Filed 8/25/14 P. v. Frances CA2/7

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SEVEN

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

ROBERT JONATHAN FRANCIS,

Defendant and Appellant.

 B249476

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. BA405929)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Barbara 

R. Johnson, Judge. Reversed.

Patrick Morgan Ford, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Mary Sanchez and David 

Zarmi, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

______________________
2

INTRODUCTION

After hearing the prosecutor’s explanation for why she exercised a peremptory 

challenge on one of the four African-American prospective jurors she challenged, the 

trial court stated that the only reason the court could see that the prosecutor exercised the 

challenge was “the fact that he was a Black man.” After initially indicating it would 

grant the defendant’s motion pursuant to Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79 [106 

S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69] and People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258 (Batson/Wheeler

motion) challenging the prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges to remove AfricanAmerican prospective jurors on the basis of race, the trial court denied the motion. We 

reverse.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On the afternoon of July 18, 2012 defendant Robert Jonathan Francis, who is 

African-American, was riding a bus in Los Angeles when he grabbed a necklace worn by 

a fellow passenger. The passenger fought to keep her necklace, but Francis broke free 

and got off the bus, taking the necklace with him. Once outside, Francis realized that he 

left his shopping bag on the bus. The victim, who had grabbed Francis’ bag during the 

struggle, walked to the front of the bus, spoke to Francis through the open door, and told 

him that she would give him his shopping bag if he returned her necklace. Francis got 

back on the bus, kicked the victim in the leg, and then fled, leaving his bag behind. A

surveillance camera on the bus recorded the entire incident. The victim gave Francis’ 

bag to the police. Inside was some chicken and a jacket with the name “Francis” written 

on the label.

The People charged Francis with robbery. During jury selection the prosecutor, 

Trudi White-Black, who also is African-American, used her first, third, fourth, and sixth

peremptory challenges to excuse Prospective Juror Nos. 2, 4, 16, and 21, four of the five 

African-American prospective jurors in the 35-person venire. After the prosecutor’s sixth 
3

peremptory challenge, counsel for Francis, Richard Ewell, asked to approach, and the 

following exchange occurred at side bar:

“Mr. Ewell: Your Honor, at this time, I want to bring a Batson/Wheeler motion. 

The prosecutor has kicked off Juror No. 2, who is a male Black; Juror No. 4, who is a 

female Black; Juror No. 16, female Black; and Juror No. 21, female Black. I feel she’s 

being racially prejudiced against Black jurors who — maybe she feels that they are more 

sympathetic to my client.

“The Court: All right. I think that you have established a reason for the People to 

respond. Well, it’s a little late for the earlier ones but certainly for the last one. So, 

People, as to [No.] 21.

“Ms. White-Black: Juror No. 16 was an attorney, and I immediately marked her 

off because — as soon as she sat down. So she was a goner just by virtue of the fact that 

she was an attorney.

“Juror No. 2, the Black male that was seated [in] seat two originally, when the 

court made inquiry of him, he was slow to respond and seemed to not be as quick to 

grasp the concepts as some of the other jurors, in my opinion. I also noted when court 

called a break, when he was walking out of the courtroom, that he had his pants hanging 

low and they were sagging. When I saw that, that pretty much sealed his fate as far as I 

was concerned. . . .

“Juror No. 4 . . . was also slow to respond and not as quick to understand some of 

the concepts. She appeared to me to be hesitant in answering many of the questions. I 

don’t know if she just felt nervous or felt that she didn’t want to say anything because she 

didn‘t want to get it wrong, but for — those are the reasons that I kicked her.

“And Juror No. 21 — yes, Juror No. 21, the registered nurse that I just kicked, um, 

the last hypothetical that I gave her where she factored in this whole idea that the 

roommate was probably nervous and didn’t get a good look, again, I think it illustrated 

her inability to process circumstantial evidence. And that’s not the type of juror that I 

want on my case. So those are the reasons that I kicked that last juror.
4

“The Court: Okay. Juror No. 2, the Black male that was first excused, gave 

correct answers. His attitude was correct. He was a young man which I was very 

impressed in terms of serving jury duty on.

“This last . . . Juror No. 21, also gave direct answers. And I don’t know if she 

understood what your questions were, but I think that they were certainly reasonable in 

her explanation of them in terms of circumstantial evidence. She knew the law. She 

applied it correctly. She gave extra facts. Haven’t been anymore than any of these other 

defendants [sic] have been.

