Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: 

A Reference Guide for Aviation Users 

Open-File Report 2008–1162

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: 

A Reference Guide for Aviation Users

By Christina Neal, U.S. Geological Survey; Alexander Rybin and Marina 

Chibisova, Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Sakhalin, Russia; and 

Edward Miller, Airline Pilots Association, Herndon, Virginia

Open-File Report 2008–1162

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Mark D. Myers, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008

For product and ordering information:

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

For more information on the USGS--the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, 

natural hazards, and the environment:

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the 

U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Neal, Christina, Rybin, Alexander, Chibisova, Marina, and Miller, Edward, 2008, Active volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: 

A reference guide for aviation users: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1162, 10 p.
iii

Contents

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Monitoring of Kurile Volcanoes...................................................................................................................1

How the Aviation Sector is Notified of Eruptions in the Kuriles.............................................................1

Pilot Reports of Volcanic Activity................................................................................................................2

Rates of Eruption in the Kuriles ...................................................................................................................2

Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................................2

References Cited............................................................................................................................................2

Figures

Figure 1. Map of the Kurile Island area and active volcanoes (red asterisks), principal 

air routes (labeled), navigation fixes (black triangles), and three subsection 

maps shown in figures 2, 3, 4............................................................... 3

Figure 2. Map of the North Kurile Islands............................................................ 4

Figure 3. Map of the Central Kurile Islands ......................................................... 5

Figure 4. Map of the South Kurile Islands ......................................................... 6

Figure 5. Volcanic Activity Reporting form for air crews lists the specific observations 

that are most important to pass along to ATC as soon as safely possible............ 7

Tables

Table 1. Active volcanoes of the Kurile Islands and relevant location, elevation, 

and eruption history ........................................................................ 8

Table 2. Important web sites that are sources of information about Kurile Volcanoes ...... 9
iv

Conversion Factors

Inch/Pound to SI

Multiply By To obtain

Length

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

mile, nautical (nmi) 1.852 kilometer (km)

yard (yd) 0.9144 meter (m)

centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.)

millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in.)

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) 

kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi)

kilometer (km) 0.5400 mile, nautical (nmi) 

meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd) 

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=(1.8×°C)+32.

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:

°C=(°F-32)/1.8.

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above sea level.
Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: 

A Reference Guide for Aviation Users

By Christina Neal1, Alexander Rybin2, Marina Chibisova2, and Edward Miller3

Introduction

The many volcanoes of the remote and mostly 

uninhabited Kurile Island arc (fig. 1; table 1) pose a serious 

hazard for air traffic in the North Pacific. Ash clouds from 

Kurile eruptions can impact some of the busiest air travel 

routes in the world and drift quickly into airspace managed 

by three countries: Russia, Japan, and the United States. 

Prevailing westerly winds throughout the region will most 

commonly send ash from any Kurile eruption directly across 

the parallel North Pacific airways between North America 

and Asia (Kristine A. Nelson, National Weather Service, oral 

commun., 2006; fig. 1). This report presents maps showing 

locations of the 36 most active Kurile volcanoes plotted on 

Operational Navigational Charts published by the Defense 

Mapping Agency (map sheets ONC F-10, F-11, and E-10; 

figs. 1, 2, 3, 4). These maps are intended to assist aviation and 

other users in the identification of restless Kurile volcanoes. 

A regional map is followed by three subsections of the Kurile 

volcanic arc (North, Central, South). Volcanoes and selected 

primary geographic features are labeled. All maps contain 

schematic versions of the principal air routes and selected air 

navigational fixes in this region.

Monitoring of Kurile Volcanoes

Currently, only one Kurile volcano, Alaid Volcano on 

Atlasova Island in the far northern Kuriles, is monitored 

by a single real-time seismic station (fig. 2). As of 2008, 

time-delayed seismic data from several seismic stations on 

Iturup and Kunashir Islands in the South Kuriles (fig. 4) are 

collected at scientific institutes on Sakhalin Island. The region 

also is examined using satellite data several times a day by 

volcanologic and meteorological authorities in Russia, Japan, 

and the U.S. Sensors and satellites used include the Moderate 

Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced 

Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Geostationary 

Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), and the 

Japanese MTSAT. The frequent cloud cover in the area, 

however, severely hinders satellite surveillance and eruptions 

from Kurile volcanoes can go undetected for many hours. 

