## B EST 

## A VAILABLE 

## R ETROFIT 

## T ECHNOLOGY 

## A PPLICABILITY 

## A NALYSIS



## A IR 

## Q UALITY 

## M ODELING 

## P ROTOCOL



## O WENS 

## C ORNING 

##  F AIRBURN 

## M ANUFACTURING 

## F ACILITY

T RINITY 

### C ONSULTANTS



### 1100 Johnson Ferry Road

Suite 685

Atlanta, Georgia 30342

(404) 256-1919

August 2006

Project 061101.0055

### OC Fairburn i Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## T ABLE OF 

## C ONTENTS



### 1. I NTRODUCTION 

### ........................................................................................................1

1.1 O VERVIEW OF 

### R EGIONAL 

### H AZE 

### R ULE AND 

### BART R EQUIREMENTS 

### .........................2

1.1.1 D ETERMINATION OF 

### BART- ELIGIBILITY 

### ............................................................... 2

1.1.2 A SSESSMENT OF 

### C ONTRIBUTION TO 

### V ISIBILITY 

### I MPAIRMENT AND 

### BART

A PPLICABILITY 

### ...................................................................................................... 2



### 1.2 O RGANIZATION OF 

### M ODELING 

### P ROTOCOL 

### ................................................................8

2. BART-E LIGIBLE 

### S OURCE 

### D ESCRIPTION 

### ...............................................................9

2.1 BART-E LIGIBLE 

### E MISSION 

### U NITS 

### ............................................................................9

2.2 BART- ELIGIBLE 

### S OURCE 

### M ODEL 

### E MISSIONS 

### I NVENTORY 

### .....................................10

2.2.1 E LECTRIC 

### F URNACE 

### P ARTICULATE 

### M ATTER 

### S PECIATION 

### .................................. 14

2.2.2 R ISER 

### /C HANNEL AND 

### F OREHEARTH 

### P ARTICULATE 

### M ATTER 

### S PECIATION 

### ......... 17

2.2.3 F ORMING AND 

### C URING 

### P ARTICULATE 

### M ATTER 

### S PECIATION 

### .............................. 19

2.2.4 C OOLING 

### S ECTION 

### P ARTICULATE 

### M ATTER 

### S PECIATION 

### ..................................... 21



### 2.3 M ODELED 

### S TACK 

### P ARAMETERS AND 

### E MISSIONS 

### ....................................................24

3. G EOPHYSICAL AND 

### M ETEOROLOGICAL 

### D ATA 

### ....................................................26

3.1 T ERRAIN 

### E LEVATIONS WITHIN THE 

### M ODELING 

### D OMAIN 

### ........................................26

3.2 L AND 

### U SE AND 

### C OVER WITHIN THE 

### M ODELING 

### D OMAIN 

### .......................................29

3.3 M ETEOROLOGICAL 

### D ATABASE 

### ...............................................................................30

3.3.1 MM5 S IMULATIONS 

### ............................................................................................. 30

3.3.2 M EASUREMENTS AND 

### O BSERVATIONS 

### ................................................................ 31



### 3.4 A IR 

### Q UALITY 

### D ATABASE 

### ........................................................................................32

3.4.1 O ZONE 

### B ACKGROUND 

### C ONCENTRATIONS 

### ........................................................... 32

3.4.2 A MMONIA 

### B ACKGROUND 

### C ONCENTRATIONS 

### ..................................................... 32

3.4.3 O THER 

### P OLLUTANT 

### B ACKGROUND AND 

### B OUNDARY 

### C ONDITIONS 

### .................... 33



### 3.5 N ATURAL 

### C ONDITIONS AT 

### C LASS 

### I A REAS 

### .............................................................33

4. A IR 

### Q UALITY 

### M ODELING 

### M ETHODOLOGY 

### ..........................................................38

4.1 P LUME 

### M ODEL 

### S ELECTION 

### .....................................................................................38

4.1.1 M AJOR 

### R ELEVANT 

### F EATURES OF 

### CALMET ....................................................... 38

4.1.2 M AJOR 

### R ELEVANT 

### F EATURES OF 

### CALPUFF ...................................................... 40



### 4.2 M ODELING 

### D OMAIN 

### C ONFIGURATION 

### ....................................................................42

4.3 CALMET M ETEOROLOGICAL 

### M ODELING 

### ..............................................................43

4.4 CALPUFF C OMPUTATIONAL 

### D OMAIN AND 

### R ECEPTORS 

### ........................................44

4.5 CALPUFF M ODELING 

### O PTION 

### S ELECTIONS 

### ..........................................................44

4.5.1 R EPRESENTATION OF 

### E MISSION 

### S OURCES IN 

### CALPUFF .................................... 45



### 4.6 CALPOST P ROCESSING 

### O PTION 

### S ELECTIONS FOR 

### L IGHT 

### E XTINCTION AND 

### H AZE



### I MPACT 

### C ALCULATIONS 

### ..........................................................................................48

4.7 M ODELING 

### P RODUCTS 

### ............................................................................................49

### OC Fairburn ii Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

### 5. Q UALITY 

### A SSURANCE 

### M ETHODS 

### ..........................................................................50

5.1 CALMET F IELDS 

### ...................................................................................................50

5.2 CALPUFF, CALPOST, AND 

### POSTUTIL R ESULTS 

### ..............................................51

5.3 P RESENTATION OF 

### R ESULTS 

### ....................................................................................52

6. R EFERENCES 

### ..........................................................................................................53

A PPENDIX 

### A. VISTAS BART M ODELING 

### P ROTOCOL 

### (R EVISION 

### 3, J ULY 

### 18, 2006)

A PPENDIX 

### B. O ZONE 

### S TATIONS

### OC Fairburn 1 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 1. I NTRODUCTION

Owens Corning (OC) operates a fiberglass manufactur ing facility in Fairburn, Georgia located in

Fulton County (OC Fairburn). The facility current ly operates under Title V Operating Permit No.

3296-121-0021-V-01-0, issued by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) on

July 31, 2003, and Title V Operating Permit Amendment No. 3296-121-0 021-V-01-1, effective

December 14, 2005. The plant manufactures wool fiberglass insulation with varying characteristics

such as R-value (measure of resistance to heat fl ow), loss on ignition or LOI (percent decrease in

weight after ignition), and size. Raw materials ar e received by rail car and truck and are transferred

to one of three glass melting furnaces at the facility . Molten glass from the furnace passes through a

conditioning riser/channel into the forehearth, whic h then delivers the molten glass to the forming

section where it is formed into a downward flowing ve il of fibers. The veil is sprayed with water and

coated with a phenol/formaldehyde resin-based bi nder solution and then collected, formed into a

pack, and transferred to the curing oven. The pack then enters the cooling section prior to final

product finishing operations, which can include trim ming, cutting, printing, facing application, and

bagging or rolling.

EPD considers the OC Fairburn facility eligible to be regulated under the Best Available Retrofit

Technology (BART) provisions of the Regional H aze Rule. Air quality modeling was used to

determine whether the emissions from OC’s BART-e ligible sources cause or contribute to visibility

impairment at any federally protected Class I area, and hence whether the facility is subject to BART

and a BART determination is necessary.

This BART modeling protocol is presented to descr ibe the procedures, analytical techniques, data

resources, and modeling results that OC proposes to use to make the applicability determination.

OC’s evaluation of BART-eligibility and the modeli ng methods to determine applicability of BART

as described in this modeling protocol are c onsistent with the follo wing guidance documents:

S 

### U.S. EPA, “Regional Haze Regulations and Guideline for Best Available Retrofit

Technology (BART) Determinations,” Federal Register Volume 70, Number 128,

July 6, 2005.

S 

### U.S. EPA, Guidance for Tracking Progress under the Regional Haze Rule

(EPA-54/B-03-004), September 2003.

S 

### U.S. EPA, Guidance for Estimating Natural Visib ility Conditions under the Regional Haze

Rule (EPA-454/B-03-005), October 2003.

S 

### U.S. EPA, Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary

Report (EPA-454/R-98-019), December 1998.

S 

### U.S. EPA, Guideline on Air Quality Models , 40 CFR Part 51, Appendix W (Revised,

November 9, 2005).

S 

### VISTAS, Protocol for the Application of the CALPUFF Model for Analyses of Best

Available Retrofit Technology (BART), Revision 3, July 18, 2006.

S 

### VISTAS and U.S. EPA, “Q&A for Source by Sour ce BART Rule” (Draft), October 28, 2005.

### OC Fairburn 2 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol The VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol is incorporated by reference for OC’s source-specific

applicability modeling report, and is presen ted in Appendix A of this document.



## 1.1 O VERVIEW OF 

## R EGIONAL 

## H AZE 

## R ULE AND 

## BART R EQUIREMENTS

The Regional Haze Rule requires that major sources of visibility-affecting pollutants belonging to one

or more of 26 specific industrial source categories evaluate BART if the source was “in existence”

(i.e., built or reconstructed) before August 7, 1977 and began opera tion after August 7, 1962. Such

sources are termed “BART-eligible sources.” Major sources of visibility-affecting pollutants have the

potential to emit 250 tons per year (tpy) of one or more of oxides of nitrogen (NO X 

### ), sulfur dioxide

(SO 2 

### ), and particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter (PM 10 

### ). Glass fiber

processing plants are one of the listed source cat egories, and include process units and support

facilities that are considered to be part of majo r Standard Industrial Classification 32 – Stone, clay,

glass, and concrete products. Hereafter, the “BART- eligible source” is taken to mean the collection

of sources at a facility in existence during the relevant time period within one or more BART source

categories that has potential emissions of one or more visibility-affecting pollutants in excess of

250 tpy. The BART-eligible source may include mu ltiple emission units, but need not include the

entire facility.



### 1.1.1 D ETERMINATION OF 

### BART- ELIGIBILITY



### The U.S. EPA BART guidelines define the fo llowing three steps for determining which

sources at a facility are BART-eligible:

1. Identify the emission units in the BART source categories.

2. Identify the start-up dates of those units.

3. Compare potential emissions to the 250 tpy cutoff.

EPD has determined that seventeen emission units comprise the BART-eligible sources at

the OC Fairburn facility because the units opera te at a glass fiber processing facility, were

in existence on August 7, 1977, and began ope ration after August 7, 1962. This collection

of emission units has potential emissions of 1,049 tpy NO X 

### , 641 tpy PM 10 

### , and

129 tpy SO 2 

### . Accordingly, the BART-eligible emission units at OC’s Fairburn facility will

be analyzed to evaluate whether the facility is exempt from BART. Specific information

about these emission units is provided in S ection 2 of this BART modeling protocol.



### 1.1.2 A SSESSMENT OF 

### C ONTRIBUTION TO 

### V ISIBILITY 

### I MPAIRMENT AND



### BART A PPLICABILITY



### In its role as technical analysis coordi nator, VISTAS developed a common modeling

protocol and data resources for use by state regulatory agencies and BART-eligible

sources. The final VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol was issued on December 22, 2005

(and has been revised twice since, most recently on March 9, 2006), and prescribes

modeling techniques and data resources to conduct refined analyses to assess whether a

BART-eligible source is subject to BART.

### OC Fairburn 3 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol A BART-eligible source is determined to be subject to BART if the source causes or

contributes to visibility impairment at a federally protected Class I area. Causation is

defined as a single-source impact of 1.0 deciviews (dv) or more; contribution is defined as

a single-source impact of 0.5 dv or more (each evaluated on a 24-hour average basis). The

deciview is a metric used to represent normali zed light extinction attributable to visibilityaffecting pollutants. To determine whethe r a BART-eligible facility causes or contributes

to visibility impairment, U.S. EPA guidance requires the use of an air quality model,

specifically recommending the CALPUFF modeling system, to quantify the impacts

attributable to a single BART-eligible s ource. Because contribution to visibility

impairment is sufficient cause to require a BART determination, 0.5 dv is the critical

threshold for assessment of BART applicability.

Regional haze is measured using th e light extinction coefficient ( b

ext 

### ), which is used to

represent the haze index expressed in dv. The haze index ( HI ) is calculated as shown in the

following equation.

⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

= 10 ln 10 ext b

HI



### The impact of a BART-eligible source is determined by comparing HI for estimated

natural background conditions with the impact of the source and without the impact of the

source. The background extinction coefficient b ext, background 

### is affected by various chemical

species and the Rayleigh scattering phenomenon and can be calculated as shown in the

following equation.

ray ap coarse soil OC NO SO background ext b b b b b b b km b + + + + + + = −

3 4 ) ( 1

,



### where,



### [ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

3 Ray 3 4 4 2 4

μg/m in ion Concentrat ] [ factor adjustment humidity relative f(RH) Scattering Rayleigh b Carbon] Elemental [ 01

. 0 Mass Coarse 0006

. 0 Soil 001

. 0 OC

004

. 0 ) ( NO NH 003

. 0 ) ( SO ) (NH 003

. 0

3 4

= =

= = = = = = =

ap Coarse Soil OC NO SO

b b b b RH f b RH f b



### Values for the parameters listed above specifi c to the natural background conditions at the

Class I areas considered in this modeling protocol are provided on an annual average basis

in the U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions Under the

Regional Haze Rule

. 1 

### VISTAS has more recently recommended calculation of the

1 U.S. EPA, Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions Under the Regional Haze Rule , Table 2-1,

Attachment A, September 2003, EPA-454/B-03-005.

### OC Fairburn 4 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol background visibility impairme nt using only soil concentr ation and Rayleigh scattering

based on the natural extinction. More deta iled information about the natural background

conditions particular to Class I areas potentia lly affected by OC’s operations at the

Fairburn Plant are provided in Secti on 3.5 of this modeling protocol.

Particulate species that affect visibility are emitted from anthropogenic sources in various

phases and include coarse particulate matter (PMC), fine particulate matter (PMF),

secondary organic aerosols (SOA), and elemental carbon (EC), as well as precursors to fine

particulate matter such as SO 2 

### and NO X 

### . OC’s calculation of speciated visibility-affecting

pollutant emissions is presented in Section 2 of this modeling protocol. The extinction

coefficient due to emissions of visibility-a ffecting pollutants from a single BART-eligible

source b ext,source 

### is calculated using an air quality model. The extinction due to the BARTeligible source are calculated as shown in the following equation.



# ( )

EC SOA PMF PMC NO SO source ext b b b b b b km b + + + + + = −

3 4 1

,



### where,



### [ ]

[ ]

3 3 4 4 2 4

μg/m in ion Concentrat ] [ factor adjustment humidity relative ) ( ] [ 01

. 0 ] [ 004

. 0 ] [ 001

. 0 ] [ 0006

. 0 ) ( NO NH 003

. 0 ) ( SO ) (NH 003

. 0

3 4

= = = =

= = = =

RH f EC b SOA b PMF b PMC b RH f b RH f b

EC

soa PMF PMC NO SO



### OC proposes to utilize screening and refined modeling techniques as described in the

VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol to determine whether BART-eligible operations at the

Fairburn manufacturing facility contribute to visibility impairment at any of these Class I

areas. The CALPUFF modeling system will be used to compute the 24-hour average

visibility impairment attributable to OC to assess whether the 0.5 dv contribution threshold

is exceeded, and if so, the frequency, durati on, and magnitude of any exceedance events.

The U.S. EPA BART guidelines prescribe that the 98 th 

### percentile, 24-hour average,

visibility impact computed in a modeling analysis that evaluates three years of

meteorological data should be compared to th e contribution threshold. However, VISTAS

prescribes that the maximum computed visibility impact be used as the basis for

comparison in the screening analysis and the 98 th 

### percentile impact in the refined analysis.

To assess whether BART-eligible operations c ontribute to visibility impairment, OC’s

applicability modeling analysis will quantify the top eight 24-hour average visibility

impacts of each year modeled to illustrate the distribution (i.e., frequency, duration, and

magnitude) of peak visibility impairment ep isodes attributable to the Fairburn facility.

CALPUFF is a refined air quality modeling syst em that is capable of simulating the

dispersion, chemical transformation, and long-range transport of multiple

### OC Fairburn 5 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol visibility-affecting pollutant emissions from a single source and is therefore preferred for

BART applicability and determination anal yses. The CALPUFF modeling system is

described in technical detail in the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol and its use in refined

analyses for BART applicability assessment of OC’s Fairburn facility is described in

Sections 3, 4, and 5 of th is BART modeling protocol.

The VISTAS modeling protocol specifies that all Class I areas within 300 km of a BARTeligible source must be initially evaluated to determine whether the source contributes to

visibility impairment. Table 1-1 summarizes the distances separating OC’s Fairburn

Facility from all Class I areas within the VISTAS region and adjacent states. Consistent

with the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol , only those Class I areas within 300 km are

considered further in the BART applicability modeling analysis.

T ABLE 

### 1-1. D ISTANCES 

### ( KILOMETERS 

### ) S EPARATING 

### C LASS 

### I A REAS AND



### F AIRBURN 

### F ACILITY

Class I Area Distance (km)

Breton (LA/MS) 561

Cape Romain (SC) 466

Chassahowitzka (FL) 563

Cohutta (GA) 144

Dolly Sods (WV) 759

Everglades (FL) 913

Great Smoky Mountains (NC/TN) 223

Hercules Glade (AR) 826

James River Face (VA) 642

Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock (NC) 209

Linville Gorge (NC) 352

Mammoth Cave (KY) 418

Mingo (MO) 630

Okefenokee (GA) 351

Otter Creek (WV) 741

Shenandoah (VA) 718

Shining Rock (NC) 253

Sipsey (AL) 267

St. Marks (FL) 380

Swanquarter (NC) 775

Wolf Island (GA) 392



### Figure 1-1 illustrates the location of the Fair burn facility and its location relative to the

following federally protected Class I areas that are located within 300 km of OC’s Fairburn

operations:

### OC Fairburn 6 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol S 

### Cohutta Wilderness Area located approximately 144 km north of the Fairburn facility

S 

### Great Smoky Mountains National Park located approximately 223 km northnortheast of the Fairburn facility

S 

### Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness Area located approximately 209 km northnortheast of the Fairburn facility

S 

### Shining Rock Wilderness Area located approximately 253 km northeast of the

Fairburn facility

S 

### Sipsey Wilderness Area located approximately 267 km west-northwest of the

Fairburn facility.

The locations of Class I areas and receptor lo cations evaluated in the modeling analysis

were determined by, and obtained from, the U.S. Forest Service, which is the FLM for

Cohutta, Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock, Shining Ro ck, and Sipsey Wilderness Areas, and the

National Park Service, which is the FLM for Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 2

2 National Park Service compilation of Class I area re ceptors, http://www2.nature. nps.gov/air/maps/receptors/.

### OC Fairburn 7 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

### F IGURE 

### 1-1. L OCATION OF 

### OC’ S 

### F AIRBURN 

### F ACILITY 

### R ELATIVE TO 

### C LASS 

### I A REAS



### W ITHIN 

### 300 KM



### The initial screening analysis will be conducted to demonstrate the maxi mum visibility change

impacts at each Class I area within 300 km a nd whether the more distant Class I areas can be

excluded from performance of refined analyses.

### OC Fairburn 8 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 1.2 O RGANIZATION OF 

## M ODELING 

## P ROTOCOL

The remainder of this BART modeling protocol is organized as follows.

▲ 

### Section 2 describes the BART-eligible emission units at OC and the emission rates modeled

in the BART applicability analysis.

▲ 

### Section 3 describes the procedural and technical guidance for conducting Class I area

analyses.

▲ 

### Section 4 describes the approach used for CA LPUFF modeling, including the data resources

and technical modeling options used in the CALMET, CALPUFF, and CALPOST analyses.

▲ 

### Quality assurance methods are discussed in Section 5.

▲ 

### Appendix A provides the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol .

▲ 

### Appendix B contains ozone station data.

The air quality modeling analysis met hodology will generally conform to the VISTAS BART Modeling

Protocol (Revision 3) , which is provided in Appendix A of this report for reference.

### OC Fairburn 9 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 2. BART-E LIGIBLE 

## S OURCE 

## D ESCRIPTION

This section of the modeling protocol describes the emission units that comprise the BART-eligible

source at OC’s Fairburn facility. Emissions and exhaust characteristics of each source are quantified

to demonstrate how each source will be represented in the modeling analysis.



## 2.1 BART-E LIGIBLE 

## E MISSION 

## U NITS

OC reviewed the criteria for BART-eligibility and determined that the seventeen emission units

described in Table 2-1 comprise the BART -eligible source at the Fairburn facility.

T ABLE 

### 2-1. S UMMARY OF 

### BART- ELIGIBLE 

### E MISSION 

### U NITS



### Note that for the purposes of this BART appli cability analysis, VISTAS and EPD have determined

that volatile organic compounds (VOC) are not visibility-affecting pollutants. Section 4.1.3 of the

VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol describes the regional modeling analyses showing that cumulative

VOC emissions do not contribute to visibility impairment within the VISTAS region:

VOC emissions from all anthropogenic point sources in each VISTAS State are being

reduced. Given that the impact of elimin ating all VOC emissions from all point

sources in a State is less than 0.5 dv, th en the impact of any one BART-eligible

source would be less than 0.5 dv. Based on these analyses, the VISTAS States have

concluded that VOC emissions should not be subject to BART. Unit ID Name Description Date

Built Emits PM, NO X ,

SO 2 ? Emissions >

5 tpy? Include in BART Modeling?

FG11 FG-1 Furnace Electric Cold Top Melting Furnace 1971 Yes Yes Yes

FG12 FG-1 Risers Flow Channel 1971 Yes Yes Yes

FG13 FG-1 Forehearth Flow Channel 1971 Yes Yes Yes

FG14 FG-1 Forming Section Molten Glass Spinning to Glass Fibers 1971 Yes Yes Yes

FG15 FG-1 Curing Oven Insulation Binder Curing Oven 1971 Yes Yes Yes

FG16 FG-1 Cooling Section Cooling with Ambient Air 1971 Yes Yes Yes

FG17 FG-1 Flexographic Printing Insulation Facing Flexographic Printer 1971 No No No - Emits only VOC

FG18 FG-1 Asphalt Application Asphalt Coating of Paper or Foil 1971 Yes No No - Insignificant Source

FG21 FG-2 Furnace Electric Cold Top Melting Furnace 1972 Yes Yes Yes

FG22 FG-2 Risers Flow Channel 1972 Yes Yes Yes

FG23 FG-2 Forehearth Flow Channel 1972 Yes Yes Yes

FG24 FG-2 Forming Section Molten Glass Spinning to Glass Fibers 1972 Yes Yes Yes

FG25 FG-2 Curing Oven Insulation Binder Curing Oven 1972 Yes Yes Yes

FG26 FG-2 Cooling Section Cooling with Ambient Air 1972 Yes Yes Yes

FG27 FG-2 Flexographic Printing Insulation Facing Flexographic Printer 1972 No No No - Emits only VOC

FG28 FG-2 Asphalt Application Asphalt Coating of Paper or Foil 1972 Yes No No - Insignificant Source

FG31 FG-3 Furnace Electric Cold Top Melting Furnace 1974 Yes Yes Yes

FG32 FG-3 Risers Flow Channel 1974 Yes Yes Yes

FG33 FG-3 Forehearth Flow Channel 1974 Yes Yes Yes

FG34 FG-3 Forming Section Molten Glass Spinning to Glass Fibers 1974 Yes Yes Yes

FG35 FG-3 Curing Oven Insulation Binder Curing Oven 1974 Yes Yes Yes

FG36 FG-3 Cooling Section Cooling with Ambient Air 1991 Yes Yes No - Built after applicability date

### OC Fairburn 10 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol As a result of this determination, emissions of VOC from OC’s Fairburn facility were not further

evaluated. The seventeen emission units indicated in Table 2-1 will be considered the BART-eligible

sources at OC’s Fairburn facility.

In addition, OC has assumed that sources that ha ve emission rates below the Title V insignificant

emission unit thresholds (e.g., < 5 tpy) can be excluded from further evaluation since these units

would not be expected to impact visibility. This exclusion of insignificant sources has been approved

by other VISTAS states.



## 2.2 BART- ELIGIBLE 

## S OURCE 

## M ODEL 

## E MISSIONS 

## I NVENTORY

Whereas the BART eligibility determination relies on potential emissions of visibility-affecting

pollutants, the BART applicability analysis utili zes maximum actual 24-hour average emission rates

of NO X 

### , SO 2 

### , and PM 10 

### . The VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol specifies the following hierarchy of

information resources to establish the maximum act ual 24-hour average emission rate for BART

applicability modeling over the prior three-to-five year period:

S 

### 24-hour maximum emissions observed using a Continuous Emission Monitor (CEM) for the

period 2001 through 2003

S 

### 24-hour maximum emissions observed using a CEM for any representative period

S 

### Facility stack test emissions

S 

### Potential to emit

S 

### Permit allowable emissions

OC used a combination of representative stack t est data, potential emissions based on enforceable

emissions and operating limits, and AP-42 emission factors to determine the 24-hour average

maximum actual emission rates of visibility-affec ting pollutants, which are equal to potential

emissions. Table 2-2 summarizes these emission rates from each BART-eligible emissions unit

considered in the applicability modeling analysis.

### OC Fairburn 11 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol T ABLE 

### 2-2. S UMMARY OF 

### 24- HOUR 

### A VERAGE 

### M AXIMUM 

### A CTUAL 

### E MISSION 

### R ATES

* Emissions from each line’s forming and curing sections are routed together in a mixing chamber prior to being released to the

atmosphere. Emissions are quantified at the outlet of the mixing chamber.



### Table 2-2 includes 24-hour maximum emission rat es of primary sulfates (from process sources and

combustion sources) and distinguishes the emission rates of Total PM 10 

### (TPM 10 

### ), which includes

emissions of TPM 2.5 

### . Modeling of visibility impairment requires that the components of the exhaust

stream be speciated because different types of partic ulate matter affect visibility to varying extents.

The amount by which a mass of a certain species scatters or absorbs light is termed the extinction

efficiency or extinction coefficient , and ranges from values of 0.6 m 2 

### /g for coarse particulate matter to

10 m 2 

### /g for elemental carbon. Fine particulate matter (1 m 2 

### /g) and organic aerosols (4 m 2 

### /g) scatter

light with intermediate efficiencies, and ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate (that forms from

precursor SO 2 

### and NO X 

### emissions in the presence of ambient am monia) are hygroscopic species that

are particularly efficient light scatters in the presence of ambient water vapor (3 f

(RH) m 2 

### /g, where

f

(RH) is a function of the relative humidity). Th e size distribution of particle species is also

important, since smaller particles may be trans ported longer distances than larger particles and

dispersed differently under prevailing ambient conditions. Figure 2-1 depicts the speciation of

visibility-affecting pollutant emissions as represented in the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol

. SO 2 Emissions NO X

Emissions Total PM 10

Emissions Total PM 2.5

Emissions Primary SO 4

Emissions

Emission Unit EU ID (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr)

FG1 Furnace FG11 2.26 86.52 4.85 2.51 0.05

FG1 Riser/Channel FG12 0.13 0.29 7.63 3.83 0.03

FG1 Forehearth FG12 0.07 0.50 2.01 1.02 1.3E-02

FG1 Mixing Chamber - 6.23 35.81 60.00 54.00 0.38

FG1 Forming Section FG14

FG1 Curing Oven FG15

FG1 Cooling Section FG16 - - 5.49 4.94 0.03

FG2 Furnace - Process FG21 5.23 56.71 4.76 2.48 0.05

FG2 Riser/Channel - Process FG22 1.3E-02 - 0.25 0.12 6.8E-04

FG2 Forehearth - Process FG23 1.7E-03 - 2.8E-02 1.4E-02 7.8E-05

FG2 Mixing Chamber - 7.00 9.60 29.50 26.55 0.22

FG2 Forming Section - Process FG24

FG2 Curing Oven - Process FG25

FG2 Cooling Section FG26 - - 1.50 1.35 7.4E-03

FG3 Furnace - Process FG31 1.15 44.58 2.51 1.33 0.03

FG3 Riser/Channel - Process FG32 0.06 0.10 3.86 1.94 1.2E-02

FG3 Forehearth - Process FG33 0.03 0.22 1.01 0.52 6.1E-03

FG3 Mixing Chamber - 7.49 5.53 24.00 21.60 0.16

FG3 Forming Section - Process FG34

FG3 Curing Oven - Process FG35

### OC Fairburn 12 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

### F IGURE 

### 2-1. P ARTICULATE 

### M ATTER 

### S PECIATION



### ( AFTER 

### F IGURE 

### 4-3 OF THE 

### VISTAS BART M ODELING 

### P ROTOCOL 

### )

While few data are available to estimate speciat ed emissions, OC has reviewed what data are

available to arrive at a conservative, yet reasona ble estimate of speciated emissions. However, it

should be noted that the data quality on PM speci ation is inadequate for setting regulatory emission

limits and are provided here solely as the best estim ated data for a scientific analysis of potential

impacts on visibility impairment at Class I areas using CALPUFF modeling. The following analysis

does not represent source test results for specific sources at the Fairburn facility.

NO X 

### emissions from the Fairburn facility’s BART-eligible sources result from process and

combustion operations and are largely based on pe rmit limits, source testing, and/or AP-42 emission

factors. Similarly, SO 2 

### emissions emanate from both process and combustion sources, and are mostly

based on source testing and/or AP-42 emission factors. Primary emissions of sulfuric acid mists or

vapors, if any, are assumed to occur as only a small percentage of the primary PM 2.5 

### emissions using

the SMOKE PM 2.5 

### speciation factors as given on the VISTAS website. 3 

### Because of the condensable

nature of such emissions and the distinct effect on visibility caused by sulfates, primary sulfate is

evaluated as a distinct, speciated particulate fraction. Further speciation of PM 2.5 

### emissions using the

SMOKE PM 2.5 

### profiles was used to further partition bot h condensable and filterable emissions.

Table 2-3 gives definitions for the nomenclature used herein.

3 http://www.vistas-sesar m.org/BART/calpuff.asp

### OC Fairburn 13 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol T ABLE 

### 2-3. N OMENCLATURE FOR 

### E MISSIONS 

### S PECIATION 

### A NALYSIS

Nomenclature Description

TSP Total suspended particulate, filterable PM with an aerodynamic diameter < 30 μ m

PM 10 Filterable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 μ m

PM 6-10 Filterable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter > 6 and < 10 μ m

PM 2.5-6 Filterable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter > 2.5 and < 6 μ m

PM 2.5 Filterable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μ m

PM 1.25-2.5 Filterable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter > 1.25 and < 2.5 μ m

PM 1-1.25 Filterable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter > 1.0 and < 1.25 μ m

PM 0.625-1 Filterable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter > 0.625 and < 1.0 μ m

PM 0.5-0.625 Filterable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter > 0.5 and < 0.625 μ m

PM <0.5 Filterable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 0.5 μ m

CPM Condensable particulate matt er (organic and inorganic)

POC Primary organic condensable emissions

PIC Primary inorganic condensable emissions

POA Primary organic aerosol

TPM 10 Filterable PM 10 + CPM

TPM 2.5 Filterable PM 2.5 + CPM



### These PM classifications are necessar y in the Class I visibility analysis because each type of PM has a

different effect on visibility as defined by the extin ction efficiency. The emission rates of each of

these particulate phases and size categories are modeled in CALPUFF and grouped according to

visibility-affecting characteristics as was illustrated in Figure 2-1. Elemental carbon (EC), if emitted,

typically results from unburned carbonaceous fuel a nd is distinguished from other PM types because

of its light extinction characteristics. It is assume d that all EC falls within two particle size bins:

PM <0.5 

### and PM 0.5-0.625



### . 4 

### Coarse PM (PMC) comprises PM 2.5-6 

### and PM 6-10 

### . Fine PM (PMF) comprises

PM <0.5 

### , PM 0.5-0.625 

### , PM 0.625-1 

### , PM 1-1.25 

### , and PM 1.25-2.5 

### . CPM comprises both organic and inorganic

species. The organic fraction of CPM is repr esented in CALPUFF as primary organic condensable

(POC) emissions, which are direct emissions but are sometimes referred to as secondary organic

aerosols (SOA) by convention and due to the representa tion of their visibility-affecting characteristics

in the light extinction equation. Primary emissions of inorganic CPM (PIC) may contain hygroscopic

sulfates (SO 4 

### ) and nitrates (NO 3 

### ), as well as other salts (e.g., carbonates) that may be hygroscopic to a

lesser degree, and hence are considered in a manner similar to PMF (i.e., as soil) in terms of light

extinction. 5 

### Therefore, it is important to distinguish inorganic CPM since certain hygroscopic species

(i.e., sulfate and nitrate species) will have a greater extinction coefficient than non-hygroscopic (i.e.,

non-sulfate and non-nitrate) species. Even the distinction between primary sulfate and nitrate

emissions is important since primary nitrate emissions will be affected by the partitioning of nitrate

and nitric acid in the presence of ambient amm onia, which is modeled explicitly in CALPUFF and

can be corrected when the ammonia limiting method (as described in Section 4 of this protocol) is

4 Seinfeld, John H. and Spyros N. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate

Change , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998, page 707.

5 The U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Tracking Progre ss under the Regional Haze Rule identifies carbonates,

magnesium oxides, and sodium oxides as components of the soil mass concentrat ion when analyzed to assess natural

background visibility (Malm 1994).

### OC Fairburn 14 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol applied. OC distinguishes primary emissions of su lfates and nitrates, which would be assigned to the

appropriate modeled PM type (i .e., SO4 and NO3, respectively), from non-hygroscopic species (e.g.,

carbonates), which would be mode led as non-hygroscopic PIC species. Inorganic condensable

emissions are assumed to be PIC unless a specific emission factor for primary sulfate or nitrate

emissions is available.

Table 2-4 summarizes the grouping of PM species and extinction coefficient of each component.

A discussion of the PM speciation methodologies for each of the BART-eligible sources at the

Fairburn facility is presented in the fo llowing sections of this protocol.

T ABLE 

### 2-4. A SSIGNMENT OF 

### E MITTED 

### PM S PECIES TO 

### M ODELED 

### PM C ATEGORIES

Modeled

PM

Category † Components Output

Category ‡ Extinction

Coefficient

(m 2 /g)

PMC Filterable coarse particles (PM 6-10 , PM 2.5-6 ) PMC 0.6

PMF Filterable fine particles (PM 1.25-2.5 , PM 1-1.25 , PM 0.625-1 , PM 0.5-0.625 , PM <0.5 ) SOIL 1

PIC Non-hygroscopic, primary inorganic condensable (PIC) emissions* SOIL 1

SO4 Primary inorganic condensable emissions of sulfates SO4 3 f

(RH)

NO3 Primary inorganic condensable emissions of nitrates* NO3 3 f

(RH)

POC Primary organic condensable emissions SOA 4

EC Uncombusted carbonaceous fuel EC 10

* In the screening analyses, all condensab le, non-sulfate inorganic emissions will be represented as PIC emissions. The refine d

analysis, if necessary, would distinguish between primary nitrate and other pr imary condensable i norganic emissions.

† Modeled PM Category denotes the input of emissions data into CALPUFF.

‡ Output Category denotes the assignment of modeled emissions in POSTUTIL for the visibility calculations in CALPOST.



### 2.2.1 E LECTRIC 

### F URNACE 

### P ARTICULATE 

### M ATTER 

### S PECIATION



### To speciate PM emissions from the electric glass melting furnaces, the PM 2.5 

### portion of

PM 10 

### emissions was first calculated based on engineering estimates made by OC

personnel. 6 

### Speciation factors from SMOKE PM 2.5 

### , as provided by VISTAS, were then

used to divide PM 2.5 

### emissions into various categories. It was assumed that emissions

within a particular PM category are equally distri buted to all size bins within that category.

The relevant size bins are given within the “Revised BART Speciation Template” available

on the VISTAS website. 7 

### Table 2-5 summarizes the applicable data for this source.

6 E-mail communication from Mr. Franco Vigo (OC) to Ms. Melissa Antoine (Trinity Consultants) on

July 23, 2006.

7 http://www.vistas-sesar m.org/BART/calpuff.asp

### OC Fairburn 15 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol T ABLE 

### 2-5. E LECTRIC 

### G LASS 

### M ELTING 

### F URNACE 

### S PECIATION 

### D ATA



### Using the information presented in Tabl e 2-5, OC first calculated process TPM 10 

### emissions

from each furnace by multiplying the maximum hour ly TSP emission rate of 0.75 lb/ton of

glass pulled by the glass pull rate of each fu rnace, which for the FG-1 Furnace, yields

4.69 lb/hr. For the glass melting furnaces, OC personnel estimate that approximately 50%

of PM 10 

### emissions are PM 2.5 

### . Multiplying PM 10 

### emissions by 50% results in PM 2.5



### emissions from the FG-1 Furnace of 2.34 lb/hr.

Next, PM 2.5 

### is speciated into the categories given in Table 2-5. An example is provided

below for process PEC emissions from the FG-1 Furnace.

hour categories size all PEC lb 05

. 0

TPM

PEC % 2

hr TPM lb 2.34

2.5 2.5

= ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

× ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛



### Emissions are calculated for the remaining PM 2.5 

### categories listed in Table 2-5 in a similar

manner.

The glass melting furnaces at the Fairburn fac ility are equipped with back-up natural gas

burners. Normally, these burners do not opera te; however, for conservatism in estimating

maximum 24-hour emissions, it is assumed that the burners are firing at their rated capacity

throughout a single 24-hour period. Combustion PM emissions are speciated using factors

from SMOKE PM 2.5 

### , as available on the VISTAS website. Table 2-6 presents the

speciation factors for all combusti on sources at the Fairburn facility. Speciation Data Value Reference

PM 2.5 as a % of PM 10 50.00% Mr. Franco Vigo (OC)

Primary EC as a % of PM 2.5 2.00% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary PM 2.5 as a % of PM 2.5 63.30% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary NO 3 as a % of PM 2.5 0.55% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary OA as a % of PM 2.5 33.60% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary SO 4 as a % of PM 2.5 0.55% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

### OC Fairburn 16 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol T ABLE 

### 2-6. S PECIATION 

### F ACTORS FOR 

### C OMBUSTION 

### S OURCES



### Table 2-7 presents speciated PM emissions for the glass melting furnaces at the Fairburn

facility.

T ABLE 

### 2-7. G LASS 

### M ELTING 

### F URNACES 

### S PECIATED 

### PM E MISSIONS



### Figures 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4 present a graphical representation of the PM speciation for the

glass melting furnaces at the Fairburn facility.

F IGURE 

### 2-2. FG-1 F URNACE 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### ) Speciation Data Value Reference

PM 2.5 as a % of PM 10 100.00% AP-42, Chapter 1.4, Table 1.4-2

Primary EC as a % of PM 2.5 0.00% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22004

Primary PM 2.5 as a % of PM 2.5 19.45% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22004

Primary NO 3 as a % of PM 2.5 0.55% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22004

Primary OA as a % of PM 2.5 60.00% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22004

Primary SO 4 as a % of PM 2.5 20.00% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22004

FG-1 Furnace

0.01 0.05 0.89

2.34

1.52 0.05 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns) Total PM 10 Total PM 2.5 PM 10 - PM 2.5 PEC PPM 2.5 PNO 3 POA PSO 4

Emission Unit EU ID (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr)

FG1 Furnace FG11 4.85 2.51 2.34 0.05 1.52 0.01 0.89 0.05

FG2 Furnace FG21 4.76 2.48 2.27 0.05 1.48 0.01 0.89 0.05

FG3 Furnace FG31 2.51 1.33 1.19 0.02 0.78 0.01 0.48 0.03

### OC Fairburn 17 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol F IGURE 

### 2-3. FG-2 F URNACE 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### )

F IGURE 

### 2-4. FG-3 F URNACE 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### )



### 2.2.2 R ISER 

### /C HANNEL AND 

### F OREHEARTH 

### P ARTICULATE 

### M ATTER 

### S PECIATION



### To speciate PM emissions from the risers/channels and forehearths, the PM 2.5 

### portion of

PM 10 

### emissions was first calculated based on engineering estimates made by OC

personnel. 8 

### Speciation factors from SMOKE PM 2.5 

### , as provided by VISTAS, were then

used to divide PM 2.5 

### emissions into various categories. It was assumed that emissions

within a particular PM category are equally distri buted to all size bins within that category.

The relevant size bins are given within the “Revised BART Speciation Template” available

on the VISTAS website. 9 

### Table 2-8 summarizes the applicable data for this source.

8 E-mail communication from Mr. Franco Vigo (OC) to Ms. Melissa Antoine (Trinity Consultants) on

July 23, 2006.

9 http://www.vistas-sesar m.org/BART/calpuff.asp FG-2 Furnace

0.01 0.05 0.89

2.27

1.48 0.05 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns)

FG-3 Furnace

0.01 0.03 0.48

1.19

0.78 0.02 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns)

### OC Fairburn 18 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol T ABLE 

### 2-8. E LECTRIC 

### G LASS 

### M ELTING 

### F URNACE 

### S PECIATION 

### D ATA



### Using the information presented in Tabl e 2-8, OC first calculated process TPM 10 

### emissions

from each riser/channel and forehearth by multiplying the applicable maximum hourly TSP

emission rate of by the glass pull rate of the corresponding glass melting furnace, which for

the FG-1 Riser/Channel, yields 7.61 lb/hr, and for the FG-1 Forehearth, yields 1.97 lb/hr.

Similar to the glass melting furnaces, OC personnel estimate that approximately 50% of

PM 10 

### emissions from the riser/channel and forehearth are PM 2.5 

### . Multiplying process PM 10 

### emissions by 50% results in PM 2.5 

### emissions from the FG-1 Riser/Channel of 3.81 lb/hr

and from the FG-1 Forehearth of 0.98 lb/hr.

Next, PM 2.5 

### is speciated into the categories given in Table 2-8. An example is provided

below for process PEC emissions from the FG-1 Riser/Channel.

hour categories size all PEC lb 08

. 0

TPM

PEC % 2

hr TPM lb 3.81

2.5 2.5

= ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

× ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛



### Emissions are calculated for the remaining PM 2.5 

### categories listed in Table 2-8 in a similar

manner. Combustion emissions from the risers/channels and forehearth are calculated

using the previously described methodology and the speciation profile given in Table 2-6.

Table 2-9 presents speciated PM emissions fo r the risers/channels and forehearths at the

Fairburn facility.

T ABLE 

### 2-9. R ISER 

### /C HANNEL AND 

### F OREHEARTH 

### S PECIATED 

### PM E MISSIONS Speciation Data Value Reference

PM 2.5 as a % of PM 10 50.00% Mr. Franco Vigo (OC)

Primary EC as a % of PM 2.5 2.00% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary PM 2.5 as a % of PM 2.5 63.30% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary NO 3 as a % of PM 2.5 0.55% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary OA as a % of PM 2.5 33.60% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary SO 4 as a % of PM 2.5 0.55% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Total PM 10 Total PM 2.5 PM 10 - PM 2.5 PEC PPM 2.5 PNO 3 POA PSO 4

Emission Unit EU ID (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr)

FG1 Riser/Channel FG12 7.63 3.83 3.81 0.08 2.41 0.02 1.29 0.03

FG2 Riser/Channel FG22 0.22 0.11 0.11 2.2E-03 0.07 6.0E-04 0.04 6.0E-04

FG3 Riser/Channel FG32 3.86 1.94 1.93 0.04 1.22 0.01 0.65 0.01

FG1 Forehearth FG12 2.01 1.02 0.98 0.02 0.63 0.01 0.35 0.01

FG2 Forehearth FG23 0.03 0.01 0.01 2.8E-04 9.0E-03 7.8E-05 4.8E-03 7.8E-05

FG3 Forehearth FG33 1.01 0.52 0.50 0.01 0.32 0.00 0.18 0.01

### OC Fairburn 19 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol FG-1 Riser/Channel & Forehearth

0.03 0.04 1.65

4.79

3.04 0.10 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns) 

### Figures 2-5, 2-6, and 2-7 present a graphical representation of the riser/channel and

forehearth PM speciation at the Fairburn facility.

F IGURE 

### 2-5. FG-1 R ISER 

### /C HANNEL 

### & F OREHEARTH 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### )

F IGURE 

### 2-6. FG-2 R ISER 

### /C HANNEL 

### & F OREHEARTH 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### )

FG-2 Riser/Channel & Forehearth

0.00 0.00 0.04

0.12

0.08 0.00 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns)

### OC Fairburn 20 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol FG-3 Riser/Channel & Forehearth

0.01 0.02 0.83

2.43

1.54 0.05 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns) 

### F IGURE 

### 2-7. FG-3 R ISER 

### /C HANNEL 

### & F OREHEARTH 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### )



### 2.2.3 F ORMING AND 

### C URING 

### P ARTICULATE 

### M ATTER 

### S PECIATION



### Air flow from the forming and curing sections are first routed together through a mixing

chamber prior to being released to the atmos phere. As such, emissions from these process

units are quantified together. To speciate PM emissions from the mixing chamber, the

PM 2.5 

### portion of PM 10 

### emissions was first calculated based on engineering estimates made

by OC personnel. 10 

### Speciation factors from SMOKE PM 2.5 

### , as provided by VISTAS, were

then used to divide PM 2.5 

### emissions into various categories. It was assumed that emissions

within a particular PM category are equally distri buted to all size bins within that category.

The relevant size bins are given within the “Revised BART Speciation Template” available

on the VISTAS website. 11 

### Table 2-10 summarizes the applicable data for this source.

T ABLE 

### 2-10. M IXING 

### C HAMBER 

### S PECIATION 

### D ATA

10 E-mail communication from Mr. Franco Vigo (OC) to Ms. Melissa Antoine (Trinity Consultants) on

July 23, 2006.

11 http://www.vistas-sesar m.org/BART/calpuff.asp Speciation Data Value Reference

PM 2.5 as a % of PM 10 90.00% Mr. Franco Vigo (OC)

Primary EC as a % of PM 2.5 2.00% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary PM 2.5 as a % of PM 2.5 63.30% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary NO 3 as a % of PM 2.5 0.55% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary OA as a % of PM 2.5 33.60% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

Primary SO 4 as a % of PM 2.5 0.55% SMOKE PM 2.5 , Speciation Profile 22033

### OC Fairburn 21 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol Using the information presented in Tabl e 2-10, OC first calculated process TPM 10 

### emissions from each mixing chamber by multiplying the applicable maximum hourly TSP

emission rate of by the glass pull rate of the corresponding glass melting furnace, which for

the FG-1 Mixing Chamber, yields 60.0 lb/hr. Note that because emissions are based on

stack testing, this emission rate includes combustion emissions from the forming section

fiberizers, the curing ovens burners, and the incinerator burners. OC personnel estimate

that approximately 90% of PM 10 

### emissions from the mixing chambers are PM 2.5



### . Multiplying process PM 10 

### emissions by 90% results in PM 2.5 

### emissions from the FG-1

Mixing Chamber of 54.0 lb/hr.

Next, PM 2.5 

### is speciated into the categories given in Table 2-10. An example is provided

below for process PEC emissions from the FG-1 Mixing Chamber.

hour categories size all PEC lb 08

. 1

TPM

PEC % 2

hr TPM lb 54.0

2.5 2.5

= ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

× ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛



### Emissions are calculated for the remaining PM 2.5 

### categories listed in Table 2-10 in a

similar manner. Table 2-11 presents speciated PM emissions for the mixing chambers at

the Fairburn facility.

T ABLE 

### 2-11. M IXING 

### C HAMBER 

### S PECIATED 

### PM E MISSIONS



### Figures 2-8, 2-9, and 2-10 present a graphical representation of the PM speciation for the mixing

chambers at the Fairburn facility. Total PM 10 Total PM 2.5 PM 10 - PM 2.5 PEC PPM 2.5 PNO 3 POA PSO 4

Emission Unit EU ID (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr)

FG1 Mixing Chamber - 60.00 54.00 6.00 1.07 34.00 0.30 18.25 0.38

FG2 Mixing Chamber - 29.50 26.55 2.95 0.52 16.65 0.15 9.02 0.22

FG3 Mixing Chamber - 24.00 21.60 2.40 0.43 13.58 0.12 7.32 0.16

### OC Fairburn 22 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol F IGURE 

### 2-8. FG-1 M IXING 

### C HAMBER 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### )



### F IGURE 

### 2-9. FG-2 M IXING 

### C HAMBER 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### ) FG-1 Mixing Chamber

0.30 0.38 18.25

6.00

34.00 1.07 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns)

FG-2 Mixing Chamber

0.15 0.20 8.96

2.95

16.63 0.52 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns)

### OC Fairburn 23 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol F IGURE 

### 2-10. FG-3 M IXING 

### C HAMBER 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### )



### 2.2.4 C OOLING 

### S ECTION 

### P ARTICULATE 

### M ATTER 

### S PECIATION



### To speciate PM emissions from the cooling section, the PM 2.5 

### portion of PM 10 

### emissions

was first calculated based on engin eering estimates made by OC personnel. 12 

### Speciation

factors from SMOKE PM 2.5 

### , as provided by VISTAS, were then used to divide PM 2.5 

### emissions into various categories. It was assumed that emissions within a particular PM

category are equally distributed to all size bins within that category. The relevant size bins

are given within the “Revised BART Speci ation Template” available on the VISTAS

website. 13 

### Table 2-12 summarizes the applicable data for this source.

Using the information presented in Tabl e 2-12, OC first calculated process TPM 10 

### emissions from each applicable cooling sec tion by multiplying the applicable maximum

hourly TSP emission rate of by the glass pull rate of the corresponding glass melting

furnace, which for the FG-1 Cooling Section, yi elds 5.49 lb/hr. OC personnel estimate that

approximately 90% of PM 10 

### emissions from the cooling section are PM 2.5 

### . Multiplying

process PM 10 

### emissions by 90% results in PM 2.5 

### emissions from the FG-1 Cooling Section

of 4.94 lb/hr.

Next, PM 2.5 

### is speciated into the categories given in Table 2-12. An example is provided

below for process PEC emissions from the FG-1 Cooling Section.

hour categories size all PEC lb 11

. 0

TPM

PEC % 2

hr TPM lb 5.49

2.5 2.5

= ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

× ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

12 E-mail communication from Mr. Franco Vigo (OC) to Ms. Melissa Antoine (Trinity Consultants) on

July 23, 2006.

13 http://www.vistas-sesar m.org/BART/calpuff.asp FG-3 Mixing Chamber

0.12 0.14 7.24

2.40

13.55 0.43 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns)

### OC Fairburn 24 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol Emissions are calculated for the remaining PM 2.5 

### categories listed in Table 2-12 in a

similar manner. Table 2-13 presents speciated PM emissions for the applicable cooling

sections at the Fairburn facility.

T ABLE 

### 2-12. C OOLING 

### S ECTION 

### S PECIATED 

### PM E MISSIONS



### Figures 2-11 and 2-12 present a graphical representati on of the PM speciation for the FG-1 and FG-2

cooling sections at the Fairburn facility.

F IGURE 

### 2-11. FG-1 C OOLING 

### S ECTION 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### )

F IGURE 

### 2-12. FG-2 C OOLING 

### S ECTION 

### TPM 10 

### S PECIATION 

### ( LB 

### / HR 

### ) FG-1 Cooling Section

0.03 0.03 1.66

0.55

3.13 0.10 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns)

FG-2 Cooling Section

0.01 0.01 0.45

0.15

0.85 0.03 PIC, Nitrate (0.5-1.0 microns)

PIC, Sulfate (0.5-1.0 microns)

POC (Equally distributed between Bins 5-7)

PMC (Equally distributed between Bins 1-2)

PMF (Equally distributed between Bins 3-7)

EC (Equally distributed between Bins 6-7))

Size Bins

Bin 1: (6-10 microns)

Bin 2: (2.5-6 microns)

Bin 3: (1.25-2.5 microns)

Bin 4: (1.0-1.25 microns)

Bin 5: (0.625-1.0 microns)

Bin 6: (0.5-0.625 microns)

Bin 7: (<0.5 microns) Total PM 10 Total PM 2.5 PM 10 - PM 2.5 PEC PPM 2.5 PNO 3 POA PSO 4

Emission Unit EU ID (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr)

FG1 Cooling Section FG16 5.49 4.94 0.55 0.10 3.13 0.03 1.66 0.03

FG2 Cooling Section FG26 1.50 1.35 0.15 0.03 0.85 7.4E-03 0.45 7.4E-03

### OC Fairburn 25 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 2.3 M ODELED 

## S TACK 

## P ARAMETERS AND 

## E MISSIONS

Actual stack parameters will be input to the CA LPUFF model to represent the point of visibilityaffecting pollutant emissions. The location of each point source will be represented consistently in

the Lambert Conformal Coordinate system used for the screening and refined meteorological data

analyses prepared by VISTAS. Each exhaust discharg es vertically without obstruction. The effects

of building downwash will not be considered in the BART applicability analyses. Table 2-14

summarizes the stack parameters for BART-eligib le emission units at OC’s Fairburn facility.

T ABLE 

### 2-14. S TACK 

### P ARAMETERS FOR 

### BART- ELIGIBLE 

### E MISSION 

### U NITS

UTM

East UTM North UTM

Zone Stack

Height Base

Elevation Diameter Gas Exit

Velocity Stack

Gas Exit

Temp.

Stack ID Source Description km km ft ft ft ft/s deg F

FG11A FG-1 Furnace Electric Cold Top Melting Furnace - Stack A 721.400 3713.442 16 68.63 1,031 4.00 10.96 102

FG11B FG-1 Furnace Electric Cold Top Melting Furnace - Stack B 721.407 3713.434 16 68.63 1,031 4.00 8.29 112

FG1MC a FG-1 Mixing Chamber Mixing Chamber 721.364 3713.399 16 61.01 1,031 9.50 48.71 165

FG12 FG-1 Riser/Channel Flow Channel

FG13 FG-1 Forehearth Flow Channel

FG14 FG-1 Forming Section Molten Glass Spinning to Glass Fibers

FG15 FG-1 Curing Oven Insulation Binder Curing Oven

FG16 FG-1 Cooling Section Cooling with Ambient Air 721.341 3713.377 16 51.10 1,031 3.17 40.55 195

FG21A FG-2 Furnace Electric Cold Top Melting Furnace - Stack A 721.416 3713.417 16 70.58 1,031 4.00 8.05 110

FG21B FG-2 Furnace Electric Cold Top Melting Furnace - Stack B 721.422 3713.409 16 70.58 1,031 4.00 8.72 111

FG2MC a FG-2 Mixing Chamber Mixing Chamber 721.371 3713.378 16 65.33 1,031 10.50 25.06 165

FG22 FG-2 Riser/Channel Flow Channel

FG23 FG-2 Forehearth Flow Channel

FG24 FG-2 Forming Section Molten Glass Spinning to Glass Fibers

FG25 FG-2 Curing Oven Insulation Binder Curing Oven

FG26 FG-2 Cooling Section Cooling with Ambient Air 721.348 3713.358 16 51.10 1,031 2.62 40.55 170

FG31 FG-3 Furnace Electric Cold Top Melting Furnace 721.435 3713.399 16 68.75 1,031 4.00 10.59 107

FG3MC a FG-3 Mixing Chamber Mixing Chamber 721.407 3713.372 16 80.66 1,031 8.00 22.14 245

FG32 FG-3 Riser/Channel Flow Channel

FG33 FG-3 Forehearth Flow Channel

FG34 FG-3 Forming Section Molten Glass Spinning to Glass Fibers

FG35 FG-3 Curing Oven Insulation Binder Curing Oven

a. The Mixing Chamber includes emissions from the Forming and Curing Sections. It is assumed that emissions from the Riser/Ch annel and Forehearth are also routed through the Mixing Chamber.

### OC Fairburn 26 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 3. G EOPHYSICAL AND 

## M ETEOROLOGICAL 

## D ATA

Section 3 of this BART modeling protocol for OC ’s Fairburn facility describes the geophysical and

meteorological data that will be used in the screeni ng and refined analyses. The information in this

section is largely adapted from the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol , which is presented in

Appendix A of this source-specific modeling protoc ol for reference, and sample model files made

available on the VISTAS technical contractor website. 14



### CALMET requires geophysical data about the domain to characterize the terrain and land use

parameters that potentially affect dispersion. Te rrain features affect flows and create turbulence in

the atmosphere and are potentially subjected to highe r concentrations of elevated puffs, and different

land uses exhibit variable characteristics such as surface roughness, albedo, Bowen ratio, and leafarea index that also affect turbulence and dispersion.



## 3.1 T ERRAIN 

## E LEVATIONS WITHIN THE 

## M ODELING 

## D OMAIN

Terrain elevations within the modeling domain were processed from SRTM-GTOPO30 digital terrain

data format with 30-arcsec resolution. SRTM30 is a digital elevation data set that spans the globe

from 60° north latitude to 56° south latitude, appr oximately from the southern tip of Greenland to

below the southern tip of South America. It has a horizontal grid spacing of 30 arc-seconds

(approximately 1 kilometer). GTOPO30 is a global digital elevation model with a horizontal grid

spacing of 30 arc-seconds (approximately 1 kilometer) that was derived from several raster and vector

sources of topographic information that include U.S. Geological Survey digital elevation models.

The VISTAS technical contractor used data preproces sors to format and assimilate these data into a

single geophysical data file for processing by CALM ET. The representation of terrain in the regional

screening analysis resolves the terrain onto the 12-km regional grid depicted in Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-2 shows terrain for the 4-km sub-domain 4.

14 http://src.com/verio/download/ download.htm#VISTAS_VERSION.

