UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA 

Miami Division 

Case Number: 20-61353-CIV-MORENO 

CITY BEVERAGE-ILLINOIS, LLC, d/b/a 

LAKESHORE BEVERAGE LLC, 

Plaintiff, 

vs. 

VITAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. d/b/a 

VPX, 

Defendant. 

I ------------------

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS COUNTS II & III 

This case involves a contractual dispute arising out of the parties' agreement to distribute 

BANG and REDLINE energy drinks in certain counties in Illinois. Defendant Vital 

Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("VPX") now moves to dismiss Counts II and III, breach of contract claims 

premised on VPX's alleged premature termination of the Distributor Agreement. Because§ 3.3 of 

the agreement plainly provides for the agreement's termination prior to the agreement's three-year 

anniversary date, VPX' s motion to dismiss is granted and Counts II and III are dismissed with 

prejudice. 

I. BACKGROUND 

Plaintiff City Beverage-Illinois, LLC ("Lakeshore") is a wholesale distributor of alcoholic 

and non-alcoholic beverages. VPX is a developer, manufacturer, and seller of energy drinks and 

ready-to-drink dietary supplements. On August 8, 2018, Lakeshore entered into the Distributor 

Agreement with VPX. Pursuant to the agreement, the distributor Lakeshore retained the exclusive 

right to engage in the wholesale distribution ofVPX's BANG and REDLINE beverage brands in 

certain Illinois counties. 

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Lakeshore sues VPX for breach of the agreement and unjust enrichment. VPX now moves 

to dismiss Counts II and III. Count II alleges that VPX breached § 3 .2 of the agreement, which 

prohibited a termination of the agreement by either party until the agreement's third anniversary 

date, August 8, 2021, with the terminating party providing 90 days' notice to the other party. Count 

III alleges that parol evidence is admissible to explain a latest ambiguity in§ 3.3 of the agreement, 

namely, whether the parties intended to limit any exercise of VPX' s buyout rights until the third 

anniversary of the agreement, with the terminating party providing the requisite 90 days' notice. 

According to Lakeshore, it is unclear whether § 3.3's introductory clause-"[p]ursuant to the 

notice provision in Section 3.2[]"-incorporates § 3.2 in its entirety, along with the three-year 

anniversary condition, or only the 90-day notice requirement. 

II. LEGALSTANDARD 

"To survive a motion to dismiss, plaintiffs must do more than merely state legal 

conclusions," instead plaintiffs must "allege some specific factual basis for those conclusions or 

face dismissal of their claims." Jackson v. BellSouth Telecomm., 372 F.3d 1250, 1263 (11th Cir. 

2004). When ruling on a motion to dismiss, a court must view the complaint in the light most 

favorable to the plaintiff and accept the plaintiffs well-pleaded facts as true. See St. Joseph's 

Hosp., Inc. v. Hosp. Corp. of Am., 795 F.2d 948, 953 (11th Cir. 1986). This tenet, however, does 

not apply to legal conclusions. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009). Moreover, 

"[ w ]hile legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by 

factual allegations." Id. at 1950. Those "[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to 

relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all of the complaint's allegations are true." 

Bell At!. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 545 (2007). In short, the complaint must not merely 

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allege misconduct, but must demonstrate that the pleader is entitled to relief. See Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 

at 1950. 

III. DISCUSSION 

VPX seeks to dismiss Counts II and III based on VPX's alleged premature termination of 

the agreement. The parties do not dispute that, pursuant to their agreement, Florida law applies to 

the interpretation of their agreement. 

Neither does Lakeshore dispute that this Court can consider the terms of the agreement at 

this stage in determining whether Counts II and III niay proceed. Rather Lakeshore contends that 

neither count should be dismissed because the agreement clearly prohibits VPX from terminating 

the agreement prior to its third anniversary date and, alternatively, a latent ambiguity exists as to 

whether VPX could invoke § 3 .3 's buyout and termination of the agreement prior to the third 

anniversary date and parol evidence is admissible to explain this ambiguity. The Court finds that 

the agreement plainly and unambiguously provides for the termination of the agreement "without 

cause at any time, in [VPX's] sole discretion" as long as it provides 90 days' notice and fair 

compensation to Lakeshore, therefore, Counts II and III are dismissed with prejudice. 

A. Count II 

In Count II Lakeshore claims that VPX breached § 3 .2 of the agreement by prematurely 

terminating the agreement prior to the agreement's third anniversary date and the earliest date that 

the 90 days' notice provision could be satisfied. VPX argues that Count II should be dismissed 

because§ 3.3 of the agreement clearly provides for the agreement's termination prior to the third 

anniversary date, without cause, ifVPX buys out Lakeshore's rights. The Court agrees with VPX. 

Section 3.2 provides as follows: 

3.2 Terminated Without Cause. Provided that the Party wishing to 

terminate this Agreement is not in breach of any of the terms and conditions 

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contained in this Agreement, after the third anniversary date of the Agreement, 

either Party may terminate this Agreement without Cause upon 90 days' written 

notice to the other Party. 

