Land Condition Trend Analysis Avian

Database: Ecological Guild-based

Summaries

by

Eric R. Schreiber and William R. Whitworth

Common Name Barred Owl

Scientific Name Strix varia

LCTA Code STVA

Alpha Code BAOW

AOU# 3680

Neotropical

Migrant Status

Resident

General Habitat Forest, Swamp/Marsh

Nest Type Cavity

Nest Location Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Food Type Small Mammals, Birds

Foraging

Technique

Low Patrol, Hover & Pounce

Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) bird

database documentation capabilities often are

limited to generating installation-wide species

checklists, estimates of relative abundance,

and evidence of breeding activity. The

conservation and characterization of biological

diversity is becoming a management objective

of both government and private organizations,

and as such, more ecologically descriptive

summaries are being required.

Ecological guild analyses have been proposed

as a means to link wildlife to a specific

biodiversity component, and thus represent an

option to military trainers in evaluating impacts

to wildlife communities.

This report documents an LCTA database

update that provides selected ecological

attributes (particularly for the nesting season)

for 676 bird species occurring within the

continental United States. This database

upgrade provides land managers the capability

to: (1) generate ecological guild-based

summaries with no additional fieldwork,

(2) identify specific groups of birds most likely

to be impacted by a spatially discrete training

impact, (3) customize the local database by

adjusting individual attributes for species

specific to the installation, and (4) conveniently

cross reference or simply convert all LCTA

species codes to more globally recognized

American Ornithological Union “AOU numbers”

or the Bird Banding Laboratories “Alpha

codes.”

US Army Corps

of Engineers

Construction Engineering

Research Laboratories

USACERL Technical Report 98/100

August 1998

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
2 USACERL TR 98/100

Foreword

This study was conducted for the Office of the Directorate of Environmental

Programs (ODEP), Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management

(ACSIM) under Project 4A162720A896, “Environmental Quality Technology”;

Work Unit EN-UD5, “LCTA Applications for Integrated Natural Resources

Management and Environmental Compliance.” The technical monitor was Dr.

Victor E. Diersing, DAIM-ED-N.

The work was performed by the Natural Resources and Management Division

(LL-N) of the Land Management Laboratory (LL), U.S. Army Construction

Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL). Mr. Schreiber was employed as

a Research Assistant under an interagency agreement with the U.S. Forest

Service, Rocky Mountain Range and Forest Experiment Station, and Colorado

State University. Special thanks are given to Alan Anderson, USACERL

researcher, for developing the bird macro used in conjunction with this report.

The authors thank and give credit to Samuel Orr, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, for the

Barred Owl cover photo. The USACERL Principal Investigator was Dr. David L.

Price. Dr. John T. Bandy is Acting Laboratory Operations Chief, CECER-LL.

The USACERL technical editor was Gloria J. Wienke, Technical Information

Team.

COL James A. Walter is the Commander of USACERL, and Dr. Michael J.

O’Connor is Director.
USACERL TR 98/100 3

Contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... 2

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5

Background .........................................................................................................................5

Objectives............................................................................................................................6

Approach.............................................................................................................................7

Scope ..................................................................................................................................7

Mode of Technology Transfer...............................................................................................7

2 Using the Macro............................................................................................................................ 9

3 Survey Methodology.................................................................................................................. 11

LCTA Bird Survey Overview..............................................................................................11

4 Database Characteristics.......................................................................................................... 14

Vernacular and Scientific Names ......................................................................................14

Avian Codes......................................................................................................................14

Guild Associations.............................................................................................................16

5 Summary...................................................................................................................................... 25

References.......................................................................................................................................... 26

Appendix: Guild Information ........................................................................................................... 29

Distribution
4 USACERL TR 98/100
USACERL TR 98/100 5

1 Introduction

Background

The U.S. Army is responsible for managing 5 million hectares (12.4 million

acres) of land on approximately 120 military installations throughout the United

States (Tazik and Pierce 1994). As part of an integrated land management

approach and under the sponsorship of the U.S. Army Engineering and Housing

Support Center (USAEHSC), the U.S. Army Land Condition Trend Analysis

(LCTA) program was developed at the U.S. Army Construction Engineering

Research Laboratories (USACERL). The foundation of the LCTA program is the

use of standardized methods to collect, analyze, and report natural resources

data and is the Army’s standard for land inventory and monitoring (Technical

Note [TN] 420-74-3 1990). Approximately 50 major military training and testing

installations in the United States and Germany have initiated or completed

implementation of the LCTA program (Tazik et al. 1992).

In addition to providing sufficient training opportunities, land managers must

consider a variety of multiple use demands and endangered species issues on a

daily basis. For example, the conservation of biological diversity increasingly is

a management goal for many state and federal agencies, including the Army, as

outlined in section 11-1(c) of Army Regulation (AR) 200-3 (1995). Unfortunately,

the funds to support research efforts under conservation of biological diversity an

extremely broad subject area, will likely be difficult to obtain in the future, and

installation staff must continue to do more with less. An economic alternative to

obtaining new data is to maximize analyses done on existing data from past and

current efforts.

Avian guild theory has been reported as a relatively simple option for evaluating

impacts of a variety of military land use actions on an installation’s avian

community (Severinghaus 1981), and can be readily incorporated into a

relational database such LCTA. Root (1967) was among the first to discuss the

guild concept, defining guilds as “a group of species that exploit the same class of

environmental resources in a similar way.” A less restrictive definition is

provided by Landres (1983), who defines a guild simply as “...a group of species

that use a similar resource.” An important premise in the guild concept is that

wildlife species are associated with structures and/or spatial layers or zones
6 USACERL TR 98/100

within habitats. Moreover, as more layers occur in a community, potentially

more niches are included, and more wildlife species likely to occur (Short 1983).

Assuming guild members are correctly identified, actions that affect

environmental resources will similarly affect the members of the guilds using the

resources.

Numerous avian guilds have been recognized or proposed; include groupings

based on nesting substrate/location, feeding strategy, migratory tendency, and

general nesting and feeding associations (Short 1983; Terres 1987; Peterjohn and

Sauer 1993; Droege and Sauer 1989). Admittedly, the definition and application

of guild theory is a point of debate among researchers, but the strong appeal of

guild-based summaries is the ability to present plot data from a functional

perspective rather than rely solely on species richness (plot, habitat, or

installation-wide), similarity indices, and other traditional (numerical) measures

of diversity. Moreover, associating species with specific environmental attributes

or resources can aid in the risk assessment process. For instance, once the

resource(s) to be affected by training activities is known, avian guilds (species)

likely to be affected can be readily identified. Avian guilds are easily defined

from LCTA survey data and can provide an understanding of how species

assemblages change over time relative to a resource. Grouping of species has the

added benefit of reducing bias associated with individual species detection rates

while effectively increasing sample size and the power (beta) of statistical tests.

Objectives

The primary objectives of this report are to:

1. Expand the utility of LCTA data by providing published ecological attributes

for all bird species that occur in, or those that migrate through, the United

States,

2. Describe common guild associations and provide documentation enabling

installation natural resources personnel to adjust their LCTA database to reflect

bird species characteristic of their installation and region, and

3. Allow the simple conversion of LCTA codes to the more universally

recognized Bird Banding Laboratory Alpha codes and American Ornithologists’

Union (AOU) numbers, and vice versa.
USACERL TR 98/100 7

Approach

Information for this database was derived from a variety of sources that included

bird field guides (Peterson 1980, 1990), encyclopedias (Terres 1987), and field

handbooks (American Ornithologists’ Union 1983; Ehrlich, Dobkin, and Wheye

1988). Data quality checks were initiated after species-attribute information

had been incorporated to ensure agreement among the various sources. A

limited number of new species codes were developed by USACERL to represent

species not recognized either by USACERL (Kowalski and Whitworth 1991), the

Bird Banding Laboratory (Canadian Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service 1991), or the American Ornithologists’ Union (1983).

Scope

This report describes an LCTA database update that provides selected ecological

attributes of 676 bird species occurring within the continental United States.

Ecological attributes for each species includes: neotropical status, nest location,

nest type, food type, foraging substrate, foraging technique, and general habitat

type.

Mode of Technology Transfer

This report is intended to assist natural resources personnel in customizing and

updating their LCTA bird database, thus permitting a greater range of potential

analyses and facilitating the interpretation of their LCTA bird data. The

database update may also be incorporated into future versions of the automated

LCTA frontend program and linked to additional databases. This report

represents one in a series of user-friendly reports documenting the utility,

limitations, and potential applications of LCTA data (Price at al. 1995; Anderson

et al. 1995; Rice, Demarais, and Hansen 1997; Anderson, Guertin, and Price

1996; Whitworth and Hill 1997).

An electronic database containing all guild information and the macro can be

obtained from USACERL. For further information about the program, contact

the authors at 1-800-USA-CERL, or write to USACERL, Attn: LL-N, P.O. Box
8 USACERL TR 98/100

9005, Champaign, IL 61826-9005. Use of the macro requires Microsoft Excel 97*

or newer version.

 

* Citing manufacturer and software names is not intended to imply endorsement by the Department of Defense or

the U.S. Army.
USACERL TR 98/100 9

2 Using the Macro

After installing the file, open Microsoft® Excel and select <bird_db.xls>. Refer to

the appropriate Microsoft® Office 97 documentation for further details on

enabling and using macros. See the Appendix for standard guild information.

Upon initializing the macro, a dialog box prompts you to <Overwrite existing

output data?>. By answering <Yes>, any current data within the Output sheet

will be lost. By answering <No>, additions and corrections will simply be

appended to existing output data.

The second dialog box prompts you to <Enter code type (LCTA, ALPHA, AOU)>.

These codes are based on either the Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA)

program, the Bird Banding Laboratory (Alpha), or the American Ornithologist’s

Union (AOU).

The third dialog box prompts you to <Enter bird species code>. As you enter

each code and press <RETURN>, data is pulled from the bird database and

inserted into the Output sheet. Codes that are entered incorrectly, or those that

do not correspond to a species within the database, will be flagged as Code Not

Found. Do not worry about duplicate or invalid codes at this point; they will be

corrected later. Press <RETURN> on an empty field when all applicable codes

have been entered.

The fourth dialog box prompts you to <Enter sorting criteria>. Output data can

be sorted according to LCTA code, ALPHA code, AOU number, common name, or

scientific name. Duplicate codes are also removed at this point. You can delete

rows that show Code Not Found by simply deleting the rows. You can remove

these codes at any time.

The fifth dialog box then prompts you to <Save the data?>. By answering <Yes>,

you can save the output to a specified directory or subdirectory. By answering

<No>, new output data will not be saved. At this point, if you need to correct or

verify certain codes, or add species, simply rerun the macro. The macro will then

loop back to the initial dialog box and prompt to <Overwrite existing output

data?>. If you are simply editing codes or adding new codes, answer <No>.
10 USACERL TR 98/100

Continue rerunning the macro until all species have been included, and all

errors identified and corrected.

Now, with the installation-specific guild summaries for each species, verify that

all species that occur on the installation have in fact been included in the output

file. When all verifications are completed, go back and modify the guild

association characteristics for each species. Many species occupy various guilds

in different parts of the country, so stated representations for every species may

not be appropriate for your installation. Modifying guild characteristics to fit

local conditions will make data analysis and interpretation more precise.
USACERL TR 98/100 11

3 Survey Methodology

LCTA Bird Survey Overview

To place guild-based avian summaries in the proper context and define the

limitations of the data, it is important to at least present a brief overview of field

survey methods. For complete information on LCTA methodologies, refer to the

U.S. Army Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) Plot Inventory Field Methods

Technical Report (Tazik et al. 1992). Bird surveys are conducted during the

morning (0 to 4 hrs post sunrise) on a random subsample of all LCTA core plots

by using a modified point-count technique. Under typical circumstances, the

total number of core plots sampled is 60. Each plot is surveyed at least once.

Initial implementation guidance suggested an evening survey be considered as

well (Tazik et al. 1992). Table 1 identifies the three segments constituting a

valid plot survey. Briefly, an observer(s) slowly walks the 100-m transect in 6

minutes and records all birds seen and heard within 100-m of the plot (Line

Out). Upon reaching the end of the transect the observer stops and for 8

minutes records all birds seen and heard within 100-m (End Point). The

observer then walks back to the starting point, again recording all birds seen

and heard within 100-m of the plot (Line In). The maximum number of birds

exhibiting breeding behavior are totaled by species (MAX Pair, Table 2). Mated

status for each individual is described in Table 3. Species observed outside the

plot boundaries, migrating overhead, and before/after the official survey times

are also recorded on the standard LCTA Bird Survey Data Form (Table 2) within

the “Others” column.

For each species, common name, LCTA species code, mated status, and total

number of individuals are recorded within each segment of the survey (Table 2).

Species documented within the “Others” column should only be used in

installation checklists and should not be included in statistical analyses since

they did not occur within the designated LCTA plot boundary. The “Others”

category represents observations of species outside the plot boundaries, such as

migratory birds and raptors, and includes those species observed while driving to

and from plots.

Upon completing all bird surveys within a given field season, the data is then

entered into a standardized electronic database. The format of the database has
12 USACERL TR 98/100

recently been revised (Table 4) by researchers at USACERL to allow installation

personnel the advantage of being able to sort individual occurrences (e.g., by

mated status or measurement point).

Table 1. LCTA measure point code with short description.

Table 2. Completed LCTA bird survey data form, USMA, West Point, NY.

Installation West Point LCTA Plot Number 9 Observer T. Miller

Date 5/29/93 Starting time 1902 AM PM (circle one)

Cloud Cover (%) 10 Wind 10-15 Temp (CO) 16

Number of birds Observed Inside the Plot Limits

Common Name

Species

Code

Line Out

(6 min)

End Point

(8 min)

Line In

(6 min) Othersa

Max

Pair

R.W. Blackbird AGPH 1 1, 1F 2

Ovenbird SEAU 1 1

E. Kingbird TYTY 1 1

A. Robin TUMI 1 1 2

N. Flicker COAU 1U 0

Song Sparrow MEME 1 Pr 1

R.S. Towhee PIER 1 1

R.B. Woodpecker MECA 1 1

N. Oriole ICGA 1 0

R.B. Grosbeak PHLU 1 1

a

 This category includes species observed outside the plot limits, and flyovers of birds not using the plot.

Measure Point Code Line Segment

 LO Line Out

 EP End Point

 LI Line In

 C All ages and genders of species outside

the plot boundary were totaled and entered

as one observation
USACERL TR 98/100 13

Table 3. LCTA mated status code and description.

Table 4. Representative spreadsheet within the USACERL LCTA bird database.

Mated Status Code Mated Status

* Singing Male

PR Adult male/female

M Nonsinging male

F Female only

U Unknown sex and age

Y Young of the year

FL Flock

C All statuses were combined

NR Not recorded

Instalid Plotid Recdate Vertid Period Num Flyovers Mated Status Measure Point

WES 9 5/30/93 AGPH AM 4 N * LO

WES 9 5/30/93 AISP AM 1 N * EP

WES 9 5/30/93 BOLE AM 1 N * EP

WES 9 5/30/93 BUJA AM 1 N U LO

WES 9 5/30/93 COAU AM 1 Y * C

WES 9 5/30/93 CYCR AM 1 N * LO

WES 9 5/30/93 HYMU AM 1 Y * C

WES 9 5/30/93 ICGA AM 1 Y * C

WES 9 5/30/93 MECA AM 1 Y * C

WES 9 5/30/93 MEGE AM 1 N * EP

WES 9 5/30/93 MEME AM 1 N * EP

WES 9 5/30/93 MNVA AM 1 N * LO

WES 9 5/30/93 PHLU AM 1 N * LO

WES 9 5/30/93 TYTY AM 2 N PR EP

WES 9 5/30/93 VIFL AM 1 N * LO

WES 9 5/30/93 VIOL AM 1 N * LO

WES 9 5/29/93 AGPH PM 1 N * LO

WES 9 5/29/93 AGPH PM 1 N * EP

WES 9 5/29/93 AGPH PM 1 N F EP

WES 9 5/29/93 COAU PM 1 N U LO

WES 9 5/29/93 ICGA PM 1 Y * C

WES 9 5/29/93 MECA PM 1 N * LI

WES 9 5/29/93 MEME PM 2 N PR EP

WES 9 5/29/93 PHLU PM 1 N * EP

WES 9 5/29/93 PIER PM 1 N * LI

WES 9 5/29/93 SEAU PM 1 N * LO

WES 9 5/29/93 TUMI PM 1 N * EP

WES 9 5/29/93 TUMI PM 1 N * LO

WES 9 5/29/93 TYTY PM 1 N * LO
14 USACERL TR 98/100

4 Database Characteristics

Vernacular and Scientific Names

Vernacular and scientific names were taken from the 1987 Checklist of

Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada (hereafter

called Checklist of Vertebrates, Banks, McDiarmid, and Gardner 1987). The 1987

checklist includes a national list of standard vertebrate species names that is

accurate and up-to-date, as of 1985. However, with the checklist being more

than 10 years old, many scientific names may have changed. Also, depending on

taxonomic characteristics, certain individuals and organizations lump species

while splitting others. For example, the Northern Flicker is often recognized as

one unique species by some researchers while others split it into two unique

species: the Yellow-shafted Flicker and the Red-shafted Flicker. Refer to Table 5

for additional species that are frequently lumped or split.

