USDA United States 

Department 

of Agriculture 

Forest Service 

Rocky Mountain 

Research Station 

General Technical 

Report RM RS-CTR-69 

February 2001 

Research Natural Areas on 

National Forest System Lands 

in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 

Utah, and Western Wyoming: 

A Guidebook for Scientists, 

Managers, and E'ducators 

Angela G. Evenden 

Melinda Moeur 

J. Stephen Shelly 

Shannon F. Kimball 

Charles A. Wellner 
Abstract 

Evenden, Angela G.; Moeur, Melinda; Shelly, J. Stephen; Kimball, Shannon F.; Wellner, Charles A. 2001. Research Natural 

Areas on National Forest System Lands in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, and Western Wyoming: A Guidebook 

for Scientists, Managers, and Educators. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 84 p. 

This guidebook is intended to familiarize land resource managers, scientists, educators, and others with Research 

Natural Areas (RNAs) managed by the USDA Forest Service in the Northern Rocky Mountains and lntermountain West. 

This guidebook facilitates broader recognition and use of these valuable natural areas by describing the RNA network, past 

and current research and monitoring, management, and how to use RNAs. 

About The Authors 

Angela G. Evenden is biological inventory and monitoring project leader with the National Park Service -Northern Colorado 

Plateau Network in Moab, UT. She was formerly the Natural Areas Program Manager for the Rocky Mountain Research 

Station, Northern Region and lntermountain Region of the USDA Forest Service. 

Melinda Moeur is Research Forester with the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station in Moscow, ID, and 

one of four Research Natural Areas Coordinators from the Rocky Mountain Research Station. 

J. Stephen Shelly is Regional Botanist and Research Natural Areas Coordinator with the USDA Forest Service, Northern 

Region Headquarters Office in Missoula, MT. 

Shannon F. Kimball is an independent botanical consultant working in the Northern Rockies. She was formerly the Natural 

Areas Ecologist with the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Missoula, MT. 

Charles A. Wellner is retired Assistant Station Director of the USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Research Station and 

former co-chair of the Forest Service Research Natural Areas Committee. He has been instrumental in identifying and 

establishing research natural areas in the Northern Rocky Mountains, particularly in the state of Idaho, for more than five 

decades. 

Acknowledgments 

The authors thank the following individuals for helpful review and input on the draft manuscript: Tom Andrews, Steve Arno, 

Dennis Ferguson, Mick Harrington, John Joy, Mark Mousseaux, John Pierce, and Steve Rust. We also thank Jeffrey Evans, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station cartographer, for drafting the color map. 

You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing 

information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the 

publication title and number. 

Telephone (970) 498-1 392 

FAX (970) 498-1 396 

E-mail rschneiderC2fs.fed.u~ 

Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rm 

Mailing Address Publications Distribution 

Rocky Mountain Research Station 

240 West Prospect Road 

Fort Collins, CO 80526 

Cover Photos: 

Upper Right: Avariety of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa) forests are represented within the RNA network. This stand 

occurs within Upper Sand Creek RNA along the southern face of the Aquarius Plateau on the Dixie 

National Forest in southern Ut;h. The dominant understory shrub is bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata). Photo 

by Joel Tuhy ," "-. - ' ' 

Upper Left: Research and monitorin,istudies are conducted'whhin many Forest Service Research Natural Areas. 

Photo by Angela Evenden. 

Bottom Right: Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannil) forests on granitic substrates 

within Bruin Mountain RNA on the Payette National Forest in Idaho. Photo by Charles Wellner. 

Bottom Left: Shrub steppe communities, dominated by threetip sagebrush (Artemisia tripartita) and mountain big 

sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana), are well-represented in Horse Prairie RNA on the 

Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest in southwestern Montana. Photo by Steve Chadde. 
Contents 

Page 

Research Natural Areas-An Overview ...................................................................................................................... 1 

A Nationwide Network ......................................................................................................................................... 1 

RNAs in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Intermountain West ...................................................................... 2 

The Role of RNAs in National Forest Management ................................................................................................ 23 

Benchmark Reference Areas ............................................................................................................................ 23 

Inventory and Monitoring .................................................................................................................................. 23 

Biodiversity Conservation ................................................................................................................................. 23 

Stewardship and Management Opportunities ......................................................................................................... 24 

Research, Monitoring, and Educational Opportunities ............................................................................................ 25

Color Plates: Examples of Ecosystems .................................................................................................................. 28 

Examples of RNA Monitoring and Research ....................................................................................................... 40 

Benchmark Monitoring ...................................................................................................................................... 40 

Long-Term Ecological Monitoring ..................................................................................................................... 40 

Stewardship Monitoring .................................................................................................................................... 41 

Population/Demographic Studies ...................................................................................................................... 41 

Ecological Processes/Ecosystem Functions .................................................................................................. 42 

Genetic Research and Conservation ............................................................................................................... 42 

Landscape Ecology ........................................................................................................................................ 43 

Educational Activities in Research Natural Areas ................................................................................................... 43 

Accessing and Using the RNA Network for Research, Monitoring, and Education Activities ................................. 43 

Requesting Approval to Use Research Natural Areas ...................................................................................... 43 

Educational Activities and Field Trips ............................................................................................................... 44

Concluding Remarks .............................................................................................................................................. 44 

References .............................................................................................................................................................. 44 

Appendix A 

Research Natural Areas on National Forest System lands in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah and 

western Wyoming by National Hierarchical Framework Ecological Units ................................................. 48 

Appendix B 

Addresses and phone numbers of Forest Service offices in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah and 

western Wyoming, with contact information for Region and Station RNA Coordinators ............................. 53 

Appendix C 

Bibliography of research and monitoring studies conducted in Forest Service Research Natural 

Areas in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah and western Wyoming, listed alphabetically by author ............... 55 

Appendix D 

Bibliography of research and monitoring studies conducted between 1925 and 2000 in Forest 

Service Research Natural Areas in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah and western Wyoming, arranged 

alphabetically by RNA within state and National Forest ............................................................................. 64 

Appendix E 

Research Use Request Form for Forest Service Research Natural Areas in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 

Utah and western Wyoming ........................................................................................................................ 81 

RMRS-FILE COPY 
Research Natural Areas 

Nation 

Idaho, 

al Forest System 

Montana, Nevada, Utah, 

on 

Lands in 

and Western ~yoming: A 

Guidebook for scientists, 

Managers, and Educators 

Angela G. Evenden 

Melinda Moeur 

J. Stephen Shelly 

Shannon F. Kimball 

Charles A. Wellner 

Research Natural Areas-An 

Overview 

The Forest Service Research Natural Area (RNA) 

network permanently protects some of the finest examples of natural ecosystems for purposes of scientific 

study, baseline monitoring, education, and maintenance of biological diversity. These protected areas, 

which are maintained in natural condition and managed with minimal human intervention, are available 

for non-manipulative research and low-impact educational activities. The RNA network includes: 

High quality examples of widespread ecosystems 

in natural condition 

Unique ecosystems and ecological features 

Plants and animals of special concern and their 

habitat 

RNAs help conserve biological diversity at the genetic, 

species, ecosystem and landscape scales. 

RNAs representing widespread ecosystems in natural 

condition serve as baseline or reference areas that can 

be used for evaluating manipulative land management practices in comparable plant communities and 

ecosystems. 

RNAs are managed to maintain the natural features 

and processes for which the areas were designated. As 

such, RNAs are an excellent scientific resource for 

natural history research, ecosystem studies, longterm ecological studies of succession and other environmental changes. 

RNAs provide opportunities for low-impact educational activities. These areas are available for educational use by university and school groups, native 

plant societies, and other organizations interested in 

pursuing natural history and educational field trips 

(Tyrrell 1999). 

A Nationwide Network 

The Research Natural Area designation is used by 

several federal land management agencies including 

the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Fish 

and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service. Of 

these agencies, the Forest Service has been the most 

recently active in designating RNAs. The Santa 

Catalina RNA on the Coronado National Forest in 

Arizona was designated in 1927 as the first RNA on 

National Forest System lands. "A Directory of Research Natural Areas on Federal Lands of the United 

States", published in 1977, described an established 

federal network of 389 RNAs encompassing over 4 

million acres of federal lands in 46 states and one 

territory (USDA 1977). Of these 389 RNAs, 122 were 

on National Forest System land. The other 267 RNAs 

were administered by the U.S. Department of the 

Interior, including the Bureau of Land Management, 

Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service. 

As of the year 2000, the network of Forest Service 

RNAs has grown to more than 450 areas encompassing more than 550,000 acres on 175 National Forests 

and Grasslands. 

The RNA network is envisioned to preserve a representative array of all significant natural ecosystems 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
and their inherent processes as baseline reference 

areas (USDA Forest Service 1994). Ecosystem representation within the national RNA network is defined 

primarily by the use of plant communities, at the plant 

association, plant series, or higher plant community 

classification levels. The basic premise in using plant 

communities as targets for the RNA network is that 

the variation in plant communities reflects other biotic and abiotic components of these ecosystems 

(Daubenmire 1976; Pfister and Arno 1980). In addition to the representative values of RNAs, some RNAs 

are designated to protect aquatic communities, unique 

ecological and geological features, and habitat of rare 

and sensitive plants and animals. 

Nationally, RNAs range from 14 acres (Two TopBig Top RNA; Dakota Prairie Grasslands, North Dakota) to 16,935 acres (Hell Canyon RNA; Arapaho and 

Roosevelt National Forests, Colorado). Average size of 

RNAs nationally is about 1,300 acres (Hill 2000). 

Although relatively small, RNAs make important contributions to maintaining biological diversity, especially when considering plant communities and individual species of plants or small animals. Although 

some scientists are emphasizing large reserves as the 

most effective means for maintaining biological diversity, particularly for large carnivores (Noss and 

Cooperrider 1994), it is important to recognize the 

contributions of RNAs and other small reserves (Shafer 

1995). The RNA network is designed to represent the 

full range of ecosystems occurring on federal lands. As 

a result, RNAs are commonly located within actively 

manipulated portions of our landscape where dedication of large reserves is not possible. The RNA network 

contains a broad representation of ecosystems and, in 

many cases, examples of plant communities, unique 

habitats and individual species that are not otherwise 

protected. The network serves to protect each ecological type at several locations within a region, as opposed to large reserves, which usually are not that well 

dispersed. The national RNA network is an important 

component of the overall suite of reserved conservation lands. 

Although the RNA network has expanded significantly in recent decades, many ecosystem types remain unrepresented. Securing RNA designations in 

the most productive forest and rangeland ecosystems 

where commodity uses are concentrated is especially 

challenging. In the USDA Forest Service, authority to 

establish RNAs has been delegated by the Chief of 

the Forest Service to Regional Foresters, with concurrence from the Research Station Directors. New 

areas that are proposed to fulfill gaps in the RNA 

network are evaluated through ongoing National Forest and National Grassland land management planning efforts. 

RNAs in the Northern Rocky Mountains 

and lntermountain West 

This guidebook provides summary information on 

210 established RNAs and 16 proposed RNAs (pRNA) 

on National Forests in the Northern Rocky Mountains 

and Intermountain West. These RNAs are managed 

by 26 National Forests and National Grasslands in 

five states and are administered by the Northern (Rl) 

and Intermountain (R4) Regions of the Forest Service 

(table 1; oversize map). These established and proposed RNAs encompass greater than 300,000 acres 

Table 1-Number and acres of established and proposed Forest Service Research Natural Areas in Idaho, 

Montana, Nevada, Utah and western Wyoming (R1 = Northern Region; R4 = lntermountain Region; 

RMRS = Rocky Mountain Research Station). 

State 

Established Proposed Estab.+ Prop. 

Region Number Acres Number Acres Number Acres 

ldaho 

ldaho 

~ontana' 

Nevada 

Utah 

Utah 

western Wyoming 

Total 

Total 

Total 

Grand Total 

R1 38 

R4 68 

R1 60 

R4 12 

R4 27 

RMRS 1 

R4 4 

R1 98 

R4 111 

RMRS 1 

All Regions 21 0 

'~ine Creek Plateau pRNA is placed in Montana (Custer National Forest), although a portion of it occurs within the 

Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
and range from 32 acres (Pole Creek Exclosure RNA, 

Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho) to 22,422 acres 

(Line Creek Plateau pRNA; Custer and Shoshone 

National Forests in Montana and Wyoming). Diverse 

ecosystems across a broad geographical area are represented: alpine tundra, subalpine and montane forests, grasslands, shrub steppe, desert shrub, chaparral, wetlands, riparian and aquatic communities. 

Although the first RNA within the Northern and 

Intermountain Regions was established in 1935 (Tepee Creek RNA; Idaho Panhandle National Forests, 

Idaho), systematic planning for RNAs did not occur 

until passage of the National Forest Management Act 

in 1976 (NFMA 1976). A section of this act directs the 

Forest Service to establish arepresentative network of 

RNAs. Regional Guidebooks containing specific RNA 

guidance and targets were subsequently developed for 

the Northern Region (USDA Forest Service 1983) and 

Intermountain Region (USDA Forest Service 1984a). 

State-level natural areas committees and workshops 

held during the mid 1970's to mid 1980's were responsible for developing ecosystem and biological targets 

for the RNA network in Idaho (Wellner and Johnson 

1974), Utah and Nevada (Van Pelt 1982) and Montana 

(Loop 1986). Working groups were formed in each 

state to focus on the following general target categories: alpine; forests and woodlands; grasslands and 

shrublands; aquatic and riparian; geology; rare plants; 

and wildlife. Existing habitat type classifications and 

other vegetation classification schemes were used to 

help define targets for forests, grasslands, shrublands 

and other ecosystem types (Kuchler 1964; Daubenmire 

and Daubenmire 1968; Pfister and others 1977; Eyre 

1980; Mueggler and Stewart 1980; Steele and others 

1981; Hironaka and others 1983; Steele and others 

1983; Mauk and Henderson 1984; Youngblood and 

Mauk 1985; Cooper and others 1991). Updated assessments of RNA representation have been completed 

subsequently for the Forest Service Northern Region 

(Chadde and others 19961, and the states of Idaho 

(Rust 2000), Nevada (Picciani and Nachlinger 1994) 

and Utah (Tuhy 1998). 

General descriptions of each RNA are provided in 

table 2, which includes RNA name, Section number 

from the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units (McNab and Avers 1994; Bailey 1995), year 

established, size (acres), elevation range (feet), an 

indication of whether aquatic or unique features are 

present, codes for dominant vegetation, and a short 

descriptive summary of the most important features of 

the area. The unique features field indicates that rare 

species of plants or animals, or rare ecosystem types 

are present within an RNA. Table 2 also indicates 

whether an RNA occurs within a Congressionally 

designated Wilderness or National Recreation Area. 

An index to alphacodes for dominant vegetation is 

located in table 3. Although the National Hierarchical 

Framework of Ecological Units (McNab and Avers 

1994) is used in this publication, classification refinements have been made and are being applied within 

certain geographic areas. For example, the State of 

Idaho is using a revised version of the national hierarchy that was developed for the Interior Columbia 

Basin Ecosystem Management Project (Menakis and 

Long 1996; Rust 2000). 

The descriptive information in table 2 has been 

arranged alphabetically by state and National Forest. 

For cross-referencing, complete listings of RNAs by 

Section level (McNab and Avers 1994; Bailey 1995) are 

located in Appendix A. The oversize map shows RNA 

locations by state, National Forest and Regional boundaries, Ecological Section, topography, hydrology and 

highways . 

Additional Sources of RNA Information. A variety of additional sources provide information not 

covered in this guidebook. They include a Forest Service RNA website, other publications, RNA Establishment Records, and State Natural Heritage Program 

websites and databases. 

Detailed information about RNAs in 11 western 

states, including the five states covered in this guidebook, may be found at http://rna.nris.state.mt.us/. 

Additional printed information about RNAs not included in this guidebook is available for Colorado, 

Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of 

Wyoming (Ryan and others 1994); southwestern states 

(Peterson and Rasmussen 1986; USDA Forest Service 

1984b); Idaho (Rabe and Savage 1977; Rabe and Savage 

1979; Jankovsky-Jones and others 1999; Rust 2000); 

Pacific Northwest (USDA Forest Service 1975); and 

California (Keeler-Wolf 1990). 

Research Natural Area Establishment Records contain an excellent description of biological and physical 

features of each area and include maps, detailed plant 

and animal species lists and plant community descriptions. Copies of RNA Establishment Records are available from the appropriate Regional office (contact 

information listed in Appendix B). These records are 

filed under 4060-3 and 4063 file designations. 

The Forest Service Research Natural Areas Program 

in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, and western Wyoming has operated in partnership with the state Natural Heritage Programs. The following Natural Heritage 

Programs have been involved in RNA inventory and 

data management and serve as additional sources of 

information on Forest Service RNAs: Idaho Conservation Data Center (http://www2.state.id.us/fishgame/ 

cdchome.htm), Montana Natural Heritage Program 

(http://nris.state.mt.us/mtnhp), Nevada Natural Heritage Program (http://www.state.nv.us/nvnhp/), Utah 

Natural Heritage Program (http://www.nr.state.ut.us/ 

dwr/dwr.htm), and Wyoming Natural Diversity Database (http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/wyndd/). 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Table 2-Forest Service Research Natural Areas in the Northern and Intermountain Regions, by state and National Forest. The total number of RNAs by state and National 

Forest is listed in parentheses following the Region code. Map number corresponds to oversize map, section number from the National Hierarchical Framework of 

Ecological Units (McNab and Avers 1994; Bailey 1995), presence of aquatic or unique features includes rare species of plants or animals, or rare ecosystem types, 

and codes for dominant vegetation are indexed in (Table 3). A summary of the primary features of the natural area follows for each RNA. 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

1 Salmon Mountain Q M332A 1998 1923 6360-8800 J PIAL, ABLA, LALY 

(Whitebark pine, alpine larch, & subalpine fir forests; ribbon forests; moist snowglade meadows of green fescue & smooth woodrush; intermittent & permanent 

streams; cold springs; lakes; located in ldaho but administered by Bitterroot National Forest, Montana) 

Back Creek M332A 1995 1368 6200-8922 J J PSME, PICO, ABLA 

(Forests of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, subalpine fir & Engelmann spruce; wetland complex with fen & graminoid meadow; entire watershed basin including low- 

& moderate-gradient streams & major river; spawning habitat for sensitive fish species) 

Bannock Creek M332A 1971 438 4960-6200 PSME, PIPO, ARTR 

(Dry Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine forests; shrublands dominated by big sagebrush; much of the RNA was burned in a July 1994 wildfire) 

Bear Creek M332A 1971 340 5040-7499 ARTR, AGSP, FElD 

(Sagebrush steppe with mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass & ldaho fescue; some ponderosa pine) 

Chilcoot Peak Q M332A 1996 1294 7250-8998 J ABLA, PlAL 

(Diverse assemblage of wetland & aquatic communities; uplands with dry forests of subalpine fir & whitebark pine; cliffs, talus & rock outcrops; peatlands; lake; 

meandering glide, riff le-pool & cascade-pool streams) 

Dry Buck M332A 1996 693 3500-5280 J PSME, PIP0 

(Douglas-fir forests in a range of seral stages; old-growth grand fir & ponderosa pine; entire, small watershed basin) 

Eggers Creek M332A 1996 325 4760-6460 J PSME, ABLA 

(Wide range of Douglas-fir types over elevational gradient; subalpine fir & grand fir forests; entire watershed basin; RNA burned in 1992) 

Elk Creek Exclosure M332A 1979 1 08 3960-4400 ARTR, AGSP, FEID 

(Shrub-steppe communities dominated by big sagebrush; bunchgrass prairies with ldaho fescue & bluebunch wheatgrass) 

Lowman M332A 1971 430 4080-5200 PSME, PIP0 

(Dry forests of Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine; young seral communities resulting from high to moderate intensity fire in 1988) 

Monumental Creek M332A 1996 729 3750-6057 J PSME, PIPO, PUTR 

(Cool, moist Douglas-fir forests & warm, dry ponderosa pine forests; shrublands with antelope bitterbrush & bluebunch wheatgrass; two small watershed basins) 

Needles M332A 1995 985 6750-8880 J ABLA, PIEN, PlAL 

(Subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce & whitebark pine forests; granite cliffs and extensive exposed bedrock; shallow cirque lake surrounded by wet sedge-dominated 

meadow; headwaters basin with perennial stream) 

North Fork Boise River M332A 1995 840 3840-6398 J PSME, PIP0 

(Dense forests of Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine; riparian shrubland communities along corridor of major river) 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

- - -- 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

13 Raspberry Gulch M332A 1996 640 3520-4880 J PSME, PIPO, ARTR 

(Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine forests in steep river canyons; big sagebrush & bitterbrush communities; young seral communities resulting from high to moderate 

intensity fire in 1992; several drainage basins and segment North Fk. Boise River) 

14 Roaring River M332A 1995 414 5200-7680 J PSME, ARTR 

(Forests of Douglas-fir on north-facing slopes; big sagebrush shrublands on dry, south-facing slopes; entire small watershed basin) 

15 Trinity Mountain M332A 1995 204 81 30-9451 J ABLA, PIAL, ARTR 

(Open high-elevation stands of subalpine fir & whitebark pine; upland big sagebrush communities; several cirque basins with wetland communities and lake) 

16 Burton Canyon M331 D 1988 1005 6020-7855 J J PSME, ABLA, ARTR, POTR1 

(Forests of Douglas-fir with aspen & subalpine fir; mixed shrubland communities dominated by big sagebrush & mountain mahogany; small entire watershed 

basin) 

17 Gibson Jack Creek 3428 1982 221 0 5400-721 4 J PSME, ABLA, ARTR 

(Forests of Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, bigtooth maple & aspen on north-facing slopes; shrublands on south-facing slopes dominated by big sagebrush, black 

sagebrush, Utah juniper & bluebunch wheatgrass; small drainage basin with low- to moderate-gradient streams, beaver dams & ponds) 

18 Horse Creek M331 D 1989 550 6680-8275 J PICO, PSME 

(Mature lodgepole pine & Douglas-fir forests; riparian shrubland communites dominated by willow & alder; spring-fed riffle-pool stream) 

19 Meade Peak M331 D 1988 305 8600-9957 PSME, PIFL, ARTR 

(Subalpine parkland with mountain big sagebrush & scattered Douglas-fir & limber pine; krummholz subalpine fir; limestone cliffs) 

20 St. Charles Creek M331 D 1988 41 0 6700-8453 CELE, PSME, ARTR, POTRI 

(Shrublands of curlleaf mountain mahogany, black sagebrush & big sagebrush; Douglas-fir woodlands; moist draws with aspen communities) 

21 West Fork Mink Creek 3428 1973 640 5600-7000 J PSME, POTR1, ARTR 

(Forests of Douglas-fir & aspen on north-facing slopes; shrublands dominated by big sagebrush & Great Basin wildrye; Utah juniper woodlands; cold springs & 

seeps; meandering glide & riffle-pool streams; riparian communities; the RNA occurs in two units) 

IDAHO - Clearwater National Forest (R1 - Northern Region) (12 RNAs) 

22 Aquarius M333D 1991 3900 1600-3995 J J ABGR, THPL, PSME 

(Old-growth western redcedar & western hemlock forest; largest red alder stand east of Cascade Range; borders North Fork Clearwater river; endemic and 

coastal disjunct plants and communities; numerous rare plants) 

23 Bald Mountain M332A 1991 365 5760-6526 J ABLA, TSME, FEVl 

(Forests of subalpine fir & mountain hemlock; native grassland balds with green fescue; southern limit of white rhododendron) 

24 Bull Run Creek M333D 1988 373 21 90-2940 J J THPL, ABGR 

(Forests of western redcedar, grand fir & Douglas-fir; plant communities on basalt; riffle-pool stream; permanent ponds; west coast disjunct plants) 

25 Chateau Falls M333D 1991 200 2200-3880 J PSME, ABGR 

(Douglas-fir & grand fir forests; grassland & shrubland communities; high-gradient cascade-pool stream with waterfalls; ravines & cliffs) 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

Dutch Creek M332A 1991 303 2300-3532 J BEPA, THPL, ABGR 

(Extensive successional stands of northwest paper birch resulting from past fires; forests of western redcedar, grand fir & Douglas-fir; steep riffle-pool stream) 

Fenn Mountain Q M332A proposed 600 62 1 0-802 1 J ABLA 

(Subalpine fir forest; rock cliffs & talus slopes with tall forb communities; cirque basin with two lakes & associated wetland communities) 

Four-bit Creek M333D 1991 392 3540-4240 J THPL, PSME, ABGR 

(Moist, diverse forest including western redcedar, western larch, western white pine, grand fir & ponderosa pine; meandering glide & riffle-pool stream) 

Grave Peak Q M332A 1992 360 6850-8282 J ABLA, PIAL, LALY 

(Forests of subalpine fir, whitebark pine & alpine larch; barren granitic rock & talus slopes; cirque basin with five small lakes & two small wet meadows; 

riff le-pool streams) 

Lochsa M332A 1977 1281 1600-3680 J J PSME, ABGR, THPL 

(Douglas-fir forests with western redcedar & grand fir; Pacific coast disjunct plants including Pacific dogwood; tributary streams; endemic rare plants) 

Rhodes Peak M333D proposed 31 0 6440-7930 J PIAL, ABLA 

(Stunted whitebark pine & subalpine fir stands; subalpine turf communities on slopes & in moist cirque basins; cliffs & boulder fields; meandering glide stream) 

Sneakfoot Meadows M332A 1989 1965 5890-661 6 J PICO, ABLA 

(Diverse graminoid & forested wetland complex with lodgepole pine and subalpine fir; meandering glide streams) 

Steep Lakes M333D 1989 784 5750-7290 J ABLA, TSME 

(Forests of subalpine fir & mountain hemlock; Sitka alder communities; riffle-pool stream; permanent pond; 2 lakes with & without fish; wet meadows) 

Binarch Creek M333A 1989 660 2660-3200 J J TSHE, PSME, ABGR 

(Moist forests of western hemlock, western redcedar, Douglas-fir & grand fir; meandering glide & riffle-pool stream; beaver dams & ponds; marshes & wet 

meadows; pure strain of westslope cutthroat trout) 

Bottle Lake M333A 1982 260 2800-3368 J J TSHE, THPL, PlMO 

(Old-growth western redcedar and western hemlock; 15-acre lake with sphagnum mat; small meadow; rare plant) 

Canyon Creek M333A 1937 982 41 50-5970 J THPL, TSHE, ABLA 

(Moist western hemlock, western redcedar, subalpine fir forests; grassland bald with green fescue & beargrass; rockslides; springs; cascade-pool stream; 

RNA is within the Priest River Experimental Forest) 

Five Lakes Butte M333D 1988 31 0 5700-6859 J TSME 

(Subalpine glaciated basin with mountain hemlock forests of subalpine fir, whitebark pine & Engelmann spruce; moderate to steep riffle-pool & cascade-pool 

streams; cirque lakes with & without fish; wet meadows) 

Hunt Girl Creek M333B 1981 1505 3900-6298 J J ABLA, PIC0 

(Subalpine fir, lodgepole pine, western hemlock & western redcedar forests; intact drainage basin; narrow gorge; avalanche chutes with successional 

communities; riffle-pool streams; marshes & wet sedge meadows; seeps) (cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNAname number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

Kaniksu Marsh M333A 1981 195 2420-2525 J J PICO, TSHE, PIP0 

(Diverse, moist forests including Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western hemlock, western white pine, western larch, western redcedar; 90-acre crescent-shaped 

marsh & sphagnum bog with floating mat; spruce-hemlock bog; beaver ponds; numerous rare plants) 

Montford Creek M333D 1 93711985 292 3050-4400 J TSHE, ABGR 

(Old-growth western hemlock, grand fir, western white pine (heavy mortality), western larch, Douglas-fir & subalpine fir; perennial spring-fed stream; 

RNA is within the Deception Creek Experimental Forest) 

Pond Peak M333D 1988 270 4880-61 36 J TSHE 

(Old-growth mountain hemlock with subalpine fir & lodgepole pine; talus slopes; small pond with adjacent sedge & alder wetland) 

Potholes M333A 1989 274 2750-3 1 50 J J TSHE, THPL 

(Moist forests of western hemlock & western redcedar; cold spring; ponds; meandering glide, riffle-pool & cascade-pool streams; marsh, wet meadow & fen; 

beaver dams & ponds; rare plants) 

Scotchman No. 2 M333D 1 988 1270 4320-6989 J ABLA 

(Subalpine fir, whitebark pine, Engelmann spruce & lodgepole pine forests; rocklands; avalanche chutes with successional communities; pond in cirque basin) 

Smith Creek M333A 1988 1 340 4700-6742 J J ABLA 

(Subalpine fir forest; sedge dominated wetlands; meandering glide, riffle-pool & cascade-pool streams; sphagnum fen, marsh & pond; rare plants & animal) 

Snowy Top M333A 1991 835 5060-7572 J J ABLA, PlAL 

(High elevation subalpine fir & whitebark pine forests; green fescue bald; small lake in cirque basin; riffle-pool & cascade-pool streams; wet meadows in two 

cirque basins; avalanche chutes; rare plants) 

Spion Kop M333D 1988 465 2755-3490 J TSHE, ABGR 

(Bottomland forests of black cottonwood; upland forests of western hemlock; river fed by streams with meandering sloughs; beaver ponds; marshes) 

Tepee Creek M333A 1935 746 2450-3200 J J THPL, TSHE, PlMO 

(Old-growth western redcedar, western hemlock & western white pine; riffle-pool stream; rare plant) 

Theriault Lake M333D 1991 120 5700-6500 J TSME 

(Old-growth mountain hemlock with spruce & subalpine fir; riffle-pool stream; small, shallow lake; wet sedge meadows) 

Three Ponds M333A 1988 240 3340-3905 J ABLA, PSME, TSHE 

(Grand fir, Douglas-fir, western hemlock & western redcedar forests; meandering glide & riffle-pool streams; beaver ponds & dams; wet sedge meadows) 

Upper Fishhook M333D 1971 320 4280-4880 J THPL 

(Old-growth western redcedar; with western white pine, western hemlock, Douglas-fir & grand fir; riffle-pool stream) 

Upper Priest River M333A proposed 1432 2460-2600 J TSHE, THPL 

(Old-growth western hemlock, western redcedar & black cottonwood floodplain communities; oxbows & river terraces; river) 

Upper Shoshone Creek M333D 1988 1407 361 8-6444 J TSME, ABLA, TSHE 

(Old-growth western hemlock & mountain hemlock; subalpine green fescue bald; undisturbed watershed basin with moderate- to steep-gradient stream; waterfall 

& cold springs) 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

Alum Beds 00 M332G proposed 600 1200-4800 J J PIP0 

(Ponderosa pine with bunchgrass; unique hydro-thermally altered rock formations; steep- to low-gradient stream; waterfalls & minor plunge pools; mineral-rich 

springs; located in ldaho but administered by Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, Oregon) 

Bills Creek 00 M332G proposed 300 1200-2000 J CERE 

(River-level terrace communities dominated by hackberry; sand dropseed & red three-awn communities; located in ldaho but administered by Wallowa-Whitman 

National Forest, Oregon) 

Elk Creek Q 331 A 1998 7055 2000-8371 J J PSME, ABGR, PIP0 

(Forests of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir & grand fir over large elevational gradient; mountain mahogany; grasslands; rocklands; entire large watershed basin and 

subalpine lakes; steep gradient stream; rare plant) 

Fish Lake Q 331 A 1988 760 5605-6400 J ABLA, XETE 

(Subalpine fir forests; steep-walled glacial troughs; 29-acre lake with fish; gentle to steep gradient streams; wet meadow communities) 

Lightning Creek 00 M332G 2000 2600 2000-7600 J PIPO, PSME 

(Forests of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, subalpine fir & grand fir; dry to mesic grassland communities; moderate- to steep-gradient streams, some with white 

alder; located in ldaho but administered by Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, Oregon) 

Little Granite Creek 00 M332G 1999 6259 2000-9393 J ABLA, PSME, PIP0 

(Subalpine fir, Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine forests over wide elevational gradient; bluebunch wheatgrass & ldaho fescue grasslands; entire watershed basin with 

cirque lakes, ponds & moderate- to steep-gradient streams; located in ldaho but administered by Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, Oregon) 

Moose Meadow Creek M332A 1982 1000 6400-7425 J 

(Moist forest of subalpine fir, lodgepole pine & Engelmann spruce; riffle-pool stream system; fens & wet meadows) 

ABLA, PICO, PlEN 

No Business Creek 331 A 1988 1360 2520-7200 J J ABGR, ABLA, PSME 

(Moist forests of grand fir; subalpine fir, Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine forests; riffle & cascade-pool stream; population of tailed frog) 

O'Hara Creek M332A 1980 7000 2080-681 5 J J THPL, PSME, ABGR, ABLA 

(Diverse forests of western redcedar, Douglas-fir, subalpine fir & grand fir; meandering glide, riffle-pool & cascade-pool streams; beaver dams; streamside wet 

meadows; Pacific coast disjunct & rare plants) 

