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# Democracy in Africa--Recent Analyses: A Bibliography with Annotations

### June 1996

#### by Dana Ott, Africa Bureau Information Center

**From the Africa Bureau of the U.S. Agency for International Development--USAID**

----

The Africa Bureau Information Center (ABIC) is operated by the Academyfor Educational Development, under contract to USAID, and is part of the Research andReference Services Project of USAID's Center for Development Information and Evaluation.The views presented herein are those of the author and should not be interpreted asreflecting those of the Agency for International Development or the Academy forEducational Development. 

To obtain a copy of this document (PN-ABY-627) or any document listed in this paper,contact USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse/DDU, 1611 N. Kent Street, Suite 200,Arlington, Virginia 22209-2404; Fax: 703-351-4039; email: *[email protected]*. Include your nameand address, the title and document numbers, and indicate your preference for paper ormicrofiche. Where applicable, you will be billed for reproduction costs and postage. 

## CONTENTS

Introduction

Section I: Articles

Section II: Books

Section III: USAID DocumentsCivil Society
Conflict Resolution
Democracy/Governance, General
Elections
Governance
Rule of Law
Transitions
Women and Democracy
INTRODUCTION
This annotated bibliography was compiled in response to a request from the AfricaBureau at the Agency for International Development for an overview of USAID and non-USAIDdocuments focusing on democracy in Africa, as part of the ongoing research into issues ofdemocracy and governance conducted by the bureau.

Due to the volume of materials available on the topic of democratization in the contextof Africa, and the evolving nature of political situations on the ground in Africa, adecision was made to focus on recent documents on this topic in order to maximize theutility of this bibliography to practitioners in the field and in Washington. As a result,the bibliography incorporates selected materials from USAID, other donors, and academiawith the intent of providing a broad overview of writings in the area of democracy inAfrica. 

The bibliography is divided into three sections: 

Section I reviews articles focusing on democracy in Africa for the past 2 years.Section II reviews books focusing on democracy in Africa for the past 5 years. 

All citations are ordered alphabetically within these two sections.

Section III contains a current bibliography of USAID documents focusing on democracy inAfrica from 1994-1996. Citations are ordered by subject categories, and then sequentiallywithin each category, beginning with the most recent.
SECTION I: Article Citations from 1994-1995 on Democracy inAfrica
**Adekanye, J. 'Bayo. (1995). "Structural Adjustment, Democratization andRising Ethnic Tensions in Africa." Development and Change. 26:355-74.**

Examines the interaction of these three factors in the African context. The authorargues that given the apparent link between SAP's (Structural adjustment programs) andincreased ethnic tensions, "it is suggested that the issue of the distribution ofpower, wealth and ethnicity, especially under conditions of increasing scarcity, needs tobe reconsidered." The author considers the implications of both ethnic conflict andstruggles for democracy in the context of SAP's.

**Anglin, Douglas G. (1995). "International monitoring of the transition todemocracy in South Africa, 1992-1994." African Affairs. 94, (377), October:519-543**.

This article discusses the monitoring of the South African elections in 1994 in lightof the political context and restraints, and the electoral arrangements. It argues thatthe monitoring process was substantially different in South Africa because of greaterdomestic participation in the monitoring process, greater monitoring of violence in thepre-election period, the variety and number of monitors, the lack of foreign militarypresence, and the wide variety and number of monitoring groups participating in theprocess. It also argues that the comprehensiveness of involvement represents, "aunique instance of 'preventative deployment' as envisaged in the Secretary General'sAgenda for Peace." (p.521) 

**Barkan, Joel D. (1994). "Can Established Democracies Nurture DemocracyAbroad?: Lessons from Africa." MSU Working Papers on Political Reform in Africa.Working Paper #10, Michigan State University, November 15, 1994**. 

This paper attempts to answer the above question through the examination of programsthat established democracies employ to nurture democracy in other countries. It arguesthat there are several lessons that can be drawn from the experiences of USAID and otheraid agencies: (1) The promotion of democracy requires a consistent foreign policy - whichis usually impossible to pursue; (2) democratization is fundamentally a process ofinstitution-building and political socialization, rather than the single events such aselections; (3) nurturing democracy takes time, and progress will be uneven and uncertain;(4) most donor agencies need to incorporate political analysis into their programs, (5)democracies should increase coordination among themselves, and with the InternationalMonetary Fund and the World Bank. Barkan argues that perhaps most importantly, democracypromoters must realize that these programs by their very nature operate at the margins ofthe process, and that for transitions to be successful they must be driven by internalprocesses.

**Barkan, Joel D. (1995). "Debate: PR and Southern Africa: I. Elections inAgrarian Societies." Journal of Democracy. 6, (4), October:106-16.**

This is the first part of a two part article on Proportional Representation (PR) andSouthern Africa (See Reynolds, Andrew for a summary of the second portion). Barkan reviewsthe debate about the suitability of proportional representation as an electoral method.Proponents of PR argue that (1) it is the fairest method to elect representatives becausea political party receives the same proportion of seats as proportion of the popular vote;(2) it is inclusive because it allows even very small groups in the society to have theirviews heard unlike winner-take-all systems; (3) by facilitating participation, PR alsofacilitates power sharing; and (4) it enhances prospects for democracy in plural societiesby allowing representation of diverse groups. Barkan argues that in agrarian societies thebenefits of PR are not as evident, while the disadvantages of PR can become quite harmful.These include the inability of MP's to be associated with a particular constituency, whichis problematic in agrarian societies because agrarian residents identify themselves moreon the basis of where they live, rather than other criteria such as occupation. Aninability to see their concerns represented by a dedicated representative leads to voterfrustration and the disconnection of political representatives from the people they aresupposed to represent. Barkan argues that for this reason single member districts (SMD)are a preferable arrangement, because under SMD, "The more agrarian the society thehigher the geographic concentration of the vote and the more closely the distribution ofseats under an SMD system will mirror the distribution of the total vote." p.114.

