CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT ................................................................................. 6­1

6.2 OPERATING HOURS .................................................................................................... 6­1

6.3 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION ...................................... 6­8

6.3.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps .................................................................... 6­8

6.3.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps........................................................................... 6­11

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 6­13

LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.2.1 Average Operating Hours by Sector and Lamp Type.............................................. 6­3

Table 6.2.2 Representative Operating Hours Used in the IRL National Impact Analysis ......... 6­4

Table 6.3.1 4­Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 3­Lamp System Power Rating and Annual Energy

Consumption................................................................................................................................ 6­9

Table 6.3.2 4­Foot Medium Bipin T12 GSFL 3­Lamp System Power Rating and Annual Energy

Consumption................................................................................................................................ 6­9

Table 6.3.3 8­Foot T12 Single­Pin Slimline GSFL 2­Lamp System Power Rating and Annual

Energy Consumption ................................................................................................................. 6­10

Table 6.3.4 8­Foot T8 Single­Pin Slimline GSFL 2­Lamp System Power Rating and Annual

Energy Consumption ................................................................................................................. 6­10

Table 6.3.5 8­Foot T12 Recessed Double Contact HO GSFL 2­Lamp System Power Rating and

Annual Energy Consumption..................................................................................................... 6­10

Table 6.3.6. 8­Foot T8 Recessed Double Contact HO GSFL 2­Lamp System Power Rating and

Annual Energy Consumption..................................................................................................... 6­11

Table 6.3.7 IRL Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, 90PAR38.......................... 6­11

Table 6.3.8 IRL Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, 75PAR38.......................... 6­12

Table 6.3.9 IRL Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, 50PAR30.......................... 6­12

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6.2.1 Residential Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type... 6­3

Figure 6.2.2 Residential Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Room Type ....... 6­4

Figure 6.2.3 Commercial Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type 6­

5

Figure 6.2.4 Commercial Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type . 6­6

Figure 6.2.5 Industrial Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type .. 6­7

Figure 6.2.6 Industrial Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type...... 6­8

6­i
CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

6.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT

This chapter presents the methodology the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) follows to

estimate the annual energy consumption of the lamp and lamp­and­ballast designs DOE

considers in the rulemaking analyses. The results of this analysis, which represent typical energy

consumption in the field, are critical inputs to the life­cycle cost (LCC) and payback period

(PBP) analyses, described in Chapter 8, and the national impact analysis (NIA), described in

Chapter 10. DOE needs information on annual energy consumption to determine the potential

energy and operating cost savings to consumers from the use of more efficient equipment.

DOE determines the annual energy consumption of the lamp and lamp­and­ballast

designs using information on their rated power (i.e., the rate of energy they consume) and the

way consumers use them (i.e., operating hours per year). The engineering analysis (Chapter 5)

discusses the power ratings of lamp and lamp­and­ballast designs. The following sections

discuss the inputs and calculations DOE uses to develop annual operating hours and annual

energy consumption for the products considered in this analysis.

6.2 OPERATING HOURS

To characterize the country’s average use of lighting for a typical year, DOE develops

annual operating hours by sector and lamp category (i.e., general service fluorescent lamps

(GSFL) and incandescent reflector lamps (IRL)). For the LCC, DOE accounts for variability in

operating hours by developing a distribution of operating hours for the LCC spreadsheet. The

operating hour distributions capture variation across 13 census divisions and large States,

building types, and lamps for all sectors.

a

In conjunction with data from the U.S. Lighting Market Characterization: Volume I

1 (LMC), DOE uses data from the Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) 2003 Commercial

2 Building Energy Survey (2003 CBECS), 2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (2001

3 4 RECS), and 2002 Manufacturer Energy Consumption Survey (2002 MECS). These EIA

studies provide information on the distribution of U.S. buildings by building type and census

division. The LMC, which is based on thousands of building audits and surveys, provides

national­level data on annual operating hours by building type and lamp type for all sectors.

These operating hours are broken down by application for the commercial and industrial sectors, b and room type for the residential sector.

a Census divisions include New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic,

East South Central, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Large States include California, Florida, New York,

and Texas. Sectors include residential, commercial, and industrial.

b Residential sector room types include bathroom, bedroom, closet, dining room, family room, garage, hall, kitchen,

living room, office, outdoor, utility room, and other. Commercial and industrial sector applications include

assembly, athletic, bathroom, boarding, class, dining, display, exit, ext­archi, ext­park, exit­sign, exterior, food

preparation, hall, healthcare, office, ship/rec, shop, storage, task, unknown, and utility.

