II 

117TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 5330 

To protect stateless persons in the United States, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

DECEMBER 21, 2022 

Mr. CARDIN introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred 

to the Committee on the Judiciary 

A BILL 

To protect stateless persons in the United States, and for 

other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Stateless Protection 

5 Act of 2022’’. 

6 SEC. 2. PURPOSES. 

7 The purposes of this Act are— 

8 (1) to resolve the status of stateless persons in 

9 the United States and to promote their access to 

10 fundamental human rights and human dignity; and 


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1 (2) to prevent statelessness from occurring 

2 under United States law or on United States terri3 tory. 

4 SEC. 3. FINDINGS; SENSE OF CONGRESS. 

5 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find6 ings: 

7 (1) The international community has recognized 

8 the significance of the right to a nationality in the 

9 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 

10 done at New York December 16, 1966, to which the 

11 United States is a signatory, as well as the Uni12 versal Declaration of Human Rights and numerous 

13 international treaties, including the Convention Re14 lating to the Status of Stateless Persons, done at 

15 New York September 28, 1954, and the Convention 

16 on the Reduction of Statelessness, done at New York 

17 August 30, 1961. 

18 (2) Statelessness is an abhorrent violation of 

19 fundamental human rights and human dignity, and 

20 a life of statelessness has been recognized by the Su21 preme Court of the United States as a form of pun22 ishment more primitive than torture. 

23 (3) Government action and inaction causes 

24 statelessness; therefore, governments have the power 

25 to resolve and prevent statelessness. 


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1 (4) The United Nations High Commissioner for 

2 Refugees— 

3 (A) is the United Nations agency respon4 sible for preventing and reducing statelessness; 

5 and 

6 (B) estimates that there are more than 

7 4,200,000 stateless persons worldwide. 

8 (5) A 2020 study found that there are approxi9 mately 218,000 individuals living in the United 

10 States who are stateless or at risk of statelessness. 

11 (6) Stateless individuals live in all 50 States, 

12 and many such individuals have lived in the United 

13 States for years or decades without relief. 

14 (7) Despite the presence of stateless persons in 

15 the United States, there is no law relating to the 

16 identification of stateless persons in the United 

17 States or to provide them with a path to legal sta18 tus. 

19 (8) Stateless persons generally— 

20 (A) live without the means to work legally 

21 or to travel; and 

22 (B) face barriers in opening bank ac23 counts, pursuing higher education, and obtain24 ing health care. 


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1 (9) If detained for removal from the United 

2 States, a stateless person is often subjected to pro3 longed detention and cannot be removed because no 

4 country recognizes the person as its citizen. 

5 (b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con6 gress that to resolve statelessness and its related human 

7 suffering, lost potential, and societal impacts, the United 

8 States should— 

9 (1) provide a legal status to protect stateless 

10 persons; and 

11 (2) urge the international community to take 

12 strong action to prevent statelessness globally. 

13 SEC. 4. PROTECTION OF STATELESS PERSONS IN THE 

14 UNITED STATES. 

15 (a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 5 of title II of the Immi16 gration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1255 et seq.) is 

17 amended by inserting after section 245A the following: 

18 ‘‘SEC. 245B. PROTECTION OF STATELESS PERSONS IN THE 

19 UNITED STATES. 

20 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

21 ‘‘(1) COMPETENT AUTHORITY.—With respect to 

22 a foreign country, the term ‘competent authority’— 

23 ‘‘(A) means the authority responsible for— 

24 ‘‘(i) conferring nationality on, or with25 drawing nationality from, individuals; or 


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1 ‘‘(ii) in the case of nationality having 

2 been acquired or withdrawn automatically, 

3 clarifying the nationality status of an indi4 vidual; and 

5 ‘‘(B) includes a Federal, local, or regional 

6 government entity, a consular official, and a 

7 government official at any level, notwith8 standing any process by which a decision by 

9 such an entity or official may later be over10 ridden. 