### OC Fairburn 27 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

### F IGURE 

### 3-1. T ERRAIN 

### R EPRESENTATION IN THE 

### 12- KM 

### R EGIONAL 

### S CREENING 

### G RID



### (A FTER 

### F IGURE 

### 4-2 OF THE 

### VISTAS BART M ODELING 

### P ROTOCOL 

### )

### OC Fairburn 28 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

### F IGURE 

### 3-2. T ERRAIN 

### R EPRESENTATION IN THE 

### 4- KM 

### S UB 

### -D OMAIN 

### 4

### OC Fairburn 29 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 3.2 L AND 

## U SE AND 

## C OVER WITHIN THE 

## M ODELING 

## D OMAIN

Land use and land cover (LULC) within the modeling domain was assimilated by the VISTAS

technical contractor into a single geophysical data file for processing by CALMET using Composite

Theme Grid (CTG) data archived by the U.S. Geol ogical Survey at a resolution of 200 meters. LULC

in each grid cell was used by CALMET to compute the micrometeorological parameters (i.e., surface

roughness, Bowen ratio, albedo, soil heat flux) that af fect turbulent dispersion in the boundary layer.

Figure 3-3 shows the land use for the 4-km sub-domain 4.



### F IGURE 

### 3-3. L AND 

### U SE 

### R EPRESENTATION IN THE 

### 4- KM 

### S UB 

### -D OMAIN 

### 4

### OC Fairburn 30 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 3.3 M ETEOROLOGICAL 

## D ATABASE

CALMET is the meteorological preprocessor that co mpiles three-dimensional meteorological fields

from mesoscale model (MM) output, raw obser vations of surface and upper air conditions,

precipitation measurements, and geop hysical parameters into a single hourly, gridded data set for

input to CALPUFF. The federal Guideline for CALPUFF processing provides the following

recommendations for the meteorological data period at Section 9.3.1.2:

Less than five, but at least three, years of meteorological data (need not be

consecutive) may be used if mesoscale me teorological fields are available, as

discussed in paragraph 9.3(c). These mesoscale meteorological fields should be used

in conjunction with available standar d [National Weather Service] NWS or

comparable meteorological observations w ithin and near the modeling domain.

The VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol describes a regional domain and a set of pre-computed

regional CALMET meteorological files with 12 km grid size for the years 2001, 2002, and 2003,

prepared by the VISTAS technical contractor to allow any Class I areas within the VISTAS area to be

evaluated with a consistent meteorological data base and consistent CALPU FF modeling options. In

addition, the VISTAS technical contractor also prepar ed sub-domains of the regional grid in a similar

fashion to the regional screening domain with 4 km grid size for the years 2001, 2002, and 2003. The

CALMET modeling output files in the form of CA LPUFF-ready three-dimensional meteorological

files were made available on external hard drives to the States and other parties. These data were

obtained by OC’s technical contractor and were utili zed in the 12-km and 4-km analyses. Note that

sub-domain Number 4 will be utilized for 4-km modeling.



### 3.3.1 MM5 S IMULATIONS



### MM5 data are used as “observed” or “first-guess” fields in CALMET due to its highresolution representation of meteorological conditions on a uniform three-dimensional

grid. The following three years of MM5 meteorological data have been assembled by

VISTAS for use in the regional CALPUFF modeling effort:

▲ 

### 2001 MM5 dataset at 12 km and 36 km grid (developed for EPA)

▲ 

### 2002 MM5 dataset at 12 km and 36 km grid (developed by VISTAS)

▲ 

### 2003 MM5 dataset at 36 km grid (developed by the Midwest Regional Planning

Organization).

These data sets were provided to the VISTAS technical contractor, which produced annual

CALMET meteorological files for the 12-km grid resolution in the regional domain and

4-km grid resolution sub-domains. The development of the 12-km CALMET

meteorological fields from MM5 data were conducted in No-Observations (“No-Obs”)

mode since the MM5 data already reflect assi milation of observational data and are likely

to adequately characterize regional wind patterns that are consistent with the 12-km scale.

When the 12-km MM5 (2001 and 2002) data are used, the diagnostic CALMET terrain

adjustments were turned off since the grid r esolution of the MM5 data is the same as the

### OC Fairburn 31 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol CALMET grid and the terrain adjustments on the 12-km grid scale will already be

reflected in the MM5 dataset. In this case, the MM5 winds will be interpolated by

CALMET to the CALMET layers and CALMET’s boundary layer modules will compute

mixing heights, turbulence parameters and other meteorological parameters that are

required by CALPUFF. For 2003, the 36-km MM5 data will be used as CALMET’s initial

guess field and then the CALMET diagnostic te rrain adjustments (see Section 3.1.1 of the

VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol ) will be applied to reflect terrain on the scale of the

CALMET grid (i.e., 12 km).

For refined analyses at higher resolution grid spacing (i.e., 2 km or 1 km), MM5 data will

be processed in CALMET using the same mode l control options as were used by the

VISTAS technical contractor to prepare the 4-km refined grid.



### 3.3.2 M EASUREMENTS AND 

### O BSERVATIONS



### The finer grid (4 km) CALMET simulations, wh ich OC anticipates utilizing as part of a

refined analysis, were run by VISTAS techni cal contractor in hybrid mode, using both

MM5 data to define the initial guess fields and NWS meteorological observational data in

the Step 2 calculations. In this manner, actual observations of three-dimensional

meteorological conditions can be used in th e model to smooth the coarse MM5 resolution

to better represent areas in which terrain features may have an important effect on

meteorological conditions, but not be well reso lved in the mesoscale model. Surface,

upper air, and precipitation observation points are readily available for use in CALMET.

The following generally describes the use of NWS observations in Step 2 of the CALMET

analyses.

Parameters affecting turbulent dispersion that are observed hourly at surface stations

include wind speed and direction, temperatur e, cloud cover and ceiling, relative humidity,

and precipitation type. Surface da ta would be selected from the available data inventory to

optimize spatial coverage and representation of the domain. Raw observations were

obtained from the National Climatic Data Ce nter (NCDC), quality assured, and merged

using the SMERGE pre-processor to create a single assimilated data file of surface

observations for each year analyzed.

Observations of meteorological conditions in the upper atmosphere provide a profile of

turbulence from the surface through the depth of the boundary layer in which dispersion

occurs. Upper air data are collected by balloons launched simultaneously across the

observation network at 0000 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) (7 o’clock PM in South

Carolina) and 1200 GMT (7 o’clock AM in South Carolina). Sensors observe pressure,

wind speed and direction, and temperature (among other parameters) as the balloon rises

through the atmosphere. The upper air obser vation network is less dense than surface

observation points since upper air conditions va ry less and are generally not as affected by

local effects (e.g., terrain or coastlines). U pper air data were extracted from the NCDC’s

available data inventory to optimize spatial coverage and representation of the domain, and

utilization from year to year may vary due to availability and data quality.

### OC Fairburn 32 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol The effects of wet deposition processes on ambient pollutant concentrations are an

important part of the BART applicability analys is. Therefore, it is necessary to include

observations of precipitation in the CALMET an alysis. Precipitation data were collected

from selected surface meteorological data stations included in the analysis, plus

Cooperative Observation Network (COOP) stati ons nearer to or within the domain.

Precipitation data were extracted from among the NCDC’s available data inventory to

optimize spatial coverage and representation of the domain. Raw observations from these

stations were quality assured and merged using the PMERGE pre-processor to create a

single assimilated data file of precipitation observations.

In refined analyses for OC’s BART applicability modeling analysis, hourly surface

meteorological observations, precipitation obser vations, and twice-daily upper air sounding

data will be provided.

For refined analyses at higher resolution grid spacing (i.e., 2 km or 1 km), NWS surface,

upper air, and precipitation data will be pr ocessed in CALMET using the same model

control options and data resources as were u sed by the VISTAS technical contractor to

prepare the 4-km refined grid.



## 3.4 A IR 

## Q UALITY 

## D ATABASE

The CALPUFF model is capable of simulating linear chemical transformation effects by using

pseudo-first-order chemical reaction m echanisms for the conversions of SO 2 

### to SO 4 

### , and NO X 

### , which

consists of nitrogen oxide ( NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 

### ), to nitrate (NO 3 

### ) and nitric acid (HNO 3 

### ).

In this study, chemical transformations involving five species (SO 2 

### , SO 4 

### , NO X 

### , HNO 3 

### , and NO 3 

### ) will

be modeled using the MESOPUFF II chemical transf ormation scheme. Ambient concentrations of

ammonia and ozone concentrations as represented in the model affect the MESOPUFF II chemical

transformation simulation.



### 3.4.1 O ZONE 

### B ACKGROUND 

### C ONCENTRATIONS



### Both screening and refined analyses will u tilize observed ozone data for 2001 through

2003 from non-urban CASTNet and AIRS sta tions compiled by the VISTAS technical

contractor for the regional domain. Monthly average ozone background values will be

computed based on daytime average ozone concentrations from the OZONE.DAT file

(6am-6pm average ozone concentrations co mputed by month) for substitution should all

observations be missing for a particular hour of the dataset. A list and plot of ozone

stations used in the analysis is provided in Appendix B.



### 3.4.2 A MMONIA 

### B ACKGROUND 

### C ONCENTRATIONS



### In the screening and refined analyses, a consta nt background value (0.5 ppb) for ammonia

will be utilized. The revised VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol prescribes that

postprocessing to repartition HNO 3 

### and NO 3 

### using the ammonia limiting method (ALM) in

POSTUTIL be used only with the 0.5 ppb background level.

### OC Fairburn 33 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

### 3.4.3 O THER 

### P OLLUTANT 

### B ACKGROUND AND 

### B OUNDARY 

### C ONDITIONS



### The initial VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol envisions the use of modeled boundary

conditions of ammonia and sulfates in the refi ned analysis of chemical transformations

involving these species and nitrates. However, VISTAS’ Technical Analysis Workgroup

has since concluded that modeled backgr ound and boundary conditions should not be

utilized for BART modeling purposes becau se “EPA and FLM recommend that ALM

approach using CMAQ concentration data (SO X 

### , NO X 

### , total NH 3 

### ) be reviewed by EPA

Modeling Clearinghouse before being used in a regulatory application.” Accordingly, such

background data will not be utilized in OC ’s BART applicability modeling analyses.



## 3.5 N ATURAL 

## C ONDITIONS AT 

## C LASS 

## I A REAS

The visibility goal of the Clean Air Act is both the remedying of existing visibility impairment, and

prevention of future visibility impairment. In its BART Implementation Guidance , U.S. EPA affirms

that it interprets the goal to mean return atmospheri c conditions to “natural visibility conditions.” For

the purposes of BART analyses, the U.S. EPA has dete rmined that it “did not intend to limit States to

the use of the 20% best visibility days...States may use 20% best visibility days or annual average.” 15



### The July 18, 2006 revision to the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol indicates that the annual average

visibility may be considered as the reference na tural background condition, and the initial screening

analyses presented by the VISTAS contractor used only the annual average natural background

conditions to assess visibility impacts attributable to OC’s Fairburn facility. Accordingly, OC will

conduct the refined analyses using the annual average natural background.

For the five Class I areas within 300 km of the Fairburn facility and potentia lly affected by OC’s

operations, Table 3-1 summarizes the default na tural background conditions as tabulated in

Appendix B of U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Estimating Natural Visi bility Conditions under the Regional

Haze Rule

.

15 U.S. EPA Memorandum from Mr. Joseph Paisie to Ms. Kay Prince, as Atta chment A to a proposed settlement

agreement between the Utility Air Regulatory Group and U.S. EPA, published at 71 Federal Register No. 84, pp. 25,838-

25,840, May 2, 2006.

### OC Fairburn 34 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol T ABLE 

### 3-1. N ATURAL 

### B ACKGROUND 

### C ONCENTRATIONS

FOR 

### C LASS 

### I A REAS 

### P OTENTIALLY 

### A FFECTED BY THE 

### F AIRBURN 

### F ACILITY

Class I Area b

ext (Mm -1 ) Annual Average

Haze Index (dv) Best Days Haze

Index (dv) Worst Days Haze

Index (dv)

Cohutta 21.39 7.60 3.76 11.44

Great Smoky Mtns. 21.39 7.60 3.76 11.44

Slickrock 21.40 7.61 3.77 11.45

Shining Rock 21.40 7.61 3.77 11.45

Sipsey 21.28 7.55 3.71 11.39

* As tabulated in Appendix B of U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Estimating Natural Visib ility Conditions under the Regional Haze

Rule (2003).



### To represent natural conditions in the absence of anthropogenic sources of sulfates and nitrates, the

monthly background extinction coefficient is expr essed in terms of Rayleigh scattering and scattering

due to soils (i.e., fine particles) based on the a nnual average background, and is calculated from the

tabulated annual average valu es and the following equations.

⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

= 10 exp 10 HI b

back 

### ,

where HI is Haze Index expressed in units of deciviews (dv). Therefore, total b back 

### for the annual

average natural background at the relevant Class I ar eas, including the Rayleigh scattering coefficient,

is calculated as shown in the following equations.

For Cohutta and Great Smoky Mountains:

Mm 39

. 11 Mm 10 Mm 39

. 1 2

10 60

. 7

exp 10 1 1 1

− − −

= ⇒ + = + = = ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

= soil soil soil ray back b b b b b



### For Slickrock and Shining Rock:

Mm 40

. 11 Mm 10 Mm 40

. 21

10 61

. 7

exp 10 1 1 1

− − −

= ⇒ + = + = = ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

= soil soil soil ray back b b b b b



### For Sipsey:

Mm 28

. 11 Mm 10 Mm 28

. 21

10 55

. 7

exp 10 1 1 1

− − −

= ⇒ + = + = = ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

= soil soil soil ray back b b b b b



### Alternatively, Table 3-2 summarizes the default na tural background conditions using average natural

concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and particulate species for areas in the Eastern U.S. as tabulated in

Table 2-1 of U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the Regional

Haze Rule

.

### OC Fairburn 35 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol T ABLE 

### 3-2. N ATURAL 

### B ACKGROUND 

### C ONCENTRATIONS OF



### V ISIBILITY 

### -A FFECTING 

### P OLLUTANTS



### The values presented in Table 3-2 are more appropr iate for the determination of natural background

conditions, since this approach includes all visibilit y-affecting species and does not rely only on soil

dust concentrations to define the natural backgr ound conditions. Ammonium sulfates and nitrates as

well as organic and elemental carbon are appropriate to represent as part of the natural background

due to emissions from naturally occurring biogen ic sources (e.g., vegetation and wildfire biomass

burning). Accordingly, OC will compute the light extinction change relative to background

conditions using both definitions of the annual av erage concentration representative of the natural

background.

As is described in Section 4 of this protocol, the effects of relative humidity to amplify the visibility

impairment of hygroscopic sulfates and nitrat es will be characterized using “Method 6,” which

computes ∆ b

ext 

### using a monthly average relative humidity adjustment particular to each Class I area

applied to background and modeled sulfate and nitr ate. Table 3-3 summarizes the monthly average

humidity values that will be applied for the five Class I areas considered in this analysis, as tabulated

in Table A-3 of U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the

Regional Haze Rule

.

T ABLE 

### 3-3. M ONTHLY 

### A VERAGE 

### f (RH) FOR 

### S ELECTED 

### C LASS 

### I A REAS 

### *

Class I Area January February Ma rch April May June July August September October November December

Cohutta 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.5

Great Smoky

Mtns. 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7 3.2 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.2 3.8 3.3 3.4

Slickrock 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 3.3 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.3 3.5

Shining Rock 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7 3.4 3.9 4.1 4.5 4.4 3.8 3.3 3.4

Sipsey 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.8 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.4

* As tabulated in Table A-3 of U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the Regional Haze Rule (2003). Dry Extinction

West East Error Efficiency

Component (μg/m 3 ) (μg/m 3 ) Factor (m 2 /g)

Ammonium sulfate 0.12 0.23 2 3

Ammonium nitrate 0.1 0.1 2 3

Organic carbon mass 0.47 1.4 2 4

Elemental carbon 0.02 0.02 2-3 10

Soil 0.5 0.5 11⁄2 - 2 1

Coarse Mass 3 3 11⁄2 - 2 0.6

### OC Fairburn 36 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol Natural background conditions for each Class I area will be calculated using the data summarized in

Tables 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, and the default IMPROVE light extinction formula, which is summarized in

the following equation.

ray ap coarse soil OC NO SO background ext b b b b b b b km b + + + + + + = −

3 4 ) ( 1

,



### where,



### [ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

3 Ray 3 4 4 2 4

μg/m in ion Concentrat ] [ factor adjustment humidity relative f(RH) Scattering Rayleigh b Carbon] Elemental [ 01

. 0 Mass Coarse 0006

. 0 Soil 001

. 0 OC

004

. 0 ) ( NO NH 003

. 0 ) ( SO ) (NH 003

. 0

3 4

= =

= = = = = = =

ap Coarse Soil OC NO SO

b b b b RH f b RH f b



### As noted in the revised VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol , the U.S. EPA and the Regional Planning

Organizations (including VISTAS) are evaluating wh ether refinements are warranted to the methods

recommended in U.S. EPA’s guidance to calculate de fault estimates of natural background visibility.

In addition, the Interagency Monitoring of Prot ected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) work group

has recently approved an alternative to the default formula used to estimate extinction from particle

concentration measurements. 16 

### Refinements in the revised IMPROVE formula include adding a sitespecific Rayleigh scattering term to the formula. Values have been calculated by IMPROVE for most

Class I areas.

For the purposes of calculating current, future, and natural background visibility at Class I areas as

part of its reasonable progress analyses, VISTAS intends to present regional air quality modeling

results using both the current U.S. EPA recomme nded assumptions and the newly revised IMPROVE

light extinction formula. Accordingly, in refine d BART applicability analyses, OC will evaluate the

results of the analysis using both the standard light extinction calculation (which excludes sea salt

concentrations and uses the default 10 Mm -1 

### value of Rayleigh scattering), as well as applying a

correction to the Rayleigh scattering value. Note that OC is not proposing to use the revised

IMPROVE light extinction equation, rather only to utilize corrections to Rayleigh scattering that can

be utilized in the existing CALPOST algorithms fo r refined BART Applicability Modeling Analyses.

The default Rayleigh scattering coefficient of 10 Mm -1 

### represents light scattering due to air molecules

at a reference elevation condition of approximately 5,000 feet elevation. The 2005 IMPROVE work

group report describes that Rayleigh scattering depends on the density of the air and thus varies with

temperature and pressure, and accordingly tabulates Class I-area specific values of Rayleigh

16 Pitchford, M., W. Malm, B. Schichtel, N. Kumar, D. Lowenthal, and J. Hand, 2005. Revised IMPROVE

Algorithm for Estimating Light Extinction from Particle Speciation Data . Report to IMPROVE Steering Committee,

November 2005.

### OC Fairburn 37 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol scattering corrected for these effects. A value of 11.4 Mm -1 

### is recommended for Cohutta, Great

Smoky Mountains, Slickrock, and Shining Rock, while a value of and 11.3 Mm -1 

### is recommended for

Sipsey.

### OC Fairburn 38 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 4. A IR 

## Q UALITY 

## M ODELING 

## M ETHODOLOGY

Section 4 of this BART applicability modeling prot ocol for OC’s Fairburn facility describes the air

quality modeling methodology that will be used in the screening and refined analyses. The

information in this Section 4 is largely adapted from the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol , which is

presented in Appendix A of this source-specific protoc ol for reference, and sample model files made

available on the VISTAS technical contractor website. 17



### Section 2.2 of the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol summarizes recommendations for the air quality

modeling analyses required to assess applicability of BART by determining whether OC’s Fairburn

facility contributes to visibility impairment at the Cohutta (144 km), Great Smoky Mountains

(223 km), Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock (209 km), Shining Rock (253 km) and/or the Sipsey (267 km)

Class I areas. The CALPUFF V5.754 modeling system is recommended as the preferred modeling

approach for use in the BART analyses.



## 4.1 P LUME 

## M ODEL 

## S ELECTION

CALPUFF and its meteorological model, CALMET, are designed to handle the complexities posed

by the complex terrain, the large source-receptor distances, chemical transformation and deposition,

and other issues related to Class I visibility im pacts. The CALPUFF modeling system has been

adopted by the U.S. EPA as a Guideline model for source-receptor distances greater than 50 km, and

for use on a case-by-case basis in complex flow situations for shorter distances. CALPUFF is

recommended for Class I impact assessments by FLAG and IWAQM. The final BART guidance

recommends CALPUFF as “the best modeling applic ation available for predicting a single source’s

contribution to visibility impairment.” As a result of these recommendations, the VISTAS BART

Modeling Protocol is based on the use of CALPUFF for its BART determinations. Specifically,

VISTAS CALMET Version 5.724 and CALPUFF Vers ion 5.754 were used in the CALPUFF

analyses for BART applicability assessment.

This source-specific BART modeling protocol for OC’s Fairburn facility incorporates by reference

the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol , which is provided in Appendix A of this document. The

following sections present a brief summary of major features of the CALMET and CALPUFF

models, and further detailed inform ation should be obtained from the VISTAS BART Modeling

Protocol and documentation referenced therein.



### 4.1.1 M AJOR 

### R ELEVANT 

### F EATURES OF 

### CALMET

The CALMET meteorological model consists of a diagnostic wind field module and

boundary layer micrometeorological modules for overwater and overland boundary layers.

Over land surfaces, the energy balance method of Holtslag and van Ulden (1983) is used to

compute hourly gridded fields of the sensible heat flux, surface friction velocity, MoninObukhov length, and convective velocity scale. Mixing heights are determined from the

17 http://src.com/verio/download/download.htm#VISTAS_VERSION.

### OC Fairburn 39 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol computed hourly surface heat fluxes and observed temperature soundings using a modified

Carson (1973) method based on Maul (1980). The model also determines gridded fields of

Pasquill-Gifford-Turner (PGT) stability class and hourly precipitation rates.

The diagnostic wind field module uses a two-step approach to the computation of the wind

fields (Douglas and Kessler, 1988). In the firs t step, an initial-guess wind field is adjusted

for kinematic effects of terrain, slope flows, and terrain blocking effects to produce a

Step 1 wind field. Gridded MM5 can be used to define the initial guess field. The second

step consists of an objective analysis pro cedure to introduce observational data into the

Step 1 wind field to produce a final wind field.

Development of the Step 1 wind field begins with the initial guess field defined by the

MM5 prognostic meteorological model. No rmally, the CALMET computational domain is

specified to be at finer grid resolution than the MM5 dataset used to initialize the initial

guess field. For example, 36-km MM5 data available for VISTAS modeling may be used

to develop the initial guess field on a 4-km or even a 1- or 2-km CALMET grid. The Step

1 algorithms in CALMET described below appl y terrain adjustments to the initial guess

field on the fine-scale CALMET grid. Thus, the CALMET winds are adjusted to respond

to fine-scale terrain features not necessar ily seen by the coarser scale MM5 model.

The approach of Liu and Yocke (1980) is used to evaluate the effects of the kinematic

terrain on the wind field. The initial guess field winds are used to compute a terrain-forced

vertical velocity, subject to an exponential, stability-dependent decay function. The effects

of terrain on the horizontal wind components are evaluated by applying a divergenceminimization scheme to the initial guess wind fi eld. The divergence minimization scheme

is applied iteratively until the three-dimensiona l divergence is less than a threshold value.

The original slope flow algorithm in CALMET has been upgraded (Scire and Robe, 1997)

based on the shooting flow algorithm of Mahrt (1982). This scheme includes both

advective-gravity and equilibrium flow regimes. At night, the slope flow model

parameterizes the flow down the sides of the valley walls into the floor of the valley, and

during the day, upslope flows are parameterized . The magnitude of the slope flow depends

on the local surface sensible heat flux and local terrain gradients. The slope flow wind

components are added to the wind field adjusted for kinematic effects.

The thermodynamic blocking effects of terrain on the wind flow are parameterized in terms

of the local Froude number (Allwine and Wh iteman, 1985). If the Froude number at a

particular grid point is less than a critical value and the wind has an uphill component, the

wind direction is adjusted to be tangent to the terrain.

The wind field resulting from the preceding ad justments of the initial-guess wind is the

Step 1 wind field. The second step of the procedure may involve introduction of

observational data into the Step 1 wind field through an objective analysis procedure. An

inverse-distance squared interpolation scheme is used which weights observational data

heavily in the vicinity of the observational station, while the Step 1 wind field dominates

the interpolated wind field in regions with no observational data. The resulting wind field

### OC Fairburn 40 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol is subject to smoothing, an optional adjustment of vertical velocities based on the O’Brien

(1970) method, and divergence minimization to produce a final Step 2 wind field.

The introduction of observational data in the Step 2 calculation is an option. It is also

possible to run the model in “no observations” (No-Obs) mode, which involves the use

only of MM5 gridded data for the initial guess field followed by fine-scale terrain

adjustments by CALMET. In No-Obs mode, obser vational data are not used in the Step 2

calculations. The No-Obs mode is appropria te when the MM5 simulations adequately

characterize the regional wind patterns and when local observations, especially surface

observations, reflect local conditions on a scale smaller than that of the CALMET domain

and hence their spatial representativeness may be limited. Such situations are most likely to

occur when the CALMET grid scale is relativ ely large i.e., coarser than the scale of

variation of the true wind field, which is partic ularly likely to occur in complex terrain or

along the seashore. The No-Obs mode will be used for the 12-km screening grid.

As was described in Section 3.3.1 of this modeling protocol, when the 12-km MM5 (2001

and 2002) data are used, the diagnostic CALM ET terrain adjustments will be turned off

since the grid resolution of the MM5 data is the same as the CALMET grid and the terrain

adjustments on the 12-km grid scale are already be reflected in the MM5 dataset. In this

case, the MM5 winds will be interpolated by CALMET to the CALMET layers and

CALMET’s boundary layer modules will compute mixing heights, turbulence parameters

and other meteorological parameters that ar e required by CALPUFF. For 2003, the 36-km

MM5 data will be used as CALMET’s initial guess field and then the CALMET diagnostic

terrain adjustments (see Section 3.1.1 of the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol ) will be

applied to reflect terrain on the scale of the CALMET grid (i.e., 12 km). Refined analyses,

if required, will utilize the MM5 data as the first-guess wind field, apply the diagnostic

algorithms to create the Step 1 winds, and use NWS data for smoothing in Step 2.



### 4.1.2 M AJOR 

### R ELEVANT 

### F EATURES OF 

### CALPUFF

By its puff-based formulation and through th e use of three-dimensional meteorological

data developed by the CALMET meteorologi cal model, CALPUFF can simulate the

effects of time- and space-varying meteorol ogical conditions on pollutant transport from

sources in complex terrain. The major features and options of the CALPUFF model are

summarized in Table 3-2 of the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol . Some of the technical

algorithms are briefly described as follows.

S 

### Complex Terrain: The effects of complex terrain on puff transport are derived from

the CALMET winds. In addition, puff-terrain interactions at gridded and discrete

receptor locations are simulated using one of two algorithms that modify the

puff-height (either that of ISCST3 or a gene ral “plume path coefficient” adjustment),

or an algorithm that simulates enhanced vertical dispersion derived from the

weakly-stratified flow and dispersion m odule of the Complex Terrain Dispersion

Model (CTDMPLUS) (Perry et al., 1989). The puff-height adjustment algorithms

rely on the receptor elevation (relative to the elevation at the source) and the height of

the puff above the surface. The enhanced di spersion adjustment relies on the slope of

the gridded terrain in the direction of transport during the time step.

### OC Fairburn 41 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol S 

### Subgrid Scale Complex Terrain (CTSG): An optional module in CALPUFF, CTSG

treats terrain features that are not resolved by the gridded terrain field, and is based

on the CTDMPLUS (Perry et al., 1989). Plume impingement on subgrid-scale hills

is evaluated at the CTSG subgroup of recep tors using a dividing streamline height

(H d 

### ) to determine which pollutant material is deflected around the sides of a hill

(below H d 

### ) and which material is advected over the hill (above H d 

### ). The local flow

(near the feature) used to define H d 

### is taken from the gridded CALMET fields. As in

CTDMPLUS, each feature is modeled in is olation with its own set of receptors.

S 

### Puff Sampling Functions: A set of accura te and computationally efficient puff

sampling routines is included in CALPUFF, which solve many of the computational

difficulties encountered when applying a puff model to near-field releases. For

near-field applications during rapidly- varying meteorological conditions, an

elongated puff (slug) sampling function may be used. An integrated puff approach

may be used during less demanding conditions. Both techniques reproduce

continuous plume results under the appropriate steady state conditions.

S 

### Building Downwash: The Huber-Snyder and Schulman-Scire downwash models are

both incorporated into CALPUFF. An option is provided to use either model for all

stacks, or make the choice on a stack-by-stack and wind sector-by-wind sector basis.

Both algorithms have been implemented in such a way as to allow the use of wind

direction specific building dimensions. The PRIME building downwash model

(Schulman et al., 2000) is also included in CALPUFF as an option.

S 

### Dispersion Coefficients: Several options are provided in CALPUFF for the

computation of dispersion coefficients, including the use of turbulence measurements

( σ

v 

### and σ

w 

### ), the use of similarity theory to estimate σ

v 

### and σ

w 

### from modeled surface

heat and momentum fluxes, or the use of Pasquill-Gifford (PG) or McElroy-Pooler

(MP) dispersion coefficients, or dispersion equations based on the CTDM. Options

are provided to apply an averaging time correction or surface roughness length

adjustments to the PG coefficients. In Version 5.8 of CALPUFF being used by

VISTAS, an option is provided to u se the AERMOD turbulence profiles for

determining dispersion rates, which is the mo st recent approach to dispersion in EPAapproved regulatory modeling. In addition, turbulence advection is included. For

additional details on these features, see Scire et al. (2005).

S 

### Overwater and Coastal Interaction Effects: Because the CALMET meteorological

model contains both overwater and overland boundary layer algorithms, the effects of

water bodies on plume transport, dispersion, and deposition can be simulated with

CALPUFF. The puff formulation of CALPUFF is designed to handle spatial changes

in meteorological and dispersion conditions, including the abrupt changes that occur

at the coastline of a major body of water.

S 

### Dry Deposition: A resistance model is provided in CALPUFF for the computation of

dry deposition rates of gases and particulate matter as a function of geophysical

parameters, meteorological c onditions, and pollutant species. For particles, sourcespecific mass distributions may be provided for use in the resistance model. Of

particular interest for BART analyses is the ability to separately model the deposition

of fine particulate matter (< 2.5 μ m diameter) from coarse particulate matter (2.5-10

μ m diameter).

### OC Fairburn 42 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol S 

### Wind Shear Effects: CALPUFF contains an optional puff splitting algorithm that

allows vertical wind shear effects across individual puffs to be simulated.

Differential rates of dispersion and trans port among the “new” puffs generated from

the original, well-mixed puff can substa ntially increase the effective rate of

horizontal spread of the material. Puffs ma y also be split in the horizontal when the

puff size becomes large relative to the grid size, to account for wind shear across the

puffs.

S 

### Wet Deposition: An empirical scavenging co efficient approach is used in CALPUFF

to compute the depletion and wet depositi on fluxes due to precipitation scavenging.

The scavenging coefficients are specified as a function of the pollutant and

precipitation type (i.e., frozen vs. liquid precipitation).

S 

### Chemical Transformation: CALPUFF includ es options for parameterizing chemical

transformation effects using the five species scheme (SO 2 

### , SO 4 = 

### , NO X 

### , HNO 3 

### , and

NO 3 - 

### ) employed in the MESOPUFF II model or a set of user-specified, diurnallyvarying transformation rates. The MESOPUFF II scheme is recommended by

IWAQM. It produces secondary fine particulate matter (sulfate and nitrate) from

emissions of SO 2 

### and NO X 

### and thus allows analyses of visibility impacts. Ambient

ozone concentrations are used in the parameterized chemical transformation module

as a surrogate for OH radicals during daylight hours. Ambient ammonia

concentrations are used together with a temperature and relative humidity-dependent

equilibrium relationship to partition nitric acid and nitrate on an hour-by-hour and

receptor-by-receptor basis.



## 4.2 M ODELING 

## D OMAIN 

## C ONFIGURATION

The VISTAS regional modeling domain was illustrated in Figure 3-1 in the preceding section of this

protocol, and was designed to allow any Class I areas within the VISTAS area to be evaluated with a

single meteorological database and consistent CA LPUFF modeling options. The horizontal domain

is comprised of grid cells, each containing a central grid point at which meteorological and

computational parameters are calculated at each time step. For the initial regional analysis, a grid

spacing interval of 12 km was selected. Given this interval, the domain consists of 160 by 172 grid

cells. A Lambert Conformal Coordinate projection system is used to describe the horizontal grid,

with origin at 40 degrees North latitude and 97 de grees West longitude. Standard parallels for the

projection were set at 33 degrees North and 45 degrees North.

Table 4-1 summarizes the vertical grid structure selected for this analysis, which comprises ten

vertical layers. The cell face height of each layer i ndicates its vertical extent. The vertical domain is

composed of terrain-following grid cells, the number and size of which are chosen so as to constrain

the boundary layer in which dispersion and chemical transformations take place. The highest cell

face was selected to be 4,000 meters to constrain the default maximum mixing height of 3,000 meters.

### OC Fairburn 43 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol T ABLE 

### 4-1. V ERTICAL 

### G RID 

### S TRUCTURE

Vertical Grid Cell Cell Face Height

(meters)

1 20

2 40

3 80

4 160

5 320

6 640

7 1,200

8 2,000

9 3,000

10 4,000



### Refined analyses will be conducted using the appropr iate subregional 4-km grid that the VISTAS

technical contractor has provided. Additional runs at higher resolution (e.g., 2 km or 1 km) may be

performed and the modeling subdomain would be selected appropriately from the VISTAS regional

grid.



## 4.3 CALMET M ETEOROLOGICAL 

## M ODELING

CALMET meteorological modeling for the initial re gional screening analysis will be conducted over

the entire VISTAS regional domain described in sec tion 4.2. The major features of CALMET were

described in Section 4.1.1 of th is protocol, and the geophysical and meteorological databases were

described in Section 3. CALMET processing will be conducted generally in accordance with the

recommendations of IWAQM Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for Modeling Long

Range Transport Impacts , with the following exceptions and/or specifications of non-default values.

S 

### Modeling period: 2001 through 2003

S 

### Meteorological inputs: MM5 data provide initial guess fields in CALMET

S 

### CALMET mode: No-Observations mode including option to read overwater data directly from

MM5

S 

### Diagnostic options: IWAQM default values, excep t as follows: diagnostic terrain blocking and

slope flow algorithms used for 2003 simulati ons (using 36-km MM5 data), but no diagnostic

terrain adjustments in 2001 and 2 002 simulation (using 12-km MM5 data)

S 

### CALMET options dealing with radius of in fluence parameters (R1, R2, RMAX1, RMAX2,

RMAX3), BIAS, ICALM parameters are not used in No-Observations mode.

S 

### TERRAD (terrain scale) is required for runs with diagnostic terrain adjustments (i.e., the 2003

simulations). Values of ~10-20 km will be tested , and a value of 15 km was selected by the

VISTAS technical contractor.

S 

### Land use defining water: JWAT1 = 55, JWAT2 = 55 (large bodies of water). This feature allows

the temperature field over large bodies of water such as the Atlantic Ocean and the Great lakes to

be properly characterized by buoy observations.

### OC Fairburn 44 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol S 

### Mixing height averaging parameter (MNMDAV) was determined by the VISTAS technical

contractor to be 1 grid cell for regional simulati ons based on sensitivity tests. The purpose of the

testing was to optimize the variable to allow sp atial variability in the mixing height field, but

without excessive noise.

Refined analyses will be prepared using appropr iate CALMET model settings as described by the

VISTAS technical contractor for the 4 km sub-regional grid utilized (Domain 4).



## 4.4 CALPUFF C OMPUTATIONAL 

## D OMAIN AND 

## R ECEPTORS

CALPUFF analyses to assess the visibility impacts attr ibutable to OC’s Fairburn facility will be

performed on a computational domain that is a sub set of the VISTAS regional domain. The size of

the domain will be selected to encompass the Fairburn facility and the five relevant Class I areas, and

to extend at least 50 km beyond in all directions . The size of the domain allows for the possible

recirculation of puffs beyond the facility and areas being evaluated.

Class I receptors: Use FLM Class I receptor list with receptor elevations provided (available from the

NPS). Ambient impacts will be predicted at recepto rs specified by the FLM to represent the Cohutta,

Great Smoky Mountains, Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock, Shining Rock, and Sipsey Class I areas as depicted

in Figure 1-2 of this protocol. 18



## 4.5 CALPUFF M ODELING 

## O PTION 

## S ELECTIONS

The CALPUFF analysis will be conducted generally in accordance with the recommendations of

IWAQM Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for Modeling Long Range Transport

Impacts , with the following exceptions and/or specifications of non-default values.

S 

### Chemical mechanism: MESOPUFF II module

S 

### Species modeled: SO 2 

### , SO 4 

### , NO X 

### , HNO 3 

### , NO 3 

### and particulate matter in size categories of <0.625

μ m, 0.625-1.0 μ m, 1.0-1.25 μ m, 1.25-2.5 μ m, 2.5-6.0 μ m and 6-10 μ m aerodynamic diameters.

S 

### Emission rates for modeling based on U.S. EPA BART guidance, i.e., maximum 24-hour actual

emission rate with normal operations from the hi ghest emitting day of the meteorological period

modeled (excluding days where start-up, shutdo wn or malfunctions occurred sometime during the

day). Note that potential emissions are used to determine if a source is BART-eligible, but 24-

hour average maximum emissions are used for modeling purposes (70 FR 39162). Pollutants

considered include SO 2 

### , H 2 

### SO 4 

### , NO X 

### and PM 10 

### . The basis for modeled emission rates was

described in Section 2 of this protocol.

S 

### Condensable emissions are considered as primary fi ne particulate matter and allocated equally to

the three sub-micrometer particle size classes. SMOKE PM 2.5 

### speciation factors were utilized to

analyze the phase, size, and character of PM emissi ons as described in Section 2 of this protocol.

S 

### Particulate emissions speciation: Break down, as appropriate, filterable and condensable

particulate matter into the following species cate gories: elemental carbon (soot), “soil” (fine PM

< 2.5 μ m diameter), coarse particulate matter (2.5-10 μ m diameter) and organics. SMOKE PM 2.5

18 http://www2.nature.nps.gov/ai r/maps/Receptors/index.htm

### OC Fairburn 45 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol speciation factors were utilized to analyze the phase, size, and character of PM emissions as

described in Section 2 of this protocol.

S 

### CALPUFF model options: Use IWAQM guidance, including Pasquill-Gifford (ISC-like)

dispersion coefficients.

S 

### Ozone dataset: use observed ozone data fo r 2001 through 2003 from CASTNet and AIRS

stations. Only non-urban ozone stations shoul d be used in the OZONE.DAT file. Monthly

average ozone (backup) background values are to be computed based on daytime average ozone

concentrations from the OZONE.DAT file (6am-6pm average ozone concentrations computed by

month).

S 

### Background ammonia concentration: In refined CALPUFF analyses, use constant (0.5 ppb)

values for ammonia.

S 

### Puff representation: integrated puff sampling methodology.

S 

### Building downwash: Building downwash will not be considered due to the distance separating

the Fairburn facility from all Class I areas.



### 4.5.1 R EPRESENTATION OF 

### E MISSION 

### S OURCES IN 

### CALPUFF

Sample model processing files provided by VISTAS and its technical contractor

demonstrate modeling of a single point source using CALPUFF, POSTUTIL, and

CALPOST to assess visibility change. 19 

### The sample approach simulates actual emissions

of each of three gaseous pollutants (SO 2 

### , SO 4 

### , and NO X 

### ) and unit emissions (e.g., 1 g/s) of

each of seven generic particle categories di stinguished and designated by size: PM800,

PM425, PM187, PM112, PM081, PM 056, and PM025 to represent PM 6-10 

### , PM 2.5-6 

### ,

PM 1.25-2.5 

### , PM 1-1.25 

### , PM 0.625 

### - 1 

### , PM 0.5-0.625 

### , and PM <0.5 

### , respectively. The size distribution is

the only distinguishing feature of these particle categories. Table 4-3 summarizes the

relevant model input parame ters for each size category.

T ABLE 

### 4-3. R EPRESENTATION OF 

### PM S IZE 

### C ATEGORIES IN 

### CALPUFF

Computed Geometric Mass Geometric Standa rd Precipitation Scav enging Coefficient

Model Species Deposition

Mode Mean Diameter

(microns) Deviation

(microns)* Liquid

(s -1 ) Frozen

(s -1 )

PM800 Particle 8.00 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PM425 Particle 4.25 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PM187 Particle 1.87 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PM112 Particle 1.12 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PM081 Particle 0.81 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PM056 Particle 0.56 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PM025 Particle 0.25 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

* Zero geometric standard deviation indicates that CALPUFF u tilizes the deposition velocity associated with the geometric mass mean

diameter.

19 http://www.src.com/verio/downloa d/sample_files.htm#EXAMPLE_BART

### OC Fairburn 46 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol Because unit emission rates were modeled from the single point source in the sample

approach, actual emission rates were used in POSTUTIL to combine PM types and sizes

into light scattering groups by scaling the m odeled concentrations up or down by the

multiplicative factor of the actual emission rate of each PM size category, which includes

multiple types of PM (e.g., coarse filterable PM, fine filterable PM, organic condensable

PM, inorganic condensable PM, and elemental car bon). The output concentration file from

POSTUTIL was then input to CALPOST to calcu late visibility change attributable to

emissions from the point source.

The preceding approach is reasonable for m odeling a single point source; however, for

facilities with multiple emission point sources, the preceding approach is not appropriate.

Specifically, for sources with multiple emi ssion points that have different exhaust

characteristics (e.g., stack height, diameter, ve locity, and temperature) and/or different

emissions profiles of speciated PM, the use of unit emission rates is not appropriate since

the CALPUFF output concentrations at par ticular receptors do not distinguish which

source(s) contribute to the PM concentrations. Therefore, the POSTUTIL source profile

technique cannot be applied. One alternativ e to this approach for sources with multiple

emission points is to model each emission point individually usin g unit emission rates, then

run the CALSUM postprocessing utility prior to running POSTUTIL, which combines the

PM concentrations at each receptor for each modeled emission point. This approach,

though conceptually appropriate, is undesira ble due to substantial additional computer

runtime required to process and post-pr ocess each emission point individually.

As a computationally efficient alternative to the preceding approaches, this applicability

analysis will be conducted by explicitly mode ling in CALPUFF the actual emission rate of

each of 15 particle species defined as described in Table 4-4.

T ABLE 

### 4-4. E XPLICIT 

### M ODELING OF 

### PM T YPES AND 

### S IZE 

### C ATEGORIES

Modeled PM

Category Components

PMC800

PMC425 Filterable coarse particles divided between two size categories

(PM 6-10 , PM 2.5-6 )

PMF187

PMF112

PMF081

PMF056

PMF025 Filterable fine particles divided among five size categories

(PM 1.25-2.5 , PM 1-1.25 , PM 0.625-1 , PM 0.5-0.625 , PM <0.5 )

POC081

POC056

POC025 Primary condensable organic emissions divided between three size categories

(PM 0.625-1 , PM 0.5-0.625 , PM <0.5 )

PIC081

PIC056

PIC025 Primary condensable inorganic emissions divided between two size categories

(PM 0.625-1 , PM 0.5-0.625 , PM <0.5 )

EC056

EC025 Primary elemental carbon emissions divided among two size categories

(PM 0.5-0.625 , PM <0.5 )

### OC Fairburn 47 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol So that explicit modeling of the 15 particle species and sizes can be conducted equivalently

with the unit emissions approach, identical model processing options for each PM size

category will be enabled as summarized in Table 4-5.

T ABLE 

### 4-5. R EPRESENTATION OF 

### E XPLICITLY 

### M ODELED 

### PM S IZE 

### C ATEGORIES 

### IN CALPUFF

Computed Geometric Mass Geometric Standa rd Precipitation Scav enging Coefficient

Model Species Deposition

Mode Mean Diameter

(microns) Deviation

(microns)* Liquid

(s -1 ) Frozen

(s -1 )

PMC800 Particle 8.0 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PMC425 Particle 4.25 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PMF187 Particle 1.87 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PMF112 Particle 1.12 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PMF081

POC081

PIC081 Particle 0.81 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PMF056

POC056

PIC056

EC056 Particle 0.56 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

PMF025

POC025

PIC025

EC025 Particle 0.25 0 1.0 % 10 -4 3.0 % 10 -5

* Zero geometric standard deviation indicates that CALPUFF u tilizes the deposition velocity associated with the geometric mass mean

diameter.



### To post-process the CALPUFF output concentr ations that result from explicitly modeled

multiple emission points, POSTUTIL will be u sed only to group modeled PM into light

extinction groups. Unit scaling factors will be used in POSTUTIL and there will be no

adjustment to the explicitly modeled emissi on rate. Table 4-5 summarizes the POSTUTIL

grouping of modeled PM species into light extinction groups, and the light extinction

coefficient subsequently used in CALPOST to compute light extinction due to the multiple

emission points at the source.

### OC Fairburn 48 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol T ABLE 

### 4-6. A SSIGNMENT OF 

### M ODELED 

### PM S PECIES TO 

### L IGHT 

### E XTINCTION 

### G ROUPS

Modeled

Components CALPOST Light

Extinction Group Extinction Coefficient

(m 2 /g)

PMC800

PMC425 PMC 0.6

PMF187

PMF112

PMF081

PMF056

PMF025

PIC081

PIC056

PCI025 SOIL 1

POC081

POC056

POC025 SOA 4

EC056

EC025 EC 10



### Implementation of the explicit modeling appr oach requires minor changes to parameter

declaration file and re-compilation of the CALPU FF model executable file. Note that this

approach does not require changes to th e FORTRAN model code, only the parameter

declaration limits. Explicit modeling of the 15 PM types and sizes plus the SO 2 

### , SO 4 

### , NO X 

### ,

HNO 3 

### , and NO 3 

### species results in a total of 20 modele d species, which is within the default

parameter limit of 20 species modeled (MXSPEC ). However, the parameter for particle

species deposited (MXPDEP) will be increased from 9 to 20 to accommodate the greater

number (17, including SO 4 

### and NO 3 

### ) of particle species simulated in the model. No

changes to the maximum number of particle si ze intervals used (9) to calculate effective

deposition velocity (MXNINT) will be necessary since the same size categories will be

used in the explicit modeling approach.



## 4.6 CALPOST P ROCESSING 

## O PTION 

## S ELECTIONS FOR



## L IGHT 

## E XTINCTION AND 

## H AZE 

## I MPACT 

## C ALCULATIONS

The following postprocessing techniques will be u sed to compute the 24-hour average visibility

impacts at the Class I area located within 300 km of OC’s Fairburn facility.

▲ 

### Species to be considered in visibility analysis: SO 4 

### , NO 3 

### , EC, SOA (i.e., condensable organic

emissions), soil, coarse PM

▲ 

### Visibility Method 6 will be used with Class I area-specific, monthly average, relative

humidity values as described in Section 3.5 of th is modeling protocol using both the 20% best

days and annual average natural concentra tions of visibility-affecting pollutants.

▲ 

### Natural background light extinction will be re presented at the Class I Areas as described in

Section 3.5 of this modeling protocol.

### OC Fairburn 49 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol ▲ 

### Ammonia Limiting Method: No ammonia limiting methods will be utilized in the screening

or refined analyses.

The initial run results will be based on the highest ch ange in light extinction (deciviews) from natural

conditions over the three-year modeling period fo r each Class I area considered. Predicted changes

exceeding the “contribution” threshold (0.5 decivi ews) will trigger a finer grid CALPUFF modeling

analysis. To assess whether BART-eligible operatio ns contribute to visibility impairment, OC’s

applicability modeling analysis will demonstrate the top eight 24-hour average visibility impacts of

each year modeled to illustrate the distribution (i .e., frequency, dur ation, and magnitude) of peak

visibility impairment episodes attributab le to the Fairburn facility. The 98 th 

### percentile 24-hour

average visibility impact (eighth-highest impact of each year or 22 nd 

### highest impact over three years)

will be evaluated in the refined analysis.



## 4.7 M ODELING 

## P RODUCTS

OC will prepare and submit a BART applicability an alysis result describing the modeling procedures,

data resources, and results of screening and refi ned modeling (if necessary) used to assess whether the

Fairburn facility is subject to BART. The presenta tion of modeling results w ill generally conform to

the expectations described in the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol and described as follows. The

Results section of the CALPUFF modeling repor t should contain the following information:

1. Map of source location and Class I areas within 300 km of the source

2. For the VISTAS 12-km CALPUFF initial exem ption modeling domain, a table listing all

Class I areas in the VISTAS domain and those in neighboring states and impacts at those

Class I areas within 300 km of the source

3. A discussion of the number of Class I areas with visibility impairment from the source on 98 th



### percentile days in each year greater than 0.5 dv (total visibility impairment minus impairment

on 20% best days for natural background visib ility equals delta-dv, the visibility impact

attributed to the source).

4. For the Class I area with the maximum impact, discussion of the number of days below the

98 th 

### percentile that the impact of the source ex ceeds 0.5 dv, the number of receptors in the

Class I area where the impact exceeds 0.5 dv, and the maximum impact.

5. For finer grid CALPUFF exemption modeling, results for those Class I areas for which

impacts of the source exceeded 0.5 dv in the 12-km initial exemption modeling. Report same

results as provided for 12-km initial exemption modeling.

### OC Fairburn 50 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 5. Q UALITY 

## A SSURANCE 

## M ETHODS

OC will conduct quality assurance of CALMET, CALPUFF, and CALPOST analyses in a manner

that generally conforms to the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol . A description of the quality

assurance methods and products (e.g., test case simu lations, graphic representations of model fields

and performance) will be provided in OC ’s BART Applicability Modeling Report.

The following sections describe techniques that can be used to visualize and quality assure

performance of each model component as described in the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol

.



## 5.1 CALMET F IELDS

Section 4 of the VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol describes the methods and procedures for use in

conducting regional scale screening modeling to dete rmine the whether a particular source or group

of sources is subject to BART controls. In the initial application, the regional CALPUFF-ready

meteorological data files will be provided by VISTAS. The amount of effort for end-users

performing QA of these pre-defined meteorological fi elds will be reduced from what is required in

developing source-specific meteorological fields, as described below. Also, VISTAS is planning to

provide five subregional CALMET meteorological datasets in a CALPUFF-ready format. The

development of these CALMET datasets will be subject to a QA program as part of their

development, so the necessary quality assurance ac tivity of end-users is again reduced from what

would be required in the development of the dat aset. It is not expected that the quality assurance

steps in the development will be repeated in each application. The VISTA S-provided regional and

subregional meteorological fields will include a t est case simulation for demonstrating that expected

modeling results are obtained on the user’s computer platform. OC will execute this test case

simulation to demonstrate that the expected results can be reproduced.

The critical CALMET input parameters depend on the mode in which the model is run (i.e.,

observations mode, hybrid mode, or no-observa tions mode), and the location and spatial

representativeness of any observational data. In a site -specific protocol involving the development of

a meteorological dataset, the elements of the QA process include preparation of wind rose (using

observed, MM5 and CALMET-derived data), includi ng examination of the data as a function of

season and time of day (e.g., 4am, 10am, 4pm wind roses), time series analyses, and presentation of

2-D vector plots illustrating terrain effects or other features of the flow expected to occur within the

domain. For example, 2-D vector plots produced during light wind speed stable conditions (e.g.,

early morning such as 4 am) are good for asses sing the performance of the CALMET model

configuration and switches in re producing terrain effects because these conditions are likely to

maximize the terrain impacts in the model. Cust omization of the QA process for the individual sitespecific domain based on the availability of data a nd the physical processes expected to be important

at that location will be conducted as part of the site-specific QA plan development.

### OC Fairburn 51 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 5.2 CALPUFF, CALPOST, AND 

## POSTUTIL R ESULTS

Most of the CALPUFF input variables contain default values. Appendix B of the IWAQM report

contains a list of recommended CALPUFF switch setti ngs. Except as modified in Chapter 4 of the

VISTAS BART Modeling Protocol or in a source-specific protocol, the IWAQM guidance should be

used in setting up the CALPUFF simulations. Th e CALPUFF model obtains the switch settings from

an ASCII “control file” with a default name called the CALPUFF.INP file. As is the case with the

comparable CALMET file, it is essential that the cont rol file be reviewed manually as part of the

CALPUFF QA analysis. To facilitate this pr ocess, as was the case w ith the CALMET GUI, the

CALPUFF GUI retains all of the input descriptive information that is part of the standard

CALPUFF.INP file structure.

CALPOST is run separately for each Class I area in or der to obtain the necessary visibility statistics

for evaluating compliance with the BART screening and finer grid modeling thresholds. The inputs

to CALPOST involve selection of the visibility method (Method 6 in the standard EPA BART

guidance), entry of Class I area-specific data fo r computing background extinction and monthly

relative humidity factors for hygroscopic aerosol s. CALPOST contains a receptor screening that

allow subsets of a receptor network modeling in CALPUFF to be selected for processing in a given

CALPOST run. This is how receptors within a single Class I area are selected for processing from a

CALPUFF output file that may contain receptors from several Class I areas. CALPOST contains

options for creating plot files that will help in the confirmation that the proper receptor subset is

extracted.

The CALPOST output file contains a listing of the highest visibility impact each day of the model

simulation over all receptors included in CALPOST an alysis. Receptors will normally be selected in

each CALPOST run so that each CALPOST run represents the impacts at a single Class I area. For a

screening assessment, the peak value of the change in extinction is shown at the bottom of the

visibility table. For a finer grid simulation, the 98 th 

### percentile value (8 th 

### highest day) is used for

comparison against the BART threshold of 0.5 deciviews. It is necessary to import the results of the

CALPOST table into a sorting program such as a spre adsheet to rank the dail y change in extinction

values such as is presented in Table 4-2.

The CALPOST inputs that will be carefully ch ecked as part of the CALPOST quality assurance

include the following:

S 

### Visibility technique (Method 6)

S 

### Monthly Class I-specific relative humidity factors for Method 6

S 

### Background light extinction values

S 

### Inclusion of all appropriate species from modeled sources (e.g., sulfate, nitrate, organics), coarse

and fine particulate matter, and elemental carbon.

S 

### Appropriate species names for coarse PM used

S 

### Extinction efficiencies for each species

S 

### Appropriate Rayleigh scattering term (10 Mm -1 

### for screening modeling but Class I area specific

value for finer grid modeling)

S 

### Screen to select appropriate Class I receptors for each CALPOST simulation.

### OC Fairburn 52 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol POSTUTIL allows the user to sum the contributi ons of sources from different CALPUFF simulations

into a total concentration file. In addition, it contains options to scale the concentrations from

different modeled species (e.g., diffe rent particle sizes) into speci es-dependent size distributions for

the particulate matter. For example, PM is often simulated with unit emission rates for each particle

size category and, in the POSTUTIL stage, the contributions of each size category based on the

species being considered (e.g., elemental carbon, coarse particulate matter, etc.) are combined to form

the species concentrations for inpu t into CALPOST. This process, although simple, requires a careful

review of the weighting factors for each source. PO STUTIL also allows a repartitioning of nitric acid

and nitrate to account for the eff ects of ammonia limiting conditions.

If site-specific CALPUFF simulations involving the Ammonia Limiting Method are conducted,

performance of the model in reproducing observe d CASTNet or IMPROVE sulfate and nitrate

concentrations at measurement sites within the s ite-specific modeling domain should be evaluated.

The use of alternative ammonia concentration data (e.g., CMAQ output rather than derived ammonia

based on aerosol measurements) will require an ev aluation of the model performance relative to the

techniques in the VISTAS common protocol.



## 5.3 P RESENTATION OF 

## R ESULTS

Results tables will be developed based on th e CALPOST output file. The results from CALPOST

will be copied into a spreadsheet and organized fo r presentation. Tables presented to the agency will

be reviewed for accuracy against the CALPOST files.

### OC Fairburn 53 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## 6. R EFERENCES

The following guidance documents, regulations, an d technical publications were referenced in

preparation of this BART Applicability Modeling Protocol for OC and the VISTAS BART Modeling

Protocol

.

Allwine, K.J. and C.D. Whiteman, 1985: MELSA R: A Mesoscale Air Quality Model for Complex

Terrain: Volume 1--Overview, Technical Descr iption and User's Guide. Pacific Northwest

Laboratory, Richland, Washington.

Batchvarova, E. and S.-E. Gryning, 1991: Applied model for the growth of the daytime mixed layer.

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

., 56 , 261-274.

Batchvarova, E. and S.-E. Gryning, 1994: An a pplied model for the height of the daytime mixed

layer and the entrainment zone. Boundary-Layer Meteorol

., 71 , 311-323.

Benjamin, S.G, D. Devenyi, S.S. Weygandt, K.J. Brundage, J.M. Brown, G.A. Grell, D. Kim, B.E.

Schwartz, T.G. Smirnova, T.L. Smith, and G.S. Ma nikin, 2004: An Hourly Assimilation Forecast

Cycle: the RUC, M on. Wea. Rev

., 132 , 495-518.

Carson, D.J., 1973: The development of a dry, in version-capped, convectively unstable boundary

layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc

., 99 , 450-467.

Chang, J.C. P. Franzese, K. Chayantrakom and S. R. Hanna, 2001: Evaluations of CALPUFF, HPAC

and VLSTRACK with Two Mesoscale Field Datasets. J. Applied Meteorology

, 42 (4): 453-466.

Department of the Interior, 2003: Letter from the Assist ant Secretary of the Interior to the Director of

the Montana Department of Environmental Quality.

Douglas, S. and R. Kessler, 1988: User's Guid e to the Diagnostic Wind Model. California Air

Resources Board, Sacramento, California.

Edgerton, E., 2004: Natural Sources of PM2.5 and PMcoarse Observed in the SEARCH Network.

Presented at the A&WMA Specialty Conference on Regional and Global Perspectives in Haze:

Causes, Consequences and Controvers ies, Asheville, NC, October 2004.

