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Stability and Change

in Forest-Based Communities:

A Selected Bibliography

Catherine Woods Richardson, Compiler

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Research Station

Portland, Oregon

General Technical Report PNW-GTR-366

March 1996
Abstract Richardson, Catherine Woods, comp. 1996. Stability and change in forest-based

communities: a selected bibliography. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-366. Portland,

OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research

Station. 36 p.

This bibliography lists literature dealing with the concept of community stability, the

condition of forest-based communities, and the relations between forest management

and local community conditions. Most citations are from the 1970s to the mid 1990s,

though some particularly pertinent earlier works also appear. The emphasis is on

forest-based communities in the Pacific Northwest, but citations from across the

United States and other industrialized nations, such as Canada, New Zealand, and

the Scandinavian countries, also are included.

Keywords: Bibliography, community stability, forest dependency, timber dependency,

sustained yield, forest-based communities.
Introduction "Community stability" has long been a watchword in forestry for the effects of forest

management practices and policies on the condition of local, timber-producing communities. For much of the past century, the concept of community stability has been

accepted and advocated with little attempt at defining or examining the underlying

assumptions (for an early exception, see Kaufman and Kaufman 1946). Beginning in

the 1970s, and increasing through the 1980s and 1990s, researchers have been

questioning the assumptions implicit in the concept and examining forest-based communities that clearly were not stable despite several decades of forest management

intended to contribute, in some form, to their stability.

This bibliography compiles literature dealing with the concept of community stability,

the condition of forest-based communities, and the relations between forest management and local community conditions, mostly from the 1970s to mid 1990s, though

some particularly pertinent earlier works also appear. The emphasis is on forestbased communities in the Pacific Northwest, given the compiler's access to that literature and the level of attention paid to forest-based communities in the region in recent

years, but citations from across the United States and other industrialized nations,

such as Canada, New Zealand, and the Scandinavian countries, also are included.

A significant amount of work in this area has been reported in gray literature sources,

which are unlikely to be catalogued in many libraries and may or may not have undergone peer review. Reports that appear to be available from university departments or

agency offices are included in this bibliography; unpublished conference papers, although some interesting ones exist, are not.

Researchers have addressed aspects of community stability or condition from a variety of disciplines: economics, sociology, anthropology, political science, and more.

Economics has a longer history in forest management than the other disciplines, and

thus many writers on community stability have approached the issue from the perspective of timber supply and employment in lumber and wood processing sectors.

As increasing attention has been directed to forest-based communities, researchers

have begun to explore and articulate multiple dimensions of community welfare and

stability beyond employment in the timber industry. Economic diversity and forestrelated economies such as recreation, tourism, transfer payments to retired residents,

and Federal payments-in-lieu-of-taxes have gained attention, as have numerous

social dimensions of forest communities: social ties and cooperation or conflict among

residents, patterns of inmigration and outmigration, traditions of leadership and volunteerism, cultural differences within and among communities, social services and infrastructure, and relations between local residents and forest management agencies,

to name a few. The reader new to the study of community stability and forest-based

communities may wish to consult Community and Forestry (Lee and others 1990), a

collection of essays that provides an overview of many of these dimensions of community stability and condition. At the national level, Schallau and Alston (1987) summarize the history of community stability in U.S. forest law and policy.

"Community" has been broadly interpreted in compiling this bibliography to reflect the

diverse units of analysis researchers have used to describe forest-related settlements,

economies, and social groups. For some, community may signify a cluster of counties

a single settlement, and for others, a pattern of relations among a group of people.

The substantial literature dealing with the concept of community is beyond the scope

of the present bibliography, but interested readers may wish to consult Wilkinson

(1991) for an introduction.

1
The study of forest-based communities and community stability is closely related to

several other areas of study that the reader may wish to explore: other naturalresource based communities (for example, mining, fishing, agriculture, ranching),

social impact assessment of energy developments and other large projects in rural

communities, rural economic development, social change in communities, and policies

and operations of land management agencies and industries. A substantial literature

on forest-based communities in the developing world also exists. Additional bibliographies that may be of interest include Ekstrom and Leistritz (1988), Williams (1995),

and Leistritz and Hamm (1994). Journals that regularly address forest-based communities and related areas of study include Society and Natural Resources and Rural

Sociology.

As a printed document, this bibliography suffers the drawbacks of its static organization (alphabetical by senior author) and the assurance that it will go out of date—two

drawbacks that computerized databases do not have. Numerous electronic and

CD-ROM databases are available that permit searches of books, journals, and agency

publications by keyword, subject, author, agency, title words, and more. Of particular

pertinence to the subject area of this bibliography is the Social Sciences in Forestry

database maintained at the University of Minnesota Forestry Library, St. Paul, MN,

which is accessible via the Internet; it catalogues recent publications by subject area.

There is still much to be learned about forest communities and peoples, their concerns and knowledge, and how forest management agencies and institutions can

best work with them and the many other publics they serve. One conclusion is likely

to remain, however: one constant to be found among all communities is change.

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2
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This bibliography lists literature dealing with the concept of community stability, the

condition of forest-based communities, and the relations between forest management

and local community conditions. Most citations are from the 1970s to the mid 1990s,

though some particularly pertinent earlier works also appear. The emphasis is on

forest-based communities in the Pacific Northwest, but citations from across the

United States and other industrialized nations, such as Canada, New Zealand, and

the Scandinavian countries, also are included.

Keywords: Bibliography, community stability, forest dependency, timber dependency,

sustained yield, forest-based communities.

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