“I can see why you might excuse the attorney, but one, two, three, four Black

people plus an Asian male, which the defense doesn’t bring up, No. 13 — so of all of 

your six peremptories, five of them have been from racial minorities, so to speak. And, 

for the record, although the court can see, you are a Black attorney, the prosecutor. The 

defendant is a Black defendant.

“I think that the defense may have a valid concern with knocking off all the 

people, although the defense has knocked off also two Asian males, both of them I can 

see why he would in terms of those people.

“So hold on a second. And so I’m just trying to get the correct language here. I 

think that the justification has not been sustained. I think that the defense has shown a 

prima facie case. We can either reseat No. 21 or declare a mistrial and start over.

“Ms. White-Black: Your Honor, if I could just respond. I think a Wheeler/Batson

requires only that there be some nonracially-motivated reason for kicking the jurors. 

These peremptories that were made by the People were not based on race. Each juror —

“The Court: There [is] only one other Black person still on the jury, none in the 

audience remaining.

“Ms. White-Black: I understand that. And there’s nothing in Wheeler/Batson that 

says the racial makeup of the jury has to have any specific number of — of any racial or 

protected class. It only requires that the motivation for excusing a juror not be racially 

motivated or be motivated by some protected class. I did not make any peremptories 

based on race. I made peremptory challenges based on nonrace-based reasons. And 
5

merely because the court or defense counsel has a different opinion about my reasons or 

they may not have used — kicked those jurors, again, that’s not the standard.

“The Court: I’m not questioning your — I am questioning your basis. But it 

appears to me — I have to also evaluate the reasons why you’re excusing these jurors. 

And in my evaluation of the jurors that have been excused, all but one of them, the 

attorney — and it’s not because she’s an attorney, just because her answers are elaborate 

and not really — she did worse that a regular non-attorney juror. And it seems to me that 

except for her, there was not really any great reason.

“A person — how a person dresses or sags — and I didn’t notice that about Juror 

No. 2. I looked at him and thought he was a working man, looked appropriate for court, 

didn’t have any biases against police officers, had been stopped a lot by police officers or 

anything like that.

“So it’s not just you. It’s how it appears and the appearance of it. And it appears 

to me that that is the reason. So we can either reseat [Prospective Juror No. 21] or

declare a mistrial. I’m finding that there is —

“Ms. White-Black: It’s not a mistrial. It’s a new venire. We just get a new 

venire.

“The Court: We can do that. It’s not just you. It’s what the court views at 

Batson/Wheeler. How it looks, and that’s what it appears.

“Ms. White-Black: Well, Your Honor, my . . . reasons for kicking these jurors are 

not racially motivated, and they’re not motivated by any other protected class. The mere

fact that they happened to be black, again, it’s not the standard. The appearance of the 

standard — the appearance of motivation just looking at the color of the skin, I believe is 

the incorrect analysis under Wheeler/Batson. The correct analysis under a 

Wheeler/Batson [motion] is whether the motivation for exercising the peremptory was 

based on race, not simply because they happen to be of the same race.

“The Court: Right. This is what I’m supposed to do. My understanding is — and 

I’m reading directly — I must make a sincere and reasonable attempt to understand why 

these people and evaluate an explanation.
6

“In light of the explanation that you’re giving me and in light of the circumstances 

of this case and in light of the manner in which you were asserting these peremptories, 

the first one, two, three, four — four, not No. 20 — I can’t recall what No. 20 is.

“Mr. Ewell: She’s a female Hispanic.

“Ms. White-Black: She was also. Juror No. 21 and [No.] 20 are in the same boat. 

They both had responses to the questions that illustrated to me that they did not grasp the 

concept. Juror No. 21 was talking about — I’m sorry. Juror No. 20 was talking about 

beyond a shadow of a doubt; and, similarly, Juror No. 21, when I presented her with the 

hypothetical with circumstantial evidence, she factored into all these things that weren’t 

even in the hypothetical. She couldn’t make a reasonable inference. She didn’t seem to 

even understand what reasonable inference was.