Common names are entered in two different formats within the electronic

database. The first series of common names is arranged with the last name

followed by the first name (e.g., Blackbird, Red-winged). The second series of

common names is arranged with the first name followed by the last name (e.g.,

Red-winged blackbird). Both formats were included within the electronic

database so that individuals can opt for either one without having to retype each

common name.

Avian Codes

Three sets of organizational avian codes are included in the database to facilitate

communication between various organizations and enable comparisons between

data sets.
USACERL TR 98/100 15

Table 5. Species that are typically lumped or split.

___________________________________________________

Northern Flicker Yellow-shafted Flicker

Red-shafted Flicker

________________________________________________________

Snow Goose Blue Goose

Snow Goose

________________________________________________________

Brant Atlantic Brant

Black Brant

________________________________________________________

Tricolored Blackbird Tawny-shouldered Blackbird

Yellow-shouldered Blackbird

________________________________________________________

Scott’s Oriole Black-vented Oriole

Black-cowled Oriole

________________________________________________________

Northern Oriole Baltimore Oriole

Bullock’s Oriole

________________________________________________________

Rosy Finch Gray-crowned Rosy Finch

Black Rosy Finch

Black-capped Rosy Finch

________________________________________________________

Dark-eyed Junco Slate-colored Junco

Oregon Junco

Gray-headed Junco

White-winged Junco

________________________________________________________

Yellow-rumped Warbler Myrtle Warbler

Audubon’s Warbler

________________________________________________________

Palm Warbler Western Palm Warbler

Yellow Palm Warbler

________________________________________________________

Tufted Titmouse Eastern Titmouse

Black-crested Titmouse

________________________________________________________

Bushtit Common Bushtit

Black-eared Bushtit

_________________________________________________________

LCTA Codes

LCTA wildlife codes were established in 1991 by USACERL researchers

(Kowalski and Whitworth 1991) and based on scientific names from the Checklist

of Vertebrates (Banks, McDiarmid, and Gardner 1987). Each code consists of the

first two letters of the genus and the first two letters of the specific epithet. To

eliminate duplication, numerical values are added to similar four-letter codes

(e.g., SICA1 and SICA2). However, a potential problem with using numerical

values is that many observers find them difficult to remember and occasionally

may enter the wrong one. Unfortunately, a code entered incorrectly may not

necessarily show up as an error. Therefore, it is desirabile for a qualified field
16 USACERL TR 98/100

biologist to input and/or check plot data. For example, if an observer records an

eastern wood pewee (COVI1) but fails to write the “1” on the suffix, the result is

not a illegitimate code (with an error message) but represents another species,

the northern bobwhite (COVI). In some areas both species can occur together,

making this error more difficult to detect. This potential problem can be

minimized by the use of experienced field personnel. Alternatively, an

installation may want to consider using a more intuitive method such as the

more widely accepted AOU Codes (American Ornithologists’ Union 1983),

converting back to LCTA codes when necessary.

Alpha Codes

Alpha codes, developed by the Bird Banding Laboratory, consist of a four-letter

combination composed of the common name (e.g., BAEA [Bald Eagle] and RWBL

[Red-winged Blackbird]: Canadian Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service 1991). Potential problems include: (1) field biologists who

devise individual or entire sets of alpha codes instead of following accepted

guidelines or established codes, (2) species that do not have an alpha code (e.g.,

game species like quail, pheasant, turkey, etc.), and (3) common names that vary

between different localities. Interestingly, 36 species included in the database

did not have a designated alpha code. Therefore, to provide some consistency

and completeness, USACERL developed codes for the 36 undesignated species,

marking each with an asterisk (*).

AOU Codes

AOU codes, established by the American Ornithologists’ Union in the late 1800s,

are numerical codes consisting of four numbers (American Ornithologists’ Union

1983). Since the AOU checklist is widely used as an official, or semi-official

reference, little change in taxonomic concepts has been implemented, unless

widely accepted based on published evidence.

Guild Associations

Information within this section was derived primarily from the 1988 Birder’s

Handbook (Ehrlich, Dobkin, and Wheye 1988).

Many species can substitute or switch nest location, nest type, diet, foraging

substrate, foraging technique, and habitat type; therefore, ecological guild-based

attributes for some species may not be appropriate in every locality. Some

species are “specialists” and associate with a single guild, whereas other species
USACERL TR 98/100 17

are “generalists” and associate with multiple guilds. For example, a species may

frequent multiple habitats, consume a variety of foods, construct a nest in a

variety of locations, but builds only one type of nest. Depending on the species

and geographic area, some guild data will likely have to be modified to fit local

conditions. The appendix contains standard guild information.

Neotropical Migrant Status

The neotropical bird classification system listed below (Partners in Flight 1991)

has been included in the database to help installation personnel become more

familiar with migratory species. The 676 bird species that are currently listed in

the database are divided as follows:

Class A - 141 species; Species that breed in North America and spend their

nonbreeding period primarily south of the United States.

Class B - 71 species; Species that breed and winter extensively in North

America, but some populations winter south of the United States.

Class C - 34 species; Species whose breeding range is primarily south of the

U.S./Mexico border and enters the United States along the Rio Grande Valley.

Class D - 5 species; Species whose breeding range is restricted to the Florida

Peninsula within the United States, and withdraws from Florida during the

nonbreeding season.

Class R - 425 species; Species that breed and winter exclusively in the United

States (resident species).

Class A and B neotropical migrant species are probably most vulnerable to

habitat alterations since they spend their nonbreeding period south of the

United States, and migrate across several environments to reach their breeding

grounds. Class C and Class D neotropical migrant species are also important

but typically breed south of the United States. Class R (resident species) do not

migrate but are still being threatened by alteration and degradation of their

habitats beyond the point of use by a particular species within the United States.

Nest Location

Nest locations have been generalized for most species; however, some specialized

nest locations have been included for those species that will nest only in certain

areas. Thirteen nest locations are described below:
18 USACERL TR 98/100

Bank - Includes river banks, areas of soft soil on steep island slopes, etc., where

nest burrows are excavated.

Cactus - Includes nests built in cholla and yucca trees.

Cave - Nest built within a cave.

Cliff - Includes nests situated in natural crevices or on ledges of cliffs typically

offering a commanding view of a defensible position, and sometimes chosen when

no suitable trees are available.

Floating - Includes nests floating on water and usually anchored to live emergent

or submerged vegetation.

Ground - Includes nests placed among the roots, or in niches among the roots of

fallen trees, among tules and reeds (in marshes), among grasses, on bare rock, or

simply scraped in the dirt or sand.

MMS (Man-made Structure) - Includes nests placed among any man-made

structure (bridges, barn, etc.).

Reed - Nest built within and attached to reeds.

Shrub - Includes nests placed within any multi-stemmed woody plant that does

not have a distinct single trunk extending several feet between the ground and

the lowest branching point.

Snag - Includes nests placed in a standing dead tree. Also used for species that

use cavities in dead and live trees more/less indiscriminately.

Vine Tangle - Includes nests placed in vines, brambles, brush piles, etc.

Woody Lower Canopy - Includes nests placed in the lower canopy of deciduous or

coniferous trees.

Woody Upper Canopy - Includes nests placed in the upper canopy of deciduous or

coniferous trees.
USACERL TR 98/100 19

Nest Type

Birds of the same species typically construct similar nests; however, the

materials available often differ from area to area. Thirteen nest types are

characterized below:

Abandoned - Nest is built in an abandoned nest previously built by another

species.

Burrow - Eggs placed in a chamber at the end of a tunnel. Tunnels are either

excavated by the bird (most kingfishers, puffins, storm petrels) or usurped from

small mammals, especially ground squirrels and prairie dogs.

Cavity - Eggs placed in a cavity that has been either excavated (woodpeckers) or

in a natural cavity found in a dead or dying tree. Sometimes a cup or other

structure is built within.

Crevice - Eggs placed in a crack in the face of a cliff, between boulders, in a manmade structure, etc.

Cup - A sometimes bulky, but always deep depression, with a hemispherical

inside and a rim height several times the diameter of the eggs.

None - No nest is constructed. Eggs are typically layed on ground with nothing

to protect them.

Oven - Oven-shaped (roofed or arched) nest on the ground.

Parasitic - No nest is constructed. Eggs are deposited in the nest of another

species.

Pendant - An elongate saclike nest suspended from a branch.

Platform - A structure in a tree, on a cliff, or providing a dry place above marshy

ground or water, usually big enough for the bird to land on, with or without a

distinct depression to hold the eggs. Typical of many raptors and wetland birds.

Saucer - A shallow cup with the height of the rim not more than twice the

diameter of the eggs. Also a flattened nest of pliable vegetation as in some

wetland birds.
20 USACERL TR 98/100

Scrape - A simple depression usually with a rim sufficient to prevent eggs from

rolling away. Those of many duck species are almost bowl-shaped. Occasionally

with lining added.

Sphere - Globe-shaped or ball-shaped. A roughly round structure, fully enclosed

except a small opening usually on the side or at one end.

Food Type

Diet is a category that is often difficult to quantify. Species rely on a variety of

food types throughout the year and many species have an entirely different

winter diet than that of the summer and spring. Therefore, inferences that

follow need to be looked at as generalizations and will not represent the diet of a

particular species in every geographic area within all seasons. Thirteen food

items are listed below:

Aquatic Inverts - May include aquatic insects, crayfish, shrimp, snails, bivalves,

etc.

Birds - Includes birds and their eggs.

Carrion - Dead and putrefying flesh.

Fish - Includes fish, their fry, and eggs.

Fruit - Includes fruit and berries.

Greens - May include leafy parts of both aquatic and terrestrial plants, and

bulbs.

Insects - May include insects, spiders, mites, land snails, slugs, worms,

millipedes, sowbugs, etc.

Nectar - The sugar-containing liquid secretion of the nectary of many flowers.

Nuts - A type of fruit with one seed and a hard woody outer layer (e.g., acorns

and beechnuts).

Seeds - Includes grains, sunflower seeds, conifer seeds, etc.

Small Mammals - Any animal of the class Mammalia. Includes shrews, ground

squirrels, rabbits, but most often rodents.
USACERL TR 98/100 21

Small Verts - Includes reptiles (e.g., lizards, snakes) and amphibians (e.g.,

salamanders, frogs).

Tree Sap - A watery solution that circulates through a plant’s vascular system.

Foraging Substrate

Foraging substrate has been included to aide in making larger scale

generalizations with regard to feeding techniques. Five substrates have been

identified:

Air - Foraging done in the air. (Includes foraging techniques such as: Aerial

Foraging, Aerial Pursuit, Hawker, Hover & Pick, Hover Gleaner, and Piracy.).

Bark - Foraging done primarily on the bark of trees. (Includes: Bark Gleaner.)

Foliage - Foraging done primarily on foliage. (Includes: Foliage Browser and

Foliage Gleaner.)

Ground - Foraging done primarily on the ground. (Includes: Digging, Ground

Gleaner, High Patrol, Hover & Pounce, Low Patrol, Piracy, Scavenger and

Swooper.)

Water - Foraging done primarily on or in the water. (Includes: Ambusher,

Dabbler, High Dives, Prober, Skimmer, Surface Dips, and Surface Dives.)

Foraging Technique

Many birds that eat both seeds and insects will take proportionally more insects

when available. Therefore, geographic area and availability of food items will

have a major effect on items consumed. In addition, both primary and secondary

foraging techniques may be used to obtain primary food items. Twenty-two

foraging techniques have been identified:

Aerial Foraging - Capturing flying insects while in a prolonged, continuous

flight.

Aerial Pursuit - Chasing or catching birds in midair, stooping (dropping on flying

birds from above, killing them in midair with a blow from the talons), or

snatching them from their perches.
22 USACERL TR 98/100

Ambusher - Hunting by standing motionless on a bank or in the water and

spearing fish, frogs, etc.

Bark Gleaner - Gleaning from tree trunks and branches. Includes excavating

and drilling into bark.

Dabbler - Floating on the surface in shallow water, pivoting headfirst downward

while raising hind-quarters above the water to reach submerged plants or

animals on or near the substrate.

Digging - Includes scratching at the surface and digging for bulbs, insects, etc.

Foliage Browser - Browsing tender shoots, twigs, and leaves of trees and shrubs

for food.

Foliage Gleaner - Gleaning from foliage and occasionally from branches. Take

invertebrates and/or fruit from the vegetation, not from the ground surface.

Ground Gleaner - Picking up items from the surface of soil, turf, sand, etc.

Hawker - Sallies from perch on short flights to capture flying insects.

High Dives - Dropping from a height into the water, usually to catch fish, but

sometimes to take waterfowl and other prey.

High Patrol - Soaring at high altitudes in search of carrion or prey.

Hover & Pick - Hovering above a particular substrate, then snatching or picking

up the food item.

Hover & Pounce - Hovering before swooping or dropping down on prey.

Hover Gleaner - Taking nectar, insects, or berries from plants above the ground

while hovering.

Low Patrol - Seeking prey in a low searching flight.

Piracy - Taking prey from another bird.

Scavenger - Feeding on carrion, refuse, or material left unconsumed by other

organisms.
USACERL TR 98/100 23

Skimmer - Flying low over the water and snatching up fish or aquatic

invertebrates.

Surface Dips - Taking food from the water’s surface or from just below while

floating or swimming on the surface.

Surface Dives - Floating and then diving under water using feet and/or wings in

search of prey.

Swooper - Snatching prey from the ground in talons after a gliding descent from

perch with wings spread.

General Habitat

General habitat is another category that is often quite difficult to define. Many

species frequent several habitat types and are not associated with just one.

Therefore, general habitat classifications within the database should be viewed

with caution. Fifteen habitat types are listed below:

Coastal - An area of land near the shore (Pacific and Atlantic Coast).

Cropland - Includes lands that have been planted with grain or sorghum, disked

fields, or anything else pertaining to agricultural practices.

Desert - A terrestrial environment characterized by poor soil, climatic extremes

of high and low temperatures, and low rainfall.

Forest - An extensive concentration of trees and related vegetation. Includes

sparsely wooded areas, densely wooded areas, and pinon-juniper associations.

Forest Edge - The transitional area where a forest ends and another distinct

habitat begins.

Freshwater - Includes areas such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams.

Grassland - An area of land on which the natural dominant plant forms are

grasses and forbs. Areas with scattered trees and/or snags are included in this

community type.

Pelagic - Living or occurring in the open sea for a substantial portion of their

lives.
24 USACERL TR 98/100

Riparian - An area located along the bank of a natural watercourse (as a river) or

sometimes of a lake or tidewater.

Rocky Slope - An area abounding in or consisting primarily of rocks (mountains,

cliffs, talus slopes, etc.).

Shoreline - The strip of land where a body of water and the shore meet.

Shrubland - An area of land on which the natural dominant plant forms are

shrubs (a low, usually several-stemmed woody plant).

Swamp/Marsh - A wet, spongy land, saturated and sometimes partially or

intermittently covered with water. Also includes tracts of soft, wet land,

typically characterized with grasses and cattails.

Tundra - A treeless plain that is characteristic of arctic and subarctic regions,

and consists of black mucky soil with a permanently frozen subsoil, and supports

a dense growth of often conspicuously flowering dwarf herbs.

Urban - Any area habituated with people. Includes cities, towns, suburbs, and

possibly farm houses, etc.
USACERL TR 98/100 25

5 Summary

Information within this report will provide land managers the capability to: (1)

generate ecological guild-based summaries with no additional fieldwork, (2)

identify specific groups of birds most likely to be impacted by a spacially descrete

training impact, (3) customize their database by adjusting individual attributes

for species specific to their installation, and (4) conveniently cross reference, or

simply convert, all LCTA species codes to more globally recognized American

Ornithological Union “AOU numbers” or the Bird Banding Laboratory “Alpha

codes”.

The LCTA bird database provides selected ecological attributes of 676 species

occurring within the continental United States. However, LCTA avian codes

were based on the 1987 Checklist of Vertebrates, which encompasses 1,098 bird

species, and covers a wider geographical area. Therefore, depending on

installation locality, species range, and occurrence of infrequently observed

species, additional species may need to be incorporated into your local database.

Each species within the database has information pertaining to neotropical

status, nest location, nest type, diet, foraging substrate, foraging technique, and

general habitat. However, since many species occupy various guilds in different

parts of the country, stated representations for each species may not accurately

portray the most applicable data. Therefore, after all codes have been entered

into the avian macro, verified, and an installation-specific database developed,

personnel at each installation should go through the guild data for their

particular species and make appropriate modifications.
26 USACERL TR 98/100

References

American Ornithologists’ Union. 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press,

Inc.

