of' the Panama railroad (( ri core 1 997.

confined for his Panamanian exploits after England Kemble 1943 ). Between 1P848 and 1869, neary

and Spain signed the Treatv of the Americas. Bribing 6000.000 passeiuers along \w ith S710 million of

his way to freedom, Moigan was subsequently treasure shipments tra\ersed Panama (Kemble

appointed Lieutenant Governor of' Jamaica, for which 1943). D)rii l the construction oft le rail road between

he received the customary honor of knighthood. 1 850 and 1 855, more than 6,000 people died froi

Morgan's remaining years w ere spent in Jamaica, cholera, dysentery. malaria, yvel low feer. smallpox.

where he died in A ugust of' 1 688. During an and other maladies. \n otien i quoted. though gross y

earthquake 4 years later, his grave, located on a point inflated estimate for deatuHs Mhile builin tile Ia iiroad

along the harbor, went "Into the sea, to the sharks . . . is that onie man died for e\ erv tie placed along the 75-

while the earth opened as though the devil himself km track (Grigore 1997, MCle(nloughi 1977). Maps of

had come to claim his own at last' ( Lindsav 195 1. the railroad route idieCate that its closest approach to

Between 1739 and 1742, Admiral Vernon attacked the SI PA may ha e been ill the \ic inity of the (Gat un

San Lorenzo, burning the town of Chagres but not Locks ( Mack 1944, ( )tis 1867).

destroying the fort (Deagan 1993). In the late 1700s,

piracy waned (Helms 1975) and the legacy of the

buccaneers came to a close.

1 7
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LI ILI III I 1()\\4411. (tic LL I , LU LA2l41lI X hW'< d' sily' \XC4 : XII 1441> ( 4L U Ill1 c4nr4 1 41oll

I A ),11 m1 )rilK 1 ar I rom junl e

ItEWc'd m duin 1 th\leIml ( A l. (ets te eld,, esey e r f cn \\s e is \allonwi" leCsilC m u iy h
quiet bakwaesaem usIs yrniusmt

propocd sea- i\i cnia

Soon ater discovery by the I'upedns, Pania Ioi many \ears ihe ( icicic> Rixi xi Ilhk n

\Us recogni/ed LS all important crossroads linkill' o debate i ihc pripiscd so -Ic\ ci cIIIl S1a1k:

wo occalls and two Contileilts. Paiiama \\as the fir st liiJh rlintll ini its edu r ciised Ilomdiic (d Ih:

European settlement ottering cOnx enient access to the Gjatlin L ld> .iid Of, III,( iliCr illood p Hi in

western coasts o'Gcentral and South Aimerica: iIldCed the SI lA. TIhe 1iiia1 dCCiwsin Ii build 8 tmail \i th

Simon Boli\1xar sumcsted the cotmtr\ as a potential locks mildatcd the con1i tucin I a dtim (m the

World capital should one exer be created (Pan ( Phaires 81(md the lorimtiol OH anun ak.

American Union 1955). lilixar 11 lsa il P lm I p sscnurs aboard ilhc iill) Iips ind criieic

"situIated LS it is inl the center of the wxorld. lookinI tht risC 8111 I fIll -' In \x II Ic ridi ! lihroWilh he lock>

in onle direction tox\ards Africa and Lurope. and knox much about thi canals past Tle mtanilct

eqiiIdIStanlt 110111 AiCric's txxo extremlities, as i dcitiiyl\ lhilo0py1\ of thc I Itilcd Siatili 1hw C1ntinic

capital ol peace (Collin 199). Access across the clihracter o TIedd RooC\sct (\ I Do ci I th'>

isthmus. beuim as an Indian trail was Iollowx ed b\ a IFrellcl attempt to Na Ix m cx er\ ihinc ph ible cr m

Spanish cobble road soon after the discoxcry ol tllc the sca-ex ci caialiasco, 8nd Panaun s indeicndecc

Pacific Ocean. a railroad ill 18 55 and linall\ a cImal lilt: Clorubia are all xx ox en ito tc ilrini n

in 1914. Exen before Paimla's independence tromll histor\ 0! the Pa11anlm ( 8l1 tile ci h w d ri mdci(

Spain. Panamanians 11ad developed \\ hat some the \\brld (\ciullouuh 170- )urini that isitoIx.

intellectuals described as a transitt" persolality 200 million lli of soil \\ere excm ated. threc loci

(Perez-Venero 1978). 1 heasui 3 x 300 Ill xxere built the Woil d'> iarLCct

In I 82 I Panama declared its independence from IEIrth (hil wl cIistIiructcd. Gatill IALe \\a, cr iatckd.

Spaill along w\ 1ith tile rest o' Celtral America. and dreafllb tropical diseases cie cnuly tiered. and a

joiIled tile RepLublic of IG' Creater (olombia (Colonbia path ay across tile i stllllus \\as opened tllc dram

and Ven1ezuela0 Whicll 1 alr eadyx aciCx eved lirst colcei\ed b\ the Spanish 400 xc i-s cirlici I lic

iil(epeildelce ifroill Spain ill 1819. Pamila brieiy canial. built at a cost ci 7 million. ioda> prox dcs

seceded firoill Colombia in 1830. and i for 13 sale pa''agc to 14.000 shi pci yeari Simon1 1P)0)

mllOinths il tile early I 840s. From I 210 to 1902, at Lilluortulnaicel\, > .1)1) humt111 lix es \\eie lost to disease

least 53 rex solution. rebellions, iisUIrrectiols. riots. durli1L tile coillbinled F rench 11imd I' S court 

and other outbreaks il Paiama indicated that the

Colol biall (GIerlimenili. Ceitereld in BocotI. xxwas

incapable of controlling the isthmus (Roberts 194(. Betire World \\War 1. ilcralrx rin ii xs \ Oe

Speller I 972 1 finally. in 190)3. Panama aeChiexed 011 ih18mar c8ises oi Iciest lCd oi ihe 'L \

independence frol Colombia. (fcC niltiul and ot01ers I9] 60 0, u. moil small

The idea oh constructinl- a canal across tile Lii Ilms aid some larger ones xrC ipcralin n11 r TIrii

istlmlllis, lirst coinceix eld by tile Spailisil ill colonial Point (ti.1 I imd ill the xx ai e d i lile .\irenli aid

tiIlles. xxas esliUrrcctcei b\ the French in Januiar\ oI \u'LiAiIilCC i'ix 3i> . Hi \ Il ' HO LInIdIIii bCd

188 ( Aroselena I 1. I larinic 018. \ illeas 11 1 oest remlalili bcIclx ( I iI m cl 81111on bilu\cenil tie

Promoted hy ml energetic Icrdilanid de L"esseps, a kLy \reilaI Rixci \ allex . >1t ki' I 110 il '1nd >1ul1h to

playr ill the construction of tile Suel C anal. the cilort 1i11111n Point

tell apart In \a\ I 880. ctier countless elineerin i

Liilures. lealtl Irobleills. d tile fillallcial 'crasW >e1 ymim at ie m h i tie Niian iR cr. and

of tie xortIlless stock of the French Canal (oilipany.

After building docks. lix ing (luarters. hospitals n111d P i i

offices. and e\caxatiiln an estillated 71) milllIlil i 11111C l 11 I oIlii( ii'Ii'Ii ondi !-im ohe

ol soll an amilount ewixaleit to txo-thirds oftlik

reiMoxd f'or tile Sue/ Caial- de Lesseps found his I Ciullxxa LIateril alsxx e >qualel r ld

drleamll coillneierld b tile PanaMllalial InIIgle. Toda. il 
IimIln> l Pini miid l~hier\ 'rit t \cieulturic al'.iii tracts of land fo~r acrienitrire )Jaen Snre! 1951,

vio'2,al rnc ' heCix211 the ( iaies nd lina McCulloih amd others 196). 1 arms xere established

I i\ l . illl) the 1n1111s 11 the xalle\ of the Plina in the Mindi 1i ills aid the lowlands to the cast. I his

\,I, OMs MhIki II 1 )d91 policy \ as altered in I 1935 \ hen, as a prexxar safety

;1 11,11 poyulatioins e\isted alow Ihe meastire, no new laids xxere leased and existing

(lrcs Rix r in I 912. the nmost famions 1eine the licenses could not be sold or transferred. Moreover.

S cn iurx iowi ot ( liacres, which xas near [or \\hei license holders died or mo\ed o1 the land, their

n I oicn/o \Mc( tillotih anti others 19( Pir pioxp ity rev ceried to forest. 13 the start of World War

196ni/ 9%4 n In 116 the toxn had 96 onses m IL most ot the lnd leased for banana pmltatiuon had

400 lo 500 )m hnabiats. It x as dIrinc the ( alil-nia been abandoned.

"Old rishIx h exer, \\]hen ( ha res serx ed as a

teml E1inis 16r both people and hreich1 that the toxxwn

had it, greatest poptilation. ( ix en the continal T I he I 99) population of (olon pro ine, including

dimaimd 10r 1oOd and forest products at that time, friur 'correctiientos ( Spanish territorial Mnits, the

it is uilikeix that iiy iest xxithin 2 or 3 km of the Jurisdiction of a ma\or appointed by the king) that

tox\ ii escaped citinnc. encompass the SIPA, ax raced f-om It) to 30 persons

\round I 912. a xiy fertIle strip of land beloxx i w\n1 ( Re1tdblica de Paami I 9(. At the sae ltme.

a,11ii dIl \,I , as iIltixatd lit coconnuts and I, the total population of the comm cities nearest the

i )t SLiPA xxas 775 persons. By 2000, the total population

)tlir lrms xer loctedneartheofI these communities had more than tripled to 2,375

Indto Rix ci, and at sex eral locations alonc the ( hares

Rix - er belox I, Jatnn. i ILtidlin thle pI) Ios e ion Sati Ipersons. Achiote had 363 persons, E-scobal .63., and

Pi fia 3)0. Awa from the immediate bouIndary of the Andres hacienda near the bend i the itx er. SILPA, the greatest number o I persons I ixe to the east

Agic lurlcrp ,'(Coonut I)Lhmtl[ionS, 11nd paZSture t aaalon the canal, and in and around the city of Colon; surroundeded the hlacienida. \t thal timec the steamship t

lands along the Caribbean shore onlN a ftew kilometers (hmiLres (cro ss toninaCe I 3.288) ow ned by a

to the xxest remain sparsely settled. , ubsid iary of tile I lImtd IFruIit Comlpliy, transported

baniias ron the loxx charges Rix er to ports in the The CuIrrent impact of these commniti it tes Oil the

Iitied States (Ad,tas ) 1914). Paiama disease Causetd SILA involxes clandestine timber cutting and hunting.

bx a I \u i uncus, hoxxer. xw as sO conImon il leal extract ion of plant materials. some harest of

xxithii the i-cion that Iiost I ariiers expected no m1ore mclxwood., fresIater and marine fi shine, and coffee

th 3 y ears f pr\M 0 titon befoIre oUtbreaks ( elnnett proItiutct ion nulder the forest canopy. The latter a type

1929) 1 he Cltix atiotn of crops sIch as corn. sInar of acrofotesiry widespread ill the tropics protects

caime pari crass, rice, a1 i11uimeroLs xecetables xxwas tile sot, Itee cCles nutrients. and proxy ides habitat for

coi)sidcired possihIe if protect tinIi from flooding animd I niierous species of animals ( Perftecto and others

adetLnate I drat ince xxct-c prOx ideti. Aimon the common I t)tN-%, W\n nderle aid Waide 1993 ). SUbsistence crops

Iropical fiuit s xxcwre mart Inis, axcads. plantains, sil ch as bananas and tuIbers are often eroxx 1i xx ith the

papayas, star ippl es, s1rsups. ra nees. Iimes, coffee. C of fee shade ofiien supports highii densities

pineapples. reatfrtit anti sapotes. It is highIyi hi ird species, especially miCgratits. xxwhose habitat

In I Iexl t[tat,, behiore 1)12, any si stable agri en itunra I reqin t recent s are li kely to be less stri ncent than

anId x thin the region remiainetid uncleared. resident species.

\ ier World \\a I, the banana industry expanded in Sexeral programs haxe been initiated xx ith the local

the ( anal /one. pat ticutlArly ill the hills ar-ounitd (Gattin communities. The Natura foundation (FuLndacion

I kc ( MIc(, illoiuich and others 1960) Ile largest Natura ) is xoirkinc through the Panamanian Centre

plitligs, ibot 6))l li xxere 1iast nIorth of I scobal. for Resea-rch and Social Action (CEA5SPA) to improe

ihucri Ilrc plaiutin's \xeie situated ill the ieadxxatcrs the pritidction of cotlee crops, to plant native tree

ln hi ni 1 i R ir l c the ( iatutnii I ocks-- scobal species, anid to introduce an ignana-breediig program.

P oI i S I Id iI tlhe \ 11itiI I Is ath loxx antds to 'I -ASP\ is also illx ok ed in elx ironmenital axxwareniess

Iih nith "m il ast \ ncxx polic\ wxs .idopted xx ithitn actix ities fit coiminit leateis and shoiilhildreni.

di ( n l /1 i n i m I a I llxx in the lease oif siall

2()
ThirIogh an interinstMIttiOnal agreement. ARI. The two major iiiItarx laci ieN ,n iK C \

ANAM, and IPAT cooperated to hire 15 Colon were the Fort ShermiIaM complex north ot the ( hae

residents to work as park guards to protect the SI PA. Ri\ er and tile Pii'ia irin RanCe soni ol the 

Training t6r the Cuards included first aid, patrolling (Jnngle lxpcrt 2000) ( tic. 1 I he Fort SiheiiIan

techniques, plt and animal identification, map complex had artillerx hateries and anti-airera i un

reading, and interaction with visitors. emplacements, both obsIIetc hy the mid- 1940s.

The Pina Rane had small arms firing ranJes a

Fort Nherman mortar maneux er course, a fire \ illace, aiid a

demolitions ran\e. Tlh 1 he drop /one and other

The Panama Canal was built when the battleship areas aIongc GJat(ian Lake wxCrC used t0r ai rb irne

was the major strategic weapon and being a great insertions and small boat operations. [le haress

power implied being a naval power ( Morris 1994. The Ri' er as also used Fir smal boat and tacial rix enine

canal's opening on August 15, 1914. was only I week operations. In the later years. Fort Sherman x\,as

after the outbreak of World War I. The defensi% e mainly used to lodge troops stationed on the

structures, training programs, and protective measures Caribbean side of the canal, making it an ideal

implemented at Fort Sherman reflected immediate site fr jutingle warfare train inc.

military concerns. During the 20' century, as weapons

and delivery systems modernized and international Batt, b/c H /il! /)l/in (,1 /I n // /t 6 0 1 n 0

relations improved, past concerns about belligerent lr ,n'Hr'/ d1) /./ ilnH , .xlI/ NI/ /n/lhI/ (n///0 

nations were refocused on terror sn. natural disasters, -I h' rt//I n II / h /r n / 24/i Itn/ s nI / I, / IHn 1 rr1n1/(h

and environmental protection. mm (IIn nH I/nHIm /In lO / . I/I,/ n in H

/ I I H 1/ n</ M0/ n// iO / Ii ill/ 1/

1p

A 

j- .1

W.W

*~~I - -.4'
In 19 5'I tile I S. ArIm dcshi unated Fort Sherman

mV )) h i m as the JunlC Warlire T raining ( Cintcr, later called the

n(,I! sitioiicd in the ( al /one Io iullc )pciations T raining Center. "to keep te airt

10n clIups for iIIIcpIndenc . In I1 O t he jlcle \\arfre ali\ c in tie ArIm . Th first trainees

w c lrtv () \\Ir relue ted plan" tow the dlenso \ere ro I P ana .bt ri h ininu for outside litlits

Ii hC alll at inll I t h bI ildii ani \\as mIitiated ill 1957. The ccitcr iormall\ rmtl It

(nimiC of I m r . i s n in \i iycles a" kiadricr IIr

h nI It) 1 r01 nosm\InI d CI\11 \\ar C()l IIm der \\V 1II I

usdh Slich r NMorris 4 Thirt t rp Mon 1994)s stuidcints in I and 9.145 in 1%7. N normal traininU

C\Ce I'Mr tieJ nle \11r11-re (OI_ , Iur An \ ed i Cd in ( )c tobcr. I1 J l \p it 2Q I 1 0 1 1 I f ic \ r000 1 ten

u11 1ruction bcuii l TI Point (Brvn 1941 iidix idnal I , ldicr. snail nit. and company skills

(JunleI I-pert 2000. MCIoe )" 978l I Q O . nce the small \( UIlloiul md others 19 560 1rom this tim until

iortlx ahcr Wori \Wr Ii, Fort Shcrmian rnciiied nit \as proficient iln iigle operations. fieid traininIc

hiei\ ii lli r iid to proici th Iunania ( maii ilii ed to company, and occasionally to hatalion

inclndinu the Atmntic port of ( ristohal and the cxci cxcrciscs.

(lulnn I ocks. In thc mid-1970s. I ort ShermaiI \\ as desiunatcd

as the training area hi'r the 1.S. Arimy School of the Hctwccnii l2 and 1924_ scs en hit terics ( mArd

A iiicricas .iul le ratioss Traiin ecntcr hased Ilm\,i rd. Kilpatirick, M ic Kcn/ic. Vmo er, Prat, and at 1F lort It(11ik(1.12CI Guitlick (Jiunglc E xpcrt Iel2 2(tt)(b 0 ) IlM 112 ITraininic Stamlc\ named aier ( Il \\ir coiIIandcrs. xxcrc

1)ro00grams, Ill\ k\ed lInst ruct imnl h~tllioll Ic\ el constrIctcd at 1-ott SicHirman alouL' its llorrlcrn pio

shorcinicC ( Not ris I 94) ttIAhc ItI. lach itad I tcchcllIcs of junglrle srial and opcratlonls bIr

dcfcii,'ix c \\,Ill. r-otifx cannon.0 anld hnnkcrs thc Unis from the continental U.nitcd Statcs. In 1976.

the fIort also became the home oft he local army's "toraIge, (d 111110i01n' tMd eomm niction eq ie t,

sI lii (iuf iiIiiiii d ciit cati 1c\iciNoncomm issionied ( )tficcr's Acadcnm ( De Miena

S995 . ( otherr training t progralims offered thruIrigh the statiicnd at obscr\ atioiI points somie locitcled at a

coiisi(lci,1C ahlc cliancc. I mie Us &II~dh Aik'i I I---99) incNI dcd ilhcI En itnlers Ju tin ie Warfire Course.

dIi riML World \\ar IL as xx itncssed h\ the attzick on which uaxe c rater emphasis to dcmolitions imd

Imohiitv opcratiols. arid the Air (rxew Sur\ i\al

\ li( o c i I I h rh mii m ad e t ese in C tic xx C st l ic iar,11-C c c t I C o Ursc , \\ hich em phasizcd basic surx i\ al, Cscape, (M\c( im clrn 1998). dci ci ol winu the war, the large_ coastal 'Id \Iso t:11W C. si c x ciiiii ~x rc.iarid c\ asl~ tor tcrllncus. d nI seII,,IC \\e " \er disma it lcd. The battcry sites.

lii\\c\ crratit in ld rclatici o coition Islciics The 1 S. presence \\ within tile C anal Zone x\as a

of carlici military ia. source of conicn ion durinic much ii thc 2) century.

In 1%64. tile flao riots related to socrci(rint of thc soainw_ Iin 1()43 [Olt SheM an1,1 wa S uISed V, tIMinama CIMal rcsuIltcd in 21 deaiihs arid morc than lmilar \ tr,;IlnmlL '11 101r tile PIellic 1 hCJIter beCCIuse )\O IIIC O ' 'ef-i ~ 1C 011)(

()its Itruxcld tcrri , inilibl% that of the mItil a R gMuC 4t) x onI c d I ( iAf 'r a \ lc I and

thituc I xcri 2lt~t~Ni tl~ pi~l\ f\ ~ WS ubscequent l\. a scrics of mccetices, sonic hi atcra I and (JOl lper 2000) \I the peakl (11"World \\,ir IL

Im~ I I itticci S,~taic, ha~d 00),000~tt n Itiiiiiii t~llti others ivri ol inu international Ciltitics such as the OA S

iad tile (IUiited Nitioiis. uirtduiiallx rcsultcd in nmIutul

,trcciiicent bctwecn II ailliiit ari d tie inted States. Tle

sC\ CIal scII It\ miasicurs \\CIC adopted to protect trcttics nccotiictd bct ciee Jimii Caricr and ( )iiiar Slew calll, minwwle then1l

inrll os ini 1977 ibolishcd tile Canal /o and gaxc

S lIilelmc nin a mibilc foicC ti1otik air aid tile pciiliaicn t right to the U tnitcd States. jointly\ \ w ith

i mlii basys a' pii if a ( ibi il t (d't\ic ik PIaiina to defend tie cana ls IuItraltix (Iorris

* ( ns ui n i torl i tic ts l i I ar rs 1(94)1. Ilic tieatics als pr iled f,r the cradaItl

S iiip niInwI lIi ani ii aircraft dLciiscs th ax cit ictirn of lt t)(& 7i000 iti\ry cii li huildings to

s ab cf ( limn I n ama I

1

iti Fot Shcriimani, tile oldest and otie of the

- 'osiii ardiw it 111c lucks and ot loaid ships as larCst \rim installations in latm. rcmaincd a

t c r iixi\clmcd ii .intil dcfcIe six c site uItil JuniIC 3 ,t ) 1999.
Table 1-Major fortifications built at Fort Sherman through World War II

Battery Construction I

name dates Namesake" :Luipment or other dctiIs scrapped

Baird 1912 -15 Brigadier General Four 12-inch mortars ( NI 19 2) f943

Absalom Baird on model 189 M I ilI mouits

traverse 3601 rangc of 17,900 (ads

Howard 1912 15 Major General Details same as Baird 1943

Oliver 0. H toward

Kilpatrick 913 16 Major General 11ugh Two 6-inch ri les model ( M 1908, N 11) 1946

Judson Kilpatrick on disappearing carriage model

(DC 1905 M 11); traverse 170,

range of 1 4,500 yards

MacKenzie 1916 -23 Major General Same equipment as Pratt; field command

Alexander MacKenzie post for junglC warfare training

Mower 1912 15 Major General Joseph Single 14-inch rifle model (M 19 10) on Bctwvecn

Anthony Mower DC M 1910 disappearing carriage mount: 1946 48

traverse 170 ) range of 24,000 yards;

underground ammunition storage, plotting

room, and communications system

Pratt 1916-23 Brigadier General Two 12-inch rifles on barbette mounts

Sedgwick Pratt model (BC M 1917); traverse 360'

range 30,000 yards; casemated in 1942;

concrete tunnel, magazines, and plotting

rooms; covered with about 30 feet of soil;

is well protected; designated in 1965 as

alternate command post for I headquarters

U.S. Soutlhern Command

Stanley 1912-16 Major General David Details virtually the same as Mower Between

Sloane Stanley 1946 48

Tortuguilla Point, 1939 Four 155-mm guns on Panama After

Naranjitos Point, mounts at each site World

Fort Sherman War II

Fort San Lorenzo, 1939 Two 75-mm guns at each site, the After

Tortuguilla Point former on pedestal mounts and the World

latter on temporary emplacements War 11

Fort Sherman 1939 Four 75-mm guns on temporary After

emplacements World

War 11

"Proi nent mitaryu fgUres from the U S. C6 Wm-.

Source: Gardner and Carpenter (1%65), McGovern ( 99X)
ile three obser\ ation towers. each made of reinforced

I ih n1r tructiic c ident tody at 1ort Shurmili concrete. haxe staircases to canopy-lexl platiorins.

M001 QI O\ mi the OUNise ofl ih 2 center. I he

.1!lie-i Ioukini uxas made of xxood, later replaced bx VH ici Wni y "as ~id of" od. merrepice byThe SIPA has numerous natural and conistructed )ccrt \lc Mna 9%)t. I lie initial access to theIie h.rhiic isntalad ntntd

I x m ic hx~c \k1 at or tci\ acroI I i nitial i xccc,, and thle corridors. the latter beine associated ith the area's

K ic~1 o tain t f ort Sman.s xi time. anarix Military past (gi. 3). The Chalaes River. nax liable lKr In mirCraft or train to F-ort Sherima. ()\er timei, manyp

1)hs IlcIe si netiiics xx crco ccl\ c or abanlldonlcd. 13 km though riparian Irest between Gii atn Dam

and Fort Sai Lorenio. irs cthe larcst of thesc corridors.