6­1
DOE associates LMC operating hour data by building type with EIA data by building

type and census division to derive annual operating hours by census division and large States.

This allows DOE to correlate the electricity price distribution (Chapter 8), and sales tax

distribution (Chapter 7) with the operating hour distribution by census division and large States

in the LCC spreadsheet. The following paragraphs describe data sources DOE uses to develop

annual operating hours by sector.

For the residential sector, DOE uses RECS building data and LMC residential sector

operating hour data to develop a distribution of annual operating hours for IRL. The 2001 RECS

data indicates the probability that a certain building type resides within a census division. The

LMC indicates the occurrence of certain room types within a given building type and the

operating hour characteristics of IRL in these rooms. By using probabilities derived from RECS,

the LCC model selects a building of a certain type and census division or large State. DOE then

uses aggregated data from the LMC to associate average annual operating hours per building

type. DOE chose to aggregate operating hour data to the building level, rather than at the room

level, because DOE believes it more closely represents the impact on an individual consumer.

However, DOE does use operating hour data at the room level to perform LCC sensitivity results

(Appendix 8B).

DOE does not develop an operating hour distribution for GSFL in the residential sector

for two reasons. First, DOE does not analyze GSFL in the residential sector; second, the LMC

does not provide data on this lamp type in this sector. If DOE determined that analysis in this

sector were necessary, it could use the distribution of operating hours of GSIL, which may

approximate the operating hour profile of GSFL in the residential sector. Alternatively, DOE

could develop a distribution of operating hours from another data source.

DOE uses a similar approach to develop a distribution of annual operating hours in the

commercial sector for GSFL and IRL. However, instead of room type, DOE aggregates LMC

annual operating hour data by application to develop average annual operating hours by building

type. The 2003 CBECS data indicates the probability a certain building type in a certain census

division exists. Once the LCC model selects a building, DOE associates the aggregated LMC

annual operating hour average with the building type selected. Like the residential sector, DOE

chose to aggregate LMC operating hour data to the building level for the commercial and

industrial sectors because DOE believes it more closely represents the impact on consumers.

To develop a distribution of annual operating hours in the industrial sector, DOE uses an

approach consistent with that used for the commercial sector. The 2002 MECS data indicates the

probability a certain building type exists. DOE aggregates LMC annual operating hour data by

industrial application to develop average annual operating hours by building type. Once the

model selects a building, DOE associates the aggregated LMC operating hour average with the

building type selected. Because MECS does not provide the location of industrial sector

buildings, DOE uses population information from the 2007 census to establish the probability

that a certain industrial building exists in a certain census division or large State. Table 6.2.1

summarizes the weighted average operating hours per lamp type per sector.

6­2
Table 6.2.1 Average Operating Hours by Sector and Lamp Type

Sector Lamp Type Average Annual Operating Hours

hrs/year

Residential IRL 884

Commercial GSFL 3,435

IRL 3,450

Industrial GSFL 4,795

IRL 4,664

Figure 6.2.1 displays the variety of annual operating hours DOE uses for IRL in the

residential sector. DOE uses these annual operating hours in the LCC calculation.

5

4 3

2

1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

R

e

sid

e

ntial S

e

ctor IR

L

Pro

b

a

bility

1: Mobile home

2: Single­family detached

3: Single­family attached

4: Multifamily 2­4 units

5: Multifamily > 4 units

863 929 891 798 765

Annual Operating Hours by Building Type (hrs/year)

Figure 6.2.1 Residential Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building

Type

Because the NIA does not use Monte Carlo analysis, it does not typically use a

distribution of data for its inputs. However, in the NIA, DOE uses several values for the annual

operating hours for longer­lived IRL replacement technologies (i.e., reflector CFL). DOE uses

multiple annual operating hours for these longer­lived lamps because the variation in operating

hours has a greater impact on their service lifetimes. A more accurate representation of the range

of service lifetimes of these lamps allows for a better projection of shipments by spreading out

the replacement cycle appropriately. DOE does not use multiple annual operating hours for IRL

or GSFL because the operating hours do not create as large a spread in service lifetimes.

