UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

CASE NO. 20-CIV-61229-RAR

JOEL ALCIDES RODRIGUEZ,

Plaintiff,

v.

SONIA QUIÑONES, in her official capacity 

as Chief of the Hallandale Police Department, et al.,

Defendants.

_______________________________/

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS

THIS CAUSE comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Second 

Amended Complaint [ECF No. 16] (“Motion”), filed on November 9, 2020. The Court has 

carefully reviewed Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint [ECF No. 11], the Motion, Plaintiff’s 

Response in Opposition [ECF No. 22], and Defendants’ Reply [ECF No. 26], and conducted a 

telephonic hearing to discuss the Motion on December 17, 2020 (“Hearing”), see Paperless Minute 

Entry [ECF No. 37]. Having heard argument from all parties and being otherwise fully advised, 

the Court ruled on the record and memorializes those rulings herein. Accordingly, as discussed at 

the Hearing, it is hereby

ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Second 

Amended Complaint [ECF No. 16] is GRANTED for the reasons set forth below. 

BACKGROUND

This action stems from Plaintiff Joel Alcides Rodriguez’s arrest on June 23, 2016. That 

afternoon, Plaintiff had a “disagreement” or “dispute” with his girlfriend at his apartment, after 

which his girlfriend left and did not return. Second Am. Compl. ¶ 8. Shortly thereafter, Plaintiff

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answered a knock at his apartment door and encountered Defendant Officer Matthew Casey with 

the Hallandale Police Department, who repeatedly asked Plaintiff to step outside so that they could 

have a conversation. Id. ¶ 9-10. Plaintiff replied that he would talk with Casey at the door while 

remaining in his apartment. Id. ¶¶ 10-12. 

The events that follow form the gravamen of Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. 

Plaintiff alleges that this back-and-forth—Casey asking him to step outside and him refusing—

persisted for “[f]ive to eight minutes[,]” after which Casey said that he had “had enough” and 

entered Plaintiff’s apartment without consent. Id. ¶ 13. Though Plaintiff complied with Casey’s 

command to put his hands behind his back, “Casey violently punched [Plaintiff]’s head and body,”

forcibly removed him from his apartment, and took him to a secluded area where he “slammed 

[him] against a concrete wall and dragged him down a flight of stairs.” Id. 

At this point, other officers arrived on the scene only to witness Casey push Plaintiff onto 

the hood of Casey’s police truck. Id. ¶ 14. The truck was so hot that Plaintiff —who was at this 

point shirtless—reflexively pulled his body off the hood. Id. Casey reacted by again pushing

Plaintiff onto the truck with such force that Plaintiff’s face broke through the side window before 

“slamm[ing] him onto the hot pavement.” Id. Plaintiff was later taken to Memorial Regional 

Hospital to be treated for lacerations and burns from the incident. Id. He was ultimately charged

with resisting arrest, criminal mischief, and property damage. Id. 

On June 23, 2020, Plaintiff filed his Complaint [ECF No. 1] against Sonia Quiñones in her 

official capacity as the Chief of the Hallandale Beach Police Department and “Officer Epson,” the 

arresting officer. On July 22, he filed an Amended Complaint [ECF No. 22] against these same 

Defendants. After being unable to serve “Officer Epson,” Plaintiff filed a Second Amended 

Complaint [ECF No. 11] against Chief Quiñones and the arresting officer, Casey, on August 24, 

2020. The Second Amended Complaint brings three claims: 1) excessive and unreasonable force 

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under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; 2) unlawful seizure under the Fourth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983; 

and 3) trespassing under Florida law. 

LEGAL STANDARD

When reviewing a motion to dismiss, a court must view the complaint in the light most 

favorable to the plaintiff and accept the plaintiff’s well-pleaded facts as true. Hunt v. Aimco 

Properties, L.P., 814 F.3d 1213, 1221 (11th Cir. 2016). However, a court need not accept 

plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true. Sinaltrainal v. Coca–Cola Co., 578 F.3d 1252, 1261 (11th 

Cir. 2009); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Therefore, “[t]o survive a motion 

to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to 

relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (emphasis added) (quoting Bell Atlantic 

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A pleading is facially plausible when the plaintiff 

states enough facts for the court to draw a “reasonable inference” that the defendant is liable for 

the alleged conduct. Id. The factual allegations must provide more than a “sheer possibility.” Id. 