11 ‘‘(2) NATIONAL; NATIONALITY.—The terms ‘na12 tional’ and ‘nationality’— 

13 ‘‘(A) refer to a formal link, of a political 

14 and legal character, between an individual and 

15 a country; and 

16 ‘‘(B) do not include the concept of nation17 ality relating to membership in a religious, lin18 guistic, or ethnic group. 

19 ‘‘(3) NONCITIZEN.—The term ‘noncitizen’ has 

20 the meaning given the term ‘alien’ in section 101(a). 

21 ‘‘(4) OPERATION OF LAW; OPERATION OF ITS

22 LAW.—The terms ‘operation of law’ and ‘operation 

23 of its law’— 

24 ‘‘(A) refer to the consideration by a com25 petent authority of a country with respect to an 


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1 individual in practice, including under the legis2 lation, ministerial decrees, regulations, orders, 

3 judicial case law, and customary practices of 

4 the competent authority; and 

5 ‘‘(B) include situations in which the posi6 tion of the competent authority differs from the 

7 law as written, if the position of the competent 

8 authority that an individual is not a national of 

9 the country is determinative. 

10 ‘‘(5) RELEVANT ASSOCIATION.—The term ‘rel11 evant association’ means a natural person’s connec12 tion to a country through— 

13 ‘‘(A) birth on the territory of the country; 

14 ‘‘(B) descent from 1 or more individuals 

15 who are nationals of the country; 

16 ‘‘(C) marriage to an individual who is a 

17 national of the country; 

18 ‘‘(D) adoption by an individual who is a 

19 national of the country; or 

20 ‘‘(E) habitual residence in the country. 

21 ‘‘(6) STATELESS PERSON.—The term ‘stateless 

22 person’ means an individual who is not considered as 

23 a national by any state under the operation of its 

24 law. 


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1 ‘‘(b) MECHANISMS FOR REGULARIZING THE STATUS

2 OF STATELESS PERSONS.— 

3 ‘‘(1) STATELESS PROTECTED STATUS.— 

4 ‘‘(A) PRINCIPAL APPLICANTS.—Notwith5 standing any other provision of law, the Sec6 retary of Homeland Security shall provide 

7 stateless protected status to a noncitizen who— 

8 ‘‘(i) is a stateless person present in 

9 the United States; 

10 ‘‘(ii) applies for such relief; 

11 ‘‘(iii) has not formally renounced his 

12 or her nationality as a result of voluntary, 

13 affirmative, and intentional action after ar14 rival in the United States and after the 

15 date of the enactment of this section, un16 less the renunciation was the result of du17 ress, coercion, or a reasonable expectation 

18 that the noncitizen had acquired or would 

19 acquire another nationality or citizenship; 

20 ‘‘(iv) is not inadmissible under 

21 212(a)(3), except as provided in paragraph 

22 (2) of this subsection; and 

23 ‘‘(v) is not described in section 

24 241(b)(3)(B)(i). 


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1 ‘‘(B) TREATMENT OF SPOUSE AND CHIL2 DREN.—Notwithstanding any other provision of 

3 law, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall 

4 provide stateless protected status to a noncit5 izen who— 

6 ‘‘(i) is the spouse or child of a noncit7 izen described in subparagraph (A), if such 

8 spouse or child is not otherwise eligible for 

9 admission under that subparagraph; 

10 ‘‘(ii) is accompanying, or following to 

11 join, such noncitizen; 

12 ‘‘(iii) established the qualifying rela13 tionship to such noncitizen before the date 

14 on which such noncitizen applied for state15 less protected status; 

16 ‘‘(iv) is not inadmissible under 

17 212(a)(3), except as provided in paragraph 

18 (2) of this subsection; and 

19 ‘‘(v) is not described in section 

20 241(b)(3)(B)(i). 

21 ‘‘(C) STATELESS PROTECTED STATUS.— 

22 Noncitizens with stateless protected status— 

23 ‘‘(i) shall— 


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1 ‘‘(I) receive relevant protections 

2 against deportation, removal, and de3 tention, as described in paragraph (3); 

4 ‘‘(II) be authorized for employ5 ment, as described in paragraph (4); 

6 and 

7 ‘‘(III) be eligible to apply for a 

8 travel document, as described in para9 graph (5); and 

10 ‘‘(ii) shall not face limitations from 

11 immigration enforcement officials on their 

12 domestic travel. 