**Boafo-Arthur, Kwame. (1994). "Democracy and the prospects for integrationin West Africa." Africa Insight. 24, (4): 281-6.**

The article attempts to examine the extent to which democracy might facilitate regionalintegration, which is an important factor in maximizing the development potential of WestAfrica. Boafo-Arthur argues that since its establishment by the Treaty of Lagos in 1975,the Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS has faced obstacles to its objectiveof promoting greater economic cooperation and development between its member states. Thereare structural constraints, linked to the different sizes and levels of development ofECOWAS member states, limited transport and communications facilities in and among memberstates, currency problems, and protective trade structures, among other things. Politicalstability is key to the success of ECOWAS because the political uncertainty in the regionhas limited the progress in cooperation between these states. Insofar as democracy canpromote political stability, it is a desirable outcome for the success of ECOWAS.

**Bratton, Michael. (1994). "International versus Domestic Pressures for'Democratization' in Africa." MSU Working Papers on Political Reform in Africa. No.12, November 15.**

This paper focuses on the connections between the trends in world politics (such as theend of the Cold War) on the process of democratization in Africa from 1990 to 1994. Thepaper addresses the question of to what extent the democratization process in Africa wastriggered by these external events. Bratton argues that a convergence of both internal andexternal forces produced the dramatic democracy outcomes that occurred during this period.The end of the Cold War proved to be the catalyst for pre-existing political interests inAfrican countries.

**Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department of State. (1994)."Assessing African Democratization." INS Foreign Affairs Brief. May 9.**

Summary of a conference held April 15-16, 1994, and co-sponsored by the Johns HopkinsSchool of Advanced International Studies and the US Army War College. Argues that"democracy in Africa would be improved by broader based political parties, bettereconomic performance, and more professional militaries." (p.1) Brief discussions areincluded of Francophone Africa; autocratic impediments to democracy; strengtheningpolitical parties; managing ethnicity; improving economic performance; downsizing armies;and the role of international donors and US policy effectiveness. 

**Chabal, Patrick. (1994). "Review Article: Democracy and Daily Life inBlack Africa." International Affairs. 70, (1), January:83-91.**

A review of four recently published books on Black Africa. Using these texts, Chabalargues that it is not necessary to use Africa-specific contextual approaches to understandAfrica's post-colonial politics, rather, analytical tools that are used to make sense ofother societies are wholly applicable to explaining political development in Africa today.Chabal argues that myths that persist from the colonial era cloud analytical thinkingabout the democratization process and that in Africa, as elsewhere, politics is areflection of the practices by which societies regulate the relations between power andproduction linking the rulers and the ruled.

**Chege, Michael. (1995). "Between Africa's Extremes." Journal ofDemocracy. 6, (1), January:44-51.**

Argues that one of the greatest problems facing Africa's democratizing regimes is"crafting representative political institutions on a social foundation of deep-seatedethnic rivalries and economic inequalities." Chege emphasizes the role of politicalleadership as a crucial variable in these transitions and finds that elections have beengiven too much emphasis as a measure of successful democratization. Finally, Chege arguesthat any analysis of democratization in Africa must recognize the diversity of civilsociety actors and levels of strength across African countries.

**Cilliers, Jakkie. (1995). "Armed Forces and Democracy: III. Security andTransition in South Africa." Journal of Democracy. 6, (4), October:35-49.**

This is the third part of a more general series on the armed forces and democracy.Jakkie Cilliers focuses on Southern Africa and argues that internal threats to politicalstability are greater in Africa than almost anywhere else, and that in order to maintain aminimum level of internal coherence, these states will be forced to maintain substantialsecurity establishments. Specifically he argues that there is a need for greater concernwith security issues as well as more cooperation on a bilateral and multilateral basis. Todevelop a military force that can co-exist with a civilian government is a major obstaclefor these states. To do this, he argues, there must be a clear understanding of theboundaries of military authority and a consensus within the military about their role inthe society. Rather than focusing on things such as arms control, Cilliers argues thatwestern donors could better focus their attention on such things as training armies to beprofessional and apolitical.

**Clark, John F. (1994). "The Constraints on Democracy in Sub-SaharanAfrica: The Case for Limited Democracy." SAIS Review. 14, (2), Summer:91-108.**

This article argues that while democratic development is theoretically and practicallypossible in Africa, that the constraints are great, and regimes most likely to survive arethose that promise the least, compromise the most, evolve gradually, and concentrate onbasic government services. Clark argues that "limited democracy" is the bestoption to reconcile the need for greater political liberalization with the reality ofmultiple constraints in Africa. African regimes must limit their social welfare, andunderstand that improvements in areas such as human rights will come slowly, as democraticvalues are socialized into the population.