Environmental Protection Agency, 2003a: Guidan ce for Tracking Progress under the Regional Haze

Rule; EPA-54/B-03-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

Environmental Protection Agency, 2003b: Guidan ce for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions

under the Regional Haze Rule. EPA- 454/B-03-005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research

Triangle Park, NC.

### OC Fairburn 54 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol Environmental Protection Agency, 1998: Ph ase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for

Modeling Long Range Transport and Impacts. Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling

(IWAQM). EPA-454/R-98-019, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC.

Escoffier-Czaja, C., and J. Scire. 2002: The E ffects of Ammonia Limitation on Nitrate Aerosol

Formation and Visibility Impacts in Class I Areas. Paper J5.13, 12 th 

### AMS/A&WMA Conference on

the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Norfolk, VA. May 2002.

Fairall, C.W., E.F. Bradley, J.E. Hare, A.A. Grach ev, and J.B. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of

air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. Journal of Climate

, 16 , 571-591.

Fallon, S. and G. Bench, 2004: IMPROVE Special Study: Hi-Vol Sampling for Carbon-14 Analysis

of PM 2.5 Aerosols. Draft Report, La wrence Livermore National Laboratory.

FLAG, 2000. Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG). Phase I

Report. U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Grell, G.A., J. Dudhia, and D.R. Stauffer, 1995: A Description of the Fifth Generation Penn

State/NCAR MM5, NCAR TN-398-STR, NCAR Technical Note.

Grosjean, D., and J. Seinfeld, 1989: Parameteri zation of the Formation Potential of Secondary

Organic Aerosols

. Atmos. Environ.

, 23 , 1733-1747.

Gryning and F.A. Schiermeier. Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Holtslag, A.A.M. and A.P. van Ulden, 1983: A si mple scheme for daytime estimates of the surface

fluxes from routine weather data. J. Clim. and Appl. Meteor

., 22 , 517-529.

Irwin, J.S., J.S. Scire and D.G. Strimaitis, 1996: A Comparison of CALPUFF Modeling Results with

CAPTEX Field Data Results. In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications , XII. Edited by S.E.

Liu, M.K. and M. A. Yocke, 1980: Siting of wind turbine generators in complex terrain. J. Energy

, 4

,

10:16.

Mahrt, L., 1982: Momentum Balance of Gravity Flows. J. Atmos. Sci

., 39 , 2701-2711.

Maul, P.R., 1980: Atmospheric transport of su lfur compound pollutants. Central Electricity

Generating Bureau MID/SSD/80/0026/R. Nottingham, England.

Morris, R., C. Tang and G. Yarwood, 2003: Eval uation of the Sulfate and Nitrate Formation

Mechanism in the CALPUFF Modeling System. Proceedings of the A&WMA Specialty Conference

– Guideline on Air Quality Models: The Pa th Forward. Mystic, CT, 22-24 October 2003.

Morrison, K., Z-X Wu, J.S. Scire, J. Chenie r and T. Jeffs-Schonewille, 2003: CALPUFF-Based

Predictive and Reactive Emissions Control System. 96 th 

### A&WMA Annual Conference & Exhibition,

22-26 June 2003, San Diego, CA.

### OC Fairburn 55 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol O'Brien, J.J., 1970: A note on the vertical structure of the eddy exchange coe fficient in the planetary

boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci

., 27 , 1213-1215.

Pitchford, M., W. Malm, B. Schichtel, N. Kuma r, D. Lowenthal, and J. Hand, 2005: Revised

IMPROVE Algorithm for Estimating Light Extinctio n from Particle Speciation Data. Report to

IMPROVE Steering Committee, November 2005

Perry, S.G., D.J. Burns, L.H. Adams, R.J. Paine, M.G. Dennis, M.T. Mills, D.G. Strimaitis, R.J.

Yamartino, E.M. Insley, 1989: User’s Guide to the Complex Terrain Dispersion Model Plus

Algorithms for Unstable Situations (CTDMPLU S) Volume 1: Model Description and User

Instructions. EPA/600/8-89/041, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Schulman, L.L., D.G. Strimatitis, and J.S. Scire, 2000: Development and Evaluation of the PRIME

Plume Rise and Building Downwash Model, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 50 , 378-390.

Scire, J.S., F.W. Lurmann, A. Bass and S.R. Hanna, 1984: Development of the MESOPUFF II

Dispersion Model. EPA-600/3-84-057, U.S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle

Park, NC.

Scire, J.S. and F.R. Robe, 1997: Fine-Scale App lication of the CALMET Meteorological Model to a

Complex Terrain Site. Paper 97-A1313. Air & Wast e Management Association 90th Annual Meeting

& Exhibition, Toronto, Ontari o, Canada. 8-13 June 1997.

Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis, and R.J. Yamartino, 2000a: A User’s Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion

Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, Massachusetts

Scire, J.S., F.R. Robe, M.E. Fernau, and R.J. Yamartino, 2000b: A User’s Guide for the CALMET

Meteorological Model (Version 5). Eart h Tech, Inc., Concord, Massachusetts.

Scire, J.S., Z-X Wu, D.G. Strimaitis and G.E. Moore, 2001: The Southwest Wyoming Regional

CALPUFF Air Quality Modeling Study – Volume I. Prepared for the Wyoming Dept of

Environmental Quality. Available from Earth Tech, Inc., 196 Baker Avenue, Concord, MA.

Scire, J.S., Z.-X. Wu, 2003: Evaluation of th e CALPUFF Model in Predicting Concentration,

Visibility and deposition at Class I Areas in Wyoming. Presented at the A&WMA Specialty

Conference, Guideline on Air Quality Models: Th e Path Forward. Mystic, CT, 22-24 October 2003.

Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis and F.R. Robe, 2005: Evaluation of enhancements to the CALPUFF

model for offshore and coastal applications. Pro ceedings of the Tenth International Conference on

Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Mode lling for Regulatory Purposes. Sissi (Malia),

Crete, Greece. 17-20 October 2005.

Strimaitis, D.G., J.S. Scire and J.C. Chang, 1 998: Evaluation of the CALPUFF Dispersion Model

with Two Power Plant Data Sets. Tenth Joint Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution

Meteorology, Phoenix, Arizona. American Meteorological Society. 11-16 January 1998.

### OC Fairburn 56 Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol Tanner, R., M. Zheng, K. Lim, J. Schauer, and A. P. McNichol, 2005. Contributions to the Organic

Aerosol Fraction in the Tennessee Valley: Seasonal and Urban-Rural Differences. Paper presented at

the AAAR International Specialty Conference, PM: Supersite Program and Related Studies, Atlanta,

7-11 February 2005.

### OC Fairburn Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## A PPENDIX 

## A

VISTAS BART M ODELING 

### P ROTOCOL 

### (R EVISION 

### 3, J ULY 

### 18, 2006)

# P r ot oc ol f o r t h e A p p l i c at i on of t h e

C A L P U F F M od e l f or A n al ys e s of B e s t

A vai l ab l e R e t r of i t T e c h n ol ogy ( B A R T )

D e c e m b e r 22, 2005

( R e vi s i on 3

– 7/ 18/ 0 6)



## V i s i b i l i ty I m p r o ve me n t S tat e an d T r i b al A s s o c i a ti on

of th e S ou th e as t ( V I S TA S )T a b l e o f Co n t e n t s i v 

## T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

P a g e

S U M M A R Y 1

1

. I N T R O D U C TI O N A N D P R O T O C OL O BJ E C TI V ES 1

1

. 1 Back g ro u n d 1

1

. 2 O b j ect i v e o f t h i s P ro t o co l 2

2

. R E V I E W O F E P A ’ S G U I D A N C E F O R B A R T M O D E LI N G 5

2

. 1 O v erv i e w o f t h e R eg i o n al H a ze B A R T Pro ces s 5

2

. 2 Mo d el R eco mm en d at i o n s fo r t h e B A R T A n al y s i s 7

2

. 3 Pe rfo r man c e o f a C ap an d T rad e P r o g ra m 8

3

. O V E R V I E W O F T HE C A L P U F F M O D E LI N G S Y ST E M 1 0

3

. 1 C ap ab i l i t i es an d fe at u res o f C A L P U FF 1 0

3

. 1

. 1 Maj o r Fe at u res o f C A L M E T 1 2

3

. 1

. 2 Maj o r Fe at u res o f C A L P U FF 1 4

3

. 1

. 3 Maj o r Fe at u res o f Po s t p ro c es s o rs ( C A L P O S T an d P O S T U T I L ) 1 8

3

. 2 D i s cu s s i o n o f C A L P U FF A p p l i cab i l i t y an d L i mi t a t i o n s 1 9

3

. 2

. 1 T r an s p o r t an d D i f fu s i o n 1 9

3

. 2

. 2 A e ro s o l Co n s t i t u en t s 2 2

3

. 2

. 3 Reg i o n al H a ze 3 0

4

. V I S T A S’ C O M M O N M O D E L I N G P R OT O C OL 3 4

4

. 1 O v erv i e w o f Co m mo n Mo d el i n g A p p ro ach 3 4

4

. 1

. 1 B A R T E x e mp t i o n A n al y s i s 3 4

4

. 1

. 2 B A R T Co n t ro l E v al u at i o n 3 6

4

. 1

. 3 V IS T A S’ T re at men t o f V O C, N H 3 , an d PM 3 6

4

. 2 O p t i o n al So u rce

- Sp e ci fi c Mo d el i n g 3 8

4

. 3 In i t i al Pro ced u re fo r B A R T E x e mp t i o n 3 8

4

. 3

. 1 O v erv i e w o f In i t i al A p p ro ach 3 8

4

. 3

. 2 D i s cu s s i o n o f 1 2

- k m In i t i al E x e mp t i o n Mo d e l i n g 3 9

4

. 3

. 3 Mo d el Co n fi g u rat i o n an d S et t i n g s fo r In i t i al A n a l y s i s 4 1

4

. 4 Fi n er G ri d Mo d el i n g Pro c ed u res 4 6

4

. 4

. 1 Rat i o n al e fo r an d O v erv i e w o f Fi n e r G ri d Mo d el i n g A p p ro ach 4 6

4

. 4

. 2 Mo d el Co n fi g u rat i o n an d S et t i n g s fo r Fi n e r G ri d Mo d el i n g 4 7

4

. 5 Pres en t at i o n o f Mo d el i n g Res u l t s 4 9

4

. 6 V IS T A S Co n t ri b u t i o n t o C A L P U FF Mo d el i n g o f B A R T E l i g i b l e So u rces 5 4

5

. SO U R C E

- S P E C I F I C M O D E LI N G P R O T O C O L 5 5T a b l e o f Co n t e n t s i v 6

. Q U A LI T Y A SS U R A N C E 5 8

6

. 1 Sco p e an d Pu rp o s e o f t h e Q A p ro g r am 5 8

6

. 2 Q A P ro ced u r es fo r Co m mo n P ro t o co l Mo d el i n g 5 9

6

. 2

. 1 Q u al i t y Co n t ro l o f In p u t D at a 5 9

6

. 2

. 2 Q u al i t y Co n t ro l o f A p p l i cat i o n o f C A L M E T 6 0

6

. 2

. 3 Q u al i t y Co n t ro l o f A p p l i cat i o n o f C A L P U FF 6 1

6

. 2

. 4 Q u al i t y Co n t ro l o f A p p l i cat i o n o f C A L P O S T an d P O S T U T I L 6 2

6

. 3 A d d i t i o n al Q A Is s u es fo r A l t ern at i v e So u rc e

- Sp eci fi c Mo d el i n g 6 3

6

. 4 A s s es s men t o f U n ce rt ai n t y i n Mo d el i n g Res u l t s 6 4

7

. R E F E R E N C ES 6 5S u m m a r y S

- 1 

## S U M M A R Y

T h i s P ro t o co l fo r t h e A p p l i cat i o n o f t h e C A L P U FF Mo d el fo r A n al y s es o f B es t A v ai l ab l e

Ret ro fi t T ech n o l o g y (B A RT ) fo r t h e V IS T A S R eg i o n al Pl an n i n g O rg an i z at i o n (RP O ) d es c ri b es

co m mo n p ro ced u res fo r c arry i n g o u t ai r q u al i t y mo d e l i n g t o s u p p o rt BA R T d et er mi n at i o n s t h at

are co n s i s t en t w i t h g u i d el i n es o f t h e U

. S

. E n v i ro n men t al Pro t ect i o n A g en cy i n 4 0 CF R P art 5 1

A

p p en d i x W an d A p p en d i x Y

. T h e Pro t o co l i s i n t e n d ed t o s erv e as t h e b as i s fo r a co mmo n

u n d ers t an d i n g amo n g t h e o rg an i zat i o n s t h at w i l l b e p e rfo rmi n g B A R T an al y s es o r rev i e w i n g t h e

B A R T mo d el i n g r es u l t s i n t h e V I S T A S reg i o n

.



### B ac k gr ou n d

Bes t A v ai l ab l e Ret ro fi t T e ch n o l o g y i s req u i red fo r an y B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce t h at ‘‘e mi t s an y ai r

p o l l u t an t w h i ch m ay re as o n ab l y b e an t i ci p at ed t o c au s e o r co n t ri b u t e t o an y i mp ai rm en t o f

v i s i b i l i t y ” i n an y man d at o ry Cl as s I fed er al are a. A cco r d i n g t o 4 0 CFR Part 5 1 A p p en d i x Y

, “ Yo u

ca n u s e d i s p er s i o n m o d el i n g t o d et er m i n e t h a t a n i n d i vi d u a l s o u r ce ca n n o t r ea s o n a b l y b e

a n t i ci p a t ed t o ca u s e o r co n t r i b u t e t o vi s i b i l i t y i m p a i r m en t i n a Cl a s s I a r ea a n d t h u s i s n o t s u b j ect

t o B A R T

. ” In t h e “i n d i v i d u al s o u rce at t ri b u t i o n ap p ro ach

, ” a B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce t h a t i s

res p o n s i b l e fo r a 1

. 0 d eci v i ew (d v ) ch an g e o r mo re i s co n s i d ered t o “cau s e” v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t

.

A B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce t h at i s res p o n s i b l e fo r a 0

. 5 d v ch an g e o r mo re i s co n s i d er ed t o

“co n t ri b u t e” t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t i n a Cl as s I a rea. A n y s o u rce d et er mi n ed t o cau s e o r

co n t ri b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t i n an y Cl as s I ar ea i s s u b j ect t o B A R T

.

T h e me mb er s t at es o f t h e V IS T A S R P O ag r eed t o d ev el o p a co mmo n B A R T Mo d el i n g Pro t o co l

t o g u i d e t h em, t h ei r s o u rces

, an d r ev i e w ers i n t h e B A R T d et er mi n at i o n an d rev i e w effo rt

. T h e

Pro t o co l h as b een i n p rep ar at i o n w i t h i n V I S T A S s i n ce J an u ary 2 0 0 5

. T h e o ri g i n al au t h o rs a re Pat

Bre w er, V I S T A S T ech n i cal Co o rd i n at o r, an d Iv ar T o mb ach

, V I S T A S T ech n i c al A d v i s o r. T h e

V I S T A S s t at e B A R T co n t act s

, p a rt i cu l arl y T o m Ro g er s

, F L

, Ch ri s A rri n g t o n

, W V

, L ei g h Baco n

,

A L

, an d Mi ch a el K i s s

, V A

, h av e d i rect ed an d ex t en s i v el y rev i e w ed t h e Pro t o co l

. T h e Pro t o co l

w as en h an ced an d co mp l et ed w i t h t h e as s i s t an ce o f J o s ep h Sci re, Ch ri s t el l e E s co f fi er

- Cz aj a an d

J el en a Po p o v i c o f E art h T ech

, In c. an d i t h as recei v e d ex t en s i v e co n t ri b u t i o n s an d rev i ew fro m

t h e V I S T A S fed e ral p art n e rs : Fed er al L an d Man ag e rs an d U S E P A

. T h e V IS T A S R P O h el d a

meet i n g o n S ep t emb er 2 1

, 2 0 0 5 i n Res e arch T ri an g l e Pa rk

, N C t o d i s cu s s t h e Pro t o co l w i t h

p art i ci p an t s b efo re s t a rt i n g a p u b l i c co mm en t p eri o d

. T h e P ro t o co l u n d er w en t fo rm al ex t ern al

rev i e w d u ri n g t h e p eri o d b et w een Sep t emb er 2 6

, 2 0 0 5 an d O ct o b er 3 1

, 2 0 0 5

. N u me ro u s

co m men t s w e re rec ei v ed

. A l l co m men t s w ere c arefu l l y co n s i d ered an d d i s cu s s ed w i t h V IS T A S

p art i ci p an t s an d fed er al p art n ers

. V I S T A S g r at efu l l y a ck n o w l ed g es t h e v ery u s efu l co n t ri b u t i o n s

o f t h o s e t h at p ro v i d ed co mmen t s

. O n N o v e mb er 1 s t

, 2 0 0 5 V IS T A S h el d an o t h er meet i n g w i t h i t s

p art i ci p an t s i n N as h v i l l e, T N t o p res en t an d d i s cu s s t h e co m me n t s b ei n g co n s i d ered fo r i n cl u s i o n

i n t h e Pro t o co l

. N o fo r mal d o cu men t w i l l b e p rep a re d t o ad d res s al l t h e co mm en t s rec ei v ed o n

t h e Pro t o co l

.S u m m a r y S

- 2 

### O b j e c t i ve s

T h e o b j ect i v es o f t h e Pro t o co l (d i s cu s s ed i n Ch ap t er 1 ) are t o p ro v i d e:

 A co n s i s t en t ap p ro ach t o d et er mi n e i f a s o u rce i s s u b j ec t t o B A R T

 A co n s i s t en t mo d el (C A L P U F F) an d mo d el i n g g u i d el i n es fo r B A R T d et ermi n at i o n s

 Cl earl y d el i n eat ed mo d el i n g s t ep s

 A co m mo n C A L P U F F co n fi g u r at i o n

 G u i d an c e fo r s i t e

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g

 Co m mo n ex p ect at i o n s fo r rep o rt i n g mo d e l res u l t s

T h e Pro t o co l i s n o t i n t en d ed t o d efi n e t h e en g i n eeri n g an al y s es req u i red b y t h e U S E P A ’s B A R T

G u i d an c e, n o r ad d r es s mo d el al t ern at i v es t o t h e C A L P U FF mo d el

, n o r ad d res s emi s s i o n s t rad i n g

.

Ch ap t er 2 i s i n t en d ed t o p r o v i d e s u mmar y b ac k g r o u n d o n E PA ’s g u i d an ce f o r BA RT mo d el i n g

.

T h e CA L PU F F mo d el s y s t em i s rev i ew ed i n Ch a p t er 3

, w h i l e s p e ci f i c rec o mmen d a t i o n s f o r

ap p l y i n g t h e CA L PU FF mo d el f o r BA RT p u rp o s e s a p p ear i n C h ap t er 4

. Ch ap t er 5 d es cri b es t h e

s p eci fi c i n fo rmat i o n t h at s h o u l d b e i n cl u d ed i n s i t e

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l s

. Ch ap t er 6 d es cri b es t h e

q u al i t y as s u ran ce req u i re men t s fo r B A R T an al y s es i n t h e V I S T A S R P O

.



### R e c om m e n d at i on s

T h e m aj o r r eco mm en d at i o n s fo r V IS T A S B A R T mo d el i n g i n cl u d ed i n t h i s Pro t o co l ar e:

I

. P r o c es s

Fo l l o w t h e B A R T p ro c e s s s t ep s d i s cu s s ed i n Ch ap t er 2 :

1

. Id en t i fy B A R T el i g i b l e s o u rces

2

. Id en t i fy w h i ch p o l l u t an t s h av e g r eat er t h an d e m i n i m i s emi s s i o n l ev el s

3

. Id en t i fy s o u rces t h at ar e s u b j ect t o B A R T

4

. Id en t i fy b as el i n e v i s i b i l i t y i mp act o f each B A R T s o u r c e

5

. Id en t i fy fe as i b l e co n t r o l s an d emi s s i o n ch an g es

6

. Id en t i fy t h e ch an g e i n v i s i b i l i t y i mp act fo r ea ch can d i d at e B A R T co n t ro l o p t i o n

7

. Co mp a re t h e v i s i b i l i t y i mp ro v emen t o f B A R T co n t ro l o p t i o n s t o o t h er s t at u t o ry fact o rs i n

t h e en g i n eeri n g an al y s i sS u m m a r y S

- 3 I

I

. CA L P U FF Mo d el Co nfi g ur a t i o n

U s e t h e C A L P U F F d i s p ers i o n mo d el i n g s y s t em, as d es cri b ed i n Ch ap t er 4

, t o d et ermi n e i f a

s i n g l e s o u rce i s s u b j ect t o B A R T

. V I S T A S w i l l u s e C A L P U F F V ers i o n 5

. 7 5 4 an d C A L M E T

V e rs i o n 5

. 7

. T h es e v ers i o n s co n t ai n en h an ce men t s fu n d ed b y t h e Mi n eral s Man ag e men t S er v i ce

(M MS ) an d V IS T A S. T h ey w e re d ev el o p ed b y E ar t h T e ch

, In c

. an d ar e mai n t ai n ed o n t h e

C A L P U FF w eb s i t e ( w w w

. s r c. co m ) fo r p u b l i c ac ces s

.

V I S T A S i s mak i n g p u b l i cl y av ai l ab l e 1 2

- k m C A L M E T o u t p u t fi l es fo r t h e en t i re V IS T A S

mo d el i n g d o mai n (e as t ern U n i t ed St at es ) an d i n t en d s t o al s o p ro v i d e CA L M E T o u t p u t fi l es fo r

fi v e 4

- k m g ri d s u b d o mai n s co v eri n g t h e V I S T A S s t at e s an d V I S T A S Cl as s I ar eas

. T o creat e t h e

C A L M E T i n p u t fi l es

, E a rt h T e ch u s ed t h e MM5 d at ab as es d ev el o p ed b y E P A fo r 2 0 0 1

, V I S T A S

fo r 2 0 0 2

, an d Mi d w es t RP O fo r 2 0 0 3

. Fo r t h e 1 2 k m g ri d l arg e d o mai n co v eri n g t h e en t i re

V I S T A S reg i o n

, E a rt h T ech u s ed t h e N o

- O b s s et t i n g (i

. e.

, d i d n o t i n cl u d e ad d i t i o n al s u rface an d

u p p er ai r o b s erv at i o n s b ey o n d t h o s e i n co rp o rat ed i n t h e M M5 cal cu l at i o n s ). Fo r fi n e r res o l u t i o n

s u b d o mai n s (4 k m g ri d o r l es s ), av ai l ab l e s u rface an d u p p er ai r o b s erv at i o n s w i l l b e u s ed i n

ad d i t i o n t o MM5 met eo ro l o g i cal mo d el o u t p u t s

. T h e s p eci fi c mo d el s et t i n g s w i l l b e p ro v i d ed

w i t h t h e C A L M E T fi l es an d v i a t h e C A L P U F F w eb s i t e s o t h at u s e rs c an r ev i e w o r rep l i c at e t h e

w o rk

.

Fo r C A L P U FF mo d el i n g

, s o u rce emi s s i o n s s h o u l d b e d efi n ed u s i n g t h e max i mu m 2 4

- h o u r act u al

emi s s i o n rat e d u ri n g n o rmal o p erat i o n fo r t h e mo s t rec en t 3 o r 5 y ears

. If max i mu m 2 4

- h r a ct u al

emi s s i o n s are n o t av ai l ab l e, co n t i n u o u s emi s s i o n s d at a, p ermi t al l o w ab l e e mi s s i o n s

, p o t en t i al

emi s s i o n s

, an d emi s s i o n s fa ct o rs fro m A P

- 4 2 s o u r ce p r o fi l es may b e u s ed as av ai l ab l e.

K ey p o i n t s fro m co m men t s rec ei v ed o n t h e s p e ci fi c C A L P U F F, C A L P O S T

, an d P O S T U T I L

co n fi g u rat i o n s are h i g h l i g h t ed b el o w

.

• A ft e r ru n n i n g C A L P U FF fo r an i n d i v i d u al fa ci l i t y

, rep a rt i t i o n N O 3 i n P O S T U T I L

. 1

• U s e o zo n e d at a fro m n o n

- u rb an mo n i t o rs as t h e b a ck g r o u n d o zo n e i n p u t

.

• U s e t h e Pas q u i l l

- G i f fo rd d i s p ers i o n met h o d

. 2

1 T h e o r i g i n a l i n t e n t

, a s e x p r e s s e d i n t h e F i n a l V I S T A S B A R T M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l ( 2 2 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 5 ) w a s t o u s e

C M A Q

- d e r i v e d b a c k g r o u n d d a t a f o r S O 2 , N O 3 a n d N H 3 i n P O S T U T I L

. A f t e r e x t e n s i v e d i s c u s s i o n w i t h t h e E P A

a n d F L M s i n e a r l y 2 0 0 6

, E P A d i d n o t a p p r o v e t h e r e c o m m e n d e d a p p r o a c h s o b a c k g r o u n d g a s e o u s

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f r o m C M A Q 2 0 0 2 m o d e l i n g w i l l n o t b e p r o v i d e d b y V I S T A S f o r u s e i n P O S T U T I L

. R a t h e r t h e

s t a n d a r d d e f a u l t N H 3 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s s p e c i f i e d o n p a g e 1 4 o f t h e I W A Q M P h a s e 2 r e p o r t ( I W A Q M

, 1 9 9 8 ) w i l l

b e u s e d

.

2 T h e F i n a l V I S T A S B A R T M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l ( D e c

. 2 2

, 2 0 0 5 ) r e c o m m e n d e d u s i n g t u r b u l e n c e

- b a s e d A E R M O D

d i s p e r s i o n m e t h o d s

, c i t i n g E P A ’ s R e v i s i o n t o t

h e G u i d e l i n e o n A i r Q u a l i t y M o d e l s : A d o p t i o n o f a P r e f

e r r e d

G e n e r a l P u r p o s e ( F

l a t a n d C o m p l e x T e r r a i n ) D i s p e r s i o n M o d e l a n d O t h e r R e v i s i o n s ; F i n a l R u l e

. 7 0 F R 6 8 2 1 8

-

6 8 2 6 1

. 9 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5

. S u b s e q u e n t l y

, E P A R e g i o n I V n o t i f i e d t h e V I S T A S s t a t e s t h a t u s i n g t u r b u l e n c e

-S u m m a r y S

- 4 • In C A L P O S T

, u s e Met h o d 6 w i t h mo n t h l y av er ag e R H fo r cal cu l at i n g ex t i n ct i o n

, as

reco m men d ed b y t h e E P A

.

• U s e E P A d efau l t cal cu l at i o n s o f l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n u n d er cu rr en t an d n at u ral b ack g ro u n d

co n d i t i o n s

. In ad d i t i o n t o t h e d efau l t as s u mp t i o n s

, a s o u rce may ch o o s e t o al s o cal cu l at e

v i s i b i l i t y u s i n g t h e recen t l y rev i s ed IMPR O V E al g o ri t h m d es cri b ed b y Pi t ch fo rd

, et al

. , (2 0 0 5 ).

Pro v i d e r es u l t s i n t ab l es as i l l u s t rat ed i n Ch ap t er 4 t h at d es cri b e, fo r ea ch s o u rce:

• N u mb er o f rec ep t o rs w i t h i n a s i n g l e Cl as s I are a w i t h i mp act > 0

. 5 d v

• N u mb er o f d ay s at al l rec ep t o rs i n t h e Cl as s I a rea w i t h i mp act > 0

. 5 d v

• N u mb er o f Cl as s I ar eas w i t h i mp act s > 0

. 5 d v

I

I

I

. C A L P U F

F Ap p l i ca t i o n fo r BA R T

Fo r d et e rmi n i n g i f a B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce i s s u b j ect t o B A R T C A L P U FF mo d el i n g

, u s e a t w o

t i er ap p ro ach

. Fo r t h e i n i t i al ex emp t i o n mo d el i n g u s e C A L P U FF w i t h 1 2

- k m g ri d C A L M E T

. Fo r

fi n er res o l u t i o n o f met eo ro l o g i cal fi el d s

, u s e CA L P U F F w i t h C A L M E T o f 4

- k m o r s mal l er g ri d

s i ze.

V I S T A S St at es are ac cep t i n g E P A g u i d an c e t h at t h e t h res h o l d v al u e t o es t ab l i s h t h at a s o u rce

co n t ri b u t es t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t i s 0

. 5 d e ci v i ew

.

V I S T A S St at es are u s i n g e mi s s i o n s (t o n s p er y ear) d i v i d ed b y d i s t an ce (k m) fro m a Cl as s I are a

b o u n d ary (Q / d ) as a p res u mp t i v e i n d i cat o r t h at a BA R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce i s s u b j ect t o BA R T

. If

Q / d fo r S O 2 i s g re at er t h an 1 0 fo r 2 0 0 2 a ct u al an n u al e mi s s i o n s

, t h en t h e St at e p r es u mes t h at t h e

s o u rce i s s u b j ect t o BA R T an d n o ex emp t i o n mo d el i n g w i l l b e p erfo rm ed u s i n g V IS T A S fu n d s

. If

t h e s o u rce ag re es w i t h t h i s p res u mp t i o n

, t h en t h e s o u rc e can p ro ce ed t o t h e B A R T d et e rmi n at i o n

u s i n g CA L P U FF t o ev al u at e i mp act s o f co n t ro l o p t i o n s an d p erfo rm t h e en g i n eeri n g an al y s es

. If a

s o u rce d i s ag re es

, t h e s o u rc e may p erfo r m fi n e g ri d mo d el i n g t o d et ermi n e i f i t s i mp act i s < 0

. 5 d v

.

Fo r s o u rce s w i t h Q / d l es s t h an o r eq u al t o 1 0

, V IS T A S i n t en d s t o fu n d T RC E n v i ro n men t al

Co rp

. 3 t o as s i s t St at es w i t h t h e i n i t i al CA L P U F F ex e m p t i o n mo d el i n g

. E ach St at e w i l l p ri o ri t i ze

w h i ch s o u rc es w i l l b e o ffered mo d el i n g b y V IS T A S. Mo d el i n g o f t h es e s o u rces w i l l b e

co n d u ct ed i n p ri o ri t y o rd er t o fi rs t acco m mo d at e St at es w i t h n ea rer t e rm t i mi n g co n s t rai n t s i n

t h ei r SIP d ev el o p m en t p ro ces s

. T o co n s erv e V IS T A S res o u r ces

, mo d el i n g w i l l b eg i n w i t h

s o u rces at l o w er Q / d v al u es an d co n t i n u e w i t h s o u rces w i t h h i g h er Q / d v al u es u n t i l a Q / d v al u e

b a s e d d i s p e r s i o n m e t h o d s w o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a n o n

- g u i d e l i n e a p p l i c a t i o n o f C A L P U F F

. T h u s t h i s P r o t o c o l

h a s b e e n r e v i s e d t o i n d i c a t e P a s q u i l l

- G i f f o r d d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s s h o u l d b e u s e d

.

3 I n A p r i l 2 0 0 6

, E a r t h T e c h ’ s C A L P U F F m o d e l i n g s t a f f b e c a m e p a r t o f T R C E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o r p o r a t i o n

. R e f e r e n c e s t o E a r t h T e c h a n d t o T R C i n t h i s p r o t o c o l r e f e r t o t h e s a m e t e c h n i c a l s t a f f

, j u s t a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s

.S u m m a r y S

- 5

t h at co n s i s t en t l y res u l t s i n a g reat er t h an 0

. 5 d v i mp act i s i d en t i fi ed

. Ch ap t er 4 ad d res s es t h e

n u mb er o f V I S T A S s o u rc es el i g i b l e fo r B A R T b as ed o n Q / d an al y s i s

.

N o t e t h at V IS T A S d o es n o t p ro p o s e t o u s e Q / d t o ex emp t B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces

, b u t o n l y t o

p ri o ri t i ze s o u rces fo r mo d el i n g p u rp o s es

. T h u s t h i s ap p l i cat i o n i s co n s i s t en t w i t h E P A g u i d an c e

n o t t o u s e Q / d fo r ex e mp t i o n p u rp o s es

.

Fo r t h e 1 2

- k m i n i t i al mo d el i n g ex e mp t i o n t es t

, co mp a r e t h e h i g h es t s i n g l e 2 4

- h o u r av erag e v al u e

acro s s al l recep t o rs i n t h e Cl as s I area t o t h e t h res h o l d v al u e o f 0

. 5 d v

. If t h e h i g h es t 2 4

- h r

av erag e v al u e i s b el o w 0

. 5 d v at al l Cl as s I areas

, t h en t h e s o u rce i s n o t s u b j ect t o BA R T

. If t h e

h i g h es t 2 4

- h r av erag e v al u e i s g reat e r t h an 0

. 5 d v

, t h e n t h e s o u rce may ch o o s e t o p e rfo r m fi n e r

g ri d mo d el i n g fo r ex emp t i o n p u rp o s es o r m ay a ccep t d et ermi n at i o n t h at t h e s o u rc e i s s u b j ect t o

B A R T an d p ro ceed t o es t ab l i s h v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s p ri o r t o an d aft er B A R T co n t ro l s

. If u s i n g t h e

s i n g l e h i g h es t 2 4

- h r av er ag e v al u e p ro v es

, aft er i n i t i al 1 2

- k m g ri d CA L P U F F mo d el i n g

, t o b e t o o

co n s erv at i v e a s cr een i n g l ev el

, V I S T A S m ay al l o w s o me ex ce ed an c es o f t h e t h res h o l d v al u e fo r

ex emp t i o n p u rp o s es

, u p t o n o mo r e t h an t h e 9 8 t h p er cen t i l e v al u e.

T h e 1 2

- k m mo d el i n g res u l t s can b e u s ed t o fo cu s fi n e r g ri d mo d el i n g fo r ex emp t i o n p u rp o s es o n

o n l y t h o s e Cl as s I ar eas w h ere i mp a ct s g reat e r t h an 0

. 5 d v w ere p ro j ect ed i n t h e 1 2

- k m mo d el i n g

.

Fo r fi n er g ri d (4 k m o r l es s ) an al y s es

, u s e t h e 9 8 t h p er cen t i l e i mp act v al u e fo r t h e 2 4

- h r av er ag e.

U s e ei t h er t h e 8 t h h i g h es t d ay i n each y ear o r t h e 2 2 n d h i g h es t d ay i n t h e 3

- y ear p eri o d

, w h i ch ev er

i s mo re co n s erv at i v e

, fo r co mp ari s o n t o t h e ex e mp t i o n t h res h o l d

.

U s e t h e s a me mo d el as s u mp t i o n s fo r p re

- B A R T v i s i b i l i t y i mp act an d fo r B A R T co n t ro l o p t i o n s

mo d el i n g : es t ab l i s h b as el i n e v i s i b i l i t y fro m t h e p r e

- B A R T ru n ; ch an g e o n e co n t ro l at a t i me; an d

ev al u at e t h e ch an g e i n v i s i b i l i t y i mp act

, i

. e. t h e d el t a

- d eci v i e w

. N o t e t h at “n o co n t ro l ” m ay

co n s t i t u t e BA R T

.

V i s i b i l i t y i mp act i s o n e o f t h e fi v e fact o rs co n s i d ered i n t h e en g i n eeri n g an al y s i s req u i red u n d er

t h e U S E P A B A R T g u i d el i n e. If a s o u rce acc ep t s t o i n s t i t u t e t h e mo s t s t ri n g en t co n t ro l

, t h e

en g i n eeri n g an al y s es are n o t req u i r ed

.

T h i s co m mo n V I S T A S P ro t o co l co n s i s t en t l y reco mm e n d s co n s erv at i v e as s u mp t i o n s

. In d i v i d u al

St at es u l t i mat el y h av e res p o n s i b i l i t y t o d et ermi n e w h i ch

, i f an y

, B A R T co n t ro l s ar e

reco m men d ed i n t h ei r St at e I mp l em en t at i o n Pl an s ( SI P s ).In t r o d u c t i o n a n d P r o t o c o l O b j e c t i v e s 1 

## 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N A N D P R O T O C O L O B JE C T I V E S

1. 1 B ac k gr ou n d

U n d e r reg i o n al h a ze r eg u l at i o n s

, t h e E n v i ro n men t al Pro t ect i o n A g en cy ( E P A ) h as i s s u ed fi n al

g u i d el i n es d at ed J u l y 6

, 2 0 0 5 fo r Bes t A v ai l ab l e Ret ro f i t T e ch n o l o g y (B A R T ) d et er mi n at i o n s (7 0

FR 3 9 1 0 4

- 3 9 1 7 2 ). T h e reg i o n al h a ze ru l e i n cl u d es a req u i re men t fo r B A R T fo r c ert ai n l arg e

s t at i o n ary s o u rces

. So u r ces a re B A R T

- el i g i b l e i f t h ey meet t h re e c ri t eri a i n cl u d i n g p o t en t i al

emi s s i o n s o f at l eas t 2 5 0 t o n s p er y ear o f a v i s i b i l i t y

- i mp ai ri n g p o l l u t an t

, w ere p u t i n p l ace

b et w e en A u g u s t 7

, 1 9 6 2 an d A u g u s t 7

, 1 9 7 7

, an d fal l w i t h i n o n e o f t h e 2 6 l i s t e d s o u rce cat eg o ri es

i n t h e g u i d an ce. A B A R T en g i n e eri n g ev al u at i o n u s i n g fi v e s t at u t o ry fact o rs

- - 1 ) ex i s t i n g

co n t ro l s ; 2 ) co s t ; 3 ) en erg y an d n o n

- ai r en v i ro n men t a l i mp act s ; 4 ) r em ai n i n g u s efu l l i fe o f t h e

s o u rce; 5 ) d eg ree o f v i s i b i l i t y i mp ro v emen t ex p e ct e d fro m t h e ap p l i cat i o n o f co n t ro l s

-- i s

req u i red fo r an y B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce t h at can b e r ea s o n ab l y ex p ect ed t o cau s e o r co n t ri b u t e t o

i mp ai rm en t o f v i s i b i l i t y i n an y o f t h e 1 5 6 fed eral p ark s an d w i l d ern es s ( Cl as s I) ar eas p ro t ect ed

u n d er t h e reg i o n al h aze ru l e. ( N o t e t h at

, d ep en d i n g o n t h e fi v e fact o rs

, t h e ev al u at i o n may res u l t

i n n o co n t ro l

. ) A i r q u al i t y mo d el i n g i s an i mp o rt an t t o o l av ai l ab l e t o t h e St at es t o d et er mi n e

w h et h e r a s o u rc e c an b e r eas o n ab l y ex p e ct ed t o co n t r i b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rme n t i n a Cl as s I

area

.

T h ro u g h o u t t h i s d o cu men t t h e t er m “ B A R T

- el i g i b l e emi s s i o n u n i t ” i s d efi n ed as an y s i n g l e

emi s s i o n u n i t t h at meet s t h e cri t eri a d es cri b ed ab o v e

. A “ B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce” i s d efi n ed as t h e

t o t al o f al l B A R T

- el i g i b l e emi s s i o n u n i t s at a s i n g l e faci l i t y

. I f a s o u rce h as s ev eral e mi s s i o n

u n i t s

, o n l y t h o s e t h at meet t h e B A R T

- el i g i b l e cri t eri a are i n cl u d ed i n t h e d e fi n i t i o n “BA R T

el i g i b l e s o u rce”.

O n e o f t h e l i s t ed cat eg o ri es i s s t ea m el ect ri c p l an t s o f mo re t h an 2 5 0 mi l l i o n BT U / h r h e at i n p u t

.

T o d et er mi n e i f s u ch a p l an t h as g reat er t h an 2 5 0 mi l l i o n BT U / h r h eat i n p u t an d i s p o t en t i al l y

s u b j ect t o BA R T

, t h e b o i l er c ap aci t i es o f al l el e ct ri c g en erat i n g u n i t s (E G U s ) s h o u l d b e ad d ed

t o g et h er reg ard l es s o f co n s t ru ct i o n d at e. In t h i s cat eg o ry

, e l ect ri c g en erat i n g s o u rces g reat er t h an

7 5 0 M W h av e p res u mp t i v e S O 2 an d N O

x e mi s s i o n l i mi t s

. St at es may p r es u me t h e s am e l i mi t s fo r

E G U s o u rces b et w een 2 5 0

- 7 5 0 M W

. H o w ev er, u n i t s at t h o s e s o u rces co n s t ru ct ed aft er t h e

B A R T

- el i g i b i l i t y d at es are n o t s u b j e ct t o a BA R T en g i n eeri n g ev al u at i o n

. E P A

, i n t h e Cl ean A i r

In t ers t at e Ru l e (C A IR ), d et er mi n ed t h at an E G U p a rt i ci p at i n g i n t h e CA I R t rad i n g p ro g ram

s at i s fi es t h e BA R T r eq u i rem en t s fo r S O 2 an d N O

x . V IS T A S s t at es are t en t at i v el y ac cep t i n g t h i s

g u i d an ce. C A IR d o es n o t co v er PM s o E G U s w o u l d s t i l l n eed t o ev al u at e i mp act s o f PM i f PM

emi s s i o n s are ab o v e d e m i n i m i s v al u es

.

A s i l l u s t rat ed i n T ab l e 1

- 1

, as o f D ece mb er 5

, 2 0 0 5

, V IS T A S St at es h ad i d en t i fi ed a t o t al o f 2 7 4

B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces t h at fal l i n t o 2 0 o f t h e 2 6 BA R T s o u rce cat eg o ri es

. O f t h e 2 7 4 s o u rces

w i t h B A R T

- el i g i b l e u n i t s

, 8 4 s o u rces are u t i l i t y E G U s an d 1 9 0 are n o n

- E G U i n d u s t ri al s o u rces

. (N o t e t h at t h es e n u mb ers ar e n o t fi n al an d are s u b j ect t o s l i g h t ad j u s t men t s an d refi n emen t s

. ) N o

B A R T s o u r ces ar e l o cat ed o n T ri b al l an d s

.In t r o d u c t i o n a n d P r o t o c o l O b j e c t i v e s 2 Ta bl e 1

- 1

. V I ST A S B A R T El i g i bl e So ur ces (n o t u p d at ed s i n ce D ec emb e r 2 0 0 5 )



### S t at e T ot al N u m b e r

of S ou r c e s E G U S ou r c e s N on

- E G U

S ou r c e s

A L 4 8 8 4 0

FL 5 0 2 3 2 7

G A 2 4 1 0 1 4

K Y 2 9 1 2 1 7

MS 1 8 8 1 0

N C 1 6 5 1 1

SC 3 1 6 2 5

T N 1 3 2 1 1

V A 1 8 3 1 5

W V 2 6 7 1 9



### T ot al 2 7 3 8 4 1 8 9



### 1. 2 O b j e c t i ve of t h i s P r ot oc ol

T h e o b j ect i v e o f t h i s V IS T A S’ B A R T Mo d el i n g Pro t o co l i s t o d es cri b e co mmo n p ro ced u res fo r

ai r q u al i t y mo d el i n g t o s u p p o rt BA R T d et e rmi n at i o n s t h at are co n s i s t en t w i t h t h e E P A g u i d el i n es

.

T h e p ro t o co l w i l l s erv e as t h e b as i s fo r es t ab l i s h i n g a co mmo n u n d e rs t an d i n g amo n g t h e

o rg an i zat i o n s w h o w i l l b e p erfo rmi n g t h e B A R T an al y s es o r rev i ew i n g t h e BA R T mo d el i n g

res u l t s

, i n cl u d i n g V IS T A S St at e an d L o cal ai r reg u l at o ry ag en ci e s

, E P A

, Fed eral L an d Man ag ers

(F L Ms ), s o u r ce o p erat o rs

, an d co n t ract o rs fo r t h e s o u r ces

. T h i s fi n al p ro t o co l i n co rp o rat es E P A

fi n al g u i d an ce an d co mm en t s t h at w e re rec ei v ed o n V IS T A S’ d raft p ro t o co l 4 an d p ro v i d es

ad d i t i o n al d es cri p t i o n o f mo d el i n g p ro ced u r es

. T h e o ri g i n al fi n al p ro t o co l o f 2 2 D ece mb er 2 0 0 5

h as b een rev i s ed s i n ce t h en t o cl ari fy i t ems

, res o l v e t ech n i cal i s s u es

, an d refl ect d eci s i o n s b y t h e

E P A an d F L Ms

. T h i s d o cu m en t i s t h e t h i rd r ev i s i o n

.

T h e V IS T A S St at es h av e ac cep t ed E P A ’s g u i d an ce t o u s e t h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g s y s t em t o

co mp l y w i t h t h e B A R T mo d el i n g req u i re men t s o f t h e reg i o n al h aze ru l e

. A B A R T

- el i g i b l e

s o u rce w i l l b e req u i red t o s u b mi t a s i t e

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g p ro t o co l t o t h e St at e fo r r ev i e w an d

ap p ro v al p ri o r t o p erfo rmi n g C A L P U F F mo d el i n g

. St at es w i l l co n s u l t w i t h FL Ms an d t h e E P A

w h en ev al u at i n g t h e s i t e

- s p eci fi c B A R T p ro t o co l s

. T h e s i t e

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l w i l l i n cl u d e t h e

4 D r a f

t P r o t o c o l f o r t h e A p

p l i c a t i o n o f t

h e C A L P U F

F M o d e l f o r A n a l y

s e s o f B e s t A v a i l a b l e R e t r o f

i t T e c h n o l o g y

( B

A R T )

. V I S T A S

, M a r c h 2 2

, 2 0 0 5 a n d S e p t e m b e r 2 0

, 2 0 0 5

.In t r o d u c t i o n a n d P r o t o c o l O b j e c t i v e s 3 s o u rce

- s p eci fi c d at a o n s o u rc e l o cat i o n

, s t ack p a ra me t ers

, an d e mi s s i o n s

. T h e met h o d s o f t h e

V I S T A S co m mo n mo d el i n g p ro t o co l w i l l b e fo l l o w e d i n t h e s i t e

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l u n l es s t h e

s o u rce p ro p o s es t o t h e St at e, an d t h e St at e ap p ro v es

, al t ern at i v e met h o d s o r as s u mp t i o n s

.

E a ch V I S T A S St at e o r L o cal ag en cy ret ai n s r es p o n s i b i l i t y fo r t h e s p eci fi c p ro c ed u res an d

p r o ces s es i t w i l l fo l l o w i n w o rk i n g w i t h t h e B A R T s o u rces u n d er i t s j u ri s d i ct i o n

, t h e FL Ms

, E P A

,

an d p u b l i c t o d et ermi n e B A R T co n t ro l s fo r s o u r ces i n t h e St at e. N o t h i n g i n t h e V IS T A S p ro c es s

rep l aces St at es ’ res p o n s i b i l i t y t o d et ermi n e B A R T co n t ro l s

.

T h e r em ai n d er o f t h i s d o cu men t d es cri b es t h e CA L P U FF mo d el i n g s y s t em an d t h e ap p l i cat i o n o f

C A L P U FF t o t w o s i t u at i o n s :

• A i r q u al i t y mo d el i n g t o d et e rmi n e w h et h er a B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce i s “s u b j ect t o B A R T ”

an d t h erefo re t h e B A R T an al y s i s p ro ces s mu s t b e ap p l i e d t o i t s o p erat i o n s

.

• A i r q u al i t y mo d el i n g o f emi s s i o n s fro m s o u r ces t h at h a v e b een fo u n d t o b e s u b j ect t o

B A R T

, t o ev al u at e reg i o n al h a ze b en efi t s o f al t ern at i v e co n t ro l o p t i o n s an d t o d o cu men t

t h e b en efi t s o f t h e p r efer red o p t i o n

.

Ch ap t ers 2 an d 3 o f t h i s d o cu men t a re i n t en d ed t o p ro v i d e b ack g ro u n d i n fo rm at i o n o n E P A ’s

g u i d an ce fo r B A R T an al y s i s mo d el i n g an d o n t h e C A L P U FF mo d el i n g s y s t em

. Su b s eq u en t

ch ap t ers i n cl u d e mo re s p eci fi c reco mm en d at i o n s

. Ch ap t er 2 o f t h i s d o cu men t r ev i e w s E P A ’s

g u i d an ce fo r reg i o n al h az e B A R T an al y s i s mo d el i n g

, as o u t l i n ed i n t h e 6 J u l y 2 0 0 5 F ed eral

Reg i s t er n o t i ce

. T h e C A L P U FF mo d el i s t h e p r efer r ed mo d el re co m men d ed b y t h e E P A fo r

B A R T mo d el i n g an al y s es an d i t s ch ar act eri s t i cs an d l i mi t at i o n s are d i s cu s s ed i n Ch ap t er 3

. T h e

s p e ci fi c s t ep s t o d et ermi n e w h et h er a B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce i s s u b j ect t o B A R T an d t o ev al u at e

B A R T co n t ro l s are d es cri b ed i n Ch ap t er 4

. T h e p ro c ed u res i n cl u d e i n i t i al mo d el i n g o f BA R T

el i g i b l e s o u rces u s i n g C A L P U FF ru n i n a co n s erv at i v e mo d e w i t h reg i o n al m et eo ro l o g i cal

d at as et s

. Fo r s o u r ces d et e rmi n ed t o b e s u b j ect t o B A R T b as ed o n t h es e fi rs t mo d el i n g an al y s es

,

fu rt h er fi n er g ri d C A L P U FF an al y s es w o u l d b e p erf o rmed

. T h e mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n fo r t h e

co m mo n mo d el i n g p ro t o co l i s d es cri b ed i n Ch ap t er 4

. D et ai l s o f t h e s o u rce

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l are

d es cri b ed i n Ch ap t er 5

. A q u al i t y as s u ran ce p l an i s o u t l i n ed i n Ch ap t er 6

.

E P A ’s g u i d an c e al l o w s fo r t h e u s e o f ap p ro p ri at e al t ern at i v e mo d el s

, h o w ev e r V I S T A S w i l l n o t

d ev el o p a p ro t o co l fo r al t ern at i v e mo d el s

. T h i s p ro t o co l fo cu s es o n g u i d an c e fo r t h e ap p l i cat i o n

o f t h e p r efer red C A L P U F F mo d el i n g ap p ro a ch

. If a s o u rce w an t s t o u s e an al t e rn at i v e mo d el i n

i t s BA R T d emo n s t rat i o n

, t h e s o u rc e w i l l n eed t o s u b mi t a d et ai l ed w ri t t en j u s t i fi cat i o n t o t h e

St at e fo r r ev i e w an d ap p ro v al

. T h e St at e w i l l p ro v i d e t h e d o cu m en t at i o n t o t h e E P A an d F ed eral

L an d M an ag ers fo r t h ei r r ev i e w

.

A l s o

, t h i s p ro t o co l d o es n o t ad d r es s a p ref erred mo d el i n g ap p ro ach t o d e mo n s t rat e t h e

effe ct i v en es s o f an o p t i o n al e mi s s i o n s cap an d t rad e p r o g ram

. Su ch a c ap an d t rad e p ro g ra m i s

n o t req u i red

, b u t can b e i mp l em en t ed i n l i eu o f B A R T i f d es i red b y t h e V IS T A S St at es

. V I S T A SIn t r o d u c t i o n a n d P r o t o c o l O b j e c t i v e s 4 St at es a re n o t p u rs u i n g a r eg i o n al t rad i n g al t ern at i v e u n d er t h e p ro p o s ed E P A t rad i n g g u i d an c e

(7 0 F R 4 4 1 5 4

- 4 4 1 7 5 ) t h at i s t o b e p ro mu l g at ed i n 2 0 0 6

.R e v i e w o f E P

A ’s G u i d a n c e 5 

## 2. R E V I E W O F E P A ’ S G U I D A N C E F O R B A R T M O D E L I N G

T h e fi n a l g u i d an ce f o r reg i o n a l h aze BA RT d et ermi n a t i o n s w as p u b l i s h ed i n t h e Fed era l Reg i s t er

o n 6 J u l y 2 0 0 5 ( 7 0 FR 3 9 1 0 4 t o 3 9 1 7 2 ). It p res c ri b es t h e mo d e l i n g ap p ro ac h e s t h at are t o b e u s ed

fo r v ar i o u s s t a g es o f t h e BA RT an al y s i s p ro ce s s

.

T h i s c h ap t er p ro v i d e s a s u mmar y o f E PA ’s g u i d an ce fo r BA RT mo d el i n g

. I t i s n o t i n t e n d ed t o

p ro v i d e a co mp reh e n s i v e rev i ew o f t h e g u i d a n ce. N o r d o es t h i s c h ap t er a d d res s s p ec i f i c

reco mmen d at i o n s fo r V IST A S’ ap p ro ac h t o CA L PU F F BA R T mo d el i n g

. T h o s e rec o mmen d at i o n s

ap p ear i n Ch ap t er 4

.



### 2. 1 O ve r vi e w of t h e R e gi on al H az e B A R T P r o c e s s

T h e p ro ce s s o f e s t a b l i s h i n g BA RT emi s s i o n l i m i t a t i o n s co n s i s t s o f fo u r s t e p s :

1 ) Id e n t i f y w h et h er a s o u rce i s “BA RT

- el i g i b l e” b a s ed o n i t s s o u rce ca t eg o r y

, w h en i t w as p u t i n

s erv i ce, an d t h e mag n i t u d e o f i t s emi s s i o n s o f o n e o r mo re “v i s i b i l i t y

- i mp a i r i n g ” a i r p o l l u t a

n t s

. T h e

BA R T g u i d e l i n e s l i s t 2 6 s o u rce ca t e g o r i e s o f s t a t i o n ar y s o u rces t h a t are BA RT

- el i g i b l e. So u rces

mu s t h a v e b ee n p u t i n s erv i ce b et w een A u g u s t 7

, 1 9 6 2 an d A u g u s t 7

, 1 9 7 7 i n o rd er t o b e B A R T

el i g i b l e. Fi n al l y

, a s o u rce i s e l i g i b l e f o r BA RT i f p o t en t i al e mi s s i o n s o f v i s i b i l i t y

- i mp a i r i n g a i r

p o l l u t an t s are g reat er t h a n 2 5 0 t o n s p e r y ear. Q u al i f y i n g p o l l u t an t s i n c l u d e p ri mar y p art i c u l a t e

mat t er (PM 1 0 ) an d g as e o u s p recu rs o rs t o s eco n d a ry fi n e p ar t i cu l at e mat t er, s u ch as SO 2 an d N O

x .

W h et h er ammo n i a o r v o l a t i l e o r g an i c c o mp o u n d s ( V O Cs ) s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d a s v i s i b i l i t y

i mp a i r i n g p o l l u t an t s fo r BA RT el i g i b i l i t y i s l e ft fo r t h e St at e s t o d e t erm i n e o n a c as e

- b y

- cas e b a s i s

.

T h e g u i d an ce s t at es t h at h i g h mo l ec u l a r w ei g h t V O Cs w i t h 2 5 o r m o re car b o n a t o m s a n d l o w v ap o r

p res s u re s h o u l d b e c o n s i d er ed a s p r i mary PM 2

. 5 em i s s i o n s an d n o t V O Cs fo r BA RT p u rp o s e s

.

(N o t e: I f t h e s o u rce i s s u b j ec t t o BA RT b ecau s e o n e v i s i b i l i t y i mp a i r i n g p o l l u t a n t h a s p o t e n t i a l

emi s s i o n s > 2 5 0 T PY

, t h e S t a t e may d et ermi n e t h a t o t h er v i s i b i l i t y i m p ai ri n g p o l l u t a

n t s are n o t

s u

b

j ec t t o BA RT i f t h e i r p o t e n t i a l emi s s i o n s are l e s s t h an t h e d e m i n i m i s l e v el s (4 0 T PY fo r SO 2

an d N O

x an d 1 5 T PY o f PM 1 0 o r PM 2

. 5

. T h i s as s u me s t h a t t

h e o t h er BA RT

- el i g i b i l i t y cri t er i a are

met

. )

2 ) D et erm i n e w h e t h er a BA RT

- el i g i b l e s o u rce ca n b e e x cl u d e d fr o m BA RT co n t ro l s b y

d emo n s t ra t i n g t h a t t h e s o u rce ca n n o t b e rea s o n ab l y e x p ec t ed t o cau s e o r c o n t r i b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y

i mp a i rmen t i n a Cl a s s I area. T h e p refer red ap p ro ach i s an as s e s s me n t w i t h an ai r q u a l i t y mo d e l

s u c h as CA L PU FF o r o t h er ap p ro p r i at e m o d e l fo l l o w ed b y co mp a ri s o n o f t h e es t i mat e d 2 4

- h r

v i s i b i l i t y i mp a ct s a g ai n s t a t h re s h o l d a b o v e es t i mat e d n at u ra l co n d i t i o n s t o b e d e t ermi n ed b y t h e

St at e s

. 5 T h e t h re s h o l d t o d e t erm i n e w h et h er a s i n g l e s o u rce “cau s e s ” v i s i b i l i t y i m p ai rmen t i s s e t a t

5 A r e c e n t d r a f t s e t t l e m e n t a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e E P A ( t o b e p u b l i s h e d i n t h e F e d e r a l R e g i

s t e r f o r p u b l i c c o m m e n t )

p r o v i d e s t h a t a S t a t e h a s t h e d i s c r e t i o n t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r a n n u a l a v e r a g e o r 2 0 % b e s t n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s a r e t o b e

u s e d a s t h e r e f e r e n c e

. T h i s r u l i n g r e s o l v e s a n a m b i g u i t y i n E P A ’ s B A R T g u i d a n c e

, w h e r e t h e B A R T g u i d e l i n eR e v i e w o f E P

A ’s G u i d a n c e 6 1

. 0 d ec i v i ew ch an g e fro m n a t u ra l co n d i t i o n s o v e r a 2 4

- h o u r av era g i n g p eri o d i n t h e fi n a l BA R T

ru l e ( 7 0 FR 3 9 1 1 8 ). T h e g u i d a n ce al s o s t a t es t h a t t

h e p ro p o s ed t h re s h o l d at w h i ch a s o u rce may

“co n t r i b u t e ” t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp a i rmen t s h o u l d n o t b e h i g h er t h a n 0

. 5 d ec i v i ew s al t h o u g h

, d e p en d i n g

o n fact o r s af fect i n g a s p ec i f i c C l a s s I a rea, i t may b e s et l o w er t h an 0

. 5 d ec i v i ew s

. T h e t e s t ag ai n s t

t h e t h re s h o l d i s “d ri v en ” b y t h e co n t ri b u t i o n l ev el

, s i n ce i f a s o u r ce “ca u s e s ”, b y d ef i n i t i o n i t

“co n t r i b u t e s ”.