13 ‘‘(D) CONCURRENT GRANT OF LAWFUL

14 PERMANENT RESIDENCE.— 

15 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Except as pro16 vided in clause (ii), notwithstanding any 

17 other provision of law, immediately on 

18 granting stateless protected status to a 

19 noncitizen, the Secretary of Homeland Se20 curity shall adjust the status of the noncit21 izen to that of a noncitizen lawfully admit22 ted for permanent residence. 

23 ‘‘(ii) EXCEPTION.—The Secretary of 

24 Homeland Security may not adjust the sta25 tus of a noncitizen with stateless protected 


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1 status who is inadmissible under section 

2 212(a)(2). 

3 ‘‘(2) WAIVERS.— 

4 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any 

5 other provision of law, the Secretary of Home6 land Security may, for humanitarian purposes, 

7 in the interests of access to fundamental or en8 abling rights, to ensure family unity, or when it 

9 is otherwise in the public interest, waive the op10 eration of the grounds of inadmissibility set 

11 forth in paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 

12 212(a), for relief under this section. 

13 ‘‘(B) FACTORS.—In making a determina14 tion under subparagraph (A), the Secretary of 

15 Homeland Security shall consider all relevant 

16 factors, including— 

17 ‘‘(i) mitigating and aggravating fac18 tors of the basis for inadmissibility; 

19 ‘‘(ii) the duration of the noncitizen’s 

20 residence in the United States; and 

21 ‘‘(iii) the degree to which the nonciti22 zen’s removal, or denial of the noncitizen’s 

23 application, would adversely affect the non24 citizen or the noncitizen’s United States 


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1 citizen or lawful permanent resident family 

2 members. 

3 ‘‘(3) RELEASE FROM POST-REMOVAL DETEN4 TION.—A grant of stateless protected status under 

5 this section shall— 

6 ‘‘(A) trigger immediate release of an indi7 vidual from post-removal detention; 

8 ‘‘(B) be considered to establish that there 

9 is no significant likelihood of the individual’s re10 moval in the reasonably foreseeable future; and 

11 ‘‘(C) establish a presumption that travel 

12 documents are not available for the individual. 

13 ‘‘(4) EMPLOYMENT AUTHORIZATION.— 

14 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An individual granted 

15 stateless protected status under this section 

16 shall receive employment authorization for a re17 newable period not less than 5 years. 

18 ‘‘(B) PENDING APPLICATION.— 

19 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—During the 150- 

20 day period after the date on which an ap21 plication for status under this section is 

22 submitted, the Secretary of Homeland Se23 curity may authorize the applicant to en24 gage in employment in the United States. 


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1 ‘‘(ii) MANDATORY EMPLOYMENT AU2 THORIZATION.—If the Secretary of Home3 land Security has not issued a decision 

4 within the 150-day period beginning on the 

5 date on which an application for status 

6 under this section is submitted, the Sec7 retary of Homeland Security shall author8 ize the applicant to engage in employment 

9 in the United States until the date on 

10 which a decision is issued on the applica11 tion for lawful permanent residence or 

12 stateless protected status. 

13 ‘‘(5) TRAVEL DOCUMENTS.— 

14 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—On request, the Sec15 retary of Homeland Security shall provide to 

16 any noncitizen granted relief under this section, 

17 a travel document that facilitates the nonciti18 zen’s ability to travel abroad and to be admitted 

19 to the United States upon return. 

20 ‘‘(B) VALIDITY.—The minimum period of 

21 validity for a document issued under subpara22 graph (A) shall be 10 years. 

23 ‘‘(6) NATURALIZATION.—Notwithstanding any 

24 other provision of law, an individual granted lawful 

25 permanent residence status under paragraph (1)(D) 


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1 may apply for naturalization after having resided 

2 continuously in the United States for at least 3 

3 years beginning on the date on which such individual 

4 is granted lawful permanent resident status. 