Anderson, A.B., P.J Guertin, and D.L. Price, Land Condition Trend Analysis Data: Power Analysis,

Technical Report 97/05/ADA 321295 (U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research

Laboratories [USACERL], October 1996).

Anderson, A.B., W. Sprouse, D. Kowalski, and R. Brozka, Land Condition Trend Analysis Data

Collection Software Users Manual: Version 1.0, ADP Report 95/13/ADA 299981 (USACERL,

July 1995).

Army Regulation [AR] 200-3, Natural Resources--Land, Forest and Wildlife Management

(Headquarters, Department of the Army [HQDA], Washington, DC, February 1995).

Banks, R.C., R.W. McDiarmid, and A.L. Gardner. 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United

States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication

166.

Canadian Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. North American

Bird Banding. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, MD; and

Ottawa, Canada: Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service.

Droege, S., and J.R. Sauer, North American Breeding Bird Survey Annual Summary 1988. U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report 89(13), (1989) 16pp.

Ehrlich, P.R., D.S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The Birder’s Handbook: A Field Guide to the

Natural History of North American Birds. Simon and Schuster, Fireside, 785pp.

Kowalski, D.G. and W.R. Whitworth. 1991. LCTA species code database developed by the U. S.

Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories.

Landres, P.B. “Use of the Guild Concept in Environmental Impact Assessment,” Environmental

Management, Vol. 7 (1983), pp 393-398.

Partners in Flight. 1991. Annual Report, Preliminary Lists of Migrants for Neotropical Migrant

Bird Conservation Program.

Peterjohn, B.G., and J.R. Sauer, “North American Breeding Bird Survey Annual Summary 1990-

1991,” Bird Populations, Vol. 1 (1993), pp 1-16.

Peterson, R.T. 1990. Peterson Field Guides: Western Birds. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston,

432pp.
USACERL TR 98/100 27

Peterson, R.T. 1980. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Birds. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston,

384pp.

Price, D.L., A.A. Anderson, W.R. Whitworth, and P.J. Guertin. Land Condition Trend Analysis

Data Summaries. Technical Report-95/39/ADA 300753 (USACERL, September 1995).

Rice, C.G., S. Demarais, and R.W. Hansen, Analysis of LCTA Methods for Inventory and

Monitoring Birds and Small Mammals on Army Lands in the Southwestern United States,

Technical Report-97/97/ADA 327767 (USACERL, June 1997).

Root, R.B. “The niche exploration pattern of the blue-gray gnatcatcher, Ecological Monographs,

Vol 37 (1967), pp 317-350.

Severinghaus, W.D. 1981. “Guild Theory Development as a Mechanism for Assessing

Environmental Impact.” Environmental Management, vol 5:187-190.

Short, H.L. 1983. Wildlife Guilds in Arizona Habitats. USDI, Bureau of Land Management

Technical Note 362 (Fort Collins, CO).

Tazik, D.J. and P. Pierce, “U.S. Army, Proceedings--Interagency Endangered Species Symposium,”

D.J. Tazik, C. Martin, P. Pierce, and J. Ruth, eds., Washington, DC, 26 and 28 August 1994, pp

34-37.

Tazik, D.J., S.D. Warren, V.E. Diersing, R.B. Shaw, R.J. Brozka, C.A. Bagley, and W.R. Whitworth,

“U.S. Army Land Condition-Trend Analysis (LCTA) Plot Inventory Field Methods,” Technical

Report N-92/03/ADA 277931 (USACERL, February 1992).

Technical Note [TN] 420-74-3. Army Land Inventory and Monitoring Procedures on Military

Installations. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Engineering and Housing Support Center,

Fort Belvoir, VA. 26 November 1990.

Terres, J.K. 1987. The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. Alfred A. Knopf,

Inc., New York. 1109pp.

Whitworth, W.R., and A. Hill, Applicability of Land Condition Trend Analysis Data for Biological

Diversity Assessment in the Southeastern United States, Technical Report 97/67/ADA 327477

(USACERL April 1997).
28 USACERL TR 98/100
USACERL TR 98/100 29

Appendix: Guild Information
30 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Albatross, Black-footed Diomedea nigripes DINI BFAL 0810 R Ground

Albatross, Laysan Diomedea immutabilis DIIM LAAL 0821 R Ground

Anhinga Anhinga anhinga ANAN ANHI 1180 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Ani, Groove-billed Crotophaga sulcirostris CRSU GBAN 3840 C Woody Lower Canopy

Ani, Smooth-billed Crotophaga ani CRAN SBAN 3830 R Woody Lower Canopy

Auklet, Cassin’s Ptychoramphus aleuticus PTAL CAAU 0160 R Ground, Cliff

Auklet, Crested Aethia cristatella AECR CRAU 0180 R Ground, Cliff

Auklet, Least Aethia pusilla AEPU LEAU 0200 R Ground, Cliff

Auklet, Parakeet Cyclorrhynchus psittacula CYPS PAAU 0170 R Ground, Cliff

Auklet, Rhinoceros Cerorhinca monocerata CEMO RHAU 0150 R Ground

Auklet, Whiskered Aethia pygmaea AEPY WHAU 0190 R Ground

Avocet, American Recurvirostra americana REAM AMAV 2250 R Ground

Becard, Rose-throated Pachyramphus aglaiae PAAG RTBE 4411 C Woody Upper Canopy

Bittern, American Botaurus lentiginosus BOLE AMBI 1900 R Ground

Bittern, Least Ixobrychus exilis IXEX LEBI 1910 R Ground, Shrub

Blackbird, Brewer’s Euphagus cyanocephalus EUCY BRBL 5100 B Woody Upper Canopy, Ground

Blackbird, Red-winged Agelaius phoeniceus AGPH RWBL 4980 B Reed, Shrub

Blackbird, Rusty Euphagus carolinus EUCA1 RUBL 5090 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Blackbird, Tricolored Agelaius tricolor AGTR TRBL 5000 R Reed, Shrub

Blackbird, Yellow-headed Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus XAXA YHBL 4970 A Reed, Shrub

Bluebird, Eastern Sialia sialis SISI EABL 7660 B Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Bluebird, Mountain Sialia currucoides SICU MOBL 7680 B Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Bluebird, Western Sialia mexicana SIME WEBL 7670 B Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Bluethroat Luscinia svecica LUSV BLUE 7640 R Ground

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus DOOR BOBO 4940 A Ground

Bobwhite, Northern Colinus virginianus COVI NOBO* 2890 R Ground

Booby, Blue-footed Sula nebouxii SUNE BFBO 1141 R Ground

Booby, Brown Sula leucogaster SULE BRBO 1150 R Ground

Booby, Masked Sula dactylatra SUDA MABO 1140 R Ground

Booby, Red-footed Sula sula SUSU RFBO 1160 R Woody Upper Canopy, Ground

Brant Branta bernicla BRBE BRAN* 1730 R Ground

Bufflehead Bucephala albeola BUAL BUFF 1530 R Snag, Bank

Bunting, Indigo Passerina cyanea PACY INBU 5980 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Bunting, Lark Calamospiza melanocorys CAME LARB 6050 A Ground

Bunting, Lazuli Passerina amoena PAAM1 LASB 5990 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Bunting, McKay’s Plectrophenax hyperboreus PLHY MKBU 5350 R Ground, Cliff

Bunting, Painted Passerina ciris PACI1 PABU 6010 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Bunting, Snow Plectrophenax nivalis PLNI SNBU 5340 R Ground, Cliff

Bunting, Varied Passerina versicolor PAVE VABU 6000 C Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus PSMI BUTI* 7430 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Canvasback Aythya valisineria AYVA CANV 1470 R Reed, Floating

Caracara, Crested Polyborus plancus POPL CRCA 3620 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Cardinal, Northern Cardinalis cardinalis CACA4 NOCA 5930 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Catbird, Gray Dumetella carolinensis DUCA GRCA 7040 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Chachalaca, Plain Ortalis vetula ORVE PLCH* 3110 R Woody Lower Canopy

Chat, Yellow-breasted Icteria virens ICVI YBCH 6830 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Chickadee, Black-capped Parus atricapillus PAAT BCCH 7350 R Woody Lower Canopy, Snag

Chickadee, Boreal Parus hudsonicus PAHU BOCH 7400 R Woody Lower Canopy, Snag
USACERL TR 98/100 31

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

DINI Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Pelagic

DIIM Scrape Aquatic Inverts Water Ground Gleaner Pelagic

ANAN Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

CRSU Cup Insects, Small Verts Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Swamp/Marsh

CRAN Cup Insects, Small Verts Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Grassland

PTAL Burrow, Crevice Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

AECR Crevice Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

AEPU Crevice Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

CYPS Crevice Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

CEMO Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

AEPY Crevice Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

REAM Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water Prober Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

PAAG Sphere Insects, Fruit Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Shrubland

BOLE Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Ambusher, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

IXEX Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Ambusher, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

EUCY Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

AGPH Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

EUCA1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

AGTR Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Cropland

XAXA Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Swamp/Marsh

SISI Cavity Insects, Fruit Air, Foliage Hawker, Foliage Gleaner Forest Edge, Grassland

SICU Cavity Insects, Fruit Ground Swooper, Hover & Pounce Forest, Grassland

SIME Cavity Insects, Fruit Air, Foliage Hawker, Foliage Gleaner Riparian, Grassland

LUSV Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Tundra, Rocky Slope

DOOR Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Grassland, Swamp/Marsh

COVI Scrape Greens, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Forest Edge, Shrubland

SUNE Scrape Fish Water High Dives Coastal, Pelagic

SULE Scrape Fish Water High Dives Coastal, Pelagic

SUDA Scrape Fish Water High Dives Coastal, Pelagic

SUSU Platform, Scrape Fish Water High Dives, Skimmer Coastal, Pelagic

BRBE Scrape Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Tundra, Shoreline

BUAL Cavity, Burrow Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Forest

PACY Cup Insects, Seeds Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest Edge, Shrubland

CAME Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Grassland, Shrubland

PAAM1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

PLHY Crevice, Cavity Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shoreline, Tundra

PACI1 Cup Seeds, Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

PLNI Crevice, Cavity Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shoreline, Tundra

PAVE Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland

PSMI Pendant Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

AYVA Cup Greens, Seeds Water Surface Dives, Prober Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

POPL Platform Carrion, Small Verts Ground Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Shrubland

CACA4 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Urban

DUCA Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

ORVE Saucer Fruit, Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Riparian, Forest Edge

ICVI Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

PAAT Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest, Riparian

PAHU Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest
32 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Chickadee, Carolina Parus carolinensis PACA2 CACH 7360 R Woody Lower Canopy, Snag

Chickadee, Chestnut-backed Parus rufescens PARU CBCH 7410 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Chickadee, Mexican Parus sclateri PASC MECH 7370 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Chickadee, Mountain Parus gambeli PAGA MOCH 7380 R Woody Lower Canopy, Snag

Chuck-will’s-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis CACA3 CWWI 4160 A Ground

Chukar Alectoris chukar ALCH CHUK* 2882 R Ground

Condor, California Gymnogyps californianus GYCA1 CALC 3240 R Cliff

Coot, American Fulica americana FUAM AMCO 2210 R Floating

Cormorant, Brandt’s Phalacrocorax penicillatus PHPE1 BRAC 1220 R Cliff, Ground

Cormorant, Double-crested Phalacrocorax auritus PHAU DCCO 1200 R Ground, Woody Upper Canopy

Cormorant, Great Phalacrocorax carbo PHCA GRCO 1190 R Cliff, Woody Upper Canopy

Cormorant, Olivaceous Phalacrocorax olivaceus PHOL OLCO 1210 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Cormorant, Pelagic Phalacrocorax pelagicus PHPE PECO 1230 R Cliff, Ground

Cormorant, Red-faced Phalacrocorax urile PHUR RFCO 1240 R Cliff

Cowbird, Bronzed Molothrus aeneus MOAE BROC 4960 C Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Cowbird, Brown-headed Molothrus ater MOAT BHCO 4950 B Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Crane, Sandhill Grus canadensis GRCA1 SACR 2060 R Ground

Crane, Whooping Grus americana GRAM WHCR 2040 R Ground

Creeper, Brown Certhia americana CEAM BRCR 7260 B Woody Upper Canopy

Crossbill, Red Loxia curvirostra LOCU2 RECR 5210 R Woody Upper Canopy

Crossbill, White-winged Loxia leucoptera LOLE1 WWCR 5220 R Woody Upper Canopy

Crow, American Corvus brachyrhynchos COBR1 AMCR 4880 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Crow, Fish Corvus ossifragus COOS FICR 4900 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Crow, Northwestern Corvus caurinus COCA2 NOCR 4890 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Cuckoo, Black-billed Coccyzus erythropthalmus COER BBCU 3880 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Cuckoo, Mangrove Coccyzus minor COMI MACU 3860 D Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus COAM YBCU 3870 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Curlew, Bristle-thighed Numenius tahitiensis NUTA BTCU 2680 R Ground

Curlew, Eskimo Numenius borealis NUBO ESCU* 2660 R Ground

Curlew, Long-billed Numenius americanus NUAM LBCU 2640 A Ground

Dickcissel Spiza americana SPAM DICK 6040 A Ground, Shrub

Dipper, American Cinclus mexicanus CIME AMDI 7010 R Cliff, MMS

Dove, Common Ground Columbina passerina COPA COGD 3200 R Ground, Shrub

Dove, Inca Columbina inca COIN1 INDO 3210 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Dove, Mourning Zenaida macroura ZEMA MODO 3160 B Woody Lower Canopy, Ground

Dove, Rock Columba livia COLI RODO* 3131 R MMS, Cliff

Dove, White-tipped Leptotila verreauxi LEVE WTDO 3180 R Woody Lower Canopy

Dove, White-winged Zenaida asiatica ZEAS WWDO 3190 C Woody Lower Canopy

Dovekie Alle alle ALAL1 DOVE 0340 R Cliff

Dowitcher, Long-billed Limnodromus scolopaceus LISC LBDO 2320 R Ground

Dowitcher, Short-billed Limnodromus griseus LIGR SBDO 2310 R Ground

Duck, American Black Anas rubripes ANRU ABDU 1330 R Ground

Duck, Black-bellied Whistling Dendrocygna autumnalis DEAU1 BBWD 1770 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Duck, Fulvous Whistling Dendrocygna bicolor DEBI FUWD 1780 R Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Duck, Harlequin Histrionicus histrionicus HIHI1 HARD 1550 R Ground

Duck, Masked Oxyura dominica OXDO MADU 1680 R Ground

Duck, Mottled Anas fulvigula ANFU MODU 1340 R Ground

Duck, Ring-necked Aythya collaris AYCO RNDU 1500 R Ground, Floating
USACERL TR 98/100 33

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

PACA2 Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest, Riparian

PARU Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest

PASC Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest

PAGA Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest

CACA3 None Insects, Birds Air Aerial Foraging Forest

ALCH Scrape Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

GYCA1 None Carrion, Fish Ground Scavenger, High Patrol Rocky Slope

FUAM Platform Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Surface Dips, Ground Gleaner Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

PHPE1 Saucer Fish Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

PHAU Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives, Surface Dips Coastal, Freshwater

PHCA Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

PAHU Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest

PACA3 Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest, Riparian

PHUR Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

MOAE Parasitic Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Cropland

MOAT Parasitic Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Forest Edge, Forest

GRCA1 Saucer Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

GRAM Saucer Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

CEAM Cup Insects, Nuts Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Forest

LOCU2 Cup Seeds, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Forest

LOLE1 Cup Seeds Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest

COBR1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Forest, Riparian

COOS Cup Aquatic Inverts, Carrion Ground Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Shoreline, Freshwater

COCA2 Cup Aquatic Inverts, Insects Ground Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

COER Platform, Parasitic Insects, Fish Foliage Scavenger, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

COMI Platform Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Shrubland

COAM Platform, Parasitic Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest, Riparian

NUTA Scrape Fruit, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Tundra

NUBO Scrape Insects, Fruit Ground Ground Gleaner, Prober Tundra, Shoreline

NUAM Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

SPAM Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Cropland

CIME Oven Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Prober Freshwater, Riparian

COPA Saucer Seeds, Fruit Ground Ground Gleaner Forest Edge, Urban

COIN1 Saucer Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Forest Edge, Shrubland

ZEMA Saucer Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest Edge, Cropland

COLI Saucer Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Urban

LEVE Saucer Seeds, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Riparian, Cropland

ZEAS Saucer Seeds, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Riparian, Shrubland

ALAL1 Crevice Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

LISC Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water Prober Tundra, Swamp/Marsh

LIGR Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water Prober Tundra, Swamp/Marsh

ANRU Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Seeds Water Dabbler Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

DEAU1 Cavity Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

DEBI Saucer Greens, Seeds Water, Ground Surface Dips, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

HIHI1 Scrape Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives, Dabbler Freshwater, Coastal

OXDO Scrape Greens, Insects Water Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