E PA reco mmen d s t h a t t

h e 9 8 t h p ercen t i l e v a l u e fro m t h e mo d e l i n g b e co m p are d t o t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n

t h re s h o l d o f 0

. 5 d ec i v i ew s ( o r a l o w er l e v el s e t b y a St at e ) t o d e t ermi n e i f a s o u r ce d o es n o t

co n t r i b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp a i rmen t an d t h ere fo re i s n o t s u b

j ec t t o BA RT

. W h et h er o r n o t t h e 9 8 t h

p ercen t i l e v a l u e ex ceed s t h e t h re s h o l d mu s t b e d e t erm i n e d a t eac h C l as s I a rea. O v er a n a n n u al

p eri o d

, t h i s i mp l i e s t h e 8 t h h i g h es t 2 4

- h r v a l u e at a p art i c u l a r Cl as s I area i s co m p are d t o t h e

co n t r i b u t i o n t h res h o l d

. O v er a 3

- y ear mo d e l i n g p er i o d

, t h e 9 8 t h p erce n t i l e v al u e ma y b e i n t er p re t ed

as t h e h i g h es t o f t h e t h re e an n u a l 9 8 t h p erce n t i l e v a l u e s a t a p ar t i c u l ar Cl a s s I area o r t h e 2 2 n d h i g h e s t

v al u e i n t h e c o mb i n e d t h ree y ear rec o rd

, w h i ch ev er i s mo re co n s e rv a t i v e.

A l t ern at i v el y

, St at es h av e t h e o p t i o n o f co n s i d eri n g t h at al l BA R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces w i t h i n t h e

St at e are s u b j ect t o B A R T an d s k i p p i n g t h e i n i t i al i mp act an al y s i s

. In rare c as es

, a St at e mi g h t b e

ab l e t o d o ex act l y t h e o p p o s i t e, an d u s e reg i o n al mo d el i n g t o co n cl u d e t h at al l BA R T

- el i g i b l e

s o u rces i n t h e St at e d o n o t cu mu l at i v el y co n t ri b u t e t o “me as u rab l e” v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t i n an y

Cl as s I are as

. A l s o

, t h e St at es h av e an o p t i o n t o ex emp t i n d i v i d u al s o u rces b as ed o n mo d el p l an t

an al y s i s co n d u ct ed b y E PA i n fi n al i zi n g t h e BA R T ru l e. U n d er t h i s o p t i o n

, s o u rces w i t h

p o t en t i al emi s s i o n s o f S O 2 p l u s N O

x o f l es s t h an 5 0 0 t o n s an d a d i s t an ce fro m an y Cl as s I ar ea

g reat er t h an 5 0 k i l o met ers o r s o u rces w i t h SO 2 p l u s N O

x p o t en t i al emi s s i o n s o f l es s t h an 1 0 0 0

t o n s an d a d i s t an ce fro m an y Cl as s I ar ea g r eat er t h an 1 0 0 k i l o met e rs c an b e ex e mp t ed

. P M

emi s s i o n s are n o t s p eci fi cal l y ad d r es s ed i n t h e mo d el p l an t an al y s i s

, b u t s u b s eq u en t d i s cu s s i o n s

w i t h E P A s t aff i n d i cat e t h at PM may b e co n s i d ered al o n g w i t h SO 2 an d N O

x , s o t h at a p l an t co u l d

b e ex e mp t ed i f t h e co mb i n ed p o t en t i al e mi s s i o n s o f S O 2 , N O

x , p l u s PM m eet t h e cri t eri a ab o v e

.

3 ) D et ermi n e BA RT co n t r o l s fo r t h e s o u rce b y c o n s i d eri n g v ar i o u s co n t r o l o p t i o n s an d s e l ec t i n g

t h e “ b es t ” a l t ern a t i v e, t a k i n g i n t o co n s i d e rat i o n :

a) A n y p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l eq u i p men t i n u s e at t h e s o u r c e (w h i ch affec t s t h e av ai l ab i l i t y o f

o p t i o n s a n d t h e i r i mp ac t s ),

b ) T h e co s t s o f co mp l i an c e w i t h co n t ro l o p t i o n s

,

c) T h e remai n i n g u s ef u l l i fe o f t h e fac i l i t y

,

d ) T h e en er g y a n d n o n a i r

- q u a l i t y en v i r o n me n t al i mp ac t s o f c o mp l i a n ce, a n d

t e x t s a y s “ n a t u

r a l c o n d i t i o n s ” a t 7 0 F R 3 9 1 6 2

, c o l

. 3

, w h i l e t h e p r e a m b l e t o t h e B A R T r u l e s a y s “ n a t u

r a l v i s i b i l i t y

b a s e l i n e f o r t h e 2 0 % b e s t v i s i b i l i t y d a y s ” a t 7 0 F R 3 9 1 2 5

, c o l

. 1

.R e v i e w o f E P

A ’s G u i d a n c e 7 e) T h e d eg ree o f i m p ro v emen t i n v i s i b i l i t y t h at may reas o n ab l y b e an t i ci p a t ed t o res u l t

fro m t h e u s e o f s u ch t ech n o l o g y

.

N o t e t h a t i f a s o u rce a g ree s t o a p p l y t h e mo s t s t ri n g e n t co n t ro l s av a i l ab l e t o BA RT

- el i g i b l e u n i t s

,

t h e BA RT an al y s i s i s es s en t i al l y co mp l e t e a n d n o f u rt h er an al y s i s i s n e ces s ary (7 0 FR 3 9 1 6 5 ).

4 ) In c o rp o ra t e t h e BA RT d et ermi n at i o n i n t o t h e S t a t e Imp l eme n t a t i o n Pl a n fo r Re g i o n a l H aze,

w h i ch i s d u e b y D ecemb er 2 0 0 7

.

In s t ea d o f a p p l y i n g BA RT o n a s o u rce

- b y

- s o u rce b as i s

, a St at e ( o r a g ro u p o f St a t es ) h a s t h e o p t i o n

o f i mp l emen t i n g an emi s s i o n s t rad i n g p ro g ram t h a t i s d e s i g n e d t o ach i e v e re g i o n a l h aze

i mp r o v eme n t s t h at are g reat er t h an t h e v i s i b i l i t y i mp ro v emen t s t h at co u l d b e e x p ec t e d fro m BA RT

.

If t h e g e o g rap h i c d i s t ri b u t i o n s o f emi s s i o n s u n d e r t h e t w o a p p r o ach e s are s i mi l ar, d e t erm i n i n g

w h et h er t ra d i n g i s “b e t t er t h an BA RT ” may b e p o s s i b l e b y s i mp l y co mp ari n g em i s s i o n s e x p ec t e d

u n d er t h e t ra d i n g p r o g ram ag a i n s t t h e emi s s i o n s t h a t c o u l d b e e x p ec t e d i f BA RT w as ap p l i e d t o

el i g i b l e s o u rce s

. If t h e g e o g r ap h i c d i s t ri b u t i o n s o f emi s s i o n s are l i k e l y t o b e d i ff eren t

, h o w ev er, ai r

q u a l i t y mo d e l i n g co m p ar i n g t h e ex p ec t ed i mp r o v emen t s i n v i s i b i l i t y fro m t h e t ra d i n g p ro g ram a n d

fro m BA RT w o u l d b e re q u i re d

. (See t h e p ro p o s e d BA RT A l t ern a t i v e ru l e, at 7 0 FR 4 4 1 6 0

. ) E PA

s u g g e s t s t h at reg i o n a l mo d e l i n g u s i n g a p h o t o ch em i ca l g r i d m o d e l ma y b e mo re ap p ro p r i at e t h a n

CA L P U FF fo r t h i s p u r p o s e.

N o t e t h at E PA h as i n d i ca t ed i n t h e BA RT ru l e (7 0 F R 3 9 1 3 8

- 3 9 1 3 9 ) t h a t emi s s i o n s re d u c t i o n s

u n d er t h e Cl ea n A i r In t ers t a t e Ru l e (CA IR) m eet t h e B A RT req u i reme n t f o r SO 2 an d N O

x co n t r o l

fo r t h o s e E G U s s u b j ec t t o BA RT

. H o w ev er, PM emi s s i o n s fr o m E G U s are n o t a d d re s s ed b y CA IR

an d t h er efo re a BA RT an al y s i s may s t i l l b e req u i red f o r PM.



### 2. 2 M od e l R e c om m e n d at i o n s f or t h e B A R T A n al ys i s

T o ev al u at e t h e v i s i b i l i t y i mp a ct s o f a BA RT

- el i g i b l e s o u rce at C l as s I area s b e y o n d 5 0 k m fr o m t h e

s o u rce, t h e E PA g u i d an ce re co mmen d s t h e u s e o f t h e CA L PU FF mo d el a s “t h e b e s t r eg u l a t o ry

mo d e l i n g a p p l i ca t i o n cu rr en t l y a v ai l a b l e fo r p re d i ct i n g a s i n g l e s o u rc e’ s co n t r i b u t i o n t o v i s i b i l i t y

i mp a i rmen t ” ( 7 0 FR 3 9 1 6 2 ). T h e u s e o f an o t h er “ap p ro p ri a t e m o d e l ” i s al l o w ed al t h o u g h t h e E PA

p refer s t h e u s e o f CA L PU FF. I f a s o u rce w an t s t o u s e an al t ern at i v e mo d el

, t h e s o u rce n eed s t o

s u b mi t a w ri t t en j u s t i fi cat i o n an d s o u rce

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g p ro t o co l t o i t s St at e fo r rev i e w an d

ap p ro v al

. A s p ar t o f t h e c o n s u l t at i o n p r o ces s

, t h e S t at e w i l l p ro v i d e d o cu me n t a t i o n t o E PA an d

FL M.

Fo r mo d e l i n g t h e i mp ac t o f a s o u rce c l o s er t h an 5 0 k m t o a Cl as s I area, E PA ’s B A RT g u i d a n ce

reco mmen d s t h a t ex p er t mo d e l i n g j u d g men t b e u s e d

, “g i v i n g co n s i d e rat i o n t o b o t h CA L PU FF an d

o t

h er met h o d s

. ” T h e PL U V U E

- II p l u me v i s i b i l i t y m o d e l i s men t i o n ed a s a p o s s i b l e mo d e l t o

co n s i d er i n s t ead o f CA L PU F F fo r a s o u rce w i t h i n l e s s t h an 5 0 k m o f a C l a s s I ar ea

.

T h e E PA g u i d an ce n o t es t h a t “re g i o n al s ca l e p h o t o c h e mi cal g r i d mo d e l s may h av e mer i t

, b u t s u ch

mo d e l s h a v e b ee n d es i g n e d t o as s es s cu mu l a t i v e i mp act s

, n o t i mp act s fro m i n d i v i d u a l s o u rc es ” an dR e v i e w o f E P

A ’s G u i d a n c e 8 t h e y are “ v ery res o u r ce i n t en s i v e a n d t i me co n s u mi n g rel at i v e t o CA L PU F F”, b u t S t a t es ma y

co n s i d er t h e i r u s e f o r SIP d ev e l o p men t i n t h e f u

t u re a s t h e y may b e ad a p t ed a n d “ d emo n s t ra t ed t o

b e ap p ro p r i at e f o r s i n g l e s o u r ce ap p l i ca t i o n s ” ( 7 0 FR 3 9 1 2 3 ). Ph o t o c h emi ca l g r i d mo d e l s may b e

mo re ap p r o p ri a t e fo r cu m u l a t i v e mo d e l i n g o p t i o n s s u c h as i n t h e d e t ermi n a t i o n o f t h e ag g reg a t e

co n t r i b u t i o n o f al l

- BA RT

- el i g i b l e s o u rce s t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rme n t

, b u t s u c h u s e s h o u l d i n v o l v e

co n s u l t at i o n w i t h t h e a p p ro p ri at e E PA Reg i o n a l O ffi ce ( 7 0 FR 3 9 1 6 3 ).

A cco rd i n g t o t h e BA R T g u i d an ce, a mo d e l i n g p r o t o co l s h o u l d b e s u b mi t t ed f o r a l l mo d e l i n g

d emo n s t ra t i o n s reg ar d l es s o f t h e d i s t an ce fro m t h e BA R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce t o t h e Cl as s I area. E P A ’s

ro l e i n t h e d ev e l o p men t o f t h e p r o t o co l i s o n l y a d v i s o ry as t h e “St a t e s b e t t e r u n d er s t a n d t h e BA RT

el i g i b l e s o u rce co n f i g u ra t i o n s ” an d fac t o rs aff ect i n g t h e i r p ar t i c u l ar Cl a s s I area s (7 0 FR 3 9 1 2 6 ).

In t h e BA RT mo d el i n g an a l y s e s t h e E PA reco mmen d s t h a t t h e St a t e u s e t h e h i g h es t 2 4

- h o u r

av erag e ac t u al emi s s i o n ra t e fo r t h e mo s t rece n t t h re e t o fi v e

- y ea r p er i o d o f reco r d

. E mi s s i o n s o n

d ay s i n f l u e n ce d b y p eri o d s o f s t a rt

- u p

, s h u t d o w n a n d mal fu n c t i o n are n o t t o b e c o n s i d ere d i n

d et erm i n i n g t h e a p p ro p ri at e em i s s i o n ra t es

. ( 7 0 FR 3 9 1 2 9 ).

If a s o u rce i s f o u n d t o b e s u b j ec t t o BA RT

, CA L P U FF o r a n o t h er ap p ro p r i at e mo d el s h o u l d b e u s ed

t o ev a l u at e t h e i mp r o v eme n t i n v i s i b i l i t y res u l t i n g fro m t h e a p p l i cat i o n o f BA RT co n t ro l s

.

V i s i b i l i t y i mp r o v eme n t s may b e e v a l u a t ed o n a p o l l u t a n t

- s p ec i f i c b a s i s i n t h e BA RT d et ermi n a t i o n

(7 0 FR 3 9 1 2 9 ).

Fo r e v al u a t i n g t h e i mp r o v eme n t i n v i s i b i l i t y re s u l t i n g fro m t h e ap p l i ca t i o n o f BA RT

, t h e E PA

g u i d e l i n e s s t a t e t h at St a t e s are “en c o u rag e d t o acco u n t fo r t h e mag n i t u d e, f req u en c y

, a n d d u rat i o n

o f t h e co n t r i b u t i o n s t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rme n t ca u s e d b y t h e s o u rce b as e d o n t h e n at u ra l v ar i a b i l i t y o f

met eo r o l o g y ” ( 7 0 FR 3 9 1 2 9 ).



### 2. 3 P e r f or m an c e of a C ap an d T r ad e P r ogr am

If a St a t e o r S t a t es e l ec t t o p u r s u e a n o p t i o n a l cap an d t rad e p r o g ram, t h e y are re q u i re d t o

d emo n s t ra t e g r eat er “rea s o n ab l e p ro g re s s ” i n red u c i n g h aze t h a n w o u l d re s u l t i f BA RT w ere

ap p l i ed t o t h e s ame s o u rces

. In s o me ca s e s

, a St a t e may s i m p l y b e a b l e t o d em o n s t r at e t h a t a t rad i n g

p ro g ram t h a t ach i ev e s g reat e r p r o g re s s at re d u ci n g em i s s i o n s w i l l al s o a ch i ev e g rea t er p ro g res s a t

red u c i n g h a ze. Su ch w o u l d b e t h e cas e i f t h e l i k e l y g eo g rap h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n o f emi s s i o n s u n d er t h e

t rad i n g p ro g ram w o u l d n o t b e g rea t l y d i ff eren t fr o m t h e d i s t ri b u t i o n i f BA RT w as i n p l ace.

If t h e ex p ec t ed d i s t r i b u t i o n o f em i s s i o n s i s d i ffere n t u n d er t h e t w o a p p ro ac h es

, t h en “ d i s p er s i o n

mo d e l i n g ” o f al l s o u rces mu s t b e u s ed t o d et ermi n e t h e d i ffe ren ce i n v i s i b i l i t y a t each i mp ac t e d

Cl as s I area, i n o r d er t o es t a b l i s h t h at t h e o p t i o n al t ra d i n g p r o g ram w i l l r es u l t i n v i s i b i l i t y

i mp r o v eme n t s a g g reg a t ed o v er al l Cl a s s I areas t h a t a re “b et t er t h an BA RT ” (7 0 FR 3 9 1 3 7

- 3 9 1 3 8 ).

T h e BA RT g u i d a n ce d o e s n o t s p ec i f y t h e me t h o d t o b e u s e d f o r t h i s mo d e l i n g

. F ro m a t ec h n i ca l

p ers p ec t i v e, ei t h e r ap p l y i n g CA L P U FF t o ev ery s o u rce o r u s i n g a reg i o n a l p h o t o c h emi ca l mo d e l

w o u l d s a t i s f y t h e n eed

.R e v i e w o f E P

A ’s G u i d a n c e 9 A ru l e ma k i n g p ro ced u re i s cu rren t l y u n d er w ay t o es t ab l i s h fi n al g u i d an ce fo r s u ch al t ern at i v es t o

B A R T (7 0 FR 4 4 1 5 4

- 4 4 1 7 5 ). T h e ru l e i s ex p ect ed t o b e fi n al i zed i n 2 0 0 6

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 0 

## 3. O V E R V I E W O F T H E C A L P U F F M O D E L I N G S Y S T E M

T h i s ch ap t er co n t ai n s a g e n e ral d es c ri p t i o n o f t h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g s y s t em an d i t s cap ab i l i t i es

an d l i mi t at i o n s

. It d o es n o t i n cl u d e s p eci fi c reco m men d at i o n s reg ard i n g t h e u s e o f t h e mo d el fo r

B A R T an al y s i s i n t h e V IS T A S r eg i o n

. T h es e s p eci fi c reco m men d at i o n s can b e fo u n d i n Ch ap t er

4

.



### 3. 1 C ap ab i l i t i e s an d f e at u r e s of C A L P U F F

T h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g s y s t em (S ci re et al

. , 2 0 0 0 a, b ) i s r eco mm en d ed as t h e p refe rred

mo d el i n g ap p ro ach fo r u s e i n t h e B A R T an al y s es

. C A L P U FF an d i t s met eo ro l o g i cal mo d el

,

C A L M E T

, a re d es i g n ed t o h an d l e t h e co mp l ex i t i es p o s ed b y t h e co mp l ex t er rai n

, t h e l arg e

s o u rce

- re cep t o r d i s t an ces

, ch e mi cal t r an s fo rm at i o n an d d ep o s i t i o n

, an d o t h er i s s u es rel at ed t o

Cl as s I v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s

. T h e C A L P U FF mo d el i n g s y s t em h as b een ad o p t ed b y t h e E P A as a

G u i d el i n e M o d el fo r s o u rce

- rec ep t o r d i s t an ces g reat er t h an 5 0 k m, an d fo r u s e o n a cas e

- b y

- c as e

b as i s i n co mp l ex fl o w s i t u at i o n s fo r s h o rt er d i s t an c es (6 8 FR 1 8 4 4 0

- 1 8 4 8 2 ). C A L P U FF i s

reco m men d ed fo r Cl as s I i mp a ct as s es s men t s b y t h e F ed eral L an d M an ag e rs W o rk g ro u p (F L A G

2 0 0 0 ) an d t h e In t erag en cy W o rk g ro u p o n A i r Q u al i t y Mo d el i n g (I W A Q M) ( E P A 1 9 9 8 ). T h e

fi n al B A R T g u i d an c e re co m men d s C A L P U F F as “t h e b es t mo d el i n g ap p l i cat i o n av ai l ab l e fo r

p red i ct i n g a s i n g e s o u rce’s co n t ri b u t i o n t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai r men t ” (7 0 FR 3 9 1 2 2 ). A s a res u l t o f

t h es e reco m men d at i o n s

, t h e V IS T A S mo d el i n g p ro t o co l i s b as ed o n t h e u s e o f CA L P U F F fo r i t s

B A R T d et er mi n at i o n s

.

T h e mai n co mp o n en t s o f t h e C A L P U FF mo d el i n g s y s t em a re s h o w n i n Fi g u re 3

- 1

. C A L M E T i s

a d i ag n o s t i c met eo ro l o g i cal mo d el t h at i s u s ed t o d ri v e t h e C A L P U F F d i s p ers i o n mo d el

. It

p ro d u ces t h ree

- d i men s i o n al w i n d an d t emp e rat u re fi e l d s an d t w o

- d i men s i o n al fi el d s o f mi x i n g

h ei g h t s an d o t h er met eo ro l o g i cal fi el d s

. It co n t ai n s s l o p e fl o w eff ect s

, t er rai n ch an n el i n g

, an d

k i n emat i c ef fect s o f t er rai n

. C A L M E T i n cl u d es s p ec i al al g o ri t h ms fo r t reat i n g t h e o v er w at er

b o u n d ary l ay er an d co as t al i n t eract i o n ef fect s

. C A L M E T c an u s e m et eo ro l o g i cal o b s erv at i o n al

d at a an d / o r t h re e

- d i m en s i o n al o u t p u t fro m p ro g n o s t i c n u meri cal m et eo ro l o g i cal mo d el s s u ch as

MM 5 ( G r el l et al

. , 1 9 9 5 ) o r R U C ( Ben j a mi n et al

. , 2 0 0 4 ) i n t h e d ev el o p men t s o f i t s fi n e

- s cal e

met eo ro l o g i cal fi el d s

.

C A L P U FF i s a n o n

- s t ead y

- s t at e L ag r an g i an p u ff t ra n s p o rt an d d i s p ers i o n mo d el t h at ad v ect s

G au s s i an p u f fs o f mu l t i p l e p o l l u t an t s fro m mo d el ed s o u rces

. C A L P U FF ’s al g o ri t h ms h av e b een

d es i g n ed t o b e ap p l i cab l e o n s p at i al s c al es f ro m a fe w t en s o f met e rs t o h u n d red s o f k i l o met e rs

fro m a s o u rce

. It i n cl u d es al g o ri t h ms fo r n ear

- fi el d eff ect s s u ch as b u i l d i n g d o w n w as h

, s t ack t i p

d o w n w as h an d t ran s i t i o n al p l u me ri s e as w el l as p ro ces s es i mp o rt an t i n t h e far

- fi el d s u ch as

ch emi c al t ran s fo rm at i o n

, w et d ep o s i t i o n

, an d d ry d ep o s i t i o n

. CA L P U FF co n t ai n s an o p t i o n t o

al l o w p u ff s p l i t t i n g i n t h e h o ri zo n t al an d v ert i cal d i rec t i o n s

, w h i ch ex t en d s t h e d i s t an ce r a n g e o f

t h e mo d el

. T h e p ri ma ry o u t p u t s fro m C A L P U F F a re h o u rl y co n cen t rat i o n s an d h o u rl y d ep o s i t i o n

fl u x es ev al u at ed at u s er

- s p eci fi ed rec ep t o r l o cat i o n s

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 1 F i g ur e 3

- 1

. C A L P U F F m o del i ng s y s te m co m po n ent s

.

A s et o f p o s t p ro ces s i n g p ro g ra ms as s o ci at ed w i t h C A L P U F F co mp u t es v i s i b i l i t y effect s an d

al l o w s cu mu l at i v e s o u rce i mp act s t o b e as s es s ed

, i n cl u d i n g p o t en t i al n o n

- l i n ear effe ct s o f

am mo n i a l i mi t at i o n o n n i t rat e fo rmat i o n

. T h e C A L P O ST p o s t p ro ces s o r co n t ai n s s ev er al o p t i o n s

fo r co mp u t i n g ch an g e i n ex t i n ct i o n an d d eci v i ew s fo r v i s i b i l i t y as s es s men t s

. T h e P O S T U T I L

p o s t p ro ces s o r i n cl u d es o p t i o n s fo r s u mmi n g co n t ri b u t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u al s o u rces o r g ro u p s o f

s o u rces t o as s es s cu mu l at i v e i mp act s

. P O S T U T I L al s o co n t ai n s CA L P U F F’s n i t ri c aci d

- n i t rat e

ch emi c al eq u i l i b ri u m mo d u l e, w h i ch al l o w s t h e cu mu l at i v e effe ct s o f a m mo n i a co n s u mp t i o n b y

b ack g ro u n d s o u rces t o b e as s es s ed i n t h e p o s t p ro c es s o r. In ad d i t i o n

, t h e co mb i n at i o n o f

C A L P U FF an d P O S T U T I L al l o w s t h e effect s o f s o u rce emi s s i o n s o f ammo n i a t o b e

i n crem en t al l y ad d ed t o b ack g ro u n d a m mo n i a l ev el s w h en d et er mi n i n g n i t rat e fo rm at i o n

.

T h e r es t o f t h i s ch ap t er s u m mari z es t h e cap ab i l i t i es an d feat u res o f t h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g

co mp o n en t s i n mo re d et ai l

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 2 3

. 1

. 1 Ma j o r F ea t ur es o f C A L ME T

T h e C A L M E T m et eo ro l o g i cal mo d el co n s i s t s o f a d i ag n o s t i c w i n d fi el d mo d u l e an d

mi cro met eo ro l o g i cal mo d u l es fo r o v e r w at er an d o v e r l an d b o u n d ary l ay ers

. W h en mo d el i n g a

l arg e g eo g rap h i cal ar ea, as w o u l d b e n eces s a ry fo r t h e reg i o n al V I S T A S d o mai n

, t h e u s er h as t h e

o p t i o n t o u s e a L a mb e rt Co n f o rm al Pro j e ct i o n co o rd i n a t e s y s t em t o acco u n t fo r E art h ’s cu rv at u re

.

T h e maj o r feat u r es an d o p t i o n s o f t h e met eo ro l o g i cal mo d el are s u m mari z ed i n T ab l e 3

- 1

. T h e

t ech n i q u es u s ed i n t h e C A L M E T mo d el are b ri efl y d es cri b ed b el o w

.

Ta bl e 3

- 1

. M a jo r F ea tur es o f th e C A L M ET M e teo r o l o g i ca l M o d el

• B o u n d a r y L a y e r M o d u l e s o f C A L M E T

- O v e r l a n d B o u n d a r y L a y e r

- E n e r g y B a l a n c e M e t h o d

- O v e r w a t e r B o u n d a r y L a y e r

- P r o f i l e M e t h o d

- - C O A R E a l g o r i t h m

- - O C D

- b a s e d m e t h o d

- P r o d u c e s G r i d d e d F i e l d s o f :

- - S u r f a c e F r i c t i o n V e l o c i t y

- - C o n v e c t i v e V e l o c i t y S c a l e

- - M o n i n

- O b u k h o v L e n g t h

- - M i x i n g H e i g h t

- - P G T S t a b i l i t y C l a s s

- - A i r T e m p e r a t u r e ( 3

- D )

- - P r e c i p i t a t i o n R a t e

• D i a g n o s t i c Wi n d F i e l d M o d u l e o f C A L M E T

- S l o p e F l o w s

- K i n e m a t i c T e r r a i n E f f e c t s

- T e r r a i n B l o c k i n g E f f e c t s

- D i v e r g e n c e M i n i m i z a t i o n

- P r o d u c e s G r i d d e d F i e l d s o f U

, V

, W W i n d C o m p o n e n t s

- I n p u t s I n c l u d e D o m a i n

- S c a l e W i n d s

, O b s e r v a t i o n s

, a n d

( o p t i o n a l l y ) C o a r s e

- G r i d P r o g n o s t i c M o d e l W i n d s

- L a m b e r t C o n f o r m a l P r o j e c t i o n C a p a

b i l i t y

CA L ME T Bo und a r

y L a yer Mo d el s

T h e C A L M E T mo d el co n t ai n s t w o b o u n d ary l ay er mo d el s fo r ap p l i cat i o n t o o v erl an d an d

o v er w at er g ri d c e l l s

.

O v er l a n d B o u n d a r

y La yer M o d el : O v er l an d s u rfa ces

, t h e en erg y b al an ce m et h o d o f H o l t s l ag an d

v an U l d en (1 9 8 3 ) i s u s ed t o co mp u t e h o u rl y g ri d d e d fi el d s o f t h e s en s i b l e h eat fl u x

, s u rfaceO v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 3 fri ct i o n v el o ci t y

, Mo n i n

- O b u k h o v l en g t h

, an d co n v e ct i v e v el o ci t y s cal e. Mi x i n g h ei g h t s ar e

d et ermi n ed fro m t h e co mp u t ed h o u rl y s u r fac e h e at fl u x es an d o b s erv ed t emp erat u r e s o u n d i n g s

u s i n g a mo d i fi ed Cars o n (1 9 7 3 ) met h o d b as ed o n Mau l (1 9 8 0 ). T h e mo d el al s o d et ermi n es

g ri d d ed fi el d s o f Pas q u i l l

- G i f fo rd

- T u rn e r ( P G T ) s t ab i l i t y cl as s an d h o u rl y p reci p i t at i o n rat es

.

O v er wa t er B o u n d a r

y La yer M o d el : T h e a ero d y n a mi c an d t h erm al p ro p ert i es o f w at e r s u rfa ces

s u g g es t t h at a d i fferen t m et h o d i s b es t s u i t ed fo r cal cu l at i n g t h e b o u n d ary l ay er p ara met ers i n t h e

mari n e en v i ro n m en t

. A p r o fi l e t ech n i q u e

, u s i n g ai r

- s ea t e mp er at u re d i f feren ces

, i s u s ed i n

C A L M E T t o co mp u t e t h e mi c ro

- met eo ro l o g i cal p a ra met ers i n t h e mari n e b o u n d ary l ay er. T h e

v ers i o n o f C A L M E T b ei n g u s ed b y V I S T A S co n t ai n s i mp ro v e men t s i n t h e o v er w at er b o u n d a ry

l ay er p a ra met eri z at i o n s (Fai r al l et al

. , 2 0 0 3 ) b as ed o n t h e Co u p l ed O cean A t mo s p h er e Res p o n s e

E x p eri men t ( C O A R E ) an d en h an ce men t s i n t h e c al c u l at i o n o f o v erw at er mi x ed l ay er h ei g h t s

(Bat ch v a ro v a an d G ry n i n g

, 1 9 9 1

, 1 9 9 4 ). Fu rt h er d et a i l s an d t h e res u l t s o f an ev al u at i o n o f t h e

mo d el co n t ai n i n g t h es e en h an ce men t s a re d es c ri b ed i n Sci re et al

. (2 0 0 5 )

. A n u p w i n d

- l o o k i n g

s p at i al av erag i n g s ch eme i s o p t i o n al l y ap p l i ed t o t h e mi x i n g h ei g h t s an d t h ree

- d i men s i o n al

t emp er at u re fi el d s i n o rd er t o a cco u n t fo r i mp o rt an t ad v ect i v e e f fect s

.

D i a g no s t i c Wi nd Fi el d Mo d ul e

T h e d i ag n o s t i c w i n d fi el d mo d u l e u s es a t w o

- s t ep ap p r o ach t o t h e co mp u t at i o n o f t h e w i n d fi el d s

(D o u g l as an d K es s l er

, 1 9 8 8 ). In t h e fi rs t s t ep

, an i n i t i al

- g u es s w i n d fi el d i s ad j u s t ed fo r k i n e mat i c

effe ct s o f t errai n

, s l o p e fl o w s

, an d t errai n b l o ck i n g effect s t o p ro d u ce a St ep 1 w i n d fi el d

. G ri d d ed

MM5 c an b e u s ed t o d e fi n e t h e i n i t i al g u es s fi el d

. T h e s eco n d s t ep co n s i s t s o f an o b j ect i v e

an al y s i s p ro ced u re t o i n t ro d u ce o b s erv at i o n al d at a i n t o t h e St ep 1 w i n d fi el d t o p r o d u ce a fi n al

w i n d fi el d

.

St

ep 1 Wi nd Fi el d

. D ev el o p men t o f t h e St ep 1 w i n d fi el d b eg i n s w i t h t h e i n i t i al g u es s fi el d

d efi n ed b y t h e MM5 p ro g n o s t i c met eo ro l o g i cal mo d e l

. N o r mal l y

, t h e C A L M E T co mp u t at i o n al

d o mai n i s s p eci fi ed t o b e at fi n er g ri d res o l u t i o n t h an t h e M M5 d at as et u s ed t o i n i t i al i ze t h e i n i t i al

g u es s fi el d

. Fo r ex amp l e, 3 6

- k m M M5 d at a av ai l ab l e fo r V I S T A S mo d el i n g may b e u s ed t o

d ev el o p t h e i n i t i al g u es s fi el d o n a 1 2

- k m o r ev en a 1

- k m C A L M E T g ri d

. T h e St ep 1 al g o ri t h ms

i n CA L M E T d es cri b ed b el o w ap p l y t er rai n ad j u s t men t s t o t h e i n i t i al g u es s fi el d o n t h e fi n e

- s cal e

C A L M E T g ri d

. T h u s

, t h e C A L M E T w i n d s are ad j u s t ed t o res p o n d t o fi n e

- s cal e t err ai n fe at u res

n o t n eces s ari l y s e en b y t h e co a rs er s cal e M M5 mo d el

.

Ki n e m a t i c E f f

ect s o f T er r a i n : T h e ap p ro a ch o f L i u a n d Y o ck e (1 9 8 0 ) i s u s ed t o ev al u at e t h e

effe ct s o f t h e t errai n o n t h e w i n d fi el d

. T h e i n i t i al g u es s fi el d w i n d s are u s ed t o co mp u t e a t err ai n

fo rced v ert i cal v el o ci t y

, s u b j ect t o an ex p o n en t i al

, s t ab i l i t y

- d ep en d en t d ecay fu n ct i o n

. T h e ef fect s

o f t errai n o n t h e h o ri zo n t al w i n d co mp o n en t s are ev al u at ed b y ap p l y i n g a d i v erg en ce

mi n i mi zat i o n s ch e me t o t h e i n i t i al g u es s w i n d fi el d

. T h e d i v erg en ce mi n i mi z at i o n s ch e me i s

ap p l i ed i t erat i v el y u n t i l t h e t h ree

- d i men s i o n al d i v erg en ce i s l es s t h an a t h res h o l d v al u e.

S l o p e F l o ws : T h e o ri g i n al s l o p e fl o w al g o ri t h m i n C A L M E T h as b een u p g rad ed (S ci re an d Ro b e,

1 9 9 7 ) b as ed o n t h e s h o o t i n g fl o w al g o ri t h m o f M ah rt (1 9 8 2 ). T h i s s ch e me i n cl u d es b o t hO v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 4 ad v ect i v e

- g rav i t y an d eq u i l i b ri u m fl o w r eg i mes

. A t n i g h t

, t h e s l o p e fl o w mo d el p ar am et eri z es t h e

fl o w d o w n t h e s i d es o f t h e v al l ey w al l s i n t o t h e fl o o r o f t h e v al l ey

, an d d u ri n g t h e d ay

, u p s l o p e

fl o w s ar e p ar am et eri zed

. T h e mag n i t u d e o f t h e s l o p e f l o w d ep en d s o n t h e l o cal s u rf ace s en s i b l e

h eat fl u x an d l o c al t err ai n g rad i en t s

. T h e s l o p e fl o w w i n d co mp o n en t s a re ad d ed t o t h e w i n d fi el d

ad

j u s t ed fo r k i n e mat i c effe ct s

.

B l o cki n g E f f

e ct s : T h e t h ermo d y n a mi c b l o ck i n g effect s o f t errai n o n t h e w i n d fl o w are

p aram et eri z ed i n t erms o f t h e l o cal F ro u d e n u mb er ( A l l w i n e an d W h i t e man

, 1 9 8 5 ). I f t h e F ro u d e

n u mb er at a p a rt i cu l ar g ri d p o i n t i s l es s t h an a cr i t i cal v al u e an d t h e w i n d h as an u p h i l l

co mp o n en t

, t h e w i n d d i re ct i o n i s ad j u s t ed t o b e t an g en t t o t h e t er rai n

.

St

ep 2 Wi nd Fi el d

. T h e w i n d fi el d res u l t i n g fro m t h e a b o v e ad j u s t men t s o f t h e i n i t i al

- g u es s w i n d

i s t h e St ep 1 w i n d fi el d

. T h e s eco n d s t ep o f t h e p ro ced u re m ay i n v o l v e i n t ro d u ct i o n o f

o b s erv at i o n al d at a i n t o t h e St ep 1 w i n d fi el d t h ro u g h an o b j ect i v e an al y s i s p ro ced u re

. A n i n v ers e

d i s t an ce s q u ared i n t erp o l at i o n s ch eme i s u s ed w h i ch w ei g h t s o b s erv at i o n al d at a h e av i l y i n t h e

v i ci n i t y o f t h e o b s erv at i o n al s t at i o n

, w h i l e t h e St ep 1 w i n d fi el d d o mi n at es t h e i n t erp o l at ed w i n d

fi el d i n reg i o n s w i t h n o o b s erv at i o n al d at a. T h e res u l t i n g w i n d fi el d i s s u b j ect t o s mo o t h i n g

, an

o p t i o n al a d j u s t men t o f v ert i cal v el o ci t i es b as ed o n t h e O ’Bri en (1 9 7 0 ) met h o d

, an d d i v erg en ce

mi n i mi zat i o n t o p ro d u c e a fi n al St ep 2 w i n d fi el d

.

T h e i n t ro d u ct i o n o f o b s erv at i o n al d at a i n t h e St ep 2 cal cu l at i o n i s an o p t i o n

. It i s al s o p o s s i b l e t o

ru n t h e mo d el i n “n o o b s erv at i o n s ” (N o

- O b s ) mo d e

, w h i ch i n v o l v es t h e u s e o n l y o f MM5 g ri d d ed

d at a fo r t h e i n i t i al g u es s fi el d fo l l o w ed b y fi n e

- s c al e t errai n ad j u s t men t s b y C A L M E T

. In N o

O b s mo d e, o b s erv at i o n al d at a are n o t u s ed i n t h e St ep 2 cal cu l at i o n s

. T h e N o

- O b s mo d e i s

ap p ro p ri at e w h en t h e M M5 s i mu l at i o n s ad eq u at el y c h aract e ri ze t h e reg i o n al w i n d p at t ern s an d

w h en l o c al o b s erv at i o n s

, es p e ci al l y s u rfac e o b s erv at i o n s

, refl ect l o c al co n d i t i o n s o n a s cal e

s mal l er t h an t h at o f t h e C A L M E T d o mai n an d h en c e t h ei r s p at i al rep r es en t at i v en es s m ay b e

l i mi t ed

. Su ch s i t u at i o n s are mo s t l i k el y t o o ccu r w h en t h e C A L M E T g ri d s c al e i s r el at i v el y l arg e

i

. e.

, co ars er t h an t h e s cal e o f v ari at i o n o f t h e t ru e w i n d fi el d

, w h i ch i s p art i cu l arl y l i k el y t o o ccu r

i n co mp l ex t e rrai n o r al o n g t h e s eas h o r e,

3

. 1

. 2 Ma j o r F ea t ur es o f C A L P U FF

By i t s p u ff

- b as ed fo r mu l at i o n an d t h ro u g h t h e u s e o f t h ree

- d i men s i o n al met eo ro l o g i cal d at a

d ev el o p ed b y t h e CA L M E T met eo ro l o g i cal mo d el

, C A L P U F F can s i mu l at e t h e effect s o f t i me

an d s p ace

- v a ry i n g met eo ro l o g i cal co n d i t i o n s o n p o l l u t an t t ran s p o rt fro m s o u rces i n co mp l ex

t errai n

. T h e m aj o r feat u r es an d o p t i o n s o f t h e CA L P U FF mo d el are s u m ma ri zed i n T ab l e 3

- 2 at

t h e en d o f t h i s s u b s ect i o n

. So me o f t h e t ech n i cal al g o ri t h ms ar e b ri e fl y d es c ri b ed b el o w

.

Co m p l ex T er r a i n : T h e effe ct s o f co mp l ex t er rai n o n p u ff t ran s p o rt are d eri v ed f ro m t h e

C A L M E T w i n d s

. In ad d i t i o n

, p u ff

- t er rai n i n t era ct i o n s at g ri d d ed an d d i s c ret e r ecep t o r l o cat i o n s

are s i mu l at ed u s i n g o n e o f t w o al g o ri t h ms t h at mo d i fy t h e p u ff

- h ei g h t (ei t h er t h at o f IS CST 3 o r a

g en eral “p l u me p at h co e ffi ci en t ” ad j u s t men t )

, o r an a l g o ri t h m t h at s i mu l at es en h an ced v ert i cal

d i s p ers i o n d eri v ed fro m t h e w eak l y

- s t rat i fi ed fl o w an d d i s p ers i o n mo d u l e o f t h e Co mp l ex T err ai nO v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 5 D i s p ers i o n Mo d el (C T D MP L U S) ( Perry et al

. , 1 9 8 9 ). T h e p u ff

- h ei g h t ad j u s t men t al g o ri t h ms rel y

o n t h e rec ep t o r el ev at i o n (rel at i v e t o t h e el ev at i o n at t h e s o u rce ) an d t h e h ei g h t o f t h e p u ff ab o v e

t h e s u rface

. T h e en h an ced d i s p ers i o n ad j u s t men t rel i e s o n t h e s l o p e o f t h e g ri d d ed t errai n i n t h e

d i rect i o n o f t ran s p o rt d u ri n g t h e t i me s t ep

.

S

u b g r i d S ca l e Co m p l ex T er r a i n (CTS G ): A n o p t i o n al mo d u l e i n CA L P U F F, C T S G t r eat s t errai n

feat u res t h at are n o t res o l v ed b y t h e g ri d d ed t er rai n fi el d

, an d i s b as ed o n t h e C T D MP L U S ( Per ry

et al

. , 1 9 8 9 )

. Pl u me i mp i n g em en t o n s u b g ri d

- s cal e h i l l s i s ev al u at ed at t h e C T S G s u b g ro u p o f

recep t o rs u s i n g a d i v i d i n g s t reaml i n e h ei g h t ( H d ) t o d et ermi n e w h i ch p o l l u t an t mat eri al i s

d efl ect ed aro u n d t h e s i d es o f a h i l l (b el o w H d ) an d w h i ch mat eri al i s ad v ect ed o v er t h e h i l l (ab o v e

H d ). T h e l o c al fl o w (n ea r t h e fe at u re) u s ed t o d efi n e H d i s t ak en fro m t h e g ri d d ed C A L M E T

fi el d s

. A s i n C T D M P L U S

, e ach feat u r e i s mo d el ed i n i s o l at i o n w i t h i t s o w n s et o f re cep t o rs

.

P u f f S a m p l i n g F u n ct i o n s : A s et o f ac cu rat e an d co mp u t at i o n al l y effi ci en t p u ff s amp l i n g ro u t i n es

i s i n cl u d ed i n CA L P U F F, w h i ch s o l v e man y o f t h e co mp u t at i o n al d i ffi cu l t i es en co u n t ered w h en

ap p l y i n g a p u ff mo d el t o n ear

- fi el d rel eas es

. Fo r n e a r

- fi el d ap p l i cat i o n s d u ri n g rap i d l y

- v ary i n g

met eo ro l o g i cal co n d i t i o n s

, an el o n g at ed p u ff (s l u g ) s a mp l i n g fu n ct i o n may b e u s ed

. A n

i n t eg rat ed p u ff ap p ro ach may b e u s ed d u ri n g l es s d eman d i n g co n d i t i o n s

. Bo t h t ech n i q u es

rep ro d u ce co n t i n u o u s p l u me r es u l t s u n d er t h e ap p ro p ri a t e s t ead y s t at e co n d i t i o n s

.

B u i l d i n g D o wn wa s h : T h e H u b e r

- Sn y d e r an d Sch u l man

- S ci re d o w n w as h mo d el s ar e b o t h

i n co rp o rat ed i n t o CA L P U FF

. A n o p t i o n i s p ro v i d ed t o u s e ei t h er mo d el fo r al l s t ack s

, o r mak e t h e

ch o i ce o n a s t ack

- b y

- s t ack an d w i n d s ect o r

- b y

- w i n d s ect o r b as i s

. Bo t h al g o ri t h ms h av e b een

i mp l emen t ed i n s u ch a w ay as t o al l o w t h e u s e o f w i n d d i rect i o n s p eci fi c b u i l d i n g d i men s i o n s

.

T h e PRI M E b u i l d i n g d o w n w as h mo d el (S ch u l man et a l

. , 2 0 0 0 ) i s al s o i n cl u d ed i n CA L P U FF as

an o p t i o n

.

D i s p er s i o n Co ef f

i ci en t s : Sev eral o p t i o n s are p ro v i d ed i n CA L P U FF fo r t h e co mp u t at i o n o f

d i s p ers i o n c o effi ci en t s

, i n cl u d i n g t h e u s e o f t u rb u l en ce m eas u re men t s ( σ

v an d σ

w ), t h e u s e o f

s i mi l ari t y t h eo ry t o es t i mat e σ

v an d σ

w fro m mo d el ed s u rface h eat an d mo men t u m fl u x es

, o r t h e

u s e o f Pas q u i l l

- G i ffo rd ( P G ) o r Mc E l ro y

- Po o l er ( MP) d i s p ers i o n co ef fi ci en t s

, o r d i s p ers i o n

eq u at i o n s b as ed o n t h e C T D M. O p t i o n s are p ro v i d ed t o ap p l y an av erag i n g t i m e co rre ct i o n o r

s u rface ro u g h n es s l en g t h ad j u s t men t s t o t h e PG co ef fi ci en t s

. In v ers i o n 5

. 7 5 4 o f CA L P U F F

b ei n g u s ed b y V IS T A S

, an o p t i o n i s p ro v i d ed t o u s e t h e A E R M O D t u rb u l en ce p ro fi l es fo r

d et ermi n i n g d i s p ers i o n rat es

, w h i ch i s t h e mo s t re cen t ap p ro ach t o d i s p ers i o n i n E P A

- ap p ro v ed

reg u l at o ry mo d el i n g

. In ad d i t i o n

, t u rb u l en ce ad v ect i o n i s i n cl u d ed

. Fo r ad d i t i o n al d et ai l s o n

t h es e fe at u res

, s ee Sci r e et al

. (2 0 0 5 ).

O v e r wa t er a n d Co a s t a l In t er a ct i o n E f f

ect s : B ecau s e t h e C A L M E T met eo ro l o g i cal mo d el

co n t ai n s b o t h o v er w at er an d o v e rl an d b o u n d ary l ay er al g o ri t h ms

, t h e effe ct s o f w at er b o d i es o n

p l u me t ran s p o rt

, d i s p ers i o n

, an d d ep o s i t i o n can b e s i mu l at ed w i t h C A L P U FF

. T h e p u ff

fo rmu l at i o n o f C A L P U F F i s d es i g n ed t o h an d l e s p at i al ch an g es i n met eo ro l o g i cal an d d i s p ers i o n

co n d i t i o n s

, i n cl u d i n g t h e ab ru p t ch an g es t h at o ccu r at t h e co as t l i n e o f a maj o r b o d y o f w at er

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 6 D r y D ep o s i t i o n : A res i s t an ce mo d el i s p ro v i d ed i n CA L P U F F fo r t h e co mp u t at i o n o f d ry

d ep o s i t i o n rat es o f g as es an d p art i cu l at e mat t er as a fu n ct i o n o f g eo p h y s i cal p ara met ers

,

met eo ro l o g i cal co n d i t i o n s

, an d p o l l u t an t s p eci es

. Fo r p art i cl es

, s o u rce

- s p eci fi c mas s d i s t ri b u t i o n s

may b e p ro v i d ed fo r u s e i n t h e res i s t an c e m o d el

. O f p art i cu l ar i n t eres t fo r B A RT an al y s es i s t h e

ab i l i t y t o s ep arat el y mo d el t h e d ep o s i t i o n o f fi n e p a r t i cu l at e mat t er (< 2

. 5 μ m d i a met e r) f ro m

co ars e p art i cu l at e mat t er (2

. 5

- 1 0 μ m d i a met e r).

W

i n d S h ea r E f f

ect s : C A L P U F F co n t ai n s an o p t i o n al p u ff s p l i t t i n g al g o ri t h m t h at al l o w s v ert i cal

w i n d s h ear ef fect s acro s s i n d i v i d u al p u ffs t o b e s i mu l at ed

. D i ff eren t i al rat es o f d i s p ers i o n an d

t ran s p o rt amo n g t h e “n ew ” p u ffs g en e rat ed fro m t h e o ri g i n al

, w el l

- mi x ed p u ff c an s u b s t an t i al l y

i n creas e t h e ef fect i v e rat e o f h o ri zo n t al s p read o f t h e mat eri al

. Pu ffs may al s o b e s p l i t i n t h e

h o ri zo n t al w h en t h e p u ff s i ze b e co mes l arg e rel at i v e t o t h e g ri d s i ze, t o acco u n t fo r w i n d s h ear

acro s s t h e p u ffs

.

W

et D ep o s i t i o n : A n e mp i ri cal s cav en g i n g co e ffi ci en t a p p ro ach i s u s e d i n C A L P U FF t o co mp u t e

t h e d ep l et i o n an d w et d ep o s i t i o n fl u x es d u e t o p r eci p i t at i o n s cav en g i n g

. T h e s cav en g i n g

co effi ci en t s ar e s p eci fi ed as a fu n ct i o n o f t h e p o l l u t an t an d p reci p i t at i o n t y p e (i

. e.

, fro z en v s

.

l i q u i d p reci p i t at i o n ).

Ch e m i ca l Tr a n s f

o r m a t i o n : C A L P U F F i n cl u d es o p t i o n s fo r p ara met e ri zi n g ch e mi cal

t ran s fo rm at i o n effect s u s i n g t h e fi v e s p eci es s ch eme (S O 2 , S O 4 =

, N O

x , H N O 3 , an d N O 3 - )

emp l o y ed i n t h e ME S O P U F F II mo d el o r a s et o f u s er

- s p eci fi ed

, d i u rn al l y

- v ary i n g t ran s fo rmat i o n

rat es

. T h e ME S O P U F F II s ch e me i s re co m men d ed b y I W A Q M. It p ro d u ces s e co n d ary fi n e

p art i cu l at e mat t er (s u l fat e an d n i t rat e) fro m emi s s i o n s o f S O 2 an d N O

x an d t h u s al l o w s an al y s es

o f v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s

. A mb i en t o zo n e co n cen t r at i o n s are u s ed i n t h e p ara met eri z ed ch e mi cal

t r an s fo rm at i o n mo d u l e as a s u r ro g at e fo r O H rad i c al s d u ri n g d ay l i g h t h o u rs

. A mb i en t a mmo n i a

co n cen t rat i o n s are u s ed t o g et h er w i t h a t emp erat u re an d rel at i v e h u mi d i t y

- d ep en d en t eq u i l i b ri u m

rel at i o n s h i p t o p art i t i o n n i t ri c aci d an d n i t rat e o n an h o u r

- b y

- h o u r an d re cep t o r

- b y

- r ecep t o r b as i s

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 7 Ta bl e 3

- 2

. M a jo r F ea tur es o f th e C A L P U F F D i s per s i o n M o del

• S o u r c e t y p e s

- P o i n t s o u r c e s ( c o n s t a n t o r v a r i a b l e e m i s s i o n s )

- L i n e s o u r c e s ( c o n s t a n t o r v a r i a b l e e m i s s i o n s )

- V o l u m e s o u r c e s ( c o n s t a n t o r v a r i a b l e e m i s s i o n s )

- A r e a s o u r c e s ( c o n s t a n t o r v a r i a b l e e m i s s i o n s )

• N o n

- s t e a d y

- s t a t e e m i s s i o n s a n d m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s

- G r i d d e d 3

- D f i e l d s o f m e t e o r o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s ( w i n d s

, t e m p e r a t u r e )

- S p a t i a l l y

- v a r i a b l e f i e l d s o f m i x i n g h e i g h t

, f r i c t i o n v e l o c i t y

, c o n v e c t i v e v e l o c i t y s c a l e

, M o n i n

- O b u k h o v l e n g t h

, p r e c i p i t a t i o n r a t e

- V e r t i c a l l y a n d h o r i z o n t a l l y

- v a r y i n g t u r b u l e n c e a n d d i s p e r s i o n r a t e s

- T i m e

- d e p e n d e n t s o u r c e a n d e m i s s i o n s d a t a f o r p o i n t

, a r e a

, a n d v o l u m e s o u r c e s

- T e m p o r a l o r w i n d

- d e p e n d e n t s c a l i n g f a c t o r s f o r e m i s s i o n r a t e s

, f o r a l l s o u r c e t y p e s

• I n t e r f a c e t o t h e E m i s s i o n s P r o d u c t i o n M o d e l ( E P M )

- T i m e

- v a r y i n g h e a t f l u x a n d e m i s s i o n s f r o m c o n t r o l l e d b u r n s a n d w i l d f i r e s

• E f f i c i e n t s a m p l i n g f u n c t i o n s

- I n t e g r a t e d p u f f f

o r m u l a t i o n

- E l o n g a t e d p u f f ( s l u g ) f o r m u l a t i o n

• D i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ( σ y , σ

z ) o p t i o n s

- D i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t s o f σ

v a n d σ

w

- E s t i m a t e d v a l u e s o f σ

v a n d σ

w b a s e d o n s i m i l a r i t y t h e o r y

- - A E R M O D t u r b u l e n c e p r o f i l e s

- - O r i g i n a l t u r b u l e n c e p r o f i l e s

- P a s q u i l l

- G i f f o r d ( P G ) d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s ( r u r a l a r e a s )

- M c E l r o y

- P o o l e r ( M P ) d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s ( u r b a n a r e a s )

- C T D M d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s ( n e u t r a l / s t a b l e )

• V e r t i c a l w i n d s h e a r

- P u f f s p l i t t i n g

- D i f f e r e n t i a l a d v e c t i o n a n d d i s p e r s i o n

• P l u m e r i s e

- B u o y a n t a n d m o m e n t u m r i s e

- S t a c k t i p e f f e c t s

- B u i l d i n g d o w n w a s h e f f e c t s

- P a r t i a l p e n e t r a t i o n

- V e r t i c a l w i n d s h e a r

• B u i l d i n g d o w n w a s h

- H u b e r

- S n y d e r m e t h o d

- S c h u l m a n

- S c i r e m e t h o d

- P R I M E m e t h o d

• C o m p l e x t e r r a i n

- S t e e r i n g e f f e c t s i n C A L M E T w i n d f i e l d

- O p t i o n a l p u f f h e i g h t a d j u s t m e n t : I S C 3 o r " p l u m e p a t h c o e f f i c i e n t "

- O p t i o n a l e n h a n c e d v e r t i c a l d i s p e r s i o n ( n e u t r a l / w e a k l y s t a b l e f l o w i n C T D M P L U S )O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 8 Ta bl e 3

- 2

. M a jo r F ea tur es o f th e C A L P U F F D i s per s i o n M o del ( C o n t’d )

• S u b g r i d s c a l e c o m p l e x t e r r a i n ( C T S G o p t i o n )

- D i v i d i n g s t r e a m l i n e

, H d , a s i n C T D M P L U S :

- A b o v e H d , m a t e r i a l f l o w s o v e r t h e h i l l a n d e x p e r i e n c e s a l t e r e d d i f f u s i o n r a t e s

- B e l o w H d , m a t e r i a l d e f l e c t s a r o u n d t h e h i l l

, s p l i t s

, a n d w r a p s a r o u n d t h e h i l l

• D r y D e p o s i t i o n

- G a s e s a n d p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r

- T h r e e o p t i o n s :

- F u l l t r e a t m e n t o f s p a c e a n d t i m e v a r i a t i o n s o f d e p o s i t i o n w i t h a r e s i s t a n c e m o d e l

- U s e r

- s p e c i f i e d d i u r n a l c y c l e s f o r e a c h p o l l u t a n t

- N o d r y d e p o s i t i o n

• O v e r w a t e r a n d c o a s t a l i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t s

- O v e r w a t e r b o u n d a r y l a y e r p a r a m e t e r s ( C O A R E a l g o r i t h m o r O C D

- b a s e d m e t h o d )

- A b r u p t c h a n g e i n m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s

, p l u m e d i s p e r s i o n a t c o a s t a l b o u n d a r y

- P l u m e f u m i g a t i o n

• C h e m i c a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o p t i o n s

- P s e u d o

- f i r s t

- o r d e r c h e m i c a l m e c h a n i s m f o r S O 2 , S O =

4 , N O

x , H N O 3 , a n d N O 3 ( M E S O P U F F I I m e t h o d )

- P s e u d o

- f i r s t

- o r d e r c h e m i c a l m e c h a n i s m f o r S O 2 , S O =

4 , N O

, N O 2 , H N O 3 , a n d N O 3 ( R I V A D / A R M 3 m e t h o d )

- U s e r

- s p e c i f i e d d i u r n a l c y c l e s o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t e s

- N o c h e m i c a l c o n v e r s i o n

• We t R e m o v a l

- S c a v e n g i n g c o e f f i c i e n t a p p r o a c h

- R e m o v a l r a t e a f u n c t i o n o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n t e n s i t y a n d p r e c i p i t a t i o n t y p e

3

. 1

. 3 Ma j o r F ea t ur es o f P o s t p r o ces s o r s (C A L P O S T a nd P O S T U T I

L

)

T h e t w o m ai n p o s t p ro ces s o rs o f i n t eres t fo r B A R T ap p l i cat i o n s are t h e C A L P O S T an d

P O S T U T I L p ro g ra ms

. C A L P O S T i s u s ed t o p ro ces s t h e C A L P U FF o u t p u t s

, p ro d u ci n g

t ab u l at i o n s t h at s u mmari z e t h e res u l t s o f t h e s i mu l at i o n s

, i d en t i fy i n g

, fo r ex a mp l e, t h e h i g h es t an d

s eco n d

- h i g h es t h o u rl y

- av erag e co n cen t rat i o n s at eac h recep t o r. W h en p er fo rmi n g v i s i b i l i t y

rel at ed mo d el i n g

, C A L P O S T u s es co n c en t rat i o n s fro m C A L P U F F t o co mp u t e l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n

an d rel at ed me as u res o f v i s i b i l i t y (h aze i n d ex i n d eci v i ew s ), rep o rt i n g t h es e fo r a 2 4

- h o u r

av erag i n g t i m e.