I he oirs structures x iible to \ isitors as thcy Cnter The lowxcr stretches of other small rix ers are also

Ihe canal trom the ( aribbean are the breakwaters at nax able, but only bIr short distances ill sriall boats.

the entrice to linm0n ay. They wxre completed iost of the SLIPA sliorelinc, frori PiNia U ) [ort Sherian

n I 91( nsi nr2 r rOCk (Inarried at Portobelo on the alog the Caribbeai Sea, and froni ( Gatuin Dian to

ariheari side ( \bbot 19 13) or at Sosa 111 on the Iscobal alol ( Gatn Lake, is accessible by boat

lPacniei side ( Rossean I 91 ), alone \\ithi spoils derived

Itici~ c t de ( uRl sebQ15 a ( 't (t \ ox ri I k ari d material SIPA's transportation system \\is dc elopcd ill

states. lniaH, Fort Sherman was sericed h\ lerry excaated fromi te Won harbor n ber 191 ii

I \tendirie 3.5 kii into the ('aribbean fromvr loro Point irom ('ristdbal (Me Mena 996). Amonui the earliest

wOrks to be dc eloped wcrc a railroad frori Fort

cast, the brakxxa ters 33 x e Iso Solr Ni t m t hli e Shcrimaii to batteries MacKeiie and Pratt. and a road

calt e irot ab horn rot e ct ride s no ter n th blowfront battery MacKenic to Tortuuilla Point, both in

cimal, notahlk from tile \\Inter, "northerls" that blow\

1921. The railroads no longer exist. from Novembher to AQ6i (Rotisseau 1915V In addinon

to reducing heavy "ax e actin, breakers help control Much of the SL PA transportation system Wias

sediment deposit iin at the canal entrance ( St. (Gorge constructed betxccii 1939 and 1943 for the defense

198I). Spoils froi the ( nlcbra Cut xwerC also used to of the canal during MYorld War II. hi 1942. the I3-ki

build G atin Dmli and to flimish landfill I&r the pol ( atn Iocks-Sheriai Road (S2) was completed.

of daIhoa (Nc( ioxern I998 ) In the past, passengers Today, the road extends tir 8 ki from Fort Sherman

entering the canal xcrc greeted by the lighthouse at to Escobal running along the eastern hboiindary of the

Toro Point, a rclic romi the French era. Bnilt in 1 893 SF PA, passing the Gatni Locks arid dan about

tle lhthouse once had a I resriel lens capable of id ax. [le Shermia-Sai Loreiino Road (SW)

castinie a hcaiii of lieit 30 k to the horizon. parallels the (aribbean Sea for 6 km, ending at the

lodax the ort contains sex cn three-story b ild igs, i i o t e Chares Rix c. The I -kii Iifia Road

(SI ). about I to 2 k distant from the ihaeres Rixer thirie txxo-story burildiries, aid 67 liomies, xxithi

Soer iost of its Course. connects the (aribbean to" ri

acC01mm11dation" lor- 300 people: all thle buildings of Piia x ith the (iatiuin Locks-Escobal Road (SI1) at a

xxerc prex it.rs ly used as barrac ks, olbi cers qu armers,.o \\C-c l-c losh sedas arack, oficr,. clart"S.or point about 2 km southwest of the (iatun Darn. AM] but residences ( )ier facilities, dc eloped in response Ut. pon abourti Roa the ain dieiAl

local needs ir ni iIitarx iccqIisites, include a eafeteria, i herir-aiIoeii odt5)ai i i

lca l. nccia ft I- s h. r rasuini. s libra i ro re i t eat er.~ Road (S I ) are pax ed. Ill addition to these iajor roads.

chapel. craft shtqvp ymnasium, library, im n ic th ater, h r l- IIII0ISSC I J_ _J Sj~

recreational facilities. an airstrip, hoat houses, bulk thereare riios seridarxdoads, meeptrail

Lid torae Ler ltre. (lcksandxxarhiorses(I)speciality r-oads (to batteries, docks. miihtarx facilities. Iuel stor'JLe fiacilities, docks, and w\areholUSCs (DC

and research sites), and hiking trails that proxy ide

Mona IWO WA ( nSUltoreCs, S.A,. Mid L OUIS Bo-rg access to tile bo1rests, scenic x istas. anrid xxwaterfalls in terrnat it.nra Inir. I 999). These Laie ltis are noxw

a\ alilable i adiriristratixC offices. iInterpretatixe of te SIPA

cllters, \ 1isitors aceo irodatiolls, storage areas, Ill the past, the Fort SIler-illai laridirl strip, ricarly

Ind i orer puIrpiioses. I000 I il ni lerigth, xas crucial tr defense ofthe canal

I M r Sl rnUH S ra i I1 r e Itii xxci has been arid kar tra i in . loda , t ie airstrip can be used br

cilergencics or to facilitate the visits of important x\l n- I ni a itaied arid eminis I unciornal . ( )l the sex ci eist s. \ helicprer-landiri pad is located near the

\\ii Id \\r I Ihiterics. MIoxxr anid Stairlex, xxhichi ar-c

" m I d \\ A;i Ix I r t n. ri r r ur i c Sthe k \ \\ ht att r S lIR canopy crane . B oat ram ps are also ax ailab le fo r

shoreline patrol and recreation.

24
Terrestrial 1lon7 1l the mid- I "kno\\ iilor in Pani"t.

including Pteridoplytes, ituibcmcd inore thtan X. I

species in 195 laitilies \ ith imoi thaii onk-uIat C

NIuch o 'tlie forest within the SIPA is secondary in the 5 most common fimli es ( )rch iidaceac.

(McCullough and others 1956). First impacts to the eguminosac. RuhiaceaC. ( ir1niinIe, and ( omposit

t'orest may date as far back as the I 540s, whenj I (D'Arcy 19S 7, Woodson armd Schr 1 , 94 I N9N( 1 1

riverboats tra\ersed two-thirds of the ACamino de las the eartx I 990s. the total number mi if osperms.

Cruces- on the Chagres Riv er. Other disturbances gyImnospCrms, ferns, and ferni -allime \\ as estimated at

wvre associated \\ ith the construct ion of the nearly 9,4 ) ( orrea and \ akldcp iino I 998> . I aipshirC

transisthmus railroad both French and U.S. e lforts 1989). A recent surxey of the St P',s flora and

to build the Panama Canal and all subsistence i l'ana wxas based on a rapid ecolo ical assessment

plantation farming north and south of the Chaeres of habitats and species (A Mci acion N acional para li

C onser-xvaci6ni de la N atura le/a andtIhc Nah ire River abandoned betw een 1912 and the mid- I 940s.

In the Fort Sherman uplands, all forest wxxithin a couple Conserxanc Athouch I9). such sessneits max

of kilometers of the fort near old Chagres. within the help characterize a region. restrictions on time and

firing range, and along the major hig whxys, railroad access lead to underestimates of speciesA.AccOrd in

routes, and batteries, is secondary. NIcCu llOuIh 1and to the assessment. Fort Sherman contains at least 45(

others (1 956) summnarize w elI the nature of SF PA plant species and the Pi a Range at least 300 (table 2

forests hen they note that **the forests haVe been cut Subsequent research on only 4.9% ha of tall ex erereen

or profoundly disturbed in variouss degrees at many seasonal forest rev ealed about 200 tree species of at

different plaes and at many different times durileast m in diameter (table 3 (C ondit and others

the past century. Accordingly, tracts dexeloping 2a04). 1nuture taxonromic field studies ill certainly

replacement forest (usually called secondaryr' augment the p1ant list for the SLPA.

growth' ) are present in all parts of the area." On nearby Barro Colorado Island, peaks in

The greatest tract of mature forest in the Fort loxwering occur during the dry season. and in JUIl

Sherman uplands is located in the most rugged (Croat 1969. The first peak is largely due to trees and

terrain the area northeast of Pavon Peak souIthward \ ines. and partly to shrubs and small trees: the second

toward the Chagres River. South of the Chagres Rixer, peak results from the floerinm of simnall trees. shrubs.

much of the forest land is relatively undisturbed. The and herbs. Although the SIPA flora has not been

major exception is the impacted xvegetat ion grwin studied in the same detail as that on Barro Colorado

within the Pinia Firing Range. Island. a surge in flowering during the dry season

is ex ident.
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area

ion ty]pc

I I 'Milk 1il eScicill i f 11,111C 4 2 1 4 5

Dicotiledoneas

1 r1ipil l 1//I i0 \0I iL/h \

(v it tI/ /i L \t/\l\ \ \ \ \

Oun|ldrl Joil'"lcHlah\

XI/0It /0 i/h/IL

Apocl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Himc>\I Oohlc N lit (,1IlilI

(V ill(it ia lf/II/? lcl!

1 /ii' -i lli \ \ \

\Rlhdodcm Iil1loa

SW ll I (( t o ->H i ldillI \

( IliItIL i/l/i \

1 M I villplluxll \;(/([ \01

A Ivca Ask.'I*e~ L ngha mcro X |t hji Hlil t li'l l

i h/ll itlI ii /l( /I \

I vLC\ nitcflc I ) Im lil ii/ i iI,1u1 L0il1'iI\

.1(1( H C11la ( \ \tm |n i

( I /ia~ i/lhia '/Nd 'Ihi i/ /iLli/h i/iN al I/Ht'i a

PIr//ltiL1muli u iL li/\

\ '-dicda Astcr I i IN t/cis IL/li//i N

/ i/L ih /t'iot\ i ia

Fignn/uIIic Il Tr~fmpCL-CrCC[per Ihilil hirn /tii/LL/h/

.It iL iL/I lil ( L iilL \ \

AI'/i' t/VLu It/i I /Vi/ l/uiti \ I L~i Ii (t /HI i/i \Lt'' \/

IL~ II l/ti IilNt 'il N N (Ni N N
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

FailI IEnglish nmeiic SCiciIIic nan1C 4 5 h - 10 1 1

Dicotiledoneas (cont.)

Bombacaccac Kapok-t(e Bohacops is \iat x N

Cvallsia/hN p\lt ailolil I

Ceiba pnl/l/l/dra

001hrmnna pvranmidtll c

Pachi a a/ctualica

Psedo~nha seteatni x x

Q r1111ariba t1 ero1Ni\s

(). ptcro(allvx

Borair Cnia alliAdoal x N

C. bicolor x x x x

C. 1(sioctdvx

lt'phimcnsfl s x ))cfU/1si

Burseracea Frankincese Bur.sru simir/uia x

Prolillin costaricclnsc

/' plianlicnsc x

P tenulloliulm

hetrag-astris p)a1(110m8eSs x x x

Tratiinnickia tspcra

Buxaceae Boxwood Bluxis citri/oliax

Cactaceac CactUs Epiph111ll1 phl.11111i.hs

Capparidaceae Caper Cappar/i/ s /rl/ldosca x x ' x

C. odorwtissi/Ll

Cecropiacac (e Cecropia CccropII insgni s N

C. lolgipe'sx

C. obtlillia'x x x x

C. phlat) x \ x N

P'o,1rounlL guliU1Ic'nsis x x x

Chrysobalanaceae COC51-pIIflum Hirtc1la 1111cicalla

H. friandral \ N \

Licanma hlypolciuca

CIusiacace Mangosteen Cl/ophi lun loIl/(ull/m x N

Rhci'a cdIl/iS \ \

T s.tI/sm N N N

Combretaceac Indian almiond Bou/ida hur "no

( Cn c'runu /c a/elu/I 'uii N \

C( nu~c c illrI,/ I/c flSil l

TInlica mic C/ic cc

Tc'in~nci/iac11/lc)c'//Il N N
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

\ euetatin ty pe

I IinI1 1 n li1 name Scientiic namme 1 2 4 5 6 N 1) 10 I 12

Dicotiledoneas (cont.)

t uol\ ur\ tile CC \ Iur I/n/rca ,Iira//

()[]\()I ulaccat: Morn-11- lory /p011nhcf PC, -((/WOC

I faripa pant monsl x x x x x

DI illcniacka Dillnia /alla /1ida x

Poliocar-pil denltatus x

0. n/pIr xX x

S cdc. /iacus xxx

7traccra v',Illi/is x

Ebeacee Eony DOsmpvrws arran1th1i/oliax

I ICaocarpwcae LI COCdr)LIS Altfli titcalhla(

Slhoiin'a tr/fl/a x \ x

Erythroxylaccae Coca Erl/lmnv/'lm macropiv//ullm

E. panlamlicsm x x

EIuph rhiaceae Spurge A 1//tpha dilvvri//ia xx x x x

,/c/ia /riloba x

A / hornta c casa/ricclnsi.s \ x

,. /ati/>/ia x

Crotonl hilf//icgiaus x x x \

C hir /s x

D N p iessladleri x

HItIua crepitants \ x x x

IHl/troima ilailc// o x N

Alihua uc iden/aiis

'110rWarituria lohilos x

Omnpha/ca dialldra

PIra lrlubo/cl x

Sapillm caudatmll x N

I abaceae Bean ACM (I I/C/ltoc/Tr x x

.dIt/Ce/podia pol.sta a N

A/hi-ia adin(ocep/iala x

lidira inlcrmis x x

Eri//hri/na * ostrich ns x

E. //sca x x N

Flmin ia siro/bi/cra

/nga coclcclnsis x

/. /ti.i/i>/ia N x x x

1. goldmlanliix x xx

I.nargina(ta I

I. pafci//ora x

ci// IIC/
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

\cgCtation type

Family English nallc Scientific nameTC 4 5 7

Dicotiledoneas (cont.)

Fabaceae Bean (cont.) I. ,ioar rna0, x x \

1. sapind(IdeOs

-t spec1abilis

/. u ell'(r1alox

Lolichocarpu"s POIn141ph1/' 1/ x x

Alachacrium kegeliix

.1111t,111141 rosInIta

Piheccellohium maclrnidilm \ \

Prioria copaili'ra xx

P rollrii

SwaIrtfia simplex x x x x x

1hithii versicolor xx x x

Flacourtiaceac Flacourtia Cascaria arhora xtx

C. comilncrsonlianlax

C. ('1ianenlsisxx

C. s 1l111estris x x

Psllia floribunda x x x

Lacia hlamnii x X \

Lindackeria laurina x x xx

Rvaniiaspeciosa x x

Tetrath , lacium 10lianscnii x x x

X11osma oligandra x

Zueclalnil gulidonlit x x x x x

Gesneriaceac Gesneriad Dry'nnoia scrrldala

Hippocrateaceae Hipocratea Hippocratcea volubilis x x x x x

Prilnlostemnua se)Crm x x x

Lacistemaccae Lacistema Lacisema (IggregatlIn x x x x

Lauraceae Laurel B'ilschmiedia pemlndulal

Nectandra globosa x

Ocoreat Cern/ua x

0. skutchii

PseaMer(iCana7( x

PhIo ,he cinlamomilfdia x x x

Lecythidaceae Brazil-nut Grias cauli/lora \

G(sfavia superha x x x N \

Loganiaceac Logania Strichilnos pnllalnltsis \ x x x

S. loxWi'ra x

Nalpighiaceae Barbados cherry Hiractl ,randilolia \ x x

I. rthInati x Nx x x N

("'17tillIued
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

\egeatiol t\ pC

un V I ylhi~shl nwue S~.ienti iCn1me11 2 4 o 7 ) I U I 1 12

Dicotiledoneas (cont.)

I C i k Mall|0\ II1IN\s( lo |1I'vIa/I I~l imels\

Ci 'j\ hiCCdl e sIhnm |C plnt my// /l ia wIl/ '/hHhibt'N \

Im11l|' r\lil )lmdc

\ Iica (|ImMn1IWII 11I/ha /hi -u////a

II /t'//ht/ci N \ \ \

\1 /InCh/irnki/ x N

\I in i >f/oh>I/N N

1 IiUII nr ulhh' NX

I/('tIl/ I l// i t Nll'T 

(II Ot I hwatIII ila \llccic \IjI1o9u11\ ( ii'u4/tl/t I/N/Nt N

( kt//&IU <(thb)Lt/ N N

(i. il//h Ii NN

Ih Ii/hi /1kkUtiN \ \

I IS11) /Mii l111( 11 NiNllN\l \

\1uiiijccac \Innh o/h//// /1(111 /biri\

B "i4I/il/t'IN

IB ui/u

( aii//~ Cis/ihii\ N

BIhus ( okNll// ifi/il ihiNC( x

I. ili>i) io\\li\

V insipid /a

ob<>Imuso>la

I /><>/>/ i >h iN

F lwdw<toOTO I o/<>h/N/n N

PIo iolli/ (IN\fil h i//hl i N \ \ \

/ 'l /'INi'//h.\ U/iI/lU '. N Nhi \N

/'t h >H I h i /i l N /Ili hi\ \ \ \

> U N i // lI ii/ \ N \ \ \

IIIl//Nlo/1/O i \ N

\ 'I 'N /IlI 0 ./ I ii u/t l'I 'iu1t1\

I N /i/il \ \ N

H N/I/ihI/it'1NI \ \ \ \ NN

cli/i/Ii/i
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Faml\ -ng4ish naImme Scicntific naMeI 1 2 3 4 0 X

Dicotiledoneas (cont.)

My1rsinIcace M Isrine StrVo I I4lC sfIICIs/I 

NIyrtaceae M I e lu/nrcia f:ltkiana \ \

11ia'lc cisar Niciau

Eenaacapldclnsis

E. talwloninis

\/Ircia jos/cri

\CCi nip11i1i ia N N

IPiSiiii acitici N x

Nymphaeaceac Water III\ Ni/ilL - iicti \

Ochnaceae (chna Ccsplsc ia macrophli H a

01'alca litC xIlN x x x x \

Olacaccae OIax I/cist'ri(i (tic ix70 x

H . casqariccnsis

Ii. ctinocalpa \

Onagraceac Ex cning o pri1mrosc 11 i/ia ctovali

Passifloraceae Passion-ftower PIs1si/hl-a viti/olia x

Phytolaccaceac Plokow eed Pcti-cria alliac a x

Piperaceac Pepper PIptr/t' ia Iacrostac/Ia x

Piper acquaclt

P tirhorcm

P carrilloiniicin

P Cordiuf/a/11n\ 1 x \

P cIticrail x

/ daricieis x x

P "randce

11hispium

R uitiplilumIII

1) rcliculatim x

Polygonaccac Buckwheat Cocco/oha acapitn i.s x x

C ohol"ata

( liilci'ii/niiSj N N \

3C
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Vcuct1tiol type

mi III\ I 2l1nlsh niaic ScieIntif[IC namC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ) t II 12

Dicotiledoneas (cont.)

Rhaminplricic I'uckIhAiorn Go an ia/IlUploidtC x'

Rhli/()phIra(CeaC Red mangrove assipollrca c//iplta xx xx x

Rhiz-ophiora ig/lc

Rubcicac Madder A /I'ihria (u'(1 x 'x 'K

A /scis b/am/imlna

Ananacorvlnihosa x

Ca/UIIch l (//u jf()a (j/I<'KI I x

C(phuacIs claw:

Cosn'i ultia 1i11ci x

( U Iss 1irie 'Kr 'K 'Ka xK ( coniclia pillosa x

[11ranmca /ulwmrcls x x x x x

/, ooccllmtlis x x x x

Genmpa aImericanla x x x x

(ar! han/a /olicca x x

GIuctan/a macrospwr/)lax x

Han1mlia pawens x

Hol/lmallia n'scicillilcra

Ah I/lit'l(l I IUI/ glal vs cn IS x x x

Palicollrea "llianentsis x x x

Pent(agonia macroph/11/a x x x x N

P)soql ritj latil/ia x x x x x

Psyvchoiria acuminlata l

P chla-rotsis xx xx

P /urcata N x \

I /ran/lis x

P l-Lontlllis x ' x x x

IR niulginauhI ' 'K 

/ pIcIrl x x

Randia armada x x x x x x

Ruf /\fa ishIhmInI

ff pil.ri x x

I 11car'ia tInMlllt xx x

kwtil~x;Ie Rtue Calou a1lillf/oIll

C, Iinoll x

1a(mlyilll m Iw?-clocis

/. pr'm c lin x x

samdLwcea wher Alflp/lhfus pw1lospcrmltS x x

( mcfilla cilr

C. rul/cs( cais\ \

( ',s 1.()/)I( llamli \ N

C./ I/ N l' K 

Xl lil~l/)'Icioniinu I 
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

V cuctatn Iype

Family 1-nglish name Scientific name I 1 2 4 5 6 7 I

Dicotiledoneas (cont.)

Sapi ndaceae Soapberry (cont.) Alaiuha apelala x

Paull11inia bra/c/ osa xI

P /ihrigera x

P glomerillosaxx

P pilnalta

/) perontUpa x x

l turhacensis N \

Scrianlia mex-iCanaI( x

hilisia Ir'TUO NO x x

T pri'clps x x x x x N

Sapotaceae Sapodilla Chrilsophl/um arigteum x x x x x x

C cabiito x x

Cnademdohll pa)niamenflsc x

A/anilkara hidentatox x x x

Al. chic/e x

M capoila x

Pouiteria stipitata x

P Ini/ociflaris x x x x x

Simaroubaceac Quassia Picramnia laoifi/ia x x x x N

QUassia a/mari x x

Simarouba amara x x x

Solanaceae Potato Cestrum lalifliium x

C. megaloph //lum x x x

Solanum arloreum x

Sterculiaceac Cacao Gua:ama l/fliflia x x x x x

Hlrralia plup/Ti/eC x N x x

.Sterclia ae/)ala x x x x

Tiliaceae Linden Apei/a aspera x x x x

A. ti/ouwoUl x x

Luehea seemannii x x x x x

Trichospermum glcotti x N

U1 maceac 1 I1m Trema micrantia

Urticaceae Nettle Ah1rriocarpa longipes x x

Verbenaceae Verbena Aegip/ila pananmensis x

Petrea aspera N N N

P 1O/-lhilis x x N N

Violaceae Violet Ilvhal/iits primilhus x

Rinorca sYlvatica N

Vochvsiaceae Vouchysia I uc/hiaa /e-rIinea x x x

(ontinucd
be 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

\'cgetauuon typ

Im1(I0 12 1I IN i iin3 c SCntiln i iit. I 2 3 4 -

Monocotiledoneas

I Iualwi\\ CCBC \\310(-{1 ill113|| I I a till,>'l Iw ktI~li

I il ihA ll

I )JT'i(J/ll

I c rti dIlN C/' \>1 \

IA <>I/ U //(LIli \U

ct. iccic l~i~inI NIN H Irill/ N/hhtlt' l u/Il // \ \ \N \

\I/ 'bia

I; It HIlli Ill tIa N N \ N N i

BI l/AI/lllN N N N Nl~tIlll

I L'r hll AI/(' i \A

I lII tI/a I N/ill \ \

Ilm/tiN UA'll \

Rapi>lia lac<li""cra

athi/Ill/tiHIl/H U/- ricl hsNaliN

S. p>hi'H ioI<>Iil

\ICCJ\CCAC P 111 Nsl~ a/amflc Scl|I'MMIlllll

$ ia II/C//li/ \ \

I. U>lalti t\ \

B, cRl /iatdIlis \

B. h'i i l'\ \

lilil'| i i' i l>t||o

GIc'ollmlla I/UN Nilt \ \

G,| pro( il'mb

ll t llit ril\/ll / H I \ \

&Illit/l N/iIll /itI/ I(l N

Ra>iia ltacI INr\

ShC/IC/zaH -MCHM \ \

S14 /l'OW durrvI sillai

SpilVIIC/1/1IlloS Wll'N( TC~IIC-J1111

kwm( | l1w| ; lc\ |Nomclki|d NCIc lHil lil Im g /ahvci

1 A/I Ila h hs

Hfl( ( t ill01IIH1 011110|113[ (T 30 ldCI 1Cd\ 
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

\'cictaio ii p

[amily F n~h~h acme SciCetilic n in I 2 4 o i I I K

Monocotiledoneas (cont.)

yevdanthaceae Panamla h1at palml (" 111r1iid tic (11rudCI

C. pahnihtIIa \\\t

O 'cllli'hus hipll-liit'sx \ \ ( \~'p uii ~.iiranupui it U -r'In

Cy pcraccae SCdC Cpt-1ris giganitt'\s

L YL lhrislis N Nsa

flaciodoraceae Bloodwort Xiph idi Imi COCTr1Nlo\n

Hheliconiaceae Helicobih licoiia irrhsa i x x

H. mcNallica

MaranthIaceae Prayer-plant Ca/athea incephala x x

C. i ltsi i/i

Poaca (JrNlii' iunie xlil

Plci iitah iitva prii/iSl \ \ \ \

Stroali/li/hi jacquinii x xxx

OrchidaceaI Orchid Aspasim prilcili'ssa x x

Cautlarthronl hil, llaii /l ill

Chlvsis aureIa x

Dimerand a-miata

E. schlechacrianlum

Ihnillria till(ala xx

Oil(idiumil a mpliau II fl

Palnmmvhis pmwellii

Plceurotllalh l vcliunda

Trichltioitrum c apistWaItm til

14,1nilla plandlt~a

Poaceae Grass Bra( hiaria nultica

Ihl/.st/ull smnplicilloraix x

G nvilrillinl sadgitt(lIIn \ x \ \

Pharus latilolou x

Sat (haruml SponItanCeumI

SilIIacaceae: CathriMr Si/ash 11111is

S. P0>11nONIeNi

0 1finlik"
Table 2-Plant species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

I [I diilsh nj1iC Scientific nmn I 2 3 4 5 6 S 1 M 1 1

Monocotiledoneas (cont.)

I\ phICea di-Idil / //hm dlominI!sis x

611,l I licolnwow I)illlx

R ((lilntaN

Cone-bearing plants

\cdaceac C cad /AIniU 11 li lifinlI \ x

Z ain hih/iw ma

Ferns

Adiaiatace1 MaidCiihairi 11/mnuiu /ti uosium

1. lucit/im x x x xx

.1. /11111/l lolm x

yaichccae I ree fer II ( iathea , Io/ulaa x x \

PairkcrilIcceie ( Cratoptcri ( nIh C n/op)eris p/rI('doid/C x.

PokypodNiaCCa polypody Camp */ilmcilru1m /l/mn x xN

(icn If g/oss)lt ill a lim s . x N. N

Pecluma114 pcclinlaha

Pteridaceac March fern Aln~aticuuu1 irci/m x x

A. dana1, ifol itm

Ptr'is poli)ita

SClI/JCacca cL I rI- -UrIss Itl.y tnluni nh/tliatdI x

I-vcnusui x \

Tectariaccac TeLtaria (Il. I N c(//i s Iwonlt x. \

hlicaria in/i.sa x

I hep I pterlidIceae The 1lypteris Thlcpt'iri] //t rra'

Vittarilceic Vitlaria lm'iitu um/i//i/a/, N.