Square Mountain Creek Q 331A 1998 709 6635-8000 J J ABLA, PlAL 

(Sparse stands of subalpine fir & whitebark pine; rocklands, cliffs & talus slopes; lake, moderate-gradient streams & wet meadows; rare plant) 

Upper Newsome Creek M332A 1998 1201 4430-5720 J J ABGR, TABR 

(Old-growth grand fir with pacific yew; grand fir forests in a range of successional stages; alder shrubfields; riffle-pool streams) 

Warm Springs Creek M332A 1989 530 391 0-5320 J J 

(Forests of Douglas-fir, grand fir & western redcedar; riffle-pool stream; thermal spring-fed stream; rare plants) 

ABGR, PSME, THPL 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Contld.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNAname number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

Bear Creek M332G 1996 409 5320-6278 J ABGR, ABLA 

(Grand fir & subalpine fir forests; Engelmann spruce bottomland riparian communities; meandering glide & riffle-pool streams) 

Belvidere Creek Q M332A 1996 2920 6200-9273 J ABLA, VASC 

(Subalpine fir forests; with grouse whortleberry; krummholz; scree; entire watershed basin including cirque lakes & moderate-gradient streams) 

Bruin Mountain M332A 1989 680 6350-8690 J J ABLA, PIEN, PlAL 

(Hanging valley with mixed forests of subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce; subalpine fir & whitebark pine; avalanche chutes with successional vegetation; meandering 

glide & riffle-pool streams; rare insect & plant; wildfire burned a portion of the RNA in 1995) 

Circle End Creek M332A 1996 1464 3551 -7769 J PIPO, PSME, ABLA 

(Dry forests of ponderosa pine, moist Douglas-fir & subalpine fir forests; entire, steep watershed basin) 

Council Mountain 342C 1996 111 7640-81 26 ARTR, FEID, ABLA 

(High elevation mountain big sagebrush & ldaho fescue community; small islands of subalpine fir & whitebark pine at treeline) 

Cuddy Mountain M332G 1996 1030 3700-71 87 PIPO, PSME, ABLA 

(Old-growth ponderosa pine; forests of Douglas-fir, subalpine fir & grand fir; big sagebrush communities with ldaho fescue; slump & undulating topography) 

Emery Creek M332G 1996 685 2800-5860 J AGSP, PSME 

(Wide range of bluebunch wheatgrass communities; Douglas-fir forest with bluebunch wheatgrass, greenbush, stiff sage & ninebark; alluvial terrace black 

cottonwood community bordering meandering glide gradient stream) 

Lava Butte M332A 1996 370 7420-8328 J ABLA, PlAL 

(Subalpine fir & whitebark pine forests; wet meadows dominated by sedges & bluejoint reedgrass; glacial basin with several small ponds) 

Lost Basin Grassland M332G 1996 75 4800-5560 FEID, AGSP 

(Bluebunch wheatgrass & ldaho fescue grasslands; perched tableland bordered by sheer cliffs & steep slopes) 

Patrick Butte M332A proposed 805 5490-884 1 J ABLA, PlAL 

(Subalpine fir & whitebark pine forests; extensive stand of pygmy whitebark pine; granitic exposed bedrock, boulders & talus slopes; 3-acre lake with brook trout; 

meandering glide, riffle-pool & cascade-pool streams; pond; wet meadows) 

Phoebe Meadows M332A 1997 1256 61 00-7400 J PSME, PIPO, ABGR, ABLA 

(Forests of Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, grand-fir & subalpine fir; graminoid-dominated wet meadows; sphagnum mat; riffle-pool streams; small ponds) 

Pony Creek M332A 1997 1900 3640-8048 J J PIPO, PSME, ABLA, ARTR 

(Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, whitebark pine & grand fir forests; big sagebrush-grassland; meandering glide, riffle-pool & cascade-pool streams; rare 

plant) 

Pony Meadows M332A 1979 1460 6550-8376 J PIEN, ABLA, PICO, PlAL 

(Forests of subalpine fir, lodgepole pine, whitebark pine & old-growth Engelmann spruce; boulder fields & rock cliffs; cirque basin with shallow lake & wet spruce 

forest; streams; wet meadows; portion of the RNA burned in 1997) 

Rocky Comfort Flat M332G 1996 996 3350-451 5 J J AGSP, ARTR, PSME 

(Mosaic of bluebunch wheatgrass grassland & big sagebrush and stiff sagebrush shrubland communities; Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine on northern draws; gently 

undulating plateau tableland bordered by steep slopes; ephemeral seeps; rare plant) 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

Allan Mountain M332A 1988 1650 6450-9 1 54 J LALY, PIAL, ABLA 

(Extensive stand of alpine larch at SE limit of range, with whitebark pine & beargrass; high-elevation ldaho fescue grassland; small lake; ponds; meandering glide, 

riff le-pool & cascade-pool streams) 

Bear Valley Creek M332E 1996 2530 6800-1 01 16 PSME, ABLA, ARTR 

(Douglas-fir, subalpine fir & whitebark pine forests; shrublands dominated by big sagebrush & ldaho fescue; alpine meadows, successional communities in 

snowslides) 

Cache Creek Lakes Q M332F 1996 795 7500-9881 J J ABLA, PlAL 

(Forests of subalpine fir & whitebark pine; high elevation cirque on volcanic substrates; rock outcrops, cliffs & talus slopes; lakes; ponds; low- to steep-gradient 

streams; wetlands; big horn sheep) 

Colson Creek M332A 1996 280 31 00-451 5 ARTR, ARTRI, PIPO, CELE, PIP0 

(Sagebrush-grassland dominated by big sagebrush, three-tip sagebrush, curlleaf mountain mahogany & bluebunch wheatgrass; ponderosa pine & Douglas-fir 

woodlands on north-facing slopes) 

Davis Canyon M332E 1990 121 5 5700- 1 0028 J PICO, PSME, ABLA 

(Lodgepole pine & Douglas-fir forests on lower slopes; alpine, subalpine tree islands & krummholz communities; avalanche chutes, boulder fields & talus slopes; 

riffle & cascade-pool streams) 

Dome Lake Q M332A 1996 141 5 4700-931 6 J J PSME, ABLA 

(Douglas-fir, subalpine fir & some whitebark pine forests; cliffs, talus & rock outcrops; moraine-dammed lake; several cascade-pool steep-gradient streams; rare 

plant; wildfire burned the area in 1986) 

Dry Gulch - Forge Creek Q M332A 1990 3235 461 0-81 20 J J PSME, ABLA, PIP0 

(Forests of Douglas-fir, subalpine fir & ponderosa pine; sagebrush-grasslands with big sagebrush & curlleaf mountain mahogany; aspen woodland; meandering 

glide, riffle-pool & cascade-pool streams; cold and hot springs; waterfall; endemic & rare plants) 

Frog Meadows Q M332A 1992 330 7200-7985 J J PICO, ABLA, VASC, CAGE 

(Aquatic and wetland communities with adjacent uplands of old-growth lodgepole pine and subalpine fir forest with grouse whortleberry & elk sedge understory; 

numerous springs, ponds & streams) 

Gunbarrel Creek Q M332A 1972 1600 2880-71 92 J PIC0 

(Early successional lodgepole pine & shrubland vegetation resulting from 1961 fire; bunchgrass communities; moderate gradient streams) 

Iron Bog M332F 1 979 434 7000-8600 J J PICO, ARTR, ABLA 

(Sphagnum bog in valley bottom surrounded by lodgepole pine; bog birch in moist zones; sagebrush steppe; mosaic of subalpine fir, Douglas-fir & quaking aspen 

forests) 

Kenney Creek M332E 1990 1580 7480-9604 J PIAL, PICO, PSME, ABLA 

(Whitebark pine, mountain pine beetle infested lodgepole pine with Douglas-fir & subalpine fir; two glaciated basins with gentle- to steep-gradient streams; seep 

springs; ponds; wet meadows) 

(cont'd .) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

Mahogany Creek M332E 1991 3650 831 0-1 1828 J J CELE, PIFL, PIAL, PSME 

(Extensive stands of curlleaf mountain mahogany, with limber pine & whitebark pine; Douglas-fir & limber pine forests with big sagebrush-Idaho fescue openings; 

high elevation spruce-fir forests with limber pine & whitebark pine; alpine meadows; rare plants) 

Merriam Lake Basin M332F 1991 740 9580- 1 2065 J J ABLA, PIEN, PlAL 

(Subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce & whitebark pine woodlands at lower elevations; folded rock strata; alpine lake in glaciated cirque basin; lakeshore meadows, 

braided streams; wet & dry alpine communities; rare plants) 

Middle Canyon M332E 1991 2200 5600- 1 08 1 0 J PIFL, PSME, CELE 

(Limber pine stands at high elevations; Douglas-fir with limber pine at middle elevations, & with curlleaf mountain mahogany at lower elevations; alpine 

communities; shrub steppe communities with needle-and-thread grass & bluebunch wheatgrass; rare plants) 

Mill Lake M332E 1996 720 8820-1 0693 J PIEN, ABLA, PlAL 

(Forests of Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir & whitebark pine; subalpine meadows & alpine communities; quartzite, numberous shallow lakes, cirque lakes & 

stream) 

Mystery Lake Q M332F 1996 51 7 8560-1 0329 J ABLA, PlAL 

(Subalpine fir & whitebark pine krummholz; cliffs, talus & scree with cushion plant communities; several lakes and rock glacier in glaciated basin; small alpine 

area) 

Sheep Mountain M332E 1996 1 542 9840-1 0865 J ALPINE, PlAL 

(Extensive alpine area on diversity of substrates; scattered whitebark pine; cliffs & talus slopes; a portion of this RNA occurs within the Targhee National Forest) 

Smiley Mountain M332F 1991 3080 9440-1 1 508 J ABLA, PIAL, ARTR, ALPINE 

(Subalpine fir, whitebark pine & Engelmann spruce below timberline; big sagebrush shryblands with Idaho fescue; broad ridges, cliffs & talus slopes; alpine turf & 

fellfield communities; small lakes, ponds, meandering streams & willow-sedge wetlands in cirque basins) 

Soldier Lakes Q M332F 1991 1 75 7900-91 47 J ABLA, PIAL, PlEN 

(Sparse forests of krummholz subalpine fir, whitebark pine, Engelmann spruce & lodgepole pine; cliffs & talus slopes; lakes & ponds connected by moderate- to 

steep-gradient streams in granitic cirque basins) 

Surprise Valley M332F 1990 1470 8800- 1 1 878 J J ABLA, PIAL, PlFL 

(Subalpine fir, whitebark pine & limber pine forests & woodlands; alpine fellfield, subalpine wet & dry meadow communities; glacially formed hanging valley; alpine 

lake in cirque basin; low- to steep-gradient streams; waterfall; ponds & wet meadows) 

IDAHO - Sawtooth National Forest (R4 - Intermountain Region) (7 RNAs) 

99 Basin Gulch M332F 1989 1175 6650-1 0458 J PIAL, PIFL, ABLA 

(Mature, sizable whitebark pine & limber pine; subalpine fir forests; big sagebrush shrubland; alpine plant communities on scree; entire watershed basin with 

cirque lakes, steep-gradient cascade-pool streams & waterfalls) 

100 Mount Harrison 3428 1996 381 8400-9240 J J ABLA, PlFL 

(Scattered subalpine fir & limber pine forest at high elevations; alpine tundra communities; cliffs, boulder-fields & scree slopes; steep-walled cirque basin with 

vernal pool; rare plants) 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

101 Pole Canyon 342 B 1996 165 6640-8376 J J PSME, ABLA, ARTR 

(Forests of Douglas-fir & subalpine fir; aspen woodlands; extensive shrubland communities dominated by big sagebrush with bluebunch wheatgrass; two drainage 

basins; rare plant) 

102 Pole Creek Exclosure O M332A 1996 32 7320-7360 J ARTR, ABLA, PIC0 

(Mountain big sagebrush; forests of subalpine fir & lodgepole pine; willow & sedge bottomland riparian communities; low-gradient stream) 

103 Redfish Lake Moraine €3 M332A 1996 1470 6547-7520 J J PICO, ABLA, PSME 

(Lodgepole pine forests in various successional stages, within subalpine fir & Douglas-fir habitat types; RNA encompasses part of lake supporting rare fish 

populations) 

104 Sawtooth Valley Peatlands €3 M332A 1996 296 6640-6840 J J PIC0 

(Complex of 3 peatlands (Bull Moose Fen, Huckleberry Creek & Mays Creek) located along the base of the Sawtooth Range; high community diversity within 

relatively small area; rare wetland community type; rare plants & mosses) 

105 Trapper Creek 342B 1996 453 5920-6400 JUOS, ARAR, FElD 

(Woodlands dominated by Utah juniper mixed with low sagebrush & ldaho fescue; shrublands of mountain big sagebrush & black sagebrush with bluebunch 

wheatgrass, ldaho fescue, & Great Basin wildrye) 

Burns Canyon 342B 1996 490 581 0-7652 J PSME, ABLA, ARTR 

(Forests of Douglas-fir, lodgepole & subalpine fir; seral aspen stands; shrublands dominated by big sagebrush with curlleaf mountain mahogany, bigtooth maple & 

bluebunch wheatgrass; riparian corridor; stabilized slump topography; low- to moderate-gradient stream with shrubby riparian communities) 

Copper Mountain M332E 1987 550 8320- 1 0303 ALPINE, PIFL, PIEN, CARE 

(Alpine communities on calcareous substrate, limber pine & Engelmann spruce woodlands on lower slopes; Carex-dominated alpine & subalpine meadows; rock 

cliffs & talus slopes) 

Meadow Canyon M332E 1981 3880 7700-1 1612 J ALPINE, PIFL, PlEN 

(Alpine tundra on limestone and quartzite, limber pine, Douglas-fir & Engelmann spruce woodlands on lower slopes; bunchgrass community on high-elevation 

bench; rare plants) 

Moose Creek Plateau M331A 1991 440 7900-8260 PIC0 

(Open forests of lodgepole pine on depauperate obsidian sand; early seral communities resulting from severe fire in 1988) 

Targhee Creek M332E 1996 2640 7420- 1 0388 J J ALPINE, PlAL 

(Alpine barrens with krummholz whitebark pine; limestone cliffs & ridges; two glaciated basins with lakes, streams & wet meadows; rare plants) 

Thurmon Creek 342D 1991 330 6 1 45-6745 J PSME, PICO, POTR1 

(Forests of Douglas-fir & lodgepole pine with aspen; shrublands dominated by mountain big sagebrush with chokecherry; cold springs; low- to moderate-gradient 

streams; wet sedge meadows) 

Webber Creek M332E 1988 2435 7600- 1 1 393 J PIAL, PIEN, ALPINE 

(Whitebark pine & Engelmann spruce in a wide range of successional stages, climax Douglas-fir forest; alpine communities on calcareous substrate; entire 

watershed basin) (cont'd .) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNAname number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

1 13 Willow Creek 342 D 1988 1100 5580-61 65 J PSME, PlFL 

(Douglas-fir forest with aspen inclusions; limber pine woodland mixed with big-tooth maple, Rocky Mountain juniper & big sagebrush; remnant segment of a 

volcanic caldera; the RNA occurs in two units) 

MONTANA-Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest (R1 - Northern Region) (1 6 RNAs) 

Basin Creek M332E 1996 101 4 6400-7752 J 

(Engelmann spruce & lodgepole pine forest; riparian shrub & herbaceous communities; beaver ponds) 

Bernice M332E 1996 45 1 6000-7299 J PICEA, PSME, ABLA, PIC0 

(Forests of spruce, subalpine fir & lodgepole pine; old-growth Douglas-fir forest; aspen; subalpine grasslands; riffle-pool streams; permanent pond; unique welded 

volcanic spires) 

Cattle Gulch M332E proposed 21 67 5560-7642 PSME, PlFL 

(Douglas-fir forest; pristine bunchgrass communities; limber pine, curlleaf mountain mahogany, mountain big sagebrush on limestone) 

Cave Mountain M332E 1996 451 3 8800- 1 0281 J FEID, DECE, PIAL, PlEN 

(Extensive subalpine grassland on Madison limestone with ldaho fescue & tufted hairgrass; whitebark pine stands; Engelmann spruce; rough fescue; caves, rare 

plant) 

Cliff Lake M332E 1951 230 1 631 3-7498 PICO, POTR1, PSME, ARTR, FElD 

(Lodgepole, Douglas-fir & quaking aspen forests; shrubland & grassland communities dominated by big sagebrush & ldaho fescue) 

Cottonwood Creek M332E 1 972 128 6600-7400 PSME, PIFL, ARTR, AGSP, FElD 

(Dry Douglas-fir forest; limber pine, Rocky Mountain juniper, big sagebrush, ldaho fescue & bluebunch wheatgrass communities) 

Dexter Basin M332B 1996 1109 7800-951 1 J LALY, PIAL, ABLA, PlEN 

(Mature & old-growth alpine larch, subalpine fir, whitebark pine, & Engelmann spruce; steep-walled cirque supporting numerous small permanent & temporary 

ponds & small first order stream; wet meadows) 

Dry Mountain M332E 1996 507 5960-6994 PSME, JUOC, ARTR, FElD 

(Old-growth Douglas-fir with common juniper; shrub-steppe dominated by big sagebrush, ldaho fescue, rough fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass) 

Elkhorn Lake M332E proposed 1765 81 00-1 0294 J ABLA, PIAL, PIC0 

(Subalpine fir, healthy stands of whitebark pine and lodgepole pine forests; alpine communities; talus & boulder fields; riffle-pool and meandering glide stream; 

ponds; wet meadows; 10-acre lake with fish) 

Goat Flat Q M332B proposed 1 500 8200-9840 J J ABLA, LALY, ALPINE 

(Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir & alpine larch forests; alpine turf communities with patterned ground; avalanche chutes; glacial cirques, ponds; numerous rare 

plants) 

Horse Prairie M332E 1996 196 6620-7290 J ARTR, ARTRI, PSME, POTR1 

(Big sagebrush & three-tip sagebrush communities; Douglas-fir and quaking aspen; riffle-pool stream; wetland shrub communities) 

Lost Park M332E 1996 61 8 6800-8206 J 

(Forests of subalpine fir & lodgepole; willow & herbaceous subalpine wetlands; meandering glide stream) 

PICO, ABLA 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNAname number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

126 Sapphire Divide M332B 1996 1399 7600-8884 J LALY, ABLA, PlAL 

(Extensive stand of alpine larch intermixed with whitebark pine & subalpine fir; several small perennial & ephemeral streams and pond; a portion of this RNA 

occurs within the Bitterroot National Forest) 

127 Skull-Odell M332E 1996 2543 7400-8400 J J ABLA, PICO, PlEN 

(Forests of subalpine fir, lodgepole pine, whitebark pine & Engelmann spruce; old-growth lodgepole pine; two patterned fens (peatlands); 28-acre lake, numerous 

ponds & wet to moist meadows, springs, and meandering glide & riffle-pool streams; rare plants) 

128 Thunderbolt Mountain M332E 1996 792 7020-8360 J ABLA, PIEN, PIC0 

(Forests dominated by subalpine fir, lodgepole pine & Engelmann spruce; wet sedge meadow communities; cliffs & talus slopes; meandering glide & riffle-pool 

streams) 

129 Windy Ridge M332B 1996 235 6600-7487 J FESC, PSME 

(Extensive rough fescue grassland bordered by subalpine fir & Douglas-fir forest; a suite of rare moonworts occurs here) 

Bass Creek Q M332A proposed 1984 4080-841 1 J PIPO, ABLA, PSME, ABGR 

(Forests of ponderosa pine, old-growth grand fir, Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, & alpine larch; riffle-pool stream; small pond; wetland communities) 

Bitterroot Mountain M332A 1992 1 850 5200-8200 J ABLA, PICO, POTR1 

Snow Avalanche 

(Subalpine fir and lodgepole pine forest; over a dozen active avalanche tracks with successional communities of aspen, Sitka alder & Labrador tea) 

Bitterroot River M332B 1992 40 3230-3230 J PIP0 

(Low-elevation cottonwood and ponderosa pine riparian forest; understory infested with non-native plants including spotted knapweed; major river; RNA burned in 

1990) 

Boulder Creek M332A 1991 1042 4600-7753 J PSME, PIP0 

(Douglas-fir; old-growth ponderosa pine forests; rock & scree; riffle-pool stream) 

East Fork Bitterroot Q M332B proposed 298 5320-5600 J ABLA, PIC0 

(Beaver controlled willow dominated riparian system, with Bebb's, Geyer's & Drummond's willows; Adjacent uplands support forests of subalpine fir & lodgepole 

pine; river oxbows & wetland complexes; beaver ponds & dams and river) 

Lower Lost Horse Canyon M332A 1992 1601 4325-8250 J PIPO, ABLA, PSME 

(Forests of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, grand fir, lodgepole pine, subalpine fir & whitebark pine; riffle-pool stream) 

Medicine Point M332B proposed 300 6600-8409 ABLA, LALY, PlAL 

(High-elevation ribbon forest - snowglade complex. Forests of stunted subalpine fir & whitebark pine; alpine larch stand; ldaho fescue & bluebunch wheatgrass 

grassland) 

Sawmill Creek M332B 1992 270 4635-5440 J PSME, PIPO, FESC, AGSP 

(Dry ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir open forest; native bunchgrass communities with ldaho fescue, rough fescue & bluebunch wheatgrass; invasive non-native 

plants including spotted knapweed are present in the RNA; riff le-pool stream) 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

138 Upper Lost Horse Canyon M332A 1992 1 720 61 20-7831 J ABLA, LALY, PlAL 

(Subalpine fir, lodgepole pine, whitebark pine & alpine larch forests; over half of RNA burned in the 1988 Bear Creek Fire; riffle-pool stream; lake & adjacent 

wetland communities) 

MONTANA-Custer National Forest (R1 - Northern Region) (3 RNAs) 

139 Line Creek Plateau M331 A proposed 22,422 7400- 1 01 00 J J ABLA, PIAL, ALPINE 

(Forests of subalpine fir, lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir & whitebark pine; extensive alpine tundra including turf, meadow & wetland communities; numerous endemic 

& disjunct plants; a portion of this RNA occurs within the Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming) 

140 Lost Water Canyon M331 B 1 994 3645 51 20-8678 J J PSME, ABLA, PlFL 

(Forests of Douglas-fir, subalpine fir & limber pine on Madison limestone; grasslands with Idaho fescue; entire watershed basin; rare plant) 

141 . Poker Jim 331 G 1974 363 3550-4075 PIPO, ARTR, AGSP 

(Eastern ponderosa pine forest; native grassland and shrubland communities dominated by big sagebrush, silver sagebrush & wheatgrasses) 

MONTANA-Flathead National Forest (R1 - Northern Region) (6 RNAs) 

142 Coram M333B 1988 839 3475-4820 J PSME, LAOC, ABLA 

(Old-growth Douglas-fir & western larch forests; subalpine fir & western hemlock forests; 2-acre wet meadow; RNA is within the Coram Experimental Forest) 

143 East Shore M333B 1991 646 3 1 00-4042 J PSME, THPL, ABGR 

(Forests of Douglas-fir with inclusions of western redcedar, ponderosa pine & grand fir; talus slopes & rock out-crops; ponds) 

144 LeBeau M333B 1997 5709 3200-5635 J J ABLA, PSME, TSHE 

(High diversity of forest types including subalpine fir, Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western larch, spruce, lodgepole & grand fir; lakes, several ponds & 

herbaceous wetlands; cliffs & rock outcrops; rare plants; a portion of this RNA occurs within the Kootenai National Forest) 

145 Little Bitterroot M333B 1991 200 3520-4320 J 

(Dry Douglas-fir forest; steep talus slopes; lakes; riffle-pool streams; wetlands) 

PSME 

146 Swan River M333B 1997 682 3090-3443 J J LAOC, THPL, ABGR 

(Old-growth western larch, western redcedar, grand fir, subalpine fir & spruce; Swan River; oxbows & marshes; island with wetlands & fens; raised peatland; rare 

plants) 

147 TUC~UC~ M333C 1991 2062 5200-7285. J PSME, ABLA, LALY 

(Forests of subalpine fir, whitebark pine & alpine larch; extensive stands of whitebark pine; talus slopes; subalpine wet meadows) 

MONTANA-Gallatin National Forest (R1 - Northern Region) (7 RNAs) 

148 Black Butte Q M331A 1997 51 0 6860-8900 ABLA, PIEN, PICO, FElD 

(Dry subalpine forests of Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, whitebark pine & lodgepole pine; undisturbed subalpine grassland; rock outcrops & scree slopes) 

149 East Fork Mill Creek Q M331A 1997 882 5938-81 84 J 

(Forests of Douglas-fir, subalpine fir & lodgepole pine; steep gradient, boulder channel stream with riffle pools) 

PSME, ABLA, PIC0 

150 Obsidian Sands M331A 1997 390 6560-6598 

(Dry forests of lodgepole pine and antelope bitterbrush on obsidian sands) 

PICO, PUTR 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

151 PalaceButte M331A 1997 1280 7200-1 0333 J ABLA, PIAL, PlEN 

(Subalpine forests of Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir & whitebark pine; rocklands; lakes, seeps, springs; riffle & cascade-pool streams; wet meadows; 

krummholz and alpine glaciation features) 

152 Passage Creek Q M331A 1997 1112 6400-8950 J ABLA, PSME, PIC0 

(Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, subalpine fir & whitebark pine forests; undisturbed subalpine meadow communities; riffle-pool stream) 

153 Sliding Mountain Q M331 A 1997 1459 6280-9303 J J PICO, PIEN, PSME 

(Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir & lodgepole pine forests; healthy stands of whitebark pine; undisturbed sagebrush-grassland community; shallow ponds & wet 

meadows; avalanche chutes) 

154 Wheeler Ridge M331 A 1997 640 7840-91 60 J J PIAL, ABLA, PICO, PlEN 

(Subalpine-fir forest with lodgepole pine and spruce; extensive stand of old-growth whitebark pine; avalanche chutes in cirque basins; talus slopes; slump 

topography; riff le-pool streams & wet meadows) 

MONTANA-Helena National Forest (R1 - Northern Region) (4 RNAs) 

155 Cabin Gulch M332D 1997 2408 4200-6469 J PSME, ARTR, FESC 

(Dry Douglas-fir forests with scattered ponderosa pine and rough fescue understory; shrub-grasslands with big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass & rough fescue; 

rare plant) 

156 Granite Butte M332B proposed 408 6680-7430 FESC, ABLA, PlAL 

(Excellent condition rough fescue grasslands with associated ribbon forests of whitebark pine & subalpine fir; treeless snowglade communities) 

157 Indian Meadows Q M332B 1997 949 5550-6673 J J PICO, ABLA, PSME 

(Glaciated bench supporting a diverse assemblage of streams, ponds, quaking fen with peat mats; wet meadows within a matrix of lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, 

subalpine fir & aspen forests; rare plants) 

158 Red Mountain M332B 1997 1901 6000-941 1 J J ABLA, PIAL, ALPINE 

(Alpine tundra with subalpine & timberline forests featuring barren fellfields, stone stripe patterning; forests of subalpine fir, Douglas-fir, whitebark pine, lodgepole 

pine, limber pine & alpine larch; riffle-pool streams, southern distributional limit for several plant species) 

MONTANA-Kootenai National Forest (R1 - Northern Region) (7 RNAs) 

159 Big Creek M333B 1991 1 90 2459-2640 J PSME, PIPO, PIC0 

(Old-growth forests of Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine; successional forests of lodgepole pine & western larch; riffle-pool streams; seeps) 

160 HoskinsLake M333B 1992 380 31 80-3545 J PIEN, THPL, PSME 

(Forests of Engelmann spruce, western redcedar & Douglas-fir; riffle-pool stream; 33-acre lake, 9-acre pond & sedge wetland) 

161 Lower Ross Creek M333D 1997 1777 2900-51 90 J 

(Old-growth western redcedar with western hemlock, western white pine & dry Douglas-fir; riffle-pool stream) 

TSHE, THPL, PSME 

1 62 Norman-Parmenter M333B 1997 1300 2660-61 70 J PSME, THPL, TSHE, POTR2 

(Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, western redcedar & western hemlock forests; riffle-pool stream bordered by black cottonwood riparian community) 

163 Pete Creek Meadows M333B 1992 155 4300-4320 J ABLA, PIEN, PIC0 

(Forests of subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce & lodgepole pine; headwater meandering glide stream; wet sedge meadow) 

(cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) z 

u 

D 

TI Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation ZI: 164 UlmPeak M333D 1988 690 4200-6444 J TSME 

$ (Mature mountain hemlock & western hemlock forest; whitebark pine & lodgepole forests; steep rock cliffs & talus slopes; 2 small lakes; moderate-gradient 

5. (D streams) 

(D 165 Wolf-Weigel M333B 1992 250 3550-4300 J 

? ABLA, PSME 

(Subalpine fir, Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine & western larch forests; low- to steep-gradient streams; pond; 12-acre shrub wetlands & wet meadows; steep gorge 2 

o with waterfall) 3 

n 

$ MONTANA-Lewis & Clark National Forest (R1 - Northern Region) (8 RNAs) 

166 Bartleson Peak M332D 1994 1601 5900-7770 J J PSME, PIFL, PlEN 

(Old-growth Douglas-fir, limber pine & Engelmann spruce; shrubby cinquefoil community; complete watershed basin; rare plants) 

167 Big Snowy M332D 1997 31 40 8000-868 1 ALPINE, PIEN, ABLA, PlFL 

(Alpine plant communities with alpine avens and sedges, bordered by timberline forests of Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir and limber pine; frost patterning; 

calcareous substrate; RNA occurs in two units: Greathouse Unit and Old Baldy Unit) 

168 Minerva Creek M332D proposed 337 4600-5049 J 

(Two-needle ponderosa pine forests; native grasslands; intermittent stream) 

169 O'Brien Creek M332D 1994 71 5 6500-7200 J J ABLA, PIC0 

(Extensive riparian willow & herbaceous communities with forests of subalpine fir & lodgepole pine; riffle-pool stream; wet meadows; rare plant) 

170 Onion Park M332D 1994 1209 6960-7772 J ABLA, PIC0 

(Features subalpine mesic meadow communities in a matrix of subalpine fir & lodgepole pine; meandering glide & riffle-pool stream; beaver ponds; fen; RNA is 

within the Tenderfoot Experimental Forest) 

171 Paine Gulch M332D 1994 2405 4680-721 3 J PIFL, PSME, PIP0 

(Extensive forest cover of limber pine, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, & lodgepole pine; shrubby cinquefoil meadow; black cottonwood riparian; entire watershed in 

nearly pristine condition) 

172 Wagner Basin M332C 1994 965 4480-7668 J J PIFL, PSME, AGSP 

(Entire small watershed featuring diversity of riparian, woodlands (limber pine & Douglas-fir) and grassland communities; limestone spires; 24-acre calcareous 

spring fed wetland with beaver dams; thermallcold springs; rare plants) 

173 Walling Reef Q M332C 1994 835 5800-7800 J PIFL, PSME 

(Wind-deformed Douglas-fir & limber pine woodlands; scattered subalpine fir krummholz; entire watershed basin; limestone cliffs and scree; alpine fellfield; cirque 

lake; cascade-pool stream & cold springs) 

MONTANA-Lolo National Forest (R1 - Northern Region) (9 RNAs) 

174 Barktable Ridge M333D 1997 341 5600-6240 TSME 

(Old-growth mountain hemlock at eastern extent of its range; mixed forests of lodgepole pine, grand fir, subalpine fir & western larch) 

175 Carlton Ridge M332A 1987 920 5400-836 1 J LALY, PIAL, ABLA, LAOC 

(Extensive old-growth stand of alpine larch & whitebark pine, subalpine fir; snowglades with smooth woodrush; occurrence of hybrid larch - a cross between 

western larch and alpine larch) (cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features - - - - - - - - - - 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

Council Grove M333D 1991 160 3070-3070 J PIP0 

(Flood terraces supporting bottomland forest of ponderosa pine & black cottonwood, shrub & herbaceous riparian communities; oxbows & sloughs) 

Ferry Landing M333D 1997 630 2600-5596 PSME, PIP0 

(Open Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine stands with native bunchgrass on scree; riparian shrub & herbaceous community adjacent to major river) 

Petty Creek M333D 1987 31 0 4030-4840 J 

(Forests of Douglas-fir, grand fir, lodgepole pine & western larch; riffle-pool stream) 

PSME, ABGR 

Plant Creek M332B 1987 258 4250-5700 J LAOC, PSME, PIC0 

(Old-growth western larch-300 years old; Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine & Engelmann spruce forests; riffle-pool streams) 

Pyramid Peak M332B 1987 520 5400-81 20 PSME, ABLA, PICO, LAOC 

(Overstory forests of Douglas-fir & subalpine fir with lodgepole, western larch and Douglas-fir understories; some old-growth Douglas-fir & western larch; snow 

avalanche track with successional communities) 