T h e CA L PO S T p ro ces s o r c o n t a i n s s e v era l o p t i o n s f o r ev al u a t i n g v i s i b i l i t y i mp a ct s

, i n c l u d i n g t h e

met h o d d e s cr i b e d i n t h e BA RT g u i d a n ce, w h i ch u s e s mo n t h l y av era g e rel a t i v e h u mi d i t y v al u es

.

CA L P O S T co n t a i n s i mp l emen t at i o n s o f t h e I W A Q M

- reco mm en d ed an d F L A G

- re co m men d ed

v i s i b i l i t y t ech n i q u es an d ad d i t i o n a l o p t i o n s t o ev al u at e t h e i m p act o f n a t u ra l w eat h er ev e n t s (fo g

,

rai n a n d s n o w ) o n b ac k g r o u n d v i s i b i l i t y a n d v i s i b i l i t y i m p act s fr o m mo d e l e d s o u rce s

.

T h e P O S T U T I L p ro ces s o r i s a p ro g ra m t h at al l o w s t h e cu mu l at i v e i mp act s o f mu l t i p l e s o u rces

fro m d i ffer en t s i mu l at i o n s t o b e s u mm ed

, can co m p u t e t h e d i ffe ren ce b et w e en t w o s et s o fO v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 1 9 p red i ct ed i mp a ct s (u s efu l fo r ev al u a t i n g t h e b en efi t s o f B A R T co n t ro l s ), an d co n t ai n s a ch emi s t ry

mo d u l e t o ev al u at e t h e eq u i l i b ri u m rel at i o n s h i p b et w een n i t ri c aci d an d n i t rat e aero s o l s

. T h i s

cap ab i l i t y al l o w s t h e p o t en t i al n o n

- l i n ear e ffe ct s o f a mmo n i a s cav en g i n g b y s u l fat e an d n i t rat e

s o u rces t o b e ev al u at ed i n t h e fo r mat i o n o f n i t rat e fro m an i n d i v i d u al s o u rce. C A L P U F F mak es

t h e fu l l amb i en t am mo n i a co n cen t r at i o n av ai l ab l e t o ea ch p u ff w i t h o u t reg ard fo r an y s c av en g i n g

b y o t h er p u ffs

. PO ST U T I L co rr ect s fo r s u ch s cav en g i n g w h en t h e p u ffs g en erat ed b y t h e

C A L P U FF mo d el o v erl ap

, as co u l d b e t h e cas e fo r a s i n g l e s o u rce w h en t h e w i n d s p eed i s l o w

, o r

w h en n i t rat e fo rm at i o n i s t o b e at t ri b u t ed t o ea ch o f s ev eral s o u rc es t h at are i n a cl u s t er an d w h o s e

p l u mes o v erl ap

,

P O S T U T I L w i l l al s o co mp u t e t h e i mp act s o f i n d i v i d u al s o u rces o r g ro u p s o f s o u r ces o n s u l fu r

an d n i t ro g en d ep o s i t i o n i n t o aq u at i c, fo res t an d co as t al eco s y s t ems

. T h e p o s t p ro ces s o r al l o w s t h e

ch an g es i n d ep o s i t i o n fl u x es res u l t i n g fro m ch an g es i n emi s s i o n s t o b e q u an t i fi ed

. Fo r ex amp l e

t h e o u t p u t o f P O S T U T I L an d C A L P O S T c an b e u s ed a s i n p u t i n t o an A ci d N eu t ral i zi n g Cap a ci t y

(A N C) an al y s i s

, o r fo r co mp ari s o n t o D ep o s i t i o n A n al y s i s T h res h o l d s ( D A T s )

.



### 3. 2 D i s c u s s i on of C A L P U F F A p p l i c ab i l i t y an d L i m i t at i on s

3

. 2

. 1 T r a ns p o r t a nd D i ff

u s i o n

A c co rd i n g t o t h e IW A Q M Ph as e 2 r ep o rt (p ag e 1 8 )

, “C A L P U F F i s reco mm en d ed fo r t ran s p o rt

d i s t an ces o f 2 0 0 k m o r l es s

. U s e o f C A L P U F F fo r ch a r act eri zi n g t ran s p o rt b ey o n d 2 0 0 t o 3 0 0 k m

s h o u l d b e d o n e c au t i o u s l y w i t h an a w ar en es s o f t h e l i k e l y p ro b l ems i n v o l v ed

. ” 6

I W A Q M ’s 2 0 0

- k m l i mi t at i o n d eri v es fro m t h e o b s e rv a t i o n t h at

, w h en co mp ared t o t h e d at a o f t h e

Cro s s A p p al ach i an T ra cer E x p eri men t ( C A P T E X ), t h e b as i c co n fi g u rat i o n o f C A L P U F F

o v eres t i mat ed i n ert t r ace r co n c en t rat i o n s b y fact o rs o f 3 t o 4 at rec ep t o rs t h at w ere 3 0 0 t o 1 0 0 0

k m fro m t h e s o u rce

. T h e ap p a ren t reas o n w as i n s u ffi ci en t h o ri zo n t al d i s p ers i o n o f t h e s i mu l at ed

p l u me, p r es u mab l y b ec au s e an act u al l arg e p l u m e d o es n o t remai n co h eren t i n t h e p res en c e o f

v ert i cal w i n d s h ears t h at t y p i cal l y o ccu r

, es p eci al l y d u ri n g t h e n i g h t

, an d o f h o ri zo n t al w i n d

s h ears o v er t h e l a rg e p u f fs t h at ari s e o v e r l o n g t ran s p o rt d i s t an ces

.

T o b et t er rep r es en t s u ch s i t u at i o n s

, an o p t i o n al p u ff s p l i t t i n g al g o ri t h m h as s i n ce b een ad d ed t o

C A L P U FF t o s i mu l at e w i n d s h ear ef f ect s a cro s s a w el l

- mi x ed i n d i v i d u al p u ff b y d i v i d i n g t h e

p u ff h o ri zo n t al l y an d v ert i cal l y i n t o t w o o r mo r e p i ece s

. D i f fer en t i al rat es o f t ran s p o rt a mo n g t h e

n ew p u ffs t h u s g en erat ed c an i n cr eas e t h e h o ri zo n t al s p read o f t h e mat e ri al i n t h e p l u me d u e t o

v e rt i cal w i n d s p eed s h ear an d w i n d d i rect i o n s h ear. T h e h o ri zo n t al p u ff s p l i t t i n g al g o ri t h m i s

6 T h e I W A Q M p r e s e n t a t i o n a t E P A ’ s 6 t h M o d e l i n g C o n f e r e n c e p r o v i d e s t h e b a c k g r o u n d f o r t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n :

“ T h e I W A Q M c o n c l u d e s t h a t C A L P U F F b e r e c o m m e n d e d a s p r o v i d i n g u n b i a s e d e s t i m a t e s o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n

i m p a c t s f o r t r a n s p o r t d i s t a n c e s o f o r d e r 2 0 0 k m a n d l e s s

, a n d f o r t r a n s p o r t t i m e s o f o r d e r 1 2 h o u r s o r l e s s

. F o r

l a r g e r t r a n s p o r t t i m e s a n d d i s t a n c e s

, o u r e x p e r i e n c e t h u s f a r i s t h a t C A L P U F F t e n d s t o u n d e r e s t i m a t e t h e

h o r i z o n t a l e x t e n t o f t h e d i s p e r s i o n a n d h e n c e t e n d s t o o v e r e s t i m a t e t h e s u r f a c e

- l e v e l c o n c e n t r a t i o n m a x i m a

. T h i s

d o e s n o t p r e c l u d e t h e u s e o f C A L P U F F f o r t r a n s p o r t b e y o n d 3 0 0 k m

, b u t i t d o e s s u g g e s t t h a t r e s u l t s i n s u c h

i n s t a n c e s b e u s e d c a u t i o u s l y a n d w i t h s o m e u n d e r s t a n d i n g

. ” ( F r o m p a g e D

- 1 2 o f t h e I W A Q M P h a s e 2 r e p o r t

. )O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 0 d es i g n ed t o al l o w l arg e p u ffs t h at may g ro w t o b e s ev eral g ri d cel l s o r mo re i n s i ze t o s p l i t i n t o

s mal l er p u ffs t h at can t h en mo re accu r at el y res p o n d t o v ari at i o n s i n t h e l o cal w i n d fi el d acro s s t h e

o ri g i n al l arg e p u ff. T h i s w i l l al s o t en d t o i n creas e h o ri zo n t al d i s p ers i o n o f t h e p l u me. Si n ce t h e

creat i o n o f ad d i t i o n al p u ffs v i a p u ff s p l i t t i n g w i l l i n creas e t h e co mp u t at i o n al req u i re men t s o f t h e

mo d el

, p o s s i b l y s u b s t an t i al l y

, p u ff s p l i t t i n g i s n o t en ab l ed b y d efau l t

, b u t can b e t u rn ed o n at t h e

o p t i o n o f t h e u s er

. Pu ff s p l i t t i n g may b e ap p ro p ri at e f o r t ran s p o rt d i s t an ces o v er 2 0 0 t o 3 0 0 k m,

o r p o s s i b l y o v er s h o rt er d i s t an c es i n co mp l ex t e rrai n

.

T u rn i n g t o t h e s h o r t er d i s t an ce en d o f t h e t ran s p o rt ran g e, t h e C A L P U F F s ect i o n o f A p p en d i x A

o f t h e G u i d el i n e o n A i r Q u a l i t y M o d el s (4 0 CF R 5 1

, A p p en d i x W ) s t at es

, “C A L P U FF i s i n t en d ed

fo r u s e o n s cal es fro m t en s o f m et ers fro m a s o u rce t o h u n d red s o f k i l o met ers

. ” T h i s i s s u p p o rt ed

b y t h e IW A Q M Ph as e 2 rep o rt

, w h i ch i n d i cat es t h at t h e d i ffu s i o n al g o ri t h ms i n CA L P U FF w ere

d es i g n ed t o b e s u i t ab l e fo r b o t h s h o rt an d l o n g d i s t an ces

. In t h i s reg ard

, C A L P U FF d o es co n t ai n

al g o ri t h ms fo r s u ch n ear

- fi el d ef fect s as p l u me ri s e, b u i l d i n g d o w n w as h

, an d t err ai n i mp i n g e men t

an d i n cl u d es ro u t i n es t h at d eal w i t h t h e co mp u t at i o n al d i ffi cu l t i es en co u n t ered w h en ap p l y i n g a

p u ff mo d el i n t h e fi el d n ea r t o a s o u rc e.

T h e reco m men d at i o n s fo r r eg u l at o ry u s e i n A p p en d i x A o f t h e G u i d el i n e o n A i r Q u a l i t y M o d el s

s t at e, “C A L P U F F i s ap p ro p ri at e fo r l o n g ran g e t ra n s p o rt (s o u rce

- rec ep t o r d i s t an ce o f 5 0 t o

s ev eral h u n d red k i l o met e rs )”, b u t p ro v i s i o n s fo r u s i n g C A L P U FF i n t h e n e ar

- fi el d i n “co mp l ex

fl o w ” s i t u at i o n s are al s o i n cl u d ed i n t h e reg u l at o ry g u i d an ce

. Co mp l ex fl o w s i t u at i o n s may

i n cl u d e co mp l ex t errai n

, co as t al ar eas

, s i t u at i o n s w h ere p l u me fu mi g at i o n i s l i k el y

, an d ar eas

w h e re s t ag n at i o n

, fl o w rev e rs al s

, reci r cu l at i o n o r s p at i al v ari ab i l i t y i n w i n d fi el d s (e. g

. , as d u e t o

ch an g es i n v al l ey o ri en t at i o n ) ar e i mp o rt an t

.

T h e t rac er s t u d i es w i t h w h i ch C A L P U FF t ran s p o rt an d d i ffu s i o n cap ab i l i t i es w ere ev al u at ed i n

t h e IW A Q M Ph as e 2 rep o rt w e re g en e ral l y o v er d i s t an ces g reat er t h an 5 0 k m. Mo re r ecen t l y

,

ad d i t i o n al s t u d i es o f mo d el p e rfo r man c e h av e b e en p er fo rmed at s h o rt e r d i s t an ces

, i n cl u d i n g at a

p o w e r p l an t i n N ew Y o rk s t at e i n co mp l ex t errai n (at s o u rce

- rec ep t o r d i s t an ces o f 2 t o 8

. 5 k m)

an d a s eco n d p o w e r p l an t i n Il l i n o i s i n s i mp l e t er rai n ( a t s o u rce

- r ecep t o r d i s t an ces i n a rcs r an g i n g

fro m 0

. 5 k m t o 5 0 k m f ro m t h e s t ack ) ( St ri m ai t i s et al

. , 1 9 9 8 ). O t h er C A L P U FF ev al u at i o n

s t u d i es o v er s h o rt

- d i s t an ces i n cl u d e o n es b y Ch an g et al

. (2 0 0 1 ) an d Mo rri s o n et al

. (2 0 0 3 )

.

T h es e s t u d i es d emo n s t rat e g o o d mo d el p erfo rm an ce o v er s o u rce

- rec ep t o r d i s t an ces fro m a f e w

h u n d red m et ers t o 5 0 k m

.

A n i mp o rt an t f act o r i n t h e p erfo r man ce o f C A L P U FF i s t h e ch o i ce o f d i s p ers i o n co effi ci en t s

. T h e

E P A h as d efi n ed t h e " reg u l at o ry d efau l t " o p t i o n i n C A L P U F F t o al l o w ei t h er Pas q u i l l

- G i f fo rd

(P G ) o r t u rb u l en ce

- b as ed d i s p ers i o n co ef fi ci en t s

. C A L P U F F h as b e en ev al u at ed an d s h o w n t o

p erfo r m b et t er u s i n g t u rb u l en ce

- b as ed d i s p ers i o n f o r t al l s t ack s (St ri mai t i s et al

, 1 9 9 8 ).

C A L P U FF w i t h t u rb u l en ce

- b as ed d i s p ers i o n h as al s o b een ev al u at ed fo r o v e r w at er t r an s p o rt an d

co as t al s i t u at i o n s (Sc i re et al

. , 2 0 0 5 )

. In m an y o t h er s t u d i es

, i n cl u d i n g A E RM O D ev al u at i o n

s t u d i es co n d u ct ed b y E P A

, t h e u s e o f P G

- d i s p ers i o n

, o r mo re s p eci fi c al l y t h e l ack o f a co n v ect i v e

p ro b ab i l i t y d en s i t y fu n ct i o n (p d f) mo d u l e, h as b een d e mo n s t rat ed t o res u l t i n u n d erp red i ct i o n o f

p eak co n c en t rat i o n s

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 1 In N o v emb er 2 0 0 5

, E P A ap p ro v ed t h e A E R M O D mo d el

, w h i ch rel i es o n t u rb u l en ce

- b as ed

d i s p ers i o n

, as a reg u l at o ry G u i d el i n e Mo d el 7

. T h e ISC S T 3 mo d el an d i t s PG d i s p ers i o n

co effi ci en t s are b ei n g p h as ed o u t as an ac cep t ab l e reg u l at o ry ap p ro ach

. H o w ev e r, E P A Reg i o n

IV h as i n d i cat ed t h at t h e ap p l i cat i o n o f t u rb u l en ce

- b as ed d i s p ers i o n co effi ci en t s i n CA L P U F F

n eed s t o b e fu rt h er d e mo n s t rat ed b efo re t h ey a re ap p ro v ed fo r B A R T ap p l i cat i o n

. T h ey w i l l

co n s i d er accep t i n g t h e u s e o f t u rb u l en ce d i s p ers i o n co effi ci en t s o n a cas e

- b y

- c as e b as i s fo r

s o u rces t h at a re cl o s e t o Cl as s I ar eas

.

Fo r reg i o n al h a ze l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n cal cu l at i o n s

, u s e o f a p l u me

- s i mu l at i n g mo d el s u ch as

C A L P U FF i s ap p ro p ri at e o n l y w h en t h e p l u m e i s s u ffi ci en t l y d i ffu s e t h at i t i s n o t v i s u al l y

d i s cern i b l e as a p l u me p er s e

, b u t n ev ert h el es s i t s p re s en ce co u l d al t er t h e v i s i b i l i t y t h ro u g h t h e

b ack g ro u n d h az e. T h e I W A Q M Ph as e 2 rep o rt s t at es t h at s u ch co n d i t i o n s o ccu r s t art i n g 3 0 t o 5 0

k m fro m a s o u rc e. In t h i s l i g h t

, t h e B A R T g u i d an ce s t ro n g l y reco mmen d s u s i n g CA L P U F F fo r

s o u rce

- re cep t o r d i s t an ces g re at er t h an 5 0 k m b u t al s o p res en t s C A L P U FF as an o p t i o n t h at can b e

co n s i d ered fo r s h o rt er t ran s p o rt d i s t an ces

.

A s d i s cu s s ed ab o v e, t h er e d o n o t ap p ear t o b e an y s ci en t i fi c reas o n s w h y C A L P U FF c an n o t b e

u s ed fo r ev en s h o rt er t r an s p o rt d i s t an ces t h an 3 0 k m, t h o u g h

, as l o n g as t h e s cal e o f t h e p l u m e i s

l arg er t h an t h e s cal e o f t h e o u t p u t g ri d s o t h at t h e m ax i mu m co n cen t rat i o n s an d t h e w i d t h o f t h e

p l u me ar e ad eq u at el y rep res en t ed a n d s o t h at t h e s u b

- g ri d d et ai l s o f p l u me s t ru ct u re can b e

i g n o red w h en es t i mat i n g eff ect s o n l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n

. T h e s t an d ard 1

- k m o u t p u t g ri d t h at h as b een

es t ab l i s h ed fo r Cl as s I area an al y s es s h o u l d s erv e d o w n t o s o u rce

- r ecep t o r d i s t an ces s o me w h at

u n d er 3 0 k m; h o w mu ch cl o s er t h an 3 0 k m w i l l d ep en d o n t h e t o p o g rap h y an d met eo ro l o g y o f t h e

area an d s h o u l d b e ev al u at ed o n a cas e

- b y

- cas e b as i s

. Fo r ex t re mel y s h o rt t ran s p o rt d i s t an ces

,

d ep i ct i o n o f t h e co n cen t rat i o n d i s t ri b u t i o n w i l l req u i re a g ri d t h at i s fi n er t h an 1 k m. (Fo r

refer en ce

, t h e w i d t h o f a G au s s i an p l u me, 2 σ y , i s ro u g h l y 1 k m aft er 1 0 k m o f t rav el d i s t an ce,

as s u mi n g Pas q u i l l

- G i ffo rd d i s p ers i o n rat es u n d e r n eu t r al co n d i t i o n s

. )

A s an ad d i t i o n al co n s i d erat i o n

, i f t h e p l u me w i d t h i s s mal l co mp ared t o t h e v i s u al ran g e, t h e

at mo s p h eri c ex t i n ct i o n al o n g a t y p i cal s i g h t p at h o f t e n s o f k i l o met ers t h ro u g h t h e p l u me w i l l b e

i n h o mo g en eo u s an d t h e s i mp l e C A L P O S T p o i n t es t i mat e o f reg i o n al l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n at a recep t o r

p o i n t w i l l n o t b e co rr ect

. H o w ev e r, t h e eff ect o f av e rag i n g l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n es t i mat es fo r 2 4 h o u rs

,

d u ri n g w h i ch t h e p l u me l o cat i o n s h i ft s o v er v ari o u s recep t o r p o i n t s

, i s l i k el y t o mi t i g at e t h i s

p ro b l em t o s o me d eg re e an d s u g g es t s t h at u s i n g C A L P U FF at d i s t an ces u n d er 3 0 k m w i l l o ft en b e

ap p ro p ri at e. Fo r t h e n ar ro w p l u mes t h at res u l t fro m s h o rt t ran s p o rt d i s t an ces

, t h o u g h

, t h e mo d el ed

p eak 2 4

- h r av erag e ex t i n ct i o n at a recep t o r w i l l t en d t o o v ers t at e t h e effect o f t h e s o u rce o n

reg i o n al h az e.

7 R e v i s i o n t o t h e G u i d e l i n e o n A i r Q u a l i t y M o d e l s : A d o p t i o n o f a P r e f

e r r e d G e n e r a l P u r p o s e ( F l

a t a n d C o m p l e x

T

e r r a i n ) D i s p e r s i o n M o d e l a n d O t h e r R e v i s i o n s ; F i n a l R u l e

. 7 0 F R 6 8 2 1 8

- 6 8 2 6 1

. 9 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 2 T h e U

. S. E P A h as s u g g es t ed t h at t h e p l u me v i s i b i l i t y mo d el

, P L U V U E

- II

, co u l d b e u s ed i n l i eu

o f C A L P U FF fo r s i mu l at i n g v i s i b i l i t y effect s at s u ch s h o rt d i s t an ces

. 8 PL U V U E

- II i s a G au s s i an

mo d el t h at s i mu l at es t h e d i s p ers i o n

, ch emi c al co n v er s i o n

, an d o p t i cal effect s o f e mi s s i o n s o f

p art i cl es

, S O 2 , an d N O

x f ro m a s i n g l e s o u rce. It s o u t p u t s i n cl u d e t h e d i s co l o rat i o n o f t h e s k y b y

t h e p l u me (s o cal l ed “p l u m e b l i g h t ”) an d t h e e ffe ct o f t h e p l u me o n v i s i b i l i t y al o n g u s er

- s el ect ed

s i g h t p at h s t h at p as s t h ro u g h t h e p l u me. T h e i mp act s o f t h e p l u me o n v i s i b i l i t y d ep e n d n o t o n l y

o n t h e p l u me co mp o s i t i o n

, b u t al s o o n t h e s i g h t p at h ch o s en an d i t s d i rect i o n rel at i v e t o t h e ax i s

o f t h e p l u me an d t h e l o cat i o n o f t h e s u n

. It i s n ’t cl ear h o w s u ch s i g h t

- p at h d ep en d en t res u l t s co u l d

b e co mp a red t o t h e 0

. 5 an d 1

. 0 d eci v i e w t h re s h o l d s i n t h e B A R T g u i d an c e. Si n ce C A L P U FF i s

d es i g n ed t o b e u s efu l fo r s h o rt t ran s p o rt d i s t an ces (w i t h feat u res s u ch as t h e s i mu l at i o n o f p l u me

d o w n w as h cau s ed b y s t ru ct u res at t h e s o u rce), CA L P U F F s eems mo r e ap p ro p ri at e t h an

PL U V U E

- I I fo r ev al u at i n g s o u r c e i mp act at s h o rt d i s t a n ces fo r B A R T as s es s men t p u rp o s es

.

3

. 2

. 2 Aer o s o l Co ns t i t uent s

P

r i ma r y P M

2

. 5

A

p p en d i x A o f t h e G u i d el i n e o n A i r Q u a l i t y M o d el s (4 0 C FR 5 1

, A p p en d i x W ) s t at es t h at

C A L P U FF can t re at p ri mary p o l l u t an t s s u ch as PM 1 0

. In act u al i t y

, CA L P U F F can s i mu l at e PM 1 0

o r P M 2

. 5 o r s o me o t h er s i ze ran g e

, b e cau s e t h e as s u m e d s i ze d i s t ri b u t i o n o f t h e p art i cl es i s a u s er

i n p u t

. T h e s mal l e r t h e p art i cl es

, t h e mo re t h ey d i s p ers e l i k e an i n ert g as

. In mo s t c as es

, t h e

d i s p ers i o n o f i n ert PM 2

. 5 p art i cl es w i l l b e o n l y mi n u t el y d i fferen t fro m t h at o f an i n ert g as

, b u t t h e

b eh av i o r o f l arg er p art i cl es w i l l d i ff er.

A p art i cu l arl y i mp o rt an t co n t ri b u t o r t o P M co n cen t rat i o n s i s t h e rat e o f d ep o s i t i o n t o t h e s u rfac e.

PM 2

. 5 p art i cl es

, w h i ch h av e a mas s med i an d i a met er aro u n d 0

. 5 μ m, h av e an av er ag e n et

d ep o s i t i o n v el o ci t y o f ab o u t 1 cm/ mi n (o r ab o u t 1 4 m/ d ay ) an d t h u s t h e d ep o s i t i o n o f fi n e

p art i cl es i s u s u al l y n o t s i g n i fi can t ex cep t fo r g ro u n d

- l ev el emi s s i o n s

. O n t h e o t h er h an d

, co ars e

p art i cl es (t h o s e P M 1 0 p art i cl es l arg er t h an PM 2

. 5 ) h av e an av e rag e d ep o s i t i o n v el o ci t y o f mo re

t h an 1 m/ mi n (o r 1 4 4 0 m/ d ay ), w h i ch i s s i g n i fi can t

, ev e n fo r emi s s i o n s fro m el ev at ed s t ack s

.

C A L P U FF i n cl u d es p ara met ri c rep r es en t at i o n s o f p art i cl e an d g as d ep o s i t i o n i n t erms o f

at mo s p h eri c, d ep o s i t i o n l ay er, an d v eg et at i o n l ay er “res i s t an c es ” an d

, fo r p art i cl es

, t h e

g rav i t at i o n al s et t l i n g s p eed

. G rav i t at i o n al s et t l i n g

, w h i ch i s o f p art i cu l ar i mp o rt an ce fo r t h e co ars e

fract i o n o f P M 1 0 , i s acco u n t ed fo r i n t h e cal cu l at i o n o f t h e d ep o s i t i o n v el o ci t y

. E ffe ct s o f i n ert i al

i mp act i o n (i mp o rt an t fo r t h e u p p er p art o f t h e PM 1 0 d i s t ri b u t i o n ) an d Bro w n i an mo t i o n (i mp o rt an t

fo r s m al l

, s u b

- mi c ro n p art i cl es ) an d w et s c av en g i n g are al s o ad d res s ed

. T h e B A R T g u i d an ce

reco m men d s t h at fi n e p art i cu l at e mat t er (l es s t h an 2

. 5 μ m d i a met e r), w h i ch h as h i g h er l i g h t

ex t i n ct i o n effi ci en cy t h an co a rs e p art i cu l at e mat t er ( 2

. 5

- 1 0 μ m d i a met e rs ), s h o u l d b e t re at ed

s ep arat el y i n t h e mo d el

. C A L P U F F al l o w s fo r u s er

- s p eci fi ed s i ze cat eg o ri es t o b e t reat ed as

8 H o w e v e r

, f o r t h e r e a s o n s g i v e n i n t h i s p a r a g r a p h

, V I S T A S d o e s n o t r e c o m m e n d P L U V U E

- I I f o r B A R T

a p p l i c a t i o nO v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 3 s ep arat e s p eci es

, w h i ch i n cl u d es cal cu l at i n g s i ze

- s p eci fi c d ry d ep o s i t i o n v el o ci t i es fo r each s i ze

cat eg o ry

.

A p ri mary P M 2

. 5 emi s s i o n fro m co al

- fi red el ect ri c g en e rat i n g u n i t s (E G U s ) t h at i s o f rel ev an c e t o

v i s i b i l i t y cal cu l at i o n s i s t h at o f p ri mary s u l fat e. A l t h o u g h p ri mary s u l fat e e mi s s i o n s acco u n t fo r

o n l y a s mal l f ract i o n o f t h e t o t al s u l fu r e mi s s i o n s fro m s u ch s o u rc es

, i t may b e i mp o rt an t t o

s i mu l at e t h ei r effe ct w i t h C A L P U FF

, es p eci al l y at s h o rt er d i s t an ces b efo r e s i g n i fi can t fo r mat i o n

o f s eco n d a ry s u l fat e co n v ers i o n f r o m S O 2 h as t ak en p l a ce.

Sul fur D i o x i d e a nd Se co nd a r

y P a r t i cul a t

e S ul fa t e

T h e M E S O P U FF

- II ch e mi s t ry al g o ri t h m u s ed i n C A L P U F F 9

s i mu l at es t h e g as p h as e o x i d at i o n

o f s u l fu r d i o x i d e t o s u l fat e b y a l i n ear t ran s fo rmat i o n rat e t h at w as d ev el o p ed u s i n g reg res s i o n

rel at i o n s h i p s d eri v ed fro m t h e an al y s i s o f ch emi cal co n v ers i o n rat es p ro d u ced b y a co mp l ex

p h o t o ch emi cal b o x mo d el (s e e Sci r e et al

. , 1 9 8 4

, fo r a d es cri p t i o n o f t h e d ev el o p men t o f t h e

ch emi c al mo d u l e). A s i n al l e mp i ri cal l y

- d eri v ed mo d el s

, t h e rel at i o n s h i p s are b as ed o n eas i l y

co mp u t ed o r o b s erv ed p aram et ers t h at are u s ed as s u rro g at es fo r t h e fact o rs t h at co n t ro l SO 2

o x i d at i o n

.

T h e s u rro g at e fact o rs i n cl u d ed i n t h e p ar am et eri zed c h emi s t ry d u ri n g t h e d ay t i m e h o u rs i n cl u d e

s o l ar rad i at i o n i n t en s i t y

, am b i en t o zo n e co n cen t rat i o n

, an d at mo s p h eri c s t ab i l i t y cl as s

. Fo r

ex amp l e

, g as p h as e S O 2 o x i d at i o n i s a fu n ct i o n o f O H rad i cal co n cen t rat i o n s

. O zo n e

co n cen t rat i o n s are co rrel at ed w i t h O H rad i cal co n c en t rat i o n s d u ri n g d ay t i me h o u rs

, an d t h ei r u s e

i n t h e d ay t i me SO 2 co n v ers i o n rat e i n C A L P U FF i s b as ed o n t h i s co rrel at i o n rel at i o n s h i p

. T h e

p h i l o s o p h y i s t h at O H rad i cal meas u r em en t s are n o t av ai l ab l e an d can n o t eas i l y b e co mp u t ed

w i t h i n a mo d el l i k e CA L P U FF

, b u t o zo n e i s co mmo n l y meas u red t h ro u g h o u t t h e co u n t r y

, s o t h e

u s e o f t h e w el l

- k n o w n s u rro g at e v ari ab l e (o zo n e) i s mo re u s efu l i n t h e e mp i ri cal rel at i o n s h i p t h an

fact o rs t h at are u n k n o w n o r h av e a h i g h d eg ree o f u n cert ai n t y

. T h e s a me l o g i c ap p l i es t o t h e

o t h er v ari ab l es i n t h e rel at i o n s h i p

. T h ey are s u r ro g at es fo r fa ct o rs t h at t h e reg r es s i o n an al y s i s h as

s h o w n t o b e i mp o rt an t i n S O 2 o x i d at i o n rat es

. A t n i g h t

, t h e S O 2 co n v ers i o n i s s et t o a co n s t an t

l o w v al u e (d ef au l t i s 0

. 2 % / h r ). A q u eo u s p h as e o x i d a t i o n o f S O 2 i s rep res en t ed b y an ad d i t i v e

t erm t h at v ari es w i t h rel at i v e h u mi d i t y an d p eak s at 3 % / h r at 1 0 0 % rel at i v e h u mi d i t y

. C A L P U FF

rep res en t s t h e ch emi c al co n v ers i o n as a l i n ea r p ro ces s b ecau s e i t req u i res l i n ea r i n d ep en d en c e

b et w e en p u ffs

, al t h o u g h as ex p l ai n ed b el o w

, n o n

- l i n ear b eh av i o r i n n i t rat e fo rm at i o n can b e

mo d el ed

.

9 C A L P U F F o f f e r s t w o o p t i o n s f o r p a r a m e t e r i z i n g c h e m i c a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s : t h e 5 s p e c i e s ( S O 2 , S O 4 =

, N O

x , H N O 3 ,

a n d N O 3 - ) M E S O P U F F

- I I s y s t e m a n d t h e 6 s p e c i e s R I V A D s y s t e m ( w h i c h t r e a t s N O a n d N O 2 s e p a r a t e l y )

. I W A Q M r e c o m m e n d s u s i n g t h e M E S O P U F F

- I I s y s t e m w i t h C A L P U F F

. T h e R I V A D s y s t e m i s b e l i e v e d t o b e

m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c l e a n e n v i r o n m e n t s

, h o w e v e r

, a n d t h e r e f o r e w a s u s e d i n t h e S o u t h w e s t W y o m i n g R e g i o n a l

C A L P U F F A i r Q u a l i t y M o d e l i n g S t u d y i n 2 0 0 1

. F o r t h e V I S T A S r e g i o n

, t h e I W A Q M

- a n d F L M

- r e c o m m e n d e d

M E S O P U F F

- I I c h e m i s t r y i s m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 4 T h e I W A Q M Ph as e 2 rep o rt co n cl u d es t h at t h i s ch e mi s t ry al g o ri t h m i s ad eq u at e fo r rep r es en t i n g

t h e g as p h as e s u l f at e fo r mat i o n b u t t h at i t d o es n o t a d eq u at el y ac co u n t fo r t h e aq u eo u s p h as e

o x i d at i o n o f SO 2

. A ct u al aq u eo u s p h as e o x i d at i o n i n cl o u d s o r fo g can p ro ceed at rat es mu ch

g reat er t h an 3 % p er h o u r, l ead i n g I W A Q M t o s u g g es t t h at s u l fat e mi g h t b e u n d eres t i mat ed i n

s u ch s i t u at i o n s

. H o w ev er

, aq u eo u s p h as e o x i d at i o n d ep en d s o n l i q u i d w at er co n t en t

, n o t rel at i v e

h u mi d i t y

. In real i t y

, l i q u i d w at er d o es n o t ex i s t i n t h e at mo s p h ere at r el at i v e h u mi d i t y mu ch

b el o w 1 0 0 %

, w h i l e t h e C A L P U FF aq u eo u s re act i o n t erm p ro d u ces s u l fat e at l o w er r el at i v e

h u mi d i t y

. T h i s can l ead CA L P U F F t o o v eres t i mat e s u l fat e co n cen t rat i o n s w h en t h e h u mi d i t y i s

h i g h b u t t h e cl o u d w at er t h at en ab l es aq u eo u s co n v ers i o n i s n o t p res en t

. T h erefo re, t h e d i rect i o n

o f t h e b i as i n t h e aq u eo u s ch e mi s t ry s i mu l at i o n o f s u l fa t e fo r mat i o n can v ary

.

O t h er p o t en t i al s o u rces o f e rro r i n t h e s u l fat e fo r mat i o n mech an i s m o f C A L P U F F i n cl u d e (1 )

o v eres t i mat i o n o f s u l fat e fo rmat i o n w h en N O

x co n cen t rat i o n s i n t h e p l u me are h i g h an d i n

act u al i t y t h ey d ep l et e t h e l o cal av ai l ab i l i t y o f o zo n e an d h y d ro g en p ero x i d e fo r o x i d i zi n g t h e SO 2 ;

an d (2 ) l a ck o f d i rect co n s i d erat i o n o f t h e ef fect o f t e mp erat u r e o n t h e co n v ers i o n rat es

, w h i ch

may c au s e t h e mo d el t o o v ers t at e s u l fat e fo rm at i o n o n co l d d ay s (b el o w 1 0 C o r 5 0 ° F) ( Mo rri s et

al

. , 2 0 0 3 ). H o w ev e r, i n C A L P U FF

, t h e effect s o f t em p erat u re ar e, t o s o me d eg ree

, co mp en s at ed

fo r i n d i rect l y b y t h e u s e o f t h e s o l ar rad i at i o n s u rro g at e v ari ab l e i n t h e emp i ri cal co n v ers i o n

eq u at i o n s

.

W h et h er t h es e p o t en t i al erro rs are i mp o rt an t w i l l d ep e n d o n t h e s et t i n g

. Fo r ex amp l e

, Fi g u re 3

- 2

s h o w s a co mp ari s o n o f p r ed i ct ed an d o b s e rv ed 2 4

- h o u r s u l fat e co n c en t rat i o n s

, d u e t o a l arg e

n u mb er o f S O 2 s o u rces

, at t h e Pi n ed al e I MP R O V E s i t e i n W y o mi n g fo r t h e 1 9 9 5 p eri o d (Sci re et

al

. , 2 0 0 1 ). O v eral l

, i n t h i s cas e t h e re w as v ery l i t t l e b i as i n t h e s u l fat e p red i ct i o n s

. W h et h er

C A L P U FF p r ed i ct i o n s w o u l d co mp a re as w el l w i t h me as u rem en t s i n t h e So u t h eas t remai n s t o b e

s een

.

C A L P U FF d o es n o t i d en t i fy t h e ch e mi cal fo r m o f t h e s u l fat e co mp o u n d t h at res u l t s fro m i t s

react i o n s

, w h i ch w i l l g en eral l y b e s o me fo r m o f am mo n i at ed s u l fat e w h o s e d eg r ee o f

n eu t ral i zat i o n w i l l d ep en d o n t h e av ai l a b i l i t y o f a mmo n i a i n t h e at mo s p h ere

. T h i s co n s i d er at i o n

,

w h i ch h as b e en fo u n d t o b e r el ev an t fo r c al cu l at i n g l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n i n t h e V IS T A S r eg i o n

, i s n o t

ad d res s ed b y C A L P U F F o r C A L P O S T

.

In mo s t ap p l i cat i o n s

, t h e o zo n e co n cen t rat i o n s req u i re d fo r t h e s u l f at e fo rm at i o n cal cu l at i o n s are

d eri v ed fro m amb i en t me as u re men t s

, al t h o u g h co n cen t rat i o n s s i mu l at ed b y reg i o n al mo d el s c an

b e u s ed

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 5 F i g ur e 3

- 2

. O bs erv ed v s

. C A L P U F F

- pre di ct ed 2 4

- h o ur s ul fa te co n cen tra ti o ns a t t he I M P R O V E

m o ni to ri ng s i t e i n P i ne da l e, Wy o m i ng fo r 1 9 9 5

.

N

O

x a nd S eco nd a r

y Am mo ni u m N i t

r a t e

T h e M E S O P U F F

- II ch e mi s t ry al g o ri t h m u s ed i n C A L P U F F s i mu l at es t h e o x i d at i o n o f N O

x t o

n i t ri c aci d an d o rg an i c n i t rat es (b o t h g as es ) b y t r an s fo rm at i o n rat es t h at d ep en d o n N O

x

co n cen t rat i o n

, amb i en t o zo n e co n cen t rat i o n

, an d at mo s p h eri c s t ab i l i t y cl as s d u ri n g t h e d ay

. T h e

co n v ers i o n rat e at n i g h t i s s et at t o a co n s t an t v al u e ( d efau l t i s 2

. 0 % / h r). T h e t e mp e rat u re

- an d

h u mi d i t y

- d ep en d en t eq u i l i b ri u m b et w een n i t ri c a ci d g as an d ammo n i u m n i t rat e p art i cl es i s t ak en

i n t o acco u n t w h en es t i mat i n g t h e am mo n i u m n i t rat e p art i cl e co n c en t rat i o n

, an eq u i l i b ri u m t h at

d ep en d s o n t h e amb i en t co n cen t rat i o n o f am mo n i a. T h e u s er s u p p l i es t h e v al u e o f t h e amb i en t

co n cen t rat i o n o f a mmo n i a

. C A L P U FF as s u m es t h at t h e s u l fat e r eac t s p ref eren t i al l y w i t h t h at

am mo n i a t o fo rm a m mo n i u m s u l fat e an d t h e l eft o v er am mo n i a i s av ai l ab l e t o fo rm a mmo n i u m

n i t rat e.

T h e I W A Q M Ph as e 2 rep o rt co n s i d ers t h at t h i s mech an i s m i s ad eq u at e fo r rep res en t i n g n i t rat e

ch emi s t ry

. Po t en t i al s i t u at i o n s w h ere t h i s as s u mp t i o n may n o t b e co rrect

, h o w ev e r, i n cl u d e (1 )

p l u mes w i t h h i g h co n cen t rat i o n s o f N O

x t h at d ep l et e t h e amb i en t o zo n e an d t h u s l i mi t t h eO v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 6 t ran s fo rm at i o n o f N O

x t o n i t ri c aci d i n t h e p l u me; an d (2 ) w h en a mb i en t t emp erat u re i s b el o w 1 0

C, an d t h u s t h e t ran s fo rmat i o n rat e i s mu ch s l o w er a n d t h e n i t rat e co n cen t rat i o n may b e l o w er

t h an t h at s i mu l at ed b y CA L P U FF ( Mo rri s et al

. , 2 0 0 3 ). In b o t h cas es

, C A L P U FF m ay

o v eres t i mat e t h e a mo u n t o f n i t rat e t h at i s p ro d u ced

. In p art i cu l ar, t h e i mp a ct o f am mo n i u m n i t rat e

co n cen t rat i o n s o n v i s i b i l i t y at Cl as s I areas i n t h e V IS T A S reg i o n i s g reat es t i n t h e w i n t er, w h en

t emp er at u res ar e l o w es t

, t h e n i t rat e co n c en t rat i o n s are t h e g reat es t

, an d t h e s u l fat e co n cen t rat i o n s

t en d t o b e t h e l eas t

. C A L P U FF may o v e rs t at e t h e i mp act s o f N O

x e mi s s i o n s at t h o s e t i mes

,

es p eci al l y i n t h e co l d er n o rt h ern s t at es

. T h i s p o t en t i al o v eres t i mat e o f n i t rat e w as n o t ev i d en t

,

h o w ev er, i n an ev al u at i o n o f C A L P U FF

- mo d el ed n i t r at e ag ai n s t act u al o b s erv at i o n al d at a i n t h e

W y o mi n g s t u d y

, as s h o w n i n Fi g u re 3

- 3 a ( Sci re et al

. , 2 0 0 1 ),

A n o t h er f act o r i n t h e cal cu l at i o n o f n i t rat e i s t h at C A L P U FF mak es t h e fu l l amo u n t o f t h e

b ack g ro u n d co n c en t rat i o n o f a m mo n i a av ai l ab l e t o ea ch p u ff, an d t h at amo u n t i s s c av en g ed b y

t h e s u l fat e i n t h e p u ff. If p u ffs o v er l ap

, t h en t h at ap p ro ach co u l d o v ers t at e t h e amo u n t o f

am mo n i u m n i t rat e t h at i s fo rmed i n t o t al i f, i n real i t y

, t h e co mb i n ed s cav en g i n g b y t h e

o v erl ap p i n g p u ffs at a l o cat i o n w o u l d d ep l et e t h e av ai l ab l e am mo n i a en o u g h t h at t h e co mb i n ed

n i t rat e fo rmat i o n w as l i mi t ed b y t h e av ai l ab i l i t y o f ammo n i a

. T h i s eff ect o f s u ch ammo n i a

l i mi t i n g can b e l arg e i n s u mmer; fo r a s o u r ce 7 5 k m w es t o f Ma mmo t h C av e N at i o n al Park

, o n e

mo d el i n g an al y s i s fo u n d t h e max i mu m l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n i mp act o f t h e s o u rce t o b e 7

. 4 % (ro u g h l y

0

. 7 4 d eci v i ew s ) at t h e p ark w h en C A L P U F F w as u s ed w i t h o u t co n s i d erat i o n o f ammo n i a l i mi t i n g

an d ab o u t 3 0 % l es s

, b et w een 5

. 5 an d 5

. 8 % (ro u g h l y 0

. 5 5 t o 0

. 5 8 d v ), w h en t h e eff ect o f a mmo n i a

l i mi t i n g w as co n s i d ered ( E s co ffi e r

- C zaj a an d Sci re

, 2 0 0 2 ).

T o ad d r es s t h e i s s u e, s i n ce 1 9 9 9 (i

. e.

, aft e r t h e I W A Q M Ph as e 2 rep o rt ) t h e C A L P U FF s y s t e m

h as i n cl u d ed t h e o p t i o n al PO S T U T I L p o s t p ro c es s i n g p ro g ram

, w h i ch r ep art i t i o n s t h e am mo n i a

an d n i t ri c aci d co n cen t rat i o n s es t i mat ed b y CA L P U FF t o refl ect p o t en t i al ammo n i a

- l i mi t i n g

effe ct s o n t h e d ev el o p men t o f n i t rat e

. T h i s al l o w s n o n

- l i n eari t y as s o ci at ed w i t h a mmo n i a l i mi t i n g

effe ct s t o b e i n cl u d ed i n t h e C A L P U FF mo d el es t i mat es

. P O S T U T I L co mp u t es t h e t o t al s u l fat e

co n cen t rat i o n s fro m al l s o u rces (mo d el ed s o u rces p l u s i n fl o w b o u n d ary co n d i t i o n s ) an d es t i mat es

t h e amo u n t o f ammo n i a av ai l ab l e fo r t o t al n i t rat e fo rmat i o n aft er t h e p refe ren t i al s cav en g i n g o f

am mo n i a b y s u l fat e. T h at i s

, as n ew s u l fat e, n i t rat e o r ammo n i a fro m t h e s o u rce o f i n t eres t i s

ad d ed t o an ex i s t i n g mi x o f p o l l u t an t s

, PO S T U T I L w i l l es t i mat e b o t h t h e n i t rat e fo rmed fro m t h e

n ew s o u rce an d t h e ch an g e i n b ack g ro u n d n i t rat e as a res u l t o f t h e i n c re men t al d ep l et i o n o f

am mo n i a (d u e t o t h e n e w s u l fat e an d n i t rat e) o r ad d i t i o n o f ammo n i a (fro m a n e w s o u r ce o f

am mo n i a ).

Rel i ab l e es t i mat es o f t h e amb i en t co n cen t rat i o n s o f a mmo n i a

, es p eci al l y w i t h t h e t e mp o ral an d

s p at i al res o l u t i o n t h at w o u l d b e o p t i mal fo r u s e w i t h CA L P U F F, ar e n eed ed t o t ak e fu l l ad v an t ag e

o f t h e i n cre as ed a ccu r acy p ro v i d ed b y P O S T U T I L

. T h e p ro ces s o r req u i res es t i mat ed

co n cen t rat i o n s o f am mo n i a t h ro u g h o u t t h e mo d el i n g d o mai n an d p eri o d

. Su ch es t i m at es can b e

i n ferred fro m C A S T N et meas u r em en t s

, w h i ch are i n t e g rat ed o v er a w e ek

, fro m 2 4

- h r S E A R C H

meas u r em en t s

, o r fro m t h e o u t p u t o f a reg i o n al p h o t o ch emi c al mo d el s u ch as C M A Q o r C A Mx

.

T h e C A S T N et n et w o rk i s fai rl y s p ars e an d t h e u n cert ai n t y i n t h e ammo n i a m eas u re men t s i s l arg e,O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 7 s o d efi n i n g t h e ammo n i a co n cen t rat i o n t h ro u g h o u t t h e So u t h eas t w o u l d req u i re ex t en s i v e

i n t erp o l at i o n o r ex t rap o l at i o n fro m t h e mea s u r ed v al u es

. T h e q u al i t y o f t h e S E A R C H

meas u r em en t s i s mu ch b et t er, b u t t h er e a re o n l y 8 s i t es an d t h ey d o n o t co v e r t h e en t i re V I ST A S

d o mai n

. Mo d el ed co n cen t rat i o n s h av e t h e ad v an t ag e o f b ei n g res o l v ed i n s p ace an d t i me, b u t

t h ei r accu racy s h o u l d b e ev al u at ed b y co mp ari s o n w i t h meas u r em en t s w h er ev er p o s s i b l e.

Ben efi t i s o b t ai n ed b y co n s i d eri n g s eas o n al t ren d s o f am mo n i a an d u s i n g P O S T U T I L t o

d et ermi n e t h e d i u rn al v ari ab i l i t y i n av ai l ab l e am mo n i a d u e t o t h e d ai l y cy cl e o f n i t rat e fo r mat i o n

as s o ci at ed w i t h t emp erat u re an d rel at i v e h u mi d i t y effe ct s

. Fo r ex a mp l e, res u l t s o f t h e W y o mi n g

s t u d y (s ee Fi g u re 3

- 3 a) s h o w t h at P O S T U T I L ad j u s t men t s p ro d u ced d ai l y av er ag e n i t rat e

co n cen t rat i o n s w el l w i t h i n t h e fact o r o f t w o l i n es an d w i t h v e ry l i t t l e mean b i as

. O n t h e o t h er

h an d

, an al y s i s o f t h e s a me res u l t s w i t h u s e o f co n s t an t am mo n i a o f 0

. 5 p p b o r 1

. 0 p p b p ro d u c ed

co n s i s t en t o v erp red i ct i o n s o f n i t rat e b y fa ct o rs o f 2

- 3 a n d 3

- 4

, res p ect i v el y

, as s h o w n i n Fi g u re 3

-

3 b (Sci r e et al

. , 2 0 0 3 ).

F i g ur e 3

- 3 a

. O bs erv ed v s

. C A L P U F F

- pre di ct ed 2 4

- ho ur ni t ra te co n cen tra ti o ns a t t he I M P R O V E

m o ni to ri ng s i t e i n P i ne da l e, Wy o m i ng fo r 1 9 9 5 us i n g the a m m o ni a l i m i ti ng m e tho d. (S ci re et a l

. , 2 0 0 1 )O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 8 F i g ur e 3

- 3 b. Obs erv e d v s

. C A L P U F F

- p redi cte d 2 4

- ho ur ni t ra te co n cen tra ti o ns a t t he I M P R O V E

m o ni to ri ng s i t e i n P i ne da l e, Wy o m i ng fo r 1 9 9 5 us i n g the a m m o ni a l i m i ti ng m e tho d ( bl ue ), co ns ta nt

a m m o ni a a t 0

. 5 pp b ( pi nk ) a nd co ns ta nt a m m o ni a a t 1

. 0 pp b (g re en)

. ( Sci r e et a l

. , 2 0 0 3 )

Seco nd a r

y O r g a ni c A er o s o l

O n g o i n g res e arch s t u d i es at s ev er al Cl as s I ar eas t h ro u g h o u t t h e co u n t ry (Fal l o n an d Ben ch

,

2 0 0 4 ) an d at S E A R C H s i t es i n t h e So u t h eas t ( E d g ert o n et al

. , 2 0 0 4 ) a re fi n d i n g t h at

, t y p i cal l y

, 9 0

t o 9 5 % o f t h e ru r al o rg an i c c arb o n fi n e p art i cl e co n c en t rat i o n co n s i s t s o f mo d ern carb o n ( e. g

. ,

t h at fro m t h e b u rn i n g o f v eg et at i o n an d d eri v i n g fro m V O C e mi s s i o n s fro m v eg et at i o n ) an d o n l y

5 t o 1 0 % i s at t ri b u t ab l e t o man ’s b u rn i n g o f fo s s i l fu el s

. In ad d i t i o n

, a fi el d s t u d y at G r eat Smo k y

Mo u n t ai n s N at i o n al Park i n A u g u s t 2 0 0 2 (T an n er

, et a l

. , 2 0 0 5 ) fo u n d t h at an av e rag e o f 8 3 % o f

t h e fi n e carb o n w as mo d ern carb o n

A c co rd i n g t o IMP R O V E meas u r em en t s

, o rg an i cs ac co u n t fo r ro u g h l y 1 0 % o f t h e p art i cl e

- cau s ed

l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n i n Cl as s I areas i n t h e So u t h eas t

. W e ca n t h u s co n cl u d e t h at

, i n g en eral

, s eco n d ary

o rg an i c ca rb o n p art i cl es d eri v ed fro m an t h ro p o g en i c fo s s i l fu el b u rn i n g emi s s i o n s are u n l i k el y t o

h av e a l arg e i mp act ( aro u n d 1 % ) o n cu rr en t v i s i b i l i t y

. (M an

- c au s ed b u rn i n g o f v eg et at i o n can

h av e s i g n i fi can t l o cal i zed

, s h o rt

- t er m i mp act s

, h o w ev e r

. )

Cu rren t o rg an i c fi n e p a rt i cl e co n c en t rat i o n s i n t h e So u t h eas t are t y p i cal l y w i t h i n a fa ct o r o f 2 o f

t h e 1

. 4 μ g / m 3 co n cen t r at i o n as s u med fo r n at u r al co n d i t i o n s b y t h e E P A

, w h i ch me an s t h at cu rren t

fo s s i l fu el b u rn i n g w o u l d co n t ri b u t e l es s t h an 2 % t o v i s i b i l i t y i n a n at mo s p h ere t h at rep res en t s

n at u ral co n d i t i o n s

. T h u s

, i t i s u n l i k el y t h at V O C an d o rg an i c p art i cl e co n t ri b u t i o n s fro m B A R T [ N O 3 ] Q

- Q P l o t f o r C A L P U F F P r e d i c t i o n s w i t h Di f f e r e n t N O 3 a n d H N O 3 R e p a r t i t i o n a n d B r i d g e r I M P R O V E

O b s e r v a t i o n s

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1 1.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Bridger IMPROVE [NO3]. Units: ug/m**3 of NO3 CALPUFF Summed Repartition (Seasonal NH3)

CALPUFF Separated Repartition (NH3=0.5ppb)

CALPUFF Separated Repartition (NH3=1.0ppb) Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4

Factor 2

Factor 3

Factor 4 [ N O 3 ] Q

- Q P l o t f o r C A L P U F F P r e d i c t i o n s w i t h D i f f e r e n t N O 3 a n d H N O 3 R e p a r t i t i o n a n d B r i d g e r I M P R O

V E

O b s e r v a t i o n s

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1 1.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Bridger IMPROVE [NO3]. Units: ug/m**3 of NO3 CALPUFF Summed Repartition (Seasonal NH3)

CALPUFF Separated Repartition (NH3=0.5ppb)

CALPUFF Separated Repartition (NH3=1.0ppb) Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4

Factor 2

Factor 3

Factor 4O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 2 9 s o u rces w i l l cau s e a l arg e i mp act t o v i s i b i l i t y at Cl as s I are as

, b u t a 5 % (0

. 5 d v ) l o cal i zed i mp act

fro m a p art i cu l arl y l arg e V O C s o u r ce can n o t b e d i s mi s s ed o u t o f h an d

.

C A L P U FF h as o n l y ru d i men t ary c ap ab i l i t i es fo r ad d res s i n g fo rmat i o n o f v i s i b i l i t y

- i mp ai ri n g

o rg an i c p art i cl es fro m s o m e fo rms o f v o l at i l e o rg an i c carb o n ( V O C ). T h e c ap ab i l i t i es t h at d o

ex i s t i n cl u d e t h e fo l l o w i n g

.

Fi rs t

, PM 1 0 emi s s i o n s (s u ch as fro m p o w er p l an t s ) are o ft en d i v i d ed i n t o fi l t erab l e an d

co n d en s ab l e co mp o n en t s

, w i t h t h e co n d en s ab l e mas s b ei n g 1 0 0

- 2 0 0 % o f t h e fi l t erab l e mas s

. Fo r

p u rp o s es o f v i s i b i l i t y an al y s es w i t h CA L P U F F, a fra ct i o n o f t h e co n d en s ab l e p art i s t y p i cal l y

t reat ed as o rg an i c p art i cl es

, i

. e.

, i t i s as s u med t h at a fract i o n o f t h e co n d en s ab l e co mp o n en t s i n t h e

PM 1 0 e mi s s i o n s co n d en s e i n t o o rg an i c PM 2

. 5 p art i cl es

. T h e s i z e o f t h i s o rg an i c fr act i o n v ari es

w i t h p ro ces s an d p ro c es s eq u i p men t

, an d can r an g e fr o m 2 0 t o 1 0 0 % o f t h e co n d en s ab l e mas s

.

T h es e fi n e o rg an i c p art i cl es can b e re ad i l y mo d el ed b y CA L P U F F. ( T h e re mai n i n g co n d en s ab l e

mat eri al m ay b e s u l fu ri c, h y d ro ch l o ri c, o r h y d ro fl u o ri c aci d

. )

Seco n d

, a mo d u l e t h at t reat s t h e fo rm at i o n o f s eco n d ar y o rg an i c p art i cl es fro m o rg an i c emi s s i o n s

w as r ecen t l y d ev el o p ed an d i s n o w p a rt o f t h e C A L P U F F s y s t em. ( Sci re et al

. , 2 0 0 1 )

. T h i s

s i mp l i fi ed s eco n d ary o rg an i c aero s o l ( S O A ) mo d u l e i s a l i n ear, p ara met e ri zed r ep res en t at i o n t h at

i s cu rren t l y co n s i d ered b es t s u i t ed fo r b i o g en i c o rg an i cs

. It rel i es o n t h e co n v en t i o n al w i s d o m t h at

o n l y h y d ro carb o n s w i t h mo re t h an s i x carb o n at o ms can fo rm s i g n i fi can t S O A ( G ro s j ean an d

Sei n fel d

, 1 9 8 9 ). Fo r ex amp l e

, ac co rd i n g t o t h i s ru l e, i s o p ren e (C 5 H 8 ) d o es n o t mak e S O A b u t

t erp en es d o

, mak i n g p i n e t re es mo re i mp o rt an t b i o g en i c co n t ri b u t o rs t o S O A t h an o ak t rees

. 1 0

L i mi t ed ev al u at i o n o f t h e p erfo rm an ce o f C A L P U FF at s i mu l at i n g SO A w i t h i t s b i o g en i c SO A

mo d u l e at o n e I MP R O V E s i t e i n a reg i o n al mo d el i n g s t u d y i n W y o mi n g fo u n d t h at 9 5 % o f 1 0 1

es t i mat ed 2 4

- h r S O A co n cen t rat i o n s w er e w i t h i n 2 % o f t h e meas u r ed v al u es (S ci re et al

. , 2 0 0 1 ).