Satellite information, along with occasional groundbased observations on the southernmost islands are used by 

the Sakhalin Volcanic Eruption Response Team (SVERT) 

to evaluate the status of active Kurile volcanoes and issue 

summary reports via e-mail (Rybin and others, 2004). The 

Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) 

is responsible for volcanoes on the island of Paramushir 

and Atlasova in the North Kuriles (fig. 2) and also issues 

status reports based on satellite and occasional groundbased observations. A single seismic station on Paramushir 

Island transmits data to Petropavlovsk, but is not capable of 

consistently detecting volcanic unrest in real-time (Neal and 

others, 2007).

How the Aviation Sector is Notified of 

Eruptions in the Kuriles

Airlines may receive formal notification of eruptions 

or unrest in the Kuriles via several message types over the 

Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network (AFTN) 

and the Internet. The 24-hour operation of the Tokyo Volcanic 

Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) issues Volcanic Ash Advisories 

(VAA) and sometimes Graphical Volcanic Ash Advisories 

for suspected or confirmed volcanic clouds in the Kuriles 

and Kamchatka. Meteorological Watch Offices for the region 

(Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky) issue 

SIGMETs for ash clouds in their areas of responsibility. If 

ash drifts into U.S. airspace, VAAs and SIGMETs also may 

be issued by the Anchorage and/or Washington VAACs, the 

Alaska Aviation Weather Unit, or the Kansas City Aviation 

Weather Unit. International NOTAMs also may be issued for 

significant eruptive activity. Finally, KVERT, SVERT, and 

the Alaska Volcano Observatory issue email alerts of known 

volcanic activity that are then posted to their institutional web 

sites (table 2).

1

USGS Alaska Science Center, Alaska Volcano Observatory, 4210 

University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508. 2

Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Sakhalin, RUSSIA.

3

Airline Pilots Association, 535 Herndon Parkway, P.O. Box 1169, 

Herndon, Virginia 2072-1169.
2 Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: A Reference Guide for Aviation Users

Pilot Reports of Volcanic Activity

Flight crew observations of volcanic activity while 

aloft remain an important means by which the International 

volcanologic, meteorological, and aviation communities are 

alerted to volcanic activity. This is especially true for remote, 

seismically unmonitored volcanoes such as the Kuriles. 

Pilots are required to report atmospheric hazards to their 

controlling Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). Pilots 

should submit PIREPs regarding volcanic activity using the 

Volcanic Activity Reporting form (VAR; fig. 5) as a guide. 

Items 1 through 8 of the VAR are most critical and should be 

transmitted to air traffic control as soon as possible. If a VAR 

is not available, pilots should relay enough information to 

identify the position and type of volcanic activity. The VAR 

can be found in appendix 10 of the Aeronautical Information 

Manual. 

Rates of Eruption in the Kuriles

Of the 36 active volcanoes listed here, many display 

ongoing thermal or fumarolic activity (Rybin and others, 

2004). Since 2002, small eruptions have occurred at 

Chikurachki and Ebeko volcanoes on Paramushir Island 

(fig. 2; McGimsey and others, 2005; McGimsey and others, 

2008) and at Chirinkotan in the Central Kuriles (fig. 3; Neal 

and others, 2005). 

Sarychev Peak in the Central Kuriles (fig. 3) has been the 

most active volcano in the Kurile Islands in the last century 

producing 10 eruptions between 1923 and 1989. The next 

most active volcanoes include Alaid, Ebeko, and Chikurachki, 

all in the North Kuriles. In 1981, an eruption at Alaid Volcano 

distributed ash in a north-south curtain that extended more 

than 1,500 miles from the northern Bering Sea to the Central 

Kuriles. A similar eruption cloud today would severely disrupt 

all Russian Trans East and NOPAC air traffic. Chikurachki 

erupted five times between 1958 and 1986 and an additional 

three times between 2002 and 2005 (Siebert and Simkin, 

2002-; Rybin and others, 2004). Based on the average number 

of recorded eruptions from the last century, an eruption has 

occurred about once every 1.6 years (or 0.6 eruptions per year) 

in the Kurile Islands. This compares to a similarly calculated 

Alaskan eruption rate of about two eruptions per year (Miller 

and others, 1998). 

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Walt Dotter and Gail Ferguson of 

the Federal Aviation Administration for assistance with 

map figures and content. Reviews by Tom Miller, Marianne 

Guffanti, and Chris Zimmerman improved the presentation.

References Cited

McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., and Girina, O., 2005, 2003 

volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of 

events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1310, 58 p.

McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., and Ushakov, S, 2008, 

2005 volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the 

Kuriles: Summary of events and response of the Alaska 

Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific 

Investigations Report 2007-5269, 92 p.

Miller, T.P., McGimsey, R.G., Richter, D.H., Riehle, J.R., Nye, 

C.J., Yount, M.E., and Dumoulin, J.A., 1998, Catalog of 

the historically active volcanoes of Alaska: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 98-0582, 104 p.

Neal, C.A., McGimsey, R.G., and Melnikov, D., 2005, 2004 

volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of 

events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1308, 67 p. 

Neal, Christina, Girina, Olga, Senyukov, Sergey, Rybin, 

Alexander, Osiensky, Jeffrey, Hall, Tony, Nelson, Kristine, 

and Izbekov, Pavel, 2007: Eruption warning systems for 

aviation in Russia: a 2007 status report: Fourth International 

Workshop on Volcanic Ash, World Meteorological 

Organization (WMO) in close collaboration with the 

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the 

Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, Rotorua, New 

Zealand, 26-20 March, 2007, 8 p.

Rybin, A.V., Karagusov, Y.V., Izbekov, Pavel, Terentyev, 

Nikolay S., Guryanov, Vyacheslav B., Neal, Christina, and 

Dean, Ken, 2004, Status of monitoring active volcanoes 

of the Kurile Islands: Present and future: in Proceedings 

of the Second International Conference on Volcanic Ash 

and Aviation Safety. Published by the Office of the Federal 

Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting 

Research, Session 2, p. 61-66.

Siebert, L., and Simkin, T. (2002-). Volcanoes of the World: 

an Illustrated Catalog of Holocene Volcanoes and their 

Eruptions: Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism 

Program Digital Information Series, GVP-3, 

(http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/).
Figures 3

Major air routes (circled) in the vicinity of 

Kurile Volcanoes (red asterisks). 

NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION

100 statute mi

150 km

Base map from 1:1,000,000 Operational Navigational Charts 

(Defense Mapping Agency) E-10, F-10, F-11. Air route 

graphics courtesy Walt Dotter, FAA, Anchorage

*

*

***

*

*

*

*

*

*

* *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

* **

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Kamchatka 

Peninsula

Japan

Sea of Okhotsk

Sakhalin

Island

Pacific Ocean

NUBDA

AGEDI

PUGAL

OPULO

NOGAL

NIPPI

OMOTO

OKATO

LATAK

BUMEN

COLIC

A590

R580

R220

G344

R591

BISIV

TOKVI

B932

G583

PEKUT

Base from a scan of 1:1,000,000 Operational Navigation 

Charts (Defense Mapping Agency) sheets E-10, F-10, and F-11.

North

Central

South

1 2

3

4 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1312

14

15

16 17

18

19

20

21 22

23 24

25

27

26 28

29

30

35

34

33

32

31

36

Figure 1. Map of the Kurile Island area and active volcanoes (red asterisks), principal air routes (labeled), navigation fixes (black 

triangles), and three subsection maps shown in figures 2, 3, 4. 
4 Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: A Reference Guide for Aviation Users Alaid Fuss Peak Ebeko Tatarinova Group Karpinsky Group Nemo Peak Krenitzyn Peak Severgin

Sinarka

Kuntomintar

Ekarma

Chirinkotan

Chikurachki

Shiashkotan Is.

Kharimkotan Is.

Onekotan Is.

Paramushir Island

R580

B932

R220

G583

NIPPI

PEKUT

157E

49N

50N

159E

NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION

100

0 25 50 75

statute miles

kilometers

0 50 100 150

Figure 2. Map of the North Kurile Islands. Active volcanoes shown by black dots. Major islands labeled. Principal air routes and aeronautical fixes shown approximately located. 
Figures 

5

47N

154E

48N

155E

152E

B932

R220

R580 Goryachaya Sopka

Zavaritskii

Prevo Peak

Pallas Peak/Ketoi

Ushishir

Rasshua

Sarychev Peak

Raikoke

Matua Is.

Raikoke Is.

Rasshua Is.

Yankich Is.

Ketoi Is.

Simushir Is.

NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION

0 25 50 75 100

0 50 100 150

statute miles

kilometers

Figure 3. Map of the Central Kurile Islands. Active volcanoes shown by black dots. Major islands labeled. Principal air routes and aeronautical fixes shown approximately located. 
6 Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: A Reference Guide for Aviation Users 46N

Golovnin

Mendeleev

Tyatya

Ruruy

Kunashir Island

Kudryavy

Men’shiy Brat

Bogdan Khmelnitzky

Baransky

Ivan Grozny

Berutarube

AstonupuriStokap

Iturup Island

Urup Island

Berga

Cherny

Snow

Chirpoi Island

B932

G583

R220

R580

150E

45N

148E

44N

NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION

kilometers

150

0 50 100

0

statute miles

50 100 25 75

Figure 4. Map of the South Kurile Islands. Active volcanoes shown by black dots. Major islands labeled. Principal air routes and aeronautical fixes shown approximately located. 
Figures 7

Volcanic Activity Reporting Form (VAR)

Date

1. Aircraft Identification

2. Position

3. Time (UTC)

4. Flight level or altitude

5. Position/location of 

 volcanic activity or ash cloud

6. Air temperature

7. Wind

8. Supplementary Information

(Brief description of activity including

vertical and lateral extent of the ash

cloud, horizontal movement, rate of 

growth, etc., as available.)

Mark the appropriate boxe(s).

9. Density of ash cloud

10. Color of plume or cloud

11. Eruption

12. Position of activity

13. Other observed features

 of eruption

14. Effect on aircraft

15. Other effects

16. Other information deemed

 useful

SECTION 1 - Transmit to ATC via radio SECTION 2 - Completed and forward as directed

wispy

white

black

moderately dense very dense

light gray dark grey

continuous intermittent not visible

summit

multiple

side

not observed

single

lightning

ash fallout

glow

mushroom cloud

large rocks

none

communications

pitot static 

none

navigation system engines

other 

windows

windscreen

turbulence

ash deposits

St. Elmo's fire fumes

Forward completed form via mail to: Fax as soon as possible to:

Global Volcanism Program Global Volcanism Program 

NHB-119 (202) 357-2476

Smithsonian Institution 

Washington, DC 20560 Alaska Volcano Observatory

 (907) 786-7425

Figure 5. Volcanic Activity Reporting form for air crews lists the specific observations that are most important to 

pass along to ATC as soon as safely possible.
8 Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: A Reference Guide for Aviation Users

Table 1. Active volcanoes of the Kurile Islands and relevant location, elevation, and eruption history. 

[Data sources: (1) Alexander Rybin, IMGG (working from Russian maps at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:200,000), (2) Siebert, L., and Simkin, T., 2002-, Volcanoes 

of the World: an Illustrated Catalog of Holocene Volcanoes and their Eruptions; (3) the on-line database of the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian 

Institution (http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/world/index.cfm). Some inconsistencies between sources remain unresolved. This list and details will change as new 

geological information becomes available. Bold: Seismically monitored volcanoes. **Italics: Last eruption date unknown or highly uncertain. These volcanoes 

may display thermal/fumarolic activity. ?, indicates uncertain eruption account]

Map No.

(fig. 1) Name IAVCEI Catalog No Location

Year of last 

historical

eruption

Elevation

North Kuriles

1 Alaid (Atlasova Is.) 0900-39 50°52'N, 155°34'E 1986 7,674'; 2,339 m

2 Ebeko (Paramushir Is.) 0900-38 50°41'N, 156°01'E 2005 3,793'; 1,156 m

3 Chikurachki (Paramushir Is.) 0900-36 50°19'N, 155°28'E 2007 5,956'; 1,816 m

4 Tatarinova (Paramushir Is.) – 50°18'N, 155°27'E ** 5,020'; 1,530 m

5 Fuss Peak (Paramushir Is.) 0900-34 50°16'N, 155°15'E 1854 5,814'; 1,772 m

6 Karpinsky Group (Paramushir Is.) 0900-35 50°08'N, 155°22'E 1952 4,413'; 1,345 m

7 Nemo Peak (Onekotan Is.) 0900-32 49°34'N, 154°48'E 1938 3,342'; 1,019 m

8 Krenitzyn Peak (Tao-Rusyr Caldera; 

Onekotan Is.)