I N iertr een seasrInaI Liii ll c'res 2 L\ rre i seasi \C~iM'ii~\i iId Ii donal II InludeC cIu I mCi" (1ieiCn I e\ Crirecn Illiina Io imr

manciiiii"\ (lu 'p ioirct, M iL1id. d ',lhrul nd Iu I111h,1 .( ( l10idCd cIIIIIC ieli .1 I C I I c'i LMi (n l I Crl I iflooded tra I I,,[

(ii lC \ kd ITr)m I I rapid Ii a I1,e)( menI NI ui th 1 i Iluc 1u Iii 11 C IIiIi oeiiIni/o Protect Iid Alva

c )N , Ii I N\(' ( 9% 
Table 3-Additional tree species recorded in tall seasonal

evergreen forest at the San Lorenzo Protected Area,

Family English name Sceintlife Iiile

A:\nouaceae Custard apple ( I'sls/o[c>\'J i/in/ni t'//

imnlop'sis JUJInInI101,iN

Xvhp>itl mailiranwha

:\recaceac Pa!l m Lh'//PC //'C( (I1/I

sot itc c'Xor\hIza///

B1ignoniaceae 3igunonia JAiOrandt cO//hi

3urseraCeaC Bursera Pnotilni "hibri

Caricaceae i'm\ 1a\\ (c/c /iI/t i/h

Cecroplaceae Cecropla Poil/na/i /ic o/

Celastraceac B1it ters\\ et Cros/soptcalnli parvi//crumun

\1C1.1I(JIs schippit

Chr\ sobalajaceac Coco p l

umn Licnicna ynpoc//ci

Clusiaceac Manlgosteen Garcinia madru 

lhwomita lonwi/ldia

I Smi? haccilra

I miac rl/t I/ph 11lA/I

Cyatheaceae Tree fern Cmicinidaria pctiolata

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus ShNI(ica mciantiera

Ervthroxylaceae Coca E hrI,o1 h iln ciiii/ltiiuim

Fuphorbiaceae Spurge Ph Iclitill s acmi/nat/i/U

Tetronchidium m~-oac

Fabaceae Pea Loni(cl/aipu s /atijoliis

Orncmia croctii

Ptcrocarpus ro/H/ii

Flacourtiaceae Flacourtija Lactia P'icrOc

Locciii piitticri

II iiumiriaceae I fmit/l I/str/i i i//sc

lit/Iac//t' c /cc'c

Icacilnaceac Icaci na i.scoph//dn gianeinsis

Lauracea Laurel NecCccnc/ra pt r/llica

OOtea dCIndr'OdaphneI

0. ira

U. pulberlda

0. whiti

Lecythidaceae l3razi1-nut Git Irlaia 1>sIcri

Mal aceae \1all oc Hali/ipc ap/p/icu/ l/dId

Me Iatomataceae NICIastomie Clidmi dcii//c crt

Conos'i( bric ccItC

IioA/it c/acc

<mititnuecd
Table 3-Additional tree species recorded in tall

seasonal evergreen forest at the San Lorenzo Protected

Areaa (continued) h s lsolnal d1-r\ iOrets of tihe

lNly In H h n11me SCICIe IC 11,1n1C Imacilic silmrC and the rofIOrtC S Il he

( aribbean It OpCS a IC selalatCd h\ central

hihbmdlild ilnsideratbC dIstaIccs III

/( ne l(~ l ull ( cliai .nlerlca I \lc( u lough

II ~ '171/1/1(1 Imtyl Al-JC111(1yO ICl. \IJuc CiC\ 1 IIl \I IUll otll% )iI 1(: . In ucelerl l t a Il\

I/ I// est Idl into Cooler. (hoinheri el\ atiOn

I l / ill/f/> l l

P iamc .I \ I \ el-, IhCCilIC o thle I o

Sw(II I wiint I .fo l 'lIai

Is~lICCI I-Ic I~/ i-a H /(// /, tui ld/ I\\l ar as 11 \\Csin I t l i\ 1 1 lelItl

e I (Irl liltergrade direct \ mt ()\\ ~ t(l

The SLPA 1w/ t1 ree lite /J111C,

\ 'InunIL II \\Cl nim/IC\/hI/ JIn/I akl r/<pI n

(\lomdridm l/dc / thl7 ):/rpia

\NI 1L11tcj CI I\I/ a l /)I // fill// pIto lIJi t\\C) arc&,l t4(1 \\clCmi ll im. \ l i IeU~ll LI l/W I'I Hiicli lIres{ iIl\ C l l ),C sarhCl SC \1A\ r1ICILII\]]IL a lI 0 1-t 11 ,111 I til

(\ II (liiI /I/t I111n0 lIpp/// aloiiud ihm \\ l -rct (4rm n I rd c rith

III~ ~~~~~~~h II l~\ U u/IMI. \\ ht\el ohi ('I nhll I ICSa

I lI t ICIY ljCII/ '1/ti II41UI *s1o. i le iio tl\ c C ,IioCN r~ rc ,,n ()I' 1dli I A e:u

I /(t HhI cds \e li C IlF. ImiiU\\ s I t\\()

\WI (/l r Ce Ia\ pl /h( AlCP tile \\ /t \4 CeIeIll Co1ll 111(i

(IiII LCCC UII~l1/tI ipniplI nfllalCI \x1mg tile \I-Cl 1). p hlCCIl.

I/l"iA \ tl IoC'4. 1lCCI1 ijc1 

I11 t e ()l k:"( ((\\ e1 / It/Ilt I\\()-

I I/Il/ t s ()I, t l mlllltlC U I, in C\Isl

/1 / U It/t ON( .!l I JII \111 l hC SIwet 32 .4 -oI C IIt '1 Is lIIlIli

S llII. JIOtIIIIlm Ni/ lopi l 'l"1IUCI,1)l \\Cl 1 IC 20 1 Cd~pllC1.

'\\1(i h pa--i 'ln lh ]C IOr t- \ al. I dlC tICol f

ItiIliI I 11(11, (I1C tIl hI I r1111 

I/I/I //I'll1 II sC Cral tll iCII to CUC)L IiIl1 I\ I~f

thelc _ 1,11C oi.th \\ i(In Ptuum t hI\I s

Pmilcrla~thrd I.( III IduntrI lo 1fl ol lo ml : troi ca11"

() ma a (Hila h />/m// tro ntane wet foreIst.( " llk aolc '11i p re

bnd mlpia m/hl 1(IC.1 .4p c n

Se~ralmoitur g adint eiilc(

k I, Hip" 1 ['1 phiC, C te in g trill \ Callito\ ICon s

I 1 , I1 HJ" W, 011,1H '11 11 1\ olllC rat oll thera

I H1 - IWII11 1i H
Tropical moist forest

Tropical premontane wet forest

Tropical wet forest

Chagres River
V"AI

Corals

Seagrass beds

Evergreen seasonal low forest

Evergreen seasonal mixed forest

Evergreen seasonal tall forest

Semideciduous seasonal low forest

Semideciduous seasonal mixed forest

Deciduous forest

Cativo forest

Flooded palm forest

Mangrove swamp

Coastal mixed vegetation

Herbaceous wetland (seminatural)

Flooded shrub land

Flooded herbaceous land

Crops and pasture

Urban

4( \ III m h)- mI own/o )roiek ed \ \N( 1;1 lol dc lu m IheN ture

a ~ ~ M \ (a (a ulow,1h 1d odhes 1166. \ 191) | )9)
Cionservacion de la Naturaleza and The Nature vercreen seas )na l\\ forest ran ueu' li\ hcmw

Conservancy 1996, URBIO S.A. 1999). Of these, six 1 and 20 Im tall, \% ti occasional emere ent u to

are forest types, as follows: evergreen seasonal forest, 30 m. The trees. mainly pioneers. ha\e small cr n s,

semiideciduous seasonal forest, tiec iduous forest, The domi nant spe Cies i ncILnde uac 1imo COIMrad

flooded cativto forest, flooded palm forest, and aIlmcigo (Burswra imavrtha), Joho, ani d sanure. T h

mangrove swamp. The first two types have been low forest is the result Of major distuirbaniics W1ihin

divided into subtypes based on stand age and the the past 100 years.

degree of past disturbance. [vergreen seasonal forest, .i. Semnideciduous seasonal forest InI semi- with tall, mixed (i nCluides coastal mixed vegetation) deeid1iouS Seasonal forest. the Iiited i labi Ii

and low subtypes, occupies 61 percent of the SLPA.

Semid eiduous seasonal forest with mixed w ofkwater causes from 25 to 75 percent (] the trees . to lose their leaves durn g thle dr\ season. a 2 -month subtypes, covers another I I percent, and deciduous eo of 100 mm of ri fbI d foret

period of 100 mm11 Of rainlfall. SeI~dCCIdtuOus forest forest, only 2 percent. Flooded vegetation types L_ is closely tied to (,cology, topography, mid Soil type, occupy 2 1 percent of the SLPA, including three forest which together enhance drainage and pro ide drier (cativo, 15 percent; palm, 3 percent; and miangrove, conditions. Two types, mixed and lowV scm idecidnous

I percent) and three rionforest vegetation types Pe,11 types seasonal forest, are recogmzied. [flooded shrubland, marsh (flooded herbaceous land).

and herbaceous wetland seminatural, 2 percent]. Semideciduous seasonal mixed forest contai n's a

Urban areas and cultivated lands (crops and pasture) mixture of wide- and small-crowned trees. Total

cover the remaining 5 percent of the SLPA. lieigtht ranges from 25 to 35 im. The most common

Evergreen seasonal forest Inl the evergreen species in Fort Sherman are guacimo colorado, alfaje

( Trichiliai luierculara ). verba, nuno ( 1 11r1 c)itaus I. seasonal forest, very few trees lose their leaves during .ado (Aflwrociium htrcscu)

the dry season; however, flower and fruit production 'In alld Puio Iad i Ill addition, cuipo (C aamllesia platali/idia ) orow\S are prominent at that time. Three types of evergreen mn the Piia Range. The mixed forest is disturbed forest are recognized based onl tree height: tall, iteP. faRm Tlmxdt'i-sISdSLrc

forestpi a ercgne based onA ti'eehett: tall 5() vegetation where the tallest trees are pioneers, occupying 3 percent of the SL PA: mixed, eovering 50

probably 150 years old. W'ithOut furIther disturbance, percent; and low, occupying 8 percent of the SLPA. slower gro\wnmg species w\ill eventuallV dominate

Evergreen seasonal tall forest is characterized by the forest.

trees with spreading crowns, several reaching 30 to 40

i~ ., The semlidecIdLIOus seasonal low forest has small- Il in height and some emerging at 50 m (Asociacfon crowned trees and an average height of 10 to 20 in, Nacional para la Conservacian de la Naturaleza and dwith occasional emereents to 30 In tall. The forest The Nature Conservancy 1996). The forest has three is comprised of few species, meCLiding pioneers Ill

or four strata with dominant trees attaining 50 cm 1in inthe canopy. The common species aire jobo, laurel diameter at breast height or 1.3 m above the ground. the cano. T . an madries ( lo Iirn

(C(ondia 4a11iodora ), and mlad rono ( Cal/ coph/7l/m1n Common trees include wild espave (Anacurdiiu

eXcelsmn), sangre ( iroli surinamensis), peinecirllo I sep)hntwin) as an emergent. The low forest owes (-peibu usperu), chuChupata (Gure gra1di/ioii)n ts OrIgum to major dfistUrbanICe. sigua negra (Guateriai dunetorum), and sigzua

colorado (Ocotea Skulchii). Deciduous forest The deciduous forest, Ii mitetd

by available moisture, Crow s on limestone outcrops Evergreen seasonal mixed forest, the most common with good drainage. From 75 to 100 percent of the forest type, is characterized by trees of variable crown Z - .dominant tree species. among them barrieon and width, and a greater diversity in terms of structure,

tree height. and species composition than the tall leavespurine the dry loitoi

leaves duingll tile dry\, seaIson. forest. The canopy reaches 25 to 35 in and is

characterized by verbal (Brosinmni sp.), gIuncimno Very largc trees are occasionally encountered in the

colorado (Luehea seemminii), jobo (Sp/odias aforementioned forest types. The family Bombacacae.

mombin), cabeza de negrito (Guazuma uhnilifii), for example, has cuipo, cedro espi noso, and ceiba

iUuMireu sp., olivo (Stp/unm aun tdanum), and tachuelo (Ceia penrand.ra), which are notable because Of their

(Zanthox Ilun prllI'ocerll). size. These species are often assumed to be very old.

41
rli IC 1, 1ll\\wt al iiidicitor ol loiwc\ uN, rcicncraioll, hut othilr speCics sucll as the Clhunga

'Ai)\\ iiI I dlpclid on spcclcs and site (C I'.in ffi . lli it;u) and \\ ild pigeon plum

1W ist R. Siicc ropi cal trcc spcCIs do lnot (( )ilalc' Ialc'malc',irs ) are a I so present. The onk'

P ldui vAimnual I llws, a rIng Count does not hclp in other common species that attains laruc size is the fig

dL 'ilili 1 t weirage. (VlcuI 4larlaii).

H-1I(ed filrest I ypes (atin. palm, and Palm in orest, dominated y tile larue-lea ed i-a Fia

MI m I N c arec tie imvia in llooded lrcst types, l pa mI (Wa)hia hd/'igcnz I) occup ies 3 percent of the

Alh m111all a-Cas ol hlood\wood s\aInp. Cativo lorest, SI.PA. Rafia s\anps are common in tile backwaters

doiiiiiiaicd hy catio ((.;ritr() (o/Jai/ie), dCclops on alo tile C ha-rcs Rivcr (McCullotnulh and others

porlN draiiied lowN land soils, includingl dredgc spoils, 1950), wherc seasonal flooding occurs filr knmuer

11at 1rC suhleCt to frequellt, teallpcrary ll(wding atoer periods thanl i the catiNo I orcst. Ratta dominates

taies riis. I hc rcst is Conillnll in the coastal fi Ingc swallps l0r long periods, 1,0iinii1g nuillr ly spaced

aloni ic (Gitn I hlcks-Shcrnn Road (S2), and along clumps of diffelrcnt si/cs that allow little herbaceous

ihc (iagrs RiNr. ( ativo trecs vary in hciuhit vcLctat ion to urowv underneath (Devall and K icstcr

dCpcind iiig on past dist ifrhan luce andli tl uecncc oIf 1987: ( rquhart l997, 1999). Small trees and shrubs of

hrackish w mir and commonly rcach 30 it] or more ill Gra s cadilI/h)I, howcvr, cr ow in drier arcas aloln

hiht iand 0.6 ito I i in diamret ( Mlc(ullonuli and ith tile palm. ( )ther typical associates are maqjucnquc

otlirs I 9 )o he c delrstory is dominaied h\ cat iNo (( 0/(hoIupI/// M(l/)IU L), ulla de 1ato U 4(11 a(i

Im)/u(')i/) si ), and garrapato ( /I 'II la rilld ).

/ I' ur in / iip- ./ 1 oais LII b 'n'n Hn In/I I/ H Htonv/ /II1 S aha' ctopcldsti/in slm tc/oF

/ </m /m4 /1"m I/ - (o,// H 1/ 1 ,m/h M disjunct populations ranuinu from Nicarauna to

Ii v, , ,,' di l l~lsifil ,/ /ilI/i m All I ~a' l: mN oij 1' ar 1cas arc rcportcd 1 01 Panmia, Bocas (Icl

\ /w! I /,. i '/ i I/l I 0R)/ zioad thc SIPA. LInhwiunatclx. tilc pltins

IP'I

n/ao / n a/ tnu/ n n n rjig n

>maaa

wN
t4

The I IhiigrH Rii r /he ri wi /ws see ii ,m / 1/lan aNl /he 1hi ( 1 lieumiaitO1pheres ) used (or respiration are c iiommi

rv I ,(f 1/h I Mor/ ' ,, nt/ /j 9 Am I' alld Jnals PO / ( 'n I / beloxx black milanurox e trees. I he \\ hic manlro c

Panmama Roaswnly a M i-l ,aI holwl ,/ Ildinu claw" l h ge Ns 1 IN

(LufIl(Ui/ario 1c(/nOa) coiiiiioiil\ occupies ihe ailld h/ 11(0>/J\ mou t l /at /abe 1 e 1 o ~ l it / h I /,N thai

fOr MC1 ihi ai1ll lp P 'lmallanusll, iith I'r pol JrmA, I Most shallow l fl oodled areas. l3caueIIc C aribbcaii

ar,,al nd re1r1a/un1l /iahui tides onil average about 3( ciim. the \l littc mal griou\ C I,

the most coninion. conprisin abut Q5 pcrccn i thc

in 3oCas del iToro are being replaced by subsistence SLPA mangro\es. M m roe cood lads arc brccdin

crops, highliuhti ne the need to protect the species Il oounds fo ri sfish and (i

the SLPA I an I ro es. all dense xwoOds. haxe bccn ree uIarl

harx estecd for tencC powts and lIf uueood: iorut r.

Mangrove swamps, dominated by red. black. and the bark of all mameroxes is a surcc H iannin.

white mangroves. grow along the coast in salt and traditionally used for tannin Ieather.

brackish waters. Tree occurrence and heights. often

to 20 m or more. are influenced by the tides. The odxo d I oo c', u o u "" I "rlu///i I Is co iiInd

red mangroxe (Rhifophora man-1Ic) forms an nainly to coastal \\ ctands and trka;mi banks \\ hcrc

impenetrable thicket with its stilt roots, mainly on hay rainfalls causc mpurary oudi (eaxec

lands between low and mean tide levels. Red jlOO}. l looduxod. rcacline 4) m tall and (I io 0 ci

manurove seed germinates inside a conical fruit and ill diamctcr. is casily i dNi ifilcd b its nc. tia r ro

forms a lone. heavy. narrow first root iich, when sinu us buttresses. \crx Ii ehi' uud aid thc dar k- d

reaching about 30 cm in length, drops into the xxater. latex that exudes from cuts Bloodwood sxamp.

where it attaches to the substrate and -ro\-s. Black comnonly ixed x th fcrns in standing xaici that

mangrox e (Aiccnllia 1 itida) is most abundant iinlnd relects the canop\. arc amnhe mlcnost tlphiueni ic

along the coast on lands flooded at mean and lilh of all forest associations. (ne rcadtIx ,cccss Ic arca

tides. A dense growth of pencil-like projectiOs 01 bloxodwd is situated in tihce etin bndcri n

Fort Sliermai.
\UCv/C) The ciant canc \hxlLc% (Giyiwrium -tPllm sagiUl ) occupies 1/ "in "Iirii I 

W lLeIlliC N lCN\ lAjWS O1 the laiid\ard side of Wi\hite crounlds that \\ere diStUrbCd b road buhtiilciiic

IMM ' \MM Mnnps Ci-hr in dcnse or scattered stands (Mc(ullough and others I956). Small in total

iul\ 1 ) 3. \lc( tllotigh and others 1950). 1in arca the Ncgtation ty pe is confined to roadsides.

the droa Wf he \quadulce Ris er. nmnkey-cap palm Nearly one-half of the trecs , 15 cm in diameter in III a0"oiatIOn j willh stunted CdtI\O and

On ncar\ Barro C olorado Island have lianas I )It wti\\ ti 1 titiccs grow incin their crow\ fls ((ientr 1991). A thorough

Flooded nonforest types Three nonlowested in\estication of the SIPA lorests imay reveal a

ticti n 10 ty pcs. flooded sh rubland. Marsh, and similar abu dance in older stands. Among the

scminatural flooded grassland, are recocni/Cd \withiain milics with the greatest number of climbing plants

the SI 1 lMdd shrnblaind, cMtaining majagua in the ncotropics are the iilk\ccd (Asclepidaccae).

(I/h< I1 fNt/U /rmlb/l ri ) and caka brava (Ba(Mi. morning lory (Con ollaccae ) legume

al/jir) gro\ s on periodically flooded soils. Marsh . (I cum inosac ). sunflowr (Asteraceae), aroid

\ ith soils concrcd by as much as 1.5 m ol \atcr in the (Araccac), and bignonia (Bignoniaceac) liinilics.

dcepcst parts durimnc the \\ct season, is dominated by imanas compete \\ith host treCs tor licht. water. and

the southern cattail li/>hd nutrients, and may contribute to higchcr mortalitV rates

Scm nat ra I lodc grassland, crcatccd by hninan lr their hosts (Pit/ and Mooney 199 I ). At the same

dli stunrbancc. \\ as rn cvercd b\ narl. These time, climbers are important to forest animals as food

arcas. hc partiall c ci r and as a strnuctnral component of the habitat. areashower rc r partial Idcrainecd and rccn larIl

cut for parachute practice. alnd ill thc 19 2 )s and 1

9 30s,

( iLinca crass (Pihit;ul w mluinu/n ) and Para crass

( HAi I/l ) crce planted I,6r pasture Knowledge of the medicinal and hallucinatory

( McCullouh and hers 1956). Paja de esterilla valuics of fIrest vegetation and how to prepare and

(ELlc'har list/fIt), wild sugar cane (Sciclarimn administer plant extracts, is a tradition that has been

N/iml/mcum), iand wild cane (Glnlrium saghi/a/um) passed donn For cenuries. Recent surveys higliIight

haNc imnaded these arcas, aIong with a 1w dispcrscd the continuing importance of medicinal plants in

trecs such as the tiruimpct tIrcc (ccrCpiH p/hU) and traditional folk medicine. ()ne rc icw carried out in 21

palo sato ' (Ev /T/hri(/ /uM au ). I atin American countries showed that 270 species in

82 kamilics wcre highly regarded for their medicinal

properties ((i pta 1995). More than 400 plant species

The mangrox crn ( rti N !(hit Tiri i ) can in Pantama are used in folkloric medicine (apata

le seen alonc the ( atin I cks-Sherman Road (S2). 199) w morcovc. in the pro\inces of Panama and

The fcrn occUrs thron.h, th Tiropics, Mainly in Col6n alone. more than 80 species are used (Sasaki

coastal siranc \ cctation. " here it crows in brackish 19 ) One example is achiote (Bixa ort'//mlan), an

or salixxatcr on allux ial banks of estuaries. albng attractive shrub rcachinc 10 In in hcicht. Achiote

ditches, and occasionall in fresh xxatcr abovc sea seeds, long used hy the Indians as a source of red dyc

lc cl (I clingcr I 99, Iryin and Tryoi 1 92). The Ir body decoration, are also prepared in a tea that is

pantrOpical distribution o mnarigrox fern is due to purportedly used as a stimulant and diuretic. and to

airhorne spors as \\ell as N cgctative propagation after alleviate stomach aches, heiorrhagi ng, anicd cardiac

long-Lrange dislipcrsal of rhiiome fragments by occan illnesses. Achiotc is also used as an aphrodisiac,

currents Ir wooded o riv er \\ atcrs. Ihe mangrove erw laxative, and cci as an insecticide. Acliote has also

does not ihaxc the salt-sccreting glands of mancroes loaned its name to a commnuitv near the SL PA.

and iinstcad accunulaics salts ill its tissues. rendering

licn incombuistiblc. I lax inc2 discoXCrcd this fireictarldaIii quLIality, Central AICricani Indians used the

miaiinir c ir to thatch the areas around hearths

I t ih Iiw r hills (.an/cri and otliers I9N3).

44
Trrstria/ h i m(Ianlev I9o6: N"ide/ 1970, 1 993t. I L "\-(nI

species ofiiaiiiimialk, or 35 peicenit of the tutil toi

The most recent attempts to summarize existing Panama, lia,\e beeii recorded \ 1ithbin the SI M duii nL'

information on the wildlife olthie SL.PA are presented se\cral sr\ c\ s ( Aoc\iacion Nacionail para ka

in the "I1cological Snurvey of the U.S. Department of Conserv acion de la Natuirale/a and I lie \atnre

Defense Lands in Panama" (Asociaci6n Nacional para ConsCr\ancy 19%99. Fleiniin 1970, t FI Ilenin and otlicr

la Conservacion de la Naturaleza and The Nature 1972. Sinvtlie I 999 t (table 4 . Bat", are the miobst

Conservancy 199) and VCharacterizac ion Ambiental coiiIoni 11 \\ ith 41 ,pcecie,. followed h\ rodenit

de Sitio para el Area de Sherman-San Lorenzo' (GELA ith I 7, and cariiores with 9. Ie i ramainin 14

Consultores, S.A. and Louis Berger In international, Inc. species iILide 6 ither major g roups. Niie of tibe

1999). The combined tallies, although based on species arc listed as t reatened mn the ( om eniin0i on

several studies, are not as complete as the wi 1dl1IfC International Trade in Indanuered Spec et ( I V'S)

inventory for nearby Barro Colorado Island where red list, and 9 on the countr\ lst r 10 i Pama.

recurrent sur'Ces span three-quarters of a century. Rothschild's porcupine is the 0nly rV val rep rt ed

Valuable regional references for Certain species as endemic to Panama ( Emmons 1 997 (G A

incILide field guides to the mammals ( Einions and CConsutores, S.A. and Loui s BICrer lIinternat iionma 

Feer 1997, Reid 1997), Costa Rica's lierpetolauna Inc. 1999).

(Savage and Villa 1986), the lierpetofauna 01 Barro Z71 Trop)ical b~ats teed Oil a variety Of' foods, HinCLuding Colorado Island ( Rand and Myers 1990), and Costa

' r fruit, iiectar, insects, terrestrial vertebrates, fI sh. aiid

the blood of wari-bodied animals ( McNab 197 1

Studies at three different sites in Costa Rica and

Paniama, inCluding the SLPlA, showed that aboUt 30

Panama has more than 230 species of mammaIls: species may be Iouiid at or near grouiid le\ el (Flemini u

bats and rodents comprise about one-half of the total and others 1972).