ANALYSIS

In their Motion, Defendants argue that 1) the claims against Casey are barred by the statute 

of limitations; 2) no “official capacity” claims may be stated against Chief Quiñones in her official 

capacity as Chief of the City of Hallandale Beach Police Department (and even if the “official 

capacity” claims were asserted against the proper defendant, Plaintiff has failed to state a prima 

facie Monell claim); and 3) Section 768.28(9)(a) of the Florida Statutes bars the state law trespass 

claim against Chief Quiñones. The Court addresses each of these in turn.

I. The claims against Officer Casey are barred by the statute of limitations. 

Plaintiff asserts claims against Officer Casey under § 1983 and trespassing under Florida 

law—all of which must be brought within four years of the acts giving rise to the claim. See

Burton v. City of Belle Glade, 178 F.3d 1175, 1188 (11th Cir. 1999) (“A plaintiff must commence 

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a § 1983 claim arising in Florida within four years of the allegedly unconstitutional or otherwise 

illegal act.”) (citation omitted); Anderson v. Epstein, 202 So. 3d 893, 899 n.2 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) 

(“[C]laims for trespass . . . are subject to a four-year statute of limitations.”) (citing Fla. Stat. § 

95.11(3)). The events at issue took place on June 23, 2016, but Plaintiff did not file the Second 

Amended Complaint naming Casey as a Defendant until August 24, 2020. Therefore, the claims 

against Casey are time-barred unless they “relate back” to the original Complaint, filed on June 

23, 2020. 

Generally, an amended complaint changing the name of a party relates back to the original 

pleading if the party “knew or should have known that the action would have been brought against 

it, but for a mistake concerning the proper party’s identity.” FED. R. CIV. P. 15(c)(1)(C). Plaintiff

devotes much of his Response to convincing the Court that Casey knew or should have known he 

was the intended party, but “[a] key requirement for relation back under Rule 15(c)(1)(C) is that 

the plaintiff have made a ‘mistake.’” Lelieve v. Orosa, No. 10–23677–CIV, 2011 WL 5103949, 

at *4 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 27, 2011). Indeed, “once a court determines that no ‘mistake’ was made, it is 

irrelevant whether the to-be-joined party received notice and would not be prejudiced; a finding of 

a mistake is necessary before moving on to the other requirements.” Id. (citations omitted); see 

also Myles v. Green, No. 08-20554-CIV, 2013 WL 12201091, at *16 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 30, 2013) 

(“Without a mistake, the Court cannot proceed to the remaining requirements of Rule 15(c)(1)(C), 

such as whether the newly named Defendants were aware of this pending lawsuit.”), report and 

recommendation adopted, 2013 WL 12201247 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 24, 2013), aff’d on other grounds, 

557 F. App’x 901 (11th Cir. 2014). 

Plaintiff has not shown that a “mistake” prevented his naming Casey before the statute of 

limitations expired. The Eleventh Circuit has held that a plaintiff’s “lack of knowledge” as to the 

identity of a party does not constitute a “mistake” that can allow a claim against that party to relate 

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back to an original pleading. Wayne v. Jarvis, 197 F.3d 1098, 1103 (11th Cir. 1999), overruled in 

part on other grounds by Manders v. Lee, 338 F.3d 1304, 1328 n.52 (11th Cir. 2003) (en banc); 

Powers v. Graff, 148 F.3d 1223, 1226-27 (11th Cir. 1998) (explaining that Rule 15 “permits an 

amendment to relate back only where there has been an error made concerning the identity of the 

proper party and where that party is chargeable with knowledge of the mistake, but it does not 

permit relation back where . . . there is a lack of knowledge of the proper party.”) (emphasis in 

original) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

It therefore follows that “[a] plaintiff’s amendment to identify parties previously designated 

as ‘John Doe’ defendants in the complaint does not relate back to the filing of the original 

complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 because the amendment is made to correct the 

plaintiff’s lack of knowledge about whom to sue, not a mistake . . . in identifying the proper party.” 