0900-31 49°21'N, 154°42'E 1952 4,344'; 1,324 m

9 Severgin (Harimkotan Is.) 0900-30 49°07'N, 154°30'E 2007? 3,796'; 1,157 m

10 Sinarka (Shiashkotan Is.) 0900-29 48°52'N, 154°11'E 2003? 3,064'; 934 m

11 Kuntomintar (Shiashkotan Is.) 0900-28 48°45'N, 154°01'E 1924 2,717'; 828 m

12 Ekarma (Ekarma Is.) 0900-27 48°57'N, 153°56'E 1980 3,842'; 1,171 m

13 Chirinkotan (Chirinkotan Is.) 0900-26 48°59'N, 153°28'E 2004 2,375'; 724 m

Central Kuriles

14 Raikoke (Raikoke Is.) 0900-25 48°17'N, 153°15'E 1924 1,808'; 551 m

15 Sarychev Peak (Matua Is.) 0900-24 48°06'N, 153°12'E 1976 4,744'; 1,446 m

16 Rasshua (Rasshua Is.) 0900-22 47°45'N, 153°01'E 1957? 3,113'; 949 m

17 Ushishir (Yankich Is.) 0900-21 47°31'N, 152°48'E ** 1,276'; 389 m

18 Ketoi (Pallas Peak; Ketoi Is.) 0900-20 47°20'N, 152°29'E 1960 3,248'; 990 m

19 Prevo Peak (Simushur Is.) 0900-19 47°01'N, 152°07'E 1914 4,462'; 1360 m

20 Zavaritzii (Simushur Is.) 0900-18 46°55'N, 151°57'E 1957 2,050'; 625 m

21 Goryachaya sopka (Simushur Is.) 0900-17B 46°50'N, 151°45'E 1944? 2,923'; 891 m

South Kuriles

22 Cherny (Chirpoi Is.) 0900-15 46°31'N, 150°52'E 1857 2,047'; 624 m

23 Snow (Chirpoi Is.) 0900-15 46°31'N, 150°52'E 1982 1,296'; 395 m

24 Berga (Kolokol Group, Urup Is.) 0900-12 46°03'N, 150°04'E 2007? 3,215'; 980 m

25 Kudryavy (Medvezhii; Iturup Is.) 0900-10 45°23'N, 148°50'E 1999 3,235'; 986 m

26 Men’shiy Brat (Iturup Is.) 0900-10 45°23'N, 1484°7'E ~400 yrs BP 1,847'; 563 m

27 Chirip cluster (Bogdan Khmelnitzky; 

Iturup Is.)

0900-09 45°23'N, 147°55'E 1860? 5,131'; 1,564 m

28 Baransky (Iturup Is.) 0900-08 45°06'N, 148°01'E 1951 3,717'; 1,133 m

29 Ivan Grozny (Iturup Is.) 0900-07 45°01'N, 147°52'E 1989 3,802'; 1,159 m

30 Stokap (Iturup Is.) – 44°50'N, 147°20'E ** 5,361'; 1,634 m

31 Atsonupuri (Iturup Is.) 0900-05 44°48'N, 147°08'E 1932 3,953'; 1,205 m

32 Berutarube (Iturup Is.) 0900-04 44°27'N, 146°56'E 1812 4,003'; 1,220 m

33 Ruruy (Kunashir Is.) 0900-032 44°27'N, 146°08'E ** 4,872'; 1,485 m

34 Tyatya (Kunashir Is.) 0900-03 44°27'N, 146°15'E 1973 5,968'; 1,819 m

35 Mendeleev (Kunashir Is.) 0900-02 43°59'N, 145°44'E 1977 2,910'; 887 m

36 Golovnin (Kunashir Is.) 0900-01 43°51'N, 145°30'E ~1,900 yrs BP 1,775'; 541 m
Tables 9

Table 2. Important web sites that are sources of information about Kurile Volcanoes. 

Organization Web Site

Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/index.html

Anchorage Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://vaac.arh.noaa.gov/

Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/washington.html

NOAA Alaska Aviation Weather Unit Alaska FIR SIGMETs http://aawu.arh.noaa.gov/aawuapps/sigmetgs.php

NOAA National Weather Service Aviation Weather Center http://adds.aviationweather.gov/airmets/

Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/current/index_eng.php

Alaska Volcano Observatory http://www.avo.alaska.edu/activity/
10 Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: A Reference Guide for Aviation Users

This page intentionally left blank.
Manuscript approved for publication, April 17, 2008

Prepared by the USGS Publishing Network, 

Bobbie Richey

Linda Rogers

Sharon Wahlstrom

For more information concerning the research in this report, contact the 

Director, Alaska Science Center

U.S. Geological Survey

4210 University Drive

Anchorage, Alaska 99508

http://alaska.usgs.gov
Neal and others— Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands: A Reference Guide for Aviation Users—Open-File Report 2008–1162