While the Court notes that, at first glance, it would appear VPX has breached § 3 .2, as the parties 

entered into the agreement on August 8, 2018 and the earliest a party could initiate a termination 

of the agreement without cause would be on August 8, 2021, with the earliest termination occurring 

on November 8, 2021, after 90 days' notice. As alleged, VPX terminated the agreement on April 

27, 2020. However, Lakeshore's reading of§ 3.2 renders § 3.3 a nullity, which provides for an 

alternative means for the termination of the agreement by the manufacturer, VPX. 

Section 3.3 provides, in relevant part: 

3 .3 Termination by Manufacturer Without Cause Buyout. Pursuant to 

the notice provision in Section 3 .2, Manufacturer may terminate this Agreement 

without cause at any time, in its sole discretion, by buying out Distributor's rights. 

The fair compensation to be paid to Distributor in the event Manufacturer opts to 

exercise its buyout right hereunder shall be the product of multiplying: (a) the 

number of standard unit cases of Manufacturer's Products sold by Distributor in the 

12-month period immediately preceding notice of Manufacturer's exercise of its 

buyout right hereunder if the Agreement has been in effect for a full 12 months or 

the number of cases that the Distributor has resold during the time that the 

Agreement has been in effect if the Agreement has been in effect for less than 12 

months, whichever is shorter; and (b) $4.00 per 12-count case of BANG sold, $8.00 

per 24-count case of BANG sold, and $6.00 per case of Redline RTD sold. 

(D.E. 26-1, § 3.3). 1 

VPX contends that the agreement's language, which is plain and unambiguous, provides 

for the termination of the agreement prior to the third anniversary date. Three contextual canons 

of construction support VPX's reading of the agreement: (1) the whole-text canon; (2) the 

surplusage canon; and (3) the harmonious-reading cannon. See Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Gamer, 

Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts §§ 24, 26-27 (2012). Each of these canons of 

construction are recognized under Florida law. See TRG Columbus Dev. Venture, Ltd. v. Sifontes, 

1 As pointed out by both parties, there are two § 3 .3 in the agreement. The relevant § 3 .3 to this 

issue is the first one, titled "Termination by Manufacturer Without Cause Buyout." 

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163 So. 3d 548,552 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) (recognizing whole-text and surplusage canons); Morgan 

v. State, 295 So. 3d 833, 836 (Fla. 4th DCA 2020) (recognizing harmonious-reading canon). 

Under the whole-text canon, "[t]he text must be construed as a whole." See Scalia & 

Garner, Reading Law§ 24, at 167. "Perhaps no interpretive fault is more common than the failure 

to follow the whole-text canon, which calls on the judicial interpreter to consider the entire text, 

in view of its structure and of the physical and logical relation of its many parts." Id. Under this 

canon of construction, when construing laws, or, as here, a private document, context matters: 

"Context is a primary determinant of meaning. A legal instrument typically contains many 

interrelated parts that make up the whole. The entirety of the document thus provides the context 

for each of its parts." Id. Given this well-settled canon of construction, the Court declines an 

invitation to read § 3 .2 in isolation, which would only permit a party to terminate the agreement 

without cause after 90 days' written notice to the non-terminating party after the agreement's third 

anniversary date. Such a construction would ignore the language of § 3.3, contrary to the 

surplusage canon. 

The surplusage canon of construction provides that "[i]f possible, every word and every 

provision is to be given effect (verba cum effectu sunt accipienda). None should be ignored. None 

should needlessly be given an interpretation that causes it to duplicate another provision or to have 

no consequence." See Scalia & Gamer, Reading Law§ 26, at 174. Similarly, under Florida, law, 

"a court may not interpret a contract so as to render a portion of its language meaningless or 

useless." Sifontes, 163 So. 3d at 552 (citing Moore v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co., 916 So. 2d 871, 

877 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006)). Here, permitting Count II to proceed under Lakeshore's reading of§ 

3.2 would cause§ 3.3 and its mechanism for the manufacturer (VPX) to initiate a buyout "without 

cause at any time, in its sole discretion" to have no consequence or render it meaningless or useless. 

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Moreover, language pertaining to the computation of the fair compensation to be paid "if the 

Agreement has been in effect for less than 12 months," pursuant to a buyout under § 3.3, would 

also be rendered meaningless. Under Lakeshore's reading, VPX would only be able to initiate the 

termination of the agreement without cause three years after the agreement's anniversary date. 