Sheep Mountain Bog €3 M333D 1 987 105 6000-7000 J J PIC0 

(Lodgepole pine forests; sphagnum peatland; sedge dominated wet meadows; rare plants) 

Shoofly Meadows €3 M333D 1997 926 5680-6720 J J PSME, PIEN, PIC0 

(Forests of lodgepole pine, subalpine fir & Engelmann spruce; extensive wetland fen complex along tributary streams; paludified forest; large marsh & wet 

meadow complex; rare plants & animal) 

Bald Mountain Wash 341 E 1998 5779 6760-9274 JUOS, PIMO1, ARTR 

(Relict basin big sagebrush and needle-and-thread grass community; pinyon-juniper woodlands) 

Carpenter Canyon Q 322A 1 99811 973 4009 7120-1 1916 J PILO, PIPO, PIFL, PIMO1, ARTR 

(Bristlecone pine, white fir, ponderosa pine & limber pine forests; non-glaciated alpine system; single-leaf pinyon and big sagebrush; many endemic rare plants) 

Fall Creek Q 342B 1996 441 0 6600- 1 0838 J ABLA, ARTR, PlAL 

(Diverse array of montane forest, sagebrush steppe and glaciated cirques supporting extensive alpine barrens; forests of subalpine fir; shrublands dominated by 

big sagebrush with curlleaf mountain mahogany & tobacco-brush; high elevation whitebark pine stands; talus; entire watershed basin) 

Hole-in-the-Mountain Q 341 G 1998 1 676 9800-1 1 306 J PIFL, ARTR, ALPINE 

(Scattered limber pine at treeline; subalpine shrublands dominated by mountain big sagebrush & Idaho fescue; extensive mosaic of alpine plant communities 

including dry-steppe, moist meadow, shrubland, talus & scree; glacially carved cirques, domes, aretes & hanging valleys; rare plants) 

Jacks Spring Pinyon 341 D 1998 1278 6940-7840 J PIMO1, JUOS, ARTR 

(Old-growth and mature stands of single-leaf pinyon & Utah juniper; big sagebrush shrublands) 

Mount Jefferson Q M341 A 1973 4953 6000- 1 1 949 J ALPINE, PlFL 

(Large flat alpine plateau surrounded by cirque basins with limber pine & aspen; lakes and springs) 

Mount Moriah Table Q M341 A 1998 876 1 0600-1 1 038 J PILO, PlEL 

(Open stands of bristlecone pine & Engelmann spruce; large, flat subalpine table with dry-steppe graminoid community; alpine talus & scree community; rare 

animals) (cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

North-South Schell Peaks M341A 1998 402 1 1 0335- 1 1 883 PIEL, ALPINE, POFR 

(Scattered Engelmann spruce at treeline; diverse mosaic of alpine plant communities along ridgeline, including dry-steppe, moist meadow, shrubland, talus & scree) 

Pearl Peak M341A 1998 665 7920-1 0848 ARTR, PIFL, PlLO 

(Shrublands dominated by mountain big sagebrush; open stands of old-growth windswept limber pine & bristlecone pine; curlleaf mountain mahogany, Gambel oak 

& aspen scrub vegetation; limited alpine meadows & barren) 

Seitz Canyon / Echo Lake Q M341A 1998 2039 8600-1 1 387 J J ALPINE, POFR, PlAL 

(Subalpine shrublands dominated by tall willow & shrubby cinquefoil; stunted whitebark pine at treeline; alpine barrens, talus & scree communities; cirque basins, 

headwalls, glaciated terrain with jagged ridgelines & U-shaped valleys; cirque & moraine lakes; rare plants) 

Troy Peak Q M341A 1996 2500 9600-1 1298 J PILO, PIFL, ABCO 

(Extensive stands of bristlecone pine, limber pine, aspen & white fir; mountain big sagebrush steppe; rock barrens, steep talus slopes & prominent ridgelines; 

bighorn sheep & rare plants) 

White Pine Peak Q M341 A 1988 787 7840-1 01 66 ARTR, PIFL, PlLO 

(Mountain big sagebrush shrublands dominated by big sagebrush with bluebunch wheatgrass; montane forests of limber pine, bristlecone pine & white fir; mountain 

mahogany woodlands; rock outcrops) 

UTAH-Ashley National Forest (R4 - lntermountain Region) (7 RNAs) 

Ashley Gorge M331 E 1996 1085 7440-8023 J J PIPU, PICO, POTR1, CEMO 

(Blue spruce, lodgepole pine & aspen woodlands; shrublands with mountain mahogany & snowberry; moderate-gradient perennial stream; rare plant) 

Gates of Birch Creek M331 E 1988 250 8750-9750 PSME, PIC0 

(Steep slope forests of Douglas-fir & lodgepole pine; hogback & water gap landforms) 

Lance Canyon M331 D 1996 295 7640-8806 PSME, PIED, ARTR 

(Douglas-fir & pinyon pine woodlands; outstanding occurrence of Salina wildrye grassland community; big sagebrush shrubland with bluebunch wheatgrass) 

Pollen Lake M331 E 1 987 1100 101 80-1 2006 J J ABLA, PIEN, ALPINE 

(Subalpine fir & Engelmann spruce forest & krummholz; alpine turf communities on shallow, rocky soil; lake & wetlands in cirque basin; rare plants) 

Sims Peak Potholes M331 E 1991 650 961 0-9970 J J PICO, ABLA, PlEN 

(Seral lodgepole pine with subalpine fir & Engelmann spruce understory; sedge dominated pothole wetlands; rare plant) 

Timber-Cow Ridge M331 D 1996 1123 7000-8872 PSME, PIPO, CELE, JUOS, PIED 

(Open Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine woodlands with abundant curlleaf mountain mahogany; juniper-pinyon pine woodlands) 

Uinta Shale Creek Q M331 E 1996 301 0 1 0000-1 25 1 4 J ABLA, PIEN, ALPINE 

(Subalpine fir & Engelmann spruce forest & krummholz; alpine turf communities; cirque basins draining into moist forest-meadow complexes) 

UTAH - Caribou National Forest (R4 - lntermountain Region) (1 RNA) 

202 Gunsight Peak 342B 1990 550 6200-8244 PSME, POTR1, CELE 

(Mixed Douglas-fir, subalpine fir & aspen forest on moist sites; shrub steppe dominated by mountain big sagebrush & curlleaf mountain mahogany; bunchgrass 

communities; rock outcrops) 

(cont'd .) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNA name number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

UTAH-Desert Range Experiment Station (Rocky Mountain Research Station) (1 RNA) 

203 Desert Range 341 A 1973 1846 5280-6 1 00 J CELA, ATCO, ARNO 

(Desert shrub communities with winterfat, black sagebrush & shadscale communities on broad alluvial fan; rocklands with dwarf mountain mahogany; rare plants) 

UTAH-Dixie National Forest (R4 - lntermountain Region) (5 RNAs) 

204 Browse M341 C 1998 21 80 4920-7000 J J CHAPARRAL, PIP0 

(Extensive evergreen chaparral communities; mountain brush communities of Gambel oak, birchleaf mountain mahogany & Utah serviceberry; moderate- to 

steep-gradient streams; rare plants) 

205 Red Canyon M341 C 1987 460 7250-7937 J J PSME, PIPO, PlLO 

(Mixed conifer forests & stunted woodlands of Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine & bristlecone pine; small, intermittent watershed; Wasatch limestone formations; 

numerous regionally endemic plant species) 

206 Table Cliff M341 C 1991 1300 81 30- 1 0292 J ABLA, PIEN, PlLO 

(Stands of subalpine fir & Engelmann spruce & bristlecone pine; lower elevation forests of Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine; steep cliffs; streams) 

207 Timbered Cinder Cone M341C 1990 640 9500-9940 PIEN, ABLA, PlFL 

(Cinder cone forested with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, limber pine & aspen, surrounded by essentially barren lava flows) 

208 Upper Sand Creek Q M341C 1998 1880 7600-8562 PIPO, QUGA 

(Parklike stands of mature ponderosa pine with greenleaf manzanita, grasses, and Gambel oak, birchleaf mountain mahogany, pinyon and juniper) 

UTAH-Fishlake National Forest (R4 - lntermountain Region) (4 RNAs) 

209 Bullion Canyon M341C 1987 1300 9200- 1 1 840 J J PIEN, ABLA, POTR1 

(Forests of Engelmann spruce & sublapine fir on north-facing slopes; old-growth Engelmann spruce; small stands of aspen & subalpine shrub herblands on southfacing slopes; volcanic substrates & features; alpine communities; rare plants) 

21 0 Old Woman Cove M341C 1998 2520 6790-8675 PIPO, ABCO, PSME 

(Diverse vegetation along steep elevational gradient; ponderosa pine forests with white fir, Douglas-fir & ponderosa pine; pinyon-juniper woodlands with curlleaf 

mountain mahogany & Gambel oak; salt-desert shrub communities on shale; grasslands with Salina wildrye) 

21 1 Partridge Mountain M341 C 1979 1200 6400-7985 JUOS, PIM02, ABCO 

(Single-leaf pinyon-Utah juniper woodlands; steep-slope forests of white fir; scrub woodlands dominated by Gambel oak & curlleaf mountain mahogany) 

212 Upper Fish Creek M341 C 1988 1720 8650-1 21 22 J J ABLA, PIEN, ABCO 

(High elevation forests of subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce & Douglas-fir; white fir & Douglas-fir stands with greenleaf manzanita on warmer, drier slopes; rock 

glaciers, talus sheets, avalanche chutes; cold springs & seeps; small ponds; sphagnum fen; rare plants) 

UTAH-Manti-LaSal (R4 - lntermountain Region) (6 RNAs) 

21 3 Cliff Dwellers Pasture 341 B 1991 264 6960-7760 J QUGA, ACGR 

(Water birch & Gambel oak-bigtooth maple bottomland communities; pinyon-juniper woodlands; Navajo sandstone cliffs; sandstone arch; packrat middens; rare 

plants) 

214 Elk Knoll M341 C 1957 40 10000-1 0255 ABLA, PlEN 

(Relatively level bench supporting subalpine tall forb vegetation, forests on adjacent slopes of subalpine fir & Engelmann spruce) (cont'd.) 
Table 2 (Cont'd.) 

Section Estab. Size Elevation Features 

Map# RNAname number date0 (acres) range (feet) Aquatic Unique Dominant vegetation 

Hideout Mesa 341 B 1998 360 7200-7560 PIED, JUOS 

(Two-leaf pinyon & Utah juniper woodlands at upper elevational limits; patches of mountain brush and grassland; limited areas of ponderosa pine and big 

sagebrush) 

Mill Creek Gorge 341 B 1998 680 5780-7700 J PSME, JUOC, PlEN 

(Deep gorge containing the steep-gradient Mill Creek; south exposures support pinyon-juniper woodlands; north exposures support mesic mountain brush 

communities with Gambel oak, Utah serviceberry & birchleaf mountain mahogany; Douglas-fir is associated with moist microsites; riparian) 

Mount Peale 341 B 1988 2380 1 0450-1 2721 J ABLA, PlEN 

(Subalpine fir & Engelmann spruce forest & krummholz; cirque basins, rock glaciers & talus; alpine turf & boulder-field communities; rare plant) 

Nelson Mountain M341 C 1988 490 8700-9070 J PSME, ABCO, PIP0 

(Diverse assemblage of woodland & shrublands including forests of white fir & Douglas-fir, and shrublands of curlleaf mountain mahogany, mountain big 

sagebrush & black sagebrush; rare plant) 

UTAH-Uinta National Forest (R4 - lntermountain Region) (1 RNA) 

21 9 Jumpoff M331 E 1988 290 7500-91 00 J 

(Subalpine fir & aspen woodlands; shrublands dominated by big sagebrush; entire small, intermittent watershed) 

ABLA, POTRI , ARTR 

UTAH-Wasatch-Cache National Forest (R4 - lntermountain Region) (3 RNAs) 

220 Mollens Hollow M331 D 1988 1180 6040-8360 J J PSME, CELE, ABLA, ARTR 

(Open stands of Douglas-fir & curlleaf mountain mahogany; subalpine fir, bigtooth maple, big sagebrush & low sagebrush communities; vernal stream; rare plant 

and bird) 

221 Morris Creek M331 D 1973 1 67 61 20-8307 J ABCO, ABLA, POTR1, QUGA 

(White fir woodlands mixed with Gambel oak, ceanothus, snowberry, subalpine fir & aspen; small drainage basin) 

222 Red Butte Canyon 341 A 1971 5370 5200-8235 J ACGR, ARTR, QUGA 

(Shrublands with curlleaf mountain mahogany, big sagebrush, Gambel oak & bigtooth maple; diverse mixed forb-grasslands; riparian shrubland; coniferous 

woodland communities; steep-gradient riffle-pool stream) 

western WYOMING-Bridger-Teton National Forest (R4 - lntermountain Region) (4 RNAs) 

223 Afton Front M331 D 1999 71 5 6920-8960 PSME, ABLA, ARTR 

(Forests of Douglas-fir & subalpine fir; mosaic of grassland & shrubland communities with mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass & mountain snowberry) 

224 Gros Ventre M331 D 1999 6565 6400-1 1 1 80 J PIEN, ABLA, PSME, ALPINE 

(Diverse assemblage of riparian, forest, forbland & alpine communities; Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce & aspen; avalanche tracks) 

225 Osborn Mountain Q M331 J 1999 2830 9600- 1 1 880 J 

(Alpine meadows & fellfield communities; several regionally rare alpine-arctic disjunct plant species) 

226 Swift Creek M331 D 1999 41 70 7080-1 0907 

(Forests of subalpine fir & Engelmann spruce; rich mosaic of tall forb, riparian & upland shrub communites) 

ALPINE 

PIEN, ABLA 

- -- - - - - - -- - - - - - 

0 Proposed RNAs are indicated by "p" in the establishment year field 

Q RNA occurs wholly or partially within a Congressionally designated Wilderness 

O RNA occurs wholly or partially within a National Recreation Area 
Table 3-Index of scientific and common names of dominant vegetation in Table 2. 

Kev code Scientific name Common name 

Trees 

ABCO 

ABGR 

ABLA 

ACGR 

BEOC 

BEPA 

LALY 

LAOC 

PlAL 

PIC0 

PlEN 

PlFL 

PlLO 

PIP0 

PlCEA 

PlPU 

PIED 

PIMO1 

PIM02 

POTR1 

POTR2 

PSME 

TSHE 

TSME 

THPL 

Shrubs 

ARAR 

ARNO 

ARTR 

ARTRl 

ATCO 

CELA 

CELE 

CEMO 

CERE 

JUOC 

JUOS 

POFR 

PUTR 

QUGA 

SALl 

TABR 

VASC 

XETE 

Graminoids 

AGSP 

CAGE 

DECE 

FElD 

FESC 

FEVI 

Abies concolor 

Abies grandis 

Abies lasiocarpa 

Acer grandidentatum 

Be tula occidentalis 

Betula papyrifera 

Larix lyallii 

Larix occidentalis 

Pinus albicaulis 

Pinus con torta 

Picea engelmannii 

Pinus flexilis 

Pinus longaeva 

Pinus ponderosa 

Picea spp. 

Picea pungens 

Pinus edulis 

Pinus monophylla 

Pinus monticola 

Populus tremuloides 

Populus trichocarpa 

Pseudotsuga menziesii 

Tsuga heterophylla 

Tsuga mertensiana 

Thuja plica ta 

Artemisia arbuscula 

Artemisia nova 

Artemisia tridenta ta 

A rtemisia tripartita 

A triplex con ferti folia 

Cera toides lana ta 

Cercocarpus ledifolius 

Cercocarpus montanus 

Celtis reticula ta 

Juniperus occidentalis 

Juniperus osteosperma 

Potentilla fruticosa 

Purshia tridentata 

Quercus gambelii 

Salix spp. 

Taxus bre vifolia 

Vaccinium scopa rium 

Xerophyllum tenax 

Agropyron spica tum 

Carex geyeri 

Deschampsia cespitosa 

Festuca idahoensis 

Festuca scabrella 

Festuca viridula 

White fir 

Grand fir 

Subalpine fir 

Big-toothed maple 

Water birch 

Paper birch 

Alpine larch 

Western larch 

Whitebark pine 

Lodgepole pine 

Engelmann spruce 

Limber pine 

Bristlecone pine 

Ponderosa pine 

Spruce 

Blue spruce 

Two-leaf pinyon pine 

Single-leaf pinyon pine 

Western white pine 

Quaking aspen 

Black cottonwood 

Douglas-fir 

Western hemlock 

Mountain hemlock 

Western red cedar 

Low sagebrush 

Black sagebrush 

Big sagebrush 

Three-tip sagebrush 

Shadscale 

Winterfat 

Curl-leaf mountain mahogany 

Birch-leaf mountain mahogany 

Hackberry 

Common juniper 

Utah juniper 

Shrubby cinquefoil 

Antelope bitterbrush 

Gambel's oak 

Willow 

Pacific yew 

Grouse whortleberry 

Beargrass 

Bluebunch wheatgrass 

Elk sedge 

Tufted hairgrass 

Idaho fescue 

Rough fescue 

Green fescue 

Miscellaneous 

ALPINE Alpine Barrens 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
The Role of RNAs in National Forest 

Management 

A valuable use for RNAs is their integration into 

stewardship of the National Forests. Potential contributions of RNAs toward this objective historically 

have been overlooked. Specifically, RNAs can be used 

more fully for monitoring adaptive ecosystem management at landscape, community or ecosystem, population or species, and genetic levels (Gaines et al. 

1999). 

Benchmark Reference Areas 

The RNA networkin the Northern Rocky Mountains 

and Intermountain West contains a diverse representation of ecosystem types that are actively managed on 

a broad scale by the National Forests. This network is 

afforded long-term protection, and the Areas are available for researchers and managers to use as ecological 

reference areas. A primary emphasis of ecosystem 

management has been to base management practices 

on a better understanding of ecological relationships 

at all scales, from landscape to genetic levels. This 

understanding may be obtained through the traditional research approaches, and also by direct involvement of land managers in resource monitoring. As 

discussed, RNAs can be used as benchmark areas for 

evaluating the effects of manipulative land management practices in comparable ecosystems. Using this 

approach, RNAs indicate how habitats or ecosystems 

function without deliberate manipulation. This is an 

important perspective to add to any evaluation of the 

effects of management treatments. This "baseline" 

value of undisturbed reference areas has long been 

recognized, and takes on added significance when 

considering the "monitoring and evaluation" activities 

that are outlined in the National Forest Management 

Act guidelines (section 219.11 (d) and other parts of 

the NFMA regulations) (NFMA 1976; Van Pelt 1980). 

Inventory and Monitoring 

Managers of National Forests are actively conducting inventories of biological resources and monitoring the effectiveness of management activities. Over 

the past decade or more, national efforts have also 

focused increasingly on inventory and monitoring, 

including the National Inventory and Monitoring 

Program, the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) Program, and the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) 

Program. The National Inventory and Monitoring 

Program provides broad guidance for meeting agency 

inventory and monitoring needs, so that the Forest 

Service can most effectively gather the data needed to 

carry out its natural resource management mission 

(Powell 2000). The FHM Program is a multi-agency 

effort to cooperatively monitor, assess, and report 

long-term status, changes, and trends in the health of 

the nation's forest ecosystems (USDA Forest Service 

1999a). FHM compiles data from ground plots and 

surveys, aerial surveys, and other biotic and abiotic 

data sources, and develops analytical approaches to 

address forest health issues that affect the 

sustainability offorest ecosystems. The closelyrelated 

FIA Program is the Forest Service's national program 

for collecting and reporting plot-based information on 

status and trends in forested ecosystems across all 

land ownerships (Gillespie and Smith 1999). 

Forest Service Regions are developing individual 

approaches to ecosystem management, inventory, and 

monitoring, including the Properly Functioning Condition Rapid Assessment process in the Intermountain Region (USDAForest Service 1997), the Northern 

Region Overview (USDA Forest Service 1998a) and 

the Integrated Inventory and Monitoring Program 

(USDA Forest Service 199813). Many ecosystem assessment and monitoring efforts involve the establishment of permanent reference plots, and some of these 

programs include RNAs. However, a systematic attempt to include the RNA network in inventory and 

monitoring programs has been lacking (Scott and 

others 1999). Perhaps limiting has been ready accessibility to information on the locations, features and 

conditions of individual RNAs. This publication and 

the companion Forest Service RNA web page (http:ll 

rna.nris. state.mt .us/) should help fill information gaps 

and promote use of the RNA network for inventory and 

monitoring objectives and implementation of ecosystem management. In turn, active research use of the 

RNA network will provide valuable data that is critical to fostering the support of National Forest System 

administrators for the Natural Areas Program. 

An objective of the USDA Forest Service Draft Strategic Plan (USDA Forest Service 1999b; http:ll 

www.srs.fs.fed.us/strategicplan/draft~sp.pdf) is to 

improve the capability of wilderness and protected 

areas to sustain a desired range of benefits and values. 

Such protected areas specifically include RNAs. Most 

significantly, the draft plan includes a requirement 

that baseline information be established for all National Forest System wilderness and other protected 

areas by the year 2006. Meeting this milestone objective will likely require more intensive inventory and 

monitoring of RNAs. 

Biodiversity Conservation 

National Forest managers are charged with maintaining biological diversity on National Forest lands. 

Many tools and approaches are available to accomplish biodiversity conservation goals, from active management to designation of reserves. RNA establishment may provide long-term protection for biological 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69. 2001 
elements of special concern, especially those with 

limited distributions such as rare plants and plant 

communities. RNAs can and do play an important role 

in conservation strategies for sensitive plant species. 

For example, peatlands that provide habitat for numerous rare plant species and communities are represented in 12 RNAs in Idaho and Montana; these areas 

are part of a recently completed conservation assessment and strategy for such habitats (Chadde et al. 

1998). In Idaho, the conservation strategy for the 

Clearwater Refugium (an area that contains many 

disjunct and endemic rare plant species and uncommon plant communities) includes RNAs that provide 

habitat for such species and communities (Lichthardt 

and Moseley 1994). RNAs in the extreme northern 

portion of Idaho contain some of the only remaining 

unharvested stands of old-growth western redcedar 

(Thuja plicata) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests. RNAs also maintain biodiversity by 

protecting excellent representative arrays of biotic 

communities and ecosystem types (Hunter 1991). 

Stewardship and Management 

Opportunities 

Over the last 100 years, the human alteration of 

ecological processes that influence vegetation has 

changed many ecosystems. This is especially true in 

the western United States, where disturbances have 

perpetuated certain plant communities, such as fire in 

old-growth ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa). Although 

maintaining natural processes such as fire in RNAs 

has been a goal, the reality is that fire has been 

actively suppressed in natural areas, as well as across 

the landscape as a whole. In cases where RNAs have 

been established to represent fire- or disturbancerelated vegetation types, there is an increasing need to 

actively restore these processes in order to maintain 

examples of such types. Exponential spread of invasive native and exotic plant species and increased 

recreational use also pose new challenges to RNA 

management. Despite these ecological circumstances 

and stated RNA management goals, until recently the 

primary course of action has been to leave RNAs alone 

(except for fire suppression), thereby exacerbating the 

problems. However, recent emphasis on ecosystem 

management has brought more attention to restoration of natural processes that affect the composition, 

structure and function of plant communities. This 

restoration work should be extended, as appropriate, 

to the stewardship of RNAs. 

Active stewardship in RNAs is consistent with the 

overall goal of RNAmanagement, which is to maintain 

the full suite of ecological processes associated with 

the natural features and conditions for which the RNA 

was originally designed to protect. Scientists and land 

managers are currently working to restore the natural 

fire regime to several RNAs in the Northern Rocky 

Mountains and other areas. In some cases, the restoration of an ecological process such as fire may even 

require pre-burn vegetation management. For example, in the Sawmill Creek RNA on the Bitterroot 

National Forest in Montana, the return of fire to the 

old-growth ponderosa pine stands in the natural area 

had to be preceded by understory thinning of younger, 

shade-tolerant Douglas-fir (Kearns 2000). These 

younger trees, which had encroached as a result of lack 

of fire over the last 80 years, represented not only a 

competitive stress factor for the old pines, but also a 

significant risk as ladder fuels that could cause an 

overstory stand-replacing fire during subsequent burning. Aggressive control of invasive alien plant species 

was also needed in the native bunchgrass communities in the Sawmill Creek RNA; this required application of herbicides and other tools to accomplish control 

and eradication (Rice 2000). In this case, non-manipulative "protection" alone was not sufficient to restore 

the native flora in the RNA because the extremely 

competitive noxious weed species, especially spotted 

knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), had so greatly altered the desired bunchgrass vegetation types. 

Responsibility for management of the RNAs covered 

in this guidebook is shared between the National 

Forest System (Northern and Intermountain Regions) 

and Forest Service Research (Rocky Mountain Research Station). The Rocky Mountain Research Station Director, in consultation with National Forest 

Supervisors and District Rangers, has the authority to 

approve research, monitoring projects, and management plans for most of these RNAs. However, if the 

RNA is located within a Wilderness or a National 

Recreation Area, the Regional Forester has responsibility for approving research, monitoring, and management activities. Routine administration of RNAs 

is the responsibility of the District Ranger and Forest 

Supervisor where the RNA is located. General management direction for RNAs is incorporated into the 

respective National Forest and Grasslands Land and 

Resource Management Plans. More specific RNA 

management direction may also be found in establishment records, and occasionally in site-specific RNA 

management plans. These unpublished establishment 

records and management plans are on file with the 

respective Regional and National Forest offices (contact information listed in Appendix B). The Forest 

Service Manual (Section 4063, USDA Forest Service 

1994) contains further policy information regarding 

administration and management of RNAs; this direction is accessible online at http://www.fs.fed.us/im/ 

directives/fsm/4000/4060. txt. 

National Forest personnel interested in conducting 

manipulative management in RNAs for restoration 

and habitat maintenance purposes, such as prescribed 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
fire, invasive plant control, or understory thinning, 

must obtain approval from the Research Station Director and National Forest Supervisor. Proposals for 

such stewardship activities should be coordinated 

with the Regional RNA Coordinators and the Research Station. Forest Plans and RNA establishment 

records should be consulted first for any management 

prescriptions they may contain because such direction 

may suffice for supporting a proposal. If no management direction is currently available, a management 

proposal (preferably supported by a detailed management plan) should be developed and used to propose 

manipulative RNA stewardship activities. National 

Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis also would 

be required in these cases. The proposal should also 

include a monitoring plan that outlines implementation and validation monitoring methods. 

The Forest Service Natural Areas Program developed a stewardship monitoring module (USDA Forest 

Service 1995), to provide a quick and standardized 

means of assessing current conditions and management needs in Research Natural Areas. This module 

helps RNA stewards document current uses of an 

RNA, identify and document current or anticipated 

threats, and identify management and monitoring 

needs, including the identification of management 

activities that may be necessary to restore or maintain 

historical conditions to the RNA. Stewardship monitoring provides a way for individuals and organizations to participate in the RNA program and to become 

acquainted with individual RNAs. The module has 

been conducted for approximately 30 RNAs in Utah, 

Montana and Idaho. The stewardship monitoring 

module can be viewed and downloaded at http:// 

rna.nris.state.mt.us/rna~involved.html. 

Research, Monitoring, and 

Educational Opportunities 

Research Natural Areas are designated areas to be 

permanently protected for maintaining biological diversity, conducting non-manipulative research and 

monitoring, and promoting education (USDA Forest 

Service 1992). Through research in RNAs, scientists, 

managers, and educators can seek to better understand natural dynamics of ecosystem composition, 

structure, and function. RNAs may provide reference 

areas for comparison with actively manipulated lands, 

by serving as control sites for assessing the effectiveness of management. Permanent plots may be used to 

measure long-term change in ecosystem or biophysical components. RNAs that include sensitive species 

may provide an opportunity to gain knowledge of the 

population dynamics of such species. This information 

can be used to help protect and manage these species 

elsewhere in their range, as well. 

The concept of preserving samples of natural ecosystems as living laboratories is not new. As early as 

1922, the Society of American Foresters was concerned that intensive harvesting would soon leave no 

natural forests from which to reference life history 

processes, and thus to guide successful management 

of remaining forests (Ashe 1922). The Society formed 

a Committee on Natural Areas in 1947 that recommended the acquisition and maintenance of natural 

areas for research and educational purposes (Buell 

and others 1952), to be used for addressing questions 

about ecosystem development uninfluenced by humans. These questions concerned site quality and 

productivity, competition as influenced by environmental factors and species composition, rare species 

refugia, growth and yield, natural disturbances, successional development, and general ecology of flora, 

fauna, soil, and water. It is now recognized that humans have had some influence on most North American ecosystems for thousands of years, and it is not 

possible to prevent or remove all human influences on 

RNAs. Nonetheless, natural areas can provide relatively intact "reference sites" for addressing many 

research questions. 

Plant communities are often the most conspicuous 

features of an RNA, and many research studies in 

RNAs have focused on vegetation succession, demographic studies, and comparison of natural with managed conditions. Forested ecosystems have often been 

emphasized in past and current research in RNAs. 

Other biotic and abiotic components of these ecosystems should not be overlooked for study (Andrews 

1993): 

Non-forest plant communities (examples include shrublands and grasslands), 

Animals (examples include featured, threatened, 

or endangered wildlife species; habitat relationships; natural insect communities; and territory 

and migration patterns), 

Aquatic systems (examples include controls for 

measuring natural streamflows and sediment 

rates compared with managed units containing 

harvest activities and road construction; composition, structure, and function of coarse woody debris in stream channel geomorphology, influence 

on the benthic community, and as fish habitat; 

nutrient cycling and vegetation succession in development of peat bogs; and survey and classification of wetlands, riparian areas, streams, rivers, 

and lakes), 

Biogeochemical processes' and nutrient cycling (examples include physical and biological 

relationships influenced by patterns of natural 

disturbance, geomorphic processes, and climate 

change; relationship between decay organisms, 

coarse woody debris, and decay rates), 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Below-ground organisms (examples include 

the ecology and natural occurrence of fungi and 

other soil microorganisms, both pathological and 

beneficial), and the 

Function of RNAs as components of larger landscapes (for example, as protected whole ecosystems with corresponding level of biodiversity preservation, refugia for sensitive or threatened 

species, gene pools for wild species, travel corridors for mobile species, and reference sites for 

ecological land classification). 

The nature of studies conducted in RNAs falls into 

several broad categories of monitoring and basic research. The research may be designed to address 

specific management questions or questions about the 

basic biology and ecology of natural systems. 

Monitoring encompasses a range of activities from 

benchmark monitoring, to ecological monitoring, to 

stewardship monitoring. Monitoring can have either 

an applied or basic research focus. 

Benchmark Monitoring of natural areas as reference sites for comparison with manipulated ecosystems has been a primary research emphasis 

(Anderson 1983). Benchmark monitoring is the collection of control information for comparison with 

disturbed ecosystems. Such monitoring usually addresses specific management questions, and is commonly conducted to provide information necessary 

for the management of National Forest System 

lands and other wildlands. Questions for benchmark monitoring might include: How do native 

grasses fare in grazed versus ungrazed rangelands, 

or under varying livestock grazing regimes as compared to grazing only by wildlife? What are the 

effects of timber harvest or road building on sedimentation in streams? How does manipulating forest structure through timber harvest affect breeding bird populations and behavior? What are the 

implications of planting commercially bred trees 

compared with ancestral populations? By using 

RNAs as reference areas, the responses of ecosystem components to management activities can be 

compared with similar natural ecosystems that have 

been left untreated. In some cases, replicated sideby-side comparisons of treated and control areas 

may not be possible within and adjacent to a single 

RNA, which could limit such research. Nonetheless, 

RNAs can serve as excellent locations for the collection of control information. 

Long-term Ecological Monitoring generally is 

used to characterize long-term ecological change or 

variability in natural ecosystems. Questions addressed 

by ecological monitoring commonly focus on fundamental ecosystem composition, structure, and process. 

For example, ecological monitoring research may seek 

to better understand the long-term dynamics of natural communities,-to document the rates and types of 

changes that occur in response to natural processes 

such as succession and disturbance, or to quantify 

ranges of natural variability (Elzinga and Evenden 

1994). Ecological monitoring also has direct application to understanding and implementing management practices that attempt to mimic natural processes (ecosystem management). Using natural areas 

to understand historical ranges of variability may 

help determine management strategies that maintain 

ecological sustainability on manipulated lands (Jenkins 

and Bedford 1973). Examples of ecological monitoring 

research include: Surveying aquatic and terrestrial 

communities; Documenting rare or disjunct species; 

Documenting disturbance processes, such as fire return intervals or climate change, and their relationship to historic vegetation patterns; or Tracking 

changes in population size, community composition, 

community structure, and area occupied. Often, ecological monitoring is accomplished by installing and 

re-measuring permanent monitoring plots. Many references for long-term monitoring approaches and 

methods are given by Elzinga and Evenden (1997). 