ANFU Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water Dabbler Swamp/Marsh

AYCO Scrape Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh
34 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Duck, Ruddy Oxyura jamaicensis OXJA RUDU 1670 R Ground

Duck, Tufted Aythya fuligula AYFU TUDU 1491 R Ground, Bank

Duck, Wood Aix sponsa AISP WODU 1440 R Snag, MMS

Dunlin Calidris alpina CAAL1 DUNL 2430 R Ground

Eagle, Bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus HALE BAEA 3520 R Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Eagle, Golden Aquila chrysaetos AQCH GOEA 3490 B Cliff, Woody Upper Canopy

Eagle, White-tailed Haliaeetus albicilla HAAL WTEA* 3510 R Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Egret, Cattle Bubulcus ibis BUIB CAEG 2001 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Egret, Great Casmerodius albus CAAL2 GREG 1960 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Egret, Reddish Egretta rufescens EGRU REEG 1980 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Egret, Snowy Egretta thula EGTH SNEG 1970 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Eider, Common Somateria mollissima SOMO COEI 1590 R Ground

Eider, King Somateria spectabilis SOSP KIEI 1620 R Ground

Eider, Spectacled Somateria fischeri SOFI SPEI 1580 R Ground

Eider, Steller’s Polysticta stelleri POST STEI 1570 R Ground

Falcon, Aplomado Falco femoralis FAFE APFA 3590 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Falcon, Peregrine Falco peregrinus FAPE PEFA 3560 A Cliff, Woody Upper Canopy

Falcon, Prairie Falco mexicanus FAME PRFA 3550 B Cliff, Woody Upper Canopy

Fieldfare Turdus pilaris TUPI FIEL 7612 R Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Finch, Cassin’s Carpodacus cassinii CACA7 CAFI 5180 B Woody Upper Canopy

Finch, House Carpodacus mexicanus CAME2 HOFI 5190 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Finch, Purple Carpodacus purpureus CAPU1 PUFI 5170 B Woody Upper Canopy

Finch, Rosy Leucosticte arctoa LEAR ROFI* 5240 R Ground, Cliff

Flamingo, Greater Phoenicopterus ruber PHRU GREF 1820 R Ground

Flicker, Northern Colaptes auratus COAU NOFL* 4120 B Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Flycatcher, Acadian Empidonax virescens EMVI ACFL 4650 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Flycatcher, Alder Empidonax alnorum EMAL ALFL 4661 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Flycatcher, Ash-throated Myiarchus cinerascens MYCI ATFL 4540 A Woody Lower Canopy

Flycatcher, Brown-crested Myiarchus tyrannulus MYTY BCFL 4530 C Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Flycatcher, Buff-breasted Empidonax fulvifrons EMFU BBFL 4700 C Woody Upper Canopy

Flycatcher, Dusky Empidonax oberholseri EMOB DUFL 4690 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Flycatcher, Dusky-capped Myiarchus tuberculifer MYTU DCFL 4550 C Woody Upper Canopy

Flycatcher, Gray Empidonax wrightii EMWR GRFL 4691 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Flycatcher, Great-crested Myiarchus crinitus MYCR GCFL 4520 A Woody Upper Canopy, Snag

Flycatcher, Hammond’s Empidonax hammondii EMHA HAFL 4680 A Woody Upper Canopy

Flycatcher, Least Empidonax minimus EMMI1 LEFL 4670 A Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Flycatcher, Olive-sided Contopus borealis COBO OSFL 4590 A Woody Upper Canopy

Flycatcher, Scissor-tailed Tyrannus forficatus TYFO STFL 4430 A Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Flycatcher, Sulphur-bellied Myiodynastes luteiventris MYLU SBFL 4510 C Woody Upper Canopy

Flycatcher, Vermilion Pyrocephalus rubinus PYRU VEFL 4710 A Woody Upper Canopy

Flycatcher, Western Empidonax difficilis EMDI WEFL 4640 R Woody Lower Canopy, Cliff

Flycatcher, Willow Empidonax traillii EMTR WIFL 4660 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied Empidonax flaviventris EMFL YBFL 4630 A Ground

Frigatebird, Magnificent Fregata magnificens FRMA MAFR 1280 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Fulmar, Northern Fulmarus glacialis FUGL NOFU 0860 R Cliff, Ground

Gadwall Anas strepera ANST GADW 1350 R Ground

Gallinule, Purple Porphyrula martinica POMA PUGA 2180 R Floating

Gannet, Northern Sula bassanus SUBA NOGA 1170 R Cliff, Ground
USACERL TR 98/100 35

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

OXJA Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

AYFU Burrow Greens, Insects Water Ground Gleaner, Skimmer Coastal, Freshwater

AISP Cavity Aquatic Inverts, Seeds Water Dabbler Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

CAAL1 Scrape Insects, Seeds Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal, Tundra

HALE Platform Fish, Birds Water, Ground High Patrol, Low Patrol Freshwater, Coastal

AQCH Platform Small Mammals, Birds Ground High Patrol, Swooper Grassland, Forest Edge

HAAL Platform Fish, Birds Water, Air Skimmer, Hawker Tundra, Coastal

BUIB Platform Insects, Small Verts Ground Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Grassland

CAAL2 Platform Fish, Small Verts Water Ambusher Swamp/Marsh

EGRU Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Ambusher Coastal, Swamp/Marsh

EGTH Platform Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Ambusher Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

SOMO Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives, Dabbler Tundra, Coastal

SOSP Scrape Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives, Dabbler Tundra, Coastal

SOFI Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Dabbler, Surface Dips Tundra, Coastal

POST Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Dabbler, Surface Dips Tundra, Coastal

FAFE Platform Birds, Insects Air Aerial Pursuit, Hawker Grassland, Shrubland

FAPE Scrape Birds Air Aerial Pursuit Forest, Grassland

FAME Scrape, Crevice Birds, Small Mammals Air, Ground Aerial Pursuit, Low Patrol Grassland, Tundra

TUPI Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Forest

CACA7 Cup Seeds, Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

CAME2 Cup, Cavity Seeds, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Urban

CAPU1 Cup Seeds, Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

LEAR Cup, Crevice Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Rocky Slope, Tundra

PHRU Saucer Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Prober Coastal, Swamp/Marsh

COAU Cavity Insects, Seeds Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Urban

EMVI Cup Insects, Fruit Air Hawker Riparian, Swamp/Marsh

EMAL Cup Insects, Fruit Air Hawker Swamp/Marsh, Shrubland

MYCI Cavity Insects, Fruit Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland, Riparian

MYTY Cavity Insects, Fruit Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland, Desert

EMFU Cup Insects Air Hawker Forest

EMOB Cup Insects Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

MYTU Cavity Insects, Fruit Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Riparian, Forest

EMWR Cup Insects Air, Ground Hawker, Ground Gleaner Shrubland

MYCR Cavity Insects, Fruit Air, Ground Hawker, Ground Gleaner Forest Edge, Forest

EMHA Cup Insects Air Hawker Forest

EMMI1 Cup Insects, Fruit Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Urban

COBO Cup Insects Air Hawker Forest

TYFO Cup Insects, Fruit Air, Foliage Hawker, Foliage Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

MYLU Cavity Insects, Fruit Air Hawker Riparian, Forest

PYRU Cup Insects Air Hawker, Hover & Pounce Riparian, Forest Edge

EMDI Cavity Insects, Fruit Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Forest, Riparian

EMTR Cup Insects, Fruit Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

EMFL Cup Insects, Fruit Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Forest, Swamp/Marsh

FRMA Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water, Air Low Patrol, Hawker Coastal, Pelagic

FUGL Scrape, Saucer Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, High Dives Pelagic

ANST Scrape Greens, Insects Water Dabbler, Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh, Grassland

POMA Platform Seeds, Fruit Ground Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

SUBA Platform Fish Water High Dives Coastal, Pelagic
36 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed Polioptila melanura POME BTGN 7520 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray Polioptila caerulea POCA BGGN 7510 A Woody Lower Canopy

Godwit, Bar-tailed Limosa lapponica LILA BARG 2500 R Ground

Godwit, Hudsonian Limosa haemastica LIHA HUGO 2510 R Ground

Godwit, Marbled Limosa fedoa LIFE MAGO 2490 R Ground

Goldeneye, Barrow’s Bucephala islandica BUIS BAGO 1520 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Goldeneye, Common Bucephala clangula BUCL COGO 1510 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Goldfinch, American Carduelis tristis CATR AMGO 5290 B Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Goldfinch, Lawrence’s Carduelis lawrencei CALA3 LAGO 5310 B Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Goldfinch, Lesser Carduelis psaltria CAPS LEGO 5300 B Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Goose, Barnacle Branta leucopsis BRLE BRNG 1750 R Cliff, Ground

Goose, Canada Branta canadensis BRCA1 CAGO 1720 R Ground

Goose, Emperor Chen canagica CHCA1 EMGO 1760 R Ground

Goose, Greater White-fronted Anser albifrons ANAL GWFG 1710 R Ground

Goose, Pink-footed Anser brachyrhynchus ANBR PFGO 1712 R Ground, Cliff

Goose, Ross’ Chen rossii CHRO ROGO 1700 R Ground

Goose, Snow Chen caerulescens CHCA SNGO* 1690 R Ground

Goshawk, Northern Accipiter gentilis ACGE NOGO 3340 B Woody Upper Canopy

Grackle, Boat-tailed Quiscalus major QUMA BTGR 5130 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Grackle, Common Quiscalus quiscula QUQU COGR 5110 R Woody Lower Canopy

Grackle, Great-tailed Quiscalus mexicanus QUME GTGR 5120 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Grebe, Clark’s Aechmophorus clarkii AECL CLGR 0011 R Ground

Grebe, Eared Podiceps nigricollis PONI EAGR 0040 R Floating

Grebe, Horned Podiceps auritus POAU HOGR 0030 R Floating

Grebe, Least Tachybaptus dominicus TADO LEGR 0050 R Floating

Grebe, Pied-billed Podilymbus podiceps POPO PBGR 0060 R Floating

Grebe, Red-necked Podiceps grisegena POGR RNGR 0020 R Floating

Grebe, Western Aechmophorus occidentalis AEOC WEGR 0010 R Floating

Grosbeak, Black-headed Pheucticus melanocephalus PHME1 BHGR 5960 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Grosbeak, Blue Guiraca caerulea GUCA BLGR 5970 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Grosbeak, Evening Coccothraustes vespertinus COVE EVGR 5140 R Woody Upper Canopy

Grosbeak, Pine Pinicola enucleator PIEN PIGR 5150 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Grosbeak, Rose-breasted Pheucticus ludovicianus PHLU RBGR 5950 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Grouse, Blue Dendragapus obscurus DEOB BLGS* 2970 R Ground

Grouse, Ruffed Bonasa umbellus BOUM RUGR* 3000 R Ground

Grouse, Sage Centrocercus urophasianus CEUR SAGR* 3090 R Ground

Grouse, Sharp-tailed Tympanuchus phasianellus TYPH STGR* 3080 R Ground

Grouse, Spruce Dendragapus canadensis DECA SPGR* 2980 R Ground

Guillemot, Black Cepphus grylle CEGR BLGU 0270 R Cliff, Ground

Guillemot, Pigeon Cepphus columba CECO1 PIGU 0290 R Cliff

Gull, Bonaparte’s Larus philadelphia LAPH BOGU 0600 R Woody Lower Canopy, Ground

Gull, California Larus californicus LACA1 CAGU 0530 R Ground

Gull, Common Black-headed Larus ridibundus LARI CBHG 0551 R Ground

Gull, Franklin’s Larus pipixcan LAPI FRGU 0590 R Floating

Gull, Glaucous Larus hyperboreus LAHY GLGU 0420 R Cliff, Ground

Gull, Glaucous-winged Larus glaucescens LAGL GWGU 0440 R Cliff, Ground

Gull, Great Black-backed Larus marinus LAMA GBBG 0470 R Ground

Gull, Heermann’s Larus heermanni LAHE HEEG 0570 R Ground
USACERL TR 98/100 37

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

POME Cup Insects, Seeds Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Shrubland

POCA Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

LILA Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water Prober Tundra, Coastal

LIHA Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water Prober Tundra

LIFE Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Grassland, Swamp/Marsh

BUIS Cavity Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

BUCL Cavity Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

CATR Cup Seeds, Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Grassland, Riparian

CALA3 Cup Seeds, Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Riparian, Shrubland

CAPS Cup Seeds, Insects Foliage Foliage Gleaner Forest Edge, Grassland

BRLE Scrape Greens, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Tundra, Coastal

BRCA1 Scrape Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

CHCA1 Scrape Greens, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Dabbler Swamp/Marsh, Tundra

ANAL Scrape Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

ANBR Scrape Grain, Greens Ground Ground Gleaner Tundra, Coastal

CHRO Scrape Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Freshwater, Tundra

CHCA Scrape Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Tundra, Freshwater

ACGE Platform Birds, Small Mammals Air, Ground Aerial Pursuit, Low Patrol Forest

QUMA Cup Insects, Small Verts Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Swamp/Marsh, Cropland

QUQU Cup, Cavity Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Grassland, Urban

QUME Cup Insects, Small Verts Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Swamp/Marsh

AECL Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

PONI Platform Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

POAU Platform Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

TADO Platform Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

POPO Platform Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

POGR Platform Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

AEOC Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

PHME1 Cup Insects, Seeds Foliage Foliage Gleaner Riparian, Forest Edge

GUCA Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Riparian, Forest Edge

COVE Cup Seeds, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Urban

PIEN Cup Seeds, Fruit Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

PHLU Cup Insects, Seeds Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

DEOB Scrape Greens, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

BOUM Scrape Greens, Seeds Foliage, Ground Foliage Browser, Ground Gleaner Forest

CEUR Scrape Greens, Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Browser, Ground Gleaner Shrubland

TYPH Scrape Greens, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Browser Grassland, Shrubland

DECA Scrape Greens, Fruit Foliage, Ground Foliage Browser, Ground Gleaner Forest

CEGR Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

CECO1 Crevice, Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

LAPH Saucer Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Scavenger, Surface Dives Shoreline, Freshwater

LACA1 Scrape Insects, Small Verts Water Scavenger, Surface Dives Coastal, Freshwater

LARI Scrape Insects Water Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Coastal, Freshwater

LAPI Platform Insects Water Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Freshwater, Cropland

LAHY Saucer Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal

LAGL Saucer Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water, Ground Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Coastal

LAMA Saucer Birds, Fish Ground, Water Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Coastal

LAHE Scrape, Saucer Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, High Dives Coastal
38 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Gull, Herring Larus argentatus LAAR HERG 0510 R Ground, Cliff

Gull, Iceland Larus glaucoides LAGL1 ICGU 0430 R Cliff, Ground

Gull, Ivory Pagophila eburnea PAEB IVGU 0390 R Ground, Cliff

Gull, Laughing Larus atricilla LAAT LAGU 0580 R Ground

Gull, Lesser Black-backed Larus fuscus LAFU LBBG 0500 R Ground

Gull, Little Larus minutus LAMI LIGU 0601 R Ground

Gull, Mew Larus canus LACA2 MEGU 0550 R Ground, Floating

Gull, Ring-billed Larus delawarensis LADE1 RBGU 0540 R Ground

Gull, Ross’ Rhodostethia rosea RHRO ROGU 0610 R Ground

Gull, Sabine’s Xema sabini XESA SAGU 0620 R Ground

Gull, Thayer’s Larus thayeri LATH THGU 0431 R Cliff

Gull, Western Larus occidentalis LAOC WEGU 0490 R Cliff, Ground

Gull, Yellow-footed Larus livens LALI YFGU 0491 R Ground

Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus FARU GYRF 3540 R Cliff, Woody Upper Canopy

Harrier, Northern Circus cyaneus CICY NOHA 3310 B Ground, Shrub

Hawk, Broad-winged Buteo platypterus BUPL BWHA 3430 A Woody Upper Canopy

Hawk, Common Black Buteogallus anthracinus BUAN CBHA 3450 C Woody Upper Canopy

Hawk, Cooper’s Accipiter cooperii ACCO COHA 3330 B Woody Upper Canopy

Hawk, Ferruginous Buteo regalis BURE1 FEHA 3480 B Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Hawk, Gray Buteo nitidus BUNI GRHA 3460 C Woody Upper Canopy

Hawk, Harris’ Parabuteo unicinctus PAUN HRSH 3350 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Hawk, Red-shouldered Buteo lineatus BULI RSHA 3390 B Woody Upper Canopy

Hawk, Red-tailed Buteo jamaicensis BUJA RTHA 3370 B Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Hawk, Rough-legged Buteo lagopus BULA RLHA 3470 R Cliff, Woody Upper Canopy

Hawk, Sharp-shinned Accipiter striatus ACST SSHA 3320 B Woody Upper Canopy

Hawk, Short-tailed Buteo brachyurus BUBR STHA 3440 R Woody Upper Canopy

Hawk, Swainson’s Buteo swainsoni BUSW SWHA 3420 A Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Hawk, White-tailed Buteo albicaudatus BUAL2 WTHA 3410 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Hawk, Zone-tailed Buteo albonotatus BUAL3 ZTHA 3400 C Woody Upper Canopy