**Clark, John F. (1994). "Elections, Leadership and Democracy inCongo." Africa Today. 41,(3), 3rd Quarter:41-60.**

Discusses the ongoing transition to democracy in Congo, emphasizing that "theCongo experience provides some evidence for those who believe that successfuldemocratization depends as much on personal comportment as it does on structuralprerequisites." (p.42) Analyzes historical structural impediments to democracy inCongo, including ethnic heterogeneity, historically undemocratic political structure, andcold war alliances. Clark argues that a combination of economic and legitimacy crises setthe stage for democratic development by undermining the foundations of the old regime.Discusses challenges to successful democratization in Congo, including the potential for amilitary coup, and the need to hold free and fair elections. Concludes that in the longrun, the consolidation of democracy in the Congo may prove more difficult than thetransition. 

**"Democracy not 'winner takes all.'" (1995). West Africa. 4053, June12:916**

Excerpts from an address on democracy delivered by Lord Plumb (co-president of theAfrica Caribbean Pacific European Union Joint Assembly). Argues that there is a change inpolitics in Africa, that the old system that has dominated since the 1960's is now beingovercome and replaced with attempts at democratic governance. Stresses the importance ofacceptance by all participants of the fundamental principles of democracy. Emphasizes acautiously optimistic outlook for Africa.

**Development Policy Management Forum. (1995). "Development PolicyManagement in Sub-Saharan Africa: Civil Service Reform." DPMN Bulletin. III, (1),August.**

This entire issue of the DPMN Bulletin is devoted to the topic of development policymanagement in sub-Saharan Africa with a specific focus on civil service reform. There arefive articles: Civil Service Reform: A Commonwealth Perspective; DemocratizingAdministrative Reform in Benin, Burkina Faso, and Mali; Civil Service Reform: Hurdles andHelps; Ethics and Accountability in the African Civil Service; and AAPAM's (AfricanAssociation for Public Administration and Management) Contribution to Civil ServiceReform.

**Diamond, Larry. (1994). "Democracy: The New Wind." Africa Report. 39,(5), September:50-54.**

Evaluates the wave of democratization sweeping Africa during the 1990's. Whilerecognizing that there are several reservations about the durability and genuineness ofmany of the changes taking place, Diamond dismisses the more dire predictions of RobertKaplan as "highly sensationalized and only partly accurate." (p51). Diamondargues that the major challenges of the next decade are: political institutionalization,institutional design for power-sharing, enhancing governmental accountability andtransparency, material progress, and permanent debt relief.

**Doro, Marion E. (1995). "The Democratization Process in Africa."Choice: Current Reviews of Academic Books. 33, (2), October:245-57.**

A good overview of current literature on democracy in Africa, with additional sectionsdiscussing major themes in the literature, and a research guide to relevant materials.Doro argues that there has been a shift in the focus of the literature from the"analysis of failure to achieve democracy to the reactions to such failures andsubsequent public demands for reform." Doro reviews Africa-focused literature on avariety of democracy related topics including: Background to Democratization; Democracy asthe Central Focus; Economic Development and Democracy; Elections; Case Studies of AfricanStates; and The Special Case of South Africa. Doro concludes with a section on researchresources, that covers everything from general reference materials to journals, empiricaldata, periodicals, etc.

**"Ghana: Democracy and the professional." (1995). West Africa. 4067,September 18:1482**

Speech by the President of the Association of Recognized Professional Bodies, Mr. SamOkudzeto, emphasizing the importance of professionals standing for office and gettinginvolved in the political process generally. Mr. Okudzeto argues that because professionalgroupings are generally politically neutral, or at least not organized on partisan lines,that such organizations have a role to play in civic education. He argues that theinternal structures of such associations often mimic democratic interactions giving theirmembers considerable experience with such things as compromise, understanding of differentinterpretations of issues, and coalition-building. 

**Ham, Melinda and Mike Hall. (1994). "President Bakili Muluzi: BuildingDemocracy." Africa Report. 39, (6), November:60-62.**

An interview with the newly-elected President of Malawi, Bakili Muluzi who argues thatsince his election human rights abuses have ended, but admits that it will be a long roadto establish democracy in a state that has never been democratic. He discusses variousissues in Malawi's democratization process including the formation of various commissions,working without a parliamentary majority, ethnic divisions, and the role of theinternational community.

**Ibrahim, Jibrin. (1994). "Political Exclusion, Democratization andDynamics of Ethnicity in Niger." Africa Today. 41, (3), 3rd Quarter:15-39**. 

Argues that post-colonial Africa has been characterized by the increasing exclusion ofmany groups in society from political participation under authoritarian regimes, and thatthe wave of democratization that swept across Africa reflected in part, the demands ofthese groups to be a part of the political process. Discusses the political evolution ofNiger in this context. Argues that ethnic pluralism in Niger became a basis for exclusionof groups from political participation. Outlines the transition to democracy in Niger andargues that there are serious, though not unsurmountable obstacles to the maintenance ofdemocracy in Niger.

**International Republican Institute. (1995) "African Democracy Network:Conference Report." Report of an IRI Conference. March 8-10, Mombasa, Kenya**.

