*At the parties’ request, the case is unanimously ordered submitted without oral

argument pursuant to the applicable rules.

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Filed 9/3/96

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

PIETER SOLOMON,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 95-5181

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

(D.C. No. 95-CR-25-K)

Submitted on the briefs:*

Stephen J. Knorr, Federal Public Defender (Stephen J. Greubel, Assistant Federal Public

Defender, with him on the brief), Office of the Federal Public Defender, Tulsa,

Oklahoma, for the Appellant - Defendant.

Stephen C. Lewis, United States Attorney (Lucy O. Creekmore, Assistant United States

Attorney, with him on the brief), Office of the United States Attorney, Tulsa, Oklahoma,

for the Plaintiff - Appellee.

Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, KELLY and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

LUCERO, Circuit Judge.
- 2 -

Defendant Pieter Solomon appeals from his criminal conviction and sentence. The

sole issue on appeal is whether United States Sentencing Guideline § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B) is

unconstitutionally vague as applied to the facts of this case. Our jurisdiction arises under

18 U.S.C. § 3742(d) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.

In August 1994 defendant sold a small quantity of marijuana to co-defendant Roy

Winkleman. Over the next several months, Solomon bought methamphetamine from

Winkleman on a weekly basis. At the instruction of Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and

Firearms agent Billy Magalassi, an informant purchased both drugs and firearms from the

defendant. When federal agents searched Solomon’s residence pursuant to a warrant on

January 17, 1995, they found methamphetamine, drug paraphernalia and firearms with

obliterated serial numbers. 

Solomon and Winkleman were charged in a twenty-four count superseding

indictment alleging various drug and firearm offenses. 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846, 18

U.S.C. §§ 922(o) and 924(c), and 26 U.S.C. §§ 5861(d), (e), (f) and (g). Pursuant to a

plea agreement, Solomon pled guilty to seven counts of the indictment. Prior to

sentencing, probation officer Doug Burris recommended setting defendant’s base offense

level at 20 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1. The basis of this recommendation was that

Solomon was “an unlawful user of a controlled substance” and therefore a “prohibited

person” within the meaning of § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B). Presentence Report at ¶ 34; see §
- 3 -

2K2.1, comment. (n.6). Defendant objected, claiming that the “prohibited person”

adjustment should not apply, and that therefore the base offense level should be 18 under

§ 2K2.1(a)(5). Addendum to Presentence Report at 1. 

At sentencing, the court heard two witnesses, Agent Magalassi and Probation

Officer Burris, give testimony relevant to this issue. According to Magalassi, Solomon

admitted after his arrest that the drugs seized were “his personal stash, for his own

personal use.” tr. at 8, and that he had used marijuana for a number of years and

methamphetamine for a shorter period, tr. at 8-9. Magalassi also testified that he had

spoken with Solomon’s wife, who “said that he just smoked marijuana and hadn’t been

doing crank much or methamphetamine much . . .” Tr. at 10. Burris testified, based on

his presentence investigation, that Solomon “was a frequent user of controlled

substances.” Tr. at 13. Even after Solomon pled guilty in the present case, according to

Burris, he tested positive twice for methamphetamine and once for amphetamine. 

Relying on the findings of the presentence investigative report and the testimony of these

two witnesses at the sentencing proceeding, the district court overruled defendant’s

objection and set his base offense level at 20. He timely appealed the resulting sentence.

The relevant guideline sets a base offense level of twenty if the defendant “is a

prohibited person, and the offense involved a firearm described in 26 U.S.C. § 5845(a) or

18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(30).” § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B). “Prohibited person” includes anyone who “is

an unlawful user of, or is addicted to, any controlled substance.” § 2K2.1, comment.
- 4 -

(n.6). The guidelines commentary offers no further explanation of the phrase “unlawful

user” and it is this phrase which appellant claims is unconstitutionally vague.

It is well established that a criminal statute must explicitly convey what it outlaws,

“and a statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that

men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its

application violates the first essential of due process of law.” Connally v. General Constr.

Co., 269 U.S. 385, 391 (1926). However, in evaluating whether a law is vague, we must

take into account the “‘limitations in the English language with respect to being both

specific and manageably brief’” and not deem void for vagueness those laws which are

“‘set out in terms that the ordinary person exercising ordinary common sense can

sufficiently understand and comply with, without sacrifice to the public interest.’” 

Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 608 (1973) (quoting United States Civil Serv.

Comm’n v. National Ass’n of Letter Carriers, AFL-CIO, 413 U.S. 548, 578-79 (1973)). 

Furthermore, vagueness challenges which do not involve First Amendment freedoms

“‘must be examined in the light of the facts of the case at hand.’” United States v. Powell,

423 U.S. 87, 92 (1975) (quoting United States v. Mazurie, 419 U.S. 544, 550 (1975)). In

reviewing the district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines to the facts, we

review legal questions de novo and factual determinations for clear error. United States

v. Shewmaker, 936 F.2d 1124, 1126 (10th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1037 (1992).
- 5 -

Solomon contends that the phrase “unlawful user” is susceptible to varied

interpretations, not all of which apply to him. He claims that the term could mean (1)

“one who has ‘used’ an illegal substance in the past but has since ceased such conduct”;

(2) “one who currently ‘uses’ an illegal substance but never around firearms”; or (3) “one

who currently ‘uses’ an illegal substance while in possession of firearms.” Appellant’s

Br. at 4-5. However, the third option -- which Solomon states is inapplicable to him -- is

not a definition which “an ordinary person exercising ordinary common sense” could

glean from the guideline. The guideline requires, conjunctively, that the defendant be a

“prohibited person” and that the offense involved a firearm. Nothing in the guideline or

commentary suggests that the two components exist simultaneously; in fact, because they

are worded in different tenses, we assume they need not coincide. In addition, the

distinction between past and present substance abusers is, for purposes of this case,

irrelevant. Solomon admits to having had a drug problem and other testimony confirms

his habit. The urinalysis results indicate that his problem is ongoing. Examining

Solomon’s vagueness challenge in light of the facts at hand, then, we conclude that the

guideline unambiguously applies to the defendant.

Language inevitably contains ambiguity, but whatever ambiguity exists in the

words of § 2K2.1 does not render the guideline unconstitutionally vague with respect to

this case. “[S]training to inject doubt as to the meaning of words where no doubt would
- 6 -

be felt by the normal reader is not required by the ‘void for vagueness’ doctrine, and we

will not indulge in it.” Powell, 423 U.S. at 93. We therefore AFFIRM.