COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-13-00254-CR

CLINTON RAY SANDERS APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE

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FROM THE 355TH DISTRICT COURT OF HOOD COUNTY

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DISSENTING OPINION

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Appellant got drunk and punched his girlfriend in the eye. A jury found him 

guilty and assessed his punishment at the maximum of ten years in prison. The 

majority holds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the State 

to impeach Appellant’s daughter with a recanted, fifteen-year-old, unprosecuted 

accusation that Appellant had sexually abused her at age twelve. Because this 

is exactly the type of evidence that, coupling emotional impact with lack of 
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probative value, creates an “indelible impression” on a jury and distracts it from 

sentencing a defendant for the crime he committed, I dissent. See Montgomery 

v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 389 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh’g). I would 

hold that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting this evidence over 

Appellant’s rule 403 objection.

Even when the trial court determines that certain evidence is relevant to 

sentencing, it may still be inadmissible if the “danger of unfair prejudice” 

substantially outweighs its probative value. Tex. R. Evid. 403. The “unfair 

prejudice” referred to in rule 403 is an “‘undue tendency to suggest decision on 

an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.’” Ex 

parte Lane, 303 S.W.3d 702, 715 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Cohn v. State,

849 S.W.2d 817, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). The majority barely mentions that 

evidence relating to a sexual offense with a child carries the potential for unfair 

prejudice and, even then, discounts that potential simply because it is “relevant” 

to show character. This is where I part company with the majority.

Evidence of sexually related misconduct involving children is not just 

potentially prejudicial; it is “inherently inflammatory.” Pawlak v. State, No. PD1616-12, 2013 WL 5220872, at *2 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 18, 2013); Wheeler v. 

State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (“[A]n extraneous sexual 

offense will always carry emotional weight and the danger of impressing the jury 

in an irrational and indelible way.”); Bishop v. State, 869 S.W.2d 342, 346 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1993) (citing Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 397 (holding “sexually 
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related misconduct and misconduct involving children are inherently 

inflammatory.”)).

I agree with the majority’s recitation of the principal factors for a rule 403 

balancing analysis as including: (1) how probative the evidence in question is;

(2) the potential of the evidence to impress the jury in some prejudicial but 

indelible way; (3) the time needed to develop the evidence before the jury; and

(4) the proponent’s need for the evidence. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 389–90;

see also Sunbury v. State, 88 S.W.3d 229, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (noting 

that trial judge did not exercise his discretion under rule 403 and did not weigh 

probative value against any rule 403 counterfactors); Lamb v. State, 186 S.W.3d 

136, 144 (Tex. App.––Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (noting Sunbury’s

suggestion that Montgomery factors apply to rule 403 decisions on punishment 

evidence).

But the majority’s application of those factors in this case focuses only on 

the first, third, and fourth factors, discussing why the evidence had probative 

value rather than providing a meaningful analysis as to why the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion in its implicit ruling that the potential for the obviously 

inflammatory and inherently prejudicial evidence to impress the jury in an 

irrational and indelible way did not substantially outweigh any such probative 

value.

As to the first factor regarding the probative value, the court of criminal

appeals tells us that the measure of the probative value of evidence of an 
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extraneous offense––that is, how compellingly that evidence serves to make 

more or less probable a fact of consequence―is often a “function of the similarity 

of the extraneous transaction to the charged offense.” Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d 

at 389–90. There is no similarity between Appellant’s alleged inappropriate 

touching of a twelve-year-old child and punching his girlfriend in the eye. This 

difference in the nature of the offenses, not to mention their separation by fifteen 

years’ time, renders any probative value of the evidence of the alleged 

extraneous offense virtually nil.

The State’s only argument adopted by the majority regarding the 

dissimilarity of offenses is that the alleged extraneous offense was somehow 

probative as serving to establish a “pattern of serious, continuing criminal 

conduct” against family members, which would aid the jury in determining 

whether to place Appellant on community supervision. Not only the entirely 

different nature of the offenses but also the passage of fifteen years since the 

alleged extraneous misconduct belies the majority’s conclusion that the alleged

sexual offense fifteen years in the past was somehow probative to establish any

pattern of continuing conduct against family members. The commission of two 

entirely different types of conduct fifteen years apart simply is not a “pattern

of . . . continuing criminal conduct” that would aid the jury in sentencing Appellant 

for the current offense.