Heron, Black-crowned Night Nycticorax nycticorax NYNY BCNH 2020 R Woody Lower Canopy, Ground

Heron, Great Blue Ardea herodias ARHE GTBH 1940 R Woody Upper Canopy

Heron, Green-backed Butorides striatus BUST GNBH 2010 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Heron, Little Blue Egretta caerulea EGCA LBHE 2000 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Heron, Tricolored Egretta tricolor EGTR TRHE 1990 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Heron, Yellow-crowned Night Nycticorax violaceus NYVI YCNH 2030 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Hummingbird, Allen’s Selasphorus sasin SESA ALHU 4340 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Hummingbird, Anna’s Calypte anna CAAN ANHU 4310 B Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Hummingbird, Berylline Amazilia beryllina AMBE BEHU 4381 R Woody Upper Canopy

Hummingbird, Black-chinned Archilochus alexandri ARAL1 BCHU 4290 A Woody Lower Canopy

Hummingbird, Blue-throated Lampornis clemenciae LACL BLUH 4270 C Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Hummingbird, Broad-billed Cynanthus latirostris CYLA BBLH 4410 C Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Hummingbird, Broad-tailed Selasphorus platycercus SEPL BTLH 4320 A Woody Lower Canopy

Hummingbird, Buff-bellied Amazilia yucatanensis AMYU BUFH 4390 C Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Hummingbird, Calliope Stellula calliope STCA CAHU 4360 A Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Hummingbird, Costa’s Calypte costae CACO COHU 4300 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Hummingbird, Lucifer Calothorax lucifer CALU LUHU 4370 C Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Hummingbird, Magnificent Eugenes fulgens EUFU MAHU 4260 C Woody Upper Canopy

Hummingbird, Ruby-throated Archilochus colubris ARCO RTHU 4280 A Woody Lower Canopy
USACERL TR 98/100 39

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

LAAR Saucer Seeds, Birds Water, Ground Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Coastal, Freshwater

LAGL1 Saucer Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, High Dives Coastal

PAEB Saucer, Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Scavenger, High Dives Coastal

LAAT Scrape, Saucer Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

LAFU Saucer Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger Coastal

LAMI Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips Swamp/Marsh, Grassland

LACA2 Scrape, Cup Insects Ground, Water Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Coastal, Tundra

LADE1 Saucer Fish, Insects Ground, Water Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Freshwater, Coastal

RHRO Scrape Insects, Fish Water, Ground Surface Dips, Ground Gleaner Coastal, Tundra

XESA Scrape Fish, Insects Ground, Water Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Tundra, Freshwater

LATH Saucer Fish, Fruit Water, Ground Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal

LAOC Saucer Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal

LALI Saucer Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger Coastal

FARU Scrape Birds, Small Mammals Air, Ground Aerial Pursuit, Low Patrol Tundra, Rocky Slope

CICY Platform Small Mammals, Small Verts Ground, Air Low Patrol Grassland, Swamp/Marsh

BUPL Platform Small Mammals, Birds Ground, Air Swooper Forest

BUAN Platform Small Verts, Fish Ground, Water Swooper Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

ACCO Platform Birds, Small Mammals Air, Ground Aerial Pursuit, Low Patrol Forest, Riparian

BURE1 Platform Small Mammals, Birds Ground Hover & Pounce, Swooper Grassland

BUNI Platform Small Verts, Birds Ground Swooper, Low Patrol Riparian, Forest

PAUN Platform Small Mammals, Small Verts Ground Low Patrol, Swooper Grassland, Shrubland

BULI Platform Small Mammals, Small Verts Ground Low Patrol, High Patrol Riparian, Swamp/Marsh

BUJA Platform Small Mammals, Birds Ground High Patrol, Swooper Forest, Grassland

BULA Platform Small Mammals, Insects Ground Hover & Pounce, Swooper Forest, Tundra

ACST Platform Birds Air Aerial Pursuit Forest

BUBR Platform Birds Ground High Patrol Grassland, Swamp/Marsh

BUSW Platform Small Mammals, Small Verts Ground High Patrol Grassland, Forest

BUAL2 Platform Small Mammals, Small Verts Ground High Patrol, Hover & Pounce Grassland, Shrubland

BUAL3 Platform Small Verts, Birds Ground High Patrol Shrubland, Grassland

NYNY Platform Fish, Small Verts Water Ambusher Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

ARHE Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Ambusher Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

BUST Platform Fish, Insects Water Ambusher Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

EGCA Platform Fish, Small Verts Water Ambusher Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

EGTR Platform Fish, Small Verts Water Ambusher Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

NYVI Platform Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water, Ground Ambusher, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

SESA Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland, Forest

CAAN Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Shrubland

AMBE Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner Forest

ARAL1 Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Shrubland

LACL Cup Insects, Nectar Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Riparian

CYLA Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

SEPL Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Shrubland

AMYU Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

STCA Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Shrubland

CACO Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner Shrubland

CALU Cup Insects, Nectar Air Hover Gleaner Shrubland

EUFU Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner Forest

ARCO Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner Forest, Urban
40 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Hummingbird, Rufous Selasphorus rufus SERU RUHU 4330 A Woody Lower Canopy

Hummingbird, Violet-crowned Amazilia violiceps AMVI VCHU 4391 C Woody Upper Canopy

Hummingbird, White-eared Hylocharis leucotis HYLE WEHU 4401 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Ibis, Glossy Plegadis falcinellus PLFA GLIB 1860 R Ground, Shrub

Ibis, Scarlet Eudocimus ruber EURU SCIB 1850 R Woody Upper Canopy

Ibis, White Eudocimus albus EUAL WHIB 1840 R Woody Lower Canopy

Ibis, White-faced Plegadis chihi PLCH WFIB 1870 R Ground, Shrub

Jacana, Northern Jacana spinosa JASP NOJA 2880 R Floating

Jaeger, Long-tailed Stercorarius longicaudus STLO1 LTJA 0380 R Ground

Jaeger, Parasitic Stercorarius parasiticus STPA PAJA 0370 R Ground

Jaeger, Pomarine Stercorarius pomarinus STPO POJA 0360 R Ground

Jay, Blue Cyanocitta cristata CYCR BLJA 4770 R Woody Lower Canopy

Jay, Brown Cyanocorax morio CYMO BRJA 4832 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Jay, Gray Perisoreus canadensis PECA GRAJ 4840 R Woody Lower Canopy

Jay, Gray-breasted Aphelocoma ultramarina APUL GBJA 4820 R Woody Lower Canopy

Jay, Green Cyanocorax yncas CYYN GREJ 4830 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Jay, Pinyon Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus GYCY PIJA 4920 R Woody Lower Canopy

Jay, Scrub Aphelocoma coerulescens APCO SCJA 4810 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Jay, Steller’s Cyanocitta stelleri CYST STJA 4780 R Woody Lower Canopy

Junco, Dark-eyed Junco hyemalis JUHY DEJU* 5670 B Ground, Bank

Junco, Yellow-eyed Junco phaeonotus JUPH YEJU 5700 R Ground, Shrub

Kestrel, American Falco sparverius FASP AMKE 3600 B Snag, Cliff

Killdeer Charadrius vociferus CHVO KILL 2730 B Ground

Kingbird, Cassin’s Tyrannus vociferans TYVO CAKI 4480 A Woody Upper Canopy

Kingbird, Couch’s Tyrannus couchii TYCO COKI 4461 C Woody Lower Canopy

Kingbird, Eastern Tyrannus tyrannus TYTY EAKI 4440 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Kingbird, Gray Tyrannus dominicensis TYDO GRAK 4450 D Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Kingbird, Thick-billed Tyrannus crassirostris TYCR TBKI 4451 C Woody Upper Canopy

Kingbird, Tropical Tyrannus melancholicus TYME TRKI 4460 C Woody Lower Canopy

Kingbird, Western Tyrannus verticalis TYVE WEKI 4470 A Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Kingfisher, Belted Ceryle alcyon CEAL BEKI 3900 B Bank, Snag

Kingfisher, Green Chloroceryle americana CHAM GKIN 3910 C Bank

Kingfisher, Ringed Ceryle torquata CETO RIKI 3901 R Bank

Kinglet, Golden-crowned Regulus satrapa RESA GCKI 7480 R Woody Upper Canopy

Kinglet, Ruby-crowned Regulus calendula RECA RCKI 7490 B Woody Upper Canopy

Kiskadee, Great Pitangus sulphuratus PISU1 GKIS 4490 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Kite, American Swallowtailed

Elanoides forficatus ELFO ASTK 3270 A Woody Upper Canopy

Kite, Black-shouldered Elanus caeruleus ELCA BSKI 3280 R Woody Upper Canopy

Kite, Hook-billed Chondrohierax uncinatus CHUN HBKI 3271 R Woody Lower Canopy

Kite, Mississippi Ictinia mississippiensis ICMI MIKI 3290 A Woody Upper Canopy

Kite, Snail Rostrhamus sociabilis ROSO SNKI 3300 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Kittiwake, Black-legged Rissa tridactyla RITR BLKI 0400 R Cliff

Kittiwake, Red-legged Rissa brevirostris RIBR RLKI 0410 R Cliff

Knot, Red Calidris canutus CACA REKN 2340 R Ground

Lark, Horned Eremophila alpestris ERAL HOLA 4740 B Ground

Limpkin Aramus guarauna ARGU LIMP 2070 R Ground, Shrub

Longspur, Chestnut-collared Calcarius ornatus CAOR CCLO 5380 B Ground

Longspur, Lapland Calcarius lapponicus CALA LALO 5360 R Ground
USACERL TR 98/100 41

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

SERU Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Shrubland

AMVI Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner Forest, Riparian

HYLE Cup Nectar, Insects Air Hover Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Shrubland

PLFA Platform Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

EURU Platform Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Prober Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

EUAL Platform Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

PLCH Platform Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

JASP Platform Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

STLO1 Scrape Small Mammals, Birds Ground, Air Hover & Pounce, Piracy Grassland, Tundra

STPA Scrape Birds, Small Mammals Ground, Air Hover & Pounce, Piracy Shrubland, Tundra

STPO Scrape Small Mammals, Birds Ground, Air Low Patrol, Piracy Swamp/Marsh, Tundra

CYCR Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Urban

CYMO Cup Insects, Small Verts Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

PECA Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

APUL Cup Nuts Ground Ground Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

CYYN Cup Insects, Small Verts Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Forest

GYCY Cup Nuts, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Forest

APCO Cup Insects, Nuts Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Forest

CYST Cup Nuts, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

JUHY Cup, Cavity Seeds, Insects Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Forest Edge

JUPH Cup, Cavity Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

FASP Cavity Insects, Small Verts Ground, Air Hover & Pounce, Hawker Grassland, Cropland

CHVO Scrape Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Shoreline, Freshwater

TYVO Cup Insects, Fruit Air, Ground Hawker, Hover & Pounce Forest, Shrubland

TYCO Cup Insects, Fruit Air, Ground Hawker Riparian, Urban

TYTY Cup Insects, Fruit Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Riparian, Forest Edge

TYDO Cup Insects, Fruit Air, Foliage Hawker, Foliage Gleaner Shoreline

TYCR Cup Insects Air Hawker Riparian

TYME Cup Insects, Fruit Air, Ground Hawker, Hover & Pounce Forest, Urban

TYVE Cup Insects, Fruit Air, Ground Hawker, Hover & Pounce Grassland, Riparian

CEAL Burrow, Cavity Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives Shoreline, Freshwater

CHAM Burrow Fish Water High Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

CETO Burrow Fish Water High Dives Freshwater

RESA Pendant Insects, Fruit Bark, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest

RECA Pendant Insects, Tree Sap Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest

PISU1 Sphere Insects, Fish Air, Water Hawker, High Dives Forest, Riparian

ELFO Platform Insects, Small Verts Air, Ground Hawker, Swooper Forest, Swamp/Marsh

ELCA Platform Small Mammals, Insects Ground Hover & Pounce Grassland, Riparian

CHUN Platform Aquatic Inverts, Insects Ground, Bark Swooper, Bark Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Forest

ICMI Saucer Insects, Small Verts Air, Ground Hawker, High Patrol Riparian, Forest Edge

ROSO Platform Aquatic Inverts Water Low Patrol, Swooper Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

RITR Cup Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, High Dives Pelagic, Coastal

RIBR Cup Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives, Hover & Pick Pelagic, Coastal

CACA Scrape Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner, Prober Tundra

ERAL Saucer Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Cropland

ARGU Saucer Aquatic Inverts Water Prober, Ambusher Swamp/Marsh

CAOR Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland

CALA Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland
42 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Longspur, McCown’s Calcarius mccownii CAMC MCLO 5390 B Ground

Longspur, Smith’s Calcarius pictus CAPI SMLO 5370 R Ground

Loon, Arctic Gavia arctica GAAR ARLO 0090 R Ground

Loon, Common Gavia immer GAIM COLO 0070 R Ground

Loon, Pacific Gavia pacifica GAPA PALO 0100 R Ground

Loon, Red-throated Gavia stellata GAST2 RTLO 0110 R Ground

Loon, Yellow-billed Gavia adamsii GAAD YBLO 0080 R Ground

Magpie, Black-billed Pica pica PIPI BBMA 4750 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Magpie, Yellow-billed Pica nuttalli PINU YBMA 4760 R Woody Upper Canopy

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos ANPL MALL 1320 R Ground

Martin, Purple Progne subis PRSU PUMA 6110 A Snag, MMS

Meadowlark, Eastern Sturnella magna STMA2 EAME 5010 B Ground

Meadowlark, Western Sturnella neglecta STNE1 WEME 5011 B Ground

Merganser, Common Mergus merganser MEME2 COME 1290 R Woody Upper Canopy, Ground

Merganser, Hooded Lophodytes cucullatus LOCU1 HOME 1310 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Merganser, Red-breasted Mergus serrator MESE RBME 1300 R Ground

Merlin Falco columbarius FACO MERL 3570 A Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Mockingbird, Northern Mimus polyglottos MIPO NOMO 7030 B Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Moorhen, Common Gallinula chloropus GACH COMO 2190 R Floating, Ground

Murre, Common Uria aalge URAA COMU 0300 R Cliff

Murre, Thick-billed Uria lomvia URLO TBMU 0310 R Cliff

Murrelet, Ancient Synthliboramphus antiquus SYAN ANMU 0210 R Ground

Murrelet, Kittlitz’s Brachyramphus brevirostris BRBR KIMU 0240 R Ground

Murrelet, Marbled Brachyramphus marmoratus BRMA MAMU 0230 R Ground, Woody Upper Canopy

Murrelet, Xantus’ Synthliboramphus hypoleucus SYHY XAMU 0250 R Ground

Myna, Crested Acridotheres cristatellus ACCR CRMY 4931 R Woody Upper Canopy, MMS

Nighthawk, Antillean Chordeiles gundlachii CHGU ANNI 4201 D Ground

Nighthawk, Common Chordeiles minor CHMI CONI 4200 A Ground

Nighthawk, Lesser Chordeiles acutipennis CHAC LENI 4210 A Ground

Nightjar, Buff-collared Caprimulgus ridgwayi CARI BCNI 4161 C Ground

Noddy, Brown Anous stolidus ANST2 BRNO 0790 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Nutcracker, Clark’s Nucifraga columbiana NUCO CLNU 4910 R Woody Upper Canopy

Nuthatch, Brown-headed Sitta pusilla SIPU BHNU 7290 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Nuthatch, Pygmy Sitta pygmaea SIPY PYNU 7300 R Woody Upper Canopy, Snag

Nuthatch, Red-breasted Sitta canadensis SICA1 RBNU 7280 R Woody Upper Canopy

Nuthatch, White-breasted Sitta carolinensis SICA2 WBNU 7270 R Woody Upper Canopy

Oldsquaw Clangula hyemalis CLHY OLDS 1540 R Ground

Oriole, Altamira Icterus gularis ICGU ALOR 5031 R Woody Upper Canopy

Oriole, Audubon’s Icterus graduacauda ICGR AUOR 5030 R Woody Lower Canopy

Oriole, Hooded Icterus cucullatus ICCU HOOR 5050 A Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Oriole, Northern Icterus galbula ICGA NOOR* 5070 A Woody Upper Canopy

Oriole, Orchard Icterus spurius ICSP OROR 5060 A Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Oriole, Scott’s Icterus parisorum ICPA SCOR 5040 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Oriole, Spot-breasted Icterus pectoralis ICPE SPOO 5032 R Woody Upper Canopy

Osprey Pandion haliaetus PAHA OSPR 3640 R Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus SEAU OVEN 6740 A Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Owl, Barred Strix varia STVA BAOW 3680 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Owl, Boreal Aegolius funereus AEFU BOOW 3710 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy
USACERL TR 98/100 43

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

CAMC Cup Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Cropland

CAPI Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Tundra

GAAR Platform Fish, Insects Water, Ground Surface Dives, Ground Gleaner Freshwater, Tundra