6­3
To estimate five of the most likely annual operating hour characteristics of IRL in the

residential sector, DOE uses information from a residential IRL annual operating hour

distribution by room type developed with data from LMC and RECS (Figure 6.2.2). DOE uses

the mean (884 hrs/year) and standard deviation (230 hrs/year) of this distribution to develop a

normal distribution. From this normal distribution, DOE selects five different annual operating

hours to represent the annual operating hours of approximately 20 percent of residential IRL

sockets. Table 6.2.2 lists the five annual operating hours DOE uses in the NIA.

25%

20%

15%

R

e

sid

e

ntial S

e

ctor IR

L

Pro

b

a

bility

10%

5%

0% 108

8

10279899218

6

4

7206736

6

5

6175775134

53

4

41

41440338

2

299183

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/year)

Figure 6.2.2 Residential Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Room Type

Table 6.2.2 Representative Operating Hours Used in the IRL National Impact Analysis

Percentage of IRL Sockets

%

IRL Annual Operating Hours

hrs/year

20 590

20 764

20 884

20 1,005

20 1,179

Figure 6.2.3 and Figure 6.2.4 display the annual operating hour distributions for

GSFL and IRL, respectively, operating in the commercial sector. DOE uses this distribution of

6­4
91: Other

annual operating hours in the LCC calculation. DOE does not use a set of annual operating

hours for IRL or GSFL because the longer operating hours do not create as large a spread in the

service lifetime. Instead, DOE uses the weighted­average annual operating hours for these lamps

in the NIA.

20%

C

o

m

m

ercial S

e

ctor G

S

F

L

Pro

b

a

bility

18%

16%

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%

2

1:

2:

Vacant

Office

8: Outpatient health care

11: Refrigerated warehouse

16: Inpatient health care

17: Nursing

4:

5:

Laboratory

Nonrefrigerated warehouse

12: Religious worship

13: Public assembly

18: Lodging

25: Retail other than

6:

7:

Food sales

Public order and safety

14: Education

15: Food service

mall

26: Service

5

26

25

14 12

15 13

1

6

7

8 18

91

4 11 16 17

3,5

4

5

3,6

8

6

4,9733,4

60

5,2

2

4

3,5703,3313,8191,7052,5702,6

43

4,5985,7514,38

5

3,7803,6

81

3,3943,638

Annual Operating Hours by Building Type (hrs/year)

Figure 6.2.3 Commercial Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building

Type

6­5
15: Food service 91: Other

C

o

m

m

ercial S

e

ctor IR

L

Pro

b

a

bility

20%

18%

16%

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%

2

5: Nonrefrigerated warehouse

Public order and safety

4:

1: Vacant

2: Office

6: Food sales

Laboratory warehouse

8: Outpatient health care

11: Refrigerated

12: Religious worship

13: Public assembly

18: Lodging

16: Inpatient health care

17: Nursing

25: Retail other than

mall

7: 26: Service

5

14: Education

26

25

14 12

15 13

1

6

7

8 18

91

4 11 16 17

3,5983,7124,9933,3995,3373,4

2

5

3,3893,5

5

8

1,6092,6

59

2,7614,5725,8

51

4,2

5

4

3,6

53

3,7633,3973,747

Annual Operating Hours by Building Type (hrs/year)

Figure 6.2.4 Commercial Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building

Type

Figure 6.2.5 and Figure 6.2.6 display the annual operating hour distribution for GSFL and

IRL operating in the industrial sector. DOE uses this distribution of annual operating hours in

the LCC calculation. As with the commercial sector, DOE does not use several values for the

annual operating hours for IRL or GSFL in the industrial sector because the longer operating

hours do not create as large a spread in service lifetimes. Instead, DOE uses the weightedaverage annual operating hours for the industrial sector in the NIA.

6­6
20%

In

d

u

strial S

e

ctor G

S

F

L

Pro

b

a

bility

34 18%

16%

14%

12%

27

10%

20. Food & kindred

products

21. Tobacco

22. Textile mill

23. Apparel & other

textile products

24. Lumber & wood

products

25. Furniture &

26. Paper & allied

28. Chemicals & allied prorducts

fixtures

products

27. Printing & publishing

products

29. Petroleum & coal products

30. Rubber & miscellaneous

plastics products

31. Leather and leather

products

32. Stone, clay & glass

products

33. Primary metal industries

34. Fabricated metal

35. Industrial

machinery & equip.

36. Electronic & other

electric equip.

37. Transportation

equip.

38. Instruments &

related products.