Stewardship Monitoring is designed to assess 

whether an RNA is maintained in compliance with the 

natural processes and/or features for which the area 

was designated to protect. Stewardship monitoring 

may be performed in order to prepare long-term RNA 

management plans. Another focus may be on assessing 

the need for restoration treatments or intervention 

activities (for example, re-introducing fire or controlling invasive exotic species). Stewardship monitoring 

is integral to the RNA system concept, because it can 

help insure the integrity of natural areas. Stewardship monitoring, like benchmark and ecological monitoring, has direct application to ecosystem management, where learning how to maintain and/or restore 

natural processes is an important management need. 

Basic Ecosystem Research focuses on understanding the basic biology and ecology of natural 

systems and their biophysical settings. In many cases, 

ecological monitoring may be considered basic ecosystem research. The small scale and extent typical 

of most RNAs makes them particularly appropriate 

as sites for basic research related to the biology of 

organisms, the study of certain ecosystem processes, 

and to some extent, landscape interactions. Conversely, the limited size and extent of most RNAs and 

the prohibitions on manipulative activities may 

restrict other kinds of basic research. Examples of 

some basic ecosystem research topics potentially appropriate for RNAs follow: 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Population/Demographic Studies may take the 

form of biological surveys for natural community 

associations, flora and fauna, and change elements 

(much like ecological monitoring). Population studies 

may target specific rare species and habitats or focus 

on unique environmental conditions. Some demographic studies may measure and compare the response of populations in manipulated ecosystems with 

undisturbed populations in RNAs to help answer management questions or to understand methods for maintaining or restoring species or communities. 

Ecological ProcesseslEcosystem Functions. 

Examples of ecological process research include studying relationships between climate and vegetation, 

understanding the dynamics of riparian and wetland 

ecosystems, reconstructing the history of natural disturbances or historic vegetation patterns, tracking 

carbon assimilation and allocation, water and nutrient cycling, studying the dynamics of below-ground 

organisms, such as fungi and their role in productivity and pathology (for example, see National Research Council 1990), studying terrestrial and aquatic 

animal habitat relationships, and developing classification systems for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem 

components. 

Genetic Research and Conservation. RNAs can 

function as gene reservoirs of rare or endangered 

species, as well as of ordinary wild species (Franklin 

and others 1972). Because they preserve in-place natural populations, RNAs may play an important function in genetics research and gene conservation programs by providing ancestral check populations for 

comparison with propagated plant materials used on 

actively managed lands. 

Landscape Ecology. RNAs are one component of a 

larger protected area network that includes land-use 

designations such as wilderness, Long Term Ecological Reserves, botanical areas, and Bureau of Land 

Management Areas of Critical Environmental Concern. RNAs may be incorporated in research that 

addresses the representativeness of biological reserves, 

their role in biodiversity preservation, connectivity, 

and habitat fragmentation. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Alpinelsubalpine 

A diversity of alpine ecosystems are represented within the 

RNA system including this alpine plateau within Goat Flat 

proposed RNA (Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest) in the 

Anaconda-Pintlar Range in Montana. Photo by Angela Evenden. 

Ancient bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) forests are featured 

in several RNAs in Nevada including this stand within Mt. 

Moriah Table RNA (Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest) in the 

Snake Range of eastern Nevada. Photo by Jan Nachlinger. 

Alpine plant communities dominated by Gordon's lvesia 

(Ivesia gordoni~) and sedges (Carex spp.) within Smiley 

Mountain RNA on the Salmon-Challis National Forest in 

central Idaho. Photo by Charles Wellner. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Wet meadows and small lakes surrounded by 

subalpine forests within Lava Butte RNA on 

the Payette National Forest in Idaho. Photo by 

Charles Wellner. 

Subalpine plant communities dominated by a 

diversity of tall forbs occur within the Seitz 

CanyonIEcho Lake RNA in the Ruby Mountains 

of Nevada (Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest). 

Photo by Jan Nachlinger. 

Passage Creek RNA lies along the edge of the 

Absaroka Mountains within the Gallatin National 

Forest in central Montana and contains extensive 

forests of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorts) and 

subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Photo by Earle 

Layser. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 29 
MontaneILower Montane 

Montane old-growth stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga 

menziesii) occur within Bernice RNA on the BeaverheadDeerlodge National Forest. These stands are estimated to be 

between 500 and 600 years old. Photo by James Habeck. 

Highly diverse wetland plant communities occur within Swan 

River RNA on the Flathead National Forest in northwestern 

Montana. Photo by Janet Johnson. 

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests such as 

this one in Lower Lost Horse Canyon RNA on the 

Bitterroot National Forest in western Montana are 

characterized by dense understories of Douglas-fir 

(Pseudotsuga menziesii). Succession of these once 

open park-like stands of ponderosa pine to dense 

thickets of Douglas-fir has resulted from exclusion of 

natural and Native American-induced fire regimes. 

Restoration of these ecosystems is needed. Photo by 

James Habeck. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Low-elevation remnant coastal forests dominated by western redcedar 

(Thuja plicata) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) occur in secluded 

river systems in northern Idaho and feature a number of coastal disjunct plant 

and animal species. Aquarius RNA along the North Fork of the Clearwater 

River is a premier example of these highly diverse and interesting ecosystems. 

Shown here is an old-growth stand of western redcedar within Aquarius RNA. 

Photo by Charles Wellner. 

Aspen (Populus tremuloides) community within Paine 

Gulch RNA on the Lewis & Clark National Forest in 

central Montana. Photo by Angela Evenden. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Grasslands and Shrublands 

Grasslands in excellent condition, dominated by 

bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum), occur 

on steep basalt slopes within Emery Creek RNA on 

the Payette National Forest in Idaho. Photo by 

Charles Wellner. 

High-quality rough fescue (Festucascabrella) grasslands occur within Windy Ridge RNA at an elevation 

of 7400 feet on the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National 

Forest in southwestern Montana. Photo by Steve 

Chadde. 

Rocky Comfort Flat RNA occurs along the western 

edge of Idaho on the Payette National Forest and 

features a variety of shrub-steppe plant communities, 

including an interesting stiff sage (Artemisia rigida) 

community on shallow soils. Photo by Charles 

Wellner. 

32 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Tall mountain brush communities (chaparral) are 

featured within Browse RNA in the Pine Valley Mountains of southwestern Utah. These unique communities are dominated by gambel oak (Quercusgambeli~), 

birchleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus 

montanus) and Utah serviceberry (Amelanchier 

utahensis). Photo by Joel Tuhy. 

Old Woman Cove RNA on the Fishlake National 

Forest in central Utah encompasses several isolated 

mesa tops and high ridges supporting a diversity of 

vegetation types. The cliff band of Star Point 

Sandstone (shown in this photo) is a prominent 

feature in the RNA. Photo by Joel Tuhy. 

Communities dominated by various species of 

sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) are common throughout 

the west and are represented within the RNAsystem. 

Shown here is a community dominated by mountain 

big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) 

and ldahofescue (Festuca idahoensis) in Raspberry 

Gulch RNA on the Boise National Forest in Idaho. 

Photo by Charles Wellner. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 33 
Round Lake, surrounded by whitebark pine (Pinusalbicaulis) within Smiley Mountain 

RNA on the Salmon-Challis National Forest in Idaho. Photo by Charles Wellner. 

Wagner Basin RNA along the Rocky Mountain Front 

on the Lewis & Clark National Forest in Montana 

features a unique calcareous spring-fed wetland 

system. Photo by Steve Chadde. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
A high representation of subalpine ecosystems occurs within the RNA system, including 

Mystery Lake RNA on the Salmon-Challis 

National Forest in central Idaho. Photo by 

Charles Wellner. 

Aquatic plant communities, including raised 

ponds dominated by water lily (Nuphar polysepalurn), are represented within Chilcoot Peak 

RNA on the Boise National Forest in Idaho. 

Photo by Charles Wellner. 

One of a series of unique wetlands embedded 

within a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorts) forest 

in Indian Meadows RNAon the Helena National 

Forest in Montana. Photo by Angela Evenden. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 35 
Unique Features 

Patterned ground, formed by frost-heaving, is one of several 

unique physical features in the alpine zone. This photo was taken 

in Goat Flat proposed RNA (Beaverhead-Deerlodge National 

Forest, Montana). Photo by Angela Evenden. 

Research Natural Areas contain many unique 

features, including rare plants and animals 

and unusual plant communities. Shown here 

is linear-leaved sundew (Drosera linearis), a 

carnivorous plant found primarily in boreal 

regions of Canada, but occurring peripherally, 

and rarely, in northwestern Montana. This 

species occurs on peat mats adjacent to 

ponds in Indian Meadows RNA on the Helena 

National Forest in western Montana. Photo 

by Maria Mantas. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Avalanche chutes dominated by shrubs and low 

trees are unique features found within the 

subalpine zone of western mountain ranges. 

This photo shows one of a series of chutes within 

Bitterroot Mountain Snow Avalanche RNA on 

the Bitterroot National Forest in western Montana. 

Photo by Angela Evenden. 

Iron Bog RNA on the Salmon-Challis National 

Forest features asphagnum bog within a relatively 

dry high elevation sagebrush-steppe ecosystem. 

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorts) stands are 

adjacent to the bog. Photo by Charles Wellner. 

Peatlands are unique habitat features in the 

Northern Rocky Mountains. A diverse array of 

these special communities are represented 

within the RNA system, including the patterned 

fen shown in this photo of Skull-Odell RNA on 

the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest in 

southwestern Montana. Photo by Angela 

Evenden. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69 
RNA Uses 

Educational activities are actively encourage 

Research natural areas provide a special suite 

outdoor laboratories for students and others 

study and understand natural ecosystems. Phc 

by Angela Evenden. 

To the extent possible, natural processes are 

allowed to operate within RNAs. This photo of 

Upper Lost Horse Canyon RNA on the Bitterroot 

National Forest shows the extent of a 1988 wildfire 

in the subalpine forests surrounding Bailey Lake. 

These types of natural events in RNAs provide 

scientists an opportunity to study succession of 

these plant communities. Photo by Angela Evenden. 

Research Natural Areas provide important sitesfor 

the study of natural ecosystems. Ecological 

research and monitoring studies are encouraged. 

Photo credit unknown. 

38 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Sawmill Creek RNA on the Bitterroot National 

Forest features a mosaic of low-elevation native 

grasslands and forest types. These once 

excellent-condition grasslands are now 

threatened by rapid expansion of exotic Eurasian 

plant species that outcompete the native grasses. 

An active restoration program is being 

implemented in this RNA to control the invasive 

plants and reintroduce fire into the forest 

communities. Photo by Angela Evenden. 

Mapping understory plants to establish a baseline 

in Tepee Creek RNA in northern Idaho (Idaho 

Panhandle National Forest). Remeasurement of 

permanent plots is used to understand the 

relationships between natural regeneration and 

canopy gaps in old-growth western redcedar 

(Thuja plicata) and western hemlock (Tsuga 

heterophylla) forests. Photo by Melinda Moeur. 

Long-term climatic trends can be reconstructed 

using analysis of tree ring chronologies. The use 

of such sampling methods in RNAs requires 

specific approval in a research permit. Ecologists 

have been conducting these studies in several 

RNAs in the northern Rocky Mountains, including 

Carlton Ridge RNA on the Lolo National Forest in 

western Montana. Photo by Steve Shelly. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 39 
Examples 

Research 

of RNA Monitoring and 

Research has been and is being conducted in many 

RNAs in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Intermountain West. In general, the use of RNAs for 

research and education is actively encouraged as 

long as the activity does not compromise the RNA 

values and objectives (Pacific Northwest Interagency 

Natural Area Committee 1990). Scientists seeking to 

conduct research in RNAs should contact a USDA 

Forest Service Regional Office or Research Station 

RNA Coordinator (Appendix B, also online at http:/l 

rna.nris.state.mt .us/rna~contacts.html), who can help 

identify research that is appropriate in the RNA 

network, suggest resource questions posed by managers that could be answered by research on RNAs, 

and provide information about specific RNAs. Following are only a few examples suggesting the wide 

scope of research topics and monitoring applications. 

Appendices C and D are complete bibliographies of 

research and monitoring studies conducted in RNAs 

covered by this guidebook. Appendix C is arranged 

alphabetically by author, with each bibliographical 

citation followed by the RNA(s) in which the study 

was conducted. References in Appendix D are arranged alphabetically by RNA within state and National Forest. 

Benchmark Monitoring 

Species of Special Management Concern: 

Examining Effects of Forest FragmentationImpacts of timber harvest practices on breeding birds 

have been studied on Tepee Creek RNA and Bottle 

Lake RNA in the Idaho Panhandle National Forest, 

Idaho (Hejl and Paige 1994). Information on bird 

populations in continuous old-growth forest on the 

RNAs contrasted with that on harvested areas will 

help managers consider the effect of habitat fragmentation when planning timber harvests in the region. 

Sensitive Plant Management: Using Natural 

Areas as Reference Sites-Permanent plots have 

been established in three drainages on the Idaho 

Panhandle National Forest, Idaho, to study effects of 

timber harvest and road building on populations of 

salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), a sensitive coastal 

disjunct plant species (Lichthardt and Mancuso 1996). 

Salmonberry appears to be found only in mature to 

old-growth western redcedar and western hemlock in 

semi-open riparian corridors. The undisturbed salmonberry population in the Tepee Creek RNA serves as a 

control in the study. Plots will be remeasured in future 

years to determine the influence of disturbance and 

also what canopy levels are compatible with maintaining viable populations of this species. 

Paired plots established in Aquarius RNA (Clearwater National Forest, Idaho) and in adjacent timber 

harvest units are being used to assess the impact of 

timber harvest activities on rare plant populations 

endemic to the Clearwater Canyon (Lichthardt 1992a, 

1998). Results from this study will enable local forest 

managers to make informed decisions when assessing 

the potential impact of future proposed management 

practices. 

Vegetation Monitoring: Reference Value of 

Natural Areas-Samples were collected from pinyonjuniper (Pinus edulis4uniperus osteosperrna) stands 

within 12 natural areas on lands administered by 

either the USDA Forest Service or the USDI Bureau of 

Land Management in the northern Great Basin (Rust 

1999). Data on woodland stand composition and structure will assist with the evaluation of livestock grazing effects and provide a baseline for the restoration 

of pre-settlement stand structures and disturbance 

regimes. 

Long-Term Ecological Monitoring 

Conservation of Wetland Communities in 

Northern Idaho: The Efiects of Livestock Grazing-AS part of an overall conservation and monitoring plan for peatlands and wetlands in northern Idaho, 

permanent plots in the ungrazed Smith Creek RNA 

(on the Idaho Panhandle National Forest) are paired 

with similar communities on the grazed Cow Creek 

Meadows proposed Botanical Area. Data on species 

composition and abundance will, over time, allow 

managers to determine changes in grazed and ungrazed 

plant communities and sensitive plant populations. 

The work is the result of a partnership between the 

USDA Forest Service, Idaho Conservation Data Center, National Audubon Society, and the Idaho Native 

Plant Society (Bursik 1993). 

Long-Term Studies: Dynamics of Old-Growth 

Forest Ecosystems-Permanent forest vegetation 

plots in Tepee Creek RNA, Canyon Creek RNA, and 

Montford Creek RNA (Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Idaho) are used to understand the relationships 

between natural regeneration and canopy gaps in oldgrowth western hemlock-western redcedar forests 

(Moeur 1992). The plots are scheduled for 

remeasurement on 10-year cycles to provide data on 

successional dynamics of old-growth forests. Similar 

long-term studies of old-growth forests are being conducted in Coram RNA (Flathead National Forest) and 

Plant Creek RNA (Lolo National Forest) in western 

Montana (Elzinga and Shearer 1997; Elzinga 1993). 

Detecting Environmental Change: Monitoring 

Lichens and Bryophytes-Baseline inventories using permanent plots installed in six RNAs in Idaho (on 

40 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
the Salmon-Challis and Bitterroot National Forests) 

provide for monitoring lichens and bryophytes (St. 

Clair and Newberry 2000). Elemental analysis of atmospheric pollutants in the lichen species will contribute to understanding of atmospheric chemistry and 

global change. Lichen biomonitoring is one component 

of a Baseline Air Quality Biomonitoring Program. The 

RNAs are Iron Bog, Middle Canyon, Smiley Mountain, 

Surprise Valley, Soldier Lake, Mill Lake, and Salmon 

Mountain. 

Understanding Pinyon-Juniper Ecosystems: 

Establishing Vegetation Baseline-Very few areas of undisturbed pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and 

juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) woodlands exist today because of historic grazing, firewood cutting, and 

recreational use. Consequently, little is known about 

population and community dynamics in this type. The 

Jacks Spring Pinyon RNA on the Humboldt-Toiyabe 

National Forest in Nevada is very isolated, and has not 

been grazed for over 40 years. Baseline vegetation 

studies have been initiated to track long-term successional relationships and possible responses to environmental change. This work is being conducted by 

the Rocky Mountain Research Station in cooperation 

with the University of Nevada at Reno (Tausch and 

Nowak 1997). 

Stewardship Monitoring 

Restoring Natural Processes: Fire-A draft management plan for the Sawmill Creek RNA on the 

Bitterroot National Forest, Montana, identifies the 

need for controlling weeds and returning fire to the 

ponderosa pine and bunchgrass ecosystem (Johnson 

and Stewart 1998). In preparation for eventual reintroduction of fire, inventory, study, and control of 

aggressive weeds was initiated in 1994, and forest 

monitoring followed by removal of conifer understory 

fuels was conducted in the summer and fall of 1999 

(Kearns 2000; Rice 2000). With these steps completed, understory burning of the forest and grassland communities in the RNA will be conducted in 

spring of 2001. 

Restoration workis also occurring on the DryMountain RNA on the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National 

Forest, Montana, where a fire history analysis showed 

the need to reduce the encroachment of Douglas-fir 

(Pseudotsuga menziesii) and sagebrush (Artemisia 

tridentata) in the native bunchgrass communities 

(Habeck 1992). Researchers are prescribing burns and 

monitoring the response of the grassland community 

to fire (Evenden and Joy 1994). 

Population/Demographic Studies 

Erects of Introduced Pathogens: Decline of a 

Disjunct Population of Pacific Dogwood-In the 

late-1980's scientists began to observe declininghealth 

of the pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) population in 

northern Idaho. It has since been documented that an 

introduced pathogen, anthracnose, is present in this 

population and has adversely impacted pacific 

dogwood's ability to reproduce and survive. Permanent plots were established in 1992 within the Lochsa 

RNA (Clearwater National Forest, Idaho) along the 

Selway River corridor to document long-term trends in 

the population (Lichthardt 199213, 1994, 1996). 

Adding to our Knowledge of Breeding Birds: 

Winter Wrens-A study cited above on the effects of 

timber harvest on breeding bird populations yielded 

very detailed data on winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) status in western redcedar and western hemlock forests. Breeding bird survey data indicate population declines for winter wren throughout the west. 

Research in Tepee Creek RNA and Bottle Lake RNA 

on the Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Idaho has 

significantly advanced knowledge of the ecology of this 

bird species, including population levels, reproductive 

success, and foraging behavior (Hejl 1992; Hejl and 

Woods 1991; Hejl and Paige 1994). 

Studying the Erects of Fire Disturbance: PostFire Invasion of Non-Native Plants-A wildfire 

that burned a portion of Elk Creek Exclosure RNA 

(Boise National Forest, Idaho) provided a natural experiment for monitoring post-fire recovery of native 

plants and invasion by non-natives in grazed and 

ungrazed grass communities. Information from this 

studywithin bunchgrass/antelope bitterbrush (Purshia 

tridentata) communities has contributed to understanding the spread of aggressive weeds such as cheatgrass 

(Bromus tectorum) and skeletonweed (Chondrilla 

juncea), and successional patterns following disturbance by fire (Liao 1996; Monson and Anderson 1993; 

Monsen and Shaw 1995,1997). 

Studying Aquatic Ecosystems: Using the RNA 

Network-The overall health of aquatic ecosystems is 

being studied in several RNAs in Montana and Idaho 

through baseline studies of aquatic macroinvertebrates 

and biophysical features (Apfelbeck 1999; Rabe and 

others 1990). 

Subalpine Ecosystems: Examining Naturally 

Occurring Hybrid Larches-Western larch (Larix 

occidentalis) and subalpine larch (Larix lyallii), which 

typically exhibit separate distributions, co-occur in a 

few unique settings in the Bitterroot Mountains of 

Montana. Scientists have conducted in-depth genetic 

and morphology studies of natural hybrids of these 

two tree species within Carlton Ridge RNA on the 

Lolo National Forest (Carlson and others 1990; 

Carlson and Theroux 1993). This work has potential 

application to development of tree breeding stock for 

harsher environments in need of restoration. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69. 2001 
Ecological Processes1Ecosystem 

Functions 

Great Basin Desert Shrub Ecosystems: Soil DisturbanceAssociated with Rodent ColonizationSoil disturbances associated with rodent colonization 

on the Desert Range RNA (Utah) may be responsible 

for the conversion of shrub communities to annual 

vegetation. Understanding the interactions of grazing, rodent colonization, and soil disturbance on vegetation change will be useful in management of similar rangelands. The work is being conducted by the 

Rocky Mountain Research Station and Brigham Young 

University (Kitchen and Jorgensen 1999). 

Northern Rocky Mountain Forest Ecosystems: 

Understanding the Role ofPathogens-Root, heart, 

and butt rots in old-growth forests are being surveyed 

in 16 RNAs in Montana, Idaho, Washington, and 

Oregon. Baseline data about productivity, nitrogen 

and carbon pools, and local environment relates the 

pathogens to ecosystem structure, function, and process. The objective is to assess the role of these pathological organisms in the natural life span of forests, in 

order to help predict long term productivity and 

sustainability of long rotation natural and managed 

forests (McDonald 1995). 

Ecosystem Recovery: Vegetation Response Following Livestock Grazing-Ecological studies were 

established as early as 1912 at the Great Basin Experimental Range, including Elk Knoll RNA (MantiLaSal National Forest, Utah) to evaluate recovery of 

plant communities that were heavily disturbed by 

grazing. These plots were abandoned in 1947-1948. 

Resurrection of these plots, accompanied by installation of additional plots, mapping and photography, is 

being used to track long-term successional dynamics 

in a tall forb subalpine community type, and to define 

appropriate management and restoration practices on 

similar sites in southern Utah (Monsen 2000). 

Reconstructing Historic Fire Regimes: Forest 

Ecosystems of the Bitterroot Mountains-Dendrochronology and pollen analysis work in Salmon Mountain RNA (Bitterroot National Forest, Idaho) and other 

sites is being used to reconstruct vegetation site histories and fire return intervals (Kipfmueller 1999). This 

information helps further the understanding of the role 

of fire and vegetation changes in northern Rocky Mountain forest types and for developing effective fire management prescriptions. 

Understanding Natural Processes: Studying 

the Effects of Wind Disturbance-Natural succession following a stand-replacing blowdown in the 

Aquarius RNA on the Clearwater National Forest, 

Idaho, is being monitored using permanent plots in 

the disturbed area and adjacent recovered forest 

(Alaback and others 2000). The study is examining 

the role of wind disturbance (including frequency and 

intensity) in influencing vegetation patterns in the 

Clearwater River Canyons. 

Conserving Special Places: Peatland Habitats 

of the Northern RockyMountains-Detailedfloristic and ecological analyses of peatlands, and identification and analysis of associated rare plants and plant 

communities, has been conducted throughout the 

northern Rocky Mountains in Idaho and Montana. 

The work has contributed significantly to our understanding of peatlands, and survey sites have encompassed numerous RNAs, including the Sawtooth Valley Peatlands RNA (Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho; 

Moseley and others 1994), Shoofly Meadows RNA 

(Lolo National Forest, Montana; Murray 1995), several RNAs in northern Idaho (Bursik and Moseley 

1995; Chadde and others 1998), and five RNAs in 

Montana (Chadde and others 1998). 

Aquatic Ecosystems Surveys and Classification: 

Using the RNA Network-Several on-going studies 

are gathering valuable information for use in classifying aquatic features-streams, lakes, wetlands, and 

peatlands. Broad-based classification systems for open 

water and wetland communities have been developed 

for Idaho and western Montana (Rabe and Chadde 

1994), and for different types of stream ecosystems in 

Idaho (Rabe and others 1990; Rabe and others 1994; 

Savage and Rabe 1979). Reference streams in several 

RNAs have been assessed for geomorphology, water 

quality, habitat, and macroinvertebrates (Rabe and 

Catts 1995; Rabe and Cazier 1993). High mountain 

lakes in 26 RNAs in Idaho have been surveyed and 

described (Rabe, in preparation). Data for each lake 

includes a description of lake type and structure, 

geological formation, topography, substrate, water 

chemistry, and plant and faunal occurrences. 

Genetic Research and Conservation 

Gene Bank: Using Research Natural Areas For 

Studying Tree Ancestry-The Northern Region and 

Inland Empire Tree Improvement Cooperative conduct research to support National Forests' Tree Improvement Program. Seed collected from individual 

western larch, ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorts) trees in RNAs provides a 

source of material for ancestral genetic tests. These 

collections are used as controls to measure changes in 

genetic variation or performance in selectively bred 

material compared with unmanaged, native gene pools. 

Seed from some 240 individual trees in 40 RNAs will 

represent the ancestral gene pool. Having the ancestral 

control populations will facilitate the ability to address 

and meet the objectives ofmonitoring and management 

of genetic diversity (Mahalovich 1999a, 199913). 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Landscape Ecology 

ViewingNaturalAreas at the Landscape Scale: 

Contributions to Biodiversity Conservation-The 

Swan River RNA on the Flathead National Forest in 

Montana and other protected areas were used in 

developing a landscape analysis of biodiversity represented in natural areas, and for identifying gaps 

in the network. A focus on habitat for 20 wildlife 

species, defined by a combination of vegetation, 

topographic, and other conditions has demonstrated 

the historic effect of timber harvest on fragmentation 

of the landscape, and resulting impact on regional 

biodiversity. Results of the study demonstrated a need 

for increasing the representation of low-elevation oldgrowth forests in the natural areas network. The work 

was conducted by researchers at the University of 

Montana Gap Analysis Project, in cooperation with 

the Forest Service (Hart 1994). 

Educational Activities in Research 

Natural Areas 

Research natural areas are available for educational purposes. These areas provide valuable outdoor 

laboratories for students and others to examine examples of natural environments and native plant 

communities (Franklin and others 1972). Some organizations such as state-level Native Plant Societies 

have taken an interest in 'adopting' individual RNAs 

with the purpose of learning more about these areas, 

including activities such as compiling more complete 

plant species lists. Individuals and organizations interested in adopting an RNA for such purposes should 

contact Region or Research Station RNA Coordinators 

(Appendix B, also online at http://rna.nris.state.mt.us/ 

rna-contacts.htm1). 

Accessing and Using the RNA 

Network for Research, Monitoring, 

and Education Activities 

The Forest Service Research Natural Areas network represents a valuable ecological resource for 

scientists, managers and educators. The Forest Service encourages scientific and educational use of 

RNAs. These activities are coordinated by the Rocky 

Mountain Research Station RNA Coordinators and 

the Regional RNA Coordinators in Forest Service 

Regions 1 and 4. Proposed studies in most RNAs 

require the approval of the Rocky Mountain Research Station Director (see section, Stewardship 

and Management Opportunities). 

Scientists and managers planning research in Forest Service RNAs are encouraged to discuss their 

research program with the Station or Regional RNA 

Coordinators (Appendix B, also online at http:// 

rna.nris.state.mt.us/rna~contacts.html). These coordinators can often provide more detailed information 

on individual RNAs, including copies of vascular plant 

species lists, research reports, and establishment 

records. The Establishment Records for RNAs are an 

excellent source of detailed descriptive information on 

biological and physical features of each area. In addition, an interactive RNA database is available online 

at http://rna.nris.state.mt.us/. This RNA web page 

provides potential investigators with more detailed 

information on individual RNAs in 11 western states 

(Forest Service Regions 1, 2, 3, and 4), and also 

contains an updated contact list of local National 

Forest and Station RNA coordinators. 

Requesting Approval to Use Research 

Natural Areas 

The USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station has developed a process for requesting 

permission to use RNAs. The purposes of this approval 

process for research and monitoring on RNAs are as 

follows (Andrews 1999): 

Provide information to scientists about other research occurring on the RNA so that potential 

collaborations may be fostered and conflicts 

avoided, 

Insure that the ecological integrity of the RNA or 

other purposes for which the RNA was designated 

are not damaged by research or related activities, 

Insure that protection and site integrity for the 

individual scientific study, especially permanent 

plots, are maintained, 

Maintain records of research activities and research results to benefit the National Forest System and future researchers, and 

Meet Forest Service regulations as specified in 

the Forest Service Manual (FSM 4063.04 and 

FSM 4063.33, USDA Forest Service 1994) 

In general, non-manipulative research that does not 

signrficantly impact the ecological composition, structure, or function of the area is appropriate for RNAs. The 

level of acceptable use varies by FtNA, depending on the 

rarity of taxa, fragility or resilience of the ecosystems, 

and cumulative impacts of use. 

In order to secure approval for aresearch or monitoring 

project, please complete and submit the RNA research 

approval request form attachedin Appendix E. This form 

is also available for downloading on the Forest Service 

RNA web page at http://rna.nris.state.mt.us/ 

ma-using. html. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Educational Activities and Field Trips Carlson, C. E.; Theroux, L. J. 1993. Cone and seed morphology of 

western larch (Larix occidentalis), alpine larch (Larix lyallii), 

Individuals or small groups who wish to make a and their hybrids. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 23: 

1264-1269. 

short visit (one day or less) to an RNA, and who will Chadde. S. W.; Kimball. S. F.; Evenden, A. G. 1996. Research 

not be conducting research activities or collecting natural areas of the ~brthei Region: status and needs assesssamples, do not need to complete the approval rement. Unpublished Report on file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 179 p. 

quest form, nor is permission required to enter RNAs. Chadde. S. W.; Shellv. J. S .; Bursik, R. J.; Moselev, R. K.; Evenden, 

However, educational users O~RNA~ are requested to A. G., anta as, MY;' ~abe', F. ~.;'~eidel, B. 1998. peatlands on 

inform National Forest coordinators of planned visits. National Forests of the northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Local District Ranger or National Forest RNA Co- Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

ordinators can provide site access information. 

Concluding Remarks 

In closing, we hope that this publication, together 

with the RNA web page (http://rna.nris,state.mt.us/) 

will improve communication about Research Natural 

Areas among scientists, educators, managers, and the 

public. It is also our hope through the description and 

discussion of RNAs in this publication that the unique 

network of Forest Service RNAs will be more widely 

recognized and utilized by scientists, managers, and 

educators alike. 

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USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Appendix A 

Research Natural Areas on National Forest System lands in ldaho, Montana, 

Nevada, Utah and western Wyoming by National Hierarchical Framework 

Ecological Units 

Province 

Section 

MAP# RNAName State National Forest 

Mohave Desert Section (322A) - Southern Nevada 

184 Carpenter Canyon RNA NV Humboldt-Toiyabe 

Palouse Prairie Section (331A) - Northern ldaho 

55 ElkCreekRNA ID Nez Perce 

56 Fish Lake RNA ID Nez Perce 

60 No Business Creek RNA ID Nez Perce 

62 Square Mountain Creek RNA ID Nez Perce 

Powder River Basin Section (331 G) - Eastern Montana 

141 Poker Jim RNA MT Custer 

Intermountain Semidesert & Desert Province (341) 

Bonneville Basin Section (341A) - Western Utah 

203 Desert Range RNA UT 

222 Red Butte Canyon RNA UT 

Northern Canyon Lands Section (3418) - Eastern Utah 

213 Cliff Dwellers Pasture RNA UT 

21 5 Hideout Mesa RNA UT 

216 Mill Creek Gorge RNA UT 

21 7 Mount Peale RNA UT 

Mono Section (34 10) - Western Nevada 

187 Jacks Spring Pinyon RNA NV 

Lahontan Basin Section (341E) - Western Nevada 

183 Bald Mountain Wash RNA NV 

Northeastern Great Basin Section (341 G) - Northeastern Nevada 

186 Hole-in-the-Mountain RNA NV 

Desert Range Experiment Station 

Wasatch-Cache 

Humboldt-Toiyabe 

Humboldt-Toiyabe 

Humboldt-Toiyabe 

Northwestern Basin & Range Section (3428) - Southern Idaho/ Northern Utah /Northern Nevada 

106 Burns Canyon RNA ID Targ hee 

185 Fall Creek RNA NV Humboldt-Toiyabe 

17 Gibson Jack Creek RNA ID Caribou 

202 Gunsight Peak RNA UT Caribou 

100 Mount Harrison RNA ID Sawtooth 

101 Pole Canyon RNA ID Sawtooth 

1 05 Trapper Creek RNA ID Sawtooth 

21 West Fork Mink Creek RNA ID Caribou 

Owyhee Uplands Section (342C) - Western ldaho 

69 Council Mountain RNA ID Payette 

Snake River Basalts Section (3420) - Central ldaho 

11 1 Thurmon Creek RNA ID Targhee 

11 3 Willow Creek RNA ID Targ hee 

Southern Rocky Mountains Steppe - Open Woodland - Coniferous Forest - Alpine 

Meadow Province (M331) 

Yellowstone Highlands Section (M331A) - South-central Montana /Northwestern Wyoming /Eastern ldaho 

148 Black Butte RNA MT Gallatin 

149 East Fork Mill Creek RNA MT Gallatin 

(cont'd.) 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Appendix A (Cont'd.) 