The court of criminal appeals has also informed us that the measure of 

probative value is often a “function of the strength of the proponent’s evidence” to 
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show that the appellant committed the extraneous offense. See Montgomery,

810 S.W.2d at 390. The evidence consisted only of the daughter’s written 

statement, which she vehemently repudiated both on and off the stand, which 

was uncorroborated by any other evidence, and which involved an alleged 

offense for which Appellant was never prosecuted. I believe the majority 

incorrectly construes Appellant’s brief in this regard as attempting to raise a legal 

insufficiency of evidence issue that Appellant failed to preserve for appeal. I 

disagree. Strength or weakness of the evidence is, indeed, a proper factor in a 

rule 403 analysis and was properly preserved by Appellant’s trial objection that 

the prejudice outweighed any probative value under that rule.

Moreover, the State had no compelling need for the daughter’s statement 

to show a continuing pattern of physical conduct against family members by 

Appellant in order to aid the jury in determining an appropriate sentence.

Appellant’s 2009 misdemeanor charge of hitting his son with a two-by-four, to 

which he pled no contest, the undisputed evidence that Appellant punched his 

brother in the face immediately after hitting his girlfriend on the night in question, 

and his son’s and daughter’s testimony (although they denied any physical 

violence) that Appellant and his former wife had fought before their divorce, 

constituted relevant evidence that amply sufficed to establish Appellant's 

tendency to commit physically violent acts against family members.

The alleged sexual misconduct described in the daughter’s statement was 

not only inherently prejudicial because of its sexual nature but also injected the 
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element of incest, exacerbating the danger that it would impress the jury in an 

irrational and indelible way, distracting the jurors from making a reasoned 

decision on the properly admissible evidence, and inexorably swaying them to 

base their decision on the emotional impact of the incident described in the 

statement rather than on the offense of which Appellant was convicted. See Ex 

parte Rogers, 369 S.W.3d 858, 865 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Montgomery, 810 

S.W.2d at 397; Bjorgaard v. State, 220 S.W.3d 555, 562 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 

2007, pet. granted); see also Taylor v. State, 920 S.W.2d 319, 323 (Tex. Crim. 

App.) (explaining that “unfair prejudice” factor of rule 403 asks how much 

potential exists for complained-of extraneous-offense evidence to sway the jury 

in an irrational or emotional way, distracting it from making a reasoned response 

based on relevant evidence), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 951 (1996).

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 The time spent 

in developing the evidence of the extraneous alleged offense was not extensive, 

but hearing the statement being read by the prosecuting attorney while the 

daughter was on the stand was enough. That the State did not belabor the issue 

in what was otherwise a short record does not lessen the shock value and 

inherently prejudicial effect on the jury in the context of this case.

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I agree that “unfair prejudice” does not mean simply an adverse or 

detrimental effect of the evidence in question since typically all evidence a party 

offers will prejudice the opponent’s case. Rather, it refers to an undue tendency 

to reach a decision on an improper basis, usually an emotional one. Casey v. 

State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 879–880 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
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I would hold that any probative value of the complained-of evidence was 

slight and was substantially outweighed by the inherent danger of unfair 

prejudice to Appellant and that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting it. 

Appellant’s episodes of physical violence, along with his misdemeanor 

convictions for DWI, driving with a suspended license, and failure to identify are

consistent with the testimony from both his son and daughter of a progressive 

drinking problem for which the evidence established that community supervision 

would provide ample opportunities for both in-patient, as well as out-patient 

treatment, of which Appellant was already availing himself. Viewing the record in 

its entirety, the jury’s verdict for the maximum sentence of ten years’

imprisonment speaks for itself that admission of the extraneous offense evidence

was harmful error that affected Appellant’s substantial rights. See Tex. R. App. 

P. 44.2(b). Therefore, I respectfully dissent.2

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I share the concerns expressed by Chief Justice Hedges in Rolle v. State, 

367 S.W.3d 746, 762 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d) (Hedges, 

C.J., dissenting), that offering unnecessary and highly inflammatory evidence 

that has nothing to do with an offense charged against a defendant and that 

serves no purpose other than to push the jury to give the defendant the 

maximum sentence possible disserves the policies underlying the penal code, 

frays “the very fabric of our criminal justice system,” and contributes to the loss of 

trust by the public in the fairness of our courts.
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/s/ Anne Gardner

ANNE GARDNER

JUSTICE

PUBLISH

DELIVERED: January 30, 2014