Report of a seminar on democracy attended by nearly 60 cabinet ministers,parliamentarians, election commissioners, political party representatives,non-governmental organization officials and journalists. The seminar's goal was to"attempt to create a definition of democracy in the African context, taking intoaccount how the widely-accepted pillars of democracy could be embodied in a constitution.These principles were determined to be: sovereignty of the people; government based uponthe consent of the governed; majority rule; minority rights; guarantee of basic humanrights; free and fair elections; equality before the law; due process of law;constitutional limits on government; social, economic and political pluralism; and valuesof tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation and compromise.

**Kornegay, Jr., Francis A. (1994). "Chakufwa Chihana: Dissident forDemocracy." Africa Report. 39, (1), January:59-61.**

Interview with Chakufwa Chihana, a long-time leader of the trade union movement insouthern Africa, and human rights advocate from Malawi on the transition to democracy inMalawi. He discusses efforts between the government and the opposition to put democraticreforms into place, what the U.S. and international community's role should be, partyplatforms, and the future of the trade union movement in Malawi.

**Lake, Anthony. (1995). "U.S. Support for Democracy in Africa." USDepartment of State Dispatch. 6, (2), January 9:13.**

An address by the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs to theOrganization of African Unity in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, December 15, 1994. Emphasizes U.S.interests in Africa, discusses specific initiatives such as conflict resolution, and theGreater Horn of Africa Initiative, and emphasizes the need for a partnership between theU.S. and African states to promote democratization and sustainable development.

**Lindeke, William A. and Winnie Wanzala. (1994). "Regional Elections inNamibia: Deepening Democracy and Gender Inclusion." Africa Today. 41, (3):5-14.**

Emphasis on the role of sub-national elections in the democratic consolidation processin Africa. Discusses the 1992 regional elections in Namibia and argues that, "In all,the process and results of these elections confirm the peaceful and democratic trendsevidenced earlier in Namibia's independence process." (p.9) Another section discussesthe role of women in the electoral process in Namibia. Notes that participation of womenas political candidates was very low at the regional level in 1992, and somewhat higher atthe local level. 

**Martin, Guy. (1994). "Democratization and Governance in Africa: GeneralTrends and Typology." Paper presented at the USAID Workshop on Civil Society,Democracy and Development in Africa, Washington, D.C., June 9-10.**

Presents an overview of the main themes and issues in the debate over democratizationin Africa and offers a framework for understanding the processes of democratic transitioncurrently taking place in Africa. Martin reviews literature from 1986-1994, includingbooks and articles. Some discussion is also given to major themes in African studiesincluding the relationship between democracy and development, mutiparty systems, and thestate and civil society in Africa. Martin argues that there is a noticeable unevenness ofcountry coverage in the existing literature, with the omission of Francophone andLusophone countries being quite evident. Martin also finds a dearth of detailed, fieldderived country case studies; and studies of political parties and their tendency tocoalesce around ethnic boundaries.

**"Mungai on multi-partyism." West Africa. 4053, June 12:917-918.**

An assessment by a member of the Kenyan Parliament, Njenga Mungai on developments inKenya since the reintroduction of multipartyism in 1992. Mungai argues that the variousopposition groups need to have substantive discussions about the problems facing Kenya,among them health and corruption. 

**Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta. (1994) "Democracy and Good Governance in Africa:An African Perspective." Mediterranean Quarterly. 5, (4), Fall:1-8.**

Adapted from a presentation at the conference "Democracy in Africa,"sponsored by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc., and the Subcommittee on Africa, U.S. House ofRepresentatives, June 22, 1994. Argues that current events in Africa must be understoodthrough the historical effects of colonialism. Museveni discusses Uganda in this context,arguing that there was a need to dismantle the colonial structures in order for progressto occur. Museveni argues that "when building institutions one must take into accountthe peculiarities of each community or society. They must reflect the objective politicaland socioeconomic conditions of the societies in which they grow." Museveni concludesthat although he agrees with Western states on the substance of democracy, he feels thatthe details must be left to suit the conditions in Uganda.

**"Nigeria: The search for democracy."(1994). West Africa. 3995, April25:724-725.**

Discusses the future of Nigeria given the annulment of the presidential elections in1993. Several conferences have been held about the future of democracy in Nigeria. It isargued that the failure of democracy in Nigeria stems from: lack of control of naturalresources by the Nigerian people, centralization of power, the lack of a free and fairjudiciary, lack of institutions capable of checking central government power. It is arguedthat decentralization might be an important tool to redistribute power. 

**Nzouankeu, Jacques Mariel. (1994). "Decentralization and democracy inAfrica." International Review of Administrative Sciences. 60, (2), 213-27.**

Examines the nature of the relationship between decentralization and democracy inAfrica, arguing that "decentralization is a natural and indispensable counterpart topluralistic democracy [and] any political reform aimed at democratizing institutions, inparticular the founding of a pluralist democracy, will only be fully effective insofar asit is accompanied by far-reaching administrative reforms which effectively redistributepower." (p.214-5) The analysis focuses on specific administrative issues relating toimplementing decentralization programs including: decentralizing the structures of thestate, decentralizing social structures, adapting conventional means of distributingpower, and general recommendations.

**Peterson, David L. (1994). "Debunking Ten Myths About Democracy inAfrica." The Washington Quarterly. 17, (3), Summer:129-140**.