T h i s p erfo rm an ce s e ems p ro mi s i n g

, al t h o u g h t h e d ev el o p ers v i e w t h e S O A mo d u l e as n eed i n g

mo re t es t i n g an d ev al u at i o n

.

T h u s

, C A L P U F F i n cl u d es ap p ro ach es fo r d eal i n g w i t h co n d en s ab l e V O C e mi s s i o n s t h at are

ch ara ct eri zed as co n d en s ab l e P M 1 0 an d w i t h b i o g en i c V O Cs

, al t h o u g h t h e s o u n d n es s o f

co n cen t rat i o n es t i mat es b y t h es e ap p ro ach es w h en m o d el i n g a p l u me fro m a s i n g l e s o u rce i s

l arg el y u n t es t ed

. 1 1 T h e C A L P U FF s i mu l at i o n o f V O C emi s s i o n s fro m s o u rces w h o s e V O C

emi s s i o n s are p red o mi n an t l y an t h ro p o g en i c i s p ro b l emat i c, h o w ev er

. Pe rh ap s t h e ap p ro a ch u s ed

fo r t h e s i mp l i fi ed b i o g en i c SO A mo d u l e may b e ex t en d ed t o an t h ro p o g en i c V O Cs w h en

s p eci at ed V O C e mi s s i o n s i n fo rmat i o n i s av ai l ab l e. If o n l y t h o s e V O Cs w i t h mo r e t h an s i x c arb o n

at o ms are p res u med t o b e o f i mp o rt an ce

, t h i s el i mi n at es man y an t h ro p o g en i c s o u rces o f V O C

emi s s i o n s

. Fo r ex amp l e

, t h e fu g i t i v e emi s s i o n s o f b u t an e an d et h an e d u ri n g p et ro l eu m p ro ces s i n g

1 0 R e c e n t r e s e a r c h s u g g e s t s t h a t i s o p r e n e m a y b e a S O A p r e c u r s o r

, h o w e v e r

.

1 1 N o t e t h a t n e i t h e r o f t h e s e V O C

- r e l a t e d s i m u l a t i o n a p p r o a c h e s i s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e c u r r e n t ( V e r s i o n 5 ) C A L P U F F

U s e r ’ s G u i d e d a t e d J a n u a r y 2 0 0 1

. S e e t h e W y o m i n g r e p o r t r e f e r e n c e d a b o v e f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h i s m o d u l e

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 3 0 are n o t i mp o rt an t

, w h i l e aro mat i c e mi s s i o n s (s u ch as o f t o l u en e an d x y l en e) a re co n s i d ered b y t h e

S O A mo d u l e’s mech an i s m. D ev el o p men t

, t es t i n g

, an d ev al u at i o n w o u l d b e n eed ed b e fo re o n e

co u l d rel y o n s u ch a mo d u l e fo r es t i mat i n g S O A fro m a n t h ro p o g en i c S O A emi s s i o n s

, t h o u g h

.

T h e refo r e, t o d emo n s t rat e t h e v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s o f V O C e mi s s i o n s fro m B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces

,

mean s o t h er t h an C A L P U FF w i l l b e n e ed ed

. A t e ch n i cal ap p ro a ch u s i n g a reg i o n al

p h o t o ch emi cal mo d el t o ev al u at e v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s o f V O C e mi s s i o n s i s p res en t ed i n Sect i o n

4

. 1

. 3

. C A L P U F F can b e u s ed t o es t i mat e t h e co n t ri b u t i o n fro m t h e p ri mary co n d en s ab l e fra ct i o n

o f P M 1 0 emi s s i o n s

, t h o u g h

.

3

. 2

. 3 Reg i o na l Ha z e

Cal cu l at i o n o f t h e i mp act o f t h e s i mu l at ed p l u m e p art i cu l at e mat t er co mp o n en t co n c en t rat i o n s o n

l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n i s carri ed o u t i n t h e CA L P O S T p o s t p ro ces s o r. T h e fo r mu l a u s ed i s t h e u s u al

IMP R O V E / E P A fo r mu l a, w h i ch i s ap p l i ed t o d et er mi n e a ch an g e i n l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n d u e t o

ch an g es i n co mp o n en t co n cen t rat i o n s

. U s i n g t h e n o t at i o n o f CA L P O S T

, t h e fo rmu l a i s t h e

fo l l o w i n g :

b

e

x t = 3 f ( R H ) [ (N H

4 ) 2 S O 4 ] + 3 f ( R H ) [ N

H

4 N

O 3

] + 4 [ O C] + 1 [ S

o i l ] +

+ 0

. 6 [

Co a r s e M a s s ] + 1 0 [ E C ] + b R a y (3

- 1 )

T h e co n cen t r at i o n s

, i n s q u are b rack et s

, ar e i n μ g / m 3 an d b

e x t i s i n u n i t s o f M m - 1

. T h e Ray l ei g h

s cat t eri n g t erm (b R a y ) h as a d efau l t v al u e o f 1 0 Mm - 1

, as reco m men d ed i n E P A g u i d an ce fo r

t rack i n g re as o n ab l e p ro g r es s ( E P A

, 2 0 0 3 a ).

T h e re are a f e w i mp o rt an t d i fferen ces i n d et ai l an d i n n o t at i o n b et w een t h e C A L P O S T fo r mu l a

fo r es t i mat i n g l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n (i

. e.

, E q u at i o n 3

- 1 ) an d t h at o f IMPR O V E an d E P A

. Fi rs t

, t h e O C

i n t h e fo r mu l a ab o v e r ep res en t s o rg an i c carb o n a ceo u s mat t er ( O M C i n I M PR O V E ’s n o t at i o n ),

w h i ch i s 1

. 4 t i mes t h e O C (i

. e

. , o rg an i c ca rb o n al o n e) i n t h e IMPR O V E fo r mu l a

. T h e E C ab o v e i s

s y n o n y mo u s w i t h LA C i n t h e IMPR O V E fo rmu l a

. C A L P O S T n o w o ffers t h e o p t i o n o f u s i n g t h e

o l d IMPR O V E f ( R H ) cu rv e, w h o s e v al u es ar e d o cu me n t ed i n t h e D ecemb er 2 0 0 0 FL A G rep o rt

,

o r t h e f ( R H ) n o w u s ed b y I MP R O V E an d E P A ( as d o c u men t ed i n E P A ’s reg i o n al h a ze g u i d an c e

d o cu men t s ). A l s o

, C A L P O S T s et s t h e max i mu m R H at 9 8 % b y d ef au l t (al t h o u g h t h e u s er can

ch an g e i t ), w h i l e t h e E P A ’s g u i d an ce n o w c ap s i t at 9 5 %

.

T h e h az e i n d ex ( H I) i s cal cu l at ed fro m t h e ex t i n ct i o n c o effi ci en t v i a t h e fo l l o w i n g fo r mu l a:

H

I

= 1 0 l n (b

e x t

/

1 0

) (3

- 2 )

w h e re H I i s i n u n i t s o f d eci v i e w s (d v ) an d b

e x t i s i n M m - 1

. T h e i mp act o f a s o u rc e i s d et e rmi n ed

b y co mp ari n g H I fo r es t i mat ed n at u ral b ack g ro u n d co n d i t i o n s w i t h t h e i mp act o f t h e s o u rce an d

w i t h o u t t h e i mp act o f t h e s o u rc e.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 3 1 CA L P O S T Met h o d s

C A L P O S T u s es E q u at i o n 3

- 1 t o cal cu l at e t h e ex t i n ct i o n i n cremen t d u e t o t h e s o u rce o f i n t eres t

an d p ro v i d es v ari o u s met h o d s fo r es t i mat i n g t h e b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n ag ai n s t w h i ch t h e

i n crem en t i s co mp ared i n t er ms o f p er cen t o r d eci v i e w s

.

Fo r b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n

, t h e C A L P O S T p ro c es s o r c o n t ai n s s ev en t ech n i q u es fo r co mp u t i n g t h e

ch an g e i n l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n d u e t o a s o u rce o r g ro u p o f s o u rces (cal l ed Met h o d s 1

- 7 ). T h es e are

u s u al l y rep o rt ed as 2 4

- h o u r av er ag e v al u es

, co n s i s t en t w i t h E P A an d F L M g u i d an ce. In ad d i t i o n

,

t h ere a re t w o t e ch n i q u es fo r co mp u t i n g t h e 2 4

- h o u r av erag e ch an g e i n ex t i n ct i o n (i

. e.

, as t h e r at i o

o f 2 4

- h o u r av er ag e ex t i n ct i o n s

, o r as t h e av e rag e o f 2 4

- h o u r rat i o s ). A b ri ef s u m ma ry o f t h e

t ech n i q u es i s p ro v i d ed b el o w

. M et h o d 2 i s t h e c u rr en t d efau l t

, reco m men d ed b y b o t h I W A Q M

(E P A

, 1 9 9 8 ) an d F L A G (2 0 0 0 ) fo r r efi n ed an al y s es

. Met h o d 6 i s reco m men d ed b y E P A ’s B A R T

g u i d an ce (7 0 FR 3 9 1 6 2 ).

Met h o d s 4 an d 5 u s e o p t i cal l y meas u r ed h o u rl y b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n s

, w h i ch rep r es en t cu r ren t

act u al l ev el s o f ex t i n ct i o n an d t h u s are n o t co n s i s t en t w i t h t h e “n at u ral co n d i t i o n s ” t h e BA R T

p ro p o s al s ay s s h o u l d b e u s ed as a b as el i n e. Met h o d s 1 t h ro u g h 3 an d 6 an d 7 al l o w fo r u s er i n p u t s

o f es t i mat ed (e

. g

. , n at u ral co n d i t i o n s ) b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n o r co mp o n en t co n cen t rat i o n s

, an d

t h u s are co n s i s t en t w i t h t h e B A R T p ro p o s al

.

Met h o d 1 al l o w s t h e u s e r t o s p eci fy a s i n g l e v al u e o f a “d ry ” b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n co effi ci en t

fo r each rec ep t o r, s p eci fy t h at a c ert ai n fr act i o n o f t h at co effi ci en t i s d u e t o h y g ro s co p i c s p eci es

,

an d u s e rel at i v e h u mi d i t y meas u re men t s t o v ary t h e ex t i n ct i o n h o u rl y v i a a 1 9 9 3 IW A Q M f ( R H )

cu rv e o r

, o p t i o n al l y

, t h e E P A reg i o n al h a ze f(R H ) cu rv e ( E P A

, 2 0 0 3 b )

. T h e R H i s cap p ed at 9 8 %

o r a u s er

- s el ect ed v al u e (9 5 % fo r t h e E P A cu rv e)

. T h e s ame f ( R H ) i s ap p l i ed t o b o t h t h e mo d el ed

s u l fat e an d n i t rat e

.

Fo r an ex amp l e o f t h e u s e o f Met h o d 1

, o n e co u l d u s e t h e d ry p art i cl e ex t i n ct i o n co effi ci en t o f

9

. 0 9 Mm - 1 t h at res u l t s fro m E P A ’s d efau l t n at u ral co n d i t i o n s co n cen t rat i o n s

, t o g et h er w i t h an

as s u mp t i o n t h at fo r n at u ral co n d i t i o n s

, s ay

, 0

. 9 M m – 1 (o r 1 0 % ) o f t h i s a mo u n t res u l t s fro m

h y g ro s co p i c am mo n i u m s u l fat e an d a m mo n i u m n i t rat e

, an d t h en ap p l y f ( R H ) t o t h i s 1 0 %

.

In Met h o d 2

, u s er

- s p e ci fi ed

, s p e ci at ed mo n t h l y co n cen t rat i o n v al u es are u s ed t o d es cri b e t h e

b ack g ro u n d

. W h en ap p l i ed t o n at u ral co n d i t i o n s

, fo r w h i ch E P A ’s d ef au l t n at u ral co n d i t i o n s

co n cen t rat i o n s ar e an n u al av e rag es

, t h e s am e co mp o n en t co n cen t r at i o n s w o u l d h av e t o b e u s ed

t h ro u g h o u t t h e y ear (u n l es s p o t en t i al re fi n em en t s t o t h o s e d efau l t v al u es res u l t ed i n

co n cen t rat i o n s t h at v ary d u ri n g t h e y ear). H o u rl y b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n i s t h en cal cu l at ed u s i n g

t h es e co n cen t r at i o n s an d h o u rl y

, s i t e

- s p e ci fi c f ( R H ) fr o m a 1 9 9 3 I W A Q M cu rv e (a d i ffe ren t o n eO v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 3 2 t h an t h at i n Met h o d 1 ) o r, o p t i o n al l y

, t h e E P A reg i o n al h aze f( R H ) cu rv e

. 1 2 A g ai n t h e R H i s

cap p ed at ei t h er 9 8 % (d e fau l t ) o r a u s er

- s el e ct ed v al u e (mo s t co mmo n l y at 9 5 % )

.

Met h o d 3 i s t h e s a me as Met h o d 2

, ex cep t t h at an y h o u r i n w h i ch t h e R H ex c eed s 9 8 % (o r t h e

s el ect ed max i mu m) i s d ro p p ed fro m t h e an al y s i s

. W h en 2 4

- h r ex t i n ct i o n i s co mp u t ed

, n o fe w e r

t h an 6 v al i d h o u rs a re ac cep t ed at ea ch r ecep t o r; o t h e rw i s e t h e v al u e fo r t h e d ay i s t ab u l at ed as

“mi s s i n g ”.

Met h o d 6 i s s i mi l ar t o Met h o d 2

, ex cep t mo n t h l y f(R H ) v al u es (e. g

. , E P A ’s mo n t h l y

cl i mat o l o g i cal l y rep res en t at i v e v al u es i n E P A (2 0 0 3 a

, b )) ar e u s ed i n p l ac e o f h o u rl y v al u es fo r

cal cu l at i n g b o t h t h e ex t i n ct i o n i mp act o f t h e s o u rce emi s s i o n s an d t h e b ack g ro u n d co n d i t i o n s

ex t i n ct i o n

. H o u rl y s o u rce i mp a ct s

, w i t h t h e eff ect o n ex t i n ct i o n d u e t o s u l fa t es an d n i t rat es

cal cu l at ed u s i n g t h e mo n t h l y

- av e rag e rel at i v e h u mi d i t y i n f(R H ), are co mp ared ag ai n s t t h e

mo n t h l y d efau l t n at u ral b ack g ro u n d co n cen t rat i o n s

. T h u s t h e mo n t h l y

- av erag ed rel at i v e h u mi d i t y

i s ap p l i ed t o t h e h y g ro s co p i c co mp o n en t s (i

. e.

, s u l fat e an d n i t rat e) o f b o t h t h e s o u rce i mp act an d

t h e b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n w i t h Met h o d 6

.

Met h o d 7 i s a n e w v a ri an t o f M et h o d 2 t h at w as d ev el o p ed as a r es u l t o f a ru l i n g b y t h e A s s i s t an t

Secr et ary o f t h e In t eri o r fo r Fi s h an d W i l d l i fe an d Pa rk s

, i n res p o n s e t o a N e w So u rce Rev i e w

cas e i n Mo n t an a, t h at “n at u r al co n d i t i o n s ” s h o u l d refl ect t h e v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t cau s ed b y

s i g n i fi can t met eo ro l o g i cal ev en t s s u ch as fo g

, p reci p i t at i o n

, o r n at u ral l y o ccu rri n g h aze ( D O I,

2 0 0 3 ). 1 3 U n d e r M et h o d 7

, d u ri n g h o u rs w h en v i s i b i l i t y i s o b s cu red b y met eo ro l o g i cal co n d i t i o n s

,

t h e act u al meas u r ed v i s i b i l i t y i s u s ed t o rep res en t n at u ral co n d i t i o n s i n s t ead o f t h e v al u e t h at i s

cal cu l at ed fro m E P A ’s d e fau l t n at u ral co n d i t i o n s c o n cen t rat i o n s u n d er M et h o d 2

. A rec en t

mo d i fi cat i o n d e v el o p ed i n res p o n s e t o F L M co m men t s o n M et h o d 7

, i n w h i ch t h e d ai l y av er ag e

n at u ral ex t i n ct i o n i s cal cu l at ed s o me w h at d i ffe ren t l y

, i s cal l ed Met h o d 7 ’

, i

. e.

, “7 p ri me”

.

Refi n ed Es t i ma t es o f Ex t i nct i o n a nd N a t ur a l Ba ck g r o und Vi s i b i l i t

y

Sep ar at e fro m t h e B A R T d i s cu s s i o n s

, IMP R O V E

, E P A

, an d t h e Reg i o n al Pl an n i n g O rg an i z at i o n s

are ev al u at i n g w h et h er r efi n em en t s are w ar ran t ed t o t h e met h o d s re co m men d ed i n E P A ’s

g u i d an ce t o cal cu l at e d efau l t es t i mat es o f n at u ral b ack g ro u n d v i s i b i l i t y

. In p art i cu l ar, IM PR O V E

h as r ec en t l y ap p ro v ed an al t ern at i v e t o t h e fo r mu l a ( E q

. 3

- 1 ) i t u s es t o es t i mat e ex t i n ct i o n fro m

p art i cl e co n c en t rat i o n m eas u re men t s (Pi t ch fo rd et al

. , 2 0 0 5 ).

Refi n e men t s i n t h e rev i s ed IM PR O V E fo rmu l a i n cl u d e t h e fo l l o w i n g :

- A d d i n g a s ea s al t t er m, i n cl u d i n g a g ro w t h fact o r d u e t o rel at i v e h u mi d i t y

1 2 N o t e t h a t t h e h o u r l y

- v a r y i n g n a t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d e x t i n c t i o n i n t h i s m e t h o d i s n o t c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h a t p r e s c r i b e d

b y t h e E P A ’ s n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s g u i d a n c e ( E P A

, 2 0 0 3 b )

, f o r w h i c h a “ c l i m a t o l o g i c a l l y

- r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ” f ( R

H )

t h a t o n l y v a r i e s m o n t h l y i s t o b e u s e d

. M e t h o d 6 u s e s t h e s e m o n t h l y a v e r a g e h u m i d i t y v a l u e s

.

1 3 T h e S e c r e t a r y ’ s g u i d a n c e a p p l i e s o n l y t o F e d e r a l L a n d M a n a g e r s

. E P A ’ s p o s i t i o n o n t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f n a t u r a l

c o n d i t i o n s i s u n k n o w n

.O v e r v i e w o f t

h e CA L P U F

F M o d e l i n g S y s t e m 3 3 - In creas i n g t h e fa ct o r u s ed t o cal cu l at e t h e mas s o f p a rt i cu l at e o rg an i c m at t er ( O C i n E q

.

3

- 1 ) fro m o rg an i c carb o n me as u re men t s

- Mo d i fy i n g t h e r el at i v e h u mi d i t y g ro w t h fo r mu l a

, f (R H )

, fo r s u l fat es an d n i t rat es

- Rev i s i n g t h e ex t i n ct i o n effi ci en ci es (t h e n u me ri cal co n s t an t s i n E q u at i o n 3

- 1 ) fo r

s u l fat es

, n i t rat es

, an d o rg an i c carb o n s o t h at t h ey v a ry w i t h co n c en t rat i o n

- A d d i n g a s i t e

- s p e ci fi c R ay l ei g h s cat t eri n g t er m t o t h e f o rmu l a. V al u es w i l l b e c al cu l at ed

b y IM PR O V E fo r al l Cl as s I ar eas

.

Fo r t h e p u rp o s es o f cal cu l at i n g cu rren t

, fu t u re, an d n at u ral b ack g ro u n d v i s i b i l i t y at V IS T A S Cl as s

I are as as p a rt o f t h e r eas o n ab l e p ro g r es s an al y s es

, V IS T A S i n t en d s t o p res en t reg i o n al ai r q u al i t y

mo d el i n g res u l t s u s i n g b o t h t h e cu r ren t E P A r eco mm en d ed as s u mp t i o n s an d t h e n ew l y rev i s ed

aero s o l ex t i n ct i o n fo rmu l a. If a B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce ch o o s es t o co n s i d er i t s p ro j ect ed i mp act s

u s i n g t h e n ew l y rev i s ed fo rmu l a as w el l as t h e cu rren t fo rmu l a

, t h en mo d i fi cat i o n s w o u l d n eed t o

b e m ad e t o C A L P O S T t o ca rry o u t cal cu l at i o n s w i t h t h e n e w al g o ri t h m.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 3 4 

### 4. V I S T A S ’ C O M M O N M O D E L I N G P R O T O C O L

4. 1 O ve r vi e w of C o m m on M od e l i n g A p p r oac h

In t h i s s ect i o n

, g u i d an ce i s p ro v i d ed o n t h e u s e o f t h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g s y s t em fo r t w o

p u rp o s es :

1 ) E v al u at i n g w h et h er a B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce i s ex e m p t fro m B A R T co n t ro l s b ecau s e i t

i s n o t reas o n ab l y ex p e ct ed t o cau s e o r co n t ri b u t e t o i mp ai rmen t o f v i s i b i l i t y i n Cl as s I

areas

, an d

2 ) Q u an t i fy i n g t h e v i s i b i l i t y b en efi t s o f B A R T co n t ro l o p t i o n s

.

Fo r p u rp o s e 1 ), St at es mu s t d et ermi n e w h et h er a s o u r ce e mi t s an y ai r p o l l u t an t (SO 2 , N O

x , P M,

an d i n cert ai n cas es V O C an d N H 3 ) t h at “ may r eas o n a b l y b e an t i ci p at ed t o cau s e o r co n t ri b u t e t o

an y i mp ai r men t o f v i s i b i l i t y ” i n a Cl as s I a rea

. T h e St a t es h av e 3 o p t i o n s t o acco mp l i s h t h i s :

A ) Co n cl u d e t h at al l B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces i n St at e ar e s u b j ect t o B A R T

.

B) D emo n s t rat e t h at al l B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces i n t h e St at e t o g et h er d o n o t cau s e o r

co n t ri b u t e t o an y v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t

C) D et er mi n e i f t h e i mp act fro m each i n d i v i d u al BA R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce i s g reat er t h an a

t h res h o l d v al u e.

V I S T A S St at es i n t en d t o fo l l o w O p t i o n C (d et ermi n e i f t h e v i s i b i l i t y i mp act fro m i n d i v i d u al

s o u rces ex c eed s a co n t ri b u t i o n t h res h o l d ) fo r S O 2 an d N O

x e mi s s i o n s

. T h e met h o d s fo r O p t i o n C

are d es cri b ed i n Sect i o n 4

. 1

. 1

. In ea rl y 2 0 0 6

, V I S T A S p u rs u ed O p t i o n B (d e mo n s t rat e t h at al l

B A R T el i g i b l e s o u rces i n a St at e d o n o t i mp a ct v i s i b i l i t y ) fo r V O C, N H 3 an d PM e mi s s i o n s

. T h e

ap p ro ach an d res u l t s fo r O p t i o n B are d es cri b ed i n Sec t i o n 4

. 1

. 3

. A s a res u l t o f t h i s ex erci s e, t h e

V I S T A S St at es h av e d et er mi n ed t h at t h e O p t i o n C ex emp t i o n an al y s es s h o u l d al s o i n cl u d e PM

emi s s i o n s an d

, fo r s o u rc es w i t h l arg e N H 3 e mi s s i o n s

, N H 3

. T h e St at es d et ermi n ed t h at

an t h ro p o g en i c V O C e mi s s i o n s d o n o t cau s e o r co n t ri b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t at V IS T A S

Cl as s I are as an d t h at V O C e mi s s i o n s d o n o t n eed t o b e co n s i d ered i n B A R T an al y s es

.

4

. 1

. 1 B AR T Ex emp t i o n Ana l ys i s

A s i l l u s t rat ed i n Fi g u re 4

- 1

, t h r ee s t ep s w i l l ev al u at e w h et h er a B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce o f S O 2 ,

N O

x , o r P M i s s u b j ect t o B A R T :

1 ) V IS T A S p l an s t o u s e Q / d as a p res u mp t i v e i n d i cat o r t h at a s o u rce i s s u b j ect t o B A R T

. If Q / d

fo r S O 2 > 1 0 fo r 2 0 0 2 a ct u al e mi s s i o n s

, t h en t h e St at e p res u mes t h at t h e s o u rc e i s s u b j ect t o

B A R T

. I f t h e s o u r ce ag re es w i t h t h i s p res u mp t i o n

, t h en n o ex e mp t i o n mo d el i n g i s r eq u i red

an d t h e s o u rc e c an p ro ceed t o t h e B A R T d et er mi n at i o n u s i n g CA L P U F F t o ev al u at e i mp a ct s

o f co n t ro l o p t i o n s an d c an p e rfo r m t h e en g i n eeri n g an al y s es

. If a s o u rce d i s ag rees

, t h e s o u rceV IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 3 5 ma y p erfo r m fi n e g ri d mo d el i n g as d es cri b ed i n S ect i o n 4

. 4 t o d et er mi n e i f i t s i mp act i s < 0

. 5

d v

.

F i g ur e 4

- 1

. F l o w c ha rt s ho w i ng th e co m po nen ts o f t he V I ST A S co m m o n m o d el i ng p ro to co l

. A s s es s m e nt s ho ul d b e m a de fo r ea c h C l a s s I A rea

. (I f a s o u rce a g re es to i ns ta l l th e m o s t s tri ng en t

co ntro l s the n the m o d el i ng s t eps i ndi ca t ed a bo v e a n d e ng i ne eri ng a na l y s es a n d v i s i bi l i ty i m pa c t

m o del i ng w o ul d no t be r equi red

. )

2 ) A n o p t i o n al i n i t i al mo d el i n g as s es s men t u s i n g t h e C A L P U FF mo d el w i t h t h e co ars e s cal e 1 2

-

k m reg i o n al V IS T A S d o mai n can b e u s ed t o an s w er q u es t i o n s w h et h er (a) a p a rt i cu l ar s o u rce

may b e ex e mp t ed fro m fu rt h e r B A R T an al y s es an d (b ) i f fi n er g ri d CA L P U FF an al y s i s w ere

t o b e u n d ert ak en

, w h i ch Cl as s I areas s h o u l d b e i n cl u d ed

. A s s u mp t i o n s fo r t h e i n i t i al

mo d el i n g as s es s men t are co n s erv at i v e s o t h at a s o u rce t h at co n t ri b u t es t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t

i s n o t ex emp t ed i n er ro r. If a s o u rc e i s s h o w n n o t t o c o n t ri b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t u s i n g

t h e i n i t i al mo d el i n g as s es s men t

, t h e s o u rce w o u l d n o t b e s u b j ect t o BA R T an d w o u l d b e

ex emp t ed f ro m fu rt h er B A R T an al y s es

. If a s o u rc e i s s h o w n t o co n t ri b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y

i mp ai rm en t u s i n g t h e i n i t i al mo d el i n g as s es s men t

, t h e s o u rce h as t h e o p t i o n t o u n d ert ak e fi n er

g ri d C A L P U FF mo d el i n g t o ev al u at e fu rt h er w h et h er i t i s s u b j ect t o B A R T

.

3 ) A fi n e r g ri d C A L P U F F mo d el i n g an al y s i s u s i n g a s u b reg i o n al C A L M E T d o mai n w i l l b e t h e

d efi n i t i v e t es t as t o w h et h e r a s o u rce i s s u b j ect t o B A R T

.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 3 6 Fo r l arg e s o u rc es t h at w i l l cl earl y ex ce ed t h e i n i t i al s cr een i n g t h res h o l d s

, t h i s s t ep c an b e s k i p p ed

an d t h e an al y s i s may p ro ce ed d i rect l y t o t h e fi n er g ri d mo d el i n g an al y s i s

, w h i ch i s d es cri b ed i n

Sect i o n 4

. 4

.

4

. 1

. 2 B AR T Co nt r o l Eva l ua t i o n

Fo r s o u rces t h at ar e d et er mi n ed t o b e s u b j ect t o B A R T co n t ro l s

, p art o f t h e B A R T rev i e w p ro ces s

i n v o l v es ev al u at i n g t h e v i s i b i l i t y b en efi t s o f d i fferen t BA R T co n t ro l meas u r es

. T h es e b en efi t s

w i l l b e d et ermi n ed b y m ak i n g ad d i t i o n al C A L P U FF s i mu l at i o n s u s i n g t h e s ame C A L M E T an d

C A L P U FF co n fi g u r at i o n as t h o s e u s ed i n t h e fi n er g ri d an a l y s i s o f St ep 2

. T h e o n l y ex cep t i o n i s

t h at t h e s o u rce an d e mi s s i o n s d at a u s ed i n t h e C A L P U F F co n t ro l ev al u at i o n s i mu l at i o n s w i l l

refl ect t h e B A R T co n t ro l m eas u res b ei n g ev al u at ed

. U s i n g t h e s a me mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n w i l l

p ro d u ce an “ap p l es

- t o

- ap p l es ” co m p a ri s o n

, w h e re d i fferen c es i n i mp act s are d u e t o t h e

effe ct i v en es s o f t h e co n t ro l s rat h er t h an mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n d i fferen ces

. Fo r ex a mp l e, a co n t ro l

s cen ari o ev al u at i o n t h at u s es mo re co n s erv at i v e as s u mp t i o n s t h an t h e b as e cas e s i mu l at i o n may

p ro d u ce re s u l t s s h o w i n g n o o r l i t t l e i mp ro v emen t i n v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s

. T h at co n t ro l s c en ari o ru n

w i t h t h e s ame mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n as t h e b as e cas e ma y s h o w s i g n i fi can t v i s i b i l i t y i mp ro v emen t

.

T h e refo r e, i n o rd er t o n o t o b s cu re t h e res p o n s e t o p red i ct ed v i s i b i l i t y i mp ro v emen t s b y

d i fferen c es i n t h e mo d el i n g ap p ro ach

, t h e s ame mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n s h o u l d b e u s ed i n t h e BA R T

co n t ro l ev al u at i o n s i mu l at i o n as i n t h e b as e cas e s i mu l a t i o n

.

T h e b as e c as e t o w h i ch t h e e ffe ct i v en es s o f B A R T c o n t ro l s i s t o b e co mp ared i s t h e “ cu rr en t

emi s s i o n s ” s cen ari o fo r w h i ch t h e fi n er g ri d St ep 2 mo d el i n g w as p e rfo r med

. T h e p o s t p ro ces s i n g

s t ep s an d p ro ced u r es ar e t h e s a me as i n t h e B A R T el i g i b i l i t y s i mu l at i o n

. Si d e

- b y

- s i d e

co mp ari s o n o f t h e v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s w i l l b e t ab u l at ed t o q u an t i fy t h e effect i v en es s o f e ach co n t ro l

s cen ari o r el at i v e t o t h e b as e cas e

.

T h e mo d el i n g ev al u at i o n i s a u n i t

- b y

- u n i t ev al u at i o n a n d can b e co n d u ct ed o n a p o l l u t an t s p eci fi c

b as i s

. Mo d el i n g res u l t s are u s ed w i t h t h e o t h er fo u r s t at u t o ry fact o rs men t i o n ed i n Sect i o n 2

. 1 t o

d eci d e w h i ch co n t ro l t ech n o l o g y

, i f an y

, i s ap p ro p ri at e. Fi n al l y

, i f a s o u rce d e ci d es t o u s e t h e

mo s t s t ri n g en t co n t ro l t ech n o l o g y av ai l ab l e, t h e BA R T co n t ro l an al y s i s

, i n cl u d i n g mo d el i n g

, i s

n o t n eces s ary

.

4

. 1

. 3 VI S T AS ’ T r ea t ment o f V O C, N H

3 , a nd P M

Vo l a t

i l

e O r g a ni c Co mp o u nd s

C A L P U FF i s cu rr en t l y n o t reco m men d ed fo r ad d res s i n g v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s fro m V O C b e cau s e i t s

cap ab i l i t y t o s i mu l at e s e co n d ary o rg an i c a ero s o l fo r mat i o n fro m V O C e mi s s i o n s i s n o t ad eq u at el y

t es t ed

, es p eci al l y fo r an t h ro p o g en i c e mi s s i o n s

. (Sep a rat el y

, co n d en s ab l e o rg an i c carb o n c an b e

cal cu l at ed f ro m P M 1 0

. )

V I S T A S h as p e rfo r med a w ei g h t o f ev i d en ce an al y s i s t o d emo n s t rat e, u s i n g t h e CM A Q r eg i o n al

ai r q u al i t y mo d el

, t h at t h e co mb i n ed V O C emi s s i o n s fro m al l p o i n t s o u r ces (BA R T

- el i g i b l e an d

n o n

- B A R T ) i n e ach St at e d o n o t co n t ri b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t

. E mi s s i o n s s en s i t i v i t yV IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 3 7 s i mu l at i o n s ru n fo r V IS T A S b y G eo rg i a In s t i t u t e o f T e ch n o l o g y u s i n g V IS T A S’ 1 2 x 1 2 k m g ri d

an d C M A Q v 4

. 3 fo r ep i s o d es i n J u l y 2 0 0 1 an d J an u ary 2 0 0 2 d emo n s t rat ed v ery l o w t o n o

res p o n s e o f o rg an i c carb o n l ev el s an d l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n a t Cl as s I areas t o ch an g i n g V O C e mi s s i o n s

fro m al l an t h ro p o g en i c s o u rces i n t h e V IS T A S 1 2

- k m mo d el i n g d o mai n (eas t e rn U S)

. G eo rg i a

T e ch rep e at ed t h e s en s i t i v i t y an al y s es u s i n g t h e V IS T A S 1 2

- k m d o mai n an d C M A Q v 4

. 4 w i t h a

refi n ed S O A mo d u l e fo r s u m me r (J u n 1

- J u l 1 0 ) an d w i n t er ( N o v 1 9

- D ec 1 9 ) p eri o d s i n 2 0 0 2

.

V O C e mi s s i o n s fro m al l an t h ro p o g en i c p o i n t s o u rces i n ev ery V I S T A S St at e w er e r ed u ced b y

1 0 0 % (i

. e.

, el i mi n at ed )

. T h e max i mu m 2 4

- h r i mp act o f al l V O C e mi s s i o n s fro m al l p o i n t s o u rces

t h ro u g h o u t t h e V IS T A S d o mai n w as t h u s d et ermi n ed t o b e l es s t h an 0

. 5 d v (co mp ared t o an n u al

av erag e n at u ral b ack g ro u n d ) at ev e ry Cl as s I ar ea i n t h e V IS T A S d o mai n an d i n ad j acen t St at es

.

It fo l l o w s t h at t h e i mp act o f an y o n e BA R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce w o u l d b e mu ch l es s t h an 0

. 5 d v

.

Bas ed o n t h es e an al y s es

, t h e V IS T A S St at es h av e co n cl u d ed t h at V O C e mi s s i o n s fro m B A R T

s o u rces d o n o t cau s e o r co n t ri b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t an d d o n o t n eed t o b e i n cl u d ed i n

B A R T an al y s es

.

Am mo ni a

E P A h as g i v en s t at es t h e o p t i o n t o ad d res s ammo n i a (N H 3 ) emi s s i o n s fro m B A R T

- el i g i b l e

s o u rces

. V I S T A S al s o co n t ract ed w i t h G eo rg i a T ec h t o cal cu l at e N H 3 emi s s i o n s s en s i t i v i t i es

u s i n g CM A Q v 4

. 4 w i t h a re fi n ed S O A mo d u l e an d t h e s ame J u n

- J u l an d N o v

- D e c p eri o d s i n

2 0 0 2 t h at w ere u s ed fo r t h e V O C s en s i t i v i t y ev al u a t i o n

. T h e N H 3 e mi s s i o n s fro m al l p o i n t

s o u rces (B A R T

- el i g i b l e an d n o t

- BA R T ) i n ev ery St at e w e re red u c ed b y 1 0 0 % fo r t h es e an al y s es

.

T h i s s en s i t i v i t y ev al u at i o n s h o w ed t h at t h e co l l ect i v e i mp act o f al l V I S T A S reg i o n p o i n t N H 3

emi s s i o n s i s g reat er t h an 0

. 5 d v (co mp ared t o an n u al av erag e n at u ral b ack g ro u n d ) at s ev eral Cl as s

I areas

. W h en t h e N H 3 emi s s i o n s w er e s cal ed t o rep re s en t 1 0 0 % red u ct i o n fro m o n l y t h e BA R T

el i g i b l e s o u rces i n each St at e

, t h en t h e m ax i mu m i m p act o f t h o s e s o u rces w as u n d er 0

. 5 d v at

mo s t

, b u t n o t al l Cl as s I ar eas

. T h e h i g h v al u es ap p e ar t o res u l t p ri mari l y fro m e mi s s i o n s fro m 1 3

l arg e N H 3 s o u rces

. In t h e ab s en ce o f t h o s e 1 3 f ac i l i t i es

, t h e s cal ed N H 3 e mi s s i o n s p eak i mp a ct s at

Cl as s I a reas w er e 0

. 3 d v o r l es s

. Bas ed o n t h es e an al y s es

, t h e V I S T A S St at es reco m men d ed t h at

,

ex cep t fo r t h es e 1 3 faci l i t i es

, N H 3 emi s s i o n s n o t b e i n cl u d ed i n BA R T mo d el i n g

. St at es w i l l

p ro v i d e i n s t ru ct i o n s t o t h o s e 1 3 s o u rces as t o h o w t o ev al u at e co n t ri b u t i o n s o f t h ei r N H 3

emi s s i o n s t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t

. Fo r d o cu men t at i o n p u rp o s es

, i n s u mm er 2 0 0 6 V IS T A S i s

rep eat i n g t h e N H 3 emi s s i o n s s en s i t i v i t y cal cu l at i o n s

, u s i n g CMA Q v 4

. 5 w i t h Bas e F e mi s s i o n s

an d red u ci n g 1 0 0 % o f N H 3 e mi s s i o n s fro m o n l y t h e B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces i n t h e V IS T A S s t at es

.

P

r i ma r y P a r t i cul a t

e Ma t t er

Pri ma ry p art i cu l at e mat t er i s co n s i d ered a v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai ri n g p o l l u t an t

. H o w ev er

, t h e ex t en t t o

w h i ch p ri m ary P M fro m B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces co n t ri b u t es t o i mp ai rmen t at Cl as s I areas i n t h e

s o u t h eas t ern U S i s n o t cl ea r. Fo r E G U s

, t h e E P A h a s d et er mi n ed t h at e mi s s i o n s red u ct i o n s o f

S O 2 an d N O

x u n d er t h e CA I R ru l e meet t h e B A R T r eq u i remen t s

, b u t t h es e E G U s may s t i l l b e

s u b j ect t o BA R T f o r p ri ma ry P M. T o d et ermi n e t h e p o t en t i al i mp act s o f P M fro m E G U an d n o n

E G U s o u rc es i n t h e V I S T A S s t at es

, t w o C M A Q s en s i t i v i t y ru n s fo r t h e fi rs t an d t h i rd q u art ers o f

2 0 0 2 w er e ca rri ed o u t b y V I S T A S’ C M A Q mo d el i n g t eam o f E N V IR O N

, U C R, an d A l p i n eV IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 3 8 G eo p h y s i cs In o n e ru n

, al l p ri mary P M fro m E G U s w as re mo v ed w h i l e i n t h e o t h er ru n al l

p ri mary P M f ro m n o n

- E G U s o u rc es w as re mo v ed

. A l l o t h er CM A Q mo d el i n g co mp o n en t s w ere

h el d co n s t an t

. A t al mo s t al l Cl as s I are as i n t h e V I S T A S reg i o n

, p ri mary P M e mi s s i o n s

co n t ri b u t e t o reg i o n al h a ze, w i t h t h e co l l ect i v e i mp act o f al l E G U an d n o n

- E G U p o i n t p ri mary

PM e mi s s i o n s b ei n g g reat er t h an 0

. 5 d v co mp ared t o a n n u al av erag e n at u r al b ack g ro u n d

. In fact

,

t h e i mp act s o f E G U P M e mi s s i o n s al o n e o r o f n o n

- E G U PM emi s s i o n s al o n e w ere e ach mo s t l y

g reat er t h an 0

. 5 d v

. A l t h o u g h t h e i mp act s o f BA R T s o u rces al o n e w o u l d b e s mal l er

, t h e V I S T A S

St at es h av e co n cl u d ed t h at al l B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces n eed t o co n s i d er t h e i mp act s o f t h ei r PM

emi s s i o n s

.



### 4. 2 O p t i on a l S o u r c e

- S p e c i f i c M od e l i n g

I n s o me ci r cu ms t an c es

, a s o u rc e may w an t t o ap p l y t e ch n i q u es d es i g n ed t o ev al u at e t h e i mp act s

i n a mo re d et ai l ed w ay t h an t h e s t an d a rd V I S T A S c o mmo n p ro t o co l

. A s o u rc e may p ro p o s e

s o u rce

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g p ro ced u r es t o ad d res s s p eci a l i s s u es t o t h e St at e f o r St at e rev i e w

. Fo r

ex amp l e

, s o u rc es v e ry cl o s e t o Cl as s I are as m ay b e b et t er t re at ed b y a fi n e r g ri d res o l u t i o n t h at

t h e g en eri c St ep 2 “fi n e ” g ri d res o l u t i o n met eo ro l o g i cal fi el d s p ro v i d ed b y V IS T A S. In s o me

s i t u at i o n s

, h i g h er res o l u t i o n MM5 o r o t h er p ro g n o s t i c met eo ro l o g i cal d at as et s m ay b e av ai l ab l e

t h an t h e s t an d ard 1 2

- k m o r 3 6

- k m MM5 d at as et s p ro v i d ed b y V IS T A S

. Bec au s e i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e

t o an t i ci p at e al l o f t h e s i t u at i o n s w h ere t h ere w o u l d b e a b en efi t t o co n d u ct i n g mo re d et ai l ed

s o u rce

- s p eci fi c an al y s es

, t h e o p t i o n t o p u rs u e t h i s o p t i o n i s l eft as an o p en i s s u e, t o b e r es o l v ed

an d j u s t i fi ed b as ed o n s p e ci fi c fact o rs rel ev an t fo r t h e s o u rce i n q u es t i o n

.

A s o u rce

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g p ro t o co l i s req u i red fo r each s o u rce. T h i s d o cu m en t s h o u l d d es cri b e

t h e d at a s o u rces an d mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n

, an d p ro v i d e rat i o n al e fo r an y ch an g es i n t h e mo d el

ap p ro ach fro m t h e co mmo n p ro t o co l

. T h i s s o u rce

- s p e ci fi c p ro t o co l mu s t b e p ro v i d ed fo r rev i ew

an d ap p ro v al b y t h e St at e

. T h e St at e w i l l s h are t h e p ro t o co l w i t h E P A an d t h e Fed e ral L an d

Man ag ers fo r t h ei r rev i e w

. D i s cu s s i o n o f ap p ro ach es t o s o u rce

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g an d an o u t l i n e

o f t h e t y p i cal co n t en t s o f t h e s o u rce

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l are p res en t ed i n Ch ap t er 5

. D i s cu s s i o n s

w i t h t h e reg u l at o ry au t h o ri t i es s h o u l d b e co n d u ct ed p ri o r t o d ev el o p men t o f a s o u rce

- s p e ci fi c

p ro t o co l t o en s u re al l o f t h e rel ev an t i s s u es ar e i n cl u d ed i n t h e p ro t o co l

.



### 4. 3 I n i t i al P r oc e d u r e f or B A R T E xe m p t i on

4

. 3

. 1 O ver vi ew o f I ni t i a l Ap p r o a ch

T h e fi rs t s t ep i n t h e co m mo n p ro t o co l

, t h e i n i t i al as s es s men t i n Fi g u re 4

- 1

, i s a s i mp l e p ro c ed u re

t o ev al u at e w h et h er a s o u rc e can b e ex emp t ed fro m B A R T co n t ro l s u s i n g a co n s i s t en t s et o f

met eo ro l o g i cal an d d i s p ers i o n o p t i o n s

. A p re

- co mp u t ed s et o f met eo ro l o g i cal fi l es an d a p re

d efi n ed C A L P U FF i n p u t o p t i o n co n fi g u rat i o n

, b as ed o n g u i d an ce i n t h e fi n al BA R T ru l e (7 0 FR

3 9 1 0 4

- 3 9 1 7 2 ) an d o t h er E P A an d F L A G mo d el g u i d an ce, w i l l al l o w rel at i v el y s i mp l e i n i t i al

s i mu l at i o n s

. T h e reg i o n al i n i t i al d o mai n i s d es i g n ed t o al l o w an y Cl as s I a reas w i t h i n t h e

V I S T A S are a t o b e ev al u at ed w i t h a s i n g l e met eo ro l o g i cal d at ab as e an d co n s i s t en t CA L P U F F

mo d el i n g o p t i o n s

. T h e s eco n d i mp o rt an t q u es t i o n t h at t h i s fi rs t s creen i n g s t ep w i l l an s w er i s

, i fV IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 3 9 i n i t i al mo d el i n g i n d i cat es a s o u rce may i mp act v i s i b i l i t y s i g n i fi can t l y

, w h at Cl as s I areas s h o u l d

b e i n cl u d ed i n a fi n er g ri d an al y s i s ? D u e t o t h e mu l t i t u d e o f fa ct o rs aff ect i n g t h e co n t ri b u t i o n o f a

s o u rce t o v i s i b i l i t y i n a Cl as s I area

, s i mp l e s cr een s o r ru l es o f t h u mb al o n e (s u ch as t h at t h e

cl o s es t Cl as s I are a w i l l p r o d u ce t h e co n t ro l l i n g v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s ) are n o t l i k el y t o b e u n i v ers al l y

rel i ab l e.

4

. 3

. 2 D i s cus s i o n o f 1 2

- k m I ni t i a l Ex e mp t i o n Mo d el

i n g

Met eo r o l o

g i ca l Fi el d

s

A reg i o n al i n i t i al d o mai n an d a s et o f p re

- co mp u t ed re g i o n al CA L M E T met eo ro l o g i cal fi l es w i l l

b e p rep ared fo r V IS T A S, t o al l o w an y Cl as s I areas w i t h i n t h e V IS T A S are a t o b e ev al u at ed w i t h

a co n s i s t en t m et eo ro l o g i cal d at ab as e an d co n s i s t en t C A L P U F F mo d el i n g o p t i o n s

.

T h e fo l l o w i n g t h ree y ears o f M M5 met eo ro l o g i cal d at a h av e b een as s emb l ed b y V IS T A S fo r u s e

i n t h e reg i o n al C A L P U FF mo d el i n g effo rt :

- 2 0 0 1 M M5 d at as et at 1 2 k m an d 3 6 k m g ri d (d ev el o p ed fo r E P A )

- 2 0 0 2 M M5 d at as et at 1 2 k m an d 3 6 k m g ri d (d ev el o p ed b y V I S T A S )

- 2 0 0 3 MM5 d at as et at 3 6 k m g ri d (d ev el o p ed b y t h e Mi d w es t R eg i o n al Pl an n i n g

O rg an i zat i o n ).

T h es e d at a s et s h av e b een p ro v i d ed t o E art h T ech b y V IS T A S

, an d fro m t h em E a rt h T e ch h as

p ro d u ced an n u al C A L M E T met eo ro l o g i cal fi l es at 1 2

- k m g ri d res o l u t i o n fo r t h e d o mai n s h o w n i n

Fi g u re 4

- 2

. T h e C A L M E T mo d el i n g o u t p u t fi l es i n t h e fo rm o f CA L P U F F

- r ead y t h ree

d i men s i o n al met eo ro l o g i cal fi l es w i l l b e av ai l ab l e o n e x t ern al h ard d ri v es t o t h e St at es an d o t h er

p art i es

.

T h e i n i t i al p ro ced u re t o d et ermi n e i f a B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce i s s u b j ect t o BA R T u s es t h e p re

co mp u t ed C A L M E T m et eo ro l o g i cal f i el d s fo r t h e y ears 2 0 0 1

- 2 0 0 3 o n t h e 1 2

- k m CA L M E T

d o mai n i n Fi g u re 4

- 2 an d s i mu l at es w i t h C A L P U FF an y B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce t o b e s creen ed

.

T h e C A L M E T s i mu l at i o n s w i l l b e d ev el o p ed u s i n g t h e h i g h es t res o l u t i o n MM5 d at a av ai l ab l e fo r

each y ear (i

. e

. , 3 6

- k m MM5 d at a fo r 2 0 0 3

, 1 2

- k m M M 5 d at a fo r 2 0 0 1 an d 2 0 0 2 ).

T h e d ev el o p men t o f t h e reg i o n al C A L M E T m et eo r o l o g i cal fi el d s fro m M M5 d at a w i l l b e

co n d u ct ed i n N o

- O b s e rv at i o n s (“ N o

- O b s ” ) mo d e. T h e M M5 d at a al r ead y r efl e ct as s i mi l at i o n o f

o b s erv at i o n al d at a an d are l i k el y t o ad eq u at el y ch aract eri z e reg i o n al w i n d p at t ern s t h at are

co n s i s t en t w i t h t h e 1 2

- k m g ri d s cal e. Bl en d i n g o f M M5 d at a w i t h l o cal o b s erv at i o n s ( w h i ch are

mai n l y at t h e s u rface) co u l d l ead t o w i n d s t ru ct u re s t h at may n o t b e real i s t i c u n d er s o me

co n d i t i o n s an d may res u l t i n p o o rer ch aract eri zat i o n o f t h e reg i o n al w i n d s

. T h u s

, t h e effo rt

req u i red t o p rep a re o b s erv at i o n al d at a s et s fo r C A L M E T fo r t h e l arg e reg i o n al d o mai n i n v o l v es

co n s i d erab l e e ffo rt t h at may n o t p ro v i d e co rres p o n d i n g i mp ro v em en t o f t h e w i n d fi el d

.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 0 F i g ur e 4

- 2

. V I S T A S R eg i o na l 1 2

- k m R es o l uti o n C A L M E T M o del i ng D o m a i n (co l o r a rea w i th

terra i n co nto u rs ). The l o ca ti o ns o f t he 3 6

- k m r es o l u ti o n M M 5 g ri d po i n ts a re s ho w n o n t he pl o t.

Fo r 2 0 0 3

, t h e 3 6

- k m M M5 d at a w i l l b e u s ed as C A L M E T ’s i n i t i al g u es s fi el d an d t h en t h e

C A L M E T d i ag n o s t i c t errai n ad j u s t men t s (s ee Se ct i o n 3

. 1

. 1 ) w i l l b e ap p l i ed t o refl e ct t err ai n o n

t h e s cal e o f t h e CA L ME T g ri d (i

. e

. , 1 2

- k m ). W h en t h e 1 2

- k m M M5 (2 0 0 1 an d 2 0 0 2 ) d at a are

u s ed

, t h e d i ag n o s t i c C A L M E T t er rai n ad j u s t m en t s w i l l b e t u rn ed o ff s i n c e t h e g ri d res o l u t i o n o f

t h e MM5 d at a i s t h e s am e as t h e C A L M E T g ri d an d t h e t errai n ad j u s t men t s o n t h e 1 2

- k m g ri d

s cal e w i l l al read y b e refl e ct ed i n t h e MM5 d at as et

. In t h i s cas e, t h e MM5 w i n d s w i l l b e

i n t erp o l at ed b y CA L M E T t o t h e C A L M E T l ay ers an d C A L M E T ’s b o u n d ary l ay er mo d u l es w i l l

co mp u t e mi x i n g h ei g h t s

, t u rb u l en ce p a ra met ers an d o t h er met eo ro l o g i cal p ara met ers t h at a re

req u i red b y C A L P U F F.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 1 I

mp a ct T hr es ho l d

T h e fi n al B A R T g u i d an ce reco mm en d s t h at t h e t h r es h o l d v al u e t o d efi n e w h et h er a s o u rc e

“co n t ri b u t es ” t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t i s 0

. 5 d v ch an g e fro m n at u r al co n d i t i o n s 1 4 (al t h o u g h St at es

may s et a l o w er t h res h o l d ). T h e 9 8 t h p ercen t i l e (8 t h h i g h es t an n u al ) 2 4

- h r av erag e p r ed i ct ed

i mp act at t h e Cl as s I are a, as c al cu l at ed u s i n g C A L P O S T Met h o d 6 ( mo n t h l y av er ag e rel at i v e

h u mi d i t y v al u es ), i s t o b e co mp ar ed t o t h i s co n t ri b u t i o n t h res h o l d v al u e. Fo r t h i s co mp ari s o n

, t h e

p red i ct ed i mp a ct at t h e Cl as s I ar ea o n an y d ay i s t ak e n t o b e t h e h i g h es t 2 4

- h r av er ag e i mp act at

an y recep t o r i n t h e Cl as s I a rea o n t h at d ay

. ( N o t e t h at t h e recep t o r w h er e t h e h i g h es t i mp act

o ccu rs c an ch an g e f ro m d ay t o d ay

. ) A cco rd i n g t o cl a ri fi cat i o n o f t h e B A R T g u i d an ce re cei v ed

fro m E P A

, fo r a t h ree

- y ear s i mu l at i o n t h e mo d el i n g v al u es t o b e co mp ared w i t h t h e t h res h o l d are

t h e g reat es t o f t h e t h ree an n u al 8 t h h i g h es t v al u es o r t h e 2 2 n d h i g h es t v al u e o v er al l t h ree y ears

co mb i n ed

, w h i ch ev er i s g re at er

.

Fo r t h e p u rp o s es o f t h e i n i t i al an al y s i s

, h o w ev er

, t h e h i g h es t va l u e o v er t h e t h re e

- y ea r p e ri o d (n o t

t h e 9 8 t h p ercen t i l e v al u e) i s t o b e co mp ared t o t h e co n t ri b u t i o n t h res h o l d

. T h i s en s u res a

s i g n i fi can t meas u re o f co n s erv at i s m i n t h e i n i t i al ap p ro ach

. V IS T A S w i l l ev al u at e t h e i n i t i al

C A L P U FF res u l t s t o d et ermi n e i f u s i n g t h e s i n g l e h i g h es t v al u e p ro v i d es t o o co n s erv at i v e a

s creen fo r ex e mp t i o n p u rp o s es

. If s o

, V IS T A S may i n creas e t h e n u mb er o f ex c eed an ces o f t h e

co n t ri b u t i o n t h res h o l d t h at w o u l d b e al l o w ed an d s t i l l q u al i fy t o ex e mp t a s o u rce

.

4

. 3

. 3 Mo d el Co nfi g ur a t i o n a nd S et t i ng s fo r I ni t i a l A na l ys i s

V I S T A S w i l l u s e C A L P U FF V ers i o n 5

. 7 5 4 an d CA L M E T V ers i o n 5

. 7

. T h es e v ers i o n s co n t ai n

en h an ce men t s fu n d ed b y t h e Mi n eral s Man ag em en t S erv i ce ( MM S) an d V I S T A S

. T h ey w e re

d ev el o p ed b y E art h T ech

, In c

. an d t h ey a re mai n t ai n ed o n t h e C A L P U F F w eb s i t e ( w w w

. s rc. co m )

fo r p u b l i c acces s

. T h i s v ers i o n i n cl u d es CA L M E T

, CA L P U FF, C A L P O S T

, C A L S U M

, an d

P O S T U T I L as w el l as C A L V I E W

.

T h e i n i t i al an al y s i s u s es a CA L P U F F co mp u t at i o n al d o mai n t h at i n cl u d es al l Cl as s I areas w i t h i n

3 0 0 k m o f a s o u rce. T h es e Cl as s I are as are s p eci fi ed i n t h e CA L P U FF co n t ro l fi l e fo r an al y s i s

.

St at es co u l d d e ci d e t o req u i re a d i f fer en t v al u e fo r t h e max i mu m d i s t an ce t h r es h o l d fo r t h e

C A L P U FF d o mai n

, d ep en d i n g o n t h e l o cat i o n s o f t h e Cl as s I areas i n t h ei r s t at es an d o t h er

fact o rs s u ch as met eo ro l o g i cal co n d i t i o n s an d t h e m ag n i t u d es o f t h e emi s s i o n s fro m B A R T

el i g i b l e s o u rces

. T h e r eg i o n al C A L M E T d o mai n w i l l b e u n ch an g ed b y t h es e ad j u s t men t s

.

A l s o

, t h e i n i t i al ap p ro ach i s d es i g n ed t o s i g n i fi can t l y red u ce t h e C A L P U FF s i mu l at i o n t i me b y

res t ri ct i n g t h e C A L P U F F co mp u t at i o n al d o mai n s i ze t o i n cl u d e o n l y areas w h er e s i g n i fi can t

i mp act s a re feas i b l e r at h er t h an t h e en t i re r eg i o n al d o mai n

. C A L P U FF al l o w s i t s co mp u t at i o n al

d o mai n t o b e s p eci fi ed as a s u b s et o f t h e CA L M E T m e t eo ro l o g i cal d o mai n b y s et t i n g s w i t h i n t h e

1 4 A s d e s c r i b e d i n F o o t n o t e 5 o n p a g e 6

, S t a t e s h a v e t h e o p t i o n o f d e f i n i n g n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s a s e i t h e r t h e a n n u a l

a v e r a g e d e f a u l t c o n d i t i o n s o r t h e a v e r a g e o f t h e 2 0 % b e s t n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n d a y s

.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 2 C A L P U FF i n p u t fi l e. T h e ad v an t ag e o f s el e ct i n g a s mal l er C A L P U FF co mp u t at i o n al d o mai n i n

t h e reg i o n al C A L P U FF s i mu l at i o n s i s t h at CA L P U F F ru n t i me i s p ro p o rt i o n al t o t h e n u mb er an d

res i d en ce t i m e o f t h e p u ffs o n t h e d o mai n (an d o t h er f act o rs s u ch as t h e n u mb er o f re cep t o rs an d

t h e i n t ern al t i me s t ep co mp u t ed b y t h e mo d el )

. A C A L P U F F d o m ai n co v e ri n g an a rea 3 0 0 k m

fro m a s o u rce i n al l d i rect i o n s w o u l d i n v o l v e o n l y 5 0 x 5 0 1 2

- k m g ri d c el l s

, w h i ch w i l l req u i re

mo d es t co mp u t at i o n al res o u rc es

.