GAIM Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Freshwater

GAPA Platform Fish, Insects Water Surface Dives Tundra, Pelagic

GAST2 Saucer, Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Tundra

GAAD Saucer Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Tundra

PIPI Sphere Insects, Carrion Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

PINU Sphere Insects, Carrion Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Riparian

ANPL Scrape Seeds, Greens Water Dabbler Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

PRSU Cavity Insects Air Aerial Foraging Grassland, Urban

STMA2 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Cropland

STNE1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Cropland

MEME2 Cavity, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Riparian

LOCU1 Cavity Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

MESE Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Freshwater

FACO Platform, Cavity Birds, Small Mammals Air Aerial Pursuit, Hawker Forest, Grassland

MIPO Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Urban

GACH Platform, Cup Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Surface Dips, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

URAA None Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

URLO None Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

SYAN Burrow, Crevice Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

BRBR None Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

BRMA Saucer Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

SYHY Crevice, Burrow Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

ACCR Cavity Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Grassland, Urban

CHGU None Insects Air Aerial Foraging Grassland

CHMI None Insects Air Aerial Foraging Grassland, Urban

CHAC None Insects Air Aerial Foraging Shrubland, Shrubland

CARI None Insects Air Aerial Foraging Shrubland, Forest

ANST2 Saucer Fish Water Skimmer Pelagic, Shoreline

NUCO Cup Nuts, Seeds Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest

SIPU Cavity Insects, Seeds Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Forest

SIPY Cavity Insects, Seeds Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest

SICA1 Cavity Insects, Seeds Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Forest

SICA2 Cavity Insects, Nuts Bark Bark Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

CLHY Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Surface Dives Coastal, Tundra

ICGU Pendant Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

ICGR Pendant Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

ICCU Pendant Insects, Nectar Foliage Foliage Gleaner Riparian, Shrubland

ICGA Pendant Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest Edge, Urban

ICSP Pendant Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Forest

ICPA Pendant Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

ICPE Pendant Fruit, Nectar Foliage Foliage Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

PAHA Platform Fish, Small Mammals Water High Dives Freshwater

SEAU Oven Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Forest

STVA Cavity Small Mammals, Birds Ground Low Patrol, Hover & Pounce Forest, Swamp/Marsh

AEFU Cavity Small Mammals, Birds Ground Swooper Forest, Swamp/Marsh
44 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Owl, Burrowing Athene cunicularia ATCU BUOW 3780 A Ground

Owl, Common Barn Tyto alba TYAL COBO 3650 R Snag, MMS

Owl, Eastern Screech Otus asio OTAS EASO 3730 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Owl, Elf Micrathene whitneyi MIWH ELOW 3810 C Cactus, Woody Upper Canopy

Owl, Ferruginous Pygmy Glaucidium brasilianum GLBR FEPO 3800 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Owl, Flammulated Otus flammeolus OTFL FLOW 3740 A Snag

Owl, Great Gray Strix nebulosa STNE GGOW 3700 R Woody Upper Canopy

Owl, Great Horned Bubo virginianus BUVI GHOW 3750 R Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Owl, Long-eared Asio otus ASOT LEOW 3660 B Woody Upper Canopy, Ground

Owl, Northern Hawk Surnia ulula SUUL NOHO 3770 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Owl, Northern Pygmy Glaucidium gnoma GLGN NOPO 3790 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Owl, Northern Saw-whet Aegolius acadicus AEAC NSWO 3720 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Owl, Short-eared Asio flammeus ASFL SEOW 3670 B Ground

Owl, Snowy Nyctea scandiaca NYSC SNOW 3760 R Ground

Owl, Spotted Strix occidentalis STOC1 SPOW 3690 R Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Owl, Western Screech Otus kennicotti OTKE WESO 3732 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Owl, Whiskered Screech Otus trichopsis OTTR WHSO 3731 R Snag

Oystercatcher, American Haematopus palliatus HAPA AMOY 2860 R Ground

Oystercatcher, Black Haematopus bachmani HABA BLOY 2870 R Ground

Partridge, Gray Perdix perdix PEPE GRPA* 2881 R Ground

Parula, Northern Parula americana PAAM NOPA 6480 A Woody Upper Canopy

Parula, Tropical Parula pitiayumi PAPI TRPA 6490 R Woody Upper Canopy

Pauraque, Common Nyctidromus albicollis NYAL COPA 4190 R Ground

Pelican, American White Pelecanus erythrorhynchos PEER AWPE 1250 R Ground

Pelican, Brown Pelecanus occidentalis PEOC BRPE 1260 R Woody Upper Canopy, Cliff

Petrel, Ashy Storm Oceanodroma homochroa OCHO ASSP 1080 R Ground

Petrel, Black Storm Oceanodroma melania OCME BLSP 1070 R Ground, Cliff

Petrel, British Storm Hydrobates pelagicus HYPE BHSP* 1040 R Ground, Cliff

Petrel, Fork-tailed Storm Oceanodroma furcata OCFU FTSP 1050 R Cliff

Petrel, Leach’s Storm Oceanodroma leucorhoa OCLE LHSP 1060 R Ground, Bank

Petrel, Least Storm Oceanodroma microsoma OCMI LTSP 1030 R Ground, Cliff

Petrel, Wilson’s Storm Oceanites oceanicus OCOC WISP 1090 R Ground, Cliff

Pewee, Eastern Wood Contopus virens COVI1 EAWP 4610 A Woody Upper Canopy

Pewee, Greater Contopus pertinax COPE GRPE 4600 C Woody Upper Canopy

Pewee, Western Wood Contopus sordidulus COSO WEWP 4620 A Woody Upper Canopy

Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens PHNI PHAI 6200 A Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Phalarope, Red Phalaropus fulicarius PHFU REPH 2220 R Ground

Phalarope, Red-necked Phalaropus lobatus PHLO RNPH 2230 R Ground

Phalarope, Wilson’s Phalaropus tricolor PHTR WIPH 2240 R Ground

Pheasant, Ring-necked Phasianus colchicus PHCO RNPS* 3091 R Ground

Phoebe, Black Sayornis nigricans SANI BLPH 4580 R Cliff, MMS

Phoebe, Eastern Sayornis phoebe SAPH EAPH 4560 B MMS, Cliff

Phoebe, Say’s Sayornis saya SASA SAPH 4570 B Cliff, MMS

Pigeon, Band-tailed Columba fasciata COFA BTPI 3120 A Woody Upper Canopy

Pigeon, Red-billed Columba flavirostris COFL1 RBPI 3130 R Woody Upper Canopy

Pigeon, White-crowned Columba leucocephala COLE WCPI 3140 D Woody Lower Canopy

Pintail, Northern Anas acuta ANAC NOPI 1430 R Ground

Pipit, Red-throated Anthus cervinus ANCE RTPI 6990 R Ground
USACERL TR 98/100 45

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

ATCU Burrow Insects, Small Mammals Ground Swooper, Hover & Pounce Grassland, Urban

TYAL Cavity Small Mammals, Birds Ground Low Patrol, Swooper Grassland, Urban

OTAS Cavity Insects, Small Verts Ground Swooper Forest, Riparian

MIWH Cavity Insects Ground Low Patrol, Hover & Pounce Desert, Shrubland

GLBR Cavity Insects, Small Verts Ground Swooper Desert, Shrubland

OTFL Cavity Insects Air, Bark Hawker, Bark Gleaner Forest

STNE Abandoned Small Mammals, Birds Ground Hover & Pounce, Swooper Forest, Swamp/Marsh

BUVI Abandoned Small Mammals, Birds Ground Swooper Forest, Swamp/Marsh

ASOT Abandoned Small Mammals, Birds Ground Low Patrol Forest, Urban

SUUL Cavity, Platform Small Mammals, Birds Ground Swooper, Hover & Pounce Forest, Swamp/Marsh

GLGN Cavity Small Mammals, Insects Ground Swooper Forest

AEAC Cavity Small Mammals, Birds Ground Swooper Forest, Swamp/Marsh

ASFL Scrape Small Mammals, Birds Ground Low Patrol, Swooper Grassland, Swamp/Marsh

NYSC Scrape Small Mammals, Birds Ground Swooper Tundra, Rocky Slope

STOC1 Cavity, Platform Small Mammals, Birds Ground Swooper Forest

OTKE Cavity Small Mammals, Insects Ground Swooper Riparian, Shrubland

OTTR Cavity Insects Ground Swooper Forest

HAPA Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Prober Coastal, Pelagic

HABA Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Fish Water Prober Coastal, Pelagic

PEPE Scrape Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland

PAAM Pendant Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest

PAPI Pendant Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest

NYAL None Insects Air Aerial Foraging, Hawker Forest, Forest Edge

PEER Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips Coastal, Pelagic

PEOC Saucer Fish Water High Dives Coastal, Pelagic

OCHO Burrow, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Low Patrol, Surface Dips Coastal, Pelagic

OCME Crevice Aquatic Inverts, Carrion Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

HYPE Burrow, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

OCFU Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

OCLE Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

OCMI Burrow, Crevice Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

OCOC Burrow, Crevice Greens, Fish Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

COVI1 Cup Insects, Fruit Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

COPE Cup Insects Air Hawker Forest

COSO Cup Insects, Fruit Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

PHNI Cup Fruit, Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland, Riparian

PHFU Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water Surface Dips, Prober Freshwater, Tundra

PHLO Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Seeds Water Surface Dips, Prober Freshwater

PHTR Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Seeds Water Surface Dips, Prober Swamp/Marsh

PHCO Scrape Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Cropland

SANI Cup Insects, Fish Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Riparian, Urban

SAPH Cup Insects, Fish Air Hawker Riparian, Urban

SASA Cup Insects, Fruit Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Grassland, Forest

COFA Platform Nuts, Fruit Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest

COFL1 Platform Seeds, Nuts Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest, Riparian

COLE Platform Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

ANAC Scrape Seeds, Greens Water, Ground Dabbler, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

ANCE Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Tundra, Rocky Slope
46 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Pipit, Sprague’s Anthus spragueii ANSP1 SPPI 7000 B Ground

Pipit, Water Anthus spinoletta ANSP WAPI 6970 B Ground

Plover, Black-bellied Pluvialis squatarola PLSQ BBPL 2700 R Ground

Plover, Common Ringed Charadrius hiaticula CHHI CRPL 2750 R Ground

Plover, Lesser Golden Pluvialis dominica PLDO1 LEGP 2720 R Ground

Plover, Mongolian Charadrius mongolus CHMO MOPL 2790 R Ground

Plover, Mountain Charadrius montanus CHMO1 MOUP 2810 A Ground

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus CHME PIPL 2770 R Ground

Plover, Semipalmated Charadrius semipalmatus CHSE SEPL 2740 R Ground

Plover, Snowy Charadrius alexandrinus CHAL SNPL 2780 R Ground

Plover, Wilson’s Charadrius wilsonia CHWI WIPL 2800 R Ground

Poor-will, Common Phalaenoptilus nuttallii PHNU COPW 4180 B Ground

Prairie-chicken, Greater Tympanuchus cupido TYCU GRPC* 3050 R Ground

Prairie-chicken, Lesser Tympanuchus pallidicinctus TYPA LEPC* 3070 R Ground

Ptarmigan, Rock Lagopus mutus LAMU ROPT* 3020 R Ground

Ptarmigan, White-tailed Lagopus leucurus LALE WTPT* 3040 R Ground

Ptarmigan, Willow Lagopus lagopus LALA WIPT* 3010 R Ground

Puffin, Atlantic Fratercula arctica FRAR ATPU 0130 R Ground, Cliff

Puffin, Horned Fratercula corniculata FRCO HOPU 0140 R Ground, Cliff

Puffin, Tufted Fratercula cirrhata FRCI TUPU 0120 R Ground, Cliff

Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuatus CASI PYRR 5940 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Quail, California Callipepla californica CACA1 CAQU* 2940 R Ground

Quail, Gambel’s Callipepla gambelii CAGA1 GAQU* 2950 R Ground

Quail, Montezuma Cyrtonyx montezumae CYMO1 MZQU* 2960 R Ground

Quail, Mountain Oreortyx pictus ORPI MNQU* 2920 R Ground

Quail, Scaled Callipepla squamata CASQ SCQU* 2930 R Ground

Rail, Black Laterallus jamaicensis LAJA BLRA 2160 R Ground

Rail, Clapper Rallus longirostris RALO CLRA 2110 R Ground

Rail, King Rallus elegans RAEL KIRA 2080 R Ground

Rail, Virginia Rallus limicola RALI VIRA 2120 R Ground

Rail, Yellow Coturnicops noveboracensis CONO YERA 2150 R Ground

Raven, Chihuahuan Corvus cryptoleucus COCR1 CHRA 4870 R Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Raven, Common Corvus corax COCO2 CORA 4860 R Cliff, Woody Upper Canopy

Razorbill Alca torda ALTO RAZO 0320 R Cliff

Redhead Aythya americana AYAM REDH 1460 R Floating

Redpoll, Common Carduelis flammea CAFL CORE 5280 R Shrub, Ground

Redpoll, Hoary Carduelis hornemanni CAHO HORE 5270 R Shrub, Ground

Redstart, American Setophaga ruticilla SERU1 AMRE 6870 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Redstart, Painted Myioborus pictus MYPI PARE 6880 C Ground, Bank

Roadrunner, Greater Geococcyx californianus GECA1 GRRO 3850 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Robin, American Turdus migratorius TUMI AMRO 7610 B Woody Lower Canopy

Sanderling Calidris alba CAAL SAND 2480 R Ground

Sandpiper, Bairds Calidris bairdii CABA BASA 2410 R Ground

Sandpiper, Buff-breasted Tryngites subruficollis TRSU BBSA 2620 R Ground

Sandpiper, Curlew Calidris ferruginea CAFE CUSA 2440 R Ground

Sandpiper, Least Calidris minutilla CAMI1 LESA 2420 R Ground

Sandpiper, Pectoral Calidris melanotos CAME1 PESA 2390 R Ground

Sandpiper, Purple Calidris maritima CAMA PUSA 2350 R Ground
USACERL TR 98/100 47

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

ANSP1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland

ANSP Cup Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Shoreline, Tundra

PLSQ Scrape Insects Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal, Tundra

CHHI Scrape Insects Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal, Tundra

PLDO1 Scrape Insects Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal, Tundra

CHMO Scrape Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Coastal, Tundra

CHMO1 Scrape Insects Ground, Water Ground Gleaner Grassland

CHME Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal, Freshwater

CHSE Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Ground, Water Ground Gleaner Coastal, Tundra

CHAL Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal, Freshwater

CHWI Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water Prober Coastal

PHNU Scrape Insects Air Aerial Foraging, Hover Gleaner Shrubland

TYCU Scrape Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland

TYPA Scrape Insects, Nuts Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland

LAMU Scrape Greens, Fruit Ground Ground Gleaner Rocky Slope, Tundra

LALE Scrape Greens, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Tundra

LALA Scrape Greens, Seeds Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Tundra

FRAR Burrow, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

FRCO Burrow, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

FRCI Burrow, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

CASI Cup Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland

CACA1 Scrape Seeds, Nuts Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Cropland

CAGA1 Scrape Seeds, Greens Ground Ground Gleaner, Foliage Browser Shrubland, Riparian

CYMO1 Scrape Greens, Insects Ground Digging, Ground Gleaner Forest

ORPI Scrape Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

CASQ Scrape Seeds, Greens Ground Ground Gleaner, Foliage Browser Shrubland, Grassland

LAJA Cup Insects, Seeds Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

RALO Platform Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

RAEL Platform Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

RALI Saucer Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

CONO Saucer Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

COCR1 Cup Insects, Carrion Ground Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

COCO2 Cup Carrion, Small Verts Ground Scavenger, Ground Gleaner Forest, Grassland

ALTO Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Coastal, Pelagic

AYAM Cup Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dives Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

CAFL Cup, Crevice Seeds, Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest, Tundra

CAHO Cup, Crevice Seeds, Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Tundra

SERU1 Cup Insects, Seeds Air, Foliage Hover Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

MYPI Cup Insects Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest, Riparian

GECA1 Platform Insects, Small Mammals Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Desert

TUMI Cup Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Urban

CAAL Scrape Insects, Greens Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Coastal, Tundra

CABA Scrape Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Shoreline, Tundra

TRSU Scrape Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shoreline, Tundra

CAFE Burrow, Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water Prober Coastal

CAMI1 Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal, Swamp/Marsh

CAME1 Scrape Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Coastal, Tundra

CAMA Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal, Tundra
48 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Sandpiper, Rock Calidris ptilocnemis CAPT ROSA 2360 R Ground

Sandpiper, Semipalmated Calidris pusilla CAPU SESA 2460 R Ground

Sandpiper, Solitary Tringa solitaria TRSO SOSA 2560 R Woody Upper Canopy

Sandpiper, Spotted Actitis macularia ACMA SPSA 2630 R Ground

Sandpiper, Stilt Calidris himantopus CAHI STSA 2330 R Ground

Sandpiper, Upland Bartramia longicauda BALO UPSA 2610 A Ground

Sandpiper, Western Calidris mauri CAMA1 WESA 2470 R Ground

Sandpiper, White-rumped Calidris fuscicollis CAFU WRSA 2400 R Ground

Sandpiper, Wood Tringa glareola TRGL WOSA* 2571 R Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Sapsucker, Red-breasted Sphyrapicus ruber SPRU RBSA 4030 B Woody Upper Canopy, Snag