Bloodworth v. United States, 623 F. App’x 976, 979 (11th Cir. 2015) (citing Wayne, 197 F.3d at 

1103-04); see also Barrow v. Wethersfield Police Dep’t, 66 F.3d 466, 468 (2d Cir. 1995) (“It is 

familiar law that ‘John Doe’ pleadings cannot be used to circumvent statutes of limitations because 

replacing a ‘John Doe’ with a named party in effect constitutes a change in the party sued.”) 

(quotation marks and citation omitted).

Wayne and its progeny make clear that in order to show a “mistake” under Rule 

15(c)(1)(C), a plaintiff must have known the identity of the proper defendant before the statute of 

limitations expired unless some actual error or reasonable misunderstanding—separate and apart 

from the plaintiff’s own failure to ascertain the identity of the proper defendant—caused the 

original action to be brought against the wrong party. Thus, a complaint will “relate back” under 

Rule 15 where either a “mere slip of the pen,” Powers, 148 F.3d at 1227, or a reasonable 

misunderstanding as to a proper party’s name or title, causes the plaintiff to misidentify the proper 

party in the timely complaint. 

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But a “mistake” will not be found—and relation back therefore prohibited—where the 

plaintiff simply fails to ascertain the identity of the proper party until after the statute of limitations 

has expired. Compare Kuehn v. Cadle Co., Inc., 335 F. App’x 827, 829-30 (11th Cir. 2009) 

(affirming district court’s conclusion that a “mistake” occurred where the plaintiff sued the 

company named on the letter giving rise to the lawsuit and upon learning that the letter was sent

by another closely-related company, immediately amended her complaint); Brown v. VCNA 

Prestige Concrete Prods., Inc., No. 6:13–cv–979–Orl–31TBS, 2014 WL 1293266, at *3 (M.D. 

Fla. Mar. 31, 2014) (“When two [] entities are closely related and have similar names, choosing 

the wrong one is readily explainable as a mistake.”) (citing Krupski v. Costa Crociere S. p. A., 560 

U.S. 538, 556 (2010)); and McCulley v. Allstates Tech. Servs., No. Civ. A. 04-0115-WS-B, 2005 

WL 1475314, at *17 (S.D. Ala. June 21, 2005) (finding a “proverbial slip of the pen” occurred 

where plaintiff’s complaint made allegations against the party to be added but failed to include 

that party in the caption) (citing Powers, 148 F.3d at 1227-28), with Jones v. Ga. Dep’t of Corr., 

No. 7:17-CV-202, 2018 WL 9362307, at *4 (M.D. Ga. Sept. 24, 2018) (finding no mistake where 

“[a]t the time of filing his original [c]omplaint, [p]laintiff . . . did not know the identities of any of 

the individuals purportedly involved.”); Lelieve, 2011 WL 510394, at *6 (“[O]n Plaintiff’s asserted 

facts—that he was unaware of the [defendant]s’ true identities—Plaintiff has not met his burden 

of demonstrating he made a ‘mistake.’”); and Mack v. Loizzo, No. 08–20181–CIV, 2009 WL 

4840200, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 14, 2009) (“[B]ecause Plaintiff [] did not know [defendant’s] 

identity when he filed his original Complaint, Wayne precludes the claim against [defendant] in 

Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint from relating back to Plaintiff’s original Complaint.”). 

Here, Plaintiff offers only that he “earnestly misidentified Casey as ‘Officer Epson.’” 