Province 

Section 

MAP# RNAName State National Forest 

139 Line Creek Plateau pRNA MTIWY Custer/Shoshone 

109 Moose Creek Plateau RNA ID Targhee 

150 Obsidian Sands RNA MT Gallatin 

151 Palace Butte RNA MT Gallatin 

152 Passage Creek RNA MT Gallatin 

153 Sliding Mountain RNA MT Gallatin 

154 Wheeler Ridge RNA MT Gallatin 

Bighorn Mountains Section (M33 1 B) - South-central Montana / North-central Wyoming 

140 Lost Water Canyon RNA MT Custer 

Overthrust Mountains Section (M33l D) - Southeastern Idaho / Western Wyoming / North-central Utah 

223 Afton Front RNA WY Bridger-Teton 

16 Burton Canyon RNA ID Caribou 

224 Gros Ventre RNA WY Bridger-Teton 

18 Horse Creek RNA ID Caribou 

197 Lance Canyon RNA UT Ashley 

19 Meade Peak RNA ID Caribou 

220 Mollens Hollow RNA UT Wasatch-Cache 

221 Morris Creek RNA UT Wasatch-Cache 

20 St. Charles Creek RNA ID Caribou 

226 Swift Creek RNA WY Bridger-Teton 

200 Timber-Cow Ridge RNA UT Ashley 

Uinta Mountains Section (M33 1 E) - Northeastern Utah / South western Wyoming 

195 Ashley Gorge RNA UT Ashley 

196 Gates of Birch Creek RNA UT Ashley 

219 JumpoffRNA UT Uinta 

198 Pollen Lake RNA UT Ashley 

199 Sims Peak Potholes RNA UT Ashley 

201 Uinta Shale Creek RNA UT Ashley 

Wind River Mountain Section (M33 1 J) - Western Wyoming 

225 Osborn Mountain RNA WY Bridger-Teton 

Allan Mountain RNA 

Back Creek RNA 

Bald Mountain RNA 

Bannock Creek RNA 

Bass Creek pRNA 

Bear Creek RNA 

Belvidere Creek RNA 

Bitterroot Mountain Snow Avalanche RNA 

Boulder Creek RNA 

Bruin Mountain RNA 

Carlton Ridge RNA 

Chilcoot Peak RNA 

Circle End Creek RNA 

Colson Creek RNA 

Dome Lake RNA 

Dry Buck RNA 

Dry Gulch - Forge Creek RNA 

Dutch Creek RNA 

Eggers Creek RNA 

Elk Creek Exclosure RNA 

Fenn Mountain pRNA 

Salmon-Challis 

Boise 

Clearwater 

Boise 

Bitterroot 

Boise 

Payette 

Bitterroot 

Bitterroot 

Payette 

Lolo 

Boise 

Payette 

Salmon-Challis 

Salmon-Challis 

Boise 

Salmon-Challis 

Clearwater 

Boise 

Boise 

Clearwater 

(cont'd.) 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Appendix A (Cont'd.) 

Province 

Section 

MAP# RNAName State National Forest 

86 Frog Meadows RNA ID Salmon-Challis 

29 Grave Peak RNA ID Clearwater 

87 Gunbarrel Creek RNA ID Salmon-Challis 

72 Lava Butte RNA ID Payette 

30 Lochsa RNA ID Clearwater 

135 Lower Lost Horse Canyon RNA MT Bitterroot 

9 Lowman RNA ID Boise 

10 Monumental Creek RNA ID Boise 

59 Moose Meadow Creek RNA ID Nez Perce 

11 Needles RNA ID Boise 

12 North Fork Boise River RNA ID Boise 

61 O'Hara Creek RNA ID Nez Perce 

74 Patrick Butte pRNA ID Payette 

75 Phoebe Meadows ID Payette 

102 Pole Creek Exclosure RNA ID Sawtooth 

76 Pony Creek RNA ID Payette 

77 Pony Meadows RNA ID Payette 

13 Raspberry Gulch RNA ID Boise 

103 Redfish Lake Moraine RNA ID Sawtooth 

14 Roaring River RNA ID Boise 

1 Salmon Mountain RNA ID Bitterroot 

104 Sawtooth Valley Peatlands RNA ID Sawtooth 

32 Sneakfoot Meadows RNA ID Clearwater 

15 Trinity Mountain RNA ID Boise 

138 Upper Lost Horse Canyon RNA MT Bitterroot 

63 Upper Newsome Creek RNA 1 D Nez Perce 

64 Warm Springs Creek RNA ID Nez Perce 

Bitterroot Valley Section (M332B) - Western Montana 

132 Bitterroot River RNA MT Bitterroot 

120 Dexter Basin RNA MT Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

134 East Fork Bitterroot pRNA MT Bitterroot 

123 Goat Flat pRNA MT Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

156 Granite Butte pRNA MT Helena 

157 Indian Meadows RNA MT Helena 

136 Medicine Point pRNA MT Bitterroot 

179 Plant Creek RNA MT Lolo 

180 Pyramid Peak RNA MT Lolo 

158 Red Mountain RNA MT Helena 

126 Sapphire Divide RNA MT Beaverhead-DeerlodgeIBitterroot 

137 Sawmill Creek RNA MT Bitterroot 

129 Windy Ridge RNA MT Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

Rocky Mountain Front Section (M332C) - Notthwestern Montana 

172 Wagner Basin RNA MT Lewis & Clark 

173 Walling Reef RNA MT Lewis & Clark 

Belt Mountains Section (M332D) - Central Montana 

166 Bartleson Peak RNA MT Lewis & Clark 

167 Big Snowy RNA MT Lewis & Clark 

155 Cabin Gulch RNA MT Helena 

168 Minerva Creek pRNA MT Lewis & Clark 

169 O'Brien Creek RNA MT Lewis & Clark 

170 Onion Park RNA MT Lewis & Clark 

171 Paine Gulch RNA MT Lewis & Clark 

Bea verhead Mountains Section (M332E) - South western Montana / Eastern Idaho 

11 4 Basin Creek RNA MT Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

80 Bear Valley Creek RNA ID Salmon-Challis 

1 15 Bernice RNA MT Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

11 6 Cattle Gulch pRNA MT Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

11 7 Cave Mountain RNA MT Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

1 18 Cliff Lake RNA MT Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

107 Copper Mountain RNA ID Targhee (cont'd .) 

50 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Appendix A (Cont'd.) 

Province 

Section 

MAP# RNAName State National Forest 

1 19 Cottonwood Creek RNA 

83 Davis Canyon RNA 

121 Dry Mountain RNA 

122 Elkhorn Lake pRNA 

124 Horse Prairie RNA 

89 Kenney Creek RNA 

125 Lost Park RNA 

90 Mahogany Creek RNA 

108 Meadow Canyon RNA 

92 Middle Canyon RNA 

93 Mill Lake RNA 

95 Sheep Mountain RNA 

127 Skull-Odell RNA 

1 10 Targhee Creek RNA 

128 Thunderbolt Mountain RNA 

112 Webber Creek RNA 

Challis Volcanics Section (M332F) - Central ldaho 

99 Basin Gulch RNA 

81 Cache Creek Lakes RNA 

88 Iron Bog RNA 

91 Merriam Lake Basin RNA 

94 Mystery Lake RNA 

96 Smiley Mountain RNA 

97 Soldier Lakes RNA 

98 Surprise Valley RNA 

Blue Mountains Section (M332G) - Western ldaho 

53 Alum Beds pRNA 

65 Bear Creek RNA 

54 Bills Creek pRNA 

70 Cuddy Mountain RNA 

71 Emery Creek RNA 

57 Lightning Creek pRNA 

58 Little Granite Creek RNA 

73 Lost Basin Grassland RNA 

78 Rocky Comfort Flat RNA 

Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

Salmon-Challis 

Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

Salmon-Challis 

Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

Salmon-Challis 

Targ hee 

Salmon-Challis 

Salmon-Challis 

Salmon-Challisfrarghee 

Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

Targ hee 

Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

Targ hee 

Sawtooth 

Salmon-Challis 

Salmon-Challis 

Salmon-Challis 

Salmon-Challis 

Salmon-Challis 

Salmon-Challis 

Salmon-Challis 

Nez Perce 

Payette 

Nez Perce 

Payette 

Payette 

Nez Perce 

Nez Perce 

Payette 

Payette 

Okanogan Highlands Section (M333A) - Northern ldaho /Northeastern Washington 

34 Binarch Creek RNA 

35 Bottle Lake RNA 

36 Canyon Creek RNA 

39 Kaniksu Marsh RNA 

42 Potholes RNA 

44 SmithCreekRNA 

45 Snowy Top RNA 

47 Tepee Creek RNA 

49 Three Ponds RNA 

51 Upper Priest River pRNA 

Flathead Valley Section (M333B) - Northwestern Montana 

159 Big Creek RNA 

142 Coram RNA 

143 East Shore RNA 

160 Hoskins Lake RNA 

38 Hunt Girl Creek RNA 

144 LeBeau RNA 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

Kootenai 

Flathead 

Flathead 

Kootenai 

ldaho Panhandle 

Flathead/Kootenai 

(cont'd.) 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 51 
Appendix A (Cont'd.) 

Province 

Section 

MAP# RNAName State National Forest 

145 Little Bitterroot RNA MT Flathead 

162 Norman-Parmenter RNA MT Kootenai 

163 Pete Creek Meadows RNA MT Kootenai 

146 Swan River RNA MT Flathead 

165 Wolf-Weigel RNA MT Kootenai 

Northern Rockies Section (M333C) - Northwestern Montana 

147 Tuchuck RNA MT Flathead 

Bitterroot Mountain Section (M333D) - Northern Idaho/ Northwestern Montana 

Aquarius RNA 

Barktable Ridge RNA 

Bull Run Creek RNA 

Chateau Falls RNA 

Council Grove RNA 

Ferry Landing RNA 

Five Lakes Butte RNA 

Four-bit Creek RNA 

Lower Ross Creek RNA 

Montford Creek RNA 

Petty Creek RNA 

Pond Peak RNA 

Rhodes Peak pRNA 

Scotchman No. 2 RNA 

Sheep Mountain Bog RNA 

Shoofly Meadows RNA 

Spion Kop RNA 

Steep Lakes RNA 

Theriault Lake RNA 

Ulm Peak RNA 

Upper Fishhook RNA 

Upper Shoshone Creek RNA 

Clearwater 

Lolo 

Clearwater 

Clearwater 

Lo lo 

Lolo 

ldaho Panhandle 

Clearwater 

Kootenai 

ldaho Panhandle 

Lolo 

ldaho Panhandle 

Clearwater 

ldaho Panhandle 

Lolo 

Lolo 

ldaho Panhandle 

Clearwater 

ldaho Panhandle 

Kootenai 

ldaho Panhandle 

ldaho Panhandle 

Central Great Basin Mountains Section (M341A) - Central & Eastern Nevada 

188 Mount Jefferson RNA NV Humboldt-Toiyabe 

189 Mount Moriah Table RNA NV Humboldt-Toiyabe 

190 North-South Schell Peaks RNA NV Humboldt-Toiyabe 

191 Pearl Peak RNA NV Humboldt-Toiyabe 

192 Seitz Canyon 1 Echo Lake RNA NV Humboldt-Toiyabe 

193 Troy Peak RNA NV Humboldt-Toiyabe 

194 White Pine Peak RNA NV Humboldt-Toiyabe 

Utah High Plateaus & Mountains Section (MMl C) - Southern Utah 

204 Browse RNA UT Dixie 

209 Bullion Canyon RNA UT Fishlake 

214 Elk Knoll RNA UT Manti-LaSal 

218 Nelson Mountain RNA UT Manti-LaSal 

21 0 Old Woman Cove RNA UT Fishlake 

21 1 Partridge Mountain RNA UT Fishlake 

205 Red Canyon RNA UT Dixie 

206 Table Cliff RNA UT Dixie 

207 Timbered Cinder Cone RNA UT Dixie 

212 Upper Fish Creek RNA UT Fishlake 

208 Upper Sand Creek RNA UT Dixie 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Appendix B 

Addresses and phone numbers of Forest Service offices in ldaho, Montana, Nevada, 

Utah and western Wyoming, with contact information for Region and Station RNA 

Coordinators. 

For current RNA Coordinators in each National Forest office, visit the RNA website at http:// 

rna.nris.state.mt.us1rna~contacts.html 

RNA Coordinators for Northern Region 

Steve Shelly 

Region 1 RNA Coordinator 

Northern Region, USDA Forest Service 

Regional Office 

P.O. Box 7669 

Missoula, MT 59807 

Phone: (406) 329-3041 

Email: sshelly@fs.fed.us 

Melinda Moeur 

RMRS RNA Coordinator for Region 1 

Rocky Mountain Research Station 

Forestry Sciences Laboratory 

1221 South Main Street 

Moscow, ldaho 83843 

Phone: (208) 883-2316 

Email: mmoeur@fs.fed.us 

RNA Coordinators for lntermountain Region 

Alma Winward 

Region 4 RNA Coordinator 

lntermountain Region, USDA Forest Service 

Regional Office 

324 25th Street 

Ogden, UT 84401 

Phone: (801 ) 625-5596 

Email: awinward @ fs.fed.us 

Stanley Kitchen 

RMRS RNA Coordinator for Region 4 

Rocky Mountain Research Station 

Provo Shrub Sciences Lab 

735 North 500 East 

Provo, UT 84606 

Phone: (801 ) 342-51 40 

Email: skitchen @fs.fed.us 

Forest Service offices 

Rocky Mountain Research Station 

USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 240 West Prospect Road; Fort Collins, CO 80526-2098; 

Phone:(970)498-1100; Email: mailroom~rocky~mountain~research~station@fs.fed.us 

Region 1-Northern Region Headquarters 

USDA Forest Service, Northern Region; Federal Building; 200 Broadway, PO Box 7669; Missoula, MT 59807-7669; 

Phone:(406)329-3511; Email:mailroom-rl @fs.fed.us 

Northern Region National Forests-Idaho 

Clearwater National Forest 12730 Highway 12; Orofino, Idaho, 83544; Phone:(208)476-4541; 

Email:mailroom~rl~clearwater@fs.fed.us 

ldaho Panhandle National Forests 381 5 Schreiber Way; Coeur dlAlene, ID 8381 5-8363; Phone:(208)765-7223; 

Email:mailroom-rl -idaho-panhandle @fs.fed.us 

Nez Perce National Forest Route 2, Box 475; Grangeville, ID 83530; Phone:(208)983-1950; 

Email:mailroom-rl -nez-perce @fs.fed.us 

Northern Region National Forests-Montana 

Beaverhead-Deerlodae National Forest 420 Barrett Street; Dillon, MT 59725-3572; Phone:(406)683-3900; 

Email:mailroom-rl -beaverhead-deerlodge @ f.fed.us 

Bitterroot National Forest 1801 North 1st Street; Hamilton, MT 59840; Phone:(406)363-7117; 

Email:mailroom-rl -bitterroot@fs.fed.us 

Custer National Forest 131 0 Main Street; P.O. Box 50760; Billings, MT 591 05; Phone:(406)248-9885; 

Email:mailroom~rl~custer@fs.fed.us 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Flathead National Forest 1935 Third Avenue East; Kalispell, MT 59901 ; Phone:(406)755-5401; 

Emai1:mailroom-rl -flathead @fs.fed.us 

Gallatin National Forest Federal Building; 10 East Babcock Ave.; P.O. Box 130; Bozeman, MT 59771 ; Phone:(406)587-6701; 

Email:mailroom-rl -gallatin @fs.fed.us 

Helena National Forest 2880 Skyway Drive; Helena, MT 59601 ; Phone:(406)449-5201; 

Email:mailroom-rl -helena@fs.fed.us 

Kootenai National Forest 1101 U.S. Highway 2 West; Libby, MT 59923; Phone:(406)293-6211; 

Email:mailroom-rl -kootenai @ fs.fed.us 

Lewis & Clark National Forest 1 101 15th St. North; Box 869; Great Falls, MT 59403; Phone:(406)791-7700; 

Email:mailroom-rl -lewis-and-dark@ fs.fed.us 

Lolo National Forest Building 24, Fort Missoula; Missoula, MT 59804; Phone:(406)329-3750; 

Email:mailroom-rl -lolo @fs.fed.us 

Region 4 - lntermountain Region Headquarters 

USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Region Headquarters; Federal Building; 324 25th Street; Ogden, UT 84401 -231 0; 

Phone:(801)625-5352; Email:mailroom~r4@fs.fed.us 

lntermountain Region National Forests-Idaho 

Boise National Forest 1249 South Vinnell Way; Boise, ID 83709; Phone:(208)373-4100; 

Email:mailroom-r4-boise @ fs.fed.us 

Caribou-Targhee National Forest Caribou Office; 250 S. Fourth Avenue; Suite 172, Federal Building; Pocatello, ID 83201 ; 

Phone:(208)236-7500; Ernail:mailroom~r4~caribou~targhee@fs.fed.u~ 

Caribou-Tarahee National Forest Targhee Office; P.O. Box 208; 420 N. Bridge Street; St. Anthony, ID 83445; 

Phone:(208)624-3151; Email:mailroom~r4~caribou~targhee@fs.fed.us 

Pavette National Forest P.O. Box 1026; 800 West Lakeside Avenue; McCall, ldaho 83638; Phone:(208)634-0700; 

Email:mailroom-r4-payette @fs.fed.us 

Salmon-Challis National Forest RR2, Box 600; Salmon, ldaho 83467; Phone:(208)756-5100; 

Email:mailroom~r4~saImon~challis @fs.fed.us 

Sawtooth National Forest 2647 Kimberly Road East; Twin Falls, ID 83301 -7976; Phone:(208)737-3200; 

Email:mailroom~r4~sawtooth @fs.fed.us 

lntermountain Region National Forests-Nevada 

Humboldt-Toivabe National Forests 1200 Franklin Way; Sparks, NV 89431 ; Phone:(775)331-6444; 

Email:rnailroom~r4~humboldt~toiyabe@fs.fed.u~ 

lntermountain Region National Forests-Utah 

Ashlev National Forest 355 North Vernal Ave.; Vernal, UT 84078 ; Phone:(435)789-1181; 

Email:mailroom~r4~ashley@fs.fed.us 

Dixie National Forest 82 North 100 East; Cedar City, UT 84720-2686; Phone:(435)865-3700; 

Email:mailroom-r4-dixie @fs.fed.us 

Fishlake National Forest 1 15 East 900 North; Richfield, UT 84701 ; Phone:(435)896-9233; 

Email:mailroom~r4~fishlake@fs.fed.us 

Manti-La Sal National Forest 599 West Price River Drive; Price, Utah 84501 ; Phone:(435)637-2817; 

Email:mailroom-r4-manti-lasal @fs.fed.us 

Uinta National Forest 88 West 100 North; Provo, UT 84601 ; Phone:(801)342-5100; 

Email:mailroom~r4~uinta@fs.fed.us 

Wasatch-Cache National Forest 8236 Federal Building; 125 South State Street; Salt Lake City, UT 841 38; 

P hone:(801)524-3900; Email:mailroom~r4~wasatch~cache @ fs.fed.us 

lntermountain Region National Forests -western Wyoming 

Bridger-Teton National Forest Box 1888; 340 N. Cache; Jackson, WY 83001 ; Phone:(307)739-5500; 

Email:mailroom~r4~bridger~teton @f s.fed.us 

54 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69. 2001 
Appendix C 

Bibliography of research and monitoring studies conducted in Forest Service Research 

Natural Areas in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah and western Wyoming. 

Citations are listed alphabetically by author. The name(s) of the RNAs that the report or paper 

refers to follows each citation 

Achuff, P. L.; Roe, L. S. 1992. Botanical survey of the Goat Flat 

proposed Research Natural Area. Unpublished report prepared 

for the Deerlodge National Forest on file at: Montana State 

Library, Natural Resource Information Systems, Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 31 p. plus appendices. GOAT 

FLAT 

Alaback, P. 2000. Aquarius RNAwindthrow succession study. Final 

report. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, 

ID. 19 p. AQUARIUS 

Alaback, P.; Krebs, M.; Rosen, P. 2000. Ecological characteristics 

and natural disturbances in interior rainforests of northern 

Idaho. In: D'Eon, R. G.; Johnson, J.; Ferguson, E. A., eds. Ecosystem Management of Forested Landscapes. Vancouver, British 

Columbia, Canada: UBC Press: 27-37. AQUARIUS 

Andrus, R. E.; Layser, E. F. 1971. Sphagnum riparian Angstr., a 

new record for the western United States. Bryologist. 74(2): 211. 

SMITH CREEK 

Andrus, R. E.; Layser, E. F. 1976. Sphagnum in the northern Rocky 

Mountains. Bryologist. 79(4): 508-5 11. SMITH CREEK 

Apfelbeck, R. In press. Development of biocriteria for wetlands in 

Montana. In: Batzer, D.; Rader, R. B.; Wissinger, S. A., eds. 

Biomonitoring and Management of North America Freshwater 

Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. HOSKINS LAKE; INDIAN 

MEADOWS; LEBEAU; SKULL-ODELL; SWAN RIVER; 

WAGNER BASIN 

Arno, S. F. 1966. Interpreting the timberline: an aid to help park 

naturalists to acquaint visitors with the subalpine-alpine ecotone 

ofwestern North America. Missoula, MT: University ofMontana. 

206 p. Thesis. MEDICINE POINT 

Arno, S. F. 1970. Ecology of alpine larch (Larix lyallii Parl.) in the 

Pacific Northwest. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 264 p. 

Dissertation. CARLTON RIDGE 

Arno, S. F.; Gruell, G. E. 1986. Douglas-fir encroachment into 

mountain grasslands in southwestern Montana. Journal ofRange 

Management. 39(3): 272-276. BERNICE; DRY MOUNTAIN 

how, L. A. 1971. Vascular flora of Red Butte Canyon, Salt Lake 

County, Utah. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. 388 p. 

Thesis. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Bailey, L.; Smith, K.; Weaver, P. 1991. Tailholt riparian inventory, 

October 1991. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Payette National Forest, McCall 

Ranger District, McCall, ID. CIRCLE END CREEK 

Bamberg, S. A.; Major, J. 1968. Ecology of the vegetation and soils 

associated with calcareous parent materials in three alpine 

regions of Montana. Ecological Monographs. 38(2): 127-167. BIG 

SNOWY 

Barrett, S. W. 1993. Fire history of Tenderfoot CreekExperimental 

Forest, Lewis and Clark National Forest. Unpublished report 

prepared by Systems for Environmental Management on file at: 

U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Bozeman, MT. 16 p. ONION PARK 

Bashkin, M. A. 1991. The effect of soil chemistry of two different 

Larix lyallii Parl. stands in west-central Montana. Missoula, MT: 

University of Montana. 18 p. Thesis. CARLTON RIDGE 

Bates, J. W. 1963. The effects ofbeaver on stream flow. Information 

Bulletin No. 63-13. Salt Lake City, UT. Utah State Department 

of Fish and Game. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Bayer, R. J. 1989. A systematic and phytogeographic study of 

Antennaria aromatica and A. densifolia (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in 

the western North American cordillera. Madrono. 36: 248-259. 

GOAT FLAT 

Bayer, R. J. 1989. Patterns of isozyme variation in western North 

American Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). 11. diploid and polyploid species of section Alpinae. American Journal of Botany. 76: 

679-691. GOAT FLAT 

Bernatas, S. 1989. Monitoring recovery processes after natural 

disturbance in Research Natural Areas, Part I-Study Design. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Boise, ID. 3 p. 

MOOSE CREEK PLATEAU 

Bernatas, S. 1989. National Natural Landmark evaluation for 

Rocky Comfort Flat proposed Research Natural Area (Idaho). 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

National Park Service, National Landmark Program, Seattle, 

WA. 22 p. ROCKY COMFORT FLAT 

Betancourt, J. L. 1984. Late Quaternary plant zonation and climate 

in southeastern Utah. Great Basin Naturalist. 44: 1-35. CLIFF 

DWELLERS PASTURE 

Billings, W. D. 1978. Alpine phytogeography across the Great Basin. 

In: Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs #2. Provo, UT: Brigham 

Young University: 105- 118. LINE CREEK PLATEAU 

Bond, H. W. 1979. Nutrient concentration patterns in a stream 

draining a montane ecosystem in Utah. Ecology. 60: 1184-1196. 

RED BUTTE CANYON 

Bradley, S. R. 1971. The altitudinal distribution of mammals of the 

LaSal Mountains, Utah. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 

Thesis. MOUNT PEALE J 

Brewster, W. 1951. Gall wasps producing galls on the scrub oak, 

Quercus gambelii Nutt. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. 

Thesis. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Bursik, R. J. 1990. Floristic and phytogeographic analysis of northwestern Rocky Mountain peatlands, U.S.A. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 37 p. Thesis. BOTTLE LAKE; CHILCOOT PEAK; 

IRON BOG; KANIKSU MARSH; POTHOLES; SMITH 

CREEK; SNEAKFOOT MEADOWS 

Bursik, R. J. 1991. Field survey for Region One Forest Service 

sensitive plant species in the Hammond Analysis Area. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 14 p. TEPEE CREEK 

Bursik, R. J. 1992. Field investigations of sensitive plant taxa 

occurring on the Priest Lake Ranger District, Kaniksu National 

Forest, Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished report 

on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation 

Data Center, Boise, ID. 141 p. plus appendices. BOTTLE LAKE; 

KANIKSU MARSH; POTHOLES; SNOWY TOP 

Bursik, R. J. 1993. Fen vegetation and rare plant population 

monitoring in Cow Creek.Meadows and Smith Creek Research 

Natural Area, Selkirk Mountains, Idaho. Unpublished cooperative challenge cost-share project, Idaho Panhandle National 

Forests and Idaho Conservation Data Center, report on file at: 

Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID. 25 p. SMITH 

CREEK 

Bursik, R. J.; Henderson, D. M. 1995. Valley peatland flora of Idaho. 

Madrono 42(3): 366-395. BOTTLE LAKE; KANIKSU MARSH; 

POTHOLES; THREE PONDS 

Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K. 1995. Ecosystem conservation strategy 

for Idaho Panhandle peatlands. Unpublished challenge costshare project report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and 

Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 28 p. plus appendix. 

BOTTLE LAKE; KANIKSU MARSH; POTHOLES; SMITH 

CREEK; THREE PONDS 

Caicco, S. L. 1983. Alpine vegetation ofthe Cooper Basin area south 

central Idaho. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 99 p. Thesis. 

SMILEY MOUNTAIN 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Caicco, S. L. 1987. Field investigations of selected sensitive plant 

species on the Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished 

report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 44 p. plus appendices. BOTTLE 

LAKE; POTHOLES 

Caicco, S. L. 1987. National Natural Landmark evaluation: Aquarius 

proposed Research Natural Area (Idaho). Unpublished report 

prepared for the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park 

Service, Seattle, WA, on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and 

Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 24 p. plus appendices. AQUARIUS 

Caicco, S. L. 1988. Studies in the genus Carex on the Idaho 

Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho 

Department ofFish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, 

ID. 26 p. plus appendices. POTHOLES 

Campbell, N. P. 1978. Caves of Montana. Bulletin 105. Butte, MT: 

State of Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology; Montana College 

of Mineral Science and Technology. CAVE MOUNTAIN 

Carlson, C. E.; Arno, S. F.; Menakis, J. 1990. Hybrid larch of the 

Carlton Ridge Research Natural Area in western Montana. 

Natural Areas Journal. lO(3): 134-139. CARLTON RIDGE 

Carlson, C. E.; Theroux, L. J. 1993. Cone and seed morphology of 

western larch (Larix occidentalis), alpine larch (Larix lyallii), and 

their hybrids. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 23: 1264- 

1269. CARLTON RIDGE 

Carrara, P. E.; Short, S. K.; Shroba, R. R. 1990. Palynology of 

Holocene peat and lake sediment, Leidy Peak area, Uinta Mountains, Utah. Salt Lake City, UT. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 

POLLEN LAKE 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S. 1994. Significant peatlands of western 

Montana: site descriptions and major features. Unpublished 

report on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, 

Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 41 p. plus maps 

and species lists. SKULL-ODELL; SWAN RIVER 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. BOTTLE m; INDIAN MEADOWS; 

IRON BOG; KANIKSU MARSH; POTHOLES; SAWTOOTH 

VALLEY PEATLANDS; SHEEP MOUNTAIN BOG; 

SHOOFLY MEADOWS; SKULL-ODELL; SMITH CREEK; 

SWAN RIVER 

Clary, W. P.; Beale, D. M. 1983. Pronghorn reactions to winter sheep 

grazing, plant communities, and topography in the Great Basin. 

Journal ofRange Management. 36(6): 749-752. DESERT RANGE 

Clary, W. P.; Holrngren, R. C. 1982. Desert Experimental Range: 

establishment and research contribution. Rangelands. 4(6): 261- 

264. DESERT RANGE 

Clayton, J. L.; Larson, K. N. 1969. Soil, vegetation and hydrologic 

survey of Tailholt and Circle End Creeks. Unpublished report on 

file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Payette 

National Forest, McCall Ranger District, McCall, ID. CIRCLE 

END CREEK 

Conner, K. F. 1988. Anatomical and morphological biomarkers of 

aging in Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva). Logan, 

UT: Utah State University. 127 p. Dissertation. TABLE CLIFF 

Conner, K. F.; Lanner, R. M. 1990. Effects of tree age on secondary 

xylem and phloem anatomy in stems of Great Basin bristlecone 

pine (Pinus longaeva). American Journal of Botany. 77: 1070- 

1077. TABLE CLIFF 

Cooper, S. V. 1975. Forest habitat types of northwestern Wyoming 

and contiguous portions of Montana and Idaho. Pullman, WA. 

Washington State University. 190 p. Dissertation. OBSIDIAN 

SANDS 

Cooper, S. V.; Lesica, P. 1990. Alpine plant communities of the 

Beaverhead, Gravelly and Snowcrest Ranges of southwest Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Dillon, MT. 25 p. 

plus appendices. CAVE MOUNTAIN 

Cooper, S. V.; Lesica, P. 1992. Plant community classification for 

alpine vegetation on Beaverhead National Forest, Montana. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Dillon, 

MT. 80 p. GOAT FLAT 

Cooper, S. V.; Lesica, P.; Page-Dumroese, D. 1997. Plant community 

classification for alpine vegetation on the Beaverhead National 

Forest, Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-362. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 61 p. CAVE MOUNTAIN; GOAT FLAT 

Cottam, W. P.; Evans, F. 1945. A comparative study of grazed and 

ungrazed canyons ofthe Wasatch Range, Utah. Ecology. 26: 171- 

181. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Crawford, R. C. 1980. Ecological investigations and management 

implications of six northern Idaho endemic plants on the proposed endangered and threatened lists. Moscow, ID: University 

of Idaho. 200 p. Thesis. AQUARIUS 

Crumb, S. 1977. Long-term effects of fish stocking on the invertebrate communities of Steep Lake, Idaho. Moscow, ID: University 

of Idaho. 27 p. Thesis. STEEP LAKES 

Daubenmire, R. F. 1981. Subalpine parks associated with snow 

transfer in the mountains of north Idaho and eastern Washington. Northwest Science. 55: 124-135. BALD MOUNTAIN; 

CANYONCREEK 

Davis-Sneck, K. M. 1977. The fire history of Coram Experimental 

Forest. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 134 p. Thesis. 

CORAM 

DeSante, D. F. 1991. An avian biomonitoring program for the 

National Parks and other natural areas to detect large-scale, 

long-term changes in the productivity and survivorship of land 

birds. In: Natural Areas and Yosemite: prospects for the future. 

Yosemite Centennial Symposium Proceedings: National Park 

Service and Natural Areas Association: 285-296. COW SWAN 

RIVER 

DeSante, D. F. 1991. The Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program-second (1992) annual report. The 

Institute for Bird Populations, Point Reyes Station, California. 

In: Bird Populations. 1: 1-28. CORAM; SWAN RIVER 

DeSante, D. F.; Burton, K. M. 1993. The 1992 annual report of 

the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Surivorship (MAPS) 

program on the Flathead National Forest. Point Reyes Station, 

CA: Institute for Bird Populations; 1993 January 8. Unpublished 

report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 7 p. plus tables. 