Sapsucker, Red-naped Sphyrapicus nuehalis SPNU RNSA 4021 B Woody Lower Canopy

Sapsucker, Williamson’s Sphyrapicus thyroideus SPTH WISA 4040 B Woody Upper Canopy

Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius SPVA1 YBSA 4020 B Woody Upper Canopy

Scaup, Greater Aythya marila AYMA GRSC 1480 R Ground, Floating

Scaup, Lesser Aythya affinis AYAF LESC 1490 R Ground

Scoter, Black Melanitta nigra MENI BLSC 1630 R Ground

Scoter, Surf Melanitta perspicillata MEPE SUSC 1660 R Ground

Scoter, White-winged Melanitta fusca MEFU WWSC 1650 R Ground

Shearwater, Audubon’s Puffinus lherminieri PULH AUSH 0920 R Ground, Cliff

Shearwater, Black-vented Puffinus opisthomelas PUOP BVSH 0930 R Ground, Cliff

Shearwater, Buller’s Puffinus bulleri PUBU BUSH 0962 R Ground

Shearwater, Cory’s Calonectris diomedea CADI COSH 0880 R Ground, Cliff

Shearwater, Greater Puffinus gravis PUGR GRSH 0890 R Ground

Shearwater, Manx Puffinus puffinus PUPU MASH 0900 R Cliff

Shearwater, Pink-footed Puffinus creatopus PUCR PFSH 0910 R Ground

Shearwater, Short-tailed Puffinus tenuirostris PUTE SHOS 0960 R Ground

Shearwater, Sooty Puffinus griseus PUGR1 SOSH 0950 R Ground

Shoveler, Northern Anas clypeata ANCL NSHO 1420 R Ground

Shrike, Loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus LALU LOSH 6220 B Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Shrike, Northern Lanius excubitor LAEX NSHR 6210 R Woody Lower Canopy

Siskin, Pine Carduelis pinus CAPI1 PISI 5330 B Woody Upper Canopy

Skimmer, Black Rynchops niger RYNI BLSK 0800 R Ground

Skua, Great Catharacta skua CASK GRSK 0350 R Ground, Cliff

Skua, South Polar Catharacta maccormicki CAMA3 SPSK 0352 R Ground, Cliff

Skylark, Eurasian Alauda arvensis ALAR EUSK 4730 R Ground

Snipe, Common Gallinago gallinago GAGA COSN 2300 R Ground

Solitaire, Townsend’s Myadestes townsendi MYTO TOSO 7540 B Ground, Snag

Sora Porzana carolina POCA1 SORA 2140 R Floating, Ground

Sparrow, American Tree Spizella arborea SPAR2 ATSP 5590 R Ground, Shrub

Sparrow, Bachman’s Aimophila aestivalis AIAE BACS 5750 R Ground

Sparrow, Baird’s Ammodramus bairdii AMBA BAIS 5450 A Ground

Sparrow, Black-chinned Spizella atrogularis SPAT BCSP 5650 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Sparrow, Black-throated Amphispiza bilineata AMBI BTSP 5730 B Shrub, Cactus

Sparrow, Botteri’s Aimophila botterii AIBO BOSP 5760 C Ground

Sparrow, Brewer’s Spizella breweri SPBR1 BRSP 5620 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Sparrow, Cassin’s Aimophila cassinii AICA1 CASP 5780 B Ground, Shrub

Sparrow, Chipping Spizella passerina SPPA2 CHSP 5600 A Woody Lower Canopy

Sparrow, Clay-colored Spizella pallida SPPA1 CCSP 5610 A Shrub, Ground
USACERL TR 98/100 49

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

CAPT Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water Prober Coastal

CAPU Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Tundra, Coastal

TRSO Cup Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

ACMA Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground Ground Gleaner Shoreline

CAHI Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Prober Tundra, Swamp/Marsh

BALO Scrape Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Forest

CAMA1 Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal

CAFU Scrape Insects, Seeds Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Tundra, Coastal

TRGL Saucer Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Coastal, Tundra

SPRU Cavity Insects, Tree Sap Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Forest

SPNU Cavity Insects, Tree Sap Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Riparian

SPTH Cavity Insects, Tree Sap Bark, Ground Bark Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest

SPVA1 Cavity Insects, Tree Sap Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Forest

AYMA Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

AYAF Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

MENI Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

MEPE Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Surface Dives Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

MEFU Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Greens Water Surface Dives Freshwater

PULH Burrow, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

PUOP Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

PUBU Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

CADI Burrow, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

PUGR Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

PUPU Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

PUCR Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

PUTE Burrow Fish Water Scavenger, Low Dives Coastal, Pelagic

PUGR1 Burrow Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Scavenger, Low Patrol Coastal, Pelagic

ANCL Scrape Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips Swamp/Marsh

LALU Cup Insects, Small Verts Ground, Air Swooper, Aerial Pursuit Shrubland, Forest

LAEX Cup Birds, Small Mammals Ground, Air Swooper, Aerial Pursuit Forest, Shrubland

CAPI1 Saucer Seeds, Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest, Urban

RYNI Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Skimmer Coastal, Pelagic

CASK Scrape Fish, Birds Water, Air Scavenger, Piracy Coastal, Pelagic

CAMA3 Scrape Fish, Birds Water, Air Scavenger, Piracy Coastal, Pelagic

ALAR Saucer Seeds, Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Grassland

GAGA Scrape Insects Water Prober Swamp/Marsh

MYTO Cup, Cavity Insects, Fruit Air, Foliage Hawker, Foliage Gleaner Forest

POCA1 Saucer Seeds, Insects Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Swamp/Marsh

SPAR2 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

AIAE Cup Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

AMBA Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland

SPAT Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland

AMBI Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland

AIBO Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

SPBR1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland

AICA1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

SPPA2 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

SPPA1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Forest Edge
50 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Sparrow, Eurasian Tree Passer montanus PAMO1 ETSP 6883 R Woody Upper Canopy

Sparrow, Field Spizella pusilla SPPU1 FISP 5630 R Ground, Shrub

Sparrow, Five-striped Amphispiza quinquestriata AMQU FSSP 5742 R Shrub, Ground

Sparrow, Fox Passerella iliaca PAIL FOSP 5850 B Ground, Shrub

Sparrow, Golden-crowned Zonotrichia atricapilla ZOAT GCSP 5570 R Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Sparrow, Grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum AMSA GRSP 5460 A Ground

Sparrow, Harris’ Zonotrichia querula ZOQU HASP 5530 R Ground

Sparrow, Henslow’s Ammodramus henslowii AMHE HESP 5470 R Ground

Sparrow, House Passer domesticus PADO1 HOSP 6882 R MMS, Woody Upper Canopy

Sparrow, Lark Chondestes grammacus CHGR LASP 5520 A Ground, Shrub

Sparrow, Le Conte’s Ammodramus leconteii AMLE LCSP 5480 R Ground

Sparrow, Lincoln’s Melospiza lincolnii MELI LISP 5830 A Ground

Sparrow, Olive Arremonops rufivirgatus ARRU OLSP 5860 R Shrub, Cactus

Sparrow, Rufous-crowned Aimophila ruficeps AIRU RCSP 5800 R Ground, Shrub

Sparrow, Rufous-winged Aimophila carpalis AICA RWSP 5790 R Shrub, Cactus

Sparrow, Sage Amphispiza belli AMBE1 SAGS 5740 B Shrub, Ground

Sparrow, Savannah Passerculus sandwichensis PASA SAVS 5420 B Ground

Sparrow, Seaside Ammodramus maritimus AMMA3 SESP 5500 R Ground, Shrub

Sparrow, Sharp-tailed Ammodramus caudacutus AMCA1 STSP 5490 R Ground, Shrub

Sparrow, Song Melospiza melodia MEME SOSP 5810 B Ground, Shrub

Sparrow, Swamp Melospiza georgiana MEGE SWSP 5840 B Shrub, Ground

Sparrow, Vesper Pooecetes gramineus POGR1 VESP 5400 B Ground

Sparrow, White-crowned Zonotrichia leucophrys ZOLE WCSP 5540 B Shrub, Ground

Sparrow, White-throated Zonotrichia albicollis ZOAL WTSP 5580 B Ground, Shrub

Spoonbill, Roseate Ajaia ajaja AJAJ ROSP 1830 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Starling, European Sturnus vulgaris STVU EUST 4930 R Woody Upper Canopy, MMS

Stilt, Black-necked Himantopus mexicanus HIME BNST 2260 R Ground

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana MYAM WOST 1880 R Woody Upper Canopy

Surfbird Aphriza virgata APVI SURF 2820 R Ground

Swallow, Bank Riparia riparia RIRI BANS 6160 A Bank

Swallow, Barn Hirundo rustica HIRU BARS 6130 A MMS

Swallow, Cave Hirundo fulva HIFU CASW 6121 C Cave, MMS

Swallow, Cliff Hirundo pyrrhonota HIPY CLSW 6120 A MMS, Cliff

Swallow, Northern Roughwinged

Stelgidopteryx serripennis STSE NRWS 6170 A Bank, Cliff

Swallow, Tree Tachycineta bicolor TABI TRES 6140 B Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Swallow, Violet-green Tachycineta thalassina TATH VGSW 6150 A Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Swan, Mute Cygnus olor CYOL MUSW 1782 R Ground

Swan, Trumpeter Cygnus buccinator CYBU TRUS 1810 R Ground

Swan, Whistling Cygnus columbianus CYCO1 WHSW 1800 R Ground

Swan, Whooper Cygnus cygnus CYCY WHOS 1790 R Ground

Swift, Black Cypseloides niger CYNI BLSW 4220 A Cliff

Swift, Chimney Chaetura pelagica CHPE CHSW 4230 A MMS, Woody Upper Canopy

Swift, Vaux’s Chaetura vauxi CHVA VASW 4240 A Snag, MMS

Swift, White-throated Aeronautes saxatalis AESA WTSW 4250 A Cliff

Tanager, Hepatic Piranga flava PIFL HETA 6090 A Woody Upper Canopy

Tanager, Scarlet Piranga olivacea PIOL SCTA 6080 A Woody Upper Canopy

Tanager, Summer Piranga rubra PIRU SUTA 6100 A Woody Upper Canopy

Tanager, Western Piranga ludoviciana PILU WETA 6070 A Woody Upper Canopy
USACERL TR 98/100 51

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

PAMO1 Cavity Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Forest, Urban

SPPU1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Forest Edge

AMQU Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Grassland

PAIL Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

ZOAT Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland

AMSA Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Cropland

ZOQU Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Forest

AMHE Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

PADO1 Cavity, Sphere Seeds, Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Urban, Cropland

CHGR Cup Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

AMLE Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

MELI Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

ARRU Sphere Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

AIRU Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Grassland

AICA Cup Insects, Seeds Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland, Grassland

AMBE1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland

PASA Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Swamp/Marsh

AMMA3 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

AMCA1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

MEME Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Riparian, Forest Edge

MEGE Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

POGR1 Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

ZOLE Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Urban

ZOAL Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

AJAJ Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Prober Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

STVU Cavity Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Grassland, Urban

HIME Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Insects Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

MYAM Platform Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Prober Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

APVI Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal

RIRI Burrow Insects Air Aerial Foraging Freshwater, Grassland

HIRU Cup Insects, Fruit Air Aerial Foraging Freshwater, Grassland

HIFU Cup Insects Air Aerial Foraging Freshwater, Grassland

HIPY Cup Insects, Fruit Air Aerial Foraging Freshwater, Grassland

STSE Burrow, Crevice Insects Air Aerial Foraging Freshwater, Grassland

TABI Cavity Insects, Fruit Air, Foliage Aerial Foraging, Foliage Gleaner Freshwater, Grassland

TATH Cavity Insects Air Aerial Foraging Forest

CYOL Platform Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

CYBU Platform Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

CYCO1 Platform Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Freshwater, Tundra

CYCY Platform Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Coastal, Tundra

CYNI Saucer Insects Air Aerial Foraging Rocky Slope, Shoreline

CHPE Saucer Insects Air Aerial Foraging Forest, Urban

CHVA Saucer Insects Air Aerial Foraging Forest

AESA Crevice Insects Air Aerial Foraging Rocky Slope, Shoreline

PIFL Saucer Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Riparian

PIOL Saucer Insects, Fruit Air, Foliage Hover Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

PIRU Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Riparian

PILU Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest
52 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Tattler, Wandering Heteroscelus incanus HEIN WATA 2590 R Ground

Teal, Blue-winged Anas discors ANDI BWTE 1400 R Ground

Teal, Cinnamon Anas cyanoptera ANCY CITE 1410 R Ground

Teal, Green-winged Anas crecca ANCR AGWT 1390 R Ground

Tern, Aleutian Sterna aleutica STAL1 ALTE 0730 R Ground

Tern, Arctic Sterna paradisaea STPA1 ARTE 0710 R Ground

Tern, Black Chlidonias niger CHNI BLTE 0770 R Floating, Ground

Tern, Caspian Sterna caspia STCA1 CATE 0640 R Ground

Tern, Common Sterna hirundo STHI COTE 0700 R Ground

Tern, Elegant Sterna elegans STEL ELTE 0660 R Ground

Tern, Forster’s Sterna forsteri STFO FOTE 0690 R Floating, Ground

Tern, Gull-billed Sterna nilotica STNI GBTE 0630 R Ground, Floating

Tern, Least Sterna antillarum STAN1 LETE 0740 R Ground

Tern, Roseate Sterna dougallii STDO ROST 0720 R Ground

Tern, Royal Sterna maxima STMA1 ROYT 0650 R Ground

Tern, Sandwich Sterna sandvicensis STSA SATE 0670 R Ground

Tern, Sooty Sterna fuscata STFU SOTE 0750 R Ground

Thrasher, Bendire’s Toxostoma bendirei TOBE BETH 7080 B Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrasher, Brown Toxostoma rufum TORU BRTH 7050 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrasher, California Toxostoma redivivum TORE CATH 7100 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrasher, Crissal Toxostoma dorsale TODO CRTH 7120 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrasher, Curve-billed Toxostoma curvirostre TOCU CBTH 7070 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrasher, Le Conte’s Toxostoma lecontei TOLE LCTH 7110 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrasher, Long-billed Toxostoma longirostre TOLO LBTH 7060 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrasher, Sage Oreoscoptes montanus ORMO SATH 7020 B Shrub, Ground

Thrush, Gray-cheeked Catharus minimus CAMI2 GCTH 7570 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrush, Hermit Catharus guttatus CAGU HETH 7590 B Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrush, Swainson’s Catharus ustulatus CAUS SWTH 7580 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Thrush, Varied Ixoreus naevius IXNA VATH 7630 R Woody Lower Canopy

Thrush, Wood Hylocichla mustelina HYMU WOTH 7550 A Woody Upper Canopy

Tit, Siberian Parus cinctus PACI SITI 7390 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Titmouse, Bridled Parus wollweberi PAWO BRTI 7340 R Woody Lower Canopy, Snag

Titmouse, Plain Parus inornatus PAIN PLTI 7330 R Woody Lower Canopy, Snag

Titmouse, Tufted Parus bicolor PABI TUTI* 7310 R Woody Upper Canopy, Snag

Towhee, Abert’s Pipilo aberti PIAB ABTO 5920 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Towhee, Brown Pipilo fuscus PIFU BRTO 5910 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Towhee, Green-tailed Pipilo chlorurus PICH GTTO 5900 A Shrub, Ground

Towhee, Rufous-sided Pipilo erythrophthalmus PIER RSTO 5870 B Ground, Shrub

Trogon, Elegant Trogon elegans TREL ELTR 3890 C Snag, Bank

Tropicbird, Red-billed Phaethon aethereus PHAE RBTR 1130 R Ground, Cliff

Tropicbird, White-tailed Phaethon lepturus PHLE WTTR 1120 R Ground, Cliff

Turkey, Wild Meleagris gallopavo MEGA WITU* 3100 R Ground

Turnstone, Black Arenaria melanocephala ARME BLTU 2840 R Ground

Turnstone, Ruddy Arenaria interpres ARIN RUTU 2830 R Ground

Tyranulet, Northern

Beardless

Camptostoma imberbe CAIM NBTY 4720 C Woody Upper Canopy

Veery Catharus fuscescens CAFU2 VEER 7560 A Ground, Shrub

Verdin Auriparus flaviceps AUFL VERD 7460 R Shrub, Cactus

Vireo, Bell’s Vireo bellii VIBE BEVI 6330 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy
USACERL TR 98/100 53

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

HEIN Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water Prober Freshwater, Riparian

ANDI Scrape Seeds, Greens Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Freshwater, Swamp/Marsh

ANCY Scrape Seeds, Insects Water Surface Dips, Dabbler Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