Resp. at 4. Therefore, he insists “there is no basis to treat the originally named officer as a John 

Doe” because he “never referred to the arresting officer as ‘John Doe.’” Id. But in his Response, 

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Plaintiff does not attempt to explain why that alleged “mistake” occurred, providing no basis for 

this Court to find that an actual error or reasonable misunderstanding caused him to list “Officer 

Epson” in his timely Complaint instead of Officer Casey. And a simple recitation of “Epson” and 

“Casey” makes clear that this is not a case in which a “similarity of names” could have led 

Rodriguez to name the wrong party. Cf. Pugh v. Kobelco Const. Machinery Am., No. 2:08cv241, 

2009 WL 2486042, at *3 (M.D. Ala. Aug. 12, 2009); see also Datskow v. Teledyne, Inc., Cont’l

Prods. Div., 899 F.2d 1298, 1301 (2d Cir. 1990) (finding a “mistake” where plaintiffs identified 

the “corporate entity as ‘Teledyne, Inc.,’ whereas the correct name of the corporate defendant 

[was] ‘Teledyne Industries, Inc.’”), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 854 (1990). 

The Court therefore treats the originally named “Officer Epson” as a “John Doe” for the 

purposes of its analysis under Rule 15. As Defendants point out—and Plaintiff does not contest—

there is no “Officer Epson” employed by the Hallandale Beach Police Department, nor has there 

ever been. For all intents and purposes, Plaintiff could have listed the officer’s name in the original 

Complaint as “Officer Jones” or “Officer Smith,” and promulgated the same argument. Therefore, 

Plaintiff’s position is tantamount to allowing litigants to skirt this Circuit’s prohibition on “John 

Doe” pleadings by simply writing any name other than “John Doe” in the caption. That this Court 

will not allow. 

Other courts have likewise forbidden the “relation back” of amended complaints that 

sought to substitute a newly-identified party after the statute of limitations had expired—even

where the plaintiff did not use the generic “John Doe” title in the complaint. See Eison v. McCoy, 

146 F.3d 468, 471-72 (7th Cir. 1998) (explaining that the case, in which the original complaint

listed the defendant police officers by “nebulous aliases” before seeking amendment to replace 

these designations with the officers’ proper names, was “directly akin to those cases in which ‘John 

Doe’ or ‘unknown police officers’ are sued and the complaint is later amended to specify the 

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identity of the party.”). For example, in Phillips v. Jeanes, the plaintiff originally brought his claim 

against an “Officer Richardson” but “[w]hen [p]laintiff found out that an Officer Richardson could 

not have been the perpetrator because he did not work at [the] Prison [where plaintiff was allegedly 

attacked] and that an individual by the name of Officer Lewis was recently discharged from Lee 

State Prison for conduct that allegedly related to [p]laintiff, [p]laintiff then realized that Officer 

Lewis must have been the one who allegedly assaulted him.” No. 1:13–CV–68 (WLS), 2014 WL 

2946475, at *2-3 (M.D. Ga. June 27, 2014) (emphasis in original). The court explained that

[T]his [was] information [p]laintiff learned after the expiration of 

the statute of limitations, meaning he lacked the knowledge of the 

proper party in the first instance. Therefore, this [was] not a 

situation where [p]laintiff said ‘red’ when he really meant ‘blue.’ 

Rather, this [was] a situation where [p]laintiff stated ‘red,’ belatedly 

realized it could not have been ‘red,’ and then realized that it must 

have been ‘blue’—a situation that does not fall within the ambit of 

Rule 15(c)(1)(C)(ii).

Id. (emphasis in original). 

Such is the case here. Plaintiff learned that “Officer Epson” could not have been the 

perpetrator because he was not employed by the Hallandale Beach Police Department (because he 

does not exist). But this was information Plaintiff learned after the statute of limitations had 

expired, meaning he did not know Casey’s identity at the time he filed his timely Complaint. Thus, 

Plaintiff did not file his Complaint against “Officer Epson” when he really meant “Officer 

Casey”—i.e., the naming of the wrong party was not caused by a “slip of the pen” or reasonable 

misunderstanding. “Rather, this was a situation where Plaintiff stated [“Officer Epson”], belatedly 

realized it could not have been [“Officer Epson”], and then realized that it must have been [“Officer 

Casey”]—a situation that does not fall within the ambit of Rule 15(c)(1)(C)(ii).” Id. 