CORAM; SWAN RIVER 

DeSante, D. F.; Walker, B. L. 1994. The 1993 annual report of the 

Monitoring Avian Productivity and Surivorship (MAPS) program 

on the Flathead National Forest. Point Reyes Station, CA: Institute for Bird Populations; 1994 April 15. Unpublished report on 

file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern 

Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 14 p. plus tables. CORAM; 

SWAN RIVER 

Dina, S. J. 1970. An evaluation of physiological response to water 

stress as a factor influencing the distribution of six woody species 

in Red Butte Canyon, Utah. Salt Lake City, UT: University of 

Utah. 117 p. Dissertation. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Dina, S. J.; Klikoff, L. G. 1973. Carbon dioxide exchange by several 

stream side and scrub oak communities of Red Butte Canyon, 

Utah. American Midland Naturalist. 89: 70-80. RED BUTTE 

CANYON 

Ehleringer, J. R. 1982. Background information for the Red Butte 

Canyon Research Natural Area. Unpublished compilation on file 

at: University of Utah, Department of Biology, Salt Lake City, 

UT. 30+ p. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Ehleringer, J. R. 1988. Changes in leaf characteristics of species 

along elevational gradients in the Wasatch Front, Utah. American Journal of Botany. 75(5): 680-689. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Ehleringer, J. R.; Arnow, L. A.; Amow, T.; McNulty, I. B.; Negus, N. 

1992. Red Butte Canyon Research Natural Area: History, flora, 

geology, climate, and ecology. Great Basin Naturalist. 52(2): 95- 

121. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Elliot, J. C. 1992. Mosses of Skull Creek Meadows patterned fens in 

the Pioneer Range, Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

National Forest, Dillon, MT. 15 p. SKULL-ODELL 

Ellison, L. 1946. Trip to Cliff Lake Bench, June 20, 1946. Unpublished trip report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 20 p. CLIFF LAKE 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Ellison, L. 1954. Trip to Cliff Lake Bench, August 4, 1954. Unpublished trip report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT. 12 p. CLIFF LAKE 

Elzinga, C. 1993. Coram Research Natural Area permanent plot 

monitoring. Unpublished contract completion report on file at: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 

CORAM 

Elzinga, C. 1993. Plant Creek Research Natural Area-permanent 

plot monitoring. Unpublished contract completion report on file 

at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. PLANT CREEK 

Elzinga, C. 1993. Swan River Research Natural Area: permanent 

plot monitoring. Unpublished contract completion report on file 

at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, 

MT. SWAN RIVER 

Elzinga, C. 1996. Onion Park-Permanent monitoring plots, Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest. Internal report: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research 

Station, Research Work Unit: Ecology and Management of 

Northern Rocky Mountain Ecosystems, Bozeman, MT. 214 p. 

ONION PARK 

Elzinga, C. L.; Shearer, R. C. 1997. Vegetation structure in oldgrowth stands in the Coram Research Natural Area in northwestern Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-364. Ogden, UT: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain 

Research Station. 22 p. CORAM 

Evans, F. R. 1936. A comparative study of the vegetation of a grazed 

and ungrazed canyon of the Wasatch Range. Salt Lake City, UT: 

University of Utah. Thesis. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Evenden, A. G.; Joy, J. 1994. Restoration of fire disturbance regime 

and vegetation response-Dry Mountain proposed Research 

Natural Area-study plan. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region 

Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 3 p. DRY MOUNTAIN 

Fertig, W.; Bynurn, M. 1994. Biological report on the proposed Twin 

Lakes Research Natural Area. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Shoshone National 

Forest, Cody, WY. 33 p. plus appendices. LINE CREEK PLATEAU 

Finklin, A. I. 1983. Climate of Priest River Experimental Forest, 

Northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-159. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 53 p. CANYON CREEK 

Foit, F. F., Jr.; Mehringer, P. J., Jr.; Sheppard, J. C. 1993. Age, 

distribution, and stratigraphy of Glacier Peak tephra in eastern 

Washington and western Montana, United States. Canadian 

Journal of Earth Sciences. 30: 535-552. SHEEP MOUNTAIN 

BOG 

Freeman, 0. W. 1925. The origin of Swimming Woman Canyon, 

Big Snowy Mountains, Montana, an example of a pseudocirque 

formed by landslide sapping. Journal of Geology. 33: 75-79. BIG 

SNOWY 

Garton, E. 0.; Pregitzer, K.; Rabe, F. W. 1983. Baseline inventory of 

the terrestrial and aquatic resources of the Bannock Creek 

Research Natural Area. Unpublished report on file at: University 

of Idaho, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, Moscow, ID. 34 p. BANNOCK CREEK 

Geier-Hayes, K. 1992-1994. Establishment and growth of natural 

regeneration on the Lowman Research Natural Area and adjacent managed lands. First, second, and third year progress 

reports. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Boise, ID. LOWMAN 

Goodrich, S. 1986. Vascular plants of the Desert Experimental 

Range, Millard County, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-209. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 72 p. DESERT RANGE 

Graham, R. T. 1980. White pine vigor-a new look. Res. Pap. INT254. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 15 p. 

MONTFORD CREEK 

Groves, C. R. 1994. Effects of timber harvest on small mammals and 

amphibians inhabiting old-growth coniferous forests on the Priest 

Lake Ranger District, Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished preliminary report on file at Idaho Department of Fish 

and Game, Idaho Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 18 p. 

BOTTLE LAKE; TEPEE CREEK 

Habeck, J. R. 1967. Mountain hemlock communities in western 

Montana. Northwest Science. 41(4): 169-177. ULM PEAK 

Habeck, J. R. 1985. Establishment of permanent baseline monitoring plots in Coram Experimental Forest: Man and the Biosphere 

International Reserve, Montana, and Coram Research Natural 

Area. Unpublished contract completion report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 

CORAM 

Habeck, J. R. 1990. Coram Experimental Forest-MAB Research 

Natural Area permanent baseline monitoring plots. Fifth Year 

Report, covering 1985-1990. Unpublished contract completion 

report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 35 p. CORAM 

Habeck, J. R. 1992. Fire ecology of Plant Creek Research Natural 

Area. Unpublished contract (43-84M8-2-0619) completion report 

on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky 

Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. PLANT CREEK 

Habeck, J. R. 1992. Permanent baseline monitoring database, Plant 

Creek Research Natural Area, Missoula Ranger District, Lolo 

National Forest. Unpublished contract completion report on file 

at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. PLANT CREEK 

Habeck, J. R. 1992. Dry Mountain Research Natural Area: vegetation history and fire ecology. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region 

Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 27 p. plus maps and appendices. 

DRY MOUNTAIN 

Habeck, J. R. 1994. Fire History of the Petty Creek Research 

Natural Area. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 

Missoula, MT. 12 p. plus appendices. PETTY CREEK 

Hart, M. M. 1994. Past and present vegetative and wildlife diversity 

in relation to an existing reserve network: a GIs evaluation of the 

Seeley-Swan landscape, northwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: 

University of Montana. 288 p. Thesis. SWAN RIVER 

Hays, M. 1995. Sensitive and rare plant species of the Palouse 

District, Clearwater National Forest. Second Edition. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Clearwater National Forest, Palouse Ranger District, 

Potlatch, ID. 35 p. plus appendices. BULL RUN CREEK 

Hayward, G.; Garton, E. 0. 1983. Terrestrial fauna of Bannock 

Creek Research Natural Area. Part 2. In: Garton, E. 0.; 

Pregitzer, K.; Rabe, F. W., eds. Baseline inventory of the 

terrestrial and aquatic resources ofthe Bannock CreekResearch 

Natural Area. Unpublished report on file at: University of Idaho, 

College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, Moscow, ID. 

27 p. plus appendices. BANNOCK CREEK 

Hejl, S. J. 1992. The importance of landscape patterns to bird 

diversity: a perspective from the Northern Rocky Mountains. 

Northwest Environmental Journal. 8: 119-137. BOTTLE LAKE; 

TEPEE CREEK 

Hejl, S. J.; Paige, C. 1994. A preliminary assessment of birds in 

continuous and fragmented forests of western redcedarlwestern 

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MOUNT HARRISON 

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CLIFF LAKE 

Murray, K. 1995. Report on studies on Sphagnum production at 

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Peterson, D. L. 1954. Reinventory of surface soil and plant characteristics, Morris Watershed. Salt Lake City, UT: University of 

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LAVA BUTTE; LITTLE GRANITE CREEK; MERRIAM 

LAKE BASIN; MILL LAKE; MOUNT HARRISON; PATRICK 

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LAKES; SQUARE MOUNTAIN CREEK; STEEP LAKES; 

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Rabe, F. W.; Elzinga, C.; Breckenridge, R. 1994. Classification of 

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Rabe, F. W.; Saunders, G. W.; Savage, N. L. 1979. Belvidere Lake 

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Rabe, F. W.; Savage, N. L. 1983. Aquatic features of Bannock Creek 

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Rice, P. 2000. Sawmill Creek RNA restoration and exotic weed 

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Shaw, N. 1990. The "Old Boise" or "Renner" exclosures. Unpublished paper on file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

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Sondenaa, A. C.; Henderson, D. M. 1995. The reproductive biology 

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BITTERROOT MOUNTAIN SNOW AVALANCHE 

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Tausch, R. J.; Nowak, R. S. 1997. Site inventory and permanent plot 

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Tobalske, B. W. 1991. Bird populations, logging, and red-naped 

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Service, Boise, ID. MOUNT HARRISON 

Urbanczyk, S. M. 1993. Classification and ordination of alpine plant 

communities, Sheep Mountain, Lemhi County, Idaho. Moscow, 

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Vanderhorst, J. 1993. Survey for Botrychium pardoxum in the 

vicinity of Storm Lake, Deerlodge National Forest. Unpublished 

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RIDGE 

Vickery, R. K., Jr. 1990. Pollination experiments in the Mimulus 

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CREEK EXCLOSURE 

Voth, A. S. 1979. Successional patterns of sagebrush-bunchgrass 

rangeland of the Boise National Forest. Moscow, ID: University 

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Walker, B. L.; DeSante, D. F.; Saracco, J. F. 1995. The 1994 annual 

report of the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship 

(MAPS) program on the Flathead National Forest and Flathead 

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Populations; 1995 March 20. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region 

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SWAN RIVER 

Waser, N. M.; Vickery, R. K., Jr.; Price, M. V. 1982. Patterns of seed 

dispersal and population differentiation in Mimulus guttatus. 

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Weber, B. 1987. Bass Creek butterfly count. Unpublished report on 

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Wellner, C. A.; Boyd, R. J. 1959. Partial cuttings in mature stands 

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Welsh, S. L. 1978. Problems in plant endemism on the Colorado 

Plateau. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 2: 191-195. BULLION 

CANYON; RED CANYON; TABLE CLIFF 

Whitney, R. R. 1951. A comparison of the aquatic invertebrates of 

Red Butte and Emigration Creeks. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. Thesis. RED BUTTE CANYON 

Wiens, J. A. 1973. Pattern and process in grassland bird communities. Ecological Monographs. 43(2): 237-270. CLIFF LAKE 

Wooley, S. B. 1936. Root systems of important range plants of the 

Boise River watershed. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Boise, ID. 12 p. 

ELK CREEK EXCLOSURE 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Appendix D 

Bibliography of research and monitoring studies conducted between 1925 and 2000 in 

Forest Service Research Natural Areas in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah and western 

Wyoming. 

Citations are arranged alphabetically by RNA within state and National Forest. If an RNA is not 

included in this appendix, this indicates that research and monitoring studies from these areas 

are not known 

IDAHO - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - Salmon 

Mountain RNA 

Kipfmueller, K. F. 1999. Climate reconstruction in Salmon Mountain RNA. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, 

Missoula, MT. 3 p. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 

St. Clair, L. L.; Newberry, C. C. 2000. Establishment of a lichen 

biomonitoring program and baseline in the Salmon and Challis 

Forest including Research Natural Areas and the Frank ChurchRiver of No Return Wilderness Area, Idaho Unpublished report 

on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Salmon 

and Challis National Forests, Salmon, ID. 

IDAHO -BOISE NATIONAL FOREST - Bannock Creek RNA 

Garton, E. 0.; Pregitzer, K.; Rabe, F. W. 1983. Baseline inventory of 

the terrestrial and aquatic resources of the Bannock Creek 

Research Natural Area. Unpublished report on file at: University 

of Idaho, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, Moscow, ID. 34 p. 

Hayward, G.; Garton, E. 0. 1983. Terrestrial fauna of Bannock 

Creek Research Natural Area. Part 2. In: Garton, E. 0.; Pregitzer, 

K.; Rabe, F. W., eds. Baseline inventory of the terrestrial and 

aquatic resources of the Bannock Creek Research Natural Area. 

Unpublished report on file at: University of Idaho, College of 

Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, Moscow, ID. 27 p. plus 

appendices. 

Pregitzer, K. 1983. Terrestrial flora of Ba~ock Creek Research 

Natural Area. Part 1. In: Garton, E. 0.; Pregitzer, K.; Rabe, F. W., 

eds. Baseline inventory of the terrestrial and aquatic resources of 

the Bannock Creek Research Natural Area. Unpublished report 

on file at: University of Idaho, College of Forestry, Wildlife and 

Range Sciences, Moscow, ID. 74 p. 

Rabe, F. W.; Savage, N. L. 1983. Aquatic features of Bannock Creek 

RNA. In: Garton, E. 0.; Pregitzer, K.; Rabe, F. W., eds. Baseline 

inventory of the terrestrial and aquatic resources of the Bannock 

Creek Research Natural Area. Unpublished report on file at: 

University of Idaho, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range 

Sciences, Moscow, ID. 28 p. plus appendices. 

Sloan, J. 1994. Historical density and stand structure of an old 

growth forest in the Boise Basin of central Idaho. Unpublished 

report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Boise, ID. 26 p. 

Sloan, J. 1998. Historical density and stand structure of an old 

growth forest in the Boise Basin of central Idaho. In: Pruden, 

T. L.; Brennan, L. A., eds. Fire in ecosystem management: 

shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription. Tall 

Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 20. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 258-266. 

IDAHO - BOISE NATIONAL FOREST - Chilcoot Peak RNA 

Bursik, R. J. 1990. Floristic and phytogeographic analysis ofnorthwestern Rocky Mountain peatlands, U.S.A. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 37 p. Thesis. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring ofwetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

IDAHO - BOISE NATIONAL FOREST - Eggers Creek RNA 

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IDAHO - BOISE NATIONAL FOREST - Elk Creek Exclosure 

RNA 

Holmgren, R. C. 1984. Root systems of important range plants ofthe 

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characteristics of rush skeletonweed in southwestern Idaho. 

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selected introduced and native grasses planted in central Idaho. 

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Falls, ID: 1982 June 22-24; Elko, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-157. 

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paper on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

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Voth, A. S. 1979. Comparisons of some grazed and protected areas 

of the Boise National Forest. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

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Voth, A. S. 1979. Successional patterns of sagebrush-bunchgrass 

rangeland of the Boise National Forest. Moscow, ID: University 

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Wooley, S. B. 1936. Root systems of important range plants of the 

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IDAHO - BOISE NATIONAL FOREST - Emery Creek RNA 

Rust, S. K.; Mancuso, M.; Murphy, C. J. 1999. A vegetation map of 

the Rockin M Ranch Wildlife Conservation Easement, Washington County, Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. 

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IDAHO - BOISE NATIONAL FOREST - Lowman RNA 

Geier-Hayes, K. 1992-1994. Establishment and growth of natural 

regeneration on the Lowman Research Natural Area and adjacent managed lands. First, second, and third year progress 

reports. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Boise, ID. 

IDAHO - BOISE NATIONAL FOREST - Trinity Mountain RNA 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-XXWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - CARIBOU NATIONAL FOREST- Burton Canyon RNA 

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management of pinyon-juniper communities within the Interior 

West. 1997 September 15-18; Provo, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-9. Ogden, 

UT: US. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 411 p. 

IDAHO - CARIBOU NATIONAL FOREST - Gibson Jack 

Creek RNA 

Rust, S. K. 1999. Pinyon-juniper woodland classification and description in Research Natural Areas of southeastern Idaho. In: 

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management of pinyon-juniper communities within the Interior West. 1997 September 15-18; Provo, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-9. 

Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station. 411 p. 

IDAHO - CARIBOU NATIONAL FOREST - Horse Creek RNA 

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IDAHO - CARIBOU NATIONAL FOREST - West Fork Mink 

Creek RNA 

Rust, S. K. 1999. Pinyon-juniper woodland classification and description in Research Natural Areas of southeastern Idaho. In: 

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management of pinyon-juniper communities within the Interior 

West. 1997 September 15-18; Provo, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-9. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 411 p. 

IDAHO - CLEARWATERNATIONALFOREST -Aquarius RNA 

Alaback, P. 2000. Aquarius RNA windthrow succession study. 

Final report. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

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and natural disturbances in interior rainforests of northern 

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Caicco, S. L. 1987. National Natural Landmark evaluation: Aquarius 

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Crawford, R. C. 1980. Ecological investigations and management 

implications of six northern Idaho endemic plants on the proposed endangered and threatened lists. Moscow, ID: University 

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Johnson, F. D. 1968. Disjunct populations of red alder in Idaho. In: 

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Johnson, F. D. 1973. Synopsis of the vegetation of the BeaverIsabella-Butte Creek stretch of the North Fork Clearwater River. 

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Johnson, F. D.; Steele, R. 1978. New plant records for Idaho from 

Pacific coastal refugia. Northwest Science. 52(3): 205-211. 

Johnson, P. J. 1985. A new species of Exomella from Idaho, with 

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Byrrhidae). Coleopterists Bulletin. 39(2): 151-157. 

Johnson, P. J. 1987. Larval taxonomy, biology, and biogeography of 

the genera of North American Byrrhidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 

Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 268 p. Thesis. 

Layser, E. F.; Phillips, H. W. 1972. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link in 

north-central Idaho. Madrono. 21(7): 486. 

Lichthardt, J. J. 1992. Community and population monitoring in 

Aquarius Research Natural Area, Clearwater National Forest. I 

plot establishment and baseline data, 1991. Unpublished report 

on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation 

Data Center, Boise, ID. 12 p. 

Lichthardt, J. J. 1992. Monitoring of sensitive plant populations in 

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second year data. Unpublished challenge cost-share report on file 

at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data 

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Lichthardt, J. J. 1992. Monitoring plan for U.S. Forest Service 

Region 1 sensitive plants in the Steep Creek timber sale area, 

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Lichthardt, J. J. 1995. Aquarius Research Natural Area: implementation plan for management and monitoring. Unpublished cooperative challenge cost-share project report prepared for the 

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Lichthardt, J. J. 1997. Research Natural Areas on the Clearwater 

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Lichthardt, J. J. 1998. Monitoring of rare plant populations on the 

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clustered lady's slipper orchid-Aquarius RNA, Constance's 

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Lichthardt, J. J.; Moseley, R. K. 1994. Ecosystem analysis and 

conservation planning for the Clearwater Refugium, Clearwater 

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disjunct plants of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Moscow, ID: 

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report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 15 p. plus appendices. 

Lorain, C. C.; Moseley, R. K. 1990. Continued field investigations of 

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cost-share report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

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Moseley, R. K. 1988. Rare species and community inventory along 

two potential routes of the Dworshak Access Road through the 

proposed Aquarius Research Natural Area. Unpublished report 

on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation 

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Steele, R. W. 1971. Red alder habitats in Clearwater County, Idaho. 

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IDAHO- CLEARWATERNATIONALFOREST-Bald Mountain 

RNA 

Daubenmire, R. F. 1981. Subalpine parks associated with snow 

transfer in the mountains of north Idaho and eastern Washington. Northwest Science. 55: 124-135. 

IDAHO - CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST - Bull Run 

Creek RNA 

Hays, M. 1995. Sensitive and rare plant species of the Palouse 

District, Clearwater National Forest. Second Edition. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

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IDAHO - CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST - Chateau 

Falls RNA 

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IDAHO - CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST -Dutch Creek 

RNA 

Lichthardt, J. J. 1997. Research Natural Areas on the Clearwater 

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IDAHO - CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST - Fenn 

Mountain pRNA 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST - Four-bit 

Creek RNA 

Lichthardt, J. J. 1997. Research Natural Areas on the Clearwater 

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ID. 9 p. plus appendices. 

IDAHO-CLEARWATERNATIONALFOREST- Grave PeakRNA 

Lichthardt, J. J. 1997. Research Natural Areas on the Clearwater 

National Forest: a survey of aquatic and riparian plant communities. 

Unpublished cooperative challenge cost-share project report prepared for the Clearwater NationalForest on file at: Idaho Department 

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Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST - Lochsa RNA 

Lichthardt, J. J. 1992. Population monitoring of disjunct Pacific 

dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) on the Clearwater and Nez Perce 

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Lichthardt, J. J. 1994. Population monitoring of disjunct Pacific 

dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) on the Clearwater and Nez Perce 

National Forests: three-year Summary. Unpublished challenge 

cost-share report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 11 p. 

Lichthardt, J. J. 1996. Population monitoring of disjunct Pacific 

dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) on the Clearwater National Forest: 

five-year summary. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 7 p. 

Lichthardt, J. J.; Moseley, R. K. 1994. Ecosystem analysis and 

conservation planning for the Clearwater Refugium, Clearwater 

and Nez Perce National Forests. Unpublished cooperative challenge cost-share project report prepared for the Clearwater National Forest on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 40 p. 

Lorain, C. C. 1990. Seed collection and conservation of Cornus 

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Roper, L. A. 1970. Some aspects ofthe synecology of Cornus nuttallii 

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IDAHO - CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST - Sneakfoot 

Meadows RNA 

Bursik, R. J. 1990. Floristic and phytogeographic analysis of northwestern Rocky Mountain peatlands, U.S.A. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 37 p. Thesis. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring of wetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, 

MT. 209 p. 

Rabe, F. W.; Elzinga, C.; Breckenridge, R. 1994. Classification of 

meandering glide and spring stream natural areas in Idaho. 

Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 188-202. 

Savage, N.; Rabe, F. W. 1979. Stream types in Idaho: An approach 

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Stevens, M. L.; Caicco, S. L. 1985. Site survey summary and special 

plant survey for Sneakfoot Meadows proposed Research Natural 

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IDAHO - CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST - Steep Lakes 

RNA 

Crumb, S. 1977. Long-term effects of fish stocking on the invertebrate communities of Steep Lake, Idaho. Moscow, ID: University 

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Lichthardt, J. J. 1997. Research Natural Areas on the Clearwater 

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IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Binarch Creek RNA 

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Idaho wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department 

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appendices. 

IDAHO-IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONALFORESTS -Bottle 

Lake RNA 

Bursik, R. J. 1990. Floristic and phytogeographic analysis of northwestern Rocky Mountain peatlands, U.S.A. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 37 p. Thesis. 

Bursik, R. J. 1992. Field investigations of sensitive plant taxa 

occurring on the Priest Lake Ranger District, Kaniksu National 

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Bursik, R. J.; Henderson, D. M. 1995. Valley peatland flora of Idaho. 

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cost-share project report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish 

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Caicco, S. L. 1987. Field investigations of selected sensitive plant 

species on the Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished 

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Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

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Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

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and amphibians inhabiting old-growth coniferous forests on the 

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Hejl, S. J.; Paige, C. 1994. A preliminary assessment of birds in 

continuous and fragmented forests of western redcedadwestern 

hemlock in Northern Idaho. In: Baumgartner, D. M.; Lotan, J. E.; 

Tonn, J. R., eds. Interior Cedar-Hemlock-White Pine Forests: 

Ecology and Management; 1993 March 2-4; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University: 189-197. 

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rotation-aged Douglas-firlponderosa pine stands in the Northern 

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Idaho wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department 

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Rabe, F. W.; Biggam, R.; Breckenridge, R. M.; Naskal, R. 1986. A 

limnological description of selected peatland lakes in Idaho. 

Journal of the Idaho Academy of Science. 22(2): 63-90. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoringofwetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

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209 p. 

Rabe, R. W.; Chadde, S. W. 1994. Classification of aquatic and 

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Rabe, F. W.; Savage, N. L. 1977. Aquatic natural areas in Idaho. 

Research technical completion report, project A-046-IDA. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, Idaho Water Resources Research 

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IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Canyon Creek RNA 

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Finklin, A. I. 1983. Climate of Priest River Experimental Forest, 

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Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

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Moeur, M. 1990. Spatial patterns of natural regeneration in oldgrowth western hemlock forests, northern Idaho. Northwest 

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Moeur, M. 1991. Spatial variation in conifers regenerating beneath 

old-growth forest canopies. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 310 p. Dissertation. 

Moeur; M. 1992. Baseline demographics of late successional western hemlock/western redcedar stands in northern Idaho Research Natural Areas. Res. Pap. INT-456. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

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Moeur, M. 1993. Characterizing spatial patterns of trees using 

stem-mapped data. Forest Science. 39(4): 756-775. 

Moeur, M. 1994. Spatial models of competition and gap dynamics in 

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Proceedings of a IUFRO conference; 1993 May 18-21; Thessaloniki, 

Greece. University of Greenwich, London, U.K.: 171-184. 

Moeur, M. 1994. Spatial pattern development in old-growth hemlocWcedar forests. In: Baurngartner, D. M.; Lotan, J. E.; TOM, J. 

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Peterson, K. C. 1999. The use of TOPMODEL in a small, forested 

watershed under snowmelt runoff conditions. Pullman, WA: 

Washington State University, College of Engineering and Agriculture. 103 p. Thesis. 

Rabe, F. W.; Catts, D. 1995. Survey of Lower Canyon Creek located 

in the Priest River Experimental Forest, Idaho. Unpublished 

Report on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Moscow, ID. 

Rabe, F. W.; Cazier, L. D. 1993. Survey of three steep gradient 

reference streams in northern Idaho. Unpublished report on file 

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USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69. 2001 
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light environment using image analysis, AutoCAD, and stemmapped tree data. IALE'98: Applications of Landscape Ecology in 

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Silbernagel, J.; Moeur, M. In press. Modeling canopy openness and 

understory gap patterns based on image analysis and mapped 

tree data. Forest Ecology and Management. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Five 

Lakes Butte RNA 

Parr, W.; Rabe, F. W.; Wissmar, R. 1968. Investigations of subalpine 

lakes, Five Lakes Butte, Idaho. Journal of the Idaho Academy of 

Science. 8: 1-6. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research 

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Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

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Rabe, F. W.; Breckenridge, R. M. 1985. Physical and chemical 

factors of glacial lakes in northern Idaho as related to potential 

productivity and natural area selection. Journal of the Idaho 

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IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS -Hunt 

Girl Creek RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1997. Conservation strategy for Northern 

Idaho wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department 

ofFish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 35 p. plus 

appendices. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Kaniksu Marsh RNA 

Bursik, R. J. 1990. Floristic and phytogeographic analysis of northwestern Rocky Mountain peatlands, U.S.A. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 37 p. Thesis. 

Bursik, R. J. 1992. Field investigations of sensitive plant taxa 

occurring on the Priest Lake Ranger District, Kaniksu National 

Forest, Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished report 

on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation 

Data Center, Boise, ID. 141 p. plus appendices. 

Bursik, R. J. ; Henderson, D. M. 1995. Valley peatland flora of Idaho. 

Madrono. 42(3): 366-395. 

Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K. 1995. Ecosystem conservation strategy for Idaho Panhandle peatlands. Unpublished challenge 

cost-share project report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish 

and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 28 p. plus 

appendix. 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1997. Conservation strategy for Northern 

Idaho wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 

35 p. plus appendices. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring ofwetlands in selected areas ofthe Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

Rabe, R. W.; Chadde, S. W. 1994. Classification of aquatic and 

semiaquatic wetland natural areas in Idaho and western Montana. Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 175-187. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Montford Creek RNA 

Graham, R. T. 1980. White pine vigor-a new look. Res. Pap. INT254. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 15 p. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: US. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

Moeur, M. 1990. Spatial patterns of natural regeneration in oldgrowth western hemlock forests, northern Idaho. Northwest 

Environmental Journal. 6: 390-393. 

Moeur, M. 1991. Spatial variation in conifers regenerating beneath 

old-growth forest canopies. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 310 p. Dissertation. 

Moeur, M. 1992. Baseline demographics of late successional western hemlocldwestern redcedar stands in northern Idaho Research Natural Areas. Res. Pap. INT-456. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 16 p. 

Moeur, M. 1993. Characterizing spatial patterns of trees using 

stem-mapped data. Forest Science. 39(4): 756-775. 

Moeur, M. 1994. Spatial models of competition and gap dynamics in 

old-growth Tsuga heterophylla 1 Thujaplicata forests. In: Rennolls, 

K.; Amanitis, L., eds. Stochastic spatial models in forestry. 

Proceedings of a IUFRO conference; 1993 May 18-21; Thessaloniki, 

Greece. University of Greenwich, London, U.K. : 17 1-184. 

Moeur, M. 1994. Spatial pattern development in old-growth hemlocWcedar forests. In: Baumgartner, D. M.; Lotan, J. E.; Tom, J. 

R., eds. Interior Cedar-Hemlock-White Pine Forests: Ecology and 

Management; 1993 March 2-4; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: 

Washington State University: 57-68. 

Moeur, M. 1997. Spatial models of competition and gap dynamics in 

old-growth Tsuga heterophyllalThuja plicata forests. Forest 

Ecology and Management. 94: 175-186. 

Moeur, M.; Silbernagel, J. M. 1999. A3-D bird's-eye view of openings 

in old-growth forest canopies. In: Legacies, landscapes, and 

limits: bridging borders. The Ecological Society of America, 84th 

Annual Meeting, 1999 August 8-12; Spokane, WA: 51. Abstract. 

Silbernagel, J.; Moeur, M. 1998. Simulation of canopy structure and 

light environment using image analysis, AutoCAD, and stemmapped tree data. IALE'98: Applications of Landscape Ecology in 

Natural Resource Management; 1998 March 17-21; East Lansing, MI. International Association of Landscape Architects. 

Poster. 

Silbernagel, J.; Moeur, M. In press. Modeling canopy openness and 

understory gap patterns based on image analysis and mapped 

tree data. Forest Ecology and Management. 

Wellner, C. A.; Boyd, R. J. 1959. Partial cuttings in mature stands 

of the western white pine type. Proceedings; San Francisco, CA. 

Society of American Foresters: 27-32. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS -Pond 

Peak RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for Spokane 

River Basin wetlands. Unpublished report prepared for the 

United States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Potholes RNA 

Bursik, R. J. 1990. Floristic and phytogeographic analysis of northwestern Rocky Mountain peatlands, U.S.A. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 37 p. Thesis. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Bursik, R. J. 1992. Field investigations of sensitive plant taxa 

occurring on the Priest Lake Ranger District, Kaniksu National 

Forest, Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished report 

on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation 

Data Center, Boise, ID. 141 p. plus appendices. 

Bursik, R. J.; Henderson, D. M. 1995. Valley peatland flora of Idaho. 

Madrono 42(3): 366-395. 

Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K. 1995. Ecosystem conservation strategy for Idaho Panhandle peatlands. Unpublished challenge 

cost-share project report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish 

and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, Idaho. 28 p. plus 

appendix. 

Caicco, S. L. 1987. Field investigations of selected sensitive plant 

species on the Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished 

report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 44 p. plus appendices. 

Caicco, S. L. 1988. Studies in the genus Carex on the Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho 

Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, 

ID. 26 p. plus appendices. 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: US. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1997. Conservation strategy for Northern 

Idaho wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department 

ofFishand Game, ConservationData Center, Boise, ID. 35 p. plus 

appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. 1991. Biodiversity of four stream types in northern 

Idaho. University of Idaho, manual for summer session course. 

Unpublished report on file at: University of Idaho, Biological 

Sciences, Moscow, ID. 53 p. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik. R. J. 1990. Natural wetland diversity in Idaho. 

Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. 13 p. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring of wetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

Rabe, F. W.; Elzinga, C.; Breckenridge, R. 1994. Classification of 

meandering glide and spring stream natural areas in Idaho. 

Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 188-202. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Scotchman No. 2 RNA 

Layser, E. F. 1978. Grizzly bear in the southern Selkirk Mountains. 

Northwest Science. 52(2): 77-91. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Smith 

Creek RNA 

Andrus, R. E.; Layser, E. F. 1971. Sphagnum riparian Angstr., a 

new record for the western United States. Bryologist. 74(2): 211. 

Andrus, R. E.; Layser, E. F. 1976. Sphagnum in the northern Rocky 

Mountains. Bryologist. 79(4): 508-511. 

Bursik, R. J. 1990. Floristic and phytogeographic analysis of northwestern Rocky Mountain peatlands, U.S.A. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 37 p. Thesis. 

Bursik, R. J. 1993. Fen vegetation and rare plant population 

monitoring in Cow Creek Meadows and Smith Creek Research 

Natural Area, Selkirk Mountains, Idaho. Unpublished cooperative challenge cost-share project, Idaho Panhandle National 

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Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID. 25 p. 

Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K. 1995. Ecosystem conservation strategy 

for Idaho Panhandle peatlands. Unpublished challenge cost-share 

project report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 28 p. plus appendix. 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

Layser, E. F.; Burke, T. E. 1972. The northern bog lemming 

(Snaptomys borealis) and its unique habitat in northeastern 

Washington. Murrelet. 54(1): 7-8. 

Moseley, R. K. 1989. Field investigations of 16 rare plant taxa 

occurring in wetlands on the Bonners Ferry Ranger District, 

Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished challenge 

cost-share project report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish 

and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 75 p. plus 

appendices. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring ofwetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Snowy Top RNA 

Bursik, R. J. 1992. Field investigations of sensitive plant taxa 

occurring on the Priest Lake Ranger District, Kaniksu National 

Forest, Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished report 

on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation 

Data Center, Boise, ID. 141 p. plus appendices. 

Layser, E. F. 1978. Grizzly bear in the southern Selkirk Mountains. 

Northwest Science. 52(2): 77-91. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Spion 

Kop RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for Spokane 

River Basin wetlands. Unpublished report prepared for the 

United States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

Moseley, R. K.; Bursik, R. J. 1994. Blackcottonwood communities of 

Spion Kop Research Natural Area, Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho. 

Unpublished challenge cost-share project report on file at: Idaho 

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ID. 14 p. plus appendices. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Tepee Creek RNA 

Bursik, R. J. 1991. Field survey for Region One Forest Service 

sensitive plant species in the Hammond Analysis Area. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 14 p. 

Groves, C. R. 1994. Effects of timber harvest on small mammals 

and amphibians inhabiting old-growth coniferous forests on the 

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Hejl, S. J. 1992. The importance of landscape patterns to bird 

diversity: a perspective from the Northern Rocky Mountains. 

Northwest Environmental Journal. 8: 119-137. 

Hejl, S. J.; Paige, C. 1994. A preliminary assessment of birds in 

continuous and fragmented forests of western redcedadwestern hemlock in Northern Idaho. In: Baumgartner, D. M.; 

Lotan, J. E.; Tonn, J. R., eds. Interior Cedar-Hemlock-White 

Pine Forests: Ecology and Management; 1993 March 2-4; 

Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University: 

189-197. 

Hejl, S. J.; Woods, R. E. 1991. Bird assemblages in old-growth and 

rotation-aged Douglas-firlponderosa pine stands in the Northern Rocky Mountains: a preliminary assessment. In: 

Baumgartner, D. M.; Lotan, J. E., eds. Interior Douglas-fir: the 

species and its management. Pullman, WA: Washington State 

University: 93-100. 

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Idaho wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department 

of Fish and Game, ConservationData Center, Boise, ID. 35 p. plus 

appendices. 

Lichthardt, J. J.; Mancuso, M. 1996. Use of Tepee Creek RNA to 

study the effects of forest harvest and road building on population 

viability of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis). Unpublished report 

on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation 

Data Center, Boise, ID. 9 p. plus appendices. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

Moeur, M. 1990. Spatial patterns of natural regeneration in oldgrowth western hemlock forests, northern Idaho. Northwest 

Environmental Journal. 6: 390-393. 

Moeur, M. 1991. Spatial variation in conifers regenerating beneath 

old-growth forest canopies. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 310 p. Dissertation. 

Moeur, M. 1992. Baseline demographics of late successional western hemlocWwestern redcedar stands in northern Idaho Research Natural Areas. Res. Pap. INT-456. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 16 p. 

Moeur, M. 1993. Characterizing spatial patterns of trees using 

stem-mapped data. Forest Science. 39(4): 756-775. 

Moeur, M. 1994. Spatial models of competition and gap dynamics 

in old-growth Tsuga heterophylla l Thuja plicata forests. In: 

Rennolls, K.; Arvanitis, L., eds. Stochastic spatial models in 

forestry. Proceedings of a IUFRO conference; 1993 May 18-21; 

Thessaloniki, Greece. University of Greenwich, London, U.K.: 

171-184. 

Moeur, M. 1994. Spatial pattern development in old-growth hemIocWcedar forests. In: Baumgartner, D. M.; Lotan, J. E.; Tonn, 

J. R., eds. Interior Cedar-Hemlock-White Pine Forests: Ecology 

and Management; 1993 March 2-4; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: 

Washington State University: 57-68. 

Moeur, M. 1997. Spatial models of competition and gap dynamics in 

old-growth Tsuga heterophyllalThuja plicata forests. Forest 

Ecology and Management 94: 175-186. 

Moeur, M.; Silbernagel, J. M. 1999. A3-D bird's-eye view ofopenings 

in old-growth forest canopies. In: Legacies, landscapes, and 

limits: bridging borders. The Ecological Society of America, 84th 

Annual Meeting, 1999 August 8-12; Spokane, WA: 51. Abstract. 

Silbernagel, J.; Moeur, M. 1998. Simulation of canopy structure and 

light environment using image analysis, AutoCAD, and stemmapped tree data. IALE'98: Applications of Landscape Ecology in 

Natural Resource Management; 1998 March 17-21; East Lansing, MI. International Association of Landscape Architects. 

Poster. 

Silbernagel, J.; Moeur, M. In press. Modeling canopy openness and 

understory gap patterns based on image analysis and mapped 

tree data. Forest Ecology and Management. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Theriault Lake RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for Spokane 

River Basin wetlands. Unpublished report prepared for the 

United States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 

IDAHO -IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS -Three 

Ponds RNA 

Bursik, R. J.; Henderson, D. M. 1995. Valley peatland flora of Idaho. 

Madrono 42(3): 366-395. 

Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K. 1995. Ecosystem conservation strategy for Idaho Panhandle peatlands. Unpublished challenge 

cost-share project report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish 

and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, Idaho. 28 p. plus 

appendix. 

Moseley, R. K. 1989. Field investigations of 16 rare plant taxa 

occurring in wetlands on the Bonners Ferry Ranger District, Idaho 

Panhandle National Forests. Unpublished challenge cost-share 

project report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 75 p. plus appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparationl. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Upper Fishhook RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for Spokane 

River Basin wetlands. Unpublished report prepared for the 

United States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Upper Priest River pRNA 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring ofwetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

Rabe, R. W.; Chadde, S. W. 1994. Classification of aquatic and 

semiaquatic wetland natural areas in Idaho and western Montana. Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 175-187. 

IDAHO - IDAHO PANHANDLE NATIONAL FORESTS - Upper Shoshone Creek RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for Spokane 

River Basin wetlands. Unpublished report prepared for the 

United States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

Moseley, R. K. 1993. Floristic inventory of subalpine parks in the 

Coeur d'Alene River drainage, northern Idaho. Unpublished 

report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 45 p. plus appendices. 

Moseley, R. K. 1996. Vascular flora of subalpine parks in the 

Coeur D'Alene River Drainage, Northern Idaho. Madrono. 

43(4): 479-492. 

Rabe, F. W.; Cazier, L. D. 1993. Survey of three steep gradient 

reference streams in northern Idaho. Unpublished report on file 

at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forestry 

Sciences Laboratory, Moscow, ID. 

IDAHO - NEZ PERCE NATIONAL FOREST -Fish Lake RNA 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparationl. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
IDAHO - NEZ PERCE NATIONAL FOREST - Little Granite 

Creek RNA 

Moseley, R. K. 1987. National Natural Landmark evaluation. Little 

Granite Creek (Idaho). Unpublished report on file at: Idaho 

Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, 

ID. 23 p. plus appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - NEZ PERCE NATIONAL FOREST - O'Hara Creek 

RNA 

Lichthardt, J. J.; Moseley, R. K. 1994. Ecosystem analysis and 

conservation planning for the Clearwater Refugium, Clearwater 

and Nez Perce National Forests. Unpublished cooperative challenge cost-share project report prepared for the Clearwater National Forest on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 40 p. 

Lorain, C. C. 1989. Field investigation of Festuca subulifora 

(crinkle-awn fescue), a Region 1 Sensitive Species on the Nez 

Perce and Clearwater National Forests. Unpublished challenge 

cost-share report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 8 p. plus appendices. 

IDAHO - NEZ PERCE NATIONAL FOREST - Square 

Mountain Creek RNA 

Moseley, R. K. 1989. Field investigations ofAllium validum (tall 

swamp onion) and Douglasia idahoensis (Idaho douglasia), 

Region 1 Sensitive Species on the Nez Perce National Forest. 

Unpublished challenge cost-share report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 

16 p. plus appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

Sondenaa, A. C.; Henderson, D. M. 1995?. The reproductive biology 

of Douglasia idahoensis (Primulaceae) on the Nez Perce National 

Forest, second year report. Unpublished report prepared by the 

University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences on file at: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Nez Perce National Forest, Grangeville, ID. 

IDAHO-NEZ PERCE NATIONALFOREST-Upper Newsome 

Creek RNA 

Hershey, T. J. 1974. Big game and cattle numbers, distribution 

and cover use in relation to logging, roads, and disturbances in 

the Newsome Creek drainage of north-central Idaho. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Kamiah, ID. 

Layser, E. F.; Sayre, T.; Garner, R. 1975. Haysfork salvage sale 

environmental analysis report. Elk City Ranger District, Nez 

Perce National Forest. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Nez Perce National 

Forest. 124 p. 

Lindland, R. L. 1975. Anadromous fishery concerns related to 

Newsome Creek. Proj. No. F-49-R-13. Unpublished report on file 

at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID. 

IDAHO - PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST - Belvidere Creek 

RNA 

Rabe, F. W. 1984. Selection of high mountain lakes as natural areas. 

Natural Areas Journal. 4( 1): 24-29. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

Rabe, F. W.; Saunders, G. W.; Savage, N. L. 1979. Belvidere Lake 

Study. Unpublished report on file at: University of Idaho, Biological Sciences Department, Moscow, ID. 

IDAHO - PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST - Bruin Mountain 

RNA 

Moseley, R. K. 1996. Effects of the 1994 Blackwell and Corral fires 

on populations of the rare endemic, Saxifraga bryophora var. 

tobiasiae, Payette National Forest. Unpublished report on file at: 

Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, 

Boise, ID. 7 p. 

IDAHO - PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST - Circle End Creek 

RNA 

Bailey, L.; Smith, K.; Weaver, P. 1991. Tailholt riparian inventory, 

October 1991. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Payette National Forest, McCall 

Ranger District, McCall, ID. 

Clayton, J. L.; Larson, K. N. 1969. Soil, vegetation and hydrologic 

survey of Tailholt and Circle End Creeks. Unpublished report 

on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Payette National Forest, McCall Ranger District, McCall, ID. 

IDAHO - PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST - Cuddy Mountain 

RNA 

Rust, S. K.; Mancuso, M.; Murphy, C. J. 1999. A vegetation map of 

the Rockin M Ranch Wildlife Conservation Easement, Washington County, Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Boise 

District, Cascade Resource Area on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 

IDAHO - PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST - Lava Butte RNA 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparationl. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring ofwetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

Rabe, R. W.; Chadde, S. W. 1994. Classification of aquatic and semiaquatic wetland natural areas in Idaho and western Montana. 

Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 175-187. 

IDAHO - PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST - Lost Basin 

Grassland RNA 

Rust, S. K.; Mancuso, M.; Murphy, C. J. 1999. A vegetation map of 

the Rockin M Ranch Wildlife Conservation Easement, Washington County, Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Boise 

District, Cascade Resource Area on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 

IDAHO - PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST - Patrick Butte 

pRNA 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparationl. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST - Pony Meadows 

RNA 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparationl. High Mountain Lake Research 

Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. 

Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring ofwetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

Rabe, F. W.; Chadde, S. W. 1994. Cla~s~cation of aquatic and 

semiaquatic wetland natural areas in Idaho and western Montana. Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 175-187. 

IDAHO - PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST - Rocky Comfort 

Flat RNA 

Bernatas, S. 1989. National Natural Landmark evaluation for 

Rocky Comfort Flat proposed Research Natural Area (Idaho). 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

National Park Service, National Landmark Program, Seattle, 

WA. 22 p. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Moseley, R. K. 1990. Vegetation map of the proposed Rocky Comfort 

Flat Research Natural Area, Payette National Forest. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 13 p. plus appendices. 

Rosentreter, R.; McCune, B. 1992. Vagrant derrnatocarpon in western North America. The Bryologist. 95(1): 15-19. 

Rust, S. K.; Mancuso, M.; Murphy, C. J. 1999. A vegetation map of 

the Rockin M Ranch Wildlife Conservation Easement, Washington County, Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Boise 

District, Cascade Resource Area on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Bear 

Valley Creek RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for wetlands in 

east-central Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the United 

States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Cache 

Creek Lakes RNA 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Dome 

Lake RNA 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Iron 

Bog RNA 

Bursik, R. J. 1990. Floristic and phytogeographic analysis of northwestern Rocky Mountain peatlands, U.S.A. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 37 p. Thesis. 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for wetlands in 

east-central Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the United 

States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring ofwetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

Rabe, R. W.; Chadde, S. W. 1994. Classification of aquatic and 

semiaquatic wetland natural areas in Idaho and western Montana. Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 175-187. 

St. Clair, L. L.; Newberry, C. C. 2000. Establishment of a lichen 

biomonitoring program and baseline in the Salmon and Challis 

Forest including Research Natural Areas and the Frank ChurchRiver of No Return Wilderness Area, Idaho Unpublished report 

on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Salmon 

and Challis National Forests, Salmon, ID. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Kenney 

Creek RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for wetlands in 

east-central Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the United 

States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Merriam 

Lake Basin RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for wetlands in 

east-central Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the United 

States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

Moseley, R. K. 1995. Report on the conservation status of Cymopterus 

douglassii. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 25 p. plus appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Middle 

Canyon RNA 

St. Clair, L. L.; Newberry, C. C. 2000. Establishment of a lichen 

biomonitoring program and baseline in the Salmon and Challis 

Forest including Research Natural Areas and the Frank ChurchRiver of No Return Wilderness Area, Idaho Unpublished report 

on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Salmon 

and Challis National Forests, Salmon, ID. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Mill 

Lake RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for wetlands in 

east-central Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the United 

States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-XXWWW. Ogden, 

UT: US. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

St. Clair, L. L.; Newberry, C. C. 2000. Establishment of a lichen 

biomonitoring program and baseline in the Salmon and Challis 

Forest including Research Natural Areas and the Frank ChurchRiver of No Return Wilderness Area, Idaho Unpublished report 

on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Salmon 

and Challis National Forests, Salmon, ID. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Sheep 

Mountain RNA 

Moseley, R. K. 1995. Report on the conservation status of Cymopterus douglasii. Unpublished report prepared for Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 25 p. plus 

appendices. 

Urbanczyk, S. M. 1993. Classification and ordination of alpine plant 

communities, Sheep Mountain, Lemhi County, Idaho. Moscow, 

ID: University of Idaho. Thesis. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Smiley 

Mountain RNA 

Caicco, S. L. 1983. Alpine vegetation of the Cooper Basin area south 

central Idaho. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 99 p. Thesis. 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for wetlands 

in east-central Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the 

United States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 

26 p. plus appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-XXWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

St. Clair, L. L.; Newberry, C. C. 2000. Establishment of a lichen 

biomonitoring program and baseline in the Salmon and Challis 

Forest including Research Natural Areas and the Frank ChurchRiver of No Return Wilderness Area, Idaho Unpublished report 

on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Salmon 

and Challis National Forests, Salmon, ID. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Soldier 

Lakes RNA 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparationl. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

St. Clair, L. L.; Newberry, C. C. 2000. Establishment of a lichen 

biomonitoring program and baseline in the Salmon and Challis 

Forest including Research Natural Areas and the Frank ChurchRiver of No Return Wilderness Area, Idaho Unpublished report 

on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Salmon 

and Challis National Forests, Salmon, ID. 

IDAHO - SALMON-CHALLIS NATIONAL FOREST - Surprise Valley RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for wetlands in 

east-central Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the United 

States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparationl. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 

St. Clair, L. L.; Newberry, C. C. 2000. Establishment of a lichen 

biomonitoring program and baseline in the Salmon and Challis 

Forest including Research Natural Areas and the Frank ChurchRiver of No Return Wilderness Area, Idaho Unpublished report 

on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Salmon 

and Challis National Forests, Salmon, ID. 

IDAHO - SAWTOOTH NATIONAL FOREST - Basin Gulch 

RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1997. Conservation strategy for Big Wood 

River Basin wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho 

Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, 

ID. 32 p. plus appendices. 

IDAHO -SAWTOOTH NATIONAL FOREST- Mount Harrison 

RNA 

Holmgren, N. H. 1973. Five new species of Castilleja (Scrophulariaceae) from the Intermountain region. Bulletin of the Torrey 

Botanical Club. 100(2): 83-93. 

Moseley R. K. 1996. Christ's Indian paintbrush (Castilleja christii) 

monitoring on the Sawtooth National Forest: Transect establishment and baseline data. Unpublished challenge cost-share report 

on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation 

Data Center, Boise, ID. 8 p. plus appendices. 

Moseley, R. K. 1998. Christ's paintbrushmonitoringon the Sawtooth 

National Forest: third-year results. Unpublished challenge costshare report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 

Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 10 p. plus appendices. 

Packard, P. L. 1979. Status report for Castilleja christii. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service, Boise, ID. 5 p. 

Rabe, F. W. [In preparation]. High Mountain Lake Research Natural Areas in Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-xxWWW. Ogden, 

UT: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Conservation agreement: 

Castilleja christiilchrist's Indian paintbrush. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Boise, ID. 

IDAHO - SAWTOOTH NATIONAL FOREST - Pole Creek 

Exclosure RNA 

Snook, E. N. 1995. Geomorphic changes in small northern Rocky 

Mountain streams after domestic livestock exclusion. Laramie, 

WY: University of Wyoming. 87 p. Thesis. 

IDAHO - SAWTOOTH NATIONAL FOREST - Sawtooth 

Valley Peatlands RNA 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

Moseley, R. K.; Bursik, R. J.; Rabe, F. W.; Cazier, L. D. 1994. 

Peatlands of the Sawtooth Valley, Custer and Blaine Counties, 

Idaho. Unpublished challenge cost-share report on file at: Idaho 

Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, 

ID. 64 p. plus appendices. 

IDAHO - SAWTOOTH NATIONAL FOREST -Trapper Creek 

RNA 

Rust, S. K. 1999. Pinyon-juniper woodland cla~s~cation ad description in Research Natural Areas of southeastern Idaho. In: 

Monsen, S. B.; Stevens, R., comps. Proceedings: ecology and 

management of pinyon-juniper communities within the Interior 

West. 1997 September 15-18; Provo, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-9. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Research Station. 411 p. 

IDAHO - TARGHEE NATIONAL FOREST - Burns Canyon 

RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1997. Conservation strategy for southeastern 

Idaho wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department 

ofFish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 35 p. plus 

appendices. 

Layser, E. F. 1994. Integrated riparian surveys, level I1 vegetation. 

Big Burns Creek, Palisades Ranger District, Targhee National 

Forest. Unpublished contract #43-0252-3-0113 completion report 

on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Targhee 

National Forest, Palisades Ranger District, Idaho Falls, ID. 

IDAHO - TARGHEE NATIONAL FOREST - Meadow Canyon 

RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1999. Conservation strategy for wetlands in 

east-central Idaho. Unpublished report prepared for the United 

States Environmental Protection Agency through Section 

104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act on file at: Idaho Department of 

Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 26 p. plus 

appendices. 

IDAHO - TARGHEE NATIONAL FOREST - Moose Creek 

Plateau RNA 

Bernatas, S. 1989. Monitoring recovery processes after natural 

disturbance in Research Natural Areas, Part I-Study Design. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Boise, ID. 3 p. 

IDAHO - TARGHEE NATIONAL FOREST - Targhee Creek 

RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1996. Conservation strategy for Henrys 

Fork Basin Wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho 

Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, 

Boise, ID. 30 p. plus appendices. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring ofwetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: US. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

IDAHO - TARGHEE NATIONAL FOREST - Thurmon Creek 

RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1996. Conservation strategy for Henrys 

Fork Basin Wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho 

Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, 

Boise, ID. 30 p. plus appendices. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring ofwetlands in selected areas ofthe Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 

209 p. 

Rabe, F. W.; Elzinga, C.; Breckenridge, R. 1994. Classification of 

meandering glide and spring stream natural areas in Idaho. 

Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 188-202. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 73 
IDAHO - TARGHEE NATIONAL FOREST - Willow Creek 

RNA 

Jankovsky-Jones, M. 1997. Conservation strategy for Big Wood 

River Basin wetlands. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho 

Department ofFish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, 

ID. 32 p. plus appendices. 

MONTANA - BEAVERHEAD-DEERLODGE NATIONAL 

FOREST - Bernice RNA 

Arno, S. F.; Gruell, G. E. 1986. Douglas-fir encroachment into 

mountain grasslands in southwesternMontana. Journal ofRange 

Management. 39 (3): 272-276. 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

MONTANA - BEAVERHEAD-DEERLODGE NATIONAL 

FOREST - Cave Mountain RNA 

Campbell, N. P. 1978. Caves of Montana. Bulletin 105. Butte, MT: 

State of Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology; Montana College 

of Mineral Science and Technology. 

Cooper, S. V.; Lesica, P. 1990. Alpine plant communities of the 

Beaverhead, Gravelly and Snowcrest Ranges of southwest Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Dillon, MT. 25 p. 

plus appendices. 

Cooper, S. V.; Lesica, P.; Page-Dumroese, D. 1997. Plant community 

classification for alpine vegetation on the Beaverhead National 

Forest, Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-362. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 61 p. 

Lesica, P.; Garde, A. 1991. Vegetation and flora of Cave Mountain 

Research Natural Area, Madison County, Montana. Unpublished 

report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Dillon, MT. 11 p. 

MONTANA - BEAVERHEAD-DEERLODGE NATIONAL 

FOREST - Cliff Lake RNA 

Ellison, L. 1946. Trip to Cliff Lake Bench, June 20, 1946. Unpublished trip report on file at: US. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 20 p. 

Ellison, L. 1954. Trip to Cliff Lake Bench, August 4, 1954. Unpublished trip report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT. 12 p. 

Laycock, W. A.; Mueggler, W. F. 1965. Trip to Cliff Lake Bench and 

Cliff Lake Natural Area, July 16, 1965. Unpublished trip report 

on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky 

Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Missoula, MT. 19 p. 

Mueggler, W. F. 1988. Cliff Lake Research Natural Area: installation of nested-frequency vegetation sample plots on the grasslandlshrubland types. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research 

Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 22 p. plus 

appendices. 

Mueggler, W. F. 1988. Cliff Lake Research Natural Area: report on 

1988 examination and sampling of grasslandkhrubland types. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 30 p. plus appendices. 

Mueggler, W. F. 1992. Cliff Lake Bench Research Natural Area: 

problems encountered in monitoring vegetation change on 

mountain grasslands. Res. Pap. INT-454. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain 

Research Station. 13 p. 

Mueggler, W. F.; Stewart, W. L. 1980. Grassland and shrubland 

habitat types of western Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-66. 

Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 154 p. 

Peterson, R. A. 1953. CliffLake Natural Area. Proceedings Montana 

Academy of Science. 13: 29-33. 

Wiens, J. A. 1973. Pattern and process in grassland bird communities. Ecological Monographs. 43(2): 237-270. 

MONTANA - BEAVERHEAD-DEERLODGE NATIONAL 

FOREST - Dry Mountain RNA 

Arno, S. F.; Gruell G. E. 1986. Douglas-fir encroachment into 

mountain grasslands in southwestern Montana. Journal ofRange 

Management. 39(3): 272-276. 

Evenden, A. G.; Joy, J. 1994. Restoration of fire disturbance regime 

and vegetation response-Dry Mountain proposed Research 

Natural Area-study plan. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region 

Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 3 p. 

Habeck, J. R. 1992. Dry Mountain Research Natural Area: vegetation history and fire ecology. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region 

Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 27 p. plus maps and appendices. 

MONTANA - BEAVERHEAD-DEERLODGE NATIONAL 

FOREST - Goat Flat pRNA 

Achuff, P. L.; Roe, L. S. 1992. Botanical survey of the Goat Flat 

proposed Research Natural Area. Unpublished report prepared 

for the Deerlodge National Forest on file at: Montana State 

Library, Natural Resource Information Systems, Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 31 p. plus appendices. 

Bayer, R. J. 1989. A systematic and phytogeographic study of 

Antennaria arornatica and A. densifolia (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in 

the western North American cordillera. Madrono. 36: 248-259. 

Bayer, R. J. 1989. Patterns of isozyme variation in western North 

American Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). 11. diploid and polyploid species of section Alpinae. American Journal of Botany. 76: 

679-691. 

Cooper, S. V.; Lesica, P. 1992. Plant community classification for 

alpine vegetation on Beaverhead National Forest, Montana. 

Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Dillon, 

MT. 80 p. 

Cooper, S. V.; Lesica, P.; Page-Dumroese, D. 1997. Plant community 

classification for alpine vegetation on the Beaverhead National 

Forest, Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-362. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 61 p. 

MONTANA - BEAVERHEAD-DEERLODGE NATIONAL 

FOREST - Skull-Odell RNA 

Apfelbeck, R. In press. Development of biocriteria for wetlands in 

Montana. In: Batzer, D.; Rader, R. B.; Wissinger, S. A., eds. 

Biomonitoring and Management of North America Freshwater 

Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S. 1994. Significant peatlands ofwestern 

Montana: Site descriptions and major features. Unpublished 

report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 30 p. plus maps 

and species lists. 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

Elliot, J. C. 1992. Mosses of Skull Creek Meadows patterned fens in 

the Pioneer Range, Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Beaverhead-Deerlodge 

National Forest, Dillon, MT. 15 p. 

MONTANA - BEAVERHEAD-DEERLODGE NATIONAL 

FOREST - Windy Ridge RNA 

Vanderhorst, J. 1993. Survey for Botrychium pardoxum in the 

vicinity of Storm Lake, Deerlodge National Forest. Unpublished 

report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on file at: 

Montana State Library, Natural Resource Information Systems, 

Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 45 p. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69. 2001 
MONTANA - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - Bass 

Creek pRNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic 

system functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic 

representation goals within Research Natural Areas ofwestern 

Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

McCune, B.; Allen, T. F. H. 1985. Forest dynamics in the Bitterroot 

Canyons, Montana. Canadian Journal of Botany. 63: 377-383. 

Weber, B. 1987. Bass Creek butterfly count. Unpublished report on 

file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern 

Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 4 p. 

MONTANA - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - Boulder 

Creek RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

MONTANA - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - Bitterroot Mountain Snow Avalanche RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Stauffer, J. M. 1976. Ecology and floristics of Ohio slide and other 

avalanche tracks in Lost Horse Canyon, Bitterroot Mountains, 

Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 146 p. Thesis. 

MONTANA - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - Bitterroot River RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

MONTANA - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - East 

Fork Bitterroot pRNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

MONTANA - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - Lower 

Lost Horse Canyon RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of ponderosa pine in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

MONTANA - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - Medicine Point pRNA 

Arno, S. F. 1966. Interpreting the timberline: an aid to help park 

naturalists to acquaint visitors with the subalpine-alpine ecotone 

of western North America. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 

206 p. Thesis. 

MONTANA - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - Sawmill 

Creek RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Johnson, J. L.; Stewart, C. 1998. Sawmill Creek Natural Area 

Management Plan. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bitterroot National Forest, Stevensville 

Ranger District, Stevensville, MT. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of ponderosa pine in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: US. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

Rice, P. 2000. Sawmill Creek RNA restoration and exotic weed 

suppression executive summary. Unpublished contract completion report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Bitterroot National Forest, Stevensville Ranger District. 

2 P. 

Sikkink, P. G. 1997. Ecological characterization and restoration 

alternatives for Sawmill Creek Research Natural Area, Bitterroot National Forest, MT. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 

146 p. Thesis. 

MONTANA - BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST - Upper 

Lost Horse Canyon RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

MONTANA - CUSTER NATIONAL FOREST - Line Creek 

Plateau pRNA 

Billings, W. D. 1978. Alpine phytogeography across the Great Basin. 

In: Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs #2. Provo, UT: Brigham 

Young University: 105-118. 

Fertig, W.; Bynum, M. 1994. Biological report on the proposed Twin 

Lakes Research Natural Area. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Shoshone National 

Forest, Cody, WY. 33 p. plus appendices. 

Johnson, P. L. 1962. The occurrence of new arctic-alpine species in 

the Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming-Montana. Madrono. 16(7): 

229-233. 

Johnson, P. L.; Billings, W. D. 1962. The alpine vegetation of the 

Beartooth Plateau in relation to cryopedogenic processes and 

patterns. Ecological Monographs. 32(2): 105-135. 

LaPoint, H. 1992. Archaeological survey and site predictive model 

for the Line Creek Plateau. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Custer National Forest, Billings, MT. 

Lesica, P. 1991. The importance of the Line Creek Plateau in 

protecting biological diversity in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Unpublished report on file at: The Nature Conservancy, 

Montana Field Office, Helena, MT. 25 p. 

Lesica, P. 1993. Vegetation and flora ofthe Line Creek Plateau area, 

Carbon County, Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region 

Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 30 p. 

Nimlos, T. J.; McConnell, R. C. 1962. The morphology of alpine soils 

in Montana. Northwest Science. 36: 99-112. 

MONTANA - CUSTER NATIONAL FOREST - Lost Water 

Canyon RNA 

Lesica, P. 1992. Monitoring populations of Shoshonea pulvinata in 

the Pryor and Beartooth Mountains, Carbon County, Montana. 

Unpublished report on file at: Montana State Library, Natural 

Resource Information Systems, Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 11 p. plus tables. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Lesica, P. 1993. Monitoring populations of Shoshonea pulvinata in 

the Pryor and Beartooth Mountains, Carbon County, Montana: 

1991-1993 baseline report. Unpublished report prepared for the 

Bureau of Land Management on file at: Montana State Library, 

Natural Resource Information Systems, Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 

Lesica, P.; Shelly, J. S. 1988. Report on the conservation status of 

Shoshonea puluinata, a candidate threatened species. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on 

file at: Montana State Library, Natural Resource Information 

Systems, Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 41 p. 

South, P. 1980. Pryor Mountain ecosystems. Unpublished report on 

file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Custer 

National Forest, Billings, MT. 54 p. plus maps. 

MONTANA - CUSTER NATIONAL FOREST - Poker Jim 

RNA 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of ponderosa pine in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: US. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

MONTANA - FLATHEAD NATIONAL FOREST - Coram 

RNA 

Davis-Sneck, K. M. 1977. The fire history of Coram Experimental 

Forest. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 134 p. Thesis. 

DeSante, D. F. 1991. An avian biomonitoring program for the 

National Parks and other natural areas to detect large-scale, 

long-term changes in the productivity and survivorship of land 

birds. In: Natural Areas and Yosemite: prospects for the future. 

Yosemite Centennial Symposium Proceedings: National Park 

Service and Natural Areas Association: 285-296. 

DeSante, D. F. 1991. The Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program-second (1992) annual report. The 

Institute for Bird Populations, Point Reyes Station, California. 

In: Bird Populations. 1: 1-28. 

DeSante, D. F.; Burton, K. M. 1993. The 1992 annual report of the 

Monitoring Avian Productivity and Surivorship (MAPS) program 

on the Flathead National Forest. Point Reyes Station, CA: Institute for Bird Populations; 1993 January 8. Unpublished report on 

file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Northern 

Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 7 p. plus tables. 

DeSante, D. F.; Walker, B. L. 1994. The 1993 annual report of the 

Monitoring Avian Productivity and Surivorship (MAPS) program 

on the Flathead National Forest. Point Reyes Station, CA: Institute for Bird Populations; 1994 April 15. Unpublished report on 

file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern 

Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 14 p. plus tables 

Elzinga, C. 1993. Coram Research Natural Area permanent plot 

monitoring. Unpublished contract completion report on file at: 

U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 

Elzinga, C. L.; Shearer, R. C. 1997. Vegetation structure in oldgrowth stands in the Coram Research Natural Area innorthwestern Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-364. Ogden, UT: US. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 22 p. 

Habeck, J. R. 1985. Establishment of permanent baseline monitoring plots in Coram Experimental Forest: Man and the Biosphere 

International Reserve, Montana, and Coram Research Natural 

Area. Unpublished contract completion report on file at: US. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 

Habeck, J. R. 1990. Coram Experimental Forest-MAB Research 

Natural Area permanent baseline monitoring plots. Fifth Year 

Report, covering 1985-1990. Unpublished contract completion 

report on file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 35 p. 

Hungerford, R. D.; Schlieter, J. A. 1984. Weather summaries for 

Coram Experimental Forest, northwestern Montana-an international biosphere reserve. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-160. Ogden, UT: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain 

Research Station. 34 p. 

Lanner, R. M. 1995. The role of epicormic branches in the life 

history of western larch (Larix occidentalis). In: Schmidt, W.C.; 

McDonald, K., comps. Proceedings-International symposium 

on ecology and management of Larix forests: a look ahead; 1992 

October 5-9; Whitefish, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR- 319. 