39. Miscellaneous

35 20

8%

32 6% 24 30 25

28 36

37 4% 22 23

31

29

26 33 38

2%

21

0%

5,8

69

5,0914,9113,6

47

5,7073,8

8

8

5,8935,3235,2745,3005,4754,5165,3875,6

80

4,0325,1674,4

5

4

5,9763,5922,831

Annual Operating Hours by Building Type (hrs/year)

Figure 6.2.5 Industrial Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building

Type

6­7

39
20%

In

d

u

strial S

e

ctor IR

L

Pro

b

a

bility

34 18%

16%

14%

12%

27

10%

35 20

8%

32 6% 24 30 25

28 36

37 4% 22 23

26 33 38

2% 29

31 21

0%

20. Food & kindred

products

21. Tobacco

22. Textile mill

23. Apparel & other

textile products

24. Lumber & wood

products

25. Furniture &

fixtures

26. Paper & allied

products

27. Printing & publishing 34. Fabricated metal

28. Chemicals & allied

products

29. Petroleum & coal products

30. Rubber & miscellaneous

plastics products

31. Leather and leather

products

32. Stone, clay & glass

products

33. Primary metal industries

prorducts

35. Industrial

machinery & equip.

36. Electronic & other

electric equip.

37. Transportation

equip.

38. Instruments &

related products.

39. Miscellaneous

6,16

5

4,4

4

5

4,6153,2

63

5,6993,9045,5363,6

2

5

4,8

20

4,7105,4134,2

59

4,7415,5064,3754,74

6

4,9876,2

21

4,6963,2

61

Annual Operating Hours by Building Type (hrs/year)

Figure 6.2.6 Industrial Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type

6.3 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

This section presents the annual energy use estimates for GSFL and IRL. DOE calculates

the annual energy consumption using annual operating hours and power rating estimates. The

annual energy consumption results use average annual operating hours. DOE uses the annual

energy consumption results in the LCC and PBP analyses and the NIA to calculate the operating

cost of systems and estimate the potential energy savings of candidate standard levels (CSLs).

6.3.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps

Using annual operating hours and system power ratings, DOE calculates the annual

energy consumption of the entire lamp­and­ballast system. The following paragraphs detail (1)

the power ratings for all the GSFL systems DOE assesses in the LCC and PBP analysis for each

product class representing GSFL; and (2) average annual energy consumption per lamp­andballast system using the U.S. weighted average of annual operating hours in each sector. The

average GSFL annual operating hours for the U.S. commercial and industrial sectors are 3,435

and 4,795, respectively. Appendix 6A presents the energy consumption rates for the systems

DOE uses in the NIA. As discussed in the engineering analysis (Chapter 5), DOE pairs lamps

6­8

39
with ballasts of different ballast factors to adjust light output, creating a number of system

designs.

Table 6.3.1 4­Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 3­Lamp System Power Rating and Annual

Energy Consumption

Technology Option

System Power Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

1.18BF32 Elec* 114.5 393.2 548.9

1.18BF25 Elec 93.0 319.5 446.1

1.0BF32 Elec 98.3 337.7 471.4

1.0BF30 Elec 90.2 309.8 432.5

1.0BF28 Elec 80.5 276.5 386.0

0.88BF32 Elec 87.5 300.6 419.7

0.88BF30 Elec 80.5 276.5 386.0

0.88BF28 Elec 71.1 244.2 340.9

0.88BF25 Elec 66.8 229.6 320.5

0.78BF32 Elec 78.5 269.8 376.6

0.78BF30 Elec 72.4 248.8 347.3

0.78BF28 Elec 63.3 217.3 303.3

0.75BF32 Elec 75.9 260.5 363.7

W = watts

kWh = kilowatt hours

*“1.18BF32Elec” indicates a lamp­ballast system consisting of a 32W lamp paired with an electronic

ballast of a 1.18 ballast factor.

Table 6.3.2 4­Foot Medium Bipin T12 GSFL 3­Lamp System Power Rating and Annual

Energy Consumption

Technology

Option

System Power Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial* Industrial

†

W kWh kWh

0.95BF40 Mag* 129.0 443.1 618.6

0.88BF34 Mag 108.0 371.0 517.9

0.88BF40 Elec 107.7 369.8 516.2

0.88BF34 Elec 91.7 314.8 439.5

0.87BF40 Elec 107.0 367.5 512.9

0.86BF34 Elec 90.3 310.2 433.0

*“0.95BF40 Mag” indicates a lamp­ballast system of a 40W lamp paired with a magnetic ballast of a

0.95 ballast factor.