5 ‘‘(c) EVIDENTIARY MATTERS.— 

6 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In determining if an indi7 vidual is a stateless person under this section, the 

8 Secretary of Homeland Security shall consider and 

9 obtain any credible evidence relevant to the applica10 tion, including information from— 

11 ‘‘(A) the Department of State, particularly 

12 the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Mi13 gration and the Bureau of Democracy, Human 

14 Rights, and Labor; and 

15 ‘‘(B) relevant international and foreign 

16 bodies, such as the United Nations High Com17 missioner for Refugees, nongovernmental orga18 nizations, and the competent authorities of 

19 other countries. 

20 ‘‘(2) DESIGNATION OF SPECIFIC GROUPS OF

21 STATELESS PERSONS.—The Secretary of Homeland 

22 Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State, 

23 may designate 1 or more specific groups of individ24 uals who shall be considered stateless persons for 

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1 longs to a group so designated shall be considered 

2 a stateless person. 

3 ‘‘(3) BURDEN OF PROOF.—The burden of proof 

4 with respect to evidentiary matters relating to an 

5 application under this section shall be shared be6 tween the Secretary of Homeland Security and the 

7 applicant. 

8 ‘‘(4) STANDARD OF PROOF.— 

9 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—A noncitizen shall be 

10 considered to be a stateless person if it is estab11 lished to a reasonable degree that the noncit12 izen meets the definition of the term ‘stateless 

13 person’ under this section. 

14 ‘‘(B) ASSESSMENT OF NATIONALITY.—The 

15 nationality of an individual shall be assessed as 

16 of the date on which a determination of eligi17 bility under this section is made. 

18 ‘‘(5) SUBMISSION OF DOCUMENTARY EVI19 DENCE.— 

20 ‘‘(A) SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS FROM AP21 PLICANT.—An applicant for relief under this 

22 section shall submit, as part of the application 

23 for such relief— 

24 ‘‘(i) a full and truthful account, to the 

25 best of the noncitizen’s knowledge, of such 


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1 noncitizen’s legal status with regard to any 

2 country in which the applicant was born or 

3 resided before entering the United States 

4 or to which the applicant has a relevant as5 sociation; and 

6 ‘‘(ii) all evidence reasonably available, 

7 including any valid or expired travel docu8 ment. 

9 ‘‘(B) EVIDENCE AVAILABLE TO SEC10 RETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY.—The Sec11 retary of Homeland Security shall obtain and 

12 submit to the immigration officer or immigra13 tion judge and the applicant or, as applicable, 

14 the applicant’s counsel, all available evidence re15 garding the legal status of the applicant in the 

16 applicant’s country of birth or prior residence 

17 or any country to which the applicant has a rel18 evant association, including information on the 

19 relevant laws and practices of the countries con20 cerned. 

21 ‘‘(C) CONSIDERATION OF RESPONSE.—The 

22 Secretary of Homeland Security may consider 

23 as substantial evidence that an individual is not 

24 considered by a country to be national of the 

25 country the following: 


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1 ‘‘(i) After 120 days have elapsed after 

2 the Secretary of Homeland Security has 

3 requested information from the country 

4 with respect to the nationality status of the 

5 individual, the lack of response from the 

6 competent authority of the country. 

7 ‘‘(ii) A pro forma response from the 

8 country that lacks an application of the 

9 law or facts to the particular individual. 

10 ‘‘(iii) The refusal of the country to ac11 cept the individual for deportation or re12 moval. 

13 ‘‘(d) FEES.—The Secretary of Homeland Security 

14 may not charge a noncitizen any fee in connection with 

15 an application for, or issuance of, lawful status under this 

16 section, employment authorization, or travel documents. 

17 ‘‘(e) JURISDICTION AND REVIEW.— 

18 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of U.S. Citi19 zenship and Immigration Services shall have juris20 diction over an application for stateless protected 

21 status and adjustment of status filed by a noncitizen 

22 under this section. 

23 ‘‘(2) REVIEW.—A denial by the Secretary of 

24 Homeland Security of an application for relief under 

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1 istrative Appeals Office of U.S. Citizenship and Im2 migration Services. 