C A L M E T o u t p u t fi l es fo r t h e V IS T A S reg i o n al d o m ai n s h o w n i n Fi g u re 4

- 2 w i l l b e p ro v i d ed t o

V I S T A S b y E art h T ech

. T h es e fi l es w i l l b e i n C A L P U F F

- r ead y fo rm at

, an d as s u ch

, n o

C A L M E T u s er i n p u t s w i l l b e r eq u i red

. A n o p t i o n i n CA L M E T al l o w s fi n er g ri d C A L M E T i n p u t

fi l es t o b e cal cu l at ed fro m t h e 1 2

- k m C A L M E T fi l es

.

T h e b as i c ch a ract e ri s t i cs o f t h e C A L M E T

, C A L P U FF an d C A L P O S T co n fi g u rat i o n s fo r t h e

i n i t i al an al y s es are l i s t ed b el o w

.

CA L ME T Mo d el

i ng Co nfi g ur a t i o n (1 2

- k m i ni t i a l ex e mp t i o n mo d el

i ng )

T h e C A L M E T mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n fo r t h e reg i o n al C A L M E T s i mu l at i o n s w i l l b e d e fi n ed b y

E a rt h T e ch i n co l l ab o rat i o n w i t h t h e V IS T A S St at es

. T h e b as i c mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n w i l l fo l l o w

t h e reco m men d ed I W A Q M g u i d an c e ( E P A

, 1 9 9 8 ; P ag es A

- 1 t h ro u g h A

- 6 )

, ex cep t as n o t ed

b el o w

.

T h e b as i c feat u r es o f t h e mo d el i n g s i mu l at i o n are t h e f o l l o w i n g :

- Mo d el i n g p eri o d : 3 y ears (2 0 0 1

- 2 0 0 3 )

- M et eo ro l o g i cal i n p u t s : MM5 d at a p ro v i d e i n i t i al g u es s fi el d s i n C A L M E T

- C A L M E T g ri d r es o l u t i o n : 1 2

- k m (s ame L a mb ert C o n fo rmal co o rd i n at e s y s t em an d g ri d

cel l s as t h e 1 2

- k m 2 0 0 1 / 2 0 0 2 M M5 s i mu l at i o n s )

- C A L M E T v e rt i cal l ay ers : 1 0 l ay ers

. C el l fac e h ei g h t s (met ers ): 0

, 2 0

, 4 0

, 8 0

, 1 6 0

, 3 2 0

,

6 4 0

, 1 2 0 0

, 2 0 0 0

, 3 0 0 0

, 4 0 0 0

.

- C A L M E T mo d e: N o

- O b s erv at i o n s mo d e i n cl u d i n g o p t i o n t o read o v erw at er d at a d i r ect l y

fro m M M5

.

- D i ag n o s t i c o p t i o n s : IW A Q M d e fau l t v al u es

, ex cep t as fo l l o w s : d i ag n o s t i c t errai n

b l o ck i n g an d s l o p e fl o w al g o ri t h ms u s ed fo r 2 0 0 3 s i mu l at i o n s (u s i n g 3 6

- k m MM5 d at a)

, b u t

n o d i ag n o s t i c t errai n ad j u s t m en t s i n 2 0 0 1 an d 2 0 0 2 s i m u l at i o n (u s i n g 1 2

- k m MM5 d at a)

- C A L M E T o p t i o n s d eal i n g w i t h rad i u s o f i n fl u en ce p aram et ers (R1

, R2

, RM A X 1

, R M A X 2

,

RM A X 3 ), BI A S, I C A L M p a ra met ers are n o t u s ed i n N o

- O b s e rv at i o n s mo d e

.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 3 - T E R R A D (t er rai n s cal e) i s req u i red fo r ru n s w i t h d i ag n o s t i c t errai n ad j u s t men t s (i

. e.

, t h e

2 0 0 3 s i mu l at i o n s ). V al u es o f

~ 1 0

- 2 0 k m w i l l b e t es t ed

, an d an ap p ro p ri at e v al u e

d et ermi n ed

.

- L an d u s e d efi n i n g w at er: J W A T 1

= 5 5

, J W A T 2

= 5 5 (l arg e b o d i es o f w at e r). T h i s fe at u re

al l o w s t h e t e mp e rat u re fi el d o v er l arg e b o d i es o f w at e r s u ch as t h e A t l an t i c O ce an an d t h e

G r eat l ak es t o b e p ro p erl y ch ar act eri z ed b y b u o y o b s e r v at i o n s

.

- Mi x i n g h ei g h t av erag i n g p aramet e r ( M N M D A V ) w i l l b e d et ermi n ed b y E art h T ech fo r t h e

r eg i o n al s i mu l at i o n s b as ed o n s en s i t i v i t y t es t s

. T h e p u rp o s e o f t h e t es t i n g i s t o o p t i mi ze t h e

v ari ab l e t o al l o w s p at i al v ari ab i l i t y i n t h e mi x i n g h ei g h t fi el d

, b u t w i t h o u t ex c es s i v e n o i s e.

- G eo p h y s i cal d at a fo r r eg i o n al ru n s : SR T M

- G T O P O 3 0 3 0

- arcs e c t e rr ai n d at a, Co mp o s i t e

T h e me G ri d ( C T G ) U S G S 2 0 0 m l an d u s e d at as et

. Re f eren c es fo r t h es e an d o t h e r C A L M E T

d at as et s can b e fo u n d o n t h e C A L P U F F d at a p a g e o f t h e o ffi ci al C A L P U F F s i t e

( w w w

. s rc

. co m )

.

CA L P U FF Mo d el

i ng Co nfi g u r a t i o n (I ni t i a l ex e mp t i o n mo d el

i ng )

T h e C A L P U FF mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n fo r t h e reg i o n al CA L P U F F i n i t i al s i mu l at i o n s w i l l fo l l o w t h e

reco m men d ed I W A Q M g u i d an ce ( E P A

, 1 9 9 8 ; Pag es B

- 1 t h ro u g h B

- 8 ), ex cep t as n o t ed b el o w :

- C A L P U FF d o m ai n co n fi g u red t o i n cl u d e t h e s o u rce an d al l Cl as s I areas w i t h i n 3 0 0 k m o f

t h e s o u rce p l u s 5 0 k m b u ffe r zo n e i n ea ch d i rect i o n

. C A L P U FF i s r eco m men d ed fo r al l

s o u rce

- re cep t o r d i s t an c es t o b e co n s i d ered i n t h e B A R T an al y s es

.

- Ch emi c al m ech an i s m : M E S O P U FF II mo d u l e

- Back g ro u n d co n c en t rat i o n s o f SO 4 an d T N O 3 (H N O 3 + N O 3 ) fro m C M A Q 2 0 0 1

- 2 0 0 3

an n u al ru n s

- Sp eci es mo d el ed : S O 2 , S O 4 , N O

x , H N O 3 , N O 3 an d p art i cu l at e mat t er i n s i ze cat eg o ri es o f

< 0

. 6 2 5 μ m

, 0

. 6 2 5

- 1

. 0 μ m

, 1

. 0

- 1

. 2 5 μ m

, 1

. 2 5

- 2

. 5 μ m

, 2

. 5

- 6

. 0 μ m an d 6

- 1 0 μ m a ero d y n a mi c

d i amet er s

. A s n o t ed b el o w

, t h e p art i cu l at e m at t er emi s s i o n s b y s i ze c at eg o ry w i l l b e

co mb i n ed i n t o t h e ap p ro p ri at e s p eci es fo r t h e v i s i b i l i t y an al y s i s (i

. e.

, el e men t al carb o n ( E C ),

fi n e P M o r “s o i l ” ( < 2

. 5 μ m i n d i a met e r), co a rs e P M ( b et w e en 2

. 5

- 1 0 μ m i n d i am et er ) an d

o rg an i cs (c al l ed s eco n d a ry o rg an i c a ero s o l s (S O A ) i n t h e C A L P O S T p o s t p ro ces s o r)

.

- E mi s s i o n rat es fo r mo d el i n g b as ed o n E P A B A R T g u i d an ce, i

. e

. , m ax i mu m 2 4

- h o u r act u al

emi s s i o n rat e w i t h n o r mal o p er at i o n s fro m t h e h i g h es t emi t t i n g d ay o f t h e met eo ro l o g i cal

p eri o d mo d el ed (ex cl u d i n g d ay s w h er e s t art

- u p

, s h u t d o w n o r mal fu n ct i o n s o ccu rr ed

s o met i me d u ri n g t h e d ay

. ) N o t e t h at p o t en t i al emi s s i o n s are u s ed t o d et ermi n e i f a s o u rce i s

B A R T

- el i g i b l e, b u t 2 4

- h o u r av erag e max i mu m e mi s s i o n s are u s ed fo r mo d el i n g p u rp o s es

(7 0 F R 3 9 1 6 2 ). Po l l u t an t s co n s i d ered i n cl u d e S O 2 , H 2 S O 4 , N O

x an d P M 1 0

.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 4 Co n d en s ab l e emi s s i o n s are co n s i d ered as p ri m ary f i n e p art i cu l at e mat t er an d al l o cat ed

eq u al l y t o t h e t w o s u b mi c ro m et er

- p a rt i cl e s i ze cl as s es

. If act u al s o u rc e emi s s i o n s d a t a a re

n o t av ai l ab l e, t h e mo d el i n g s h o u l d b e b as ed o n p ermi t l i mi t s

. If s o u rce

- s p e ci fi c s i ze

cat eg o ri es a re n o t av ai l ab l e, t h en A P

- 4 2 fact o rs ma y b e u s ed fo r s o u rces w h er e A P

- 4 2

fact o rs are av ai l ab l e

. Fo r s o u rces w h er e A P

- 4 2 f act o rs are n o t av ai l ab l e, al t ern at i v e

ap p ro ach es t o s p eci at i o n a re g i v en b el o w

.

E x cl u d ed fro m t h e mo d el i n g are p o l l u t an t s w i t h p l an t

- w i d e e mi s s i o n s l es s t h an d e m i n i m i s

l ev el s (4 0 t o n s p er y ear fo r SO 2 an d N O

x an d 1 5 t o n s p er y ear fo r P M 1 0 ). D e m i n i m i s l ev el s

are p l an t w i d e fo r ea ch v i s i b i l i t y

- i mp ai ri n g p o l l u t an t

, s o i n d i v i d u al u n i t s may b e mo d el ed

ev en i f t h ey h av e e mi s s i o n s b el o w d e m i n i m i s i f t h e p l a n t t o t al i s g reat er t h an d e m i n i m i s

.

- Part i cu l at e e mi s s i o n s s p eci at i o n : Break d o w n

, as ap p ro p ri at e, fi l t erab l e an d co n d en s ab l e

p art i cu l at e mat t e r i n t o t h e fo l l o w i n g s p eci es c at eg o ri es : el em en t al carb o n (s o o t ), “s o i l ” (fi n e

PM < 2

. 5 μ m d i am et er)

, co ars e p art i cu l at e m at t er (2

. 5

- 1 0 μ m d i am et er) an d o rg an i cs

. T h e

p ro ces s i s i l l u s t rat ed i n Fi g u re 4

- 3

. If s o u r ce

- s p e ci fi c s p eci at ed e mi s s i o n s fact o rs are n o t

av ai l ab l e, A P

- 4 2 fact o rs o r s p e ci at i o n i n fo rmat i o n d e v el o p ed b y t h e N at i o n al Pa rk Se rv i ce

( h t t p : / / w w w 2

. n at u re. n p s

. g o v / ai r/ p e rmi t s / ect / i n d ex

. cf m ) can b e u s ed t o es t i mat e t h e PM

s p eci at i o n fo r man y s o u r ce s ect o rs

.

O t h er w i s e

, as s u mp t i o n s w i l l n eed t o b e p ro p o s ed b y t h e s o u rce

, an d rev i e w ed an d ap p ro v ed

b y t h e St at e. Po s s i b l e acc ep t ab l e al t ern at i v e ap p ro ach e s t o es t i mat i n g s p eci at i o n i n cl u d e t h e

fo l l o w i n g :

 Sp eci at i o n p ro fi l es d ev el o p ed b y t h e S M O K E e mi s s i o n s mo d el fo r u s e i n

V I S T A S ’ C M A Q reg i o n al ai r q u al i t y mo d el i n g (av ai l ab l e at h t t p : / / w w w

. v i s t as

s es arm

. o rg / B A R T / cal p u ff

. as p )

.

 T h e ap p ro ach d es cri b ed i n a m emo av ai l ab l e at h t t p : / / w w w

. v i s t as

s es arm

. o rg / B A R T / cal p u ff

. as p

, w h i ch p ro v i d es reas o n a b l y co n s erv at i v e es t i mat es

i n s i t u at i o n s w h ere d at a are i n co mp l et e

.

- Cl as s I re cep t o rs : U s e F L M Cl as s I r ecep t o r l i s t w i t h re cep t o r el ev at i o n s p ro v i d ed

(av ai l ab l e f ro m t h e N PS)

.

- C A L P U FF mo d el o p t i o n s : U s e IW A Q M ( E P A

, 1 9 9 8 ) d efau l t g u i d an ce, i n cl u d i n g

Pas q u i l l

- G i ffo rd d i s p ers i o n co e ffi ci en t s

.

- O zo n e d at as et

– u s e o b s erv ed o zo n e d at a fo r 2 0 0 1

- 2 0 0 3 fro m C A S T N et an d A I RS s t at i o n s

.

O n l y n o n

- u rb an o zo n e s t at i o n s s h o u l d b e u s ed i n t h e O Z O N E

. D A T fi l e. Mo n t h l y av erag e

o zo n e (b ack u p ) b ack g ro u n d v al u es are t o b e co mp u t ed b as ed o n d ay t i me av erag e o zo n e

co n cen t rat i o n s fro m t h e O Z O N E

. D A T fi l e (6 a m

- 6 p m av erag e o zo n e co n cen t r at i o n s

co mp u t ed b y mo n t h ).V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 5 F i g ur e 4

- 3

. S peci a ti o n o f P M

- 1 0 E m i s s i o ns

. ( P M C i s co a rs e pa rti c ul a te m a tt er

-- 2

. 5 to 1 0 μ m

di a m ete r. )

- Back g ro u n d a mmo n i a co n c en t rat i o n : In CA L P U F F, u s e co n s t an t (0

. 5 p p b ) v al u e fo r

am mo n i a.

- Pu f f r ep res en t at i o n : i n t eg r at ed p u ff s a mp l i n g met h o d o l o g y

.

- Bu i l d i n g d o w n w as h : Ig n o re b u i l d i n g d o w n w as h u n l e s s s o u rce i s w i t h i n 5 0

- k m o f a Cl as s I

area an d t h e St at e i n s t ru ct s t h e s o u rc e t o s p e ci fi cal l y co n s i d er b u i l d i n g d o w n w as h

.

CA L P O S T a nd P O S T U T I

L Co nfi g ur a t i o n (I ni t i a l ex e mp t i o n mo d el

i ng )

- U s e V i s i b i l i t y Met h o d 6 i n C A L P O S T

- Sp eci es co n s i d ered i n v i s i b i l i t y an al y s i s : SO 4 , N O 3 , E C, S O A (i

. e.

, co n d en s ab l e o rg an i c

emi s s i o n s ), s o i l

, co ars e P M

- N at u ral b a ck g ro u n d l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n : Sev eral o p t i o n s are a ccep t ab l e at t h e d i s cret i o n o f t h e

St at e: (1 ) A s i n g l e an n u al av erag e n at u r al b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n fo r each Cl as s I are a, as

p res en t ed i n A p p en d i x B o f E P A ’s n at u ral co n d i t i o n s g u i d an ce (E P A

, 2 0 0 3 b ); (2 ) A s i n g l e

v al u e t h at rep res en t s t h e av er ag e h a ze i n d ex o n t h e 2 0 % b es t n at u ral co n d i t i o n s d ay s

, ag ai n

as p res en t ed i n t h e s am e A p p en d i x B; o r (3 ) A mo n t h l y av erag e n at u ral b a ck g ro u n d as P M

- 1 0

F i l t e r a b l e C o n d e n s a b l e

E C P M

- 2

. 5 P M C P M

(i n c l u d i n g

H 2 S O 4 )

As Pri m

. S O 4 ) O r g a n i c P M

( S O A )

E C S o i l P M C S O 4

f ( R H ) N o n

- S O 4

I n o r g a n i c O CV IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 6 cal cu l at ed b y C A L P O S T u n d er Met h o d 6

, b as ed o n an n u al av er ag e d ef au l t n at u ral

co n d i t i o n s co mp o n en t co n cen t rat i o n s an d mo n t h l y av e rag e f(R H ) v a l u es fo r t h e c en t ro i d o f

t h e Cl as s I a rea

, f ro m T ab l e A

- 3 i n t h e n at u ral co n d i t i o n s g u i d an ce d o cu men t

, .

A s p eci al p ro c ed u re i s n eed ed fo r o p t i o n s 1 an d 2

, s i n c e C A L P O S T req u i r es i n p u t o f n at u ral

b ack g ro u n d co n cen t rat i o n s o f P M co mp o n en t s w h i l e t h e b ack g ro u n d s fo r o p t i o n s 1 an d 2

are ex p res s ed i n E P A ’s g u i d an ce d o cu men t as ex t i n ct i o n co effi ci en t s o r h az e i n d i ces (i n

d eci v i ew s )

. In o rd er t o p ro d u ce t h e ap p ro p ri at e n at u r a l b ack g ro u n d i n C A L P O S T fo r t h es e

o p t i o n s

, u s e E q u at i o n 3

- 2 t o cal cu l at e t h e ex t i n ct i o n c o effi ci en t t h at co rr es p o n d s t o E P A ’s

h aze i n d ex v al u e fo r t h e Cl as s I area (i f n ec es s ary )

, s u b t ract t h e Ray l ei g h s cat t eri n g v al u e o f

1 0 M m - 1

, an d en t er a s o i l co n c en t rat i o n (i n μ g / m 3 ) i n t o C A L P O S T t h at i s n u me ri cal l y eq u al

t o t h i s res u l t

. (Si n ce t h e ex t i n ct i o n effi ci en cy o f s o i l i s 1 m 2 / g

, E q u at i o n 3

- 1 s h o w s t h at t h i s

p ro ces s p ro d u ces a b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n t h at eq u al s t h e E P A ’s v al u e

. ) L eav e t h e

co n cen t rat i o n s o f al l o t h er s p eci es b l an k

, s i n c e t h e n u mb er t h at i s en t e red r ep res en t s

ex t i n ct i o n b y al l co mp o n en t s

, an d s et al l v al u es o f f( R H ) i n C A L P O S T t o u n i t y s i n ce t h e

E P A ’s ex t i n ct i o n an d h aze i n d ex v al u es al re ad y a cco u n t fo r p a rt i cl e g ro w t h d u e t o h u mi d i t y

.

- L i g h t ex t i n ct i o n effi ci en ci es : U s e E P A (2 0 0 3 a) v a l u es

. If a s o u rce ch o o s es

, t h e n e w

IMP R O V E al g o ri t h m fo r c al cu l at i n g l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n (s ee S ect i o n 3

. 2

. 3 ) may b e u s ed i n

ad d i t i o n t o t h e d efau l t IMPR O V E al g o ri t h m. ( Cal cu l at i o n s w o u l d n eed t o b e p erfo rmed

o u t s i d e CA L P O S T o r C A L P O S T w o u l d n eed t o b e mo d i fi ed t o acco mmo d at e t h e n ew

al g o ri t h m. )

- N i t rat e rep a rt i t i o n i n g i n PO S T U T I L : D o n o t u s e fo r t h e i n i t i al mo d el i n g

.

T h e i n i t i al ru n res u l t s w i l l b e b as ed o n t h e h i g h es t ch an g e i n l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n (d eci v i ew s ) fro m

n at u ral co n d i t i o n s o v er t h e t h ree

- y ear mo d el i n g p eri o d fo r each Cl as s I area co n s i d ered

.

P red i ct ed ch an g es ex c eed i n g t h e “co n t ri b u t i o n ” t h res h o l d (0

. 5 d eci v i e w s ) w i l l t ri g g er a fi n er g ri d

C A L P U FF mo d el i n g an al y s i s

.



### 4. 4 F i n e r G r i d M od e l i n g P r oc e d u r e s

4

. 4

. 1 Ra t i o na l e fo r a nd O ver vi ew o f Fi ner G r i d Mo d e l i ng Ap p r o a ch

T h e re are t w o p o t en t i al ap p l i cat i o n s fo r fi n er g ri d C A L P U F F mo d el i n g :

BA R T Ex cl us i o n Mo d el i ng

. Fi rs t

, fi n er g ri d C A L P U FF mo d el i n g can b e u s ed t o d e mo n s t rat e

t h at a s o u rce d o es n o t cau s e o r co n t ri b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rm en t i n an y Cl as s I areas

, an d t h u s

can b e ex cl u d ed f ro m B A R T c o n t ro l s

. A s s h o w n i n Fi g u re 4

- 1

, i f t h e i n i t i al reg i o n al mo d el i n g

res u l t s are n o t b el o w t h e t h res h o l d fo r v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s

, t h e n ex t s t ep i s t o co n d u ct mo d el i n g

u s i n g a fi n er g ri d res o l u t i o n fo r t h e met eo ro l o g i cal fi el d s an d t h e t reat men t o f t err ai n eff ect s an d

l an d u s e v ari ab i l i t y

. In t h e fi n er g ri d mo d el i n g t h e p red i ct ed v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t t h at i s

co mp ar ed t o t h e t h res h o l d i s b as ed o n t h e BA R T g u i d an ce o f t h e 9 8 t h p ercen t i l e ch an g e i n

d eci v i ew s v al u e rat h er t h an t h e mo r e co n s e rv at i v e h i g h es t v al u e u s ed i n t h e i n i t i al an al y s i s

.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 7 T h e B A R T g u i d an ce i n d i cat es t h at t h e e mi s s i o n s rat e t o b e u s ed fo r s u ch mo d el i n g i s t h e h i g h es t

2 4

- h r rat e d u ri n g t h e mo d el i n g p eri o d

. D ep en d i n g o n t h e av ai l ab i l i t y o f s o u rce d at a, t h e fo l l o w i n g

emi s s i o n s i n fo rmat i o n (l i s t ed i n o rd er o f p ri o ri t y ) s h o u l d b e u s ed w i t h CA L P U FF fo r B A R T

ex cl u s i o n mo d el i n g :

- 2 4 h r m ax i mu m v al u e e mi s s i o n s fo r t h e p eri o d 2 0 0 1

- 2 0 0 3 (Co n t i n u o u s E mi s s i o n Mo n i t o r,

C E M d at a)

- 2 4 h r max i mu m v al u e f ro m co n t i n u o u s emi s s i o n s mo n i t o ri n g d at a

- f aci l i t y s t ack t es t e mi s s i o n s

- p o t en t i al t o e mi t

- p er mi t al l o w ab l e emi s s i o n s

, i f av ai l ab l e

- emi s s i o n s fact o rs fro m A P

- 4 2 s o u r ce p ro fi l es

Q ua nt i fy Be nefi t s o f BA R T

. T h e s e co n d ap p l i cat i o n o f refi n ed mo d el i n g i s t o q u an t i fy t h e

v i s i b i l i t y b en efi t s fro m t h e B A R T co n t ro l o p t i o n s

. T h i s i s acco mp l i s h ed b y ru n n i n g CA L P U F F

w i t h t h e b as el i n e e mi s s i o n s rat es an d ag ai n w i t h e mi s s i o n s aft er B A R T co n t ro l s

. It i s i mp o rt an t

t h at emi s s i o n red u ct i o n s b e ev al u at ed i n t h e p o s t p ro ce s s i n g s t ep rat h er t h an b y u s i n g “n eg at i v e”

emi s s i o n rat es i n t h e CA L P U FF mo d el

. T h e ch e mi cal s ch eme r eq u i res t h at emi s s i o n rat es al w ay s

b e p o s i t i v e.

Fo r an y o f t h es e ap p l i cat i o n s

, a s o u rce

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g p ro t o co l t h at d efi n es s o u rce p ro p ert i es

an d t h e s p eci fi c mo d el co n fi g u r at i o n i s req u i red

. A s d i s cu s s ed i n Sect i o n 5

, t h e s o u rc e s p eci fi c

p ro t o co l s h o u l d i n cl u d e s o u rce

- s p eci fi c emi s s i o n s d at a an d can ref er t o t h i s d o cu men t fo r al l

met h o d s an d as s u mp t i o n s t h at fo l l o w t h i s co m mo n p ro t o co l

.

4

. 4

. 2 Mo d el Co nfi g ur a t i o n a nd S et t i ng s fo r Fi ner G r i d Mo d el

i ng

G ri d res o l u t i o n s u b s t an t i al l y b et t er t h an 1 2

- k m i s n eed e d fo r a fi n e r g ri d C A L P U F F as s es s men t o f

v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s i n mo s t cas es i n v o l v i n g Cl as s I areas i n co mp l ex t errai n o r co as t al areas

. T h u s

,

t h e CA L M E T fi n e g ri d res o l u t i o n i n t h e s u b reg i o n al mo d el i n g d o mai n s u s ed fo r fi n er g ri d

mo d el i n g w i l l d ep en d o n t h e t errai n

, l an d u s e (es p eci al l y co as t al b o u n d ari es ), l o cat i o n o f t h e

s o u rce, d i s t an ce o f t h e s o u rce fro m Cl as s I are as

, a n d t o t al s i ze o f t h e s u b reg i o n al mo d el i n g

d o mai n

.

V I S T A S St at es h av e 2 0 0 1

- 2 0 0 3 CA L M E T fi l es fo r fi v e 4

- k m s u b

- reg i o n al d o mai n s as i l l u s t rat ed

i n Fi g u re 4

- 4

. T h e s u b d o mai n s are d es i g n ed t o ad d res s al l BA R T el i g i b l e s o u rces w i t h i n each

V I S T A S s t at es an d al l Cl as s I areas w i t h i n 3 0 0 k m o f t h e B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces

. Fo r ap p l i cat i o n

fo r a s i n g l e s o u rce

, a s mal l er d o mai n o f ro u g h l y 2 0 0

- 3 0 0 k m b y 2 0 0

- 3 0 0 k m i s re co m men d ed

. Req u es t s t o o b t ai n t h e 4

- k m C A L M E T fi l es s h o u l d b e mad e t o t h e St at e B A R T r ep res en t at i v es

.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 8 In s o me i n s t an ces

, as p art o f t h e s o u rce

- s p eci fi c p ro t o c o l

, a s o u rce may p ro p o s e t o t h e St at e t o u s e

an ev en fi n er g ri d s i mu l at i o n t o p ro p erl y ch ar act eri z e t h e fl o w fi el d s an d l an d u s e ch an g es t h at

affe ct d i s p ers i o n

. A n ap p l i cat i o n fo r s o u rce

- rec ep t o r d i s t an ces w i t h i n ab o u t 5 0 k m may req u i re a

g ri d res o l u t i o n l es s t h an 1 k m i f co mp l ex t err ai n e ffect s are l i k el y t o b e i mp o rt an t

. T h i s

d et ermi n at i o n s h o u l d b e mad e o n a cas e

- b y

- c as e b as i s

. T h er e i s n o t a s i n g l e d i s t an ce at w h i ch a

p art i cu l ar g ri d s i ze i s ap p ro p ri at e

. It d ep en d s o n fact o r s s u ch as t h e co mp l ex i t y o f t h e t er r ai n

, t h e

s o u rce

- re cep t o r d i s t an ces i n v o l v ed

, t h e l o c at i o n o f t h e s o u rce rel at i v e t o t h e t errai n f eat u res

, t h e

p h y s i cal s t ack p aramet ers ( e. g

. , a t al l s t ack i n co mp l ex t errai n may b e u n aff ect ed b y t h e t errai n

fo rced fl o w ), p ro x i mi t y o f t h e s o u rc e an d Cl as s I are a t o a co as t l i n e, an d o t h er fa ct o rs i n cl u d i n g

av ai l ab i l i t y o f rep res en t at i v e o b s erv at i o n al d at a

.

F i g ur e 4

- 4

. Th e fi v e s u breg i o na l do m a i ns fo r 4

- k m C A L M ET m o d el i ng

.

T h e fi n e r g ri d C A L M E T s i mu l at i o n s w er e ru n i n h y b ri d mo d e, u s i n g b o t h MM5 d at a t o d efi n e

t h e i n i t i al g u es s fi el d s an d met eo ro l o g i cal o b s erv at i o n al d at a i n t h e St ep 2 cal cu l at i o n s

.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 4 9 O v e r w at er (b u o y ) d at a w i l l b e p ro v i d ed i n ad d i t i o n t o t h e h o u rl y s u rface met eo ro l o g i cal

o b s erv at i o n s

, p reci p i t at i o n o b s erv at i o n s an d t w i c e

- d ai l y u p p er ai r s o u n d i n g d at a.

A d o mai n

- s p eci fi c s et o f mo d el i n g p ara met e rs w i l l b e d efi n ed fo r each s u b r eg i o n al d o mai n

. T h e

p ro p er s el ect i o n o f t h e C A L M E T d i ag n o s t i c w i n d fi el d p aram et ers t h at are u s ed t o b l en d

o b s erv at i o n s w i t h t h e St ep 1 w i n d fi el d d ep en d s o n fact o rs s u ch as t h e l o c at i o n s o f t h e

met eo ro l o g i cal s t at i o n s rel at i v e t o t errai n an d co as t al feat u res ( w h i ch a ffect s t h e

rep res en t at i v en es s o f t h e o b s erv at i o n al d at a), t h e t errai n l en g t h s cal e, an d t h e q u al i t y (res o l u t i o n )

o f t h e MM5 d at a u s ed t o d efi n e t h e i n i t i al g u es s fi el d an d i t s ab i l i t y t o p ro p erl y res o l v e w i n d

fl o w s o n t h e fi n e

- s cal e C A L M E T d o mai n

. T h e d e fi n i t i o n o f t h e p ro p er C A L M E T p a ra met ers i s

d o n e as p a rt o f s en s i t i v i t y t es t i n g w h er e mo d el p e rfo rm an ce i s ev al u at ed ag ai n s t av ai l ab l e

o b s erv at i o n s an d ex p e ct ed t er rai n e ffe ct s

, s u ch as ch an n el i n g o f fl o w s w i t h i n a v al l ey

.

In ad d i t i o n t o t h e b et t er g ri d res o l u t i o n an d t h e i n t ro d u ct i o n o f o b s erv at i o n al d at a i n t h e fi n e r g ri d

s i mu l at i o n s

, s ev eral o t h er mo d el i n g refi n e men t s can en h an ce t h e accu r acy o f t h e fi n e r g ri d

mo d el i n g

. T h es e i n cl u d e u s e o f t h e h i g h er res o l u t i o n t errai n D E M d at a (

~ 3 arc s ec U S G S d at a)

i n d efi n i n g t h e g ri d d ed t err ai n fi el d s an d ap p l i cat i o n o f t h e am mo n i a l i mi t i n g m et h o d i n t h e

P O S T U T I L p o s t

- p ro c es s o r. O t h er w i s e

, t h e s o u rce co n fi g u rat i o n

, emi s s i o n s

, p o l l u t an t s p eci at i o n

,

Cl as s I recep t o rs

, o zo n e d at as et s an d C A L P U FF mo d e l o p t i o n s w i l l b e t h e s ame as i n t h e i n i t i al

ru n s

. Si mi l arl y

, C A L P O S T w i l l b e u s ed i n t h e s ame man n er as fo r t h e i n i t i al an al y s es

. H o w ev er,

P O S T U T I L can b e u s ed t o rep art i t i o n n i t rat e i n t h e fi n er g ri d mo d el i n g

, u s i n g b ack g ro u n d

am mo n i a co n c en t rat i o n s ac co rd i n g t o t h e I W A Q M Ph a s e 2 r ep o rt (I W A Q M

, 1 9 9 8 )

.

Fo r t h e fi n e r g ri d B A R T ex cl u s i o n an al y s i s

, t h e t es t fo r ev al u at i n g w h et h er a s o u rc e i s

co n t ri b u t i n g t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rm en t i s b as ed o n t h e 9 8 t h p ercen t i l e mo d el ed v al u e (r at h er t h an t h e

h i g h es t p red i ct ed v al u e u s ed fo r t h e i n i t i al ev al u at i o n ), w h i ch i s co n s i s t en t w i t h E P A ’s B A R T

g u i d an ce.



### 4. 5 P r e s e n t at i on of M od e l i n g R e s u l t s

T h e C A L P O S T p ro c es s i n g co mp u t es t h e d ai l y max i m u m ch an g e i n d eci v i e w s

. A s amp l e o f t h e

s u mma ry t ab l e p ro d u ced b y C A L P O S T i s s h o w n i n T ab l e 4

- 1

. Fo r ev al u at i n g co mp l i an c e w i t h

t h e V IS T A S s creen i n g t h r es h o l d

, t h e h i g h es t ch an g e i n ex t i n ct i o n v al u e, l o c at ed at t h e b o t t o m o f

t h e C A L P O S T l i s t fi l e i s co mp ared t o t h e t h res h o l d v al u e (e. g

. , 0

. 5 d v )

. Fo r ex a mp l e, i n t h e

s amp l e s h o w n i n T ab l e 4

- 1

, t h e s u mma ry at t h e b o t t o m s h o w s t h at t h e h i g h es t v i s i b i l i t y i mp act i s

1

. 2 1 9 d v

, w i t h 9 d ay s o v er t h e y ear s h o w i n g v al u es g reat er t h an 0

. 5 d v

. T h er efo re t h i s s o u rce

w o u l d n o t p as s t h e i n i t i al an al y s i s

, an d fi n er g ri d mo d el i n g w o u l d b e req u i r ed

.

In ad d i t i o n t o t h e h i g h es t ch an g e i n d eci v i ew v al u e o n each d ay o v er al l t h e recep t o rs i n a

p art i cu l ar Cl as s I ar ea, t h e C A L P O S T s u m mary t ab l e i n T ab l e 4

- 1 co n t ai n s t h e co o rd i n at es o f t h e

recep t o r

, r ecep t o r t y p e ( D i n d i cat es d i s cret e r ecep t o rs )

, t h e t o t al h az e l ev el (b a ck g ro u n d + s o u rc e,

i n d v ), t h e b ack g ro u n d h a ze i n d eci v i e w s

, t h e ch an g e i n h azi n es s (d el t a d v ), t h e h u mi d i t y t erm

ap p l i ed t o h y g ro s co p i c ae ro s o l s (f( R H ))

, an d t h e co n t r i b u t i o n o f each s p e ci es t o l i g h t ex t i n ct i o nV IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 5 0 Ta bl e 4

- 1

. Ex a m pl e o f C A L P OS T Out pu t, S ho w i ng M a x i m u m D a i l y I m pa cts o f So u rce a n d Lo ca ti o ns o f T ho s e I m pa cts

.

Y E A R D A Y H R R E C E P T O R C O O R D I N A T E S ( k m ) T Y P E D V ( T o t a l ) D V ( B K G ) D E L T A D V F ( R H ) %

_ S O 4 %

_ N O 3 %

_ O C %

_ E C %

_ P M C %

_ P M F

2 0 0 1 2 0 3 2 0

. 5 4 0 7 9

. 7 8 2 D 5

. 3 9 7 5

. 3 5 8 0

. 0 3 9 4

. 3 1 4 4 4

. 3 3 4 7

. 2 2 3

. 0 7 1

. 0 7 0

. 0 0 4

. 3 0

2 0 0 1 3 0 9 3 1

. 6 8 0 7 9

. 8 2 2 D 4

. 5 6 6 4

. 4 2 1 0

. 1 4 5 1

. 7 6 7 4 0

. 7 5 3 3

. 8 9 9

. 1 9 3

. 2 4 0

. 0 0 1 2

. 9 4

2 0 0 1 4 0 1 2 4

. 7 2 3 7 7

. 9 5 1 D 4

. 5 4 0 4

. 5 4 0 0

. 0 0 0 2

. 0 7 6 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0

2 0 0 1 5 0 7 7 3 0

. 2 2 8 9 4

. 5 7 1 D 4

. 9 5 0 4

. 9 3 9 0

. 0 1 1 3

. 1 4 4 4 3

. 1 3 4 4

. 7 4 4

. 6 4 1

. 4 5 0

. 0 0 6

. 0 5

2 0 0 1 6 0 1 2 4

. 7 2 3 7 7

. 9 5 1 D 5

. 1 8 1 5

. 1 6 6 0

. 0 1 5 3

. 7 7 2 3 8

. 5 8 5 6

. 0 5 1

. 9 0 0

. 7 0 0

. 0 0 2

. 7 6

2 0 0 1 7 0 3 2 0

. 5 4 0 7 9

. 7 8 2 D 6

. 3 6 6 5

. 7 4 5 0

. 6 2 0 5

. 4 3 9 4 4

. 9 8 4 4

. 9 9 3

. 6 9 1

. 2 6 0

. 0 0 5

. 0 8

.

.

.

2 0 0 1 3 6 3 0 1 1 3 2 7

. 4 1 4 1 0 3

. 7 8 2 D 5

. 7 2 5 5

. 6 5 2 0

. 0 7 3 5

. 1 6 4 5 3

. 4 9 3 5

. 5 1 4

. 0 3 1

. 3 9 0

. 0 0 5

. 5 8

2 0 0 1 3 6 4 0 1 1 3 2 7

. 4 1 4 1 0 3

. 7 8 2 D 6

. 5 5 4 6

. 5 2 1 0

. 0 3 3 7

. 8 2 6 4 8

. 1 2 4 7

. 0 9 1

. 6 7 0

. 6 4 0

. 0 0 2

. 4 8

2 0 0 1 3 6 5 0 1 2 4

. 7 2 3 7 7

. 9 5 1 D 6

. 4 9 9 6

. 4 9 9 0

. 0 0 0 7

. 7 5 7 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0 0

. 0 0

- - - N u m b e r o f d a y s w i t h D e l t a

- D e c i v i e w = > 0

. 5 0 : 9

- - - N u m b e r o f d a y s w i t h D e l t a

- D e c i v i e w = > 1

. 0 0 : 2

- - - L a r g e s t D e l t a

- D e c i v i e w = 1

. 2 1 9V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 5 1 (i n p ercen t o f t h e t o t al s o u rce co n t ri b u t i o n ) fo r S O 4 , N O 3 , o rg an i cs

, el em en t al ca rb o n

, co ars e an d

fi n e p art i cu l at e m at t er.

Fo r t h e fi n er g ri d an al y s i s

, t h e d at a i n t h e t ab l e can b e i mp o rt ed i n t o a s p read s h eet an d s o rt ed o n

t h e d el t a d v co l u mn

. T ab l e 4

- 2 s h o w s an ex amp l e o f t h e ran k ed v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s (ch an g e i n d v )

fo r ea ch o f t h r ee y e ars at s i x d i ff eren t Cl as s I areas

. T h e 9 8 t h p ercen t i l e (8 t h h i g h es t v al u e) i n t h e

s o rt ed t ab l e w o u l d b e co mp ared t o t h e co n t ri b u t i o n t h res h o l d (e. g

. , 0

. 5 d v )

. In t h e ex a mp l e

s h o w n i n t h i s t ab l e, t h e s o u rce p as s es t h e fi n er g ri d an al y s i s b ecau s e t h e h i g h es t 9 8 t h p ercen t i l e

v i s i b i l i t y i mp act i s b el o w t h e co n t ri b u t i o n t h res h o l d o f 0

. 5 d v

.

T h e R es u l t s s ect i o n o f t h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g rep o rt s h o u l d co n t ai n t h e fo l l o w i n g i n fo r mat i o n :

1

. Map o f s o u rc e l o cat i o n an d Cl as s I are as w i t h i n 3 0 0 k m o f t h e s o u rce

2

. Fo r t h e V I S T A S 1 2

- k m C A L P U FF i n i t i al ex emp t i o n mo d el i n g d o mai n

, a t ab l e l i s t i n g al l

Cl as s I ar eas i n t h e V IS T A S d o m ai n an d t h o s e i n n ei g h b o ri n g s t at es an d i mp act s at t h o s e

Cl as s I are as w i t h i n 3 0 0 k m o f t h e s o u rc e, as i l l u s t rat ed i n T ab l e 4

- 3

.

3

. A d i s cu s s i o n o f t h e n u mb er o f Cl as s I a reas w i t h v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t fro m t h e s o u rc e o n

9 8 t h p ercen t i l e d ay s i n each y ear g reat e r t h an 0

. 5 d v (t o t al v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t mi n u s

i mp ai rm en t o n 2 0 % b es t d ay s fo r n at u ral b ack g ro u n d v i s i b i l i t y eq u al s d el t a

- d v

, t h e

v i s i b i l i t y i mp act at t ri b u t ed t o t h e s o u rc e)

.

4

. Fo r t h e Cl as s I a rea w i t h t h e m ax i mu m i mp act

, d i s cu s s i o n o f t h e n u mb er o f d ay s b el o w

t h e 9 8 t h p ercen t i l e t h at t h e i mp act o f t h e s o u rce ex ceed s 0

. 5 d v

, t h e n u mb er o f recep t o rs i n

t h e Cl as s I a rea w h er e t h e i mp act ex c eed s 0

. 5 d v

, an d t h e m ax i mu m i mp act

.

5

. Fo r fi n er g ri d C A L P U FF ex e mp t i o n mo d el i n g

, res u l t s fo r t h o s e Cl as s I ar eas fo r w h i ch

i mp act s o f t h e s o u rce ex ceed ed 0

. 5 d v i n t h e 1 2

- k m i n i t i al ex emp t i o n mo d el i n g

. Rep o rt

s ame res u l t s as p ro v i d ed fo r 1 2

- k m i n i t i al ex emp t i o n m o d el i n g

.

6

. Fo r co n t ro l o p t i o n mo d el i n g

, ea ch co n t ro l o p t i o n t es t e d s h o u l d b e l i s t ed i n t ab u l ar fo r mat

.

Fo r each co n t ro l o p t i o n an d fo r each Cl as s I area w h er e t h e i mp act o f t h e s o u rce ex c eed ed

0

. 5 d v

, rep o rt t h e ch an g e i n p o l l u t an t emi s s i o n s an d t h e ch an g e i n v i s i b i l i t y i mp act fro m

t h e s o u rce as a res u l t o f t h e co n t ro l o p t i o n

. T h e effect i v en es s o f can d i d at e co n t ro l o p t i o n s

are t o b e co mp a red t o each o t h er, n o t t o a s p eci fi c t arg e t i mp ro v e men t

.

St at es w i l l p ro v i d e fu rt h er g u i d an ce o n g rap h i c p res en t at i o n o f res u l t s t o s i mp l i fy

ev al u at i o n o f effect i v en es s o f co n t ro l m eas u res

. Fo r ex amp l e

, a t e mp o ral p l o t o f t h e

ch an g e i n d eci v i e w s b et w een t h e co n t ro l l ed an d u n co n t ro l l ed cas es co u l d b e d ev el o p ed fo r

t h e rec ep t o r w i t h t h e max i mu m mo d el ed i mp act i n each Cl as s I a rea

.

7

. Co p i es o f al l i n p u t fi l es an d i n p u t d at a i n el e ct ro n i c fo rmat fo r t h e C A L M E T

, C A L P U F F,

C A L P O S T an d P O S T U T I L ru n s s h o u l d b e arch i v ed an d p ro v i d ed t o t h e St at e.V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 5 2 Ta bl e 4

- 2

. Ex a m pl e o f V i s i bi l i ty I m pa ct R a nki ng s a t Si x C l a s s I A rea s

C l a s s I A r e a 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3

D e l t a

D e c i v i e w

R a

n k s 1

- 8 D e l t a

D e c i v i e w

R a

n k s 1

- 8 D e l t a

D e c i v i e w

R a

n k s 1

- 8

G r e a t S m o k y N P 0

. 9 9

0

. 8 8

0

. 6 2

0

. 5 9

0

. 5 5

0

. 5 2

0

. 4 8

0

. 4 7 0

. 9 5

0

. 6 3

0

. 5 1

0

. 5 0

0

. 4 6

0

. 4 2

0

. 3 7

0

. 3 6 1

. 2 0

0

. 9 0

0

. 7 3

0

. 7 2

0

. 5 9

0

. 4 7

0

. 4 5

0

. 4 2

L i n v i l l e G o r g e 0

. 6 7

0

. 4 5

0

. 4 3

0

. 3 3

0

. 2 9

0

. 2 7

0

. 2 5

0

. 2 3 0

. 8 1

0

. 6 9

0

. 6 5

0

. 5 0

0

. 4 5

0

. 3 3

0

. 3 1

0

. 2 9 0

. 7 6

0

. 4 7

0

. 3 7

0

. 3 5

0

. 3 1

0

. 3 0

0

. 2 8

0

. 2 8

S h i n i n g R o c k 0

. 6 6

0

. 4 3

0

. 4 1

0

. 3 5

0

. 2 6

0

. 2 4

0

. 2 3

0

. 2 2 0

. 7 3

0

. 6 9

0

. 6 3

0

. 5 2

0

. 4 6

0

. 3 4

0

. 2 9

0

. 2 6 0

. 7 5

0

. 4 5

0

. 3 6

0

. 3 4

0

. 2 8

0

. 2 7

0

. 2 6

0

. 2 5

C o h u t t a 0

. 2 6

0

. 2 3

0

. 2 2

0

. 2 1

0

. 2 0

0

. 1 9

0

. 1 8

0

. 1 6 0

. 5 4

0

. 4 7

0

. 4 3

0

. 3 7

0

. 3 7

0

. 3 1

0

. 3 1

0

. 3 0 0

. 6 1

0

. 4 2

0

. 3 0

0

. 2 9

0

. 2 8

0

. 2 8

0

. 2 5

0

. 2 5

J o y c e K i l m e r

- S l i c k r o c k 0

. 3 4

0

. 3 3

0

. 3 1

0

. 2 6

0

. 2 4

0

. 2 0

0

. 1 8

0

. 1 7 0

. 5 2

0

. 4 3

0

. 3 2

0

. 3 1

0

. 3 0

0

. 2 8

0

. 2 4

0

. 2 4 0

. 2 7

0

. 2 4

0

. 2 3

0

. 2 0

0

. 1 4

0

. 1 3

0

. 1 1

0

. 1 0

M a m m o t h C a v e N P 0

. 5 6

0

. 4 4

0

. 3 8

0

. 2 9

0

. 2 5

0

. 2 4

0

. 2 2

0

. 2 1 0

. 5 7

0

. 5 6

0

. 5 3

0

. 3 5

0

. 3 3

0

. 3 3

0

. 3 0

0

. 2 9 0

. 5 0

0

. 3 7

0

. 3 6

0

. 3 5

0

. 3 1

0

. 2 4

0

. 2 1

0

. 1 9V IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 5 3 Ta bl e 4

- 3

. F o r m a t o f Su m m a ry o f R es ul ts fo r C A LP U F F M o d el i ng i n V I S T A S’ 1 2

- k m M o del i ng

D o m a i n to D ete r m i n e i f a B A R T El i g i bl e So ur ce i s S ubj ect to B A R T.

C l a s s I a r e a D i s t a n c e

( k m )

f r o m

s o u r c e t o

C l a s s I

a r e a

b o u n d a r y # o f d a y s 1

a n d # o f

r e c e p t o r s

w i t h i m p a c t

> 0

. 5 d v i n

C l a s s I a r e a :

2 0 0 1 # o f d a y s 1

a n d # o f

r e c e p t o r s

w i t h i m p a c t

> 0

. 5 d v i n

C l a s s I a r e a :

2 0 0 2 # o f d a y s 1

a n d # o f

r e c e p t o r s

w i t h i m p a c t

> 0

. 5 d v i n

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> 1

. 0 d v i n

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f o r 3

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3

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D o l l y S o d s

, W V

S h e n a n d o a h

, V A

J a m e s R i v e r

F a c e

, V A

M a m m o t h C a v e

, K Y

S i p s e y

, A L

G r e a t S m o k y

M t n s

, T N

C o h u t t a

, G A

S h i n i n g R o c k

, N C

L i n v i l l e G o r g e

, N C

S w a n q u a r t e r

, N C

C a p e R o m a i n

, S C

O k e f e n o k e e

, G A

S a i n t M a r k s

, F L

C h a s s a h o w i t z k a

, F L

E v e r g l a d e s

, F L

B r i g a n t i n e

, N J

B r e t o n I s l a n d

, L A

C a n e y C r e e k

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U p p e r B u f f a l o

, A R

M i n g o

, M O

H e r c u l e s G l a d e

, M O

1 D a y s b e l o w t h e 9 8 t h p e r c e n t i l e o f d a y s i n e a c h y e a r o r t h e t h r e e

- y e a r m o d e l i n g p e r i o d

, a s a p p r o p r i a t eV IS T A S ’ Co m m o n M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 5 4 

### 4. 6 V I S T A S C on t r i b u t i on t o C A L P U F F M od e l i n g of B A R T E l i gi b l e S ou r c e s

V I S T A S w i l l p ro v i d e u p d at es an d s u p p o rt i n g i n fo rm at i o n co n cern i n g t h e Co m mo n Mo d el i n g

Pro t o co l (t h i s d o cu m en t ) o n t h e V I S T A S w eb s i t e. In ad d i t i o n

, V I S T A S w i l l mak e p u b l i cl y

av ai l ab l e t h e fo l l o w i n g d at a b as es d ev el o p ed b y E art h T e ch :

• V I S T A S v ers i o n o f t h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g s y s t em, m ai n t ai n ed o n t h e C A L P U FF w eb s i t e.

V e rs i o n 5

. 7 5 4 i n cl u d es C A L M E T

, C A L P U F F, C A L P O ST

, an d P O S T U T I L fi l es

, u p d at ed i n

D e ce mb er 2 0 0 5

. T h e l as t u p d at e i n t h i s V IS T A S v ers i o n i s a C A L M E T u p d at e t h at ad d r es s es

o v er w at e r d i s p ers i o n

, w h i ch w as d e v el o p ed fo r t h e Mi n eral s Man ag e men t Se rv i ce (M M S) i n

fal l 2 0 0 5

. T h i s V IS T A S v ers i o n o f C A L P U F F w i l l n o t b e u p d at ed fu rt h er u n l es s er ro rs are

fo u n d i n t h e co d e

, ex cep t t h at a n e w o n e

- s t ep P O S T U T IL p ro ced u re w i l l b e i n co rp o rat ed

.

B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rces i n t h e V I S T A S s t at es w i l l b e ab l e t o u s e t h i s V I S T A S v ers i o n

t h ro u g h o u t t h e B A R T mo d el i n g ex erci s e

.

• 1 2

- k m C A L ME T o u t p u t fi l es fo r 2 0 0 1

, 2 0 0 2

, an d 2 0 0 3 p ro d u ced as d es c ri b ed i n p r ev i o u s

s ect i o n s

. Fu rt h er d et ai l o n mo d el co n fi g u r at i o n an d s et t i n g s w i l l b e p r o v i d ed w i t h t h e o u t p u t

fi l es an d w i l l b e mad e av ai l ab l e o n t h e C A L P U F F w eb s i t e.

• C A L M E T w i l l i n cl u d e a s o ft w ar e mo d i fi cat i o n t o al l o w t h e met eo ro l o g i cal d at a i n p u t s i n t o

C A L M E T t o b e u s ed t o g en erat e fi n er g ri d C A L ME T fi l es w i t h o u t h av i n g t o g o b ack t o t h e

o ri g i n al MM5 o u t p u t fi l es

• Fi v e 4

- k m C A L M E T s u b d o mai n s fo r 2 0 0 1

, 2 0 0 2

, an d 2 0 0 3

, p ro d u ced as d es cri b ed i n

p rev i o u s s ect i o n s

. Fu rt h er d et ai l o n mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n an d s et t i n g s w i l l b e p ro v i d ed w i t h

t h e o u t p u t fi l es an d w i l l b e mad e av ai l ab l e o n t h e w eb s i t e

.

• Fi l e w i t h C A L P U F F mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n an d s et t i n g s s u ffi ci en t t o rep l i cat e C A L P U FF

mo d el i n g d o n e fo r V I S T A S u s i n g 1 2 k m C A L M E T

, i n cl u d i n g

o O zo n e d at a u s ed t o ru n C A L P U FF

o A mmo n i a co n c en t rat i o n s u s ed t o ru n C A L P U F F.

o A l l o t h er s et u p fi l es u s ed i n V IS T A S 1 2

- k m C A L P U F F ru n

Samp l es o f t h es e d at a fi l es an d ex a mp l es o f t h ei r ap p l i cat i o n w i t h C A L P U FF fo r B A R T

s creen i n g an al y s es can b e fo u n d o n t h e C A L P U F F w eb s i t e at

( h t t p : / / w w w

. s rc. co m/ v e ri o / d o w n l o ad / s amp l e_ fi l es

. h t m )

.S o u r c e

- S p e c i f i c M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 5 5 

## 5

. S O U R C E

- S P E C I F I C M O D E L I N G P R O T O C O L

So u rces ar e req u i red t o s u b mi t a s o u rce

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l t o t h e St at e fo r rev i ew an d ap p ro v al

p ri o r t o s o u rce

- s p e ci fi c mo d el i n g

. St at es w i l l p ro v i d e t h e d o cu m en t at i o n t o E P A an d F L M fo r

t h ei r rev i e w

. A n o u t l i n e o f t h e t y p i cal co n t en t s o f t h e s i t e

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l i s p ro v i d ed i n T ab l e

5

- 1

.

If a s o u rc e

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g ap p ro a ch i s p ro p o s ed t h at d i ffers fro m t h e co mmo n ap p ro ach i n

Ch ap t er 4

, a mo re

- d et ai l ed mo d el i n g p ro t o co l t h an t h at req u i red u n d er t h e co m mo n p ro ced u r es i s

req u i red

. T h i s p ro t o co l mu s t ex p l ai n t h e d at a s o u rce s

, mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n

, an d rat i o n al e fo r

ch an g es i n t h e mo d el ap p ro a ch f ro m t h e co m mo n p ro t o co l an d mu s t b e ap p ro v ed b y t h e St at e.

U n i t

- s p eci fi c s o u rce d at a i n cl u d e t h e fo l l o w i n g p a ra met ers :

- L o cat i o n ( e. g

. , U T M co o rd i n at es

, U T M zo n e an d d at u m)

- St a ck h ei g h t ab o v e t h e g ro u n d

- St a ck d i a met er

- E x i t v el o ci t y

- E x i t t emp erat u re

- E mi s s i o n rat es (S O 2 , H 2 S O 4 , N O

x an d P M 1 0 ).

A d d i t i o n al b u i l d i n g d i m en s i o n i n fo rmat i o n (b u i l d i n g w i d t h

, l en g t h

, h ei g h t an d co rn er l o cat i o n s )

i s n eed ed fo r s h o rt s t ack s t h at are l es s t h an G o o d E n g i n eeri n g P ract i ce ( G E P) h ei g h t

. T h i s

i n fo rmat i o n i s u s ed i n p ro v i d i n g eff ect i v e s t ru ct u re d i men s i o n s fo r b u i l d i n g d o w n w as h

cal cu l at i o n s

. (T h e req u i re men t t o co n d u ct b u i l d i n g d o w n w as h mo d el i n g may b e w ai v ed b y

i n d i v i d u al St at es o r i f t h e t ran s p o rt d i s t an ce i s g re at er t h an 5 0 k m

. )

T h e s o u rc e co o rd i n at es mu s t b e ex p res s ed i n t h e co o rd i n at e s y s t em u s ed t o d efi n e t h e CA L M E T

an d CA L P U F F mo d el i n g d o mai n s

. Fo r t h e reg i o n al s c reen i n g s i mu l at i o n s

, a L amb e rt Co n fo rm al

Co n i c (L C C) co o rd i n at e s y s t em w i l l b e u s ed

. T h e req u i red p ara met ers t o d efi n e an L C C

co o rd i n at e i n cl u d e t w o mat ch i n g p ar al l el s

, l at i t u d e/ l o n g i t u d e o f t h e p ro j ect i o n o ri g i n

, co o rd i n at e

d at u m, an d f al s e E as t i n g an d N o rt h i n g (i f u s ed ) o f t h e p ro j ect i o n o ri g i n

. Su b reg i o n al an d s o u r ce

s p eci fi c d o m ai n s m ay b e u s i n g ei t h er an L CC o r U T M p ro j ect i o n

.

T h e C A L P U F F G rap h i cal U s er In t erf ace ( G U I ) s y s t e m p ro v i d es s o ft w are (c al l ed C O O R D S) t o

co mp u t e t o / fro m l at i t u d e/ l o n g i t u d e, L C C an d U T M co o rd i n at es fo r a l arg e n u mb er o f d at u ms

. In

ad d i t i o n

, t h e CA L V I E W g rap h i cs fe at u re al l o w s t h e u s e o f g eo referen c ed s at el l i t e o r aeri al

p h o t o g rap h s t o b e u s ed as b as e map s t o co n fi r m s o u r ce l o cat i o n s

. L i n k s t o s o u rces o f s u i t ab l e

b as e map s can b e fo u n d o n t h e CA L P U F F d at a s i t e ( w w w

. s rc

. co m ) i n t h e s ect i o n o n “A eri al

Ph o t o s ”.S o u r c e

- S p e c i f i c M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 5 6 Ta bl e 5

- 1

. Sa m pl e Ta bl e o f C o nt en ts o f a So urc e

- S p eci fi c F i n e

- S c a l e M o del i ng P ro to co l

.