At the Hearing, Plaintiff’s counsel argued that the reluctance of the Hallandale Beach 

Police Department to provide information related to the incident at issue was the chief factor in 

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failing to identify Officer Casey until after the statute of limitations had expired. But “[p]laintiff’s 

claim that the Police Department’s alleged delay justifies adding [the proper party] after the 

limitations period has no bearing on a relation-back inquiry under Wayne’s bright-line rule, and 

would have been best raised as an argument for tolling the four-year statute of limitations.” Loizzo, 

2009 WL 4840200, at *3 n.2 (citing Robinson v. United States, 327 F. App’x 816, 819 (11th Cir.

2007) (equitable tolling allowed under extraordinary circumstances such as when defendant’s 

misconduct induces plaintiff into letting statute of limitations pass)); see also Fowler v. Coad, No. 

3:14–cv–309–RS–EMT, 2015 WL 1843243, at *3 (N.D. Fla. Apr. 22, 2015) (rejecting plaintiff’s 

argument that “[u]nlike the plaintiff in Wayne, . . . he took active steps to obtain the public records 

which would have named the defendants, but the responses he received from the government’s 

records custodians improperly omitted them. . . . [R]egardless of the amount of effort [plaintiff]

put into obtaining the identities of [d]efendants before filing the [c]omplaint, he had a lack of 

knowledge of their identities on the day that the statute of limitations expired.”). 

Plaintiff waited until the final day before the applicable statute of limitations expired to file 

his original Complaint against the Defendants. While he now attempts to argue that the Hallandale 

Beach Police Department’s lack of cooperation in responding to his informational request is to 

blame for the deficiencies in his Complaint, the real problem faced by Plaintiff is the same problem 

encountered by the plaintiff in Wayne. That is, he filed his Complaint “close to the expiration of 

the statute of limitations and thereby waited too long before setting out to find crucial information 

he needed to make his claim[s] against [ ] [Officer Casey] . . . Had he filed earlier, he could have 

learned [Casey’s identity] in time to amend his [C]omplaint before the statute of limitations ran.” 

197 F.3d at 1104. He must therefore “bear[] the consequences of his own delay.” Id.; see also 

Seegars v. Adcox, 258 F. Supp. 1370, 1376 (S.D. Ga. 2002) (rejecting plaintiffs’ defense “that they 

attempted to discover which officers were involved in the incident before the suit was filed, but 

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were not given any information by the Sheriff’s Office” and explaining that “[t]his lack of 

knowledge is due to [p]laintiffs’ less than spirited attempt to obtain the identities of the officers. 

Plaintiffs’ inability to identify the officers within the statutes of limitation is a result of the lastminute filing of the suit.”).

Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not made a “mistake” as that term is 

contemplated by Rule 15(c)(1)(C)(ii) in failing to name Officer Casey in the original Complaint. 

Because the Court has not found the requisite “mistake,” it need not reach the issues of notice and 

prejudice. See Lelieve, 2011 WL 5103949, at *4. Therefore, the claims against Officer Casey are 

barred by the statutes of limitation and are hereby DISMISSED with prejudice.

II. The “official capacity” claims against Chief Quiñones are dismissed with prejudice.

Defendants are correct that the Section 1983 claims brought against Chief Quiñones in her 

official capacity as the Chief of the Hallandale Beach Police Department must be dismissed 

because the Department is not a legal entity subject to suit. In contrast to individual capacity suits, 

when an officer is sued under Section 1983 in her official capacity, the suit “represent[s] only 

another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an officer is an agent.’” Kentucky v. 

Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 n.55

(1978)); see also Busby v. City of Orlando, 931 F.3d 764, 776 (11th Cir. 1991). Accordingly, 

because Plaintiff sued Chief Quiñones in her official capacity as the Chief of the Hallandale Beach 

Police Department, the Court must determine if the Department is a proper party to this lawsuit.