“The Court: I disagree. And I rarely grant for cause unless there is cause. And 

peremptories, I rarely even have this discussion with attorneys. But it seems to me, 

looking at the whole panel, looking at the first six peremptories which were all — even 

that is not so unusual in L.A. because most of the remaining panel are either Hispanic or 

Asian, but it seems to me with the panel that we have — I think it’s 35 — and, one, 

looking at the audience now, only one Black female remains in the — that’s already in 

the first 18 and none in the audience. And —

“Ms. White-Black: Your honor, again, I – I don’t believe that —

“The Court: I don’t have to give an explanation. You’ve given your explanation. 

I’m giving you an explanation of why I think that I have to sustain his Wheeler motion.”

The exchange between the trial court and the prosecutor continued, after which 

counsel for Francis asked the court to call for a new panel of jurors. Because it was lunch 

time, the trial court stated, “We can continue to argue. I’m going to excuse this panel and 

ask them to come back and order a new one, just in case, after I’ve reviewed the 

statements, the voir dire, with the reporter.

After the lunch recess, the discussion regarding Francis’ Batson/Wheeler motion 

resumed. The court recapped that it had found “a prima facie case for having the People 

explain . . . their excusing of four challenged jurors who were Black jurors, and the 
7

People made their reasons for excusing them.” The court further explained that over the 

lunch hour it “had the opportunity . . . to go back over the discussions with the court 

reporter [as] to what was said. And, apparently, in its research, one of the reasons for 

excusing Juror No. 2 was because of his dress and attire. There is a case that says dress 

and attire can be a reason for peremptory challenges. I read over his statements. His 

statements were not out of the ordinary. . . .”

Ultimately the trial court ruled: “All right. The rule is that unless a discriminatory 

intent is inherent in the People’s explanation for exercising a peremptory challenge, the 

explanation will be deemed race neutral. That’s according to Hernandez v. New York

[(1991)] 500 U.S. 352 [111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395]. But in the California case, 

People v. Silva [(2001)] 25 Cal.4th 345, if the reason for excusing a juror is plausible, the 

court may accept the reasons and not require to question the prosecutor to make a 

detailed finding. I think that this — and this is only after going back and reading the 

transcript and particular questions and particular answers and the prosecutor’s particular 

responses to my ruling after the prima facie had been shown, only then have I come to the 

conclusion that, while it’s close, that the motion for . . . Batson/Wheeler should be denied 

at this time. Again, I think that it’s a fine line, but I think that the case law that says 

where it’s plausible, where there are not inherent excusal — peremptory excusals, then it 

should not be granted. And so, usually, again we start early on. We’re at the last of the 

one that’s been excluded. And so we will proceed from there with a caution to the People 

that I’m looking more inherently at this jury process.”

After the court denied the Batson/Wheeler motion, the prosecutor belatedly stated 

that she had also challenged Prospective Juror No. 4 because she was a postal worker. 

She explained, “I hardly ever keep postal workers on my jury. In fact, as soon as Juror 

No. 4 said, ‘I’m a postal worker,’ I put an X on that juror’s sticky as I did Juror No. 6.” 

The prosecutor further stated that she decided to challenge the remaining African-
8

American prospective juror on the panel, No. 6, “the moment she said postal worker.”1 

During the ensuing discussion, the trial court returned its attention to Prospective Juror 

No. 2, stating he “was not a postal worker. His pants weren’t sagging. He was a young 

Black man who answered correctly, and your reason for kicking him is because his pants 

were sagging. And that is where we get to sham and reality. That’s where the court has 

to decide.” The court stated, “I can’t understand why you kicked No. 2. There is nothing 

that he said, nothing that he did, no way that he dressed except the fact that he was a 

Black man that he was kicked.”

Following the completion of jury selection, the clerk swore in the panel and the 

evidentiary portion of the trial commenced. The jury convicted Francis of first degree 

robbery (Pen. Code, § 211). The trial court sentenced him to state prison for 16 months, 

one-third of the middle term of four years, to be served consecutively to a previously 

imposed five-year-term for an unrelated robbery conviction.