6­9
Table 6.3.3 8­Foot T12 Single­Pin Slimline GSFL 2­Lamp System Power Rating and

Annual Energy Consumption

Technology

Option

System Power Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.94BF75 Mag 158.0 542.7 757.6

0.88BF60 Mag 126.0 432.8 604.2

0.88BF75 Elec 135.0 463.7 647.3

0.88BF60 Elec 110.0 377.9 527.5

0.85BF75 Elec 132.0 453.4 633.0

0.85BF60 Elec 107.0 367.5 513.1

Table 6.3.4 8­Foot T8 Single­Pin Slimline GSFL 2­Lamp System Power Rating and Annual

Energy Consumption

Technology

Option

System Power Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

1.18BF59 Elec 149.9 515.0 718.9

0.88BF55 Elec 102.0 350.4 489.2

0.88BF57 Elec 107.5 369.3 515.5

0.88BF59 Elec 112.8 387.5 541.0

0.85BF57 Elec 106.0 364.1 508.3

0.85BF59 Elec 109.1 374.8 523.2

0.78BF57 Elec 102.5 352.1 491.5

0.78BF59 Elec 100.4 345.0 481.6

Table 6.3.5 8­Foot T12 Recessed Double Contact HO GSFL 2­Lamp System Power Rating

and Annual Energy Consumption

Technology

Option

System Power Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.9BF110 Elec 211.5 726.6 1014.3

0.9BF95 Elec 185.6 637.7 890.2

0.89BF95 Elec 181.3 622.8 869.4

0.88BF110 Elec 205.4 705.4 984.8

0.88BF95 Elec 177.0 607.9 848.6

6­10
Table 6.3.6. 8­Foot T8 Recessed Double Contact HO GSFL 2­Lamp System Power Rating

and Annual Energy Consumption

Technology

Option

System Power Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial* Industrial

†

W kWh kWh

0.88BF86 Elec 160.0 549.6 767.2

0.81BF86 Elec 151.0 518.7 724.1

6.3.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps

Because an IRL does not require a ballast to operate, the rate of energy usage is simply

the rated power of the lamp. Table 6.3.7 to Table 6.3.9 detail power ratings for all of the IRL

lamp designs. DOE calculates the annual energy consumption based on the U.S. weighted

average annual operating hours for IRL in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors as

3,450, 4,664, and 884, respectively. Appendix 6A lists the annual energy consumption of those

IRL lamp designs used in the NIA.

Table 6.3.7 IRL Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, 90PAR38

Technology

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp

Power

Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial Residential

lm/W W kWh kWh kWh

Baseline 14.6 90.0 310.5 419.8 79.6

CSL1 16.6 79.0 272.6 368.5 69.9

CSL2 18.0 70.0 241.5 326.5 61.9

CSL3 19.8 66.0 227.7 307.8 58.4

6­11
Table 6.3.8 IRL Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, 75PAR38

Technology

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp

Power

Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial* Industrial

† Residential**

lm/W W kWh kWh kWh

Baseline 14.0 75.0 258.8 349.8 66.3

CSL1 15.9 66.0 227.7 307.8 58.4

CSL2 17.5 60.0 207.0 279.8 53.1

CSL3 19.1 55.0 189.8 256.5 48.6

Table 6.3.9 IRL Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, 50PAR30

Technology

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp

Power

Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial* Industrial

† Residential**

lm/W W kWh kWh kWh

Baseline 11.6 50.0 172.5 233.2 44.2

CSL1 14.0 44.3 152.8 206.6 39.2

CSL2 15.0 41.3 142.5 192.6 36.5

CSL3 17.0 40.0 138.0 186.6 35.4

6­12
REFERENCES

1 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy

Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Final Report: U.S. Lighting Market

Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate.

2002. Washington, D.C.

< www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/lmc_vol1_final.pdf>

2 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Commercial Building Energy

Consumption Survey: Micro­level data, file 2 Building Activities, Special Measures of Size, and

Multi­building Facilities. 2003. Washington, D.C.

<http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/public_use.html>

3 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Residential Energy

Consumption Survey: File 1: Housing Unit Characteristic. 2006. Washington, D.C.

<http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/publicuse2001.html>

4 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Manufacturing Energy

Consumption Survey, Table 1.4: Number of Establishments by First Use of Energy for All

Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel). 2002. Washington, D.C.

<http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2002/data02/shelltables.html>

6­13