3 ‘‘(f) EFFECT ON REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS.—With re4 spect to a noncitizen in removal proceedings who files an 

5 application for relief under this section, the Attorney Gen6 eral shall postpone the removal proceedings pending the 

7 adjudication of the application. 

8 ‘‘(g) APPLICANTS WITH FINAL ORDERS OF RE9 MOVAL.— 

10 ‘‘(1) MOTIONS TO REOPEN.— 

11 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—A noncitizen whose 

12 removal, deportation, or exclusion proceedings 

13 were concluded before the date of the enact14 ment of this section, and who is eligible for re15 lief under this section, may file 1 motion to re16 open proceedings to apply for such relief not 

17 later than 1 year after the date of the enact18 ment of this section. 

19 ‘‘(B) EFFECT OF LIMITATIONS.—A time or 

20 numerical limitation on motions to reopen re21 moval, deportation, or exclusion proceedings 

22 may not be construed to restrict the filing of a 

23 motion to reopen under this paragraph if such 

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1 cumstances, including a discovery by a noncit2 izen that the noncitizen may be a stateless per3 son. 

4 ‘‘(2) STAY OF REMOVAL.— 

5 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An applicant for relief 

6 under this section who has been issued a final 

7 order of removal, deportation, or exclusion may 

8 request a stay of removal, deportation, or exclu9 sion. 

10 ‘‘(B) CONSIDERATION OF REQUEST.—With 

11 respect to an individual who requests a stay 

12 under subparagraph (A), if the Secretary of 

13 Homeland Security determines that the applica14 tion for relief is bona fide, the Secretary shall 

15 automatically stay the execution of the final 

16 order of deportation, exclusion, or removal, and 

17 the stay will remain in effect until a final deci18 sion is made on the applications. 

19 ‘‘(C) EFFECT OF DENIAL.—If the applica20 tion is denied, the stay of the final order is 

21 deemed lifted as of the date of such denial, 

22 without regard to whether the noncitizen ap23 peals the decision. 

24 ‘‘(3) TERMINATION.—On the grant of an appli25 cation for relief under this section to a noncitizen 


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1 with a final order of removal, deportation, or exclu2 sion, the final order shall be deemed canceled by op3 eration of law as of the date of the approval. 

4 ‘‘(h) EXCLUSION FROM NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS.— 

5 Individuals provided status under this section shall not be 

6 counted against any numerical limitation under section 

7 201(d), 202(a), or 203(b)(4). 

8 ‘‘(i) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sec9 tion may be construed to authorize or require the admis10 sion of any noncitizen to the United States. 

11 ‘‘(j) REPORTS.— 

12 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 120 days 

13 after the date of the enactment of this section, and 

14 every 90 days thereafter, the Secretary of Homeland 

15 Security shall submit to the Committee on the Judi16 ciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judi17 ciary of the House of Representatives a report on— 

18 ‘‘(A) the number of applications submitted 

19 under each of paragraphs (1), (4), and (5) of 

20 subsection (b) since the date of the enactment 

21 of this section, disaggregated by the country of 

22 birth of the applicants; and 

23 ‘‘(B) average timelines for processing each 

24 such application. 


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1 ‘‘(2) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—The Secretary of 

2 Homeland Security shall publish each report sub3 mitted under paragraph (1) on the internet website 

4 of the Department of Homeland Security, respec5 tively. 

6 ‘‘(k) PUBLICATION OF GUIDANCE.—Not later than 

7 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 

8 Secretary of Homeland Security shall publish all policy 

9 manuals, guidance, and application instructions relating 

10 to applications under this section on the internet website 

11 of the Department of Homeland Security. 

12 ‘‘(l) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary of Homeland Se13 curity may issue such regulations as the Secretary of 

14 Homeland Security considers appropriate to carry out this 

15 section.’’. 

16 (b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— 

17 (1) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of con18 tents for the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 

19 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) is amended by inserting after 

20 the item relating to section 245A the following: 

‘‘Sec. 245B. Protection of stateless persons in the United States.’’. 