Table 4-Mammal species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area

Locale' Class"

Order and Family English name Scientific name P S E I

Artiodactyla - deer, peccaries

Cervidae Brocket deer Aa:auma americana 5 P

White-tailed deer Odocoileus virg(inianius S P

Tayassuidae Collared peccary Tvayssu taacu S P

Carnivora - carnivores (cats, raccoons, weasels)

Felidae Ocelot Felis pardalis S I P

Margay F weidii S I

Jaguarundi F yagouaroundi S I P

Procyonidae Coati Nasa narica P S 

Kinkajou PoUos f/a ins S

Crab-eating raccoon Provon cancrivoUfls S

Northern raccoon P lomor I) S 

Mustelidae Tayra Eira harhara 

Southern river otter Lontra longicatuda S I P

continued
Table 4-Mammal species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Locale" Class

()Idcir mId I aiy En h naic Scientific name ) S E P

Chiroptera - bats

I hallonturi dac (hCSt nut Sac-\\wIicd bat Corurina hr('ivsimIis S

hiincd sac-wi nCd bat Sacoplcriv biliinuaia S

Molossidac NMstiVf bat Alolos sus molo.sns S

Mormoopidae Parnci 's muStacheId bat Pt rtlmiots p/rniiltIi ) S

N ilidae FLIuICel-Crcd bat Atialt/ sntrmincls P S

Noctilitnidae( Grcat hukkdsg bat ( hiig bat) No'n/i'o 'pt rinos P

PlvlostoiiIdac lanmaican Iruit-catiniL' bat Arlilwlts jama/ icen s.s P S

G1ircat fruit-cating bat A. liiiunins P S

Py-gmy% fruit-cat ing bat A plaeowis p S

Watson's frtit-cating bat b1. wIlstii S

Allen's short-tailed bat Ciollia a staniCa P S

Seba's short-tailed bat C persp icilliua P S

Wrink le- faccd bat C(mnturio seIIX P S

I3i-ey cd bat Chirodn-a I friinilalumi P S

Shaggy-haircd bat C vil/osim P S

Wo A falsc bat ChrOaOper'is aurilus P

Common vaipirc bat I'smodi/s rotifilis 1) S

IL0ing-tongued bat Glossop idha COiiissr0is. i S

Pallas' long-tongued bat G. soricia S

Dark ]oing-tongued bat Liclhtolncris obscura( S

Spear-lnoscd long-tongtied bat Lon/chioph/fA robuta 1) S

Swird-noscd bat Liionl-oriia alrito S

\ accotnnell's bat .'/Csophi//a Ilaccumnwli S

Littic big-cared bat ItiCInl io 'is /Ia-h( oris I)

I ittle hi-cared hat 11. h/ riCsi S

I it tlc bic-carcd bat Al. hirsito P

ittIc b iu-earcd bat t /. itraiohjs S

I ittle bia-carcd bat 1t/. minuota S

Iittic biu-cared bat '). s til s P

SpCai-no"Cd bat lPrhsuinis hlstalts S

I ICICr-, broad-ntoscd bat Pilrrrllills hi/'iri P 

S 's iOund-carcd bat lo>raliia hidcis S

I orbiin y' round-carcd bat I si/licol 1) S

I riiicc-lippcd bat IlictJps clitosts S

IIIt-mIraking bat (IoA/irm bi/ohalum S

YelC I o\\ -caicd bat IWiIpris sa nt/mp/ha S

I ittlc C Cllo\\ -carcd bat I pusi/ha P S

( 1irat r'dipc-Iaccd bit Ianil ItulAs cara(ioi S

I lit rtptidlac Sckci-ltotcd hat lTrop pra trial o/or S

\ 1sir ilonidac I ittc brw n hat ' /iolls iis ls

BlckwngdlitC \l yllow\ bml Rhot,,cCNN /u11i' /a S

40onu
Table 4-Mammal species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

I ocalc ClaI

Order and Family English name Scientific name I P

Didelphimorphia - opposums

Didelphidae Southern opposum D)dclphis marlupialis P

Robinson's mouse opposum IhMrmos ru ohilmi

Common gray-four-eyed opposumt Phhinder pIsUn 4/? I S

Lagomorpha - rabbits

Leporidae Brazilian rabbit (tapiti) Siv/ilitgis hrasiclh'ni S

Primates - primates (monkeys)

CalIitrichidac Titi monkey Sa(uiill ns oedi/pill gi"t'()/ni P S I 1

Cebidae I Iow ler monkey Aloua t pallia I 

Niglht monkey AWus lensln I P

CapuChin Mtonkey Cebus caputinms P 5 I P

Rodentia - rodents (paca, agouti, rats, mice, porcupines, squirrels)

A 'outidae Paca AgoPul pC(a S P

Dasyproctidae Agouti DI l) t/oa plnat 00h j) S P)

Echimyidae Rufous tree rat Dip/oinnvs /hili. S

Armored rat Hloplomlivs vInmurso S

Tome's spiny rat Pro'chi/nYs se)sp/nosn P S

Erthizontidae Rothschild's porcupine Co ndo, ndh/hihli S

Hydrochaeridae Capybara Hiniochris hi thochaeri\ S

Muridae Rice rat Orvlomis 4lIvoi S

Rice rat 0. hicolor S

Rice rat 0. chliginosis S

Rice rat 0. tapito 1 S

Cotton rat SignIodlonl hispidus S

Naked tail climbing rat TvIo-lAms mlicrinms S

Cane mouse ZiigSdonunm s hreiicuda 5

Sciuridae Red-tailed squirrel Sc/iars gIvIn tel sis P S

Heteromvidae Pocket mouse 1cIIcrolivs delsaresti Ins P S

Xenartha - anteaters, sloths, armadillos

Bradypodidae Three-toed sloth Brnmipus valricgatls S 11

Dasypodidae Nine-banded armadillo Dasipis noi'emi/nc I P P

Megalonychidae Two-toed sloth 0holoNpu s ho//inai S

Myrmecophagidae Northern tamandua Tauiandmui nemeina S P

P = Pifta S Fort Sherman.

E protected by the U.S. Endangered Species Act CITES rankin-s: I species threatned ith e\tinclion. Tradc in wild spccimcn'

of taxa or population is essentially prohibited w ith t\w exceptions 11 species not thieaCtnCd \ ilh extiinci ion but may beCOmnc so

unless trade is controlled or monitored: P protected by Panamanian la.

Endemic species.

Source: ANCON and TNC (1996): Fleming (1 97

0): Fleming and others i i 72). GEA Consultorcs and Louis Blerer international. Inc

(l 999); Smythe and others ( t 995).
the SILP contain 158 species, or 36 percent of the

Maw ON abunt 9)0 kno\ n species (if hitotal. as lIlow s: T rannidac rantt lvcatchers). 61:

Iidyc\ IAnd ( \;\n c 19,9, Stiles and Skutch 19SQ) Iraupinac (tanagers). 27: Parulidac (wood-warblers).

(1 hich 75 pcrcct are residents and 14 percent are 25: Accipiridac (hawks, cadles. and kites t 23: and

eguIlar nmicrais ikarr 19,5). ( the remainder. 6

the wintering mirints are the aquatic sndpipers percent are l)cca>linaIl visitors. I percent are pelagic r h qntcsdipr

plllnloll c o a in oean and anothrI p er 4 e-ent c ia ad phalaropes (Scolopacidae). and forest and forest- t0111mmon1 O\r ( pen) occam), ind another 4 percent or eg ~ln i? W r Prha)

dic a Ic . n~idcie m non iirmcd It ~edge dwxelling w\ood-\\arblers ( Parulidae). reC01nidered nionconf irmed sightings.

I he SIPA has at least 57 bird families and about I)etcrniining the ongis of PanannO a\ iona,

435 ,pcc ic.s, or 47 percent ofParnama's total (eJ era \with groups being derive ed front both north and

1995) (tbl 5 4 [he habtats occupied by the bird south of the Miocene break in the Central American

1sthmns, is a di fficnlt z.oogeographical problem species of the Sl PA are: forested areas. 44 percent,

forest Idgcs, 1 percent: aquatic areas, 14 percent (I lowell 1969). The major part olth a\ i lanna.

about 4) percent. emerged trom South America (Karr

open wrea, 12 percent: secondary sites, 7 percenWIQ5,Ot: -C1dne.aOtM ecn r ot

and generalists, seen in a \aricty of habitats. 5 percent. I 12 percent re nort

Ab qt 74 percent of the species in the SLR are perceerican . 2 percent. nd 5

resident,. and 4 percent \ grants (rare or accidental

associated with freshwater or marine environments.

0CCunrrencc). [ he remainder consists of migrants, as

are di fficu t to classify; howev er. current information tollows.,: winter imirants to the SLPA, 15 percent:ar diutocls f- 10\C l.C ren iltOn tio

about particular bird species their morphological miur: nts passing thr nugh to other countries, 6

percnt;and igrnts o :rease Iew hre n p imi descriptions, status, relative abundance ( rare to

1 percem n The5 -most com s of bids i i abundant), habitats, habits. and rane have been

I percent. The 5 mrost commnr famries of birds in

concisely summarized (Ridgely and G\\wyinne 1989).

Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area

Locale" C'lass'

Family and [English name Scientific name P S Habitat" Statns E P

Tinamidae - tinamous

( ireat tinanon Timi n/ major x : R P

L ittle tinaniou Cr)pture//ls smi x x I R P

Pelecanidae - pelicans

Brown peIican I/ec NtiMI (ideutalis x x A R

Phalacrocoracidae - cormorants

()iVaceos cornOrant Puhh(wrocorax hrasilianus xA R

Anhingidae - darters

A hi nga 11nhuing'a anh in a x A R

Fregatidae - frigatebirds

\lagni ficent frigaiebird Flgata 1iagniificels S \ A R

Ardeidae - herons

Ru escent tiger-leroin ImLrisouma ih/11U 1 F R

( ir blue heron flIrdea herodir S A R

(at cvrt C(rsmerodius afhus i A R

coinilued

4
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

L oca I" ( lassa

Family and English name Scientific name P S I habitat Status I

Ardeidae - herons (cont.)

Snowy egret Egreu a \ \ A khuhi 

Little blue heron E. cae/uIea x x \

Tricolored heron E. tricolor x \ A R

Cattle egret Buhiucus ihis x A R

Green heron Butoridcs vircsceis x x A M \

Striated heron B. striatus x A R

Agami heron Agmia agami x x F

Black-crow ned night-heron NYiicortax iiYcticorax x R

Yellow-crowned night-heron N icrauussa violacca xR

Boat-billed heron CochIcarius cochlearius x x I R

Threskiornithidae - ibises and spoonbills

White ibis Eudocimus albus x A R

Anatidae - ducks, geese, and swans

Blue-winged teal Anus discos x x A NIW

Cathartidae - vultures

Black vulture Corgnyps atratus x x G R

Turkey vulture Calhartes ura x x G R

King vulture Sarcoramphis papa x x 1F R

Acciptridae - hawks, eagles, and kites

Osprey Pandion haliaetus x x A M" W I

Gray-headed kite Leptodon cauunensis x x F R II

Hook-billed kite Chondrohierax uncinatus x x F R II

American swallow-tailed kite Elanoides fn-ficaus x x R II

Double-toothed kite arpugus hidentatus x x F R II

Mississippi kite Ictinia mississippiensis x x F M 1P I

Plumbeous kite I. plumbea x x F\ IB II

Bicolored hawk Accipifer bicolor x F R

Crane hawk Geronspi-a caerulesccis x xI R

Plurnbeous hawk Leucopiernis phiunbea x F' R I

Semiplumbeous hawk L. semipiunmbea x x I R II

Barred hawk L. jwinceps x F V

White hawk L. albicollis xx N R II

Common black-hawk Buteogalluis anthracinis x x E R II

Great black-hawk B. iuhitinga x x I R II

Gray hawk Buteo nitidus x x I R II

Roadside hawk B. magnirostris x E. R

Broad-winged hawk B. platipferus x x F M W I I

Short-tailed hawk B. bnchvrus x GPR II

Swainson's hawk B. swainsOIIii x x M1N P I

Zone-tailed hawk B. albonotanus x x R II

Crested eagle AMrphnus gIiunnsis x P.

Harpy eagle Ilurpiu harpja x F: R

Black hawk-eagle Spizactus aVnnus x x F: R II

conti4ed
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

locale" Clas

I 1iI\ m111d I liPsI namk SCICntitic namiC ) S Habitat StaiUs IL

Falconidae - falcons and caracaras

kcd-lhr ated aCara haprrius iiricrniua N R

( reIsItckd carac r/ Pol 'iorls /)/(//I( i\ () R

Yellmw-hea:dked Caracara Al1i1VU11 Chimfachinma k R l

I tughinij. IL1Icoii 1cal-pillth'res ( llimanis x (i R

KlrreI d orCSt-I Ilcoll Ilicrastllr rl/i( //is x x I Rl

Sktt\-hacked torest- alcon AL milrajl/lo//lci \ : R

('ollared I'Orest- t'd Con 11 senilon/uallo xI R l

B It t'alcon /'Oh r ,/gulhi\riN E R

PIreCiCn co n E /'pLregrin \ N ( ) \W W

Cracidae - curassows, guans, and chachalacas

(irJ\ -ICadCed chachalaca Ortalis ciuirci cps I.IE RI

( r-CI(Cd ILKIan I''iu'h ur RiP

( ireat crtn \\ Cr r)hra \ \ : R P

Phasianidae - pheasants, grouse, turkeys, and quail

MarbNA \wOod-(jIl Odollnit phorl o '("tilnnis o RP

Rallidae - rails, gallinules, and coots

Whitc-IhrwIctd crakc Latralls a/l/Jl ,laris xA R

(jra\-ncckcd \\ood-rail Ar/n/ie c c(cj/ita I N R

RLIIou-ncckcd \wod-rail 1. tiillris x A k

I inifOrm crakc lmUrl/imn ctni: (color F R

CoIomhimin crakc Nocr co/onnianlus A V

Spottcd rail A/)l(/iral;// maculat A V

Pur plc gal iuil [liu/ P/rhr-1/ cia marwtil ica R A

('o nmni moon hCn Gallinnu 1/coropusl/\ A

Eurypygidae - sunbitterns

S1nIhittcrn mIp//-I/ln ""a /lilcs x R

Aramidae - limpkins

I inpkin A rcIMIu gara'N1c N N R

Charadriidae - plovers and lapwinds

IBlack-hellied pINlIo Pliiclics su//larola N A M

uollared plo\Cr Chan/clriI.s coI/i/aris R N

Wil'sonl plover C wislia x A\M

ScimipalmI tcd plo\Cr C s'wlipalats N A MW

Jacanidae - jacanas

\W alt ci .;Icania Iac/hiac jclc N N .R

Scolopacidae - sandpipers and phalaropes

I e'er Ncllc)\\ lcs> T I/c/ip \ MA

S Iiicir\ n pi perlIIc I \01/ci N N

< )/fnll in
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Locale (las

Family and English name Scientific name P S I Ibhit t Stativ V 1

Scolopacidae - sandpipers and phalaropes (cont.)

Willet C a\Vtrophlrus s'mipalmatus A

Wandering tattler Hleteroscel/s in'canls\

Spotted sandpiper Actitis maclaria x \V

Whimbrel Numenicus phae)puIIs\

Long-billed curlew N. americanus x

Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres x A1 \

Red knot Calidris canutus A \1 \

Sanderling C. a/ba x A M

Semipalniated sandpiper C pusilla A \1\\

Western sandpiper C mai x A

Least sandpiper C rinutilla A I

Pectoral sandpiper C. lc/anotos x ) \ P

Buff-breasted sandpiper Tr'ngites subrn/i!ou//is x ( ) P

Short-billed dowitcher Limnodromus griiseus x A 1\\

Common snipe Gallinago ga//inago x MI W

Wilson's phalarope Phalaropus tricolo x A NI lP

Laridae - skuas, gulls, terns, and skimmers

Laughing gull Larus atricilla x x A R

Bonaparte's gull L. philadelphia A V

Gull-billed tern Slerna nilotica x A R

Royal tern S. maxima x A R

Sandwich tern S. sandicensis x x A R

Common tern S. hirndo x A NI MW

Black tern Ch/idonias nigcr A NI \

Brown noddy 4nuNs stolidus x A V

Black skimmer RYnchops iger A MW

Columbidae - pigeons and doves

Rock dove Columba /iiia x) R

Pale-vented pigon C. caeinncisis x x I R 

Scaled pigeon C speciosa I R P

Short-billed pigeon C. nigrirostris x F R P

Ruddy ground-dove Columhina talpacoti x x ( R

White-tipped dove Leptotila cirrcauxi x x I

Gray-chested do\ e L. cassinii x x F k

0I i\e-backed quail-dove Gcotlrlgo 1vr'el'II sis x x I

V'iolaceous quail-dove G. violaca x N I R

x R Ruddy quail-do\ e G. montana I 

Psittacidae - parrots

Orange-chinned parakeet Brotogeris jiny/aris N x ( i R

Brown-hooded parrot Pionlopsitta hacmatais x x I R

x 11 Blue-headed parrot Piollus 11Cl.I/slnst s I 

Red-lored amazon AMIazona a(tlmnIl(1/is xI x. 11

Mealy amazon 1. farinosa x: x [ 11

confilmc'
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Locale Class,

1,am d I nuish 1m1C Scientific nam11C P S I Habitat Status E P

Cuculidae - cuckoos

1Lick-hi1led cUckoo Cocc ns vnlo ('rHt))hn amuls x F M 1P

Yello-\\hiIllcd ctickoo C. amcric flx x I M

'.uirl C CUCkOo JIIIU Mai d ca\ Na x G R

I ipe cRckn I min '1lNx E R

'Iriiid CUCkOO Iepent cx1)ed x I R

Phc&aianl cuckoo Dn1-nwm~oc( 1 phasianl/Uts x x R

R1 uoUt-ventCd urounifd-cuckoo Nnh/rphs "co//'ovi x F R

Griter aini C>/Copiaga n/hiorI x x R

Sioohi-iilled aill C .ni x x S R

Strigidae - owls

Vecrmikieatd screecli-owv] OlUs 4it'aOiltlac x \ R 1

Tropical scrcCClI-owl 0. (ho/ia x0 R 1

('rested o\\ I Lop/hotix /crishaa x xF R

Spectacled o\\ I PIls/rU (ix pcrspit'ilhh I I R I1

Mottled \\ I Ciccaha vi'Ia \ E R 11

Black-and-white O\ C. 1 \ Nolin.x E I I

Caprimulgidae - nightjars

Short-tailcd niiighthaw\ k Lurocalis sinitonlitaIll xf R

Lcsscr nightiha\ k Chonlciles / 1cUitip/)/is x. x G R

Commino nighxthawk C iOr x\ x GN MW

PIuriqIiC NYcit/hynnusx 1itOI/i x x N R

Ocellatcd poorwill Nviophiinuis ocellaIths xV

Nyctibiidae - potoos

G ircat poloo Ny-ctihils grfaln/is x R

Common potoo '. RiCisx \ E R

Apodidae - swifts

Wice-col hired swxill SNm/o/nnon 70n/is x. N G R.

( himiney s\ wift Chuctura pelagica N x G M P

Short-tailed swill hrC. hiur N. \ G R

Band-rum iiped S\\ ilt C spniicfoi/a R x G R

I esser '\wz al Iow -tailcd C wil\ PfIni)1ptili Ca(en'n/cl.s x G R

Trochilidae - hummingbirds

Ru Ioui-breastcd hermit Glaoiis~ /h;isoi N. x I R. I

iand-tailed harbthlirol Triciicts ruckcri x N I R I

( irecn hcrnmit Iho'ahcin nis -ii/ F R

I ntit le d r it P iip rcilio ' N. F R II

I L itl heri-1t 1, /ol cndemarcS R 11

White-t ipped '.icklebiflI Eu(o'/rx aqiiil/ I R

\WIite-iiCckcd jacoIbiii Florii" I h m//liior/ R I I

(1 1eCn-hi cIstcd mand o l/ifIPotihoi\ prcvostii ( 

Ilfack-thiroitcd mineo I /jrio//is N N 0 R 1

Ruifou'--CrCtCxd COquelttC Lophorn/i/h dclartiri I. R I

\ Ic t-crm niCd \wJo idnim TIhalp /uoia <oon/hica I N. R 11

ct /inueii'
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Lucalc ( lass

Family and English name Scientific name l) S I lahitat Status P

Trochilidae - hummingbirds (cont.)

Violet-bellied huMmnningbird Damophila jUie x I R

Sapphire-throated hummingbird Lphidopti ti coerulcognlaris x x S Rl

BIlue-chested hummingbird A ,nacilia anlai/is x I R

Rutous-tailed 11mming bird A. tzCat! \ \ 1 11

White-vented pILumeleteer Chialbuni 1u/fimi x x R

Bronze-tailed plumeleteer C urOchrasia x \ I R

N I R Purple-crowned fairy Hlc/uohrsv barroti I 

Trogonidae - trogons

White-tailed trogon Tnrion viridis x R

ViOlctCeOis trOgOn1 T violacci's x x I R

Black-throated trogon T ru/us x x I R

Black-tailed trogon melanurus x x I 

Slaty-tailed trogon T masscia x R

Momotidae - motmots

Blue-crowned motmnot I lonuln s molnl) x x E R

RufOus rnotmot Bariphithen ius marii x I R

Broad-billed motmot Elecinni platvrhi'nChum x x [ R

Alcedinidae - kingfishers

Ringed kingfisher Cer/e torquata x x A R

Belted kingfisher C( a/tc on x x A MW

Green kingfisher (hloOcerv/e americana x x R

Amazon kingfisher C. amia:ona x A R

Green-and-rufous kingfisher C. indi x x F R

American pygmy kingfisher C. aenca x I . R

Bucconidae - puffbirds

White-necked puffbird Notharcus nacrorhYnchus x x R

Black-breasted puffbird N. pectoralis xx R R

Pied puffbird N. teclts x x FR

White-whiskered puftbird MAilacoptila panamnensis x I : R

Gray-cheeked nunlet Nonniula rulicapilla x F R

White-fronted nunbird Amuasa mnorphoeus I' V

Galbulidae - jacamars

Great jacamar Jacaerops a urea x I R

Capitonidae - barbets

Spot-crowned barbet Cpito macutlicorolnatus x R

Ramphastidae - toucons

Collared aracari Pteroglosss torqualus xF R

Yellow-eared toucanet SIelenidera spectabilis x I R

Keel-billed toucan Ramnphastos su/uralftus x x F R

I R Chestnut-mandibled toucan R. swainsonii x R 

continue
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Lo)Cale Class"

1,1inilk aIId I En lish 1111c Scicut i fic nam c S H 11 ab ita Status E P

Picidae - woodpeckers

()I acCous piculci C/ Pi///0InS olic1\ \ x E R

l lack-checkedw x oodpecker A/Cl r I(Ipt /p/chit'rai x \ I R

Rcd-cro\x ncd xxoodpecker A. nIhrict /pills x x R

kxllxw - hC iCd S1pSuckcr SphrapitU s vF/is xF MW\

Cinnamon xwoodpeckcr C ch'i loriato x x R

I ncatcd w\oodpecker l)/iocoplfs lineaius x x \ R

Crimson-crested xwoodpcckcr Camp'philis mc'lao/ucs x\ x I R

Furnariidae - overbirds

Slaty spinetail S>n.alla vz /jnischiir- 1 x ) V

BUlf-throatcd ftiagc-glcancr Anwomio/us Uchnt/ s xI xts R

Plain xcnops \clops milfus. x x R

Tawnyux-throated Icaftosser ISt/rru/s mIxicasu x x I R

Scaly-throated leafiosser S. i(,Ite/)Ilt /sisx x F R

Dendrocolaptidae - woodcreepers

Pliin-browx n woodcrccpcr DVIdcin In /hliginlosI x \ R

Ruddy woodcrcepcr 1). honochroa x \ I R

Long-lailed woodcreepcr lc(m 0/ic//A loigicaUlida F R

W edcge-hilled wxoodcreeper GIphwvtlCms Iiurls x x I R

KIarred w\oodcrccpcr Dnldrocolaptcs ccirhia xF R

Straight-hilled xwoodcrceper Xip/lrlhivchls picus xF R

Bu1-throated wxoodcrccpcr . 'UtU/a\ s x R

lBlack-striped xwoodcrceper Xlt IC/n osis x x I R

Formicariidae - antbirds

Fascritid antshrikc Cimuilaim s li/ttU x x I R

(Grcat ,rntshrike Itlraa major \ x S R

Ilarrcd antshrike Tham il ho do/itas x x S R

Slaty antshrike T a/riU ha x \ R

Spot-cn e x Cd ant vireo Iv'Dithaii/no pu tieps x xp's F R

Pygumy '1nt wren A 1vIrIwofheru/I1 brachvilra R I r~cx cmxatx rn 1/l lihb/U hi iwo \ \).Ni I P. St rcakcd antw\\rcn 'U /. s/ri/nam//is \ x E R.

Checker-throeated ant\ xren 'I/. lI/i i'//t/ I\ R

\\hii tc-lariked anmlxren If axil/ari I x R

Dot-w xnged aitx wrn Ili 1rrhopis q/i /Nis \ R

Dusky antbird (C/rmiaciA trAt/i// \ E R

13r li-croxed anthirl Gintocichla ldiceps x S R

Whitc-hcllied anthird i//t/r 'Ic/ h)loipwts I E R

histniit-hacked anthird 'ii 1 a/I \ R

I )Ill-mantiled 1nthird 'ii hcmonws IcIa I R

Immiiiiaciul'latc anhthird 11. I/t/in a ultta I R

Spotted authrd //'loph/ Im natc/ioidts \ x R

Niol)red tird Gvmnlopidnhys /cm aspi. x x R

(l)clit)tid Phacihoslicas m/ca/tanii N xF R

lkick -laced aitlrihli tt /strmi ariN analis \ x I R

lfacl-rckix iicd :iititte iliNO/a /mhch/ri I R

Specataleti ;llpitia /i/ cbipti prpillai i o I R

co/nltIed
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Fanil and English name Scientific name [ S Ibitat St atw 1 1

Tyrannidae - tyrant-flycatchers

Paltry tyrannulet Zimminrips vilissiinus \ \

Brown-capped tyranUilet Ornithin briunei apillun \ \ I P

Southern beardless-tyrannulet C( MPLtoNt)a obsol'UUm \ x I R

Yellow-crowned tvrannulet Ttrannulus clams \ \ I R

Forest elaenia A /pa1,s taimanhui \ \ I R

Greenish elaenia I iridiara I R

Yellow-bellied elaenia E/atnia /itogaswr \ x R

Lesser elaenia F chiriqpwnsis \ \

1 P Olix e-striped flycatcher Alionctes olivmcc'1s I 

Ochre-bellied flycatcher l. oleaginca \ \ I

Sepia-capped fly catcher Lcptopogon amuiroccphalu x R

Yellow tyrannulet flat'oh) 7apsiepis \ \ () R

Yellow-green tyrannulet Phhlloscart s il/totirens' x R

Black-capped pygmy-tvrant A ltiornis africapillus x \ I R

Southern bentbill 0oCs(tO(nnI olivacum x \ I R

Slate-headed tody-flycatcher Tohdirostrum s, lvia S R

Common tody-flvcatcher T ci1nern x)\ S R

Black-headed tody-flycatcher T niigricp x \ Ix R

Brownish flycatcher CnipodIcces subhruinieUS \ \ I

Olivaceous flatbill RIhnchoccls olivaceus x x I R

Yellow-olive flycatcher Tolnomnvias; s/I)hresceINs x I R

Yellow -margined flycatcher T assimilis xx I R

Golden-crowned spadebill P/art rinchut'.s coronatms x x I R

Northern royal flycatcher M)n'chorhn1/chus cnormltas x x R

Ruddy-tailed flycatcher 10rnori s e rthruus. x R

Sulphur-rumped flycatcher A/viobius harbat/s x x I R

Black-tailed flycatcher Al. atricaudlus x R

Olive-sided flycatcher Contopus horealis x x I M P

Western wood-pewee C. sorddI/s \ x [ M P

Eastern wood-pewee C. virens x x I MP

Tropical pewee C. Cinorus x x S R

Yellow-bellied flycatcher Emnpilonax flaviventris xI MP

Acadian flycatcher EB tires.cens I \\

Alder flycatcher E. alnormn x S \lMP

Vermilion flycatcher Pyrocephalhas ruhnutus x x ( V

Long-tailed tyrant Colonia colon.s x x P

Bright-rumped attila Aita spadi(eu x \ I R

Speckled mourner Laniocera ruleSCe x x R

Rufous mourner Rhvtipterna holorvitra h I P

Sirystes Sir'ste.s sibilator R

Dusky-capped flycatcher A/hiarchus tuherculifer x x I R

Panama flycatcher Al. panamnosis x S R

Great crested flycatcher Al. crinits x \ I \W

Lesser kiskadee Philoh vdor lictor xx A R

Great kiskadee Pilangus st/plIsit' x \ R

Boat-billed flycatcher iegarunchus pitanulua x S R

Rusty-margined flycatcher Altio:teroees annsc is x x S R

Social flycatcher AU similis x x ( R

Gray-capped flycatcher 11. grn1desRIs x N S P

ouillu/I
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

ILcaic" CIns

I 1mi] anti I nylIih iun)c Scictific naic P S I labitat Status E P

Tyrannidae - tyrant-flycatchers (cont.)