Argues against many of the most popular myths about democracy in Africa such as:Africans do not want democracy; economic development must come before democracy;structural adjustment will destroy democracy; democracy will lead to tribalism and war;Africa has no strong democratic leadership; Africa is a basket case; Africans are tooilliterate to understand Western style representative democracy; foreign aid and Westernintervention do more harm than good; democracy in Africa will take a long time; anddemocracy in Africa is a myth.

**Pondi, Jean-Emmanuel, & Kuper, Katherine. (1995). "From Pariah toPedagogue: South Africa's Contribution to Democracy in Africa." SAIS Review. 15, (1),Winter/Spring:37-54.**

Analyzes the transition to democracy in South Africa in the context of the broader waveof democratization occurring in Africa. Argues that the experiences of many democratizingAfrican states, particularly the failures, may have helped South Africa's own transitionby providing an example of how high the stakes of democratization were. Outlines thetransition process in South Africa, and discusses lessons that can be learned from theSouth African experience, including: "the international context, the economic andpolitical implications of developments occurring in the rest of Africa, and the quality ofthe country's political leadership."

**Rasheed, Sadig. (1995). "The Democratization Process and PopularParticipation in Africa: Emerging Realities and the Challenges Ahead." Developmentand Change. 26, 333-54**. 

Examines the recent democratic transitions from the perspective of their relativefragility and vulnerability to reversal. Rasheed argues that the role of external forcesin this process has been overstated and that the current transitions are not entrenchedand are therefore susceptible to retrenching. Elections were only the beginning, heargues, of a much more complicated process that must be completed in order to maintain thedemocratic gains that have been secured thus far. Another section examines the role offoreign donors in assisting the democratization process in Africa.

**Reynolds, Andrew. (1995). "Constitutional Engineering in SouthernAfrica." Journal of Democracy. 6, (2), April:86-99.**

A discussion of the impact of electoral system design on political accommodation andstability in ethnically divided societies. The argument is that the socially andethnically divided societies of Africa require a system that can promote stability andparticipation. Reynolds argues that a Proportional Representation (PR) system with aParliamentary form of government is a good start. In addition, Reynolds would modify thePR system to reflect greater accountability of MP's. This is a more detailed version ofthe argument presented in the Journal of Democracy in October 1995.

**Reynolds, Andrew (1995). "Debate: PR and Southern Africa: II. The Case forProportionality." Journal of Democracy. 6, (4), October:117-124.**

This is the second part of a two part article on Proportional Representation andSouthern Africa (See Barkan, Joel, for a summary of the second portion). Reynolds arguesthat Barkan bases his argument about the fairness of PR versus SMD elections on atypicalcases, namely Malawi in 1994, and Zimbabwe in 1995. He argues that for other Africancountries that have held elections using the PR system, the results have beensubstantially more proportional and representative. Further, he argues that thedisadvantages of SMD systems are such as to undermine democracy in Africa by creating"de-facto" one party states where the rulers are not challenged. He cites fiveelections in Africa: Zimbabwe 1995, 1990, 1985, Malawi 1994, and Zambia 1991 as evidenceof this trend of one party dominance. Reynolds acknowledges, however, the flaws in PRpointed out by Barkan and proposes a system in which seats in the legislature would befilled not only by MP's in proportionate numbers to the seats received by their party, butalso be ranked within their own lists so that the most popular candidates would fill theseats.

**Shattuck, John (1995). "Human Rights and Democracy in Africa. " U.S.Department of State Dispatch. 6, (9), February 27:151-4.**

Statement before the Subcommittee on Africa of the House International RelationsCommittee, Washington, D.C., February 22, 1995. Emphasizes the general trend towardsdemocratization and market-based economic systems in Africa. Summarizes U.S. policy goalsin Africa: democratic, stable, effective, and responsible governments; equitable economicgrowth; prevention and resolution of conflicts; and effective responses to transnationalissues. Shattuck outlines the various tools the United States uses to promote democracyand human rights, including assistance programs and annual country human rights reports.Discusses democratic developments in 1994, and the crisis in Rwanda. 

**"Sierra Leone: Ballots and bullets."(1995). West Africa. 4063, August21:1322-4. Is the NPRC (National Provisional Revolutionary Council) willing or able tobring democracy?**

Discussion of the likelihood of successful elections and transition to democracy inSierra Leone. Although there are many hopeful signs, such as the scheduling of elections -the article argues that there are also several more troubling signs, such as the humanrights record of the regime, the ongoing rebel war, and ongoing financial difficulties.Another important influence is the leverage of the donor countries on the NPRC. 

**Sillah, Mohammed-Bassiru. (1995). "Democracy: Stability First." WestAfrica. 4043, April 3:504-5.**

A discussion of the preconditions for democracy in Africa. Dr. Sillah argues thatpolitical leadership is of crucial importance, regardless of the nature of the regime,i.e. that a benevolent dictator is preferable to a corrupt elected leader. He argues thatauthoritarian regimes can then be transformed over time into democratic regimes. ForcingAfrican states to adopt multi-party systems is fruitless, he argues because they only feedbreakdowns. Sillah argues that African states must act as reinforcers to one another inthe development process.

**Takirambudde, Peter Nanyenya. (1995). "Media Freedom and the Transition toDemocracy in Africa." African Journal of International and Comparative Law. 7, (1),March:18-53**. 