“Sheriff’s departments and police departments are not usually considered legal entities 

subject to suit, but capacity to sue or be sued shall be determined by the law of the state in which 

the district court is held.” Dean v. Barber, 951 F.2d 1210, 1214-15 (11th Cir. 1992) (internal 

citations omitted). In Florida, while county sheriff’s offices can be subject to suit, see, e.g., 

Weiland v. Palm Beach Cty. Sheriff’s Office, 792 F.3d 1313 (11th Cir. 2015), “[w]here a [city] 

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police department is an integral part of the city government as the vehicle through which the city 

government fulfills its policing functions, it is not an entity subject to suit,” Fla. City Police Dep’t 

v. Corcoran, 661 So. 2d 409, 410 (Fla. 3d DCA 1995) (quoting Eddy v. City of Miami, 715 F. 

Supp. 1553, 1556 (S.D. Fla. 1989)). 

In Shepard v. Hallandale Beach Police Dep’t., the Court dismissed the Hallandale Beach 

Police Department as a defendant in a Section 1983 action, explaining that “[i]n Section 1983 

actions, police departments cannot be sued, because a police department is merely an 

administrative arm of the local municipality, and is not a separate judicial entity.” No. 06-60322-

CIV, 2006 WL 8446393, at *2 (S.D. Fla. May 3, 2006), report and recommendation adopted, 2006 

WL 8446351 (S.D. Fla. June 5, 2006). So too here: because “[t]he Hallandale Beach Police 

Department is merely an arm of” the City of Hallandale Beach, id., the Department does not have 

a legal existence apart from the City of Hallandale Beach and is not subject to suit. Instead, 

Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims are actually claims against the City of Hallandale Beach. See 

Lavandeira v. Tampa Police Dep’t, No. 8:20-cv-169-t-23cpt, 2020 WL 6545983, at *1 (M.D. Fla. 

Nov. 6, 2020) (explaining that “even a brief review of the governing legal authority” revealed that 

federal claims brought against the Tampa Police Department and its Chief of Police in his official 

capacity were “actually claims against the City of Tampa.”). Therefore, the claims against Chief 

Quiñones in her official capacity as the Chief of the Hallandale Beach Police Department are

DISMISSED with prejudice. 

Plaintiff is granted leave to amend his Second Amended Complaint to assert his Monell

claims against the proper party. However, Plaintiff must also amend the substance of his pleading 

to state a prima facie case for municipal liability under Section 1983, which the Second Amended 

Complaint fails to do. If a plaintiff sues a municipality, there must be proof that the alleged injuries 

resulted from an official custom, policy, or practice. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 

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694 (1978). The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing the causal link between a government 

policy or custom and the injury which is alleged. See Byrd v. Clark, 783 F.3d 1002, 1008 (11 Cir. 

1986) (citing id). 

The Second Amended Complaint fails to raise any allegations that the actions of the 

officers involved in Plaintiff’s arrest were the result of an official custom, policy, or practice. 

Instead, Plaintiff makes threadbare accusations of general wrongdoing by the Hallandale Beach 

Police Department. See, e.g., Second Am. Compl. ¶ 18 (“Rodriguez’s incident does not appear to 

be an isolated one. On information and belief, this is the customary practice of the Hallandale 

Police overseen by Quiñone[s] (and others before her). In fact, the Hallandale [Beach] Police 

[Department] has a long history of controversial shootings, beatings, and huge payouts to victims 

of police brutality.”). 

Because Plaintiff fails to provide any factual information regarding these past incidents or

explain why they are the result of a specific policy or custom that caused Plaintiff’s alleged 

constitutional deprivations, the Second Amended Complaint fails to state a prima facie claim under 

Monell. See, e.g., Johnson v. Israel, No. 17-62291-CIV, 2020 WL 1060007, at *8-9 (S.D. Fla. 

Mar. 5, 2020) (finding that “unsubstantiated” allegations regarding “scores of [past] lawsuits” did 

not support the inference of a “de facto” policy for a Monell claim); Jackson v. Miami-Dade Cty.,

No. 18-20665-CIV, 2018 WL 5787247, at *9-11 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 5, 2018) (concluding complaint 

lacked factual information regarding sixteen alleged past incidents and was therefore insufficient 

to support a claim for municipal liability).