White-ring'ed flycatcler Coiopias alohvitila x x R

Streaked flycatcher xfi(dn/les i/hit s x x ) R

Sulphtir-hellicd Ilycatclcr 't. 11thint/ris x I NI P

Piratic lycatchcr Legartis IeI/copitiIs x x I- M B

Iropical kingbird ijnmnius melan'incholicus x x 0 R

Eastern kingbird 1: 1taus x x E Ni

Grav kingbird I: dmninicensis x x 0 M W

Fork-tailcd lycatcher T Sallow x x ( R

( inianamon bccard J'ti A/cil/)iamphi.s ciliamomes x F R

Wh"ite-winged becarnd P po/vchopferusI xI R

NMsked tityra Tavyra Semi/ascialkl x I R

3lack-crowncd titra T inql/isitor x F R

Cotingidae - cotingas

Rnu pi ha Lipatugu s uniiifu\ x x I- R

31uc cot ina Cotingau natterrii x x F R

PUrp lc-throatcd IrIUitCrOw Qiu'rul/a pipliita x F R

Pipridae - manakins

Thruhsikc mourner Schiffornis tarimis x x [ R

(iolden-coulared mianakin A/lnacis vitlIelitus x x E R

131ue-crowned manakin Pipra colriala x x\F\ R

Rcd-cappcd imanak in P nalIs x: x R

Hirundinidae - swallows

Purple martin Proglei sbis x x G MP

(iray-breasted martin I c/hilhea x x G R

Brown-chested marlin Phaeoprgnie tapera ( \W

ice sw\allo\ ichiinta hicolor x MW

Mangrove swallows T /hilin'a x A R

BILuc-and-White swkalloW Notioche/ihdon cYanoltca x x G MW

W\hitc-thighcd s\allowx A. fIhialis x x F R

Northern rough-wingcd sw aIllOw Slt'hithptclrvx srripnis x x G NI \W

Southern rough-x WingCd swallow S. ri/ icol/is 0 G R

Bank swallowx Riparia riparian G N I W

(lf 1TSw"alw //rHd pmrknt xM~ x G(nu M P1

Barn swallows Hi. 1.stica \ x G M

Corvidae - jays, magpies, and crows

Bilack-chcstc(l ay Calocora a//ilis x F \ R

Troglodytidae - wrens

Whitc-haded wren Camp1orht/i s i/lhobhroinius 1 : R

Blick-helliicd wrcin Thrvohorus /ad iatlocntris x x E R

Bay wvrcn 1 Viiricapil/\s I E R

Stripc-brcastcdl wren i /horacics \ R

Ru Iou'-,id-wl\itc 1: iT ri//hiuis I R

a ilhireasted \kren T /cCofi F \ E R

oniinud
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Locale.(ls

Family and English name Scientific name P S I lahitat Stats El P

Troglodytidae - wrens (cont.)

Plain wren 1: modcstus \ \ () R

House wren Troghodtes ued() \ x ( ) k

White-breasted wood-wren Ielicorhina lucosticta \ \ I k

i R Southern nightingale-wren Alicrocercu/s marginatli x \ 

Song wren Ciphorhinus phaeocephatlu x I P

Sylviinae - warblers, kinglets, and gnatcatchers

Tawny-faced gnatwren Alicrobales cinereiventr is x \ I

Long-billed gnatwren Ramnphocaenus mnclanrus x x I k

Tropical gnatcatcher Polioptila plumbca x x I R

Turdinae - solitares and thrushes

Veery Cat harus fjiscescens x x I NIP

Gray-cheeked thrush C. minimtus x xF MP

Swainson's thrush C. usulatus x x \ IP

Wood thrush Hvlocichla mustclinax x F M W

Clay-colored robin Turdus graYi x x ) R

Mimidae - mockingbirds and thrashers

Gray catbird Dunetella carolinesis x x S M

Tropical mockingbird AWimnus gill'us xx R 

Motacillidae - pipits and wagtails

Yellowish pipit Anthus lutescens x( R

Vireonidae - vireos

Solitary vireo irea solitarius W

Yellow-throated vireo V/la i/rons x x F

Red-eyed vireo V olivaceus x x F I P

Yellow-green vireo V .lavoviridis x x _ 113

Black-whiskered vireo V altiloquas x x S V

Scrub greenlet Hvlophilu1sf1a vipes x x S R

Tawny-crowned greenlet H. ochraceiceps x \ I R

Golden-fronted greenlet H. aulntii/ins x x E. R

Lesser greenlet H. decurtatus x x [ R

Green shrike-vireo Vireo /aius pulche/lus x x I R

Parulinae - wood-warblers

Golden-winged warbler le'rmiivora chrpsoptea x E N MW

Tennessee warbler .pereg1rina x x E l\

Northern parula Padrua americana x M \V

Yellow warbler Dendroica pctcchia x x S NI\\

Chestnut-sided warbler D. pensvllalica x x F N \

Magnolia warbler D. gnolia x x 1 NW

Cape May warbler D. tigrina x E NIW

Black-throated blue warbler D. caerulescens x - V

Black-throated green warbler . virens x I NIP

57
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

ILocale ( CIass

I 111 a1 I n i mh me Scientific name I) S Habitat' StaMUs 1 P

Parulinae - wood-warblers (cont.)

Blalkhirnian xxarbler 0. /isca x x I MP

Ycllow-iihro Itcd warhler ) dominica xBay -hireated wx arbler I). cusuuu'u M W

( erilean warler 1). ccritla x . Nil

Black-and-i ite warbler ln1iotilta varia F M I W

A merican redstart SetoP/hMii rlicilla x F I\\

Prothonotary warbler Protnolaria cilrva x x \

WoiiI-eating warbler IHelih('rms Ivirlivors x x I M\\

O\ Ciihird Seinrus (1roo iC/pillis x x I I W

Northern waterthrush S. iioi ncbns.'is x x W

oni sia na waterthrush S. Moitaci/i \ \ F NI\\

KentUcky \arhler Opornoris /onnoo x. x I W

MorninIg warbler 0. philadclphi x \ S M\

Hooded Xw abler IWilsmnmia citrill x N\

( aiida warhlcr IV tUndens1. x x F MP

Ruouns-capped xwarbler Basilcurnti riii/41 \s\ 1 R

I- rum1ped w arhier Phacouhllipis /till di U x F R

Coerebinae - bananaquits

laianaquit Cocreha /ulacola x x S R

Thraupinae - tanagers

Plain-colored tanager 7imgara inorihlta x x R

Bay-headed tanager T ivrola x x : R

w Idel- Imoded tanager T larva a xIx-E R

Scarlet-thighed duenis D Icnista x xF R

Bloc dacnis [. ci auI x x F R

(ireen honcy creeper (h1lrophancs spi \a x xF R

Slh in i ng honeycreeper Ci-nerpes; lucidti x F R

RFed-leCed honieycreeper C. cYancis x x E. R

YClliiwx -crow\ ned enphonia Euphonia Iiteicapi//a x x S R

T hick-billed enphonia E. laniirstris x x I R

IuLIx ons-x rented Cphon ia E. /idirissa x x F R

Vhi te-xented enphon ia E mininwa x I F R

Blul e-uray tanager TIMOuis7 i episcopis O 0 R

Palm tanager T palmcrum x0 R

Oh\vC tanager Chlorothralupis carmioli x x I R

( iray-headed taiager Eiocomcfi.s penlicillala x xF R

SU 1lph1r-r1-m1 ped tanager He rc'ospingt u hn/s rubri\ons x R

White-shonldered tanager Tacinphonos /ucuosis x x R

Tawx nIy-crested tanager T delatrii x x F R

White-Ilned tainaeer T ruitox x \ R

Red-throated ait-tanager Ihabia /,,scicaulda x R

Summrinier tana cci Pira rura x \ I NI W

Scarlet taPaucr / olitt ca x I NW

( iim'oii-hacked taiacer Ramphocho/ dimidiaoti \ \ S R

lamie-rumped taiiagcr R. /laninigrz x x S R

o'sy tiiIh-tanaeCr RhodiNcichla rosca I x R

iy -la~c d ianiir Ifitrrspinglo ci asilii I R

conlinicd
Table 5-Bird species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

L on.ale ( L'

Family and E english name Scientific name P S I lahitat Status I P

Cardinalinae - cardinals and grosbeaks

Streaked saltator Suliamr a/hbiolis x R

Buff-throated saltator S. maximus x \ I

Black-headed saltator S. utriccps x S R

Slate-colored grosbeak S. 1osus x \ I

Rose-breasted grosbeak Phczici us /luovicianus x x \ IM

Blue-black grosbeak Cranocompsu -ronlids x I R

BIlue grosbeak Guliraca cuendea x S \1 \

Indigo bunting Passerinu (.nIea x S N I

Dickcissel Spil amel'icIl x x ( M P

Emberizinae - emberizine finches

Orange-billed sparrow Arr110n auraniirostris x x E R

Black-striped sparrow AIrrCmenups conirostris x x ( R

Blue-black grassquit J uluitnia ucurinla x x ( R

Slate-colored seedeater S~mupbophila schistaceu x E: R

Variable seedeater S. unericana x x R R

Yellow-bellied seedeater S. nigricollis x x 0 R

Ruddy-breasted seedeater S. minute x x R

Lesser seed-finch Ortnohorus unxgo/ensis x x R

Saffron finch Sicalis /laveola x x ( R

Icterinae - orioles and blackbirds

Bobolink Do/ichonyvx oirvivorus x x ) MP

Red-breasted blackbird Slurne/l/ militaris xx R

Eastern meadowlark S. magna x x ( R

Yellow-headed blackbird XAnth/toccplalzs anttiwcephalu/ x x V

Great-tailed grackle Cassidix Iexicanus x x 0 R

Shiny cowbird V/olothrus bolariensus x x ( R

Giant cowbird Sc/phiduru orlviurur x x R R

Orchard oriole Icicrus .spurus x S M \

Yellow-backed oriole 1. chy'saer x x E R

Yellow-tailed oriole I. llesoelc/us xx I R

Baltimore oriole I. galbula x x E I \

Yellow-billed cacique AMNu/Vccrcus holoscriceus x x ( R

Scarlet-rumped cacique C:cicus uropgiulis x x F R

Yellow-rurped cacique C. cel x x E R

Crested oropendola Psurwcolius decumanus x \ I R

Chestnut-headed oropendola P iwag/eri x R

Montezma oropendola P Anwtcuma N V

Fringillidae - finches

Lesser goldfinch Spinns psx/riu x \ S R

P Piha: S -Fort Sherman.

A = Aquatic: - edec: I = rest: G= general; ( = open. S seCondary

M = Migrant from elsciwhere in Panama: -MP= migrant passing throne h PanamaN: MW inter i igratit In Panama. R residentt \ = I a

EL Protected by the U.S. Endangered Species Act CITES rankings I =pecic threatened xith extin con Trade in x Ild "pecimen

of taxa or popui lat ion are essentially prohibited \\ ith fce\ exeptions I= species not hiiireate ned \\ ith extinction hut M ax becOmie 1, ile

trade is controlled or monitored: P = protected by Panamanian lax.

Table compiled by George R. Angehr and W. Douglas Robinson of the Smithsonian Tiopical Research Institute,
I L1,11 /,I ta n h

i u nm lI f

Ifn Ir if, f it I I? i Ilnne III, Ia n Iii (I/ ",/) /m h w

P'manai also has about 170 species of amphibhi ans

I -(l6 pcrccnl cndmIc) incl udi ng 141 frocs and toads.

21 salaimandcrs. and 8 cecilias. The SI PA has 36

spc ces of amphibians. or 2I percent ol Panama's total

talee 6). f those recorded so far, there are 34 fRogs

and loads, and 2 arc saIamndcrs. TIhe salamander

Bolil() l 1ssa cuna endemic to PIaama. Anmong the

r1-c nlcxxoutwh\ amophiib ians arc tihe colorful poison

c ccdart ros (Sax agc 1 968).

A, - L '[The daita oile tie ando- amp1IIhi ins for tile

SLFPA is deri\ ed [fr0om t\w separate C eALKaIOnls

Stile rapid ecological assessment atld all lindependenICt

P1ama has 22N speCCIes of reptiles (10 p)I-eret hZptlgclstd 7be6. apigi h

ciidcmiC) InCludinu 127 snakes. 8 I lizards md herpctologica stndy was limited to lix twxo-day

iguanas. I5 nmri nc and lreshwacr Inrcs, 3 worm periods t hronghout the year (I banIfez and others 1995).

izar, a cr1 cod ie, and a ca iman. (' thc 228 spccics, I The major sites were along the Gat( in Locks-Sherman

the SI PA contains 34 reptilcs, or I percent of Road ( S2 ), in Mojlinga Swamp. cat ixvo forest.

Panama totl (tablc 6). A among thosc identified so mangroes, sccondarv forest, and in the xiciniltv

'Alr arI 15 spccCiCs Of i cnanas and l iIards, 12 snakes, 4 ol (iatin DI)an

gcckos, 2 turtles, anl I caiman (lIbanz 1991, IRbaIfez

and others 1995) hc izard \ops Iionut I is

cndmci ic to Panama.

Table 6-Reptile and amphibian species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area

Locale" Class

(Gronp aInd Faimiy E ngmlsh namic Sciciitiic namic P S 1 P

REPTILES

Snakes

BmdaC Boa Constrictor Boa cmistricl 1)- P I 1I P

AnnuMlatcd trcc boW ( "no-l//s auldahirus S I

(nlubridlac Ilack racer ( Chironilus carillats.\ I) S

Iargc scaled black lrce snake C ,ral/isquwnis P S

Mexican milk snake L ra fn/i'ci /a 11111/Wa P S

Pmiri t snAkc Lpilhs (;ha/ullc a P

Lbophis clpinppalus P

Mcxicai x ine snakc O eibcls amnVCl I

G rcin \ ine snakc . hr'miro is P

Sip/)opl/his crm'171ins 1

I lpihda ('cntral Aiicrican coral snake i/ic rurus W,ni0cin MPN

iprid C I i Cr dLmncc l)'whniI asphr P

( )ill d

001
Table 6-Reptile and amphibian species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Group and Family English namive Scientific name I S)

REPTILES (cont.)

Geckos

Gekkonidae Yellow -headed gecko Gniulodc' alhogulari/ P I

Common housc igecko //tmuidactt /lu /litili 1

Litter -,ecko Lkpauhltphar/s vn/wsiu,\mla ) \

Turnip-tailed gecko Thecahi rvis rapi, audua p

Iguanas and lizards

Corytophn idae Bro\\ n hasi 1i sk Bas.ilistus hasiliss P 

I Ielmieted basilisk C n /l-ophla/n crist/i\ I

Gymnophtalmidae L )posN rll gia ps 

Iguanidae 13lack i iguana C tt'/enlosNai/ra s/i/ili.s "S

Green iguana Irg'iuana i'uianua l) S I1 P

Polychrotidae miant green anole Oa/ t/rit u P S

NVoropsN aura1its 1) S

ireen tree anole . /itliis P

Pug-nosed anole V. Ci/ o P

Slender brown anole V limivrnS P S

. lionoliJ!sI S

. tr)opido 'austcr P S

Scincidae Bronze-backed skink ab iin u l unimarginIatti P S

Tei idae J ungle runner Amelia /t'alica P S

Central American ameiva T c'riva P S

Delicate ameiva . le'ptpl'is P S

Turtles

Emvdidae Slider Trachiims scripia P

Kinosternidae White-lipped mud turtle Kinuostrnon /Iiiet ucoiiu Ii

Crocodilians

Alligatoridae Spectacled cai man (al/Cai/uian crocodile S 1 

AMPHIBIANS

Toads and frogs

BLuonidae Marine toad Bi/u/ iarilu// P S

Leaf litter frog B. tiphutiui l) S

Centrolenidae C tio cl'/a \pinlia P S

Glass f'rog Hleufin 4 obatrachi m /le'e/iihmanni S

Dendrobatidae Rocket tro,, Colos tellih nub/uo/a P S

'. ulautnuICe P S

Poison dart ftroi - Du,/nbudroba'c autra P S

0 1
Table 6-Reptile and amphibian species in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (continued)

Locale" Class'

(iroup and I ami y i english name Scientific name P S E P

AMPHIBIANS (cont.)

Toads and frogs (cont.)

IIN yidac Red-eyed leaf frog 1galveImis callidr as P S

Emerald-eved tree frog IhIa CrepIans P

I IOurglass tree frog H. e/V raccata S

Yellow tree fio II, micriocephaila S

H. pihtodes. S

Tree frog I. ru/ac/a P S

Veined tree frog Phrinohvas venulosa P S

T ree frog S'cinax lnibclgelri S

Tree frog S. rostrata S

S. r1l/w S

Tree froe S. stal/Aeri S

Smil/isa(u N i/tI S

Leptodact\ldae Slim-fingered rain frog Elcut/erodact y///s c/assidigirtis P S

Tink frog E. diastema P S

Common rain frog L. /itingcri P S

Fort Randolph robber frog F. gaigeae P

L. -aifnimis P

E. rideis P S

landed robber frog E. taciiatus S

Leptodacti'lus insdaruiiin S

White-lipped frog L labialis ) S

Sabinal frog L inlanonous S

SoUth American bull frog L. pntilactiis P S

L. /L etit/ilus S

TULngara frog PIh1ysa/leius p1istilhisus P S

Ranidac Rainforest frog Ratio raillan i S

Brilliant forest frog . warszewitsthii P

Salamanders

lethodoi idac CUM/ir /ssi iin P S

Oct/ipia parips S

' 'nua s I t SlICrintai

PI tecoed by thc S I atI ngered Speci Act CI I IS r \nkmc- I I Ipecie not thICatc nctin N l C\Iltllt but Imla\ becoic

s l unkess lrad I,, konltrolledi Or monitored;l 1)= protected by Panalm ian lx\

IC11 ilcin itc ic

ou :tc: AN ( ( )N nid I N( ( 19% , ( i A ( onisiloicsr int ot i lii c imliional, Inc ( 1999). Ibane/ and otlherl ( 1 9 

per(Inal observalonl
f resh/I l/e'Ir Fish Table 7-Freshwater fish in the San Lorenzo

Protected Area, Gatun Lake, and the

At least 42 species of treshwmater fish h\e m siom Proteced Ared

Chagres watershed

part of the Chagres Rixer w\atershed or in small

streams near Toro Point. The Chagres watershed Localitv

incLudes Gatin Lake, streams on Barro Colorado

Island, and and minor tributaries within the SLPA a

(Hildebrand 1938. Zaret and Paine 1973) (table 7). Atherinidac (silverside)

Most fishes of eastern and central Panama are of e/aniirisf (hlg'i

South American origin (1 ildebrand 1938). Two large .n .- Characidae ( characin') families, the characins (family Charicinidae) and the a d N

mailed catfish (fami ly Loricaridae) are from South Bc"Onl charelnsis X

America. The migerations of these families to the B. pelrrosuis

Chagres watershed appears to have been from the Bricmonaumeric UIs emperador

western Atlantic slope of Colombia to the Pacific 11r 1)'Onat

slope of eastern and central Panama by means of the Clrellls notrol)ides X

Hophas microepis X

Atrato. Tuira, Bayano, and other rixVers, and then to H s N N

neighboring coastal streams of the Chagres. Pseldoclcirodan a/ilis N \

The Chagres River is 193 km long: the Chagres Roeboides guarema/enis N N

xvatershed with its numerous tributaries drains 3202 Cichlidae (cichlids)

km (Jadn Suarez 1 98 1 ). or 4.2 percent of Panama. Aequidens conileomnrat. X X

Gatin Lake, created in 1914, co\ ers 423 km the dam Cich/a oceallr X

forming the lake measures over 30 Im high and spans Cichlasolnia maculicauda X X

2.4 km. Gatnin Lake. extendiing 37 km between the Geophagas crassilalris Z17 Netrcop/us panamenlclsis X

Giatin Locks and the Culebra CUt, borders the SLPA.

Madden and Alajuela Dams. built in 1936. are smaller Cyprinodontidae (killifishes

reservoirs that are situated above Gatfn Lake within or toothcarps)

the Chagres watershed. The regimen of the Cihagres Rivius hrmics N

varies considerably during the year, With the greatest R. montium X

flows during the wet season. Unlike the period before Gobiidae (gobies)

the construction of the canal and the reservoirs, kAols hajasica X

barriers to fish migration exist at the dam sites. Since Dormitator maculat is X

the beginning of work on the canal, fish species have Elcorris istlimensis X

been introduced into the reservoirs and possibly E. pisonis X X

elsewhere within the watershed. Gobomus dormiuw X G. mlacudahc. X

Freshwater fish were deliberately introduced into Guavinia noavina X

the Chagres watershed (including Gatin Lake) on four Lcpiphilipnm; /luviutii' N

c 01711uwCd

occasions, as follows: guppies (LehistesN rCtiCultos)

from Barbados for mosquito control around 19 It

450 large mouth bass ( .1icropwrus sa/muudes), 1,O0

catfish (species unknown), and 800 sunfish (Le'peon is

sp.) in 1917 for sport fishing- 2.250 large mouth bass.

500 bluegills (Lepomis macrorochirus), and 500

crappies (Pomoxis sp.) in 1925, also for sport fishing

(Hildebrand 1938): and peacock bass (Cichla

ocellaris) in 1967, again for sport fishing (Zaret and

Paine 1973). Of these. only the peacock bass surxi Ved.

Recently, the culture of tilapia ( Tilapia sp.) was

introduced to local communities through artificial fish

63
Table 7-Freshwater fish in the San Lorenzo fla iues iti~inLake. Infex itabiy. >omie ol the f ish eseapedl and hx e Protected Area, Gatun Lake, and the Chagres I sue oftyiiea.

watershed (continued)

Fisl species occurrence and abundance \ary

Locality according to habitat: e.'. fast-flow\ ing. shallow

1 il i" and species I (CR iI TP headix aters: lake shorelines or deep water: lo" land

r ixer \\ aters: or estuaries. NM oreox er nativ e species Gyjmnotidac ( naked-back knifrfishes) I Il~n)t)/I( U Oiakcd-back 11 ) nifelh . and lod chains may be in uII enced by the introduction

01 exotic species. Peacock bass. natkie to the Aniaon

LoricariidaC (suckermouth River and its tributaries, is renowned for its taste

arumwred catfishes) and as a good FigIher It is also a predator 01 other

I nisrus chagresi X ish, aid by 1973 had caused a maj or impact ( hacustunna /1schei X Chiicl1.m0a lU'0U hc1 .x on other species. eflectixely eliminating -klmnox br-ihmaia /racantha X ibcrriN . I chou I u' lid//N t N. I ecquideiix P/lccstomusl. p/ecostonnuls palamnisi~s X x /'erIm. ohi/s uemlns.Atuds

( 00,u1/opunm aus Gohionnoru l rvr amu

Mugilidac (mullets) Ii( ilntiswis, 'N and Poci/ia mexiclan /. and drastically\

A.lgOnostomils macrac1//H il 't/s X reduicin g 1I/1mi iri0 1hagrl.WI (table 7). In contrast.

. muinku/a N mhA hrna mocuidi aina increased. Peacock bass

IoturuN p/)han/i X

also had secondary impacts on zooplankton and

Pirnelodidae (long-whiskered catfishes) bird species, and a resurgence of local mosquito

Pimelodf/a chagre-i X populations may also hax e occurred (Z/aret and

Rhmldi wigneri N Paine 1973). Further sampling in ( iatin Lake could

Poeciliidae (live bearers, Or x i ip~arOUS d determine ir a new e\lniqilibri im has been established.

top-ininnows)

Brachi/nihaphis cascajalNNsis N X x X Scicci ar 1ine Flora and mama

B. (piscopi N X

Gambusia Ilicarag//ci/sis" x X Although the freshwater and marine enxironments

tollienisia sphen'ops X are a critical part of the natural resource base of the

Poeci/ia ill mxicN (/1/ SL PA, detailed information on freshxxwater and marine

Pocci/iopsis pitieri X al ae and il ertebrates, and Caribbean fishes. is

IWI i arro Colu ( orado lsmn. CR 1 haurcs xatershd itt ,beyond the scope of this report. Published species lists

Gatun I akc; IP tro Poin (Fort Sherman). ald guides for identification ol reef corals. sponges.

Source oCcommon amnly namc: Ncikon (WNs4r algae, and other organisms round along the SLFPA

introduced specie. coast are available t(ammill 1 GEA (onsultores,

Source: ildchrand (1930 I Obrui i 1993 4 aret and Rune (1973Y QV and I uis Kerger International Inc. I

Giuin and llst 1994: liumann 192, 1993: littler

and others I QS9: Scl Ifton and Webster 1 9S6: Wood

I9Q3). Species lists and guides for identification of

CaribbCan fish may be found in sex eraIl publications

(Ackermn I 5 1. 1 lumann 1994, Meek and

Slildebrand I 923. Randall I%8, Stokes 19t

The Iollow in is a Ceneral discussion ot coral reefs.

sea-crass communities. and sea turtles.