Takirambudde questions the "sustainability of democratization Africa incircumstances wherein the press remains largely unfree." Without true press freedom,he argues, the appearance of democracy is illusory at best. He makes an argument for theinclusion of press freedom as a core component of democracy. He provides a historicaloverview of media law since the colonial era in Africa. He argues that legal reform,technical support for media freedom, and civic and human rights education could contributeto greater press freedoms in the democratizing countries in Africa.

**van Binsbergen, Wim. (1995). "Aspects of Democracy and Democratization inZambia and Botswana: Exploring African Political Culture at the Grassroots." Journalof Contemporary African Studies. 13, (1):3-33.**

An examination of the political culture in Zambia and Botswana from an anthropologicalstandpoint. Emphasizes the need for people to participate in the political process.Discusses the impact of the imposition of Western models of democracy in the Africancontext, and emphasizes the importance of understanding the historical context of socialrelations in the society as a base over which the framework for modern democracy has beenplaced.

**van de Walle, Nicolas. (1995). "Crisis and Opportunity in Africa."Journal of Democracy. 6, (2), April:128-141.**

This is part three of a four part series on Economic Reform and Democracy. Van de Walleargues that the current wave of democratization offers an unprecedented opportunity toaddress the continuing economic crisis on the continent. He argues that specific economicpolicies these states choose to pursue are less important than the process of buildinginstitutions that will support economic development. Although the process ofdemocratization could hinder economic reforms by opening up the decision making process toparticipation by a myriad of groups, van de Walle argues that democratization will alsoresult in increased government accountability and transparency. He argues that states thathave high levels of sociopolitical stability and low levels of uncertainty are known as"developmental states." While most African states could be considered"antidevelopmental," van de Walle argues that little attention has been given tothis aspect of development. 

**Watson, Catharine. (1994). "Burundi: The Death of Democracy." AfricaReport. 39, (1), January/February:26-31**. 

Profiles the recent developments in Burundi following the assassination of thecountry's first president from the Hutu majority, Mechior Ndadaye. It details themassacres of Tutsis that occurred in retaliation for the murder of Ndadaye, and thecounter-massacres of Hutu that occurred in response. It argues that people no longer viewthemselves as Burundian, but Hutu or Tutsi, reflecting society's fragmentation.

**Zarembo, Alan. (1995). "Controlled Democracy." Africa Report. 40,(3), May/June:52-55.**

Discussion of democracy in Eritrea, focusing on the control exerted by the ruling EPLF(Eritrean People's Liberation Front), including the apparent suppression of dissent. Thearticle argues that while a loyal post-independence nationalistic fervor still grips thecountry, and that trouble will grow when the opposition becomes more organized in the wakeof the current euphoria.

Back to Table of Contents
SECTION II--Book Citations from 1990-1995 on Democracy inAfrica
**Ake, Claude. (1994). Democratization of Disempowerment in Africa. Lagos:Malthouse Press, Ltd**. 

Argues that the democratization that is occurring today in Africa, rather thanempowering, is actually "legitimizing the disempowerment of ordinary people."There is a dichotomy between the perceptions and expectations of democracy at the level ofthe African political elites, and the masses. African political elites, Ake argues, viewdemocracy as a means of maintaining or attaining power, while the mass see democracy as aliberation from repressive political leaders of the past. Ake argues that the focus of themasses in Africa is not on the type of liberal Western democracy that has so far beenpushed on them, but a democracy that addresses their most critical needs for economic andsocial justice. 

**Ambrose, Brendalyn P. (1995). Democratization and the Protection of HumanRights in Africa: Problems and Prospects. Westport: Praeger Publishers.**

Argues that liberal democracy is not the best option for Africa, that Africans need ademocracy that suits their reality. Argues that liberal democracy works in Europe becausethose countries had already become economically developed before they became democratic.An African centered analysis that argues that current efforts to defend human rights inAfrica are being led by elites with their own agenda, and that for true reform to occur itcannot be top-down, but must be bottom up, with action being taken by the oppressed peoplethemselves. Ambrose links the political failures in Africa to the economic situation inthese countries and argues that there can be no democratization without development.Further, he argues, African education must be linked to productive work rather than theliberal education agenda of most universities and other institutions of higher education.

**Bowman, Larry W. (1991). Mauritius : democracy and development in the IndianOcean. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press**. 

A case study of the Indian Ocean island country of Mauritius. The nineteenth volume inthe series, "Profiles - Nations of Contemporary Africa," this analysis providesan overview of the historical development of Mauritius, including chapters on the societyand culture, the politics of independent Mauritius, the economy, and internationalrelations. As an example of a country in which, "elections are held regularly, and avibrant multiparty system ensures that voters have some measure of choice...[Mauritius is]ahead of nearly all African countries on most development indicators...and a tolerantpolitical culture has evolved that allows an exceptionally diverse group of people to livetogether in considerable harmony."

**Caron, B., A. Gboyega and E. Osaghae, Editors. (1992). Democratic Transition inAfrica. Ibadan: Centre de Recherches d'Echanges et de Documentation Universitaire.**

This document comprises the proceedings of the Symposium on Democratic Transition inAfrica, held in Ibadan, Nigeria, from June 16-19, 1992. The conference contributions areorganized under several headings: The International Environment of Democratic Transition,Democratic Theory and the Rationale for Transition, The Civil Society Context ofDemocratic Transition, The Military Context of Democratic Transition, Legal andInstitutional Mechanisms for Democratic Transition, The Economic Context of DemocraticTransition, and The Future of Democracy in Africa beyond the Transition. 