ANCR Scrape Seeds, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Dabbler Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

STAL1 Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives Coastal, Pelagic

STPA1 Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives Tundra, Coastal

CHNI Platform, Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Air, Water Hawker, Skimmer Swamp/Marsh

STCA1 Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives Coastal, Freshwater

STHI Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives Coastal, Tundra

STEL Scrape Fish Water Scavenger, High Dives Coastal, Pelagic

STFO Platform, Saucer Fish, Insects Water, Air High Dives, Aerial Foraging Swamp/Marsh

STNI Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Air, Ground Hawker, Hover & Pounce Shoreline, Pelagic

STAN1 Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives, Skimmer Coastal, Freshwater

STDO Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives Coastal, Freshwater

STMA1 Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives, Skimmer Coastal

STSA Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives, Skimmer Coastal

STFU Scrape Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water Hover & Pick Coastal, Freshwater

TOBE Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland

TORU Cup Insects, Small Verts Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Forest Edge

TORE Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Digging, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

TODO Cup Insects, Fruit Ground Digging Shrubland, Riparian

TOCU Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland

TOLE Cup Insects, Small Verts Ground, Foliage Digging, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland

TOLO Cup Insects, Small Verts Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

ORMO Cup Insects, Fruit Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland

CAMI2 Cup Insects, Fruit Ground Ground Gleaner Forest Edge, Riparian

CAGU Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

CAUS Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Forest Edge

IXNA Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

HYMU Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Riparian

PACI Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest, Riparian

PAWO Cavity Insects Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

PAIN Cavity Insects, Fruit Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest

PABI Cavity Insects, Seeds Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

PIAB Cup Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

PIFU Cup Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

PICH Cup Insects, Seeds Ground Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

PIER Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest Edge, Shrubland

TREL Cavity Insects, Fruit Air Hawker, Hover Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

PHAE Burrow, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives Coastal, Pelagic

PHLE Burrow, Crevice Fish, Aquatic Inverts Water High Dives Coastal, Pelagic

MEGA Scrape Seeds, Insects Ground Ground Gleaner Forest, Riparian

ARME Scrape Aquatic Inverts, Fruit Ground Ground Gleaner Shoreline, Tundra

ARIN Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Coastal, Tundra

CAIM Sphere Insects, Fruit Air Hawker Riparian, Forest

CAFU2 Cup Insects, Fruit Ground Ground Gleaner, Swooper Forest

AUFL Sphere Insects, Fruit Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Shrubland

VIBE Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Riparian, Shrubland
54 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Vireo, Black-capped Vireo atricapillus VIAT BCVI 6300 A Woody Lower Canopy

Vireo, Black-whiskered Vireo altiloquus VIAL BWVI 6230 D Woody Lower Canopy

Vireo, Gray Vireo vicinior VIVI GRVI 6340 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Vireo, Hutton’s Vireo huttoni VIHU HUVI 6320 R Woody Lower Canopy

Vireo, Philadelphia Vireo philadelphicus VIPH PHVI 6260 A Woody Upper Canopy

Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo olivaceus VIOL REVI 6240 A Shrub, Woody Upper Canopy

Vireo, Solitary Vireo solitarius VISO SOVI 6290 A Woody Lower Canopy

Vireo, Warbling Vireo gilvus VIGI WAVI 6270 A Woody Upper Canopy, Shrub

Vireo, White-eyed Vireo griseus VIGR WEVI 6310 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Vireo, Yellow-throated Vireo flavifrons VIFL YTVI 6280 A Woody Upper Canopy

Vulture, Black Coragyps atratus COAT BLVU 3260 R Cliff, Ground

Vulture, Turkey Cathartes aura CAAU TUVU 3250 B Cliff, Snag

Wagtail, White Motacilla alba MOAL WHWA 6940 R Bank, Cliff

Wagtail, Yellow Motacilla flava MOFL YWAG 6960 R Ground

Warbler, Arctic Phylloscopus borealis PHBO ARWA 7470 R Ground

Warbler, Bachman’s Vermivora bachmanii VEBA BAWA 6400 A Vine Tangle, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Bay-breasted Dendroica castanea DECA2 BBWA 6600 A Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Black-and-white Mniotilta varia MNVA BAWW 6360 A Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Black-throated Blue Dendroica caerulescens DECA1 BTBW 6540 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Black-throated Gray Dendroica nigrescens DENI BTYW 6650 A Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Black-throated

Green

Dendroica virens DEVI BTNW 6670 A Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Blackburnian Dendroica fusca DEFU BLBW 6620 A Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Blackpoll Dendroica striata DEST BLPW 6610 A Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Blue-winged Vermivora pinus VEPI BWWA 6410 A Ground, Vine Tangle

Warbler, Canada Wilsonia canadensis WICA CAWA 6860 A Ground

Warbler, Cape May Dendroica tigrina DETI CMWA 6500 A Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Cerulean Dendroica cerulea DECE CERW 6580 A Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Chestnut-sided Dendroica pensylvanica DEPE CSWA 6590 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Colima Vermivora crissalis VECR COLW 6471 C Ground

Warbler, Connecticut Oporornis agilis OPAG CONW 6780 A Ground, Shrub

Warbler, Golden-cheeked Dendroica chrysoparia DECH GCWA 6660 A Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Golden-winged Vermivora chrysoptera VECH GWWA 6420 A Ground

Warbler, Grace’s Dendroica graciae DEGR GRWA 6640 A Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Hermit Dendroica occidentalis DEOC HEWA 6690 A Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Hooded Wilsonia citrina WICI HOWA 6840 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Kentucky Oporornis formosus OPFO KEWA 6770 A Ground, Shrub

Warbler, Kirtland’s Dendroica kirtlandii DEKI KIWA 6700 A Ground

Warbler, Lucy’s Vermivora luciae VELU LUWA 6430 C Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, MacGillivray’s Oporornis tolmiei OPTO MGWA 6800 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Magnolia Dendroica magnolia DEMA MAWA 6570 A Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Warbler, Mourning Oporornis philadelphia OPPH MOWA 6790 A Ground, Shrub

Warbler, Nashville Vermivora ruficapilla VERU NAWA 6450 A Ground

Warbler, Olive Peucedramus taeniatus PETA OLWA 6510 C Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Orange-crowned Vermivora celata VECE OCWA 6460 A Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Palm Dendroica palmarum DEPA PAWA* 6720 A Ground, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Pine Dendroica pinus DEPI PIWA 6710 R Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Prairie Dendroica discolor DEDI PRAW 6730 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Prothonotary Protonotaria citrea PRCI PROW 6370 A Snag, Woody Lower Canopy
USACERL TR 98/100 55

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

VIAT Cup Insects, Seeds Foliage Foliage Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

VIAL Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

VIVI Cup Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Forest

VIHU Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Forest

VIPH Cup Insects, Fruit Air, Foliage Hover Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

VIOL Cup Insects, Fruit Air, Foliage Hover Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Urban

VISO Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest

VIGI Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest, Riparian

VIGR Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

VIFL Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Forest, Forest Edge

COAT None Carrion, Small Verts Ground Scavenger, High Patrol Grassland, Shrubland

CAAU None Carrion Ground Scavenger, High Patrol Grassland, Shrubland

MOAL Crevice Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Shoreline, Tundra

MOFL Cup Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Shoreline, Tundra

PHBO Oven Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

VEBA Cup Insects Foliage Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

DECA2 Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Shrubland

MNVA Cup Insects Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Forest

DECA1 Cup Insects, Seeds Air, Foliage Hover Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

DENI Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

DEVI Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest

DEFU Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest

DEST Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest

VEPI Cup Insects Foliage Foliage Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

WICA Cup Insects Air, Foliage Hover Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Riparian

DETI Cup Insects, Nectar Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Forest Edge

DECE Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest

DEPE Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland, Forest

VECR Cup Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest

OPAG Cup Insects, Seeds Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Forest

DECH Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest

VECH Cup Insects Foliage Foliage Gleaner Grassland, Shrubland

DEGR Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest

DEOC Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest

WICI Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Riparian

OPFO Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

DEKI Cup Insects, Tree Sap Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest

VELU Cavity Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland, Forest

OPTO Cup Insects Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Riparian, Forest Edge

DEMA Cup Insects, Nectar Air, Bark Hover Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest

OPPH Cup Insects Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest, Swamp/Marsh

VERU Cup Insects Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest, Riparian

PETA Cup Insects Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest

VECE Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Forest, Riparian

DEPA Cup Insects, Fruit Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

DEPI Cup Insects, Seeds Bark, Foliage Bark Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

DEDI Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland, Forest Edge

PRCI Cavity Insects, Aquatic Inverts Bark, Foliage Bark Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Riparian
56 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Warbler, Red-faced Cardellina rubrifrons CARU2 RFWA 6900 C Ground

Warbler, Rufous-capped Basileuterus rufifrons BARU RCWA 6921 R Ground

Warbler, Swainson’s Limnothlypis swainsonii LISW SWWA 6380 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Tennessee Vermivora peregrina VEPE TEWA 6470 A Ground

Warbler, Townsend’s Dendroica townsendi DETO TOWA 6680 A Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Virginia’s Vermivora virginiae VEVI VIWA 6440 A Ground

Warbler, Wilson’s Wilsonia pusilla WIPU WIWA 6850 A Ground, Vine Tangle

Warbler, Worm-eating Helmitheros vermivorus HEVE WEWA 6390 A Ground

Warbler, Yellow Dendroica petechia DEPE1 YWAR 6520 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Warbler, Yellow-rumped Dendroica coronata DECO YRWA* 6550 B Woody Upper Canopy

Warbler, Yellow-throated Dendroica dominica DEDO YTWA 6630 A Woody Upper Canopy

Waterthrush, Louisiana Seiurus motacilla SEMO LOWA 6760 A Ground, Bank

Waterthrush, Northern Seiurus noveboracensis SENO NOWA 6750 A Ground, Bank

Waxwing, Bohemian Bombycilla garrulus BOGA BOWA 6180 R Woody Upper Canopy

Waxwing, Cedar Bombycilla cedrorum BOCE CEDW 6190 B Woody Upper Canopy

Wheatear, Northern Oenanthe oenanthe OEOE NOWH 7650 R Ground

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus NUPH WHIM 2650 R Ground

Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus CAVO WPWI 4170 A Ground

Wigeon, American Anas americana ANAM AMWI 1370 R Ground

Wigeon, Eurasian Anas penelope ANPE EUWI 1360 R Ground

Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus CASE WILL 2580 R Ground

Woodcock, American Scolopax minor SCMI AMWO 2280 R Ground

Woodpecker, Acorn Melanerpes formicivorus MEFO ACWO 4070 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Black-backed Picoides arcticus PIAR BBWO 4000 R Snag

Woodpecker, Downy Picoides pubescens PIPU DOWO 3940 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Gila Melanerpes uropygialis MEUR GIWO 4110 R Cactus, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Golden-fronted Melanerpes aurifrons MEAU GFWO 4100 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Hairy Picoides villosus PIVI HAWO 3930 R Woody Upper Canopy, Snag

Woodpecker, Ivory-billed Campephilus principalis CAPR IBWO 3920 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Ladder-backed Picoides scalaris PISC LBWO 3960 R Woody Lower Canopy, Shrub

Woodpecker, Lewis’ Melanerpes lewis MELE LEWO 4080 B Woody Upper Canopy, Snag

Woodpecker, Nuttall’s Picoides nuttallii PINU1 NUWO 3970 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Pileated Dryocopus pileatus DRPI PIWO 4050 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Red-bellied Melanerpes carolinus MECA RBWO 4090 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis PIBO RCWO 3950 R Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Red-headed Melanerpes erythrocephalus MEER RHWO 4060 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Strickland’s Picoides stricklandi PIST STWO 3980 R Snag, Woody Upper Canopy

Woodpecker, Three-toed Picoides tridactylus PITR TTWO 4010 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Woodpecker, White-headed Picoides albolarvatus PIAL WHWO 3990 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Wren, Bewick’s Thryomanes bewickii THBE BEWR 7190 R Woody Lower Canopy, Snag

Wren, Cactus Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus CABR CACW 7130 R Cactus, Woody Lower Canopy

Wren, Canyon Catherpes mexicanus CAME3 CANW 7170 R Cliff

Wren, Carolina Thryothorus ludovicianus THLU CARW 7180 R Woody Lower Canopy, Snag

Wren, House Troglodytes aedon TRAE HOWR 7210 A Woody Lower Canopy, Snag

Wren, Marsh Cistothorus palustris CIPA MAWR 7250 B Reed

Wren, Sedge Cistothorus platensis CIPL SEWR 7240 B Ground

Wren, Winter Troglodytes troglodytes TRTR WIWR 7220 R Snag, Woody Lower Canopy

Wrentit Chamaea fasciata CHFA WREN 7420 R Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy
USACERL TR 98/100 57

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

CARU2 Cup Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest

BARU Oven Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland, Forest

LISW Cup Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

VEPE Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Forest Edge

DETO Cup Insects, Seeds Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest

VEVI Cup Insects Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Shrubland

WIPU Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

HEVE Cup Insects Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Riparian, Forest

DEPE1 Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Riparian, Shrubland

DECO Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest

DEDO Cup Insects Bark, Foliage Bark Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Swamp/Marsh

SEMO Cup Aquatic Inverts, Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Riparian, Swamp/Marsh

SENO Cup Aquatic Inverts, Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

BOGA Cup Fruit, Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Forest Edge

BOCE Cup Fruit, Insects Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Forest Edge

OEOE Crevice, Burrow Insects, Seeds Ground, Air Ground Gleaner, Hawker Tundra, Rocky Slope

NUPH Scrape Insects, Fruit Ground, Water Ground Gleaner, Prober Swamp/Marsh, Tundra

CAVO None Insects Air Aerial Foraging Forest

ANAM Scrape Greens, Aquatic Inverts Water Dabbler Swamp/Marsh, Freshwater

ANPE Scrape Greens, Seeds Water Dabbler Coastal, Pelagic

CASE Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water Prober Coastal, Pelagic

SCMI Scrape Insects Ground, Water Prober Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

MEFO Cavity Insects, Nuts Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Forest

PIAR Cavity Insects, Seeds Bark Bark Gleaner Forest

PIPU Cavity Insects, Fruit Bark Bark Gleaner Forest, Riparian

MEUR Cavity Insects, Fruit Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Desert, Urban

MEAU Cavity Insects, Nuts Bark, Ground Bark Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Riparian

PIVI Cavity Insects Bark Bark Gleaner Forest, Urban

CAPR Cavity Insects, Seeds Bark, Ground Bark Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Swamp/Marsh, Riparian

PISC Cavity Insects, Fruit Bark, Ground Bark Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Shrubland, Desert

MELE Cavity Insects, Nuts Air, Ground Hawker, Ground Gleaner Forest, Riparian

PINU1 Cavity Insects, Fruit Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Riparian

DRPI Cavity Insects, Fruit Bark Bark Gleaner Forest, Urban

MECA Cavity Insects, Nuts Bark, Air Bark Gleaner, Hawker Forest, Riparian

PIBO Cavity Insects, Fruit Bark Bark Gleaner Forest

MEER Cavity Insects, Fruit Air, Ground Hawker, Swooper Forest, Urban

PIST Cavity Insects, Fruit Bark, Foliage Bark Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest

PITR Cavity Insects, Tree Sap Bark Bark Gleaner Forest, Riparian

PIAL Cavity Insects, Seeds Bark, Ground Bark Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest

THBE Cavity Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Shrubland

CABR Sphere Insects, Small Verts Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Desert, Shrubland

CAME3 Crevice Insects, Small Verts Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Rocky Slope, Urban

THLU Cavity Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Urban

TRAE Cavity Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Urban

CIPA Sphere Insects, Aquatic Inverts Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

CIPL Sphere Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Swamp/Marsh

TRTR Cavity Insects Ground, Foliage Ground Gleaner, Foliage Gleaner Forest, Riparian

CHFA Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Bark Foliage Gleaner, Bark Gleaner Shrubland, Urban
58 USACERL TR 98/100

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LCTA

CODE

ALPHA

CODE

AOU# NEO

STAT

NEST LOCATION

Yellowlegs, Greater Tringa melanoleuca TRME GRYE 2540 R Ground

Yellowlegs, Lesser Tringa flavipes TRFL LEYE 2550 R Ground

Yellowthroat, Common Geothlypis trichas GETR COYE 6810 A Shrub, Woody Lower Canopy

Yellowthroat, Gray-crowned Geothlypis poliocephala GEPO GCYE 6821 R Ground
USACERL TR 98/100 59

LCTA

CODE

NEST TYPE FOOD TYPE FORAGING

SUBSTRATE

FORAGING TECHNIQUE GENERAL HABITAT

TRME Scrape Fish, Insects Water Prober Coastal, Freshwater

TRFL Scrape Insects, Aquatic Inverts Water, Ground Prober, Ground Gleaner Tundra

GETR Cup Insects, Seeds Foliage, Air Foliage Gleaner, Hover Gleaner Forest Edge, Grassland

GEPO Cup Insects, Fruit Foliage, Ground Foliage Gleaner, Ground Gleaner Forest Edge, Forest
60 USACERL TR 98/100

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7/98