Nlau tida x ariatiou at 0 riitobal (and presuiii\

the SI l\ is onx 056 n ( WA (onsultores. S.A. and

I ouis Bercer International. Inc. 1999 Ihe barrier

reefs that parallel the coast ha e de\ eloped under

04
conditions of strong winds. heavy rainfalls, high currently . tie vOrA arc uiidcr stress duc t

sedimentation ((imdn and I ost 1994), and minor Ncdimcitation. dredeiin, and il Npi

tidal variation. They range in age from 3,000 to 7,000 Ta

years oLd The ielaii eI\ 1\\ :nniunt of coral ajit hiuh

aimoUlt of alc-c clearly\ sho\w I the Cefict of lonie-tcrii

Thirteen coral platforms varying in size from 4 to disturbanc. Past cx p oitat on and operation, rIeatcd

23 ha wcre found during a survey of the Caribbean to te Con strict aind maintenance of the caria ha\ C

Coast between Punto NInerto and the (hagres R I\ er had a necat ix c impact on ('aribhhca n coral N

(GuzmAn and I lolst 1994). Nearly 50 ha of coral reef Uinfortunatelx, the coral rcC1s of the SLP \ cannot

were located along the SLPA coast in four areas compete \ ith rccf clsc\u hcrc in the Caribbean. No

designated as Fort Sherman, Isla Brujas. Punta tourism focused on d in is c a NiW [ i

Naranjitos. and Punta IglCsia (fig. ) Consnltorcs, S.A. and Louis Ilrccr International

During the Spanish conquest and coloniiatiOn. and Inc. 1999).

latcr during the construction of the canal by French

and American companies. coral. sand, and sediments

were mined, mainIy in and around Portobelo and Sea-cgrass communities contain niny hour specic

Limon Bay. The coastal waters off of the SLPA, of grass T/issi( rmIn! Siring/him

including Fort San Lorenzo, may also haxe been fiii/ornw and //Ao<u/c uriclnt, in shal% oxatcr

harvested to some extent for the same purpose. Coral and H1alophNi/a ditcipiiwn1S in deeper \\ aters \\ it h1 less

reefs once covered Lim6n Bay: today, these reefs. light grow commonly in association " ith calcareouN

highly contaminated with fecal matter, have died algae in lagoons bctwxecen the rccl crests and the

(Guzman and I lost 1994). The highlights of the mangroves (GIA Consultores, S.A. and Louis Iercc

survey of Caribbean reefs between Punto Nuerto International. Inc. 1999: Marshall 1994). These

and the Chagres River follow: comm nitics two in Lim6n Bay and one at Punta

. The algae are diverse, xith more than SO percent Brujas stabilize the beaches and the reefs. help

of the central region domed by macroalgac collect sediment, support a \ariety of dcopod rructcean dominated77 an sev as hrcopdn and only 6 percent by live coral. crustaceans (Ieck I977), and scr\e as breeding

- The corals recorded within the survey region grounds and foraging areas for many fish species.

represent 53 percent of the species reported for Other organisms. among them sea ancmoncs, sponges.

the Caribbean shore of Panama and include the tInicates. shrimp, crabs, lobster. and sea conch, also

principal reef forming species. abound in sea-grass communities.

- The only natural population O frlpr1/)OI Sca-crass communities are sensitixe to urban

tW r(M ornis is found in a 12-m' patch in front decelopment, deforestation, and coastal dredging, all

of the entrance to Fort Sherman. of which increase coastal sedimentation (MNarshall - The only population of the soft coral 1994) Sca-grass is also gralcd by the West Indian

Pseudoph'ronyga ncr'IOs is located a few manatee ( rutiIchChuo nuimaats M ). pre ionslv hunted

meters south of the entrance to Fort Sherman. for its meat. oil, and h ides, and nox considcrCd - Relatively diverse populations of coraIs arc still thrcatcned. Manatee, recorded in the C hacres

found at Punta Naranjitos and San Lorcnzo. R ier before the construction of the canal. \ erc

reintroduced into the river in 1%94. and later escaped The absence of coral species xxithm i thc surxe c.

region that are common elsewhere along the ito ( an Iake and hc canal (Schad aid others

Caribbean shore may be due to sex eral factors 198 ). Vi xiId populations still sur ix xet Of

Gumin and I host 10994): the SLPA in Bocas del Toro (Iou and (hen It99tt

has been suggested that canal dredge spoiIs could be

- Reefs in the survey region do not extend to depths deposited in the shallow s of Limon Bay and planted to

I 10 to 15 m. whereas clsewhcrc reefs extend to sca-grass to increase the populations of commvier a ci lly

depths of 40 m important fish species (Marshall I994. If the areas

- A century of environmental impact has profoundly xxere largc enoiigh. manatee migh also sLIrn ix e part

disturbed the corals Within the survey region of the vear in Limdn Ba.

65
- 5 reptiles and amphibians: 4 endangered. 3

Si m trles. %, ith a fOssif record of at least 200 protected by Panama (table 0)

m11il rsl- iprecscnictd r today by only cight T mammals include six carni\ ora (three cats.

ecies In t 14\0 L.nerCa ( lJIt/ and Musick 1990, coat i, raccoon, and riv er otter), four pri plates

i rfLie/ I N).() I i'1 herncn In the coastal town of (ionkeys). t\o rodentia (paca and agout i. and three

iia. at ilhe wesirn end ofthe SILPA. recall that in the xera riha ( arinadillo, sloth, and anteater). The major

pa-a, I'miu ei a turtle species loggerhead (( '(rt' bird am ilies include 20 Acciptridac (hawks, eagles.

( r1M), greeln I ( ( lic/na in das ), hawksbill and kites), 7 Faconidac (falcons and caracaras). 

(/ rwn h lcl/v' iibiricaa), and leatherback G racidac (curassows, cuans, and chachalacas). 5

(Tr/L he/i> CIniac'a) were seen occasionally C olumbidac (pigeons and doves). and 15 Trochilidae

\crial searches front I Q9 I to 1983 pro\ ided evidence (hummingbirds). The reptiles include two Hiodae

of leatherback tracks betwen the Penisula de VIiente (snakes ), two Iguanidae (iguanas). and one

(Mocas del Toro) and wesi of the Chaures River Alligatoridac (caiman).

MeNy 1n and MlCVIan 1984). ( thererurtles nay also I 

Lisc these beaches, but nO other spccics have been Additional classifications of threatened species.

confirmed ((ii A\ Consuilores, S.A. and Louis Berger including those of the Nature Conservancy and the

International, Inc. 190. 1 S. Fish and Wildlife Service, are mentioned in the

Ecological Survey of the U.S. Department of Defense

Adapted t iei I in the ocean, sea turtles are tied to lands in Panama (Asociaci6n Nacional pa-a la

the land only frw reproduction. The high commercial n( servacion de Ia Naturaleza and The Nature

uaIe of sea turtles !r mcat, eggs. oil. leather, shell Conservancy 1996). or as part of a Central American

ornamcnts and je\\ lry, cultural and ceremonial uses, survey (Union Internacional para la Naturaleza 1999).

and other products, has made these animals the targets

of sailor>, fishermen, and coastal dwellers for i I1 icern

centuries. Sail t rs of (olutmbtis' era welcomed fresh

turtle meat as a pleasant change fromin a regular diet of Panama is notorious for the loss of lives from

hardtack and salt pork. Recent hazards to sea turtles disease during its colonization and settlement periods.

incILIdc pollution, beach invasion for housing or and later during the building of the transi isthmus

recreational uses, sand extraction, poaching, and railroad and the French and American canals (Hardv

entan element in fishing nets. Although all sea turtles 1939). The najor disease vectors in the Panama

pirOide meat and eggs. commercial values vary Canal Basin are mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae),

among species. The green sea turtle is pursued for phlebotomine sandiflies (Diptera. Psycholidae).

its meat. the hawkshill for its shiny tortoise shell, and triatoni ne bugs (I lemiptera. RedLiviidae). biting

the leatherback for its oil. The loggerhead is the least iidges (Diptera, Ceratopugonidae). blackflies

coinminercially valuable of the sea turtle species (Diptera. Simuliidae), and tabanids (Diptera.

prev iously sighted near Piia. Sea turtles, all listed Tabanidae) (Adaies 1998).

as threatened or endangered, are no longer recorded Numerous diseases have been reported for the

on t he beaches of the SI.P.

canal basin. Malaria, with main symptoms of chills

and sweating. is perhaps the best known of the

( t/N "i/K '01 S/ft(K maladies. Malaria is caused by parasitic protozoans

A IVninmber of animal species recorded on the SLPA such as PlaSMIodian vilax, P. la/c iparan., P.

are cons idered to be threatened or endangered nalaidac, and P. oia/c, which are transmitted by

accOrdinc to the I 5. Endangered Species Act, and three species of mnosqUitoes, .h1opho/Cs 1/1imllInus.

are protected y Pa naman i law. or laws in both . p)1un aimruia, and . peud nin hiptnii. Yell w

countries, a, follows: fever, a virus causing jaundice, omiting, and

hemorrhaging. is transom itted by \\ ild inostluitoes. - 17 namnalk: 9 endangered. I6 protected by among them l/wniagagi .falimuns. //. 'qaino.

Panania (table -f // /iui/r , Salhe> nh/trter. 1lop/ias n1iat,

- 04 hirds: 34 endancrcd, 10 protected by Panaima and ,'t/de.s aei pti froi Africa. Monkeys are also

(table 5) infected hy yellow fe' er.
Dengue, or breakbone lever, often epidemic. is. In 19 n a natur trail wva'. de'.icneld on ( I 16

characterized by severe pains in the muscles and the public as a means ol promniinc educi on and

joints. Dengue is caused by a virus transmitted appreciation I'wr trU)[piCail ecoye 'cms M\\mu m id

by the 4. aeprii mosquito. Venezuelan equine \ entocilla 1995 ) todax. BUI rcces about 2. ti

encephalomelitis, another virus, is spread by day-\ isito rs annua iLMI. IBI ha rcidenc. dr

mosquitoes. including Cilrx o osa, ( errai U. din inc and confIcrene hall", aid modern IlabOratoric"

and Ahisonia dIari. The San Louis encephalitis, "here local scitists and c'.tts C0 1 tic 1n th1ir

common throughout the Western I hemisphere, is research in \\ hat is one ot the besit ttidied tropical

spread by At dl ri and eight other mosquito species. forests in the \\orld.

Leishmaniasis, a skin and mucous membrane disease. In addition to research on I I I Icietit

is caused by a protozoan in the enus Leichmania.

currently maintain a 4. 9-ha perm tanen Ionit Irine

Five species of the mosquito genus L iwt~omh are plot at the crane site in the SI P1A. AII trc at Ieast

responsible for its spread. Other lesser known

maladies malaiesareChazre feer. haces iseseandI cm in diameter surrounding thc crane hax e been are Chiagres fever, Chiagres disease, and

Punta Toro virus, the latter first detected in the SL [A. permanently tagged and measured (ondit and others

2004). Tree diameters and height' \\crc recorded to

Some of the aforementioned disease vectors determine the current structure of the Iorsctl. 1uiture

have either been identified in the SLPA or are remeasurement of all trees \\ill pro\ ide insichtj into

suspected to exist there (GEA Consultores. S.A. forest dynamics. including incrowth and mortality

and Louis Berger International. Inc. 1999), but the rates. and changes in species composition due to

risk of contracting these diseases is low if appropriate normal tree mortality or climatic c ents such as \ id

precautions are taken. storms or prolonged droughts. Similar data collected

in other tropical forests allow comparisons of

Research ; Jc'ivilix structure and dynamics throughout the World.

Barro Colorado Island ( BC) in Gatdn Lake is For decades. lack of access to treetops has limited

<6 km from the SLPA. BCT gradually formed after research in tropical forests. Several millions of specie'

the Chagres River was dammed in 191 0 has been remain unknown: recent estimates indicate that 90

a biological reserve since 1923. With an irregular percent of the World's species are undescribed

shoreline of 48 km, the island covers 1565 ha and arthropods (mainly insects. spiders, and mites) living

reaches an elevation of 145 m above the surrounding in tropical forests (Wriht and Colley 1996 r To gain

lake and 170 m above sea level. The first laboratory insights into the species composition and dy namics of

on BCI xas established in 1924 when visiting canopy flora and fauna, STR I. in collaboration "ith

scientists initiated their research. In 1940, BC I xas the United Nations Elnx ironment Programme (UNEP).

dcdicated as a natural monument, and placed under mounted a crane in the cxcrcreen seasonal tall forest

the administration of the Smithsonian Tropical of the SLPA (fig. I . The ne\\ crane permit, calopy

Research Institute (STRI) in 1946. comparisons with data from the World'> first erected

The wealth of studies conducted by STRI on the canopy crane located in the dry forest of metropolitann

flora (Croat 1978) and fauna of BCI much of it based Nature Park near Panama C itv.

on monitorin,. is relevant to the management of the The STRI crane, ascending 55 m xerticallx and 54

SLPA. More than 500 vertebrate species haxe been m laterally through the canopy alloW s scientiNts ridiun

identified on BCI: 60 bats, 384 birds. 30 frogs, 22 in a gondola to reach 0.92 ha of forest at x irtual lx

lizards, and 40 snakes. As part of the Canal Treaty a hei ht. SaOe and easx to use. even for heaxy

of 1977. the relationship between STRI and Panama equipment, the crane allows researchers to return

was relegated to a status similar to those of repeatedly to any sampling point. This innoatixe

international missions. xxork from cranes, underwa at onlx 12 sites
MArlN, d. li alirdd\ pr ided estimates of canOpy A ltnIacn; , i 274 NfT jiuic

AI crly nd hIOtic iincractioRns mid yielded dlaa

I &tM op iaini all ' [tcp iraturc, and microcimatc.

I hIn 'll'cts OF cnm ii miniital \ iariLCs on plant Plari a icial coopcrati\ C role. the Panamanian

p-11 Iornrcc., ph> biological responses to increases Centre for Research and Social Action (iA:\SPA)

in A1nospherIC CarbOn, and tie cf'tS of Uitra\ iot \\orks \\ith sc\ en Pariamanian. I i\e florcign, and

adi atn Iin iiheii 1% oppcr c 1noy arc also h ain three international entities to develop social and

dtvri (ici Alcn I%, Joyc 1991, Wright and environmental programs at the SIPA (appendix 13).

Oy I%) ( IAS s four maj or Panmanian ian Cooperators are the

Rcscarchcrs on the SLPA si c are condictin an Interoccanic Regional Authori t' ( ARI), the National

uin\cnory o v\ascular epiphytes aid mapping their E ironmental ANthority (ANANI), the National

distriiti tions, and detcrmin ing the impact of canopy Institute of (nit urC (INAC'), and the Panaimanian

hCrhi\ ores on trCCs, cpiphytcs. and lianas. I vlrhiorous ToFurism Institute (IPAT). While CE ASPA is

arthri opods are collected in traps and trays at diffrcnt implementing a prOjct in ol\ ing community

icghi(l its to determine the \crtical distribution and participate ion, te major cooperators are seeking a

Ahbu ndancc of each spccics. Ihe role of av iunna in consensus for the best Usc of tih reverted SLPA lands.

controlling, herbiory on canopy trces is reccaicd hy otherr Panamanian entities in\ol\ed \\ ith the SLPA

\rappiniig i\ mC iesh hid cxclOsUres around branches include the Natura foundation (Fundaci6n Nat nra),

and ica\ cs. thc phe noTgy (cirnatic effects on annai tihe Paiiama Anuduboi Societ\, and the Panama Canal

plant and animal phenomena) of canopy trecs and Authority (ACP).

plait-polIi nator interactions are also being monitored Ihe Arei n entities inv ol\cd \\ ith acti\ itics on

to show possible relationships between insect the SL PA arc the Smithson ian Tropical Research

scasona lity and t hcri g patterns Anothcr study Institute (STR I), the U.S. Aencv For International

c\aluatcs the capacity of' tres to assimilate Developmcnt (USAID), tic U'S. Department of

atmospheric rcactiv\ ciitrogen specifically, how Agriculture, forest Service (USFS), the U.S. National

assimilation \arics in relation to trec species and Fish and WikAE i foundation, and the L.S. Peace

hei ght F icav cs a bo c tie groUnd. Corps. International entities i nlUdc tile (lobal

I le inloriimation collected on biodivcrsity, climate Einv ironrmcnt Facility (GiF). the World Bank. and

chan c. oornc Iayr depletion, and frest moniitoring the World Monuient Fund (WNIF).

iHI ultiiiatey priv\ide an inhformed basis for Il 1979, Fort San ILorenzo \\as nom inated as a

cn\ ironmiintal nanageienii and policmaking WOrild I Icritagc site (Organizaci6n de las Nacioncs

Mriht and C(oley 19%0) Specifically, the UNEP Unidas para Ia Idncaci n, a Cncia y Li (untnra

xi% I use these research results to support its 19,M), Republic of Panaia 1979). In I 95(, LINiES( '(

Coi\ cntion oin Biolouical Divcrsity, the United dcarcd Fort San Ioreizo a magnif'icent c\amiiple of

Nations rainc\\ork (oinintion on Climatc Chiangc 17'- and 18"Ncritury miditarv architecture built in

the Vienna ( oncntion fr the Protection of thc ()/one dcensc of trais-Atlamtic tradc. Subscquintly, a 5-ha

I ayer. the Intertnerimental Pancl oii Forests. and the re ompassing tra&h muth a the arca cricomipassinrg thic tort at tiic month oftiic

rcst Iri ncics nit ind in Agcnda 21 i('iaurcs Ri er \\as designated a World I Icritage site.

;Aioig tiie potential projects \\ ith a ma jor role f'or

the SIPA is the Mesoarmrician Biological Corridor,

prc iously niaiicd tle Paseo Paitcira (Carr and others

1994, Coates 1997, World Bank I 199). ile corridor is

an aiibitiotis proposal dcsigiicd to ulite protected
I>r. Sall Iclltor IU',f mIII (1 1! Wt I /CI C/ /111 10-1 11 T9- /Thc/ r I w

b/1(/f hiTr 25 In abw S a IcI h n i ii//i lki n hei mi/th oi ihli adopt sustainable dcVel opment pi ograms, use natural l

ChaInn,,rcs Rivv: and wias po/wid /<dwarlid /n ( d/ mlt 1lit I resourCes optimallV. C01tiol pollution. and reestal isli

drawridnilw i,! i / U i ini (/)r/ in iPu (i mll /11 dll ec ogi cal equilibrium. The S L PA is part of the

SnI'nc ald Cu/turt declared lri San Linzvlia Inh/ Ih'iitag' 1 Sit Corridor, its location on the Caribbean side of the

isthimus, where 70 percent of Panama's remain iig 0

areas throughout Central America by ecological land Iorests are situated, adds significantly to the regional

bridges so that the habitat necessary for migration of system. Moreover, the relative proximity ot the SIPA

the wildlife in the region can be protected (Carr and to other protected areas near and along the Panama

others 1994). Project areas range from Mexico's Canal; i.e. larro Colorado Island; Portobelo,

Yucatan Peninsula to Panama's [aribi region along Chagres, Soberania, and Altos de Campana National

the Colombian border. The goals of the international Parks; and Metropolitan Natural Park, make it part

program are to promote regional peace and maintain of a mostly forested transisthmus corridor from the

biological diversity through sustainable economic Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. I the Islas

activities such as ecotourism and agrofbrestry (I Ilueca Taboga and Uraba Wildlife Refuges are incLUded, the

1997). In preliminary talks, all Central American corridor extends another 15 km southwx est into the

countries agreed to protect their national heritages, Pacific Ocean.

69
Table 8-The San Lorenzo Protected Area:

biodiversity summary The SL PA contains 3 ecological libe zones. 12

vegetationn types, and at least 500 species of hig her

kiOdI\erity clement Estimated values plants (table X). Nearly 590 species of vertebrates

-have been identified within the SLPA, including 36

Flora species of amphibians, 35 reptiles. 435 birds. 81

mammals: moreover, the Chagres watershed and

I ofe l zos SlPA streams contain 42 species of freshwater fish.

Ic t t4Much oL the faUna and tlora of the SL PA are easily

Trpi cal wecitforest 36( Irpical C fonrtne st 300 (seen from roadsides and trails.

I ropical prem~lontane wet 1,orest 5 toO 43

T (Mal 12000 (00 The SILPA also has a variety of attractive scenery

and is readily accessible by car from Panama City. The

Vetyetation types picturesCLIe historical and cultural attractions of the

F ergreen seasonal forest SlPA highlight Panama as the crossroads between

1011 300 3 two continents and two oceans. The legacy of Spanish

N \ed 6 000 50 gold and Fort San Lorenzo, pirates, shipwrecks. the

I ox 60 8 first "intercontinental railroad.' the French attempt at

Semideciduons seasonal forest a the sca-level canal, and the building of the Panama

I ixed 84 0 7 Canal, Gatin Locks, and Fort Sherman, are all

Low\ 4'-()' 4 interwoven into the history of the SLPA.

Decciduious forest 24(1 2

Deiduous rs 240 2Tourists will find both terrestrial and aquatic Flooded forest

Cativo 1 800 15 activities, including hiking along roads or trails,

Ialm Irest 360 3 wildIile plotography, bird watching, canoeing oin

Mangrove woodland w 120 1 the Chagres, kayaking, and fresh or saltwater fishing.

Flooded nonforest lands 240 2 The Caribbean shore, particularly west of' Fort

Flooded shrubland - Sherman. offers quiet beaches, swimmling, scuba

Marsh diving, aid snorkeling. The sandy coxes and wooded

Scmiiiilatura Irassland --- - ridges bordering the Caribbean shore provide

Urban, agricu re, infrastructure 600 5 glimpses ol passing vessels and \ iewx s of tle city of

(olrn across Iimon Ba. Along the Gatn LocksTotal 1(1(1 1( Sherman Road (S2), the principal thoroughfare of the

SL IA, wetland Iorests (nmanroxe, Pterocarpus, and

cativo swamps) and typical flora ( mangroxe f'erns,

larSe trees, and heliconias) are readily visible from

Ampli bians 36 2 xelhicles. Monkeys, sloths, and anteaters are otten

Reptiles'/ 35 I5 seen, as are several species of birds. lizards.

I i rds 435 47 and butterflies, including the iridescent blue morpho

Nl(inrals' MO /h id/'). At Fort Sherman. x iewing the

architecture of the residences, administration

,total 587 37 buildings, and World War I batteries proxy ides insi ghts

I,1r)tcctcdl Iv Ialaia aniaii law 30 5 into Military lit during the 20"' century. Iikers

(lassified bT (ITS 66 I1 venturing along gravel roads and trails into the

Interior encounter panioramas from rugged higlipoints

IoLd Ifco cson1,1i 1- 001 1d All .1 \,I run> I( dcd and occasional x iexw s of xwaterlalls,. small cax es. and

\11, \k'vI' I\pc, some oftlie more tinid fauna of the SIPA. A short

h'porflut M Pii Ill 11W "1,111 1 OICII/O PWIihLId xI distance a"way the Panama (anal and ( iatln Iocks,

trax ersed bx ships froi all ox er the World, add to a

meniorable experience.

7
- v

h- , 1' wA ti I I \ Ii j0 1 H H I 1 ii II

:l-il iHnl / hI u i i in u1!< i n i 

AAI an ~ ~ ~ ~ ) 1/ i / 1i1 \Ikim r tu l ldmt /uI ' I) l id III o/ .I 'i m

P, I l h I jn im

bA

ilki

'i i I' i .i in li , re _lia ln

'"W|IP hi W f),g !> H |H]h

>7a.gungrw| oit mt |i
I hi SI \ is Hitcd as onic oI) the most imllportalit is the m11o1t Common spcic's the remaining three are

riis I Iaini hir bird species (Aniehr and Jordan rclati\cly rare. Peacock hass and snook respond to li\ e

i 1 I I lie Pliini Atuduihon Society counted )',7 bait or Lires. Tarpon, usually caUilht \\ 1ii1 Ii\ C bait are

bird spcics in tih SI P\ diiriii one 24-hour period. pric/d h0r lood and sport. Sometimes reaching 5)0 ke

a rccord Ainoi1e suciCt\ counts in tile Western in \ ceght. tarpon are kno\\ n to s arm Caribbean

I lcnIisphrc tJik}sk\ TN) I i\ e com\enient rivers to conslme Iies Ia lling from riverbank trees

111kii12. sielilsee IL. and third MVatchill eas are (Stirineu I953). Snook, tarpon, and cre\alle jack arc

1CC()nIII~dcd alonwg the km of paed roads in the also caught in tihe Chares Ri\er alone \ill snapper

$1 P \ \ d tirds and Lohin IQ71 ). At the irst area, (l/ //all ) In the Chagres, snook are aalable II

the ( iin )cks-ShrIIIan Road (52). w\ which parallels I )eccmbcr Ind January. ald tarpon in Flbruary id

the \\steri shore olI ,im6 Kvay, 27 hird species ha\ e Narch: snapper id crcvaI IIC jaCk arc caught

heei listed, aiiloiii tHmICII pieCoils ain do cs, parrots, tlrouhotit tile yar.

trMIGs. to1tul, Ily\ ctcher. honeylc\reepers, CaCIquLe,, Snapper ind crc alley jack are alIso Canehi in L1m6

Md tinarcs. At the sCcoiid ol these area', on the I I

Hay, Aln, \\i11 hZIbarrJcLud ( Sp~hV1raC1na harratC1</).

All spcpics arc ava ilablc the cnt irc car but in I im itcd

irihhcmi ,horclinc, 4 1 ,pccIcs Ila\ cbeen noted. aeantitics. The Atllitic (ioast has barracuda. snapper. Iincluding h wk, pipcons ;mld (1()\C-, parrot", snook, and cre\alle jack, alonu \ ith kinelish

1 Ltiiill ii ILgbii-ds. totICais,, \odpeckers. mtltirds'. a(S> >nhcn I l ru/lu/lIS ( a*//ah). Snook are av ailable in

I ieis. lhonic, tlmg\ers\ md others. At the

Decimlber and .antiarv. and kiefish fiom Jantiar'.

third site. Iort Sami I orc/o. a promontory aho\c the through IarCh. I he remind in species are caught IaCres i\ er. 13 species 11a c been rdrecorde d, amn IouIot t I(car

thi telis. parakeets. tiycatchers, claenia. martillst

swmallo s. and robins. \t tile ,tirth site, on the il the open ocean. fishing f0r man> species is

Achite Road (SI S) iIwsidc the Athltic Iow land forest. seasonal. Among tile la\orites are black marlill

at least 0 species hla\c heen ohscr\ed including (llaaira india). Atlantiic bIlie marlin (1hiA/avai

tilaimot., \ tilttires, haw ks, pigcons md doves, parrots, ni-ria a n' ) colorado snapper (hLajanm coloralo ) and

hamIIIII ii thirds, trocols, toucans, woodpeckers, slappers in gecieral. honitos (San/a on/A), ycllow fin

1i\ catcerlcs, \\ reils. enlphon ia, ta nacers, and saltators. ttIia ( whnums alhacorcs), amberjack (Seriola

Tell Of these fI rest hi rd species are lounld nowhere dumeri/i . dolphin (Cniphacna hippuris). jacks

else in tile Caim IF arca. At the last site, the month ( (arnuv spp._ and other r genera). ladyfish (Elops

fI tle (hares 2i 4 er, 4 species ha1vC beell seen, 'wiui and severaI species of sharks. among them

aim doi them pI icls, flrigateb birds, heroil. terns, the dog Cfish (/1 lxho ( ali ) and smalltooth sam fish

d(. es, miarti ns, swalIm s. ta imaecrs, sccdeatcrs, ( PriS p/Ctinata).

and crassquits All of tllese IS\c sites are located

n ithil a len ilinutes ofeacll other and are readily

accessible by a ()ne f thle many conlnsions reached in tle

Palimila is \ell known oi It.,r its flesh and saltwater C(hagres R iv\er biography by Periera 1 immnei

hishi (I)( ro/ aid others 1994. 1abrit 1993). (194) \\as: "Ilere was prosperity each time that

I ishiiii sites ill and around the SI PA include ( Gati6n the isthius \as used as a trail to co Iroil oile sea to

I Ike, the ( haeres Ri \ er be l tile dam., Limn Bay, another. Iach time that this luilCtion of onr coultr\

,iiid the ( aribbciii Sea hct\ wcci tile iouth of tle (Panama) w\as abaildoned, there \\as illisery and

( [acres aid Isla ( raildc Cast of Portobclo. Boat disharmony. TO Ilderstand this coilelsion is to know

raiips arc a\ilablC on ( iattiil I ake, at Fort ShleriIIan, the ntllost mission of oir republic situated as it is

aniid at tle inmouth (d, tile ( hiac res bctwecen tw\o lmcillisplleres The caial w, atershed and

the surrounding areas that include the SIT PA are

iatui I ike. nhire peacock bass. silook iltimately linked. Maintenance of both as part of an

Il/fl )/)0 \ um /ma~l\). tarlioni (I \t/u\ ilteerated syslemil can assure prosperity ill the future.

a//11/, lo aiid cr-c ale tak (( hi an Iippm) ar Thiis is a miajol Il\ iroilmeiltal chal leic for Panalla

a i able thioiihoit i lie \ear, is tile Li\orite fresh- and br SIPA mana ers.