**Datta, Kusum. (1991). Democracy and elections in Botswana with some referenceto general literature on democracy and elections in Africa: A bibliography. Talence,France : Centre d'etude d'Afrique noire, Institut d'etudes politiques de Bordeaux.**

This is a bibliography covering the literature on democracy in Botswana primarily, withsome attention given to democracy in other African countries and in general. It has 446citations, about 57 percent of which focus on Botswana, and 37 percent on Africa orspecific African countries, with the balance on more general issues. The bibliography waspublished in 1991, and therefore does not cover more recent literature, but may be usefulas a source of historical writings on these topics.

**du Toit, Pierre. (1995). State Building and Democracy in Southern Africa:Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of PeacePress.**

Examines the prospects for long term democratic sustainability in Southern Africa. Theprospects for Botswana are argued to be much stronger and much less problematic than theprospects for Zimbabwe. Du Toit focuses on the relationship between state strength,societal strength and democratic viability with a view to determining what South Africanscan learn about democracy building from an examination of these two countries. Du Toitconcludes that a precondition for successful democratization is the maintenance orestablishment of a strong autonomous state.

**Ellis, Stephen. (1995). Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where did it comefrom? Can it be Supported? The Hague: European Centre for Development Policy Management.**

This monologue was written at the request of the Foundation for a New South Africa aspart of a study-day to inform the NZA Board on the status of democracy and democraticmovements in Africa. The paper presents a concise overview of democratic development inAfrica, from the perspective of measurable developments and areas of concern. It iswritten with the donor community in mind and seeks to address the question of the roleforeign donors should play, and concludes with recommendations for aid donors working inthe area of democracy and governance in Africa, including consideration of performance ofindividual governments, more pragmatic approaches to civil society and aid generally, andgreater encouragement of independent media.

**Healey, John; Robinson, Mark. (1992). Democracy, governance and economic policy: Sub-Saharan Africa in comparative perspective. ODI development policy studies, Publishedby Overseas Development Institute.**

This analysis focuses on the "political dimensions of development" and whatconstitutes "good governance" in the developing world. The study aims to"review the evolution of authoritarian rule in sub-Saharan Africa," to"examine political explanations of economic policy formation and change in the 1970'sand 1980's," to "review the academic debate on democracy and development in theThird World," and to "assess the prospects for political liberalization andgreater political accountability in Africa." This analysis provides a comprehensiveoverview of basic debates in the field of political science over the issues ofdemocratization and its relationship to economic liberalization, as well as a historicaloverview of political development in Africa.

**Hyden, Goran and Michael Bratton, Editors. (1992). Governance and Politics inAfrica. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.**

This analysis considers the current wave of democratic reform in Africa in light of thehistorical postindependence experience of the continent and seeks to "develop theconcept of governance for use in comparative political analysis." This framework isdeveloped in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 provides an overview of recent political protest inAfrica to gauge the magnitude of changes occurring. The last nine chapters illustratethree regime types: the first is "countries where experimentation with democraticgovernance has been a consistent feature of the postindependence period...the secondregime type is populist but military...and the third regime type is made up of one-partystates that have faced growing pressure for change."

**Kpundeh, Sahr John Editor. (1992). Democratization in Africa : African Views,African Voices : Summary of Three Workshops. Panel on Issues in Democratization,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council.Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press.**

Summarizes the contributions of three workshops organized by the National ResearchCouncil for the Africa Bureau at USAID. These workshops were organized in order to"better understand the dynamics of contemporary democratic movements in Africa andAfrican opinions about how democracy can be most effectively encouraged." Issuescovered include: The Movement toward Democracy in Africa, Transitions to Democracy inAfrica, Democracy and Governance in Africa, Institutions needed to Sustain Democracy, Roleof Extra-African Forces in Democratization, and the Role of Africans in theDemocratization Process.

**Licht, Robert A. & Bertus de Villiers, Editors. (1994). South Africa'sCrisis of Constitutional Democracy. Washington D.C.: AEI Press.**

Based on a 1992 Conference in Johannesburg in July 1992, called "Constitutionalismin South Africa and in the United States: A Dialogue." The purpose of the conferencewas to bring together South African and American scholars for a discussion onconstitutionalism. The book focuses on what the U.S. Constitution can bring to the debateabout the kind of constitution that is promulgated in South Africa. The introductionsummarizes the other articles in the book. In Chapter 2, "Constitutionalism in theNew South Africa," author Pierre Olivier analyzes the various approaches toconstitutionalism; the Westminster, American, German, socialist, and African approaches,and discusses their relevance to constitutional development in South Africa. In Chapter 3,Thomas Pangle examines the relevance of the United States constitution for South Africa.In Chapter 4, Kader Asmal examines the federalism debate by examining federal vs unitarysystems. In Chapter 5, Daniel J. Elazar argues for the implementation of a federal systemin South Africa, based on a comparison of South Africa and the United States. In Chapter6, Dennis Davis addresses the economic components of constitutionalism by examining the"appropriate" level of state intervention into the economy. In Chapter 7, MarcPlattner goes back to The Federalist papers to examine the relationship between thepolitical and economic system in American constitutional theory. In Chapter 8, John Dugardargues that the failure of the Westminster system to protect individual rights andfreedoms adequately speaks to the continuing relevance of the U.S. example to the humanrights debate in South Africa. Robert A. Goldwin, in Chapter 9, explores the relevance ofthe bill of rights in the U.S. constitutional debate. In Chapter 10,Gretchen Carpenterexamines the experiences of several former British colonies under Westminster systems. InChapter 11, Walter Burns examines the U.S. Constitution as a product of the circumstancessurrounding its inception. In Chapter 12, David Welsh looks at parties in any newconstitutional arrangement. Finally, in Chapter 13, James Ceaser examines the link betweenpolitical process and constitutionalism in the U.S. 