III. Chief Quiñones is immune from Plaintiff’s Claim under Florida law. 

Defendants allege that under Section 768.28(9) of the Florida Statutes, Quiñones is 

immune from the trespassing claim because she did not act in bad faith. That Section provides, in 

relevant part, as follows:

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No officer, employee, or agent of the state or of any of its 

subdivisions shall be held personally liable in tort or named as a 

party defendant in any action for any injury or damage suffered as a 

result of any act, event, or omission of action in the scope of her or 

his employment or function, unless such officer, employee, or agent 

acted in bad faith or with malicious purpose or in a manner 

exhibiting wanton and willful disregard of human rights, safety, or 

property. . . . The exclusive remedy for injury or damage suffered as 

a result of an act, event, or omission of an officer, employee, or agent 

of the state or any of its subdivisions or constitutional officers shall 

be by action against the governmental entity, or the head of such 

entity in her or his official capacity, or the constitutional officer of 

which the officer, employee, or agent is an employee, unless such 

act or omission was committed in bad faith or with malicious 

purpose or in a manner exhibiting wanton and willful disregard of 

human rights, safety, or property.

Fla. Stat. § 768.28(9)(a). Defendants are correct that this Section precludes the state law claim 

against Chief Quiñones. 

Plaintiff argues that Chief Quiñones is not immune from the state law claim under Section 

768(9)(a) because she is sued in her official capacity. But this precise argument was rejected in 

Forrest v. Pustizzi, No. 16-cv-62181, 2017 WL 2472537, at *10 (S.D. Fla. June 7, 2017). There, 

the plaintiff brought state law claims against the Chief of Police for the City of Coral Springs 

Police Department in his official capacity and argued that Section 768.28 did not preclude the 

claims because they were brought against the Chief in his official capacity, making him “the de 

facto Department.” Id. at *10. The Court rejected this argument and dismissed the state law 

claims, explaining that “the City of Coral Springs Police Department is not an entity subject to suit 

under Florida law, so [the] Chief [] is similarly not subject to suit in his official capacity as the 

‘head’ of an entity that is not itself subject to suit. The proper defendant for these claims would 

be the City of Coral Springs itself.” Id. However, “the Chief of Police[] is not the ‘head’ of the 

City of Coral Springs, so he is an improper official capacity defendant for claims that should have 

been brought against the City.” Id. Similarly, here, Chief Quiñones is not the “head” of the City 

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of Hallandale Beach, so she is an improper “official capacity” defendant for the state law claims 

that should have been brought against the City. 

As a result, Plaintiff’s claim for trespassing under Florida law may only be brought against

Chief Quiñones in her individual capacity. However, given that there is no indication whatsoever 

that Chief Quiñones personally acted “in bad faith or with malicious purpose or in a manner 

exhibiting wanton and willful disregard of human rights, safety, or property,” she may not be held 

“personally liable” for the trespassing claim. Fla. Stat. § 768.28(9)(a). Accordingly, the trespass 

claim against Chief Quiñones is hereby DISMISSED with prejudice. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendants’ 

Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint [ECF No. 16] is GRANTED. The claims 

against Officer Casey are hereby DISMISSED with prejudice. The claims under Section 1983 

against Chief Quiñones in her official capacity as Chief of the City of Hallandale Beach Police 

Department are hereby DISMISSED with prejudice, with Plaintiff granted leave to file an 

amended complaint bringing these claims against the proper party. The trespassing claim against 

Chief Quiñones is hereby DISMISSED with prejudice. Plaintiff shall file a Third Amended 

Complaint in compliance with this Order by January 6, 2021. 

DONE AND ORDERED in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, this 20th day of December, 2020.

 _________________________________

 RODOLFO A. RUIZ II

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Case 0:20-cv-61229-RAR Document 39 Entered on FLSD Docket 12/22/2020 Page 14 of 14