1

. IN T R O D U C T I O N

1

. 1 O b j ect i v es

1

. 2 L o cat i o n o f So u rce v s

. Re l ev an t Cl a s s I A reas

1

. 3 So u rce Im p act E v a l u at i o n Cr i t eri a

2

. SO U RCE D E SCRIPT I O N

2

. 1 U n i t

- s p eci f i c S o u rce D at a

2

. 2 Bo u n d ar y Co n d i t i o n s

3

. G E O P H Y SIC A L A N D M E T E O RO L O G IC A L D A T A

3

. 1 Mo d el i n g D o mai n an d T erra i n

3

. 2 L an d U s e

3

. 3 Met eo r o l o g i ca l D at a Bas e

3

. 3

. 1 MM5 Si mu l a t i o n s

3

. 3

. 2 Meas u remen t s an d O b s er v a t i o n s

3

. 4 A i r Q u al i t y D at a Bas e

3

. 4

. 1 O zo n e Co n ce n t ra t i o n s

– Mea s u re d o r Mo d e l e d

3

. 4

. 2 A mmo n i a Co n cen t ra t i o n s

– Mea s u r ed o r Mo d e l e d

3

. 4

. 3 Co n ce n t ra t i o n s o f O t h er Po l l u t an t s

– Meas u re d o r Mo d e l ed

3

. 5 N at u ra l Co n d i t i o n s at C l as s I A reas

4

. A IR Q U A L I T Y MO D E L I N G ME T H O D O L O G Y

4

. 1 Pl u me Mo d el Se l ec t i o n

4

. 1

. 1 Maj o r Re l ev a n t Fe at u re s o f CA L ME T

4

. 2

. 2 Maj o r Re l ev a n t Fe at u re s o f CA L PU FF

4

. 2 Mo d el i n g D o mai n Co n f i g u ra t i o n

4

. 3 CA L ME T Met eo ro l o g i ca l Mo d el i n g

4

. 4 CA L P U FF Co mp u t at i o n a l D o mai n an d Recep t o r s

4

. 5 CA L P U FF Mo d el i n g O p t i o n Se l ect i o n s

4

. 6 L i g h t E x t i n ct i o n a n d H aze Imp ac t Cal c u l at i o n s

4

. 7 Mo d el i n g Pr o d u ct s

5

. RE V I E W PR O CE SS

6

. 1 CA L ME T Fi el d s

6

. 2 CA L P U FF, CA L P O ST

, an d PO S T U T IL Res u l t s

6

. RE FE RE N CE S

A PPE N D ICE S

A

. 1 V IST A S B A R T M O D E L I N G PR O T O C O L

A

. 2

... o t h er a p p e n d i ce s as n ee d edS o u r c e

- S p e c i f i c M o d e l i n g P r o t o c o l 5 7 A n ex amp l e o f t h e d at a t h at n eed t o b e rep o rt ed i s p ro v i d ed i n T ab l e 5

- 2

. Mo r e d et ai l o n t h e

s t ack d at a, emi s s i o n s s p eci es

, an d p art i cu l at e s i ze fract i o n s t o b e rep o rt ed w i l l b e mad e av ai l ab l e

o n t h e CA L P U FF w eb s i t e, w w w

. s r c. co m

, Ch e ck w i t h y o u r St at e fo r t h e mo re d et ai l ed fo rm at o f

T ab l e 5

- 2 t h at i s t o b e u s ed

.

D i s cu s s i o n s w i t h t h e reg u l at o ry au t h o ri t i es s h o u l d b e co n d u ct ed p ri o r t o d ev el o p men t o f a

p ro t o co l t o en s u re al l o f t h e rel ev an t i s s u es ar e i n cl u d ed i n t h e p ro t o co l

.

Ta bl e 5

- 2

. Ex a m pl e o f So ur ce D o cu m en ta ti o n fo r B A R T El i g i bl e So urc e.

U ni t na m e

a nd/ o r

des cri pti o n Sta rt

- up da tes SO 2 po te nti a l

e m i s s i o ns (tpy ) N O

x po t enti a l

e m i s s i o ns (tpy ) To ta l P M

po ten ti a l

e m i s s i o ns (tpy )

E mi s s i o n s s o u rce

n ame

...

T o t al emi s s i o n s

Po t en t i al B A R T

el i g i b l e

emi s s i o n sQ u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e 5 8 

## 6. Q U A L I T Y A S S U R A N C E

6. 1 S c op e an d P u r p os e of t h e Q A p r ogr am

A i r q u al i t y mo d el i n g co v ered u n d er t h i s p ro t o co l i s an i mp o rt an t t o o l fo r u s e i n d et ermi n i n g

w h et h e r a B A R T

- el i g i b l e s o u rce can b e r eas o n ab l e ex p ect ed t o cau s e o r co n t ri b u t e t o v i s i b i l i t y

i mp ai rm en t i n a Cl as s I area

, an d t h erefo r e w h et h er t h i s s o u rce s h o u l d b e s u b j ect t o BA R T

co n t ro l s

, an d i f s o

, t o d et e rmi n e t h e rel at i v e b en efi t s o f v ari o u s B A R T co n t ro l s

. T h e p u rp o s e o f

t h e q u al i t y as s u ran ce (Q A ) p ro g ra m i s t o es t ab l i s h p ro ced u res f o r en s u ri n g t h at p ro d u ct s p ro d u ced

b y t h e ap p l i cat i o n o f t h e mo d el i n g t ech n i q u es fo r BA R T s t u d i es s at i s fy t h e reg u l at o ry o b j ect i v es

o f t h e B A R T p ro g ra m.

T h e s co p e o f t h e Q A p ro g r am aff ect s d i ffer en t u s e rs d i fferen t l y

. Co m mo n fe at u res o f mo s t

ap p l i cat i o n s w i l l b e t h e s et u p an d ex ecu t i o n o f t h e C A L P U F F ai r q u al i t y mo d el an d p ro ces s i n g o f

mo d el i n g res u l t s t o d et er mi n e i f a s o u rce co n t ri b u t es t o v i s i b i l i t y i mp ai rmen t at a Cl as s I area

. In

man y cas es

, u s ers w i l l b e p ro v i d ed met eo ro l o g i cal d at as et s t h at h av e b een d ev el o p ed w i t h

V I S T A S fu n d i n g u n d er a s u i t ab l e Q A p ro g ra m fo r u s e i n t h e B A R T mo d el i n g

. O t h er u s e rs w i l l

b e i n v o l v ed i n s i t e

- s p eci fi c o r s o u rce

- s p eci fi c an al y s es t h at w i l l u s e ad d i t i o n al d at as et s an d

p o t en t i al l y d i fferen t mo d el i n g o p t i o n s an d / o r t o o l s

. M o re ex t en s i v e q u al i t y as s u ran ce w i l l b e

req u i red i n t h es e l at t er t y p es o f ap p l i cat i o n s

. It i s t h e res p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e mo d el er t o en s u re t h at

an ad eq u at e Q A p ro t o co l i s i n p l ac e fo r a p art i cu l ar ap p l i cat i o n

.

T h e C A L P U FF mo d el i n g s y s t em co n t ai n s b u i l t

- i n f eat u res t o faci l i t at e q u al i t y as s u ran ce o f t h e

mo d el i n g res u l t s

. T h es e i n cl u d e t h e au t o mat i c p ro d u ct i o n o f “Q A ” fi l es fo r v a ri o u s d at as et s

,

i n cl u d i n g g eo p h y s i cal fi el d s

, s o u rces an d re cep t o rs

, an d i mb ed d ed t r ack i n g o f mo d el o p t i o n s an d

s w i t ch es w i t h i n t h e o u t p u t fi l es fro m t h e maj o r mo d el i n g u n i t s o f t h e mo d el i n g s y s t em. T h e

G r ap h i cal U s er In t erf ace s y s t e m ( G U I) p ro v i d ed as p ar t o f t h e l at es t CA L P U F F mo d el i n g s y s t em

al l o w s t h es e Q A fi l es t o b e d i s p l ay ed g rap h i cal l y

.

In ad d i t i o n

, a d et ai l ed s o ft w are man ag e m en t s y s t em i s i n p l ace t o t rack v ers i o n an d l ev el n u mb ers

as s o ci at ed each p ro g ram an d u t i l i t y w i t h i n t h e CA L P U FF mo d el i n g s y s t em. T h i s i n fo rmat i o n i s

carri ed fo r w ard i n al l o f t h e o u t p u t fi l es t o c reat e an au d i t t rai l o f s o ft w a re v ers i o n s an d maj o r

mo d el o p t i o n s u s ed t h at c an b e ret ri ev ed an d d i s p l ay ed fro m t h e mo d el o u t p u t fi l es

.

Bec au s e t h e r eq u i red Q A p ro ced u r es w i l l d ep en d h ea v i l y o n t h e ex act ap p l i cat i o n

, t h ere w i l l b e

d i fferen c es a mo n g d i ff eren t u s ers an d d i ffe ren t ap p l i cat i o n s

.

In ad d i t i o n

, t h e BA R T mo d el i n g p ro ces s i n v o l v es mu l t i p l e o rg an i zat i o n s

. T h e St at es h av e o v eral l

res p o n s i b i l i t y fo r t h e p ro ces s an d may al s o ex ecu t e s o me o r al l o f t h e mo d el i n g

. V IS T A S i s

co n t ri b u t i n g g en eral g u i d an ce v i a t h i s p ro t o co l an d i s p rep ari n g met eo ro l o g i cal fi el d s an d

p erfo r mi n g mo d el i n g u n d er t h e g u i d an ce o f t h e St at es

. T h e s o u rces t h at are B A R T

- el i g i b l e n eed

t o p ro v i d e p ro ces s i n fo rmat i o n an d emi s s i o n s d at a fo r u s e i n t h e an al y s es

. In ad d i t i o n

, t h o s e

s o u rces t h at are i n v o l v ed i n BA R T as s es s m en t s w i l l n eed t o b e act i v el y i n v o l v ed i n co n t ro lQ u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e 5 9 t ech n o l o g y d eci s i o n s an d as s es s men t s

. Fi n al l y

, s o me o f t h e mo d el i n g s t ep s may b e carri ed o u t b y

co n t ract o rs o n b eh al f o f V I S T A S

, a St at e, o r a s o u rc e.

E a ch o f t h es e o rg an i z at i o n s h as a res p o n s i b i l i t y t o en s u re t h at i t i s p ro v i d i n g co rrect i n fo rmat i o n

t o o t h ers an d t o ev al u at e t h e q u al i t y o f an y an al y s es i t i s p erfo rmi n g

, w h et h er w i t h d at a o f i t s o w n

o r fro m o t h ers

. T h i s ch ap t er p ro v i d es g en er al g u i d a n ce an d i n fo rm at i o n o n t h o s e as p e ct s o f

q u al i t y as s u ran ce t h at are s p eci fi c t o t h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g effo rt

, i rres p ect i v e o f w h i ch

o rg an i zat i o n i s carry i n g o u t t h e ef fo rt

. T h e fo cu s i s o n t h e co m mo n p ro t o co l ef fo rt s d es cri b ed i n

Ch ap t er 4

. A s d es c ri b ed i n Se ct i o n 6

. 3

, mo re co mp re h en s i v e Q A m ay b e n e ed ed fo r t h e u n i q u e

as p ect s o f t h e s o u rce

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g d es cri b ed i n Ch ap t er 5

.



### 6. 2 Q A P r oc e d u r e s f or C om m on P r o t oc ol M od e l i n g

T h e V IS T A S co m mo n p ro t o co l (Se ct i o n 4 ) d es c ri b e s t h e m et h o d s an d p ro c ed u res fo r u s e i n

co n d u ct i n g reg i o n al s cal e s cr een i n g mo d el i n g t o d et e rmi n e t h e w h et h e r a p art i c u l ar s o u rc e o r

g ro u p o f s o u rc es i s s u b j ect t o B A R T co n t ro l s

. In t h e i n i t i al ap p l i cat i o n

, t h e reg i o n al C A L P U FF

read y m et eo ro l o g i cal d at a fi l es w i l l b e p ro v i d ed b y V I ST A S

. T h e a mo u n t o f effo rt fo r en d

- u s ers

p erfo r mi n g Q A o f t h es e p r e

- d efi n ed m et eo ro l o g i cal fi el d s w i l l b e red u ced fro m w h at i s req u i red

i n d ev el o p i n g s o u rce

- s p eci fi c met eo ro l o g i cal fi el d s

, as d es c ri b ed b el o w

. A l s o

, V I S T A S i s

p l an n i n g t o p ro v i d e fi v e s u b reg i o n al CA L M E T met e o ro l o g i cal d at as et s i n a CA L P U FF

- re ad y

fo rmat

. T h e d ev el o p men t o f t h es e C A L M E T d at as et s w i l l b e s u b j ect t o a Q A p ro g r am as p art o f

t h ei r d ev el o p men t

, s o t h e n ec es s ary q u al i t y as s u ran c e act i v i t y o f en d

- u s ers i s ag ai n red u ced fro m

w h at w o u l d b e r eq u i red i n t h e d ev el o p m en t o f t h e d at as et

. It i s n o t ex p ect ed t h at t h e q u al i t y

as s u ran ce s t ep s i n t h e d ev el o p men t w i l l b e rep e at ed i n each ap p l i cat i o n

. T h e V IS T A S

- p ro v i d ed

reg i o n al an d s u b reg i o n al met eo ro l o g i cal fi el d s w i l l i n cl u d e a t es t cas e s i mu l at i o n fo r

d emo n s t rat i n g t h at ex p ect ed mo d el i n g res u l t s are o b t ai n ed o n t h e u s er’s co mp u t er p l at fo rm. T h i s

t es t s h o u l d b e rep e at ed b y ev ery u s er.

A l t h o u g h t h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g s y s t em i s re co m me n d ed b y t h e U

. S. E n v i ro n men t al Pro t ect i o n

A g en cy fo r ap p l i cat i o n t o B A R T an al y s es

, a co n s i d erab l e amo u n t o f ex p ert i s e an d mo d el i n g

j u d g men t i s n eed ed a t cert ai n s t ag es o f t h e an al y s i s

. T h e mo d el i n g i s n o t a “co o k b o o k ” ex erci s e,

a fact t h at w as re co g n i zed b y t h e U

. S. E P A i n d es cr i b i n g t h e ex p ert i s e n eed ed fo r CA L M E T

mo d el i n g (E P A

, 1 9 9 8 ; p p

. 9

- 1 0

, ). Cu rren t met h o d s fo r p erfo rmi n g refi n ed ch emi s t ry cal cu l at i o n

al s o req u i re an u n d ers t an d i n g o f t h e ch emi c al a n d met eo ro l o g i cal p ro ces s i n g af fect i n g

am mo n i u m n i t rat e fo r mat i o n

. V IS T A S h as co mmi t t ed t o p ro v i d e ap p ro p ri at e C A L P U F F t rai n i n g

t o as s i s t St at es i n o b t ai n i n g t h e n eces s ary ex p e rt i s e w i t h t h e l at es t C A L P U FF mo d el i n g t o o l s an d

t ech n i q u es

. A n ap p ro p ri at e l ev el o f k n o w l ed g e o f t h e mo d el fo rmu l at i o n

, t ech n i cal ap p ro ach an d

as s u mp t i o n s i s es s en t i al fo r s u c ces s fu l B A R T mo d el i n g

.

6

. 2

. 1 Q ua l i t

y Co nt r o l o f I np ut D a t a

T h e i n p u t d at a r eq u i red b y t h e mo d el d ep en d s o n t h e ap p l i cat i o n

. A t a mi n i mu m, s o u r ce d at a i s

req u i red b y C A L P U F F (s e e S ect i o n 6

. 2

. 3 ) al o n g w i t h a l i s t o f ch o i ces mad e ab o u t mo d el o p t i o n s

an d s w i t ch es

. Mo s t o f t h e mo d el i n g o p t i o n ch o i ces are s p eci fi ed o r re co m men d ed b y r eg u l at o ryQ u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e 6 0 g u i d an ce an d d efa u l t v al u es (s e e re fer en ces i n Se ct i o n 4

. 3

. 3 ). H o w ev er, re mo d el i n g o f t h e

b o u n d ary co n d i t i o n s i s n o t req u i red fo r V IS T A S

- p ro v i d ed fi n er g ri d d o mai n s s o t h e ex p ert i s e

l ev el i s n o t as h i g h as i t w o u l d b e fo r d ev el o p men t o f t h e b o u n d ary co n d i t i o n s fi l es fro m s crat ch

.

T o t h e ex t en t t h at mo d el i n g ap p l i cat i o n s are u s i n g p re

- d efi n ed C A L M E T fi l es an d C A L P U F F

t emp l at es

, t h e q u al i t y as s u ran c e w i l l b e s t rai g h t fo r w ar d

. Mo re d et ai l ed s t ep s a re n e ed ed fo r t h e

s et u p o f mo d el i n g fi l es fo r s o u rce

- s p eci fi c ap p l i cat i o n s o f s u b reg i o n al d o m ai n s fi n er t h an 4 k m.

T h e b as i c p ro ced u res t h at w i l l ap p l y t o al l CA L P U FF mo d el ap p l i cat i o n s w i l l i n cl u d e a

co n fi rmat i o n o f t h e s o u rce d at a

, i n cl u d i n g u n i t s

, v eri fi cat i o n o f t h e co rrect s o u rce an d r ecep t o r

l o cat i o n s

, i n cl u d i n g d at u m an d p ro j e ct i o n

, co n fi r ma t i o n o f t h e s w i t ch s el ect i o n s rel at i v e t o

mo d el i n g g u i d an ce, ch e ck s o f t h e p ro g ra m s w i t ch es an d fi l e n ames fo r t h e v ari o u s p ro ces s i n g

s t ep s

, an d co n fi r mat i o n o f t h e u s e o f t h e p ro p er v ers i o n an d l ev el o f each mo d el p ro g ra m. It i s a

co m mo n a n d reco m men d ed p ro ced u r e fo r an i n d ep en d en t mo d el e r n o t i n v o l v ed i n t h e s et u p o f

t h e mo d el i n g fi l es t o i n d ep en d en t l y co n fi rm t h e mo d el s w i t ch es an d d at a en t ry i n t h e act u al

mo d el i n p u t fi l es an d t o co n d u ct an i n d ep en d en t ru n o f t h e w o rs t cas e ev en t as a co n fi r mat i o n

ch eck

.

In ad d i t i o n

, co mmo n p ract i ce req u i res t h at a mo d el p ro j ect CD (o r D V D o r s et o f D V D s ) b e

creat ed t h at co n t ai n s al l o f t h e d at a an d p ro g r am fi l es n eed ed t o rep ro d u ce t h e mo d el res u l t s

p res en t ed i n a rep o rt

. T h e mo d el l i s t fi l es fro m each s t ep are i n cl u d ed o n t h e p ro j ect CD

. T h i s

i n fo rmat i o n al l o w s i n d ep en d en t ch eck i n g an d co n fi r ma t i o n o f t h e mo d el i n g p ro ces s

.

6

. 2

. 2 Q ua l i t

y Co nt r o l o f Ap p l i ca t i o n o f C AL M E T

Fo r u s ers o f t h e V I S T A S C A L P U F F

- re ad y C A L M E T m et eo ro l o g i cal fi l es

, a n u mb e r o f l arg e

d at afi l es w i l l b e p ro v i d ed b y V IS T A S o n ex t ern al U S B 2 o r Fi re w i re h ard d ri v es i n a fo rm at read y

fo r u s e w i t h t h e C A L P U FF mo d el

. T h e Q A s t ep s as s o ci at ed w i t h t h e d ev el o p men t o f t h e

V I S T A S co m mo n d at as et s w i l l b e p ro v i d ed s ep arat el y as p art o f t h e mo d el i n g d o cu m en t at i o n

. It

i s n o t ex p ect ed t h at t h e Q A s t ep s co n d u ct ed i n t h e d ev el o p men t o f t h e met eo ro l o g i cal d at as et s

w i l l b e rep e at ed i n each ap p l i cat i o n

, al t h o u g h t es t s t o co n fi rm t h at t h e d at as et i s s u i t ab l e fo r t h e

ap p l i cat i o n fo r w h i ch i t i s b ei n g u s ed s h o u l d b e p erfo rmed as p a rt o f t h e Q A

. T h i s i s d i s cu s s ed i n

mo re d et ai l b el o w

.

T h e reg i o n al s c reen i n g C A L M E T g ri d i s d e fi n ed i n Ch ap t er 4 o n a 1 2

- k m L a mb ert Co n fo r mal

Co n i c ( L CC ) g ri d s y s t e m. T h e s u b reg i o n al an d s o u rc e

- s p eci fi c d o m ai n s m ay b e d efi n ed i n ei t h er

L CC o r U n i v e rs al T ran s v e rs e Me rcat o r ( U T M) co o rd i n at es

. In t h e cas e o f t h e L CC p ro j ect i o n

,

t w o m at ch i n g p aral l el s

, l at i t u d e/ l o n g i t u d e o f t h e p ro j ect i o n o ri g i n

, co o rd i n at e d at u m, an d fal s e

E as t i n g an d N o rt h i n g (i f u s ed ) o f t h e p ro j ect i o n o ri g i n mu s t a l s o b e d efi n ed

. Fo r an y d o mai n s i n

U T M co o rd i n at es

, t h e U T M zo n e (s ee A p p en d i x D o f t h e CA L M E T U s er’s G u i d e) an d d at u m

mu s t b e d efi n ed

. T h e ap p ro p ri at e p ro j ect i o n an d map f act o rs ar e p ro v i d ed as p art o f t h e

d efi n i t i o n o f t h e V IS T A S reg i o n al g ri d s y s t em. Fo r a s o u rce

- s p eci fi c d o mai n

, t h e g ri d p aram et ers

w i l l b e p ro v i d ed as p art o f t h e s o u rc e

- s p e ci fi c p ro t o co l

.Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e 6 1 A

p p en d i x A o f t h e I W A Q M rep o rt (E P A

, 1 9 9 8 ) co n t ai n s a l i s t o f reco mmen d ed C A L M E T s w i t ch

s et t i n g s

. E x cep t as mo d i fi ed i n Ch ap t er 4 o f t h i s p ro t o co l o r i n a s o u rce

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l

, t h e

I W A Q M g u i d an ce s h o u l d b e u s ed i n s et t i n g u p t h e C A L M E T s i mu l at i o n s

. T h e C A L M E T mo d el

o b t ai n s t h e s w i t ch s et t i n g s fro m an A SC II “co n t ro l fi l e” w i t h a d ef au l t n am e o f C A L M E T

. I N P.

W h et h er t h e mo d el i s ru n u s i n g a G U I o r f ro m t h e co n t ro l l i n e i n a D O S

, L i n u x

, o r U n i x w i n d o w

,

i t i s es s en t i al t h at t h e co n t ro l fi l e b e rev i ew ed as p art o f t h e C A L M E T Q A an al y s i s

. T h e

C A L M E T G U I ret ai n s al l o f t h e i n p u t d es cri p t i v e i n fo rmat i o n t h at i s p art o f t h e s t an d ard

C A L P U FF

. I N P fi l e s t r u ct u re. T h i s i n cl u d es t h e d ef au l t v al u e fo r e ach v a ri ab l e, a t ex t d es cri p t i o n

o f t h e v a ri ab l e, t h e mean i n g o f e ach v ari ab l e o p t i o n

, t h e u n i t s o f t h e v ari ab l e an d i n t er

rel at i o n s h i p s amo n g v ari ab l es i n d i cat i n g i f/ w h en t h e v ari ab l e i s u s ed

. So me t h i rd

- p a rt y

co m merci al G U Is s t ri p o u t t h i s d es cri p t i v e i n fo rmat i o n

, w h i ch m ak es t h e Q A s t ep mo re d i ffi cu l t

,

al t h o u g h i t i s es s en t i al fo r p erfo rm n o n et h el es s u s i n g t h e v ari ab l e n a mes as re fer en ces fo r t h e

v ari ab l es i n t h e fi l e.

Part o f t h e C A L P U F F mo d el i n g s y s t em’s b u i l t

- i n Q A cap ab i l i t i es i s a v ari ab l e t r ack i n g s y s t em

t h at ret ai n s t h e co n t ro l fi l e i n p u t s fo r C A L M E T an d C A L P U FF i n t h e o u t p u t fi l es cre at e b y t h e

mo d el s

. T h i s i n fo r mat i o n i n cl u d es t h e V ers i o n an d L ev el n u mb ers o f t h e p ro ces s o r co d es an d

mai n mo d el co d es u s ed i n t h e s i mu l at i o n s as w el l as t h e co n t ro l fi l es fro m t h e mai n mo d el s

(C A L M E T an d C A L P U FF ). T h e i n fo rm at i o n fro m t h e p rep ro ces s i n g s t ep s an d t h e CA L M E T

an d C A L P U F F mo d el s i mu l at i o n s i s al l carri ed fo r w ard an d s av ed i n t h e

C A L P U FF/ p o s t p ro ces s o r o u t p u t fi l es s o t h at t h e fi n al c o n cen t rat i o n / fl u x fi l es co n t ai n a h i s t o ry o f

t h e mo d el o p t i o n s an d s w i t ch s et t i n g s

. T h i s al l o w s a u s er o r rev i e w i n g ag en cy t o co n fi r m t h e

s w i t ch s et t i n g s p ro v i d ed i n a co n t ro l fi l e w i t h t h at act u al l y u s ed i n t h e mo d el s i mu l at i o n s

. A n

o p t i o n al s w i t ch i n t h e CA L P O S T p ro ces s o r cre at es a c o mp l et e l i s t i n g o f t h e Q A d at a

. T h i s s t ep

req u i res acc es s t o t h e o u t p u t CA L P U FF co n cen t rat i o n an d / o r fl u x fi l es

, w h i ch are n o rm al l y

p ract i cal t o s t o re o n C D s o r D V D s an d t o p ro v i d e a p a r t o f t h e Pro j ect C D / D V D s et

.

6

. 2

. 3 Q ua l i t

y Co nt r o l o f Ap p l i ca t i o n o f C AL P U F

F

T h e q u al i t y as s u ran ce o f t h e s o u rc e an d e mi s s i o n s d at a i s a maj o r co mp o n en t o f t h e C A L P U FF

mo d el i n g

. A l s o

, m an y erro rs are fo u n d i n s o u rce co o rd i n at es an d rel at ed p ro j e ct i o n / d at u m

p aram et ers

, s o co n fi rm at i o n o f t h e s o u r ce l o c at i o n i s an i mp o rt an t p a rt o f t h e mo d el i n g Q A

.

T h e l o cat i o n s o f t h e Cl as s I are a r ecep t o rs are an o t h e r i mp o rt an t C A L P U FF i n p u t

. T h e u s e o f

p re

- d efi n ed rec ep t o rs as p ro v i d ed b y t h e N at i o n al Park Se rv i ce ( N P S) rec ep t o r d at a s et i s

reco m men d ed i n t h e V IS T A S co mmo n p ro t o co l

. H o w ev er, al t h o u g h t h e l at i t u d e an d l o n g i t u d e o f

each r ecep t o r p o i n t i s p ro v i d ed

, i t i s n eces s ary t o en s u re t h at t h e p ro p er U T M o r L C C co o rd i n at es

h av e b een co mp u t ed fo r co mp u t at i o n al d o mai n s el ect ed

. In p art i cu l ar, t h e d at u m o f t h e N PS

co n v ers i o n s o ft w are i s n o t s p eci fi ed

, s o i t i s reco mm e n d ed t h at co o rd i n at es b e ch eck ed u s i n g t h e

C A L P U FF G U I’s C O O R D S s o ft w are o r an o t h er co mp arab l e co o rd i n at e t ran s l at i o n s o ft w a re

p ack ag e t h at re co g n i zes v a ri o u s d at u ms

.

Mo s t o f t h e C A L P U FF i n p u t v ari ab l es co n t ai n d efau l t v al u es

. A p p en d i x B o f t h e I W A Q M rep o rt

co n t ai n s a l i s t o f reco mm en d ed C A L P U FF s w i t ch s et t i n g s

. E x c ep t as mo d i fi ed i n Ch ap t e r 4 o fQ u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e 6 2 t h i s p ro t o co l o r i n a s o u rce

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l

, t h e I W A Q M g u i d an ce s h o u l d b e u s ed i n s et t i n g u p

t h e C A L P U FF s i mu l at i o n s

. T h e C A L P U F F mo d el o b t ai n s t h e s w i t ch s et t i n g s fro m an A S CI I

“co n t ro l fi l e” w i t h a d efau l t n ame cal l ed t h e C A L P U FF

. I N P fi l e

. A s i s t h e cas e w i t h t h e

co mp ar ab l e C A L M E T fi l e, i t i s es s en t i al t h at t h e co n t r o l fi l e b e rev i e w ed man u al l y as p art o f t h e

C A L P U FF Q A an al y s i s

. T o fa ci l i t at e t h i s p ro ces s

, as w as t h e cas e w i t h t h e C A L M E T G U I, t h e

C A L P U FF G U I ret ai n s al l o f t h e i n p u t d es cri p t i v e i n fo rmat i o n t h at i s p art o f t h e s t an d ard

C A L P U FF

. I N P fi l e s t ru ct u re. So me t h i rd

- p art y co mm erci al G U Is s t ri p o u t t h i s d es cri p t i v e

i n fo rmat i o n

, w h i ch m ak es t h e Q A s t ep mo re d i f fi c u l t

, al t h o u g h i t i s es s en t i al fo r p erfo r m

n o n et h el es s u s i n g t h e v ari ab l e n am es as re feren ces fo r t h e v ari ab l es i n t h e fi l e

.

6

. 2

. 4 Q ua l i t

y Co nt r o l o f Ap p l i ca t i o n o f C AL P O S T a n d P O S T U T I

L

C A L P O S T i s ru n s ep arat el y fo r each Cl as s I ar ea i n o rd er t o o b t ai n t h e n eces s ary v i s i b i l i t y

s t at i s t i cs fo r ev al u at i n g co mp l i an ce w i t h t h e BA R T s cr een i n g an d fi n er g ri d mo d el i n g t h res h o l d s

.

T h e i n p u t s t o C A L P O S T i n v o l v e s el e ct i o n o f t h e v i s i b i l i t y met h o d (M et h o d 6 i n t h e s t an d ard

E P A B A R T g u i d an ce ), en t ry o f Cl as s I a rea

- s p eci fi c d at a fo r co mp u t i n g b ack g ro u n d ex t i n ct i o n

(ei t h er av erag e o r b es t 2 0 % n at u ral co n d i t i o n s

, as p res cri b ed b y t h e St at e) an d mo n t h l y rel at i v e

h u mi d i t y fact o rs fo r h y g ro s co p i c aero s o l s

. C A L P O S T co n t ai n s a rec ep t o r s cr een i n g t h at al l o w

s u b s et s o f a recep t o r n et w o rk mo d el i n g i n CA L P U F F t o b e s el ect ed fo r p ro ces s i n g i n a g i v en

C A L P O S T ru n

. T h i s i s h o w r ecep t o rs w i t h i n a s i n g l e Cl as s I are a ar e s el ect ed fo r p ro c es s i n g

fro m a C A L P U F F o u t p u t fi l e t h at may co n t ai n recep t o rs fro m s ev eral Cl as s I areas

. CA L P O S T

co n t ai n s o p t i o n s fo r creat i n g p l o t fi l es t h at w i l l h el p i n t h e co n fi rmat i o n t h at t h e p ro p er recep t o r

s u b s et i s ex t ract ed

.

T h e C A L P O S T o u t p u t fi l e co n t ai n s a l i s t i n g o f t h e h i g h es t v i s i b i l i t y i mp act each d ay o f t h e mo d el

s i mu l at i o n o v er al l re cep t o rs i n cl u d ed i n C A L P O S T an al y s i s

. Rec ep t o rs w i l l n o rmal l y b e

s el ect ed i n each C A L P O S T ru n s o t h at e ach C A L P O ST ru n rep r es en t s t h e i mp act s at a s i n g l e

Cl as s I ar ea. T h e t ab l e i n cl u d es t h e d at a s h o w n i n t h e ex a mp l e i n T ab l e 4

- 1

. Fo r a s cr een i n g

as s es s men t

, t h e p eak v al u e o f t h e ch an g e i n ex t i n ct i o n i s s h o w n at t h e b o t t o m o f t h e v i s i b i l i t y

t ab l e (s ee T ab l e 4

- 1 ). Fo r a fi n er g ri d s i mu l at i o n

, t h e 9 8 t h p ercen t i l e v al u e (8 t h h i g h es t d ay ) i s

u s ed fo r co mp a ri s o n ag ai n s t t h e B A R T t h res h o l d o f 0

. 5 d eci v i e w s

. It i s n ec es s ary t o i mp o rt t h e

res u l t s o f t h e CA L P O S T t ab l e i n t o a s o rt i n g p ro g ram s u ch as a s p read s h eet t o ran k t h e d ai l y

ch an g e i n ex t i n ct i o n v al u es s u ch as i s p res en t ed i n T ab l e 4

- 2

.

T h e C A L P O S T i n p u t s t h at n eed t o b e carefu l l y ch eck ed as p art o f t h e CA L P O S T q u al i t y

as s u ran ce ar e:

- V i s i b i l i t y t ech n i q u e (Met h o d 6 i n t h e co m mo n V I S T A S p ro t o co l )

- Mo n t h l y Cl as s I

- s p e ci fi c rel at i v e h u mi d i t y fact o rs fo r Met h o d 6

- B ack g ro u n d l i g h t ex t i n ct i o n v al u esQ u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e 6 3 - In cl u s i o n o f al l ap p ro p ri at e s p eci es f ro m mo d el ed s o u rces ( e. g

. , s u l fat e

, n i t rat e

,

o rg an i cs

, ( as S O A ), co a rs e an d fi n e p art i cu l at e m at t er a n d el em en t al c arb o n

.

- A p p ro p ri at e s p eci es n am es fo r co a rs e P M u s ed

- E x t i n ct i o n effi ci en ci es fo r ea ch s p eci es

- A p p ro p ri at e Ray l ei g h s cat t eri n g t e rm (1 0 Mm - 1 fo r s creen i n g mo d el i n g b u t Cl as s I area

s p eci fi c v al u e fo r fi n er g ri d mo d el i n g )

- S creen t o s el e ct ap p ro p ri at e Cl as s I rec ep t o rs fo r ea ch C A L P O S T s i mu l at i o n

.

T h e C A L P O S T p ro g ra m p r o d u ces p l o t fi l es co mp at i b l e w i t h C A L V I E W t h at al l o w co n fi r mat i o n

o f re cep t o r l o c at i o n s t h at i s u s efu l i n ev al u at i n g t h e re c ep t o r s cre en i n g s t ep

.

P O S T U T I L al l o w s t h e u s er t o s u m t h e co n t ri b u t i o n s o f s o u rces fro m d i ffe ren t C A L P U F F

s i mu l at i o n s i n t o a t o t al c o n cen t rat i o n fi l e. In ad d i t i o n

, i t co n t ai n s o p t i o n s t o s cal e t h e

co n cen t rat i o n s fro m d i ff eren t mo d el ed s p eci es (e. g

. , d i f feren t p art i cl e s i z es ) i n t o s p eci es

d ep en d en t s i ze d i s t ri b u t i o n s fo r t h e p art i cu l at e m at t er. Fo r ex amp l e

, P M i s o ft en s i mu l at ed w i t h

u n i t emi s s i o n rat es fo r each p art i cl e s i z e c at eg o ry an d

, i n t h e P O S T U T I L s t ag e

, t h e co n t ri b u t i o n s

o f each s i ze cat eg o ry b as ed o n t h e s p e ci es b ei n g c o n s i d ered (e. g

. , el e men t al c arb o n

, co ars e

p art i cu l at e m at t er, et c. ) are co mb i n ed t o fo rm t h e s p eci es co n c en t rat i o n s fo r i n p u t i n t o

C A L P O S T

. T h i s p ro ces s

, al t h o u g h s i mp l e, req u i res a care fu l rev i e w o f t h e w ei g h t i n g fact o rs fo r

each s o u rce

. P O S T U T I L al s o al l o w s a rep a rt i t i o n i n g o f n i t ri c aci d an d n i t rat e t o acco u n t fo r t h e

effe ct s o f am mo n i a l i mi t i n g co n d i t i o n s

.

If s o u rc e

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g i s p erfo r med u s i n g d i ff ere n t s o u rces o f d at a o r d i ffe ren t t ech n i q u es

,

t h e s o u rce

- s p e ci fi c mo d el i n g p ro t o co l s h o u l d p ro v i d e j u s t i fi cat i o n fo r d ev i at i o n s fro m t h e

V I S T A S co m mo n p ro t o co l

, an d a Q A p l an s p eci fi c f o r t h e ap p l i cat i o n p ro v i d ed t o ad d res s t h e

q u al i t y as s u ran ce o f t h e d at a u s ed

.



### 6. 3 A d d i t i o n al Q A I s s u e s f or A l t e r n at i ve S ou r c e

- S p e c i f i c M od e l i n g

T h e l ev el o f Q A req u i r ed fo r ap p l i cat i o n o f s o u rce

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l s w i l l b e s u b s t an t i al l y h i g h er

t h an fo r t h e u s e o f d at as et s t h at h av e al read y b een s u b j ect t o a Q A p ro c ed u re

. Fo r ex a mp l e,

s o u rce

- s p eci fi c p ro t o co l s m ay i n cl u d e t h e u s e o f o n

- s i t e met eo ro l o g i cal d at as et s

, t h e u s e o f h i g h er

res o l u t i o n p ro g n o s t i c met eo ro l o g i cal (e

. g

. , M M5 ) d at as et s

, al t ern at i v e v i s i b i l i t y cal cu l at i o n s

,

d i fferen t ex t i n ct i o n co effi ci en t s

, o r o t h er ch an g es t o t h e co m mo n p ro t o co l

. In ad d i t i o n t o

p ro v i d i n g a s o u rce

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g p ro t o co l d es cri b i n g an d j u s t i fy i n g t h e ch an g es t o t h e

mo d el i n g ap p ro ach fro m t h e V IS T A S co m mo n p ro t o co l

, t h e s i t e

- s p eci fi c ap p l i cat i o n s s h o u l d

i n cl u d e t h e d ev el o p men t o f a Q A p l an t o p ro p erl y ev al u at e t h e d at a u s ed i n t h e s i t e

- s p eci fi c

mo d el i n g

.

T h e cri t i cal C A L M E T i n p u t p aramet ers d ep en d o n t h e mo d e i n w h i ch t h e mo d el i s ru n

(o b s erv at i o n s mo d e, h y b ri d mo d e o r n o

- o b s erv at i o n s mo d e), an d t h e l o cat i o n an d s p at i alQ u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e 6 4 rep res en t at i v en es s o f an y o b s erv at i o n al d at a. In a s i t e s p eci fi c p ro t o co l i n v o l v i n g t h e

d ev el o p men t o f a m et eo ro l o g i cal d at as et

, t h e el e men t s o f t h e Q A p ro ces s i n cl u d e p rep a rat i o n o f

w i n d ro s e (u s i n g o b s erv ed

, M M5 an d C A L M E T

- d eri v ed d at a), i n cl u d i n g ex a mi n at i o n o f t h e d at a

as a fu n ct i o n o f s eas o n an d t i me o f d ay (e. g

. , 4 a m, 1 0 am, 4 p m w i n d ro s es )

, t i me s eri es an al y s es

,

an d p res en t at i o n o f 2

- D v ect o r p l o t s i l l u s t rat i n g t errai n effect s / s ea b re eze ci rcu l at i o n o r o t h er

feat u res o f t h e fl o w ex p ect ed t o o ccu r w i t h i n t h e d o mai n

. Fo r ex a mp l e, 2

- D v ect o r p l o t s

p ro d u ced d u ri n g l i g h t w i n d s p eed s t ab l e co n d i t i o n s (e. g

. , e arl y mo rn i n g s u ch as 4 a m) are g o o d

fo r as s es s i n g t h e p erfo rman ce o f t h e C A L M E T mo d el co n fi g u rat i o n an d s w i t ch es i n rep ro d u ci n g

t errai n e ffe ct s b ecau s e t h es e co n d i t i o n s are l i k el y t o max i mi z e t h e t errai n i mp act s i n t h e mo d el

.

Seas o n w i n d ro s es at 4 am

, 1 0 a m an d 4 p m w o u l d b e ex p ect ed t o s h o w t h e d ev el o p men t o f s e a

b reez e ci rcu l at i o n s t h at may b e i mp o rt an t fo r c ert a i n ap p l i cat i o n s

. Cu s t o mi zat i o n o f t h e Q A

p ro ces s fo r t h e i n d i v i d u al s i t e

- s p eci fi c d o mai n b as ed o n t h e av ai l ab i l i t y o f d at a an d t h e p h y s i cal

p ro ces s es ex p ect ed t o b e i mp o rt an t at t h at l o cat i o n s h o u l d b e co n d u ct ed as p art o f t h e s i t e

- s p eci fi c

Q A p l an d ev el o p men t

.

If s i t e

- s p eci fi c C A L P U FF s i mu l at i o n s i n v o l v i n g t h e A mmo n i a L i mi t i n g Met h o d ar e co n d u ct ed

,

p erfo r man c e o f t h e mo d el i n rep ro d u ci n g o b s erv ed C A S T N et o r I MP R O V E s u l fat e an d n i t rat e

co n cen t rat i o n s at meas u r em en t s i t es w i t h i n t h e s i t e

- s p eci fi c mo d el i n g d o mai n s h o u l d b e

ev al u at ed

. T h e u s e o f al t ern at i v e am mo n i a co n cen t r a t i o n d at a (e. g

. , CM A Q o u t p u t rat h er t h an

d eri v ed am mo n i a b as ed o n a ero s o l me as u re men t s ) w i l l req u i re an ev al u at i o n o f t h e mo d el

p erfo r man c e r el at i v e t o t h e t e ch n i q u es i n t h e V IS T A S c o mmo n p ro t o co l

.

In an y s i t e

- s p e ci fi c p ro t o co l a s i t e

- s p eci fi c Q A p l an s h o u l d b e p rep a red

.



### 6. 4 A s s e s s m e n t of U n c e r t ai n t y i n M od e l i n g R e s u l t s

Ch ap t er 3 d i s cu s s ed t h e u n cert ai n t i es an d k n o w n l i mi t at i o n s i n CA L P U F F. T h e s o u rc e s p eci fi c

mo d el i n g rep o rt d o es n o t n e ed t o rep eat t h e u n cert ai n t i es l i s t ed i n Ch ap t er 3

, b u t t h e rev i e w e r

s h o u l d i n t erp ret res u l t s i n l i g h t o f t h es e l i mi t at i o n s

. It i s ex p ect ed t h at t h e p erfo rm an ce o f t h e

mo d el w i l l b e b et t er i n p red i ct i n g ch an g es i n v i s i b i l i t y i mp act s d u e t o B A R T co n t ro l s t h an i n

p red i ct i n g ab s o l u t e v i s i b i l i t y v al u es

. T h i s i s b ecau s e u n cert ai n t i es i n met eo ro l o g i cal co n d i t i o n s

t ran s p o rt an d d i s p ers i o n are ex p ect ed t o b e l es s i mp o rt an t i n ev al u at i n g a ch an g e i n i mp act

, s i n c e

a co mp ar ab l e e ffe ct w i l l b e i n cl u d ed i n b o t h t h e b a s e an d s en s i t i v i t y s i mu l at i o n s

.R e f e r e n c e s 6 5 

## 7. R E F E R E N C E S

A l l w i n e, K

. J

. an d C

. D

. W h i t em an

, 1 9 8 5 : ME L S A R : A Mes o s cal e A i r Q u al i t y Mo d el fo r Co mp l ex

T e rrai n : V o l u me 1

-- O v erv i e w

, T ech n i cal D es cri p t i o n an d U s er ' s G u i d e. P aci fi c N o rt h w es t L ab o r at o r y

,

Ri ch l an d

, W as h i n g t o n

.

Bat ch v aro v a, E

. an d S

. - E

. G ry n i n g

, 1 9 9 1 : A p p l i ed mo d el fo r t h e g ro w t h o f t h e d ay t i m e mi x ed l ay er.

B o u n d a r

y

- La yer M et eo r o l

. , 5 6

, 2 6 1

- 2 7 4

.

Bat ch v aro v a, E

. an d S

. - E

. G ry n i n g

, 1 9 9 4 : A n ap p l i ed mo d el fo r t h e h ei g h t o f t h e d ay t i me mi x ed l ay er

an d t h e en t r ai n men t zo n e. B o u n d a r

y

- La yer M et eo r o l

. , 7 1

, 3 1 1

- 3 2 3

.

Ben j a mi n

, S

. G

, D

. D ev en y i

, S

. S

. W ey g an d t

, K

. J

. B ru n d ag e, J

. M

. Bro w n

, G

. A

. G rel l

, D

. K i m, B. E

.

Sch w art z, T

. G

. S mi rn o v a, T

. L

. Smi t h

, an d G

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, 2 0 0 4 : A n H o u rl y A s s i mi l at i o n Fo r ec as t Cy cl e:

t h e R U C, M o n

. W ea

. R e v

. , 1 3 2

, 4 9 5

- 5 1 8

.

Cars o n

, D

. J

. , 1 9 7 3 : T h e d ev el o p m en t o f a d ry

, i n v ers i o n

- cap p ed

, co n v ect i v el y u n s t ab l e b o u n d ary l ay er.

Q u a r t

. J. R o y. M et eo r

. S o c

. , 9 9

, 4 5 0

- 4 6 7

.

Ch an g

, J

. C

. P. Fr an zes e

, K

. Ch ay an t rak o m an d S

. R

. H an n a, 2 0 0 1 : E v al u at i o n s o f C A L P U F F, H P A C an d

V L S T R A C K w i t h T w o M es o s cal e Fi el d D at as et s

. J

. A p

p l i ed M et eo r o l o g y

, 4 2 (4 ): 4 5 3

- 4 6 6

.

D ep art m en t o f t h e In t eri o r, 2 0 0 3 : L et t er fro m t h e A s s i s t an t Secret ary o f t h e In t eri o r t o t h e D i rect o r o f t h e

Mo n t an a D ep art men t o f E n v i ro n men t al Q u al i t y

.

D o u g l as

, S

. an d R. K es s l er

, 1 9 8 8 : U s er' s G u i d e t o t h e D i ag n o s t i c W i n d Mo d el

. Cal i fo rn i a A i r Res o u r ces

Bo ard

, S acr am en t o

, Cal i fo rn i a.

E d g ert o n

, E

. , 2 0 0 4 : N at u ral So u r ces o f P M2

. 5 an d PM co ars e O b s erv ed i n t h e S E A RC H N et w o rk

.

Pres en t ed at t h e A & W M A Sp eci al t y Co n fer en ce o n R eg i o n al an d G l o b al Pe rs p ect i v es i n H a ze: Cau s es

,

Co n s eq u en ces an d Co n t ro v ers i es

, A s h ev i l l e, N C, O ct o b er 2 0 0 4

.

E n v i ro n m en t al P ro t ect i o n A g en cy

, 2 0 0 3 a: G u i d an c e fo r T ra ck i n g Pro g r es s u n d er t h e Reg i o n al H a ze Ru l e;

E P A

- 5 4 / B

- 0 3

- 0 0 4

, U

. S. E n v i ro n m en t al Pro t e ct i o n A g e n cy

, Res ea rch T ri an g l e Park

, N C.

E n v i ro n m en t al Pro t e ct i o n A g en cy

, 2 0 0 3 b : G u i d an ce f o r E s t i mat i n g N at u ral V i s i b i l i t y Co n d i t i o n s u n d er

t h e Reg i o n al H az e Ru l e. E P A

- 4 5 4 / B

- 0 3

- 0 0 5

. U

. S

. E n v i ro n men t al Pro t ect i o n A g en cy

, R es ear ch T ri an g l e

Park

, N C.

E n v i ro n m en t al P ro t ect i o n A g en cy

, 1 9 9 8 : Ph as e 2 Su m mary R ep o rt an d Re co m men d at i o n s fo r Mo d el i n g

L o n g Ran g e T r an s p o rt an d Imp act s

. In t er ag en cy W o rk g ro u p o n A i r Q u al i t y Mo d el i n g (IW A Q M ). E P A

4 5 4 / R

- 9 8

- 0 1 9

, U

. S

. E n v i ro n m en t al P ro t ect i o n A g en cy

, R T P

, N C.R e f e r e n c e s 6 6 E s co f fi er

- Czaj a, C.

, an d J

. Sci r e. 2 0 0 2 : T h e E ffe ct s o f A mmo n i a L i mi t at i o n o n N i t rat e A ero s o l Fo r mat i o n

an d V i s i b i l i t y Imp act s i n Cl as s I A reas

. Pap er J 5

. 1 3

, 1 2 t h A MS/ A & W M A Co n f eren ce o n t h e A p p l i cat i o n s

o f A i r Po l l u t i o n Met eo ro l o g y

, N o rfo l k

, V A

. M ay 2 0 0 2

.

Fai ral l

, C

. W

. , E

. F

. Brad l ey

, J

. E

. H are

, A

. A

. G ra ch ev

, a n d J

. B

. E d s o n

, 2 0 0 3 :

Bu l k p ara met e ri zat i o n o f ai r

- s e a fl u x es : U p d at es an d v e ri fi cat i o n fo r

t h e C O A R E al g o ri t h m. Jo u r n a l o f Cl i m a t e

, 1 6

, 5 7 1

- 5 9 1

.

Fal l o n

, S

. an d G

. B en ch

, 2 0 0 4 : I M PR O V E Sp e ci al St u d y : H i

- V o l Sa mp l i n g fo r Carb o n

- 1 4 A n al y s i s o f

PM 2

. 5 A ero s o l s

. D raft Rep o rt

, L a w ren c e L i v er mo r e N at i o n al L ab o rat o ry

.

FL A G

, 2 0 0 0

. Fed eral L an d M an ag ers ’ A i r Q u al i t y Re l at ed V al u es W o rk g ro u p (F L A G ). Ph as e I Rep o rt

.

U

. S. Fo res t S erv i ce

, N at i o n al Pa rk S erv i ce

, U

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G r el l

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. A

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, an d D

. R. St au ff er, 1 9 9 5 : A D es cri p t i o n o f t h e Fi ft h G en e rat i o n Pen n St at e/ N C A R

MM5

, N C A R T N

- 3 9 8

- S T R

, N C A R T ech n i cal N o t e

.

G ro s j e an

, D

. , an d J

. Sei n f el d

, 1 9 8 9 : Param et eri zat i o n o f t h e Fo rmat i o n Po t en t i al o f Seco n d ary O rg an i c

A e ro s o l s

. A t m o s

. E n vi r o n

. , 2 3

, 1 7 3 3

- 1 7 4 7

.

H o l t s l ag

, A

. A

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. P

. v an U l d en

, 1 9 8 3 : A s i mp l e s ch eme fo r d ay t i me es t i mat es o f t h e s u rf ace fl u x es

fro m ro u t i n e w e at h er d at a. J. Cl i m

. a n d A p

p l

. M et eo r

. , 2 2

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- 5 2 9

.

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, J

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. St ri mai t i s

, 1 9 9 6 : A Co mp a ri s o n o f C A L P U FF Mo d el i n g Res u l t s w i t h

C A P T E X Fi el d D at a R es u l t s

. In A i r Po l l u t i o n Mo d el i n g an d It s A p p l i cat i o n s

, X II. E d i t ed b y S

. E

.

G ry n i n g an d F

. A

. S ch i erm ei er

. Pl en u m P res s

, N e w Y o rk

, N Y

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I W A Q M

, 1 9 9 8 : In t erag en cy W o rk g ro u p o n A i r Q u al i t y Mo d el i n g (IW A Q M) Ph as e 2 Su mm ary R ep o rt

an d R eco m men d at i o n s fo r Mo d el i n g L o n g R an g e T ran s p o rt Imp a ct s

. E P A

- 4 5 4 / R

- 9 8

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. J. E n er g

y

, 4

,

1 0 : 1 6

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, L

. , 1 9 8 2 : Mo m en t u m Bal an ce o f G r av i t y Fl o w s

. J. A t m o s

. S ci

. , 3 9

, 2 7 0 1

- 2 7 1 1

.

Mau l

, P. R.

, 1 9 8 0 : A t mo s p h e ri c t ran s p o rt o f s u l fu r co mp o u n d p o l l u t an t s

. Cen t ral E l e ct ri ci t y G en erat i n g

Bu reau MI D / S S D / 8 0 / 0 0 2 6 / R. N o t t i n g h am, E n g l an d

.

Mo rri s

, R.

, C. T an g an d G

. Y a r w o o d

, 2 0 0 3 : E v al u at i o n o f t h e Su l fat e an d N i t rat e Fo r mat i o n M ech an i s m

i n t h e C A L P U FF Mo d el i n g Sy s t e m. Pro c eed i n g s o f t h e A & W M A Sp e ci al t y Co n fer en ce

– G u i d el i n e o n

A i r Q u al i t y Mo d el s : T h e P at h Fo r w ard

. My s t i c, C T

, 2 2

- 2 4 O ct o b er 2 0 0 3

.

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, K

. , Z

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, J

. S

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. Ch en i e r an d T

. J effs

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, 2 0 0 3 : CA L P U FF

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Met eo ro l o g i cal Mo d el ( V ers i o n 5 )

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. Pres en t ed at t h e A & W M A Sp e ci al t y Co n fer en ce

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w i t h i n A t mo s p h e ri c D i s p ers i o n Mo d el l i n g fo r Reg u l at o ry Pu rp o s es

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A A A R In t ern at i o n al Sp e ci al t y Co n f eren ce, P M: Su p e rs i t e Pro g ra m an d Rel at ed St u d i es

, A t l an t a

, 7

- 1 1

Feb ru a ry 2 0 0 5

.

### OC Fairburn Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

## A PPENDIX 

## B

O ZONE 

### S TATIONS



### T ABLE 

### B-1. O ZONE 

### S TATION 

### L IST

LLC East LLC North LLC East LLC North LLC East LLC North

Station ID (km) (km) Station ID (km) (km) Station ID (km) (km)

GAS153 1170.523 -672.718 370870036 1252.261 -390.930 010731010 967.541 -657.326

COW137 1229.455 -453.598 370990005 1239.198 -400.268 010732006 946.229 -676.954

PNF126 1334.943 -319.947 371730002 1222.110 -412.801 010735002 954.539 -641.378

GRS420 1174.357 -397.763 371990003 1320.281 -363.587 010735003 967.091 -664.909

SPD111 1171.303 -304.752 450010001 1336.320 -519.232 010736002 946.448 -656.360

SND152 1010.988 -569.551 450070003 1318.968 -471.653 010790002 885.300 -577.908

CDZ171 811.577 -314.207 450730001 1251.077 -478.941 010830004 922.968 -535.615

ESP127 1008.639 -374.834 450770002 1289.086 -486.370 010890014 949.944 -531.983

130210012 1256.072 -702.464 450830009 1352.469 -442.236 011011002 1009.450 -779.843

130570001 1139.448 -549.352 470010101 1144.101 -365.035 011030011 916.271 -554.965

130590002 1254.834 -576.988 470090101 1174.258 -397.969 011130002 1118.129 -759.409

130670003 1139.250 -583.559 470090102 1189.001 -398.987 011170004 944.975 -685.678

130770002 1135.678 -652.314 470630003 1235.119 -313.310 011190002 827.746 -804.263

130850001 1183.893 -536.675 470650028 1074.235 -473.707 011250010 888.892 -717.148

130890002 1173.273 -615.391 470651011 1071.665 -466.918 011270003 913.955 -653.259

130893001 1177.813 -596.819 470890002 1196.997 -340.676 210470006 856.587 -295.362

130970004 1127.615 -615.450 470930021 1182.962 -346.068 210830003 753.467 -307.101

131130001 1164.895 -642.517 470931020 1174.336 -354.619 212130004 925.904 -310.227

131210055 1166.574 -612.634 470931030 1168.822 -368.942 212210013 795.825 -302.764

131350002 1189.463 -582.201 471210104 1089.655 -447.963 280030004 764.221 -526.995

131510002 1189.010 -641.453 471410004 1036.010 -352.860 280750003 778.066 -808.887

132130003 1125.896 -499.303 471550101 1203.013 -386.462 280810005 755.740 -599.366

132150008 1130.430 -751.782 471550102 1215.162 -399.615 470370026 928.096 -372.034

132151003 1139.510 -748.543 471632002 1293.574 -277.991 470850020 809.431 -395.717

132230003 1100.492 -598.405 471632003 1287.596 -274.355 470990002 864.448 -494.075

132450091 1385.536 -611.294 010270001 1039.991 -678.453 471251010 873.625 -325.374

132470001 1195.378 -623.660 010331002 852.167 -534.899 471490101 935.347 -417.676

210130002 1177.018 -288.501 010510001 1019.435 -768.434 471650007 923.428 -356.195

370210030 1296.426 -394.063 010550011 1008.439 -612.793 471650101 929.325 -338.158

370750001 1193.453 -436.901 010731003 934.603 -668.004 471870106 884.508 -398.994

370870004 1263.765 -398.624 010731005 928.160 -686.034 471890103 959.089 -378.464

370870035 1281.317 -409.988 010731009 912.513 -694.165

### OC Fairburn Trinity Consultants

BART Modeling Protocol 

### F IGURE 

### B-1. O ZONE 

### S TATION 

### L OCATIONS IN THE 

### BART A PPLICABILITY 

### A NALYSIS

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

Lambert Conformal Coordinate East (km) -800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300Lambert Conformal Coordinate North (km)

OC Fairburn

Ozone Monitoring

Station Class I Area