The harmonious-reading canon also supports a reading of the agreement that provides for 

two mechanisms for its termination. That canon provides that "[t]he provisions of a text should be 

interpreted in a way that renders them compatible, not contradictory." See Scalia & Gamer, 

Reading Law § 27, at 180; see also Morgan, 295 So. 3d at 836. Here, the Court finds that both 

sections can be read harmoniously, as ~ach section provides for an independent mechanism for the 

termination of the agreement. Under§ 3.2, if the party seeking termination of the agreement is not 

in breach, that party may terminate the agreement after its third anniversary date, so long as it 

provides 90 days' notice to the non-terminating party. Under§ 3.3, the manufacturer, VPX here, 

can terminate the agreement without cause prior to the time enumerated in § 3 .2, so long as it 

provides 90 days' notice to the distributor, Lakeshore here, and pays Lakeshore fair compensation. 

Notably, under Lakeshore's interpretation, the clause in§ 3.3 that provides for the computation of 

the "fair compensation" to Lakeshore if the agreement has been in place for less than 12 months 

would conflict with§ 3.2's three-year anniversary requirement. Additionally, Lakeshore's reading 

would also conflict with§ 3.3 to the extent that it allows VPX to terminate the agreement "at any 

time, in its sole discretion." 

To the extent that Lakeshore argues that the first clause of§ 3.3-"[p]ursuant to the notice 

provision in Section 3 .2"-limits any termination or buyout until after the third anniversary of the 

agreement, as long as the terminating party provides 90 days' notice, the Court disagrees. As VPX 

noted in its reply, § 3.2 "contained an identifiable notice provision that [§] 3.3 incorporated by 

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reference," that is, a 90-day notice provision. Thus, the Court finds that§ 3.3 plainly provides that, 

after providing 90 days' written notice to the Distributor, the "Manufacturer may terminate this 

Agreement without cause at any time, in its sole discretion, by buying out Distributor's rights." 

Further, the Court also agrees with the other reasons provided by VPX in its reply that support a 

reading of the agreement that allows VPX to terminate before the agreement's three-year 

anniversary by buying Lakeshore out. (D.E. 37, at 1-4). 

Accordingly, given the plain meaning of the agreement, VPX's motion to dismiss is 

granted and Count II is dismissed with prejudice. See Martinair Holland, NV v. Benihana, Inc., 

780 Fed. Appx. 772, 774-775 (11th Cir. 2019) (affirming district court's dismissal of suit for 

failure to state a claim where agreement's language unambiguously provided for the early 

termination of the agreement). 

B. Count III 

Next, VPX seeks to dismiss Count III, as it impermissibly seeks to invoke the parol 

evidence rule when the language of§ 3.3 is clear and unambiguous. On the other hand, Lakeshore 

maintains that§ 3.3's introductory clause-"[p]ursuant to the notice provision in Section 3.2"-is 

ambiguous, that is, it is unclear whether this clause incorporates the 90-day notice provision 

contained in § 3 .2 or § 3 .2 in its entirety. 

"A contract is not necessarily ambiguous because parties ascribe different meanings to its 

terms-' [i]f the interpretation urged by one party is unreasonable in light of the contract's plain 

language, the contract is not ambiguous, and the court may not use extrinsic evidence to vary the 

terms of the contract.'" Martinair, 780 Fed. Appx. at 775 (citing Frulla v. CRA Holdings, Inc., 543 

F.3d 1247, 1252 (11th Cir. 2008)). Thus, "[p]arol evidence is inadmissible to contradict, vary, or 

modify the terms which are unambiguously contained within a written agreement." Prime Homes, 

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Inc. v. Pine Lake, LLC, 84 So. 3d 1147, 1152 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (internal citations omitted); see 

also Scott v. Carrier Corp., 662 Fed. Appx. 798, 803 (11th Cir. 2016) ("[I]t is well-established in 

Florida that 'if a contract provision is 'clear and unambiguous,' a court may not consider extrinsic 

or 'parol' evidence to change the plain meaning set forth in the contract."') ( citing Jenkins v. 

Eckerd Corp., 913 So. 2d 43, 52 (Fla. 1st DCA 2005)). 

Based on a review of§§ 3.2, 3.3, the Court finds that "[p]ursuant to the notice provision in 

Section 3 .2" plainly and unambiguously incorporates the notice provision within § 3 .2, which 

requires the terminating party to provide "90 days' written notice to the other Party." As a result, 

§ 3.3's introductory clause conditions any termination by the manufacturer without cause via a 

buyout on the manufacturer providing 90 days' written notice to the distributor. Because the clause 

is unambiguous, the Court cannot consider extrinsic or parol evidence to vary the terms of the 

parties' agreement. Martinair, 780 Fed. Appx. at 775; Prime Homes, 84 So. 3d at 1152. Hence, 

VPX's motion to dismiss is granted and Count III is dismissed with prejudice. 

IV. CONCLUSION 

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, VPX's Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint is 

granted and Counts II and III are dismissed with prejudice. VPX shall file an answer to the 

remaining counts in Lakeshore's Amended Complaint (D.E. 26), e.g., Counts I, IV, and V, QY 

May 20, 2021. /-'--

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, this __L_!?______ of May 2021. 

Copies furnished to: 

Counsel of Record 

FE~.MORENO 

UN-~TATESDISTRlCTJUDGE 

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