DISCUSSION

A. The Applicable Law and Standard of Review

A criminal defendant is deprived of his federal constitutional right to equal 

protection (Batson v. Kentucky, supra, 476 U.S. at pp. 84-89) and his state constitutional 

right to be tried by a jury drawn from a representative cross-section of the community 

(People v. Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d at pp. 276-277) when a prosecutor exercises a 

peremptory challenge to remove a prospective juror on the impermissible basis of race or 

ethnicity. (People v. Williams (2013) 58 Cal.4th 197, 280; see People v. Silva (2001) 25 

Cal.4th 345, 386.) As the California Supreme Court recently observed, “[t]he three-stage 

procedure that applies to Batson/Wheeler motions is familiar. ‘First, the defendant must 

make out a prima facie case “by showing that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise 

 

1 Ultimately, the prosecutor did not use a peremptory challenge to ask the court to 

excuse Prospective Juror No. 6 from the jury.
9

to an inference of discriminatory purpose.” [Citation.] Second, once the defendant has 

made out a prima facie case, the “burden shifts to the State to explain adequately the 

racial exclusion” by offering permissible race-neutral justifications for the strikes.

[2]

 

[Citations.] Third, “[i]f a race-neutral explanation is tendered, the trial court must then 

decide . . . whether the opponent of the strike has proved purposeful racial discretion.”’” 

(People v. Sattiewhite (2014) 59 Cal.4th 446, 469, quoting Johnson v. California (2005) 

545 U.S. 162, 168 [125 S.Ct. 2410, 162 L.Ed.2d 129]; see People v. Montes (2014) 58 

Cal.4th 809, 847.)

This case involves the third stage of the Batson/Wheeler analysis. At this stage, 

“‘the issue comes down to whether the trial court finds the prosecutor’s race-neutral 

explanations to be credible. Credibility can be measured by, among other factors, the 

prosecutor’s demeanor; by how reasonable, or how improbable, the explanations are; and 

by whether the proffered rationale has some basis in accepted trial strategy.’” (People v. 

Lenix (2008) 44 Cal.4th 602, 613, quoting Miller-El v. Cockrell (2003) 537 U.S. 322, 339 

[123 S.Ct. 1029, 154 L.Ed.2d 931].) “‘The proper focus of a Batson/Wheeler inquiry . . .

is on the subjective genuineness of the race-neutral reasons given for the peremptory 

challenge, not on the objective reasonableness of those reasons.’ [Citation.] ‘“[E]ven a 

‘trivial’ reason, if genuine and neutral, will suffice.”. . .’” (People v. Jones (2013) 57 

Cal.4th 899, 917, quoting Lenix, supra, at p. 613.)

“Review of a trial court’s denial of a Wheeler/Batson motion is deferential, 

examining only whether substantial evidence supports its conclusions. [Citation.] ‘We 

review a trial court’s determination regarding the sufficiency of a prosecutor’s 

 

2 At the second stage, “‘[a] prosecutor asked to explain his conduct must provide a 

“‘clear and reasonably specific’ explanation of his ‘legitimate reasons’ for exercising the 

challenges.” [Citation.] “The justification need not support a challenge for cause, and 

even a ‘trivial’ reason, if genuine and neutral, will suffice.” [Citation.] A prospective 

juror may be excused based upon facial expressions, gestures, hunches, and even for 

arbitrary or idiosyncratic reasons.’ [Citation.] ‘[B]ut race-based decisions are not 

constitutionally tolerable.’ [Citations.]” (People v. DeHoyos (2013) 57 Cal.4th 79, 102.)
10

justifications for exercising peremptory challenges “‘with great restraint.’” [Citation.] 

We presume that a prosecutor uses peremptory challenges in a constitutional manner and 

give great deference to the trial court’s ability to distinguish bona fide reasons from sham 

excuses. [Citation.] So long as the trial court makes a sincere and reasoned effort to 

evaluate the nondiscriminatory justifications offered, its conclusions are entitled to 

deference on appeal. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at 

pp. 613-614, fn. omitted; see Hernandez v. New York, supra, 500 U.S. at pp. 364-365;

People v. Montes, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 847; People v. Williams, supra, 58 Cal.4th at 

p. 281; People v. Silva, supra, 25 Cal.4th at pp. 385-386.) Deference does not, however, 

preclude relief. (Miller-El v. Dretke (2005) 545 U.S. 231, 240 [125 S.Ct. 2317, 162 

L.Ed.2d 196]; Lenix, supra, at p. 616.)

B. The Peremptory Challenges

On appeal Francis “admits that the prosecutor had a legitimate reason for striking 

Juror 16.” Francis challenges only the prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges to ask 

the court to excuse Prospective Juror Nos. 2, 4, and 21.