21 (2) EXCEPTION FOR UNLAWFUL PRESENCE OF

22 STATELESS PERSONS.—Section 212(a)(9)(B)(iii) of 

23 the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

24 1182(a)(9)(B)(iii)) is amended by adding at the end 

25 the following: 


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1 ‘‘(V) STATELESS PERSONS.— 

2 Clause (i) shall not apply to a noncit3 izen who demonstrates that he or she 

4 is a stateless person (as defined in 

5 section 245B(a)).’’. 

6 SEC. 5. PREVENTION OF STATELESSNESS. 

7 (a) BIRTHS TO UNITED STATES CITIZENS OVER8 SEAS.—Section 301 of the Immigration and Nationality 

9 Act (8 U.S.C. 1401) is amended— 

10 (1) in subsection (g), by striking ‘‘; and’’ and 

11 inserting a semicolon; 

12 (2) in subsection (h), by striking the period at 

13 the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

14 (3) by adding at the end the following: 

15 ‘‘(i) a person born to a citizen of the United States 

16 outside the United States or in an outlying possession of 

17 the United States, if such person is born as a stateless 

18 person (as defined in section 245B(a)).’’. 

19 (b) FOUNDLINGS.—Section 301 of the Immigration 

20 and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1401) is further amended 

21 by striking subsection (f) and inserting the following: 

22 ‘‘(f) a person of unknown parentage found in the 

23 United States while under the age of 18 years, until 

24 shown, prior to the person attaining the age of 21 years, 

25 not to have been born in the United States;’’. 


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1 (c) STATELESS SAFEGUARDS FOR DERIVATIVE CITI2 ZENSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL ADOPTIONS.— 

3 (1) STATELESS SAFEGUARDS.—Section 320 of 

4 the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

5 1431) is amended by adding at the end the fol6 lowing: 

7 ‘‘(e)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, 

8 a person born outside the United States or in an outlying 

9 possession who is or becomes a stateless person (as defined 

10 in section 245B(a)) automatically becomes a citizen of the 

11 United States on the date on which one of the following 

12 conditions has been fulfilled: 

13 ‘‘(A) One parent is or was a citizen of the 

14 United States. 

15 ‘‘(B) The person was adopted by— 

16 ‘‘(i) a citizen of the United States; or 

17 ‘‘(ii) an individual who became a citizen of 

18 the United States after the date of such adop19 tion. 

20 ‘‘(2) This subsection applies to any person who meets 

21 the criteria under paragraph (1) at any time.’’. 

22 (2) AGE.—Section 320(a) of the Immigration 

23 and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1431(a)) is amended 

24 by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the fol25 lowing: 


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1 ‘‘(2) The child is under the age of 21 years.’’. 

2 (3) ENTRY AND CUSTODY.—Section 320(a) of 

3 the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

4 1431(a)) is further amended by striking paragraph 

5 (3) and inserting the following: 

6 ‘‘(3) The child is residing in the United States, 

7 and provided such child is under the legal age of 

8 adulthood in the State in which the parent of the 

9 child or the child resides, is in the legal and physical 

10 custody of the citizen parent.’’. 

11 (d) PROGRAMS TO PREVENT STATELESSNESS.—The 

12 Secretary of Homeland Security and Secretary of State 

13 shall jointly establish and carry out initiatives to prevent 

14 statelessness from occurring, which may include— 

15 (1) an assessment of United States citizenship 

16 law to determine and amend any provision of law 

17 that results in statelessness or a delayed acquisition 

18 of nationality that increases the risk of statelessness; 

19 (2) studies on the profiles and number of state20 less people living in the United States; 

21 (3) programs to promote inclusive and non22 discriminatory nationality laws and practices in 

23 other countries, with particular attention to the pre24 vention of atrocity crimes; 


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1 (4) programs to encourage other countries to 

2 establish stateless status determination and protec3 tion legislation; and 

4 (5) grants to universities and nongovernmental 

5 organizations to accelerate research, education, cur6 ricula, and knowledge on nationality law and prac7 tice and statelessness. 

Æ 


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