\\ ; isliii destiiiatioi iicar the SI PA. Peacock bass
T/h UI1o 'lUen / 0/<> If 'anUIhI s mJItul re! / c s amu //h I! l~~et of <> h 'I h

A c I c s o I It AIIItIIItI IItIIIII I I;( (I I / 0 unexploded ordnance (U XAO ). iThe im a Range, about 411n01 arc lie~d, lo>ddl. Ilearhy on-hal/ o/ I/he ("1121L Iroa is l~etd

one-third o/ hat in />a/As and f >rof th d (rl a , o/ta of /h' rahin/Cdcr Is 2550 ha in size, was set aside in 1948 for testing

Ill agrI/Il/mC anld 'dItlItnsh . i// alow //(I per cnt ( 'rvd /) I t artillery, bombs, guided missiles, rockets, mortar, and it Clntir' al a1rshted /Ilu111 w/ I/ 01 /orcuo au n Pf nhwItd 1r11 recoilless rifle projectiles: the oldest ordnance dates to

s/mO/d~ Ie (0/IL/d Us In i/erahed N'4" ~the late I 940s ( Keefe and others 1997 ). The effects of

chemical weapons such as mustard gas, phosgene.

The conservation of resources in the canal sarin nerve gas, and Agent Orane were also tested in

watershed involves several issues: ( I ) damage the area (Iungle Expert 2000).

and hazards from past military activities, (2) the

impact of canal operations on surrounding waters Over the past three-quarters of a century. U()s

and shorelines, (3) the protection of archaeological have resulted in about 25 deaths; however, the U.S.

and historic sites, (4) the threat of inappropriate G government continues to claim that the remoteness

development, and (5) the unauthorized use of natural and steepness of the affected areas, along with

resources including lax law enforcement. First, the estimated costs, make an extensive cleanup "not

U.S. military presence in Panama for nearly a century practicable.- Alternatively, the United States proposes

has left a legacy of environmental damage and hazards that most of the contaminated lands could be set aside

to human life and safety in and around its bases as protected areas, usin - the American and Furopean

(Autoridad de la Region InteroceAnica 1998, Corcoran models for such properties (Corcoran 1999).

1999, Manfredo 1999, Wagner and Popovic 1998). Numerous laws and policies govern the closure

The weapons practice and other military activities of U.S. domestic military bases, including the

carried out at Fort Sherman and the Pifa Rance National En ironmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the

resulted in structural damage to the vegetation, soil Comprehensive Environmental Response (Cleanup

and water contamination, and unknown quantities of and Liability Act (CERCLA). The policy of the

U.S. Department of Defense also calls for detailed

73
ia i \Is I ron I I mental im condit et I ions for archaeological c excavations in and around Fort San

de'i ic haseN s sated for Closure. Legally and Loren/o and exploration of the Caribbean Sea and

m1rilk l1\. these 1v1\s s honild apply to the closure o Chagres River near the hOrt. Documentation of the

bises Hn Panama (W nerI and PopoiC 1 998). For extent of the Gatmn trenches, past rail road routes,

it)\\ the Pina Rmwce remains officially under separate possible remnants of colonial homes and historic

i unement from the SI ]PA and ol, limits to \ isitors, cemeteries, as \%ell as more detailed information on

aIhou li tile ft.nests are cont igcuous. the construction of the Gatmn Locks and structures

Second, accidents related to the operation of the it Fort Sherman. are Important topics for the

canuil, such as oil spills (( iu/min and others 1991, iterpretation ofthe SLPA's past.

Keller and Jackson 1991), remain a concern for SLPA Fourth, there is widespread agreement that

manCIers. The effects of oil spills vary considerably ecotourism should be the main use of the SIPA

with the quantity of oil lost and proximity to the (Intercarib S.A. per NATI IAN Associates, Inc. and

SOIrce. and do gradually decline with time. Oil others 1997). The coastal strip between the SLPA

directly affects vertebrate wildlife dependent on interior and the Lim6n Bay shoreline (that is, from

the shoreline and littoral biota (corals, mangrove the Gatin Locks to within 0.5 km of the Fort Sherman

forests, manglrove root organisims, and sea-gIrass complex) contains critical wetlands that serve as a

communities). The effects of oil may be detected biological corridor between the SLIPA interior and the

In shorel ine sediments and littoral organisms many

years after a spill. Nillate nt a /'n i ipr ion above the (Chawns Rii et >W t at

I ntenu' Hs ,tunye ii a itita t 4 iii, aui htItne.

T hird. recommendations made during a recent i Iha min th0 [ht' Mlin

assessment of the SFI-A's cultural resources (Lange ,,,h / W it,' rI/hhni ib the hionti tini, seit / hIt/

1999) merit consideration. These include proposed spiu /mC he ei wnn ant h t anan' dtill ents, n01 ols e/.

(ni at heir, Claena. martins, sit allow and ,ndb

-4o
sea. The proposed plan for the canal area, however, SI PA, miana erN ced to -t Iimu late nii appiec ii on

includes urban, industrial, and commercial uses for for thcir x ale and an interest in lheir conser itnin

this area that would fragment the SLPA. CurrentlV, the by expanding coImmiyiHt\ cdcatio prori.ris for

Gatn Locks-Sherman Road (S2) is a tourist attraction the rcsidcnts of Achliot. I sc a, 1(ad Pi)fnt as wx Cll

because it offers views of wildlife that cannot be seen as solicitin l thc input of residents for anaemneni

from highwavs elsewhere in Central America. If direction. Colon rcsdidnts hax e arcady \hn hii red and

ecotourism is to be emphasized on the SLP\, greater trained as rangers to help mllonitor the SI PA. orieit the

sensitivity to conservi ng the forests and wiId i fe of public. and report Iilleca actis ite. SI PA\ mantacers

the SLPA must be incorporated into current and also need to promote the trul rn I> nn iqe m ilitarx

future planning. tradition and my riad enx ironmnental \ aies of the

Fifth, unauthorized activities; e.g,. deforestation. SL P\ to a \\ide \iet\ o Iiei I ma and elsewhere, emphasizing the i mpornce of coinserx int illicit hunting or fishing, and sand removal, within the

maOr his't0ric Anld Cutura sitc the SLPA\ Intact as I SLPA could result in a gradual loss of flora and faiu tra, Z ~( Weaver and others 2 00 3 and other resources, depreciating the ecotourismer

potential of the area. Illegal hunting could cause An effOrt should also be made to use basic and

serious problems, as it did earlier on Barro Colorado applied research for improved management b

Island (Anon. 1987). Egg poaching will permanently de\ eloping relationships \\ ith research institunt ions

eliminate the beaches of the SLPA as future sea turtle in Panama and elsewhere. A list of potential studies

habitat. Uncontrolled fishing, either overexploitation centered at the SLPA should be dcx eloped and

or the use of destructive (year, will lead to coral reef circulated among prospective collaborators.

degradation (Cortes 1997). Databases developed on selected topics: e.g. flora.

fauna, and archaeological information, could be

used for planning, education. site interpretation, and

Ofmanatzement,.hl a resource irryand maps xwou Id

Management of the SLPA will involve xvhile library facilitate both research and manlacment. A. brief. outlining program objectives. identifying potential i ie nnlreorthtdnen.oie

environmental conflicts, determining economic x . rpr t -n Z7

benefits and costs, formulating construction and research and management activities could serve to

maintenance protocols, fosterimz educational attract additional cooperators. Modest charZes for

opportunities, and developing linkages with similar uIse of the SLPA facilities and resources should be

considered if the SLPA is to be sell-'potig environmental groups elsewhere (McNeely and others

1994). Cooperation among governmental institutions An interpretation center, highlighting the biological

and private interests is imperative. The civil society, resources of the SLPA and the area's colorful historic

nongovernmental organizations, and the surrounding and cultural past. should receive attention. Field

communities should be involved through cooperative restoration of existing facilities such as Fort San

administrative and management activities (Girot and Lorenzo, Fort Sherman and its military batteries, and

others 1998, Nifiez Saravia 2000). the Gatfin trenches, should be done immediately to

The management plan should incCIlude social andl protect both the resources and x isitors. Access trails.

Thec-p-l maaemn signs shol brochude shoild acndan

economic benefits for the local communities by interpretive signs, and brochures should accompany this etfort. generating Income and diversifying the rural economy.

One approach might involve employing local people Other attractions that could be dc eloped include a

in profitable domestic enterprises such as restaurants, botanic garden and a butterfly garden, both of which

souvenir and handicraft stores, or travel agencies. could generate income for SL PA management. The

Others could work as interpreters or guides for fishing 1.600 botanic gardens worldwide receive an estimated

or snorkeling sites, trails, local folklore, animal 150 million x i si tors annually ( Botanic GJardens

species. or the traditional use of medicinal plants. Conservation International 1994). Some predict that

To alleviate pressures on the natural resources of the Within the next half century, up to 25 percent oftlie

-7
kn w nIii pmii' \ il e t\v hretnd \w ith encich

,10'101 Or cxlinction. \ams hotamic -ardenl programsl

InO lId C Il NV\ al"In. 111 1ar [IIIlar of CIl IdanI gri ohe authors are craiCnUl to administrati\ e personnel

hpjic's. owIucation opportunities for youngsters and and library staffs in Panama "here information \\as

ptbiv iakcrs, and rcscarch. Audience and faciliies collected: Ada A\ ida. ANCON: Charlotte [iAon and

i \ ,riablc. hut most arde' include interprclatl\e elky s Jim cne/. CLASPA: Rosa W ldix ieso, InSlntItO

sin.hrochures, and accommodations for pcirons Geourihco Nacional Tnimmy Guardia: AWNg A21uirrec.

w ith 'pecial need'. Ricardo leteti. Apoliniar (iUCrrcro. aid liI/abeth

SC\ cial o ~their i lla en icin t al Icriatk ex ist for S'inch zci, ST] R1 and Rolando C ocheC/, Francia

I I rrcra, and ( iscia Lamments x an 1B nran. ]cchn ical

pro\ iding, em ironmlental serv ices Imd Controlling C--IJ n i~ l aliln' lBIIa .]~ uia

iinc Ipacts iiin hi S I ichrkricc ht and n iResources C cnter for the C anal Anthority ( A( P).

lit cr in)pa)t zlino, their)Prknc and ( icorcina de Alba, Reineldo Uirriola. Marcos ( Gerra.

and Nell, Florcs of STRI wvcrc vcry helpful I with the

- )termining carry ing capacities of the SIPA to selection of sC\Cral slides from the Smithsonian

axoid oxcrcrowxding,. o\crdc\clopmcnt, pollution, collection. Slides 2. 16, 17. and 19 \xerc finalied

inOisc, andalismn, Or inappropri atc sC of xChiclCs by Francisco Ccdeo. The appendix figures w\erc

completed by, Maa Quinones and WiImari Dia/ of

- U sing and maintain inc th iisting infrastrnctnr, the landscape Ecology Program at the HIT in Rio

incudinu niita rv buiIdinus. roads. trails, and PiCdras, PIeirto Rico.

other iiproxcvmcnts

STRI scientists and collaborators prox idcd

" C ol Icci inc hasic data to facilitatC planning. such xa]Luablc assistance: Geore R. Anuhr and W.

as the nunbcr of ANcls and persons entering the DIouglas Robinson, thirds: Richard Condit and Sanuel

SPA, travel and resource use patterns, periods of J. Wright, orientation at STRI: Roberto lbaficz D.

use. origin of x isitors (local vs. foreign ) typical amphibians and reptiles: Steve Paton, climate: Rafacl

lcngihs of stay by season, and levels of satWsadion Samudio Jr., mammals; and Neal Smith. background

and or sigestions for improvemcnts information. Vibeke I Iorlvck, UnLitcd Nations

En vironment Programmne (UNIT), pro\ ided an - (opcrat ing on si tc plans for roads, powrl ins, orientation and access to the STRI crane.

and other public services avoid negative impacts

on cxistiing resources VaIluablc comments on the text were receied from

the follo ing rc iCwcrs: Bill L. [3ailev on fishing:

- Using concessions for lodging, restaurants. the sale Carlos Fitigerald. of INAC and the Unixersity of

Of sonciirs and books, and refuse collection Panama, on anthropology and history: and Charlotte

Ilion of (IE A SPA and Ccciilia Giuerra of A\NA\ M, - Reimesting a percentage of IPf is (perhaps LIolOC-SAadC~laOIIr fNM

ScinCstCd a psrn ofes. r ofalis i pc ~ap , 1on scvcral topics: Jose Ignacio Mata of Panama

ci l lcid a ncr ccs o asroa i ic il ~~~id. C reenC 'om cordial ly al lowved thc nsc of compntcr

slides, or photographs) in maintammni the natural (tCI(01 OI1VAOe ieueOC11u~

sid Culturaplioti CIip )S pin intai inc thIc-M atcilitics on "Mekcnds and holidays to fni i this and cui ti ra serx iccs proxy idcd by ilic SIwrLiPA ml osiin

work in a time]y fashion.
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ouhslnuoim hil lute h Itlopical esechd Sil40 I WI I Ill Put/, I I , \loone\. \ . K d I hcc o of \ ifme( mrdp

(float, I.B P W ""j-11,11hm rm b ha i ll 'central P 1)Inlu a I K ( jmhtid _e l m ersi Prc 1-41)

\ (d s 1hew oo Houllittal ( Itlde in O 00 (iirot, R.; \MeCarth\, R.; SalaN, A. 199,S H I omanclo dc areas,

(roat, I.B. P WN I holrt ot lijrlo ( olrado I'lind ' tanflorld ( \ proIjidas ell ( cintroeamerica: Sstemla (entroamriclio de /\reas

, IIltod mc , Pl 9 3 Protepda ('%k \W ) y dlei (orretdor lilologico Mescm),icimlo

I( BM ) all .Jo , ( .osla RiLct: nIlonl litermicional patl Ila

D,~ cy \\.G. 1) "7 I l'r If I ,Iih m~ i t. ce khI t find index\ Pxrt,, I ilnd( N l jIe/j ( ff C mII; RegIonl para I-,Cen Itro ,\11r1c I 17 1) 5 lmap

( lcrdhn I'nbI I IN yII( I IIII A I I IL I C( I, \In c n I.~ - IIIl\- S I I (rtt)iciI I', \1dct I~ Icto I. oord% I Io I'l~ I 'I L'rInIIll

',[ 1)y ImyI yk) \hunn ) p~li~ c 

G O t , ;.\\. 191) I It rI O UCItn Pn I) I I:l I th I of 'file

'( ro/, L.; \lartine/ \., J. \.: M.artine/ \ga, \ 19Q4 1 Incternational 'nmN rlml conire' 11 Th c. Panma ( alc I SaIl

PIIllcl I \'( INHA ( u IunliI) il2 I 1 l 152 i tI I I SI P n iNub r 0n1kn(n I 0

Deagan, K1. 191)" ( f)hse \ nation 'Imd I c ommenicidat oll, Ifr mI (;old, S.D). 1999 1Tic Panmma ( anal lranifer contrs er v\ at thei

JtrCh11eolou, a plI 11n1 of acI ollI h r P)ortobl)(.o anld ' .m I I reof d/ Irsro d Audn cnre tc -a g h n u h h r

II h'I I , ( tRepuhIc C I pde PI. *I. In' eC'h RI (h IOI1IClC ie, I I

Ir~ liII, \1.~ I( 1 (. I '105' \ h C tiI kI, ~II f ( raffe reid, 1). de; \\ hpaton, R., cords. lf7 Panmw mcr erlium

De Nena 1) 11 Ioil %th ima kcpm,, fle ciim ,.ic uai.\ or I Lind di,,idcd \\ashin mon WX Ipica lask I rce 127 1)

IGrigpt.-S . I'MN A plhinrl.i l lrhIChlI oIoIC , al luCr (i v fl he P HAouIlL

ly a pIC D., \~lu 1990 1N tic \~ k I c K ' \ -I P ,\inc ( I1I on e on Iolo n Plot lcl, R4p ub4 oIn Pnami'a De \ena I). cop. 9% Ihe ra \rm intalaueVin\lmoui~r B BC , (nada: Teck ( orp 1 1 

Plnm a I ot( lxy imn. Panaimai ltetd uarwers. LS Army Souilh.

I I 1 1( I\ ()I 1 1 6 1) (Grigore, J., Jr. 1 IM-7 Th li t hIence of the Ifilled '-tatecs Na\ \ upon file

PanImll rilrod Monlolr \eni'e. I I Pana I Rlload tu I

Dvlall, .1. Kieiter, R. 1 7ote1 oll Rap/la lt ( orcm ado ICrella Group 34 p - append ill'C. Mnd photollaph1',

G.4pta, NL.P IQ95 270 planita" mlilemaclehcbroamnctcanla Bogota.

Dia\ramll Group. 19"s Ihe tlj1 of ( eni/rl.l Am1ic1 ly l and 1 Ie I n

nhh(' NIS loik Maymillan P1h111hmhin Co l0-04

Gu/mAn, II.M1.; Mist, 1. IQQ4 Inventario hiologico \ Cestado actual tic

Farle, P NI8 I hie ',dk of Pxnamla "Il irllnr M(rIn' Ide trso o" alrnile corahllo I ambho lado" (lei ('Imal tic P'maama Rex"Is

theSptushMamNewYor: VkmgPres 34 Pde c loi Iropical 42( 1 493- 14 Inl spmlh

Edw rds E.P; lofti, H 197 i din hirs i Panma yncht"E Gtman, H.NA.; JackSmn, J.B.C.; \\eil, E'. 19Q1 Short-term

\ J P lci ( o Im. 97 1) ec lo!_CI C l C Lns LueCelCC olf a maljorl_ ( s1pi)II oil P)an1tun1tu1111m tublidj

Emmo s, 1.11. Fe , 1 11)7 Ne,,rpi ia r Iunfr t mamma11 lla a field feel Ortlk (,oral Reeks M( I - I 11

goe tag lniertyo (hiag Pew30 Hlampshire, R.A. II)I Paiama Ill ( 'mpbel, DO ( H unm11ondL 11 1).

Ueralld, \. )( I99 Iuilo Lompra1 ill 0di leyt, c as, a que J rfi e gu i eCtI l Clds I lonst ],i m entory\ of tropical counftries Ih ti status, of plantl

mlanlcio \ protec i c h de ll it Iu n hudrogra I' ca dlet ( 1n1,1d im n ss stemanes tkc lll s '11d \ vegetation. pilu, Ircomm ncldat oll f'or

( ukidd dic PImlImIl P,11,111: I untilonl \NDI , I \ug iec lot file Iture New\ YOrk \e\\ York Botanicail (ilden \rold

In[ltrn,1 lonal De lp e tPn n 2p -appenldi.Ces Inl 'paisl h \rh-oretuml, Mihwounl Bioiaal ' G Krden \\orld \\ildlite I und

Hvlminu, 1.11. 1,)-( \oles ()n file rodclnt lmnla of two P'nim~mli'n

loiest, lounui'l of \Illmmialo'n H " 47-4( ( [Landle\, C.O.,.Ir. 1%00 (hcckhst of the mmmal, of Pa a Ill

We/ R I I 11i101n \ J , edk I Ctoparaiatts of Panami (hc

F m Ing .H.; Hlooper, F. I.; \Wikll , D.F. 117" Iltree central e ue m N tr litr:75 -9

\mence In Kit onlunutilinec sIfructure, reproduIlIc C t cyc ll I edVandI 1 M 1,1 1~

mlo\ CHmenI lmllcrnl I kologtn ') 4 ',1 56 1) 1 ard t, R., comp. 1939 1 hi Panaima Canal tw ny-ith mnnn crar

[ orbe", R. 191N '-if Illnt Vll'ran. piratle Ind pioneer Torontlo, M ul o c Ill/ lc ailm [tcP m l 1,11

( na ( n ll& ( I d '9% 1) 1;ilring, (.Al. I'llNI rade Jind 11,1 l-ig on h e clle Spainl and lthe 11ndies

Il Ihe 11111 Of the Ilp h r s (a b ig ,\ LIIars td I miersi't\

GIf r S.\ I WC \1n ji Icha ologijka n e\ of file Pan1amila ( '1111ala

I,)") I'll adekI)II1 lphc Iepl lilusers s I N2 1) \1 \ 11hesI"

Gf :mmi161, F .R. I WC7 I(IenIu t 11 it'l of tol al Ireel ponges lallpl I I n r m ( e a ( / / o

Pros1 1110 111M \1r eP h I7pt r /m ) 1cmeow (P 11nam,1 a l file Hiolo \ 4 10 13 - 14S

Galrdenern I.AL. ( arpentef, N . I M 190" \\ fI \,fI I t Itlaa onll o llelmis, NI.\\ 19- \hddle \menert,, I Culture hlstor\ of h rl an1,1d and

111C 1%'111111 ( kili'l ( 111111 /"11C, Panlmifi l ea qu rt r I9 I n a ti n r Inl w\olod ( til ,,s \J Prenceii -1 [,ll. Illc*3

lit ad w 7tt. 1 p) llllp endr s C1 phlojos

7 
[lelns, \.\. I 79 Ancient Panama:c I icl I" i rci h of pow\rI \tI , Keefe, \1.; (, irnan, I.: 'Staullt, IR. :u l ol her pi

I \ ( iersily Of o exI c\ Pre 22". p Otilnan1 im '0 1 " s m 1' 1 1 mFFF

IIildebrand, S.F. I9 A tic\ catIaIoutic of ti tic,,I-\aItcI fli hc olt I illI uoi \\c,[, '1w 1 1 I , F Ii I I X i

PI'.inrM Ii PnLh 42 , /ool Ser 22(4 ( Icicgo I tCd MusLeuIm o \ \ I I]\ I ill~H'd I I .t 1 I I I).

Natural Il bstors 1-3 9 In m CIl \ 11) \,\I I ( m e<M a

I I I In llm l Te e C I)I

lioldridge, L.R. 197 I tic /onc ecoloi Sim Joue. ( osta Rica: Keith, D.A .; (arrell, 1.1 . ; L k(,\ DA . 1e 100 1 ac li jt ij I ropicil Science ( crtcr F20c tI ( olumb c~ume Ga// 4 In 1i we 0 till \F. eBee

lossell, T.R. 191), A\ imi dtstribunIion im I Ceitrtl Aiirici LAuk Xt ournl i I I I c I I 1 0

Keller, B.D.; Jackson, .I.( . P1 I yn H>smH ot thne

lumn ann, P. 1992 Rcef cieitire Identification I loridi. Caribhhcan, pill lti i \Iim Pitt )'mu 11 Itlln m rpu \e( b

Bafh ma. lackom tilie, I [ Paiirrmouit Millet (Graiplic. Inc 32N p t ' De)prmit of the litrci ii \ nerlii , :mdXi \1m\m i n ' Ci

Humnann, P. 1993 RecI coal idcititication I Florida. Cribhcian. Gult of MXciuo ( R N Rcgion 41 p \,I I I Ic uir, t mmit,

Bahia, including marine plkt Jickomille. IL: New World Kemble, J.l. 1941 1 tc Pimimi iout I 84- 1 1 \ Xelei

PubI icIton s 242 1 I i-ti of( ili lori [I 

lumlann, P. 1994 Reef fiIh i tittlicirtonu . I lorida. Carihbb an, Labrut, MI. 1 Q93 (ie ing to kni t ii i\ m P,11,11ni1 ( .t I n ii I[

Bahama,,,. J.ackson tile, I L NC\\ XOII Ld Iubt iciiti-ns In 00 1 p i OCUN Pttblbteatto 2_52 p itmip

Lange, F.\V. 1QQ9 1o 0r eCursIO CultR11.11 AnIIual1_THJale

IbAiez,. D.R.; ('sar A.J.; ArrunAtegui. \I. land others. 199 ltuco \ coltcmportincos en il arca c n I olcii/u I I hcll iti 1

In ntcriiit biologico del cainil dcIC I PWam0 Itu ic he ruolo ct lotCi ll e nificido dliti l pr \ c. to I lah ri 1 1 ict

Scientia (Pinmi t Numicro I pccill 2: 11 1-15 ') In sp~iiih'.I enl mariu. ict: tiln plat d1 mut PanleJo paa t uli Polcclon I 1 lit

lbsiiez, R., Solis, F.A. 1091 1 is ,crpiente tie Panama: lirtu de Proteidi de Silt I orelu " ( utdid de 1P,11i tt1 . Pn m t Le1peciec. comlentario tawoxlnicui \ bihiiourla Scieitia Icch, S A , LS \cnc for International D lupm - i

(Panamat ei('f _7-51 In SpInin . lrocrimt Amihicntal RegiuionIl p ir (a CIItrOmiiiici vt. ( CeItIO de

Illueca, .1. 119 7 The asc PaintCri a.cCridi fr reC ional conI\eruI)tioid ArCIOn SOCIAl Pantune 1) 111 S i sh

In: Cote, Ac G . cd Central AICriC: i nIaItuiTAl MRnd culturIal hiitoir Leigh, E.G. NN indsor. 1).\M.; Rand, .S.: Foster, R.B. I Q90

New\ I Ha en, CT Yaic tni terity PreNN 241 -257 Chapti ). Ile impact of tihe I I \fio ought of IN2- 1 on Pinain

cmtdcidtuout forest litn Glnit. P. XX (u ilbM c luicaiF

Institute Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renosables. 194 cneicc of ICe Ili 2- 3 Nl ) iiuiothn itodcillitiotn

RC'.tticioin No. JI)-9-94 Ide 28 de junio dc 1994) "por mcdio de la AmteCrd. HIlullnd e Ii2 Scie tit it 47 -45 l

ctiul ,c crea cl 'i'tcma iiaicional dc arcai NII\c tIc' proctjida"t'

(aceta Oficl. 9l(22,51uf 13-15 In Spaish Lellinger. D.B. I 99 Ilie Icm ad Ierit-allich of (uo'ta Rica. PIiinmia,

1nd fle Chliuco ( Parl I PiuLIccIC tiouih DIIttk'.tOnicetc

Intercarib S.A./Nathan Associates, Inc., International Properties Wai'.Iirhmito. W) Sin ithlian In t'titu ii. N itioiiI l Mi'ctin of

Ad isors. Inc.; Post Buckley International, Inc. land others. \Ntir iFI'IIor\. I)cDpiAriittcnt Ot'Buitdn 364 1

I 997 Plan general ide u NO. conscrx ic0nuy dc .sarrollo del irca del

canil intormc final progrintim dc iccionc'. (Cidad dc Pamiti. Lew is, L.S. 194)( ThFtc W\ct Indian in Pma:ii black laot in Panan.