Prospective Juror No. 2 lived in South Central Los Angeles. He worked as an 

underground utility locator. He was single, had no children, and had no prior jury 

experience. The prosecutor exercised a peremptory challenge and asked the court to 

excuse him because, in her opinion, “he was slow to respond and seemed to not be as 

quick to grasp the concepts as some of the other jurors,” and because of the way he 

dressed. When the trial court called a recess, the prosecutor observed that Prospective 

Juror No. 2’s “pants [were] hanging low and they were sagging,” which for the 

prosecutor “pretty much sealed his fate . . . .”

The trial court saw Prospective Juror No. 2, and his pants, differently. The court 

noted that Prospective Juror No. 2 “gave correct answers” and that it “was very 

impressed” with him. With regard to the prosecutor’s concerns about Prospective Juror 

No. 2’s “sagging” pants, the court stated that it had “looked at him” and that he “looked 

appropriate for court.” When counsel for Francis later noted that he “didn’t observe 
11

[Prospective Juror No. 2] being dressed out of the ordinary” and that he did not observe 

his pants to be “low,” the trial court said, “Neither did I.” The court stated that not only 

had Francis “shown a prima facie case,” the prosecutor’s “justification has not been 

sustained.”

Despite the trial court’s expressed concerns about the constitutional propriety of 

the prosecutor’s decision to challenge Prospective Juror No. 2 and the court’s initial 

inclination to grant Francis’ Batson/Wheeler motion, the court later changed its mind 

after finding case law holding that a person’s manner of dress is a legitimate basis for a 

peremptory challenge.3 Significantly, however, the trial court never changed or withdrew 

any of its factual findings. To the contrary, even after denying Francis’ Batson/Wheeler

motion, the trial court repeated its findings and stated its belief that the prosecutor’s 

peremptory challenges were based on race. The court stated that Prospective Juror No. 

2’s “pants weren’t sagging. He was a young Black man who answered correctly, and 

your reason for kicking him is because his pants were sagging. And that is where we get 

to sham and reality. That’s where the court has to decide.” The court concluded, “I can’t 

understand why you kicked No. 2. There is nothing that he said, nothing that he did, no 

way that he dressed except the fact that he was a Black man that he was kicked.” The 

 

3 The trial court correctly determined that dress and attire can be a race-neutral basis 

for exercising a peremptory challenge. “‘[T]he law recognizes that a peremptory 

challenge may be predicated on a broad spectrum of evidence suggestive of juror 

partiality. The evidence may range from the obviously serious to the apparently trivial, 

from the virtually certain to the highly speculative. [¶] For example, a prosecutor may 

fear bias . . . because [a juror’s] clothes or hair length suggest an unconventional lifestyle.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Rushing (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 801, 808, quoting People 

v. Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p. 275; see People v. Cruz (2008) 44 Cal.4th 636, 658 

[prosecutor properly challenged young prospective juror who “had come to court in a 

long, unbuttoned flannel shirt, thereafter arrived at the peremptory challenge hearing in a 

plain white T-shirt, and appeared to be one of the ‘most poorly dressed’ individuals in the 

courtroom”]; People v. Ward (2005) 36 Cal.4th 186, 202 [“the trial court’s implied 

finding that the prosecutor’s stated reasons were sincere and genuine is entitled to great 

deference where, as here, the reasons are based on the prospective juror’s appearance and 

demeanor”].)
12

only reasonable construction of this statement is that the trial court believed that the 

prosecutor’s stated reasons for challenging Prospective Juror No. 2, though facially raceneutral, were not credible or subjectively genuine. (See People v. Jones, supra, 57 

Cal.4th at p. 917; People v. Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 613.)

Although some of the trial court’s statements suggest that the court understood its 

obligations under Batson/Wheeler, the court did not conduct the third stage of the 

analysis properly. In light of the trial court’s finding that Prospective Juror No. 2 was 

“kicked” because “he was a Black man,” the trial court erred by denying Francis’

Batson/Wheeler motion with respect to this particular prospective juror. (See People v. 

Silva, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 386 [“[t]he exclusion by peremptory challenge of a single 

juror on the basis of race or ethnicity is an error of constitutional magnitude requiring 

reversal”].) Francis is entitled to a new trial.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded for a new trial.

SEGAL, J.*

We concur:

PERLUSS, P. J.

ZELON. J.

 

*

Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.