#### Orton G. Orr, Respondent, *v.*The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, Appellant.

First Department,

June 4, 1915.

Pleading—negligence — violation of municipal ordinance—nuisance — ordinance not shown to have sanction of Legislature — evidence.

The mere violation of a municipal ordinance by a private person, although evidence of negligence, does not of itself give rise to a cause of action for damages resulting therefrom, and the remedy prescribed in the ordinance is ordinarily exclusive. But a violation of a statute or of an ordinance having the force of a statute by legislative adoption may give rise to a cause of action.

Hence, where the complaint in an action against a common carrier for loss of freight sets out, as a first count, that the goods while in the pos*549session of the carrier were destroyed through its negligence, and as a second count alleges that they were destroyed while in the possession of the carrier as warehouseman by the explosion of chemicals which it held on storage without having obtained a license so to do, as required by the ordinance of a city of a foreign State declaring such storage without license to be a nuisance, a demurrer to the second count should be sustained, it being neither alleged nor proved that said municipal ordinance had been adopted and approved by the Legislature of the foreign State. The complaint shows merely the violation of a municipal ordinance as such, and not as a statute by reason of legislative confirmation.

The courts of this State cannot take judicial notice of the acts of a foreign Legislature, nor determine then application to particular ordinances.

*It*seems, however, that if the storage of the chemicals was the proximate cause of the damages sustained by the plaintiff, the ordinance forbidding the storage will be admissible as tending to show negligence as charged in the first count of the complaint.

Appeal by the defendant, The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the New York Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 5th day of December, 1914, overruling its demurrer to the amended complaint.

*Marvin W. Wynne [Henry E. Chapin*with him on the brief], for the appellant.

*Arthur W. Clement*[ *Wilson E. Tipple*with him on the brief], for the respondent.

Laughlin, J.:

The amended complaint contains two counts. The plaintiff claims that they both sound in tort and are to recover the same damages on different theories; but the defendant contends that one is on contract and the other is in tort. The action is brought on an assigned claim for the loss of freight. It is alleged in the first count that the defendant, on the 19th day of September, 1912, at Philadelphia, Penn., as a common carrier for hire, received from M. Gottesman & Son 516 bales of wood pulp of the value of $4,365.90, and for a valuable consideration promised and agreed “ to hold the same awaiting reshipment,” and on receipt of shipping instructions to transport the same to *550the consignee and destination to he designated thereby, and that while the property was so in possession of the defendant it was destroyed through its *negligence,*the particulars of which are not set forth. The second count is for the value of the same property alleged to have been destroyed while in the possession of the defendant *voluntarily*as *warehouseman*by the explosion of a quantity of more than twenty-five pounds of nitrate of soda, which defendant also held as warehouseman in the same structure without having obtained a license therefor as required by an ordinance of the city of Philadelphia regulating the maintenance, sale and storage of certain chemicals and combustibles, and in violation of said ordinance which declared that “ it should be a nuisance to store within the limits ” of said city more than twenty-five pounds of nitrate of soda without obtaining a license therefor as therein provided, and that the ordinance “should apply to railroad and transportation companies where said property was held voluntarily by them as a warehouseman. *”*

The grounds of the demurrer are that the facts stated in the second count are insufficient, and that causes of action have been improperly united, in that a cause of action for breach of contract and one in tort predicated on a violation of a municipal ordinance have been joined. In the view we take of the case it is not necessary to consider the second ground of demurrer, and, therefore, we express no opinion thereon. The only basis for the second cause of action is the violation of the ordinance. Authority to enact municipal ordinances is ordinarily conferred to regulate and restrict, in the interests of the public, existing rights and duties and not to add to common-law duties or to create causes of action for the benefit of third parties, and it is well settled in this jurisdiction that the mere violation of a municipal ordinance, although evidence of negligence, does not in and of .itself give rise to a cause of action for damages resulting therefrom and that the remedy prescribed in the ordinance is ordinarily .exclusive, although a violation of a statute, or of an ordinance having by legislative adoption the force of a statute, may give rise to a cause of action. *(Brown*v. *Buffalo & State Line R.R. Co., 22*N. Y. 191; *McGrath*v. *N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co.,*63 id. 522; *551*Massoth*v. *D. & H. Canal Co.,*64 id. 624; *Knupfle*v. *Knickerbocker Ice Co.,*84 id. 488; *Moore*v. *Gadsden,*93 id. 12; *City of Rochester*v. *Campbell,*123 id. 405; *Flukerv. Ziegele Brewing Co.,*201 id. 40; *Amberg v. Kinley,*214 id. 531; *Racine v. Morris,*201 id. 240; *Brown*v. *Wittner,*43 App. Div. 135; *Connolly*v. *Bursch,*149 id. 772. See, also, *Koch*v. *Fox,*71 App. Div. 288.) The Building Code, the violation of which we said in *Acton*v. *Reed*(104 App. Div. 510) would give rise to a cause of action in favor of any one entitled to its observance, had been approved by the Legislature. *(City of New York*v. *Trustees, etc.,*85 App. Div. 355.) It is claimed, but not alleged, that the ordinance was adopted and approved by the Legislature of Pennsylvania; but we cannot take judicial notice of acts of a foreign Legislature or determine their application to particular ordinances unless pleaded. *(Southworth*v. *Morgan,*205 N. Y. 293.) The authority to enact the ordinance is not pleaded nor are any facts set forth which render the general rule, to which reference has been made, inapplicable. The case presents the effect of the regulation *as an ordinance*and not as a *statute,*and, therefore, the general rule, already stated, applies.

The learned counsel for the plaintiff attempts to sustain the second cause of action on the theory that the defendant was guilty of maintaining a nuisance, and he relies on the declaration of the ordinance to that effect without alleging any facts tending to show that the storage of the nitrate of soda was in fact a nuisance. The mere declaration in the ordinance is not effective to constitute the storage of more than twenty-five pounds of nitrate of soda *without a license*a nuisance. *(Village of White Plains*v. *Tarrytown, W. P. & M. R. Co.,*117 App. Div. 841. See, also, *People ex rel. Copcutt*v. *Board of Health,*140 N. Y. 1.) If the storage of the nitrate of soda was a proximate cause of the damages sustained hy the plaintiff, the ordinance will be admissible in evidence as tending to show negligence under the first count of the amended complaint, which, as already observed, is predicated solely on the ground of negligence. *(Shields*v. *Pugh & Co.,*122 App. Div. 586; *Racine*v. *Morris, supra.)*

It follows, therefore, that the order should be reversed, with *552ten dollars costs and disbursements, and the demurrer sustained, with costs.

Ingraham, P. J., McLaughlin, Clarke and Scott, JJ., concurred.

Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, motion denied, with ten dollars costs, and demurrer sustained.