Ogden, UT: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Intermountain Research Station: 323-325. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

Shearer, R. C.; Kempf, M. M. 1999. Coram Experimental Forest: 

50 years of research in a western larch forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. 

RMRS-GTR-37. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 66 p. 

Tobalske, B. W. 1991. Bird populations, logging, and red-naped 

sapsucker habitat suitability based on fledging success. 

Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 62 p. Thesis. 

Tobalske, B. W.; Hutto, R. L.; Shearer, R. C. 1990. The effects of 

timber harvesting on the reproductive success of red-naped 

sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus nuchalis): planned research. Northwest Environmental Journal. 6: 398-399. 

Tobalske, B. W.; Shearer, R. C.; Hutto, R. L. 1991. Bird populations 

in logged and unlogged western larch/Douglas-fir forest in northwestern Montana. Res. Pap. INT-442. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research 

Station. 12 p. 

Walker, B. L.; DeSante, D. F.; Saracco, J. F. 1995. The 1994 annual 

report of the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship 

(MAPS) program on the Flathead National Forest and Flathead 

Indian Reservation. Point Reyes Station, CA: Institute for Bird 

Populations; 1995 March 20. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region 

Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 19 p. plus tables. 

MONTANA - FLATHEAD NATIONAL FOREST - East 

Shore RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16,1999, Tucson, AZ. 

MONTANA - FLATHEAD NATIONAL FOREST - LeBeau 

RNA 

Apfelbeck, R. In press. Development of biocriteria for wetlands in 

Montana. In: Batzer, D.; Rader, R. B.; Wissinger, S. A., eds. 

Biomonitoring and Management of North America Freshwater 

Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Rabe, F. W.; Chadde, S. W. 1995. Aquatic features of Research 

Natural Areas on the Kootenai and Flathead National Forests, 

Montana. Unpublished report on file at: US. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, 

Missoula, MT. 66 p. plus appendices. 

MONTANA - FLATHEAD NATIONAL FOREST - Little 

Bitterroot RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic 

system functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic 

representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western 

Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

MONTANA - FLATHEAD NATIONAL FOREST - Swan 

River RNA 

Apfelbeck, R. In press. Development of biocriteria for wetlands in 

Montana. In: Batzer, D.; Rader, R. B.; Wissinger, S. A., eds. 

Biomonitoring and Management of North America Freshwater 

Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S. 1994. Significant peatlands of western 

Montana: site descriptions and major features. Unpublished 

report on file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 41 p. plus maps 

and species lists. 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J. ; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M:; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: US. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

IeSante, D. F. 1991. An avian biomonitoring program for the 

National Parks and other natural areas to detect large-scale, 

long-term changes in the productivity and survivorship of land 

birds. In: Natural Areas and Yosernite: prospects for the future. 

Yosemite Centennial Symposium Proceedings: National Park 

Service and Natural Areas Association: 285-296. 

IeSante, D. F. 1991. The Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program-second (1992) annual report. The 

Institute for Bird Populations, Point Reyes Station, California. 

In: Bird Populations. 1: 1-28. 

DeSante, D. F.; Burton, K. M. 1993. The 1992 annual report of the 

Monitoring Avian Productivity and Surivorship (MAPS) program 

on the Flathead National Forest. Point Reyes Station, CA: Institute for Bird Populations; 1993 January 8. Unpublished report on 

file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern 

Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 7 p. plus tables. 

DeSante, D. F.; Walker, B. L. 1994. The 1993 annual report of the 

Monitoring Avian Productivity and Surivorship (MAPS) program 

on the Flathead National Forest. Point Reyes Station, CA: Institute for Bird Populations; 1994 April 15. Unpublished report on 

file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern 

Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 14 p. plus tables. 

Elzinga, C. 1993. Swan River Research Natural Area: permanent 

plot monitoring. Unpublished contract completion report on file 

at: US. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, 

MT. 

Hart, M. M. 1994. Past and present vegetative and wildlife diversity 

in relation to an existing reserve network: A GIS evaluation of the 

Seeley-Swan landscape, northwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: 

University of Montana. 288 p. Thesis. 

Hitt,N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

Walker, B. L.; DeSante, D. F.; Saracco, J. F. 1995. The 1994 annual 

report of the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship 

(MAPS) program on the Flathead National Forest and Flathead 

Indian Reservation. Point Reyes Station, CA: Institute for Bird 

Populations; 1995 March 20. Unpublished report on file at: US. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region 

Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 19 p. plus tables. 

MONTANA - FLATHEAD NATIONAL FOREST - Tuchuck 

RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

MONTANA - GALLATIN NATIONAL FOREST - Obsidian 

Sands RNA 

Cooper, S. V. 1975. Forest habitat types of northwestern Wyoming 

and contiguous portions of Montana and Idaho. Pullman, WA: 

Washington State University. 190 p. Dissertation. 

MONTANA - HELENA NATIONAL FOREST - Indian 

Meadows RNA 

Apfelbeck, R. In press. Development of biocriteria for wetlands in 

Montana. In: Batzer, D.; Rader, R. B.; Wissinger, S. A., eds. 

Biomonitoring and Management of North America Freshwater 

Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: US. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

Rabe, F. W.; Bursik, R. J.; Cantor, E. B. 1990. Classification and 

monitoring of wetlands in selected areas of the Pacific Northwest. 

Unpublished report on fde at: U.S. Department ofAgnculture, Forest 

Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, MT. 209 p. 

MONTANA - KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST - Big Creek 

RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration plan 

for the development of western larch in the Northern Rockies. 

Unpublished report on file at: US. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Moscow, ID. 

MONTANA - KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST - Hoskins 

Lake RNA 

Apfelbeck, R. In press. Development of biocriteria for wetlands in 

Montana. In: Batzer, D.; Rader, R. B.; Wissinger, S. A., eds. 

Biomonitoring and Management of North America Freshwater 

Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic 

system functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic 

representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western 

Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration plan 

for the development of western larch in the Northern Rockies. 

Unpublished report on file at: US. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Moscow, ID. 

Rabe, F.; Chadde, S. 1995. Aquatic features of Research Natural 

Areas on the Kootenai and Flathead National Forests, Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, 

MT. 66 p. plus appendices. 

MONTANA - KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST - Lower 

Ross Creek RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic 

system functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic 

representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western 

Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Parker, T. 1986. Ecology of western redcedar groves. Moscow, ID: 

University of Idaho. 187 p. Dissertation. 

Rabe, F.; Chadde, S. 1995. Aquatic features of Research Natural 

Areas on the Kootenai and Flathead National Forests, Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, 

MT. 66 p. plus appendices. 

MONTANA - KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST - NormanParmenter RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic 

system functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic 

representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western 

Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
MONTANA - KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST - Pete Creek 

Meadows RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Rabe, F.; Chadde, S. 1995. Aquatic features of Research Natural 

Areas on the Kootenai and Flathead National Forests, Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, 

MT. 66 p. plus appendices. 

MONTANA - KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST - Ulm Peak 

RNA 

Habeck, J. R. 1967. Mountain hemlock communities in western 

Montana. Northwest Science. 41(4): 169-177. 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic 

system functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic 

representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western 

Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

Rabe, F.; Chadde, S. 1995. Aquatic features of Research Natural 

Areas on the Kootenai and Flathead National Forests, Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, 

MT. 66 p. plus appendices. 

MONTANA-KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST - Wolf-Weigel 

RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Rabe, F.; Chadde, S. 1995. Aquatic features of Research Natural 

Areas on the Kootenai and Flathead National Forests, Montana. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Missoula, 

MT. 66 p. plus appendices. 

MONTANA - LEWIS & CLARK NATIONAL FOREST - Big 

Snowy RNA 

Bamberg, S. A.; Major, J. 1968. Ecology of the vegetation and soils 

associated with calcareous parent materials in three alpine 

regions of Montana. Ecological Monographs. 38(2): 127-167. 

Freeman, 0. W. 1925. The origin of Swimming Woman Canyon, Big 

Snowy Mountains, Montana, an example of a pseudocirque formed 

by landslide sapping. Journal of Geology. 33: 75-79. 

Hoffman, R. S. 1960. Notes on Sorex in the northern Rocky Mountain alpine zone. Journal of Mammalogy. 41(2): 230-234. 

Nimlos, T. J.; McConnell, R. C. 1962. The morphology of alpine soils 

in Montana. Northwest Science. 36: 99-112. 

Nimlos, T. J.; McConnell, R. C. 1965. Alpine soils in Montana. Soil 

Science. 99: 310-321. 

MONTANA - LEWIS & CLARK NATIONAL FOREST - Minerva Creek pRNA 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of ponderosa pine in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

MONTANA- LEWIS & CLARK NATIONAL FOREST - Onion 

Park RNA 

Barrett, S. W. 1993. Fire history of Tenderfoot Creek Experimental 

Forest, Lewis and Clark National Forest. Unpublished report 

prepared by Systems for Environmental Management on file at: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Bozeman, MT. 16 p. 

Elzinga, C. 1996. Onion Park-Permanent monitoring plots, Tenderfoot CreekExperimental Forest. Internal report: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research 

Station, Research Work Unit: Ecology and Management of Northern Rocky Mountain Ecosystems, Bozeman, MT. 214 p. 

Layser, E. F. 1992. Onion Park Research Natural Area - botanical 

and ecological resources inventory, mapping and analysis, with 

recommendations towards the development of a long-term monitoring and research program. Unpublished contract completion 

report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station, Bozeman, MT. 36 p. plus 

appendices. 

MONTANA - LEWIS & CLARK NATIONAL FOREST - Wagner Basin RNA 

Apfelbeck, R. In press. Development of biocriteria for wetlands in 

Montana. In: Batzer, D.; Rader, R. B.; Wissinger, S. A., eds. 

Biomonitoring and Management of North America Freshwater 

Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Mudge, M. R. 1959. A brief summary of the geology of the Sun River 

Canyon Area. In: Billings Geological Society, loth Anniversary 

Field Conference; 1959 August 13-15: 18-22. 

MONTANA - LOLO NATIONAL FOREST - Barktable Ridge 

RNA 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

MONTANA - LOLO NATIONAL FOREST - Carlton Ridge 

RNA 

Arno, S. F. 1970. Ecology of alpine larch (Larix lyallii Parl.) in the 

Pacific Northwest. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 264 p. 

Dissertation. 

Bashkin, M. A. 1991. The effect of soil chemistry of two different 

Larix lyallii Parl. stands in west-central Montana. Missoula, MT: 

University of Montana. 18 p. Thesis. 

Carlson, C. E.; Amo, S. F.; Menakis, J. 1990. Hybrid larch of the 

Carlton Ridge Research Natural Area in western Montana. 

Natural Areas Journal. 10(3): 134-139. 

Carlson, C. E.; Theroux, L. J. 1993. Cone and seed morphology of 

western larch (Larix occidentalis), alpine larch (Larix lyallii), 

and their hybrids. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 23: 

1264-1269. 

Stalling, C. M. 1997. Botanical reconnaissance of Carlton Ridge 

research natural area: mid- to high-elevation subalpine habitats. Res. Note INT-RN-431. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 

7 P. 

MONTANA - LOLO NATIONAL FOREST - Council Grove 

RNA 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic 

system functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic 

representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western 

Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

MONTANA - LOLO NATIONAL FOREST - Ferry Landing 

RNA 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of ponderosa pine in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69. 2001 
MONTANA - LOLO NATIONAL FOREST - Petty Creek 

RNA 

Habeck, J. 1994. Fire History of the Petty Creek Research Natural 

Area. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, 

MT. 12 p. plus appendices. 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

MONTANA- LOLO NATIONAL FOREST -Plant Creek RNA 

Elzinga, C. 1993. Plant Creek Research Natural Area - permanent 

plot monitoring. Unpublished contract completion report on file 

at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. 

Habeck, J. R. 1992. Fire ecology of Plant Creek Research Natural 

Area. Unpublished contract (43-84M8-2-0619) completion report 

on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky 

Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. 

Habeck, J. R. 1992. Permanent baseline monitoring database, 

Plant Creek Research Natural Area, Missoula Ranger District, 

Lolo National Forest. Unpublished contract completion report 

on file at: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky 

Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16,1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Mahalovich, M. F. 1999. Breeding, seed orchard and restoration 

plan for the development of western larch in the Northern 

Rockies. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region, Inland Empire 

Tree Improvement Cooperative, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 

Moscow, ID. 

MONTANA - LOLO NATIONAL FOREST - Sheep Mountain 

Bog RNA 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

Foit, F. F., Jr.; Mehringer, P. J., Jr.; Sheppard, J. C. 1993. Age, 

distribution, and stratigraphy of Glacier Peak tephra in eastern 

Washington and western Montana, United States. Canadian 

Journal of Earth Sciences. 30: 535-552. 

Hemphill, M. L. 1983. Fire, vegetation, and people-charcoal and 

pollen analysis of Sheep Mountain Bog, Montana: the last 2800 

Years. Pullman, WA: Washington State University. 70 p. Thesis. 

Hitt, N. P.; Shelly, J. S.; Frissell, C. A. 1999. Towards aquatic system 

functionality in reserve design: an evaluation of aquatic representation goals within Research Natural Areas of western Montana. Paper presented at Natural Areas Association Conference, 

October 13-16, 1999, Tucson, AZ. 

Johnson, C. G.; Clausnitzer, R. R.; Mehringer, P. J.; Oliver, C. D. 

1994. Biotic and abiotic processes of eastside ecosystems: the 

effects of management on plant and community ecology, and on 

stand and landscape vegetation dynamics. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-322. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. 

Mehringer, P. J.; Sheppard, J. C.; Foit, F. F., Jr. 1984. The age of 

glacier peak tephra in west-central Montana. Quaternary Research. 21: 36-41. 

MONTANA- LOLO NATIONAL FOREST - Shoofly Meadows 

RNA 

Chadde, S. W.; Shelly, J. S.; Bursik, R. J.; Moseley, R. K.; Evenden, 

A. G.; Mantas, M.; Rabe, F. W.; Heidel, B. 1998. Peatlands on 

National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains: ecology and 

conservation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station. 75 p. 

Murray, K. 1995. Report on studies on Sphagnum production at 

Shoofly Meadows Wetland Complex, Rattlesnake Mountains, 

Lolo National Forest. Unpublished contract report 43-0353-5- 

0424 prepared for Intermountain Research Station on file at: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 14 p. 

NEVADA - HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST - Carpenter Canyon RNA 

Nachlinger, J. L. 1994. Spring Mountains ecosystem: an ecological 

investigation of sensitive plant taxa with emphasis on the status 

of eight candidate plants for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Nevada State Office, Reno, 

NV. 56 p. 

Nachlinger, J. L. 2000. Biological monitoring plan for three high 

elevation plant communities on the Humboldt-Toiyabe National 

Forest, Spring Mountains National Recreation Area. Unpublished report on file at: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Spring Mountains National Recreation Area and U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service, Southern Nevada Field Office, Las 

Vegas, NV. 28 p. 

NEVADA - HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST - Jacks Spring Pinyon RNA 

Tausch, R. J.; Nowak, R. S. 1997. Site inventory and permanent plot 

establishment for long-term monitoring of the Jack Springs 

Pinyon Research Natural Area. Unpublished report on file at: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Reno, NV. 16 p. 

plus appendices. 

UTAH - ASHLEY NATIONAL FOREST - Pollen Lake RNA 

Carrara, P. E.; Short, S. K.; Shroba, R. R. 1990. Palynology of 

Holocene peat and lake sediment, Leidy Peak area, Uinta Mountains, Utah. Salt Lake City, UT. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 

UTAH - ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION - DESERT EXPERIMENTAL RANGE - Desert Range RNA 

Clary, W. P.; Beale, D. M. 1983. Pronghorn reactions to winter sheep 

grazing, plant communities, and topography in the Great Basin. 

Journal of Range Management. 36(6): 749-752. 

Clary, W. P.; Holmgren, R. C. 1982. Desert Experimental Range: 

establishment and research contribution. Rangelands. 4(6): 

261-264. 

Goodrich, S. 1986. Vascular plants of the Desert Experimental 

Range, Millard County, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-209. Ogden, 

UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 72 p. 

Holmgren, R. C. 1973. The Desert ExperimentalRange: description, 

history, and program. In: Arid Shrublands-Proceedings of the 

Third Workshop ofthe United StatedAustralia Rangelands Panel. 

Tucson, AZ. 1973 March 26-April 5: 18-22. 

Kitchen, S. G.; Jorgensen, G. L. 1999. Annualization of rodent 

burrow clusters and winterfat decline in a salt-desert community. In: McArthur, E. D.; Ostler, S. K.; Wambolt, C. L., cornps. 

Proceedings: shrubland ecotones; 1998 August 12-14; Ephraim, 

UT. RMRS-P-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 175-180. 

Kitchen, S. G.; McArthur, E. D.; Jorgensen, G. L. 1999. Species 

richness and community structure along a Great Basin elevational 

gradient. In: McArthur, E. D.; Ostler, S. K.; Wambolt, C. L., 

cornps. Proceedings: shrubland ecotones; 1998 August 12-14; 

Ephrairn, UT. RMRS-P-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 

59-65. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 79 
UTAH - DIXIE NATIONAL FOREST - Red Canyon RNA 

Hreha, A. M. 1993. The significance of edaphic and light factors to 

calciphile endemics restricted to the Claron limestone in Red 

Canyon, Utah. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. 197 p. 

Dissertation. 

Lanner, R. M. 1984. Trees of the Great Basin. Reno: University of 

Nevada Press. 215 p. 

Welsh, S. L. 1978. Problems in plant endemism on the Colorado 

Plateau. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 2: 191-195. 

UTAH - DIXIE NATIONAL FOREST - Table Cliff RNA 

Conner, K. F. 1988. Anatomical and morphological biomarkers of 

aging in Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeua). Logan, 

UT: Utah State University. 127 p. Dissertation. 

Conner, K. F.; Lanner, R. M. 1990. Effects of tree age on secondary xylem and phloem anatomy in stems of Great Basin 

bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeua). American Journal of Botany. 

77: 1070-1077. 

Lamer, R. M. 1988. Dependence of Great Basin Bristlecone pine on 

Clark's nutcracker for regeneration at high elevations. Arctic 

and Alpine Research. Vol. 20: 358-362. 

Welsh, S. L. 1978. Problems in plant endemism on the Colorado 

Plateau. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 2: 191-195. 

UTAH - FISHLAKE NATIONAL FOREST - Bullion Canyon 

RNA 

Welsh, S. L. 1978. Problems in plant endemism on the Colorado 

Plateau. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 2: 191-195. 

UTAH - MANTI-LASAL NATIONAL FOREST - Cliff 

Dwellers Pasture RNA 

Betancourt, J. L. 1984. Late Quaternary plant zonation and climate 

in southeastern Utah. Great Basin Naturalist. 44: 1-35. 

UTAH - MANTI-LASAL NATIONAL FOREST - Elk Knoll 

RNA 

USDA, Forest Service. 1994. Nested frequency, rephotography and 

panagraph data for Elk Knoll RNA on file at: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 

Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, UT. 

UTAH - MANTI-LASAL NATIONAL FOREST - Mount Peale 

RNA 

Bradley, S. R. 1971. The altitudinal distribution of mammals of the 

LaSal Mountains, Utah. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 

Thesis. 

UTAH - WASATCH-CACHE NATIONAL FOREST - Mollens 

Hollow RNA 

Lanner, R. M.; Hutchison, E. R. 1972. Relict stands of pinyon 

hybrids in northern Utah. Great Basin Naturalist. 32: 171-175. 

Lanner, R. M.; vanDevender, T. 1998. The fiecent history of pinyon 

pines in the American Southwest. In: Richardson, D. M., ed. 

Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 

UTAH - WASATCH-CACHE NATIONAL FOREST - Morris 

Creek RNA 

Peterson, D. L. 1954. Reinventory of surface soil and plant characteristics, Morris Watershed. Salt Lake City, UT: University of 

Utah. 48 p. Thesis. 

UTAH- WASATCH-CACHE NATIONAL FOREST-Red-Butte 

Canyon RNA 

Arnow, L. A. 1971. Vascular flora of Red Butte Canyon, Salt Lake 

County, Utah. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. 388 p. 

Thesis. 

Bates, J. W. 1963. The effects of beaver on stream flow. Information 

Bulletin No. 63-13. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah State Department 

of Fish and Game. 

Bond, H. W. 1979. Nutrient concentration patterns in a stream 

draining a montane ecosystem in Utah. Ecology. 60: 1184-1196. 

Brewster, W. 1951. Gall wasps producing galls on the scrub oak, 

Quercus gambelii Nutt. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. 

Thesis. 

Cottam, W. P.; Evans, F. 1945. A comparative study of grazed and 

ungrazed canyons of the Wasatch Range, Utah. Ecology. 26: 

171-181. 

Dina, S. J. 1970. An evaluation of physiological response to water 

stress as a factor influencing the distribution of six woody 

species in Red Butte Canyon, Utah. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. 117 p. Dissertation. 

Dina, S. J.; Klikoff, L. G. 1973. Carbon dioxide exchange by several 

stream side and scrub oak communities of Red Butte Canyon, 

Utah. American Midland Naturalist. 89: 70-80. 

Ehleringer, J. R. 1982. Background information for the Red Butte - 

Canyon Research Natural Area. Unpublished compilation on file 

at: University of Utah, Department of Biology, Salt Lake City, 

UT. 30+ p. 

Ehleringer, J. R. 1988. Changes in leaf characteristics of species 

along elevational gradients in the Wasatch Front, Utah. American Journal of Botany. 75(5): 680-689. 

Ehleringer, J. R.; Amow, L. A,; Amow, T.; McNulty, I. B.; Negus, N. 

1992. Red Butte Canyon Research Natural Area: History, 

flora, geology, climate, and ecology. Great Basin Naturalist. 

52(2): 95-121. 

Evans, F.R. 1936. A comparative study of the vegetation of a grazed 

and ungrazed canyon of the Wasatch Range. Salt Lake City, UT: 

University of Utah. Thesis. 

James, F. K., Jr. 1950. The ants of Red Butte Canyon. Salt Lake 

City, UT: University of Utah. Thesis. 

Kleiner, E. F. 1966. A study of the vegetational communities of Red 

Butte Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah. Salt Lake City, UT: 

University of Utah. 53 p. Thesis. 

Kleiner, E. F.; Harper, K. T. 1966. An investigation of association 

patterns ofprevalent grassland species in Red Butte Canyon, Salt 

Lake County, Utah. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 43: 29-36. 

Lafferty, K. 1949. A preliminary study of the spiders of Red Butte 

Canyon. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. Thesis. 

Negus, N. C.; Berger, P. J.; Forslund, L. G. 1977. Reproductive 

strategy of Microtus montanus. Journal of Mammalogy. 58: 

347-353. 

Peterson, B. V. 1953. Taxonomy and biology of the black flies of Salt 

Lake Bounty. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. Thesis. 

Roscoe, E. J. 1950. A study of variation in natural populations of the 

snail, Orehelix strigosa depressa Cockerell. Salt Lake City, UT: 

University of Utah. Thesis. 

Samuelson, J. A. 1950. A quantitative comparison of the algal 

populations in two Wasatch Mountain streams. Salt Lake City, 

UT: University of Utah. Thesis. 

Swanson, G.; Kleiner, E.; Harper, K. T. 1966. A vegetational study 

of Red Butte Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah. Proceedings of the 

Utah Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters. 43: 159-160. 

Treshow, M.; Harper, K. T. 1974. Longevity of perennial forbs and 

grasses. Oikos. 25: 93-96. 

Vickery, R. K., Jr. 1990. Pollination experiments in the Mimulus 

cardinalis - M. lewisii complex. Great Basin Naturalist. 50: 

155-159. 

Waser, N. M.; Vickery, R. K., Jr.; Price, M. V. 1982. Patterns of seed 

dispersal and population differentiation in Mimulus guttatus. 

Evolution. 36: 753-761. 

Whitney, R. R. 1951. A comparison of the aquatic invertebrates of 

Red Butte and Emigration Creeks. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. Thesis. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Appendix E 

Research Use Request Form for Forest Service Research Natural Areas in Idaho, 

Montana, Nevada, Utah and western Wyoming. 

This form may also be downloaded from the Forest Service RNA web page at http://rna.nris.state. 

mt.us/rna-using.html. 

RESEARCH NATURAL AREA (RNA) PROGRAM 

USDA FOREST SERVICE 

Rocky Mountain Research Station (RMRS) 

Northern Region (Rl) Rocky Mountain Region (R2) 

Southwestern Region (R3) Intermountain Region (R4) 

RNA RESEARCH APPROVAL REQUEST FORM 

Information and Instructions 

Research Natural Areas (RNAs) are established by the USDA Forest Service as representative examples of 

minimally disturbed natural ecosystems for non-manipulative research activities, monitoring, and the protection of biological diversity. The Forest Service encourages research in RNAs. Research on RNAs has the potential for improving the understanding of ecosystems and the management of public lands. The Rocky Mountain Research Station is willing to assist scientists with the approval process and, in some cases, other aspects 

of their research program. The purposes of an approval process for research on RNAs are: 

To insure that the ecological integrity of the RNA or other purposes for which the RNA was designated 

are not damaged by research or related activities. 

To provide information to scientists about other research occurring on the RNA so that potential collaborations may be fostered and conflicts avoided. 

To insure that protection and site integrity for the individual scientific study, especially permanent plots, 

are maintained. 

To maintain records of research activities and research results to benefit the National Forest System and 

future researchers. 

To meet Forest Service regulations as specified in the Forest Service Manual (FSM 4063.04 and FSM 

4063.33). 

In general, non-manipulative research that does not significantly impact the ecological composition, structure, 

or function of the area is appropriate for RNAs. The level of acceptable use varies by RNA, depending on the 

rarity of taxa, fragility or resilience of the ecosystems, and cumulative impacts of use. 

All research use (including research by Forest Service scientists) of RNAs on Natipal Forest System land in 

Regions 1,2,3, and 4 requires approval by the Director of the Rocky Mountain Research Station (RMRS). 

This includes all Forest Service RNAs within Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, 

New Mexico, North Dakota, Idaho, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. Applications for most small-scale 

studies will be approved by the Station Director. Where appropriate, a Station scientist may be assigned as 

liaison. When proposed research will involve several Research Natural Areas, only one research request form 

is required with an attached list with the name and location of each RNA. 

In addition to Station Director approval, all proposed research on RNAs requires approval by the District 

Ranger from the Ranger District on which the RNA is located. Special Use Permits may be required by 

Ranger Districts. For RNAs within Wilderness or other Congressionally designated areas, Regional Foresters 

have authority for approving research projects in coordination with Station Directors. In some Regions this 

authority has been delegated to National Forests or Ranger Districts (check with Ranger District). 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
As part of this research approval, the researcher agrees to notify the appropriate Ranger District office when 

field work is being conducted. In addition, plant and animal specimens collected during the course of study 

will be deposited in a herbarium or museum approved by the Station Director. Special permits are required 

for collection of any threatened, endangered, or sensitive species. 

All research users of RNAs are expected to file a brief summary report with the Rocky Mountain Research 

Station and the Ranger District when work is completed. This report may be in the form of a letter that outlines findings. To assist the Forest Service in compiling research information from RNAs, we also require copies of any publications or reports derived from research on RNAs for our files. It is important for the Forest 

Service to maintain cumulative records of all research activities on RNAs. These records help insure that the 

values for which the RNA was designated are being maintained, as well as providing the Forest Service with 

research results that are important for understanding ecosystem processes, long-term ecological change, and 

the sustainable management of public lands. In addition, scientific publications increase the value of RNAs 

and the commitment made to maintain them. 

Please send this application and any other correspondence regarding research use of RNAs in Regions 1,2,3 

and 4 to the Station RNA coordinator in the appropriate Region (a list of current RNA Coordinators in each 

National Forest Regional office and National Forest office is posted on the RNA website at http:// 

rna.nris.state.mt.us/rna-contacts.htm1): 

Melinda Moeur Will Moir 

Station RNA Coordinator for Region 1 Station RNA Coordinator for Region 3 

RMRS, Forestry Sciences Laboratory RMRS, Forestry Sciences Laboratory 

1221 South Main Street Southwest Forest Sciences Complex 

Moscow, Idaho 83843 2500 S. Pine Knoll 

(208) 883-2316 Flagstaff, AZ 86001 

mmoeur@fs. fed.us (520) 556-2077 

whmoir@fs. fed.us 

Merrill Kaufmann 

Station RNA Coordinator for Region 2 

RMRS Headquarters 

240 W. Prospect Road 

Fort Collins, CO 80526-2098 

(970) 498-1256 

mkaufmann@fs .fed.us 

Stanley Kitchen 

Station RNA Coordinator for Region 4 

RMRS, Provo Shrub Sciences Laboratory 

735 North 500 East 

Provo, UT 84606 

(801) 342-5140 or (801) 377-5717 

skitchenG3fs.fed.u~ 

Ray Shearer 

Station RNA Coordinator for Coram RNA 

RMRS, Forestry Sciences Laboratory 

800 Block East Beckwith 

Missoula, MT 59807 

(406)542-4170 

The appropriate sequence of approvals is a recommendation for approval from the Station Director's representative (RNA coordinator and RNA ecologist at RMRS) and approval by the District Ranger, then the Station 

Director's approval. In some cases additional Station scientists may be consulted for recommendations. Recommendations to the Station Director may also be made by a review team of Station scientists in the future. 

The District Ranger's approval can be obtained prior to the recommendation from the Station Director's representative if this is more convenient. If the RNA is in Wilderness or other Congressionally designated area, approval may also be required from the Regional Forester or from the person to whom that authority has been 

delegated. 

The approval process can potentially be expedited, if needed, by contacting one of the Station or National Forest RNA coordinators. 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
RNA Research Approval Request Form 

The Rocky Mountain Research Station appreciates your interest in the Forest Service's Research Natural Area 

system, which includes more than 450 RNAs nationwide. Information about individual RNAs available at the 

RNA web site (http://rna.nris.state.mt.us/) may be useful in completing the following RNA Research Approval 

Request Form: 

RNA NAME: 

STUDY TITLE: 

RNA LOCATION: 

National Forest: Ranger District: 

State: County: 

Is RNA in: Wilderness Wild and Scenic River Nat. Rec. Area ? 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: 

Name: Title: 

Affiliation: 

Business address: 

E-Mail address: 

Phone 

STUDY SUMMARY: 

Objectives: 

Research Approach. Include a description of methods and equipment, sample collection required, deposition of 

specimens, season of use & number of days, crew size, etc. A separate proposal may be attached or use extra pages 

as needed: 

Study location within RNA (attach map if necessary): 

Will this study require experimental manipulation or extensive sampling? If yes, please describe and indicate 

any impacts to the RNA that are anticipated or that are a potential risk from this research. List taxa specifically 

targeted or affected by study: 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 
Proposed starting date of research: Duration: 

Signature of PI: Date: 

""Work on Threatened, Endangered, or Sensitive species requires additional Federal or State permits*" 

RNA NAME: 

STUDY TITLE: 

RMRS REVIEWER RECOMMENDATIONS (attach additional pages or suggest additional reviewers as 

necessary.) 

RMRS reviewers: 

Comments: 

Approval: recommended [ ] not recommended [ ] 

Signature: Date: 

Title: 

Signature: Date: 

Title: 

DISTRICT RANGER APPROVAL 

Approved [ 1 Not Approved [ 1 

Signature: Date: 

Title: 

If the RNA is within Wilderness or other Congressionally designated area, additional approval may be required 

from the Regional Forester or Forest Supervisor and signed below: 

Approved [ ] Not Approved [ ] 

Signature: Date: 

Title: 

STATION DIRECTOR APPROVAL 

Approved [ ] Not Approved [ I 

Signature: Date: 

Title: 

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-69.2001 

ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION 

The Rocky Mountain Research Station develops scientific information and technology to improve management, protection, and use of 

the forests and rangelands. Research is designed to meet the needs 

of National Forest managers, Federal and State agencies, public and 

private organizations, academic institutions, industry, and individuals. 

Studies accelerate solutions to problems involving ecosystems, 

range, forests, water, recreation, fire, resource inventory, land reclamation, community sustainability, forest engineering technology, 

multiple use economics, wildlife and fish habitat, and forest insects 

and diseases. Studies are conducted cooperatively, and applications 

may be found worldwide. 

Research Locations 

Flagstaff, Arizona 

Fort Collins, Colorado* 

Boise, ldaho 

Moscow, ldaho 

Bozeman, Montana 

Missoula, Montana 

Lincoln, Nebraska 

Reno, Nevada 

Albuquerque, New Mexico 

Rapid City, South Dakota 

Logan, Utah 

Ogden, Utah 

Provo, Utah 

Laramie, Wyoming 

*Station Headquarters, Natural Resources Research Center, 

21 50 Centre Avenue, Building A, Fort Collins, CO 80526 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its 

programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, 

age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not 

all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require 

alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, 

audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice 

and TDD). 

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 

Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, 

DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal 

opportunity provider and employer. 

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