Panimi 247 p , nmpas appcndices. Ii Spanish IX50-1914 DGhit.n I iicrx Prc of Amenca. tic

Jaen Suarez, 0. 19S1. Iuunhrcs ccolouia ei Pananii Cuidad de

PInmIi.i PaMInim I dItOil UtIcrsaria In'.titnto SmnirthmSOnian dc Lieberknecht, K.; Papazian, J.; lcQayA. 1999 Balancing

In\estiwacioncs I ropicalcN. I 57 p In Spitanish contr i O I toti inL ecioiOmic. till: deci lopInIcit of n c1 icotouism~l piln

Janzen, D.H., ed. 1981 ( o'ti Rican natural htior\ ChiciaO tor Panma Journal of Sustaiable I orestry S(3 4 7

IUnixcrsity of Cjhicgo PreN6 p. ILindsay, P. 15) I I rc rccat hutctcei Ne\ 'iork XXilfrCd I Link, tic

Jones, S.I. 1950, (eology of( itun I ake and \ iciniy, Panama

Geological Socicty of Americanr Bulletin 01 9l-9() Littler, D.S.; Littler. NI.%I.; Bucher, K.E.; Norris, J.N. ION') \lirm1c

platof ith ilc (ribhcean i ticld cutdc front I or ida to Biri/il

Joyce, C. 1991 A cran' cyc \ iew of tropical forctcf' Nciw Scienti t rI)IJitOftile I( 11 lbb, uui eld t ic t 11 0 23 p

111( 17'7 1 40-42.

lut, P.L.; lusick, J.A. 190 T lte bioloLN ol 'ci turtlc' \ci\ Yoik:

Jukofsky. D. 1999. With the _ S our of PanaIriM. all cye. ot S CRC R icePi 432 p ILoren.'o Meoaicricani. 4(4) 114-115

Nlack, (. 1044 tc l iid tit ]ic hitor of the Pnmit13111 ( trial nd

Jungle Expert. 2000, Fort Sherman hit ior Iu p: - other istlimin prolecr' Ne\ York Xllred \ Knopf 01,4 1

juIn cfightc r pniim arn rioxi nct 11 tn i ril foirtsherman Fri toryx htmr [ Diec

accesCed: March I Mlantredo, F., Jr. 199) ( ontaminacio en iF hia'c Ili iit'rc de

Karr, J.R. I 9N5 Bird of Panama: bioeoc riphy and ecoloical I tdo Imdo el Panim Alicon 0 1 _'o-21 In

dynmliics. in: D'Arcy, W (. Correa, A Mirc a,. ) 1 ie botan ild Nlanuc\, A.: Gagliano. .A. 19' I itoric 'itc report Nipatii's

natural hiitIory of Pniama: La botaica c Iiit.orri natural tie Pinamrii colonial 'ite' in tile Pirta mi a ntal /onic \\,I'lltmiittoll I M I

St Loti: MiNSOiii Botanicil Garden: 77-93 )epartment of tile Iitcinor. \aiionil P rk Scr\ icc 0 p pltic'

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Reptiblica de Panama. 199N \pri I e s 00.000 Ll M,

( itlI c d i 'l mil I i it I rI II li iC I k IC idc ll s rIp Ci It i ,> n ( I c I I I

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St. nce 1 ,-(41 111 440-4
Acronyms used in text or in literature cited

Acronym Spanish (English translation)

ACP Autoridad del Canal de Panamri (Panama Canal Authority. pr viously the PC(

The Panama Canal Commission)

AECl Agencia Espahola de Cooperaci6n Internacional (Spanish Agency lor

International Cooperation)

ANAM Autoridad Nacional del Aimbiente (National Environmental Authority)

ANCON Asociaci6n Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (National Association

for the Conservation of Nature)

ARI Autoridad de la Region Interoceanica (Interoceanic Regional Authority)

CAPAS Sistema Centroamericano para Areas Protegidas (Central American Protected

Area System)

CEASPA Centro de Estudios y Acci6n Social Panameno (Panamanian Centre for Research

and Social Action)

CITES Convenio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestre

(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)

FAO Organizacion de la Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y Alimentaci6n (Food

and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations)

ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites-World Heritage

ICONA Instituto para Ia Conservaci6n de la Naturaleza (Institute for the Conservation

of Nature)

INAC Instituto Nacional de Cultura (National Institute of Panamanian Culture)

INRENARE Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables (National Institute of

Renewable Natural Resources)

IPAT Instituto Panamefio de Turismo (Panamanian Tourism Institute)

MIDA Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario (Ministry of Agricultural Development)

MIPPE Ministerio de Planificacion y Politica Econ6mica (Ministry of Planning and

Economic Policy)

NORAD Agencia Noruega para Desarrollo Internacional (Norwegian Agency for

International Development)

PAMBC Corredor Biol6gico Mesoamericano (Panama Atlantic Mesoamerican

Biologial Corridor)

conlinneol
)I (<>ciiiiii't}

PrornIma de Ld Nacmines Uidas para el Desarrollo PN (UN)DP United Nations i 

De)cx lupmnclt Program)

PR() RKA Prigrama Ambiental Rfegional para CenrowmNrica (Wentral American Regional

Enxironmielntal Program)

SI P \ Aira rutemgida de San Loren/o (San Lorenio Protected Area)

S I RI I nsibitto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales (Smithon ian Tropical

Research Institute)

TN ( The Naturc Conservaney

Id(N ni n Internacional para la Nat uraleza (IUCN The World Conser\ation I Union)

UNI Prourama Ambiental de las Naciones Unidas (United Nations

E vi r niental Proraiie)

U N I SC Organizaci)n de las Naciones Unidas para la Educacikn. la Cicncia y la Cultura

(I united Nations Organization for Education. Science and Culture)

USI \1) Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (Unted States

ACenCy for International Deelopment)

WIT ) Word tourism organizationn Madrid, Spain

WI Folndo MUndial para la NatU raleza ( World Vildlife Fuind)
APPORnd)x B

Major partners with activities in the San Lorenzo Protected Area (SL PA 

Panamanian Groups

Autoridad de la Region InteroceAnica (ARI)- The Authority of the InIteroceanic Rcuion,

created by Law 5 of 1993 and later modified by Law 7 of 1995. is the autononious eniity

responsible for the administration of reverted canal properties during the period of transition.

ARI's objectives include planning, coordination, and decisionmaking for proJects designed to

use, conserve, and develop reverted properties. ARI is also responsible for expediting

regulations for the sale, rent, or lease of these properties.

Autoridad del Canal de PanamA (ACP)- The Panama Canal Authority, created in 1997, iP an

autonomous government entity charged with the administration, operation, mai ntcnance, a1d(

modernization of the Panama ('anal. The Panama ('anal Commission (PCCV) as responsible for

the maintenance and operation of the canal waterway through December 3 1, I999, \w hen the

Panama Canal Authority assumed the activities.

Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente (ANAM)- The National Environmental Authority, created

by Law 41 of 1998, replaced the National Institute for Renewable Natural Resources

(INRENARE) as Panama's natural resource agency. Law 21 of 1986 created the INRENARE,

an institute with responsibilities in the planning, organization, coordination, regulation, and

development of policies for the benefit, conservation, and use of renewable natural resources.

ANAM, a national authority, has greater powers and responsibilities than the former institute.

Centro de Estudios y Acci6n Social Panameno (CEASPA)-The Panamanian Centre for

Research and Social Action, a nongovernment organization created in 1977. works in three

major program areas: sustainable development, empowering women as citizens, and

participatory democracy. Among the several themes receiving attention are the environmental

movement and policy, the Panama ('anal, sustainable agriculture, and decentralization in local

and regional development. With regard to the SLPA, CEASPA's main job is to promote a

consensus on the best use of the reverted lands. CEASPA cooperates with several local and

international entities in the development of their programs. CEASPA will negotiate collaborative

agreements for implementing the project's objectives with other civil society groups, both

nationally and internationally.

Fundaci6n Natura-The Natura Foundation was established in 1995 to manage a permanent

fund designed to finance and foster the conservation and sustained development in Panama. The

foundation promotes civil participation in conservation and sustained development of Panama's

natural resources by cooperating with the public and private sectors.

Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INAC) -The National Institute of Panamanian Culture was

created by Law 63 in 1974 to design, orient, and implement cultural policy in Panama. The

policy is based on the rights of all individuals to create, enjoy, and attain cultural properties

and values and the obligation of the State to conserve, restore. defend. and develop them.

Furthermore INAC promotes and communicates Panamanian folklore by CUltural activi ties

throughout the country.

Instituto Panamenio de Turismo (IPAT)-The Panamanian Tourism Institute wxas founded to

convert Panama into a primary business and tourist center by developing a first-class tourism

sector that encourages foreign investment, generates local employment, increases exports, and.

in general, facilitates local economies of scale.

Sociedad Audubon de Panama-The Panama Audubon Society is a nonprofit conservation

society whose objective is to promote an understanding and interest in wildlife and the

ecosystems on which they depend, with a particular interest in the study and observation of

birds. The local society, active for more than 25 -years, is affiliated with the National Audubon

Society. which has more than 700,000 members. The local society participates in en ironmental

studies and educational activities, seminars, and excursions throughout the country. 41ilih
A]})L'lt|XB (CON/i/mcd)

Foreign Groups

Smijl honia Tropical Rescearch Inititutie (STRI) SI RI is a hurca u l the SmithminitM

IIiiunn., M lich i, ccntcrcd in \WiniiiietonI, D(. anild funeld airel by the ( S. (oou ernimeit

I 11lc hi't1L (if S I RI'> hiolwgilcal ieeaclh iII PIiianiia dale ack to the creation ol Hiarro

( a arid L.d in I ake ( Gatuli. Ihe S I kI reeareh and loifeeCe center in Paimama ( Ity

pr i tie> I istie >upport r I ieldl kti\ iie-. Thle - eiiteis Iiiraiy \\ith imore tian 6,000 \lrtlme

ad 1000 jo11rIlnal oiibiiptioisc ha niniiie access to the Siithsoniaii ihrai\ in \WaiIiiieton a>

I S. \-ilcy for In tcniational I)eclopment (t SAID) I I"AID prD1 ide> technical a>>i tance

m1 t ainial >ippr it foi diex ellmielt projeCts thrttinhoIit Ih.' \\0rt. In PIaniama "ince 19%1.

i \ I has a maimdiate to protect iatiral reource-. ( nrrenit programs in the aeincy imi\ol\e

It Iest protection Imin itoriii. and rstrition.

I S. I)epairtment of \griculture Fmrorest Serrvice (tISFS) The S I S is responsible f0r

IlIdaiemenlt. rarehd. ItCi teIIIICaI a'siMtaIce in the 4o1ests tl the iiited States. (uenIt

'1ti\ its in the iiteiiititna aieiia aie CarrieTl Lut thrittuh the (O)iice oI International Protrins

in \\mostn anlth Ilternlatijoal Institute oftropicil ItirestrV in Sa JUani, Pnerto Rico.

' IhniiUl CsiCtiit. trainil . 1ad research cooperation are oftfcrcd ill tihe: maauiiieeit oI

x aiershet> \ ire. nx idljife, and protected areas. anld ill forest pmannin, monitor ing, policy

ecottuism, uthd disaMted a>>itance.

t S. National Fish and \\ ildife Foundation The It indatiol established by Coingress in

I)I is a pi\ ate. nloIntIpoit. t\-W\euimpt oreani/tion. tledlicated to the con'e\ation iund

mi mnt ti lish* xIhii'e, td plant rerctLIIes, aid their habitats. I le ioidations igoa

inieltdt pcies Ctsen ti oll, natrih I reoure> maniagmn-it, habitat imtd cos\ stem11 testora]ii,

;flmd liedersliip traiii lor prfes-inals. The Ia s arIe mtet throuIgh gits that create publici Uy jxrtniership- ol ictt increased investimienitW il conser\ationi aeti ities.

I S. Peace ( orpo I lie corps was established in I wx ith ,oals that include helping

PCpIi il iteysteI cotrltie meet theiirneedi trained individuals in sariis eid. I lie

I 1erti1x 2 aytix tie> prtimitte a heetti uideistaitding lu people oil the part of those

2e n id int i1 the paI oI those \iini ktn \d. amongg the speCialyt\ leas are eM irtonIental

International Groups

( Gobail ImIIN ir-uuunmiVII Facilii (( GI ) Thc (I 1a- ustIblishitdl in 1991 to fOrt ui intntitnial

cOWPerI 1 n1 mild to) h ilm k: 'Ictions" 111imed Lit '111c\ ImtingL IMur c:ritical thrcetl, to 11hC Lobk ll

CM io m n 1b111 i dis ersityll 1()", ,Il t c h i , de rd t o 111c inr ationa'l stIers ld o/onec

Iepltijn. Issues rclaini lt laid luiadation are also eligible hr Col ilndin IThe GIi s( \ es

em ionmnta inerets wrldideby rouin 1( ii iemibeir goeiinm ent-. leading dex lpmn

It ih sly I icienitiiic molmmnit n a m id e sletu 111f I px iatt s1Ct r and

M ) In 'lIl en iclntal; r a i tin ol bhmll ofl C 11111 com m o l al "ILendkkl

\\iil Id BaIlk I lie \\irld kl1nk prwillmtes ecuit atd social lrire-s ill dex eluopiun ntius

h\ hdlpin2 to) rmise Irdu t -%it I hc biank 1im,1111 m Inly in ojccts that h1a1\ cm ironmentaIL1

ti)NJ 5 abI i sr iy i 1it iml I'N poinll iall Cum iinmiii itil implicts \Iiim yi. the Inilk is All

Impl . II U tn I tg c lh II o al I ix iiimen I jt ilit

\ I md \ ionum nit 111114 (\\ \II ) I In \\ \1 \ xias IiOntl in I 11%w I si tUa ntIu d hutimiian

Nlild :11c hi IrI ando i tat wI rltlx idek I lit \\ \ 1 \\ ik iIl ct uillilnction tih

111d Inl c o()l partnlrs 1( pro) idc lin lncial and t.hi all i lupport kHr trij0CC
'Appenld/I C

Chronolog'y of mlain eveflts in the history of the San I oren/o Pliotcced \wel ('SI P\

IDatc I N ci

BC:

9000 Spear points of Paleo-Indians found iII the Iici iPI of Laddell I)aiii 1 111 I\

indicate meCafaILIi hniiters erC prcscnt

5000- Indians use Panaimiia as ateway bet\\eI ( c itraf and SotliI \meica1 ti h her

250

AD:

I 500 Panama IS occupied b\ 00 Indial groups related to the (hibchas of ( olombi ii Ih m ) m 1[

bCinIg- the ( una. ( hoco, and G iay nii Indims

I '00s Early in Centur\ an indiciin ous illaec begins at "oi Ch " a1rcs tou\ n

1 ;0 I Rodrigo deI Bastides is the tirst EIropcan to land in Paniila

I 502 (olumbus e\plorCs the CMaIibbean Coast of Paitina near the month of the (lagris R i er on liII

fourth \oyage and cstablishes a settlement at Noimbre de I)ios

I 13 Vasco NnILIe.' de Balboa sights the Pacific Occan from a mountain pcak> iII the i D;iieii

1519 Panama City. the oldest sui in iN iEIuropean sCttlemiIent on the Amcrican imaiiilaiaL is foinIded o)

the Paciflic C oast bN Pedro Arias Dai ifa, Balboa's successol r Panama be Comes a urimslhipme

iontc for Spanish colonists mo ni to \est coasts of Central oi South Amrica: moiih of Chlai r

RiVen bCcomes a principal terminus for transistmml triel

1523 Charles V of Spain directs CoNes to find a >trait aro>s the isthn s

1527 1 Iernando dc Ila Sertia rinds the C hares RiN ci nai able and ad\ ises the constrnction of I

W\arChoise at Las C rnces and a road betN\een C iceS and PanaiMa ( it'y

1530s Piz'arro conquers Peru and Panama becomes the poritage between the oceans. ILas C[,,I, ( C iiail

(Panama City to C shares RiNer to San ILoren/o) irst established: nse confines thioiih the dayN

of the Califorima eold rnslh

15 4 Charles V directs the focal GoN cror of Planamna to look for a canal route

1535 Philip II of Spai is the first to call for defenses at tIle month of the thieRs I N ci

1 S40 "Camino Rea' built from Pallama Cit to Portobelo and Nolbire de I ios

I I5 Drake enters the C hares RiNer and sacks Las Crincs. plundering lxrie' en ronic

1579 As many as 30 flat-bottom barees operate on the ( hares RI\ er

15I7 Trenches are dn1 at San I orenzor to Unard CIticeto the ChaeRes Ri\ c

I 596 Drake brs Nombie de Dlio., and Portobelo supcrcdcs it as the Atlantic porto-call

1597 \ntonelli, a Italian enCineer. construcs a waiei-leN el attcr at San I oicu/O: Ihe \\1k 1

completed in 1599

1019 Se\eral flat-bottoled boats trallsportini risiii arc siiiik I 1 l ei In\ k r

I626 SMin Lor en/o is icConsiiItrucd and fitted \ \itl si\ cailnonIs

lo37 ToiMiis -Lan/a siicests that San I orcn/o be foitilled Ai l> m b e l:, 'c oi 'Ih pin. l i

oNerlookine the C acres (i i fits cnrrnnt location)

1070 British pirates under radlIe captriFit 'an I onCi/o. I MiN\v n lo'se' 1\ ix 1i)s in i iee

at the mouth of the Ciacics Ri er: cal then uIs. 'san I oncl/o a> a biIe I pluiidei Pan m

CItN In 1I71: Moilan destloys Saii Ioieli/o oi dep itie

I tt5 A mator eltort rixcitaIkiisi to rebuild ile I0it e~fs li> a dIr kW\H I li . >. n n ilt I L

is established indcI the protection of lte Iotl

10, I -1 he cil I ihai slip I apeioi siiiks a, ti miio1h I of ihe ( II hi I R I cI I I Id I I I I I u1m I

treasure iAlleon inks off PuI'iita de Bruj1as .inl the ship Ioin. nia ner 1h1 Incl ie rn. n
1 73 s 0, Panama declines as a transhipment area; between 1520 and 1730. it had been the main route for

co nuists to (entral America and the west coast of South America

1739 Admiral Vernon captures San Liorenzo and burns the town of Chagres in attacks between 1739

and 1742: the transisthmus route through the (hagres River is abandoned: later. San Lorenzo is

used as a prison

I 740 \\() Spanish vessels sink at the mouth of the Chagres River

1748 Spanish law establishes (ape 1 lorn as tile main route for shipment of cargo between the Pacific

coast of South America and Spain, and isthmus travel dw indIes

1750 Approximate date of current San Lorenzo ruins: presumed date for the construction of the Gatln

I ill trenches and Fort (iat (now flooded) at the conluence of the (hagres and (aton Rivers

1751 Peruvian traders fivor route around (ape I hon and Panama becomes a quiet, geographically

isolated appendage of New (iranada

I819 (ld Chagres town sacked and burned by British corsairs

I821 Panama declares its independence from Spain

1849 Sutter's gold mine in California stimulates transisthmus travel: the town of Chagres becomes

"Yankee Town"

1855 The railroad across the isthmus, started in 1850. is completed

1869 (olombia declares San Lorenzo a State prison; travel to Western United States via Panama

declines with the completion of tie Union Pacific Railroad

1 879 French buy the rights to construct the Panama Canal from Colombia

I 88) The French begin the construction of a proposed sea-level canal across the isthmus: by 1889, the

French dream Under de Lesseps fails

1898 Spanish-American War highlights U.S. inability to move ships from the Pacific to the Atlantic

Ocean rapidly

1899 United Fruit Company (old Boston Fruit Company) sets up operations in Panama

1903 Panama declares its independence from Colombia and signs the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with

the United States for construction of the Panama Canal

1904 The United States delineates the Canal Zone and declares Fort San Lorenzo "tle oldest fort under

the American flay"

196 The ited States adopts a high-level lake and lock plan for construction of the canal: Theodore

Roosevelt \ isits Panama Canal construction work

1908 The Panamanian Government declares Fort San Lorenzo an historic monument

1910 (nstructiotin begins at the entrance of the Panama Canal; about 850 troops arrive I year

later xvlien Fort Sherman is named in honor of renowned Civil War General William

TeCuimseh Sherman

1912 Construction starts on coastal batteries (Baird, I howard, Kilpatrick, MacKenzie. Mower, Pratt, and

Stanley), named in honor of Cvi i War military personnel: work is finished by 1924

1913 T1g (ian is the first boat lifted in the Gatin Locks

1914 The Panama Canal Zone is designated by Act of Congress on April 28 as a strip of land 5 miles (8

km) Wide on either side of the canal; the 119" company , U. Coast Artillery, is assigned to Fort

Sherman: the western breakwater is completed in Nay: the canal opens and the steatmship Ancoi

makes the first commercial passage from (ristbal to Panama City on August 15

1916 A coastal strip of land between the Chagres and Pima Rixers is added to Fort Shermani the eastern

break\\ater is completed in J uly

1920 Military "jungle training" is initiated at Fort Sherman

H.S. Congress establishes larro Colomado Island 1923 (130) under 1 the administration of the

Smithsomian Institution

c otud
I/)/)&/JL\ ( WM11 " ';

1942 Japanese use of aircraft carriers tor combat makes fort Sherman dhorehlin hatterie', obsolete

1943 Pifia Range first used for "jMgle training'"

1951 The U.S. Army is iven the responsibility of 'keeping the art ofjunle \\ arare I1\e in the Arm

1953 Fort Sherman functions as a tingle operations training center

194 Fla(, riots, related to sovereignty of the Panama Canal. begin in the Canal /one

1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaty outlines reversion of the Canal /one to Panama, Includinc I70 l i itar\

and cii han buildings

1979 Panama gains sovereignty over the canal and nominates Fort San Lorenio as a WoiId

Heritage site

1980 Fort San Lorenzo is declared as a World Heritage site by UNESCO

1980s Panama adopts several environmental measures to protect the canal watershed, a p)Oley that

continued into the 1990s

1999 Military training at Fort Sherman ceases: Fort Sherman and San Lorenzo revert to Panama on

June 30; the surrounding forest becomes the SLPA

Source: literature cited.



Weaver, Peter l,: BaurCI, G'rdId 1. 2004. The si I Orci/o ) Pritctcd \Ic A

'Llmlmal\ Of CIIltIII anId naiturIA ICsLICC\. Gen. Tech. Rep. I III-23. San Jiua, PR

U'.S. Depar'tmenCt Of ALi1CuI~LureC 1'Ores, SerM i, IntrtCIMinA l ntitte Of TrOpi)IA

FOIrCetr\ 89 p.

The 12 000-ha Saim Iwen/t r

t

icctcd Aria ISI PA located att tile nlr1hweste

cnitriaicc to the Plillma Cnml. I, culrcntl\ pIirt 1)1I'lfc N c 'lscicim cOriItdOI Of

protected drs c\tenfldiIu I rmn G iitclad It) tile CO17lmbian bordc. The SI PA

Contain" MwO forts 1)uil1 10] si Iar CC1\ protect Ie u Ct1I1ns: FOrtI Sanl Loen lt tile mIOuth

Of the Charcs Iri\rci. tirHNt initiated b\ the Spaiiisih in 1597 to prlOec tle CmIinuO dc

Id CrIccs." tle '_Old rIOte lu cr* heIlc isthiliuN: and FOrt Sherman, Itarctc il 101 1 t

pritect tih nerlortherni Cnltrancc too (tic Panamiia Cinal, tihe 2(1 ccnli\ N wrnyal cOriidOr"

thrlOugh11 PIInamIa. BOtH lot, kice s lly fuLIIeIId th i mile IIII ryM ObjeCti\c", 11nd F1r

Sl lhma sIIm ltane~OuLyI prO1CteCtd tile are ' 1naurl' res1OurICes duin1 tile 2(W Ccntur\.

Til" repOrt 11h1IilihiN tile SIT AN setin! 'I a majOr crOssrad, and ily describe

pir-COlumLiN tcli\ itic', tile Spaiiish coiuict. tihe le c aoOf IOrtuiic cckci-r aiid the

C khacrc Ri ci including pircN mid ,iil)ip\\ rck', tile huildiig Of lie Paiamia riri iid,

tile cIolrtlI Of I-iance dlind the I 'nitcdi Statc Oin Ihc Panama Canil. and Cri I\ ruiculiral

aICIItici,. It it( lso l(1 me 1i 1 the 111mii \r hi"tOrs (it IOrtsSanl ILOrenI/O 'nd Simrmall, 11nd

curirct kno\\ IcIdc (ni the ,ccolwn. Oilk, ilOir. Iliin. idIIIIC r rcesccN ecoltcicdl

r chcilo., anid prtOpOscd cOIi'rcI\ aionIi Of tile Sl PA, includiinc Cctotuiimil. RCIC\ dt

Ci\ iironimciitdl ICLilaittiO N i iitlinid IIOIIn \ith tlhe majOl iuiCniOns Of ,Ill e1 ntiticN llhat

dire cOOperatiL u ith pinclramii Ol tile SI PA AI' incicludd N a chlrOnllc\ Of mAji1Oi

listoiiCA e\ eitN rclatd it the Sl PA.

KeI%0r(S: CuilliurIl r irces, dtiiid. Ii1i. PMItiii. prOtcctcd uc*,.
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