**Motala, Ziyad. (1994). Constitutional Options for a Democratic South Africa : aComparative Perspective. Washington, D.C. : Howard University Press.**

An evaluation of constitutional options for post-Apartheid South Africa through acomparative exploration of constitutional choices of other countries, both within andoutside of Africa. Arguing that a constitution serves as a framework for societal goals,the study examines various constitutional options in terms of how well they fulfilspecific goals. Western liberal systems and communist systems are examined and compared onthe basis of how well they accomplish certain societal goals such as national unity,socioeconomic change, and democracy. There is discussion of the advantages anddisadvantages of a unitary versus a federal government structure, a review of previousSouth African constitutional efforts, federal states in Africa, marxist African states,socialist African states, and constitutions proposed by various political organizations inSouth Africa.

**Nnoli, Okwudiba. (1994). Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa: InterveningVariables. Lagos: Malthouse Press, Ltd.**

Discusses the wave of democratization in Africa in terms of its "feasibility"rather than its desirability - with an emphasis on the role that ethnicity can play in theprocess of democratization. Nnoli discusses both the positive and negative impacts ofethnicity on democratization. He argues that historically, ethnicity is seen to have aprimarily negative influence on democratization - such as the tendency of politicalparties in an ethnically divided society to become polarized along ethnic lines ratherthan policy issues. Nnoli argues that the positive impacts of ethnicity include:articulation of demands for greater social and economic justice, providing a local basefor political mobilization, and promoting community development. 

**Nwokedi, Emeka. (1995). Politics of Democratization : Changing AuthoritarianRegimes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Munster: University of Hamburg.**

Examines the democratic transitions in Africa in terms of how successful thosetransitions have been. Nwokedi argues that "the type of the modality of democratictransition invariably determines the outcome of the democratization process, all thingsbeing equal: democratization from above will tend to lead to partial transition while theopposite, democratization from below will tend to lead to full transition." (p.3) Thechapters address the following issues: democracy in the African context; background to thedemocratization process in Africa; the conceptualization of civil society; democratizationfrom above; Nigeria's experience as a case study of democratization from above; externaleffects on democratization; and case study material on Benin, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire,Congo, Gabon, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Togo, Zaire, and Zambia.

**Osaghae, Eghosa. (1994). Ethnicity and Its Management in Africa: TheDemocratization Link. Lagos: Malthouse Press, Ltd.**

Examines some of the ways of managing ethnicity within the context of democratizationin Africa. Whereas historically it has been argued that the only way to manage ethnicitywas to eradicate it, this monograph examines approaches to managing ethnicity in thecontext of the argument that democracy will tend to aggravate existing ethnic conflictsand tensions mandating a plan to deal with such eventualities. Osaghae argues that suchcontrol is possible. The first section discusses the nature of ethnic conflicts, thesecond section examines the effects of democratization on such conflicts, and the finalsection examines ways in which ethnic conflicts can be managed or mismanaged within thedemocratic framework.

**Ronning, Helge. (1994). Media and Democracy: Theories and Principles withReference to an African Context. Harare: Sapes Books.**

Discusses the role of the media in the democratic process in the context of twoquestions: What is an independent press, and what is the relationship between the stateand the media? Argues that three major crises that affect the media in Africa are thecrisis of power, the crisis of ownership, and the crisis of resources. In terms of power,the crisis is that weak states perceive the media as a threat and seek to control it. Atthe same time, the media is weak because its inability to deeply penetrate thesesocieties. In terms of ownership, the crisis is that the media in Africa is largely ownedby the state, or by international conglomerates with their own interests, and whenindigenously owned are often subject to a variety of problems includingundercapitalization, etc. The crisis of resources affects the media in terms of personneland the material resources necessary to produce such products.

**Wiseman, John A. (1990). Democracy in Black Africa : survival and revival. NewYork, N.Y. : Paragon House Publishers.**

This analysis argues that the prospects for democracy in Africa are better than paintedin much of the literature on African political development. The analysis discusses the"survival and revival" of democracy in Africa in the context of historicalpolitical development in Africa, as well as the broader debate about democracy in theThird World. The focus is on the more "successful" African democracies such asBotswana and Mauritius, as well as more qualified cases such as Zimbabwe, Ghana, Uganda,and Senegal.

Back to Table of Contents
Section III: USAID Documents on Democracy in Africa from1994-presentCivil Society
***PN-ABX-883 Special Evaluation Civil society and democratic development inKenya : a CDIE assessment.** U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forPolicy and Program Coordination. Center for Development Information and Evaluation,Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Kenya,Nairobi, USAID working paper, no. 213, Draft ed. Sep 1994, 33 p., En

* Microfiche not available -- draft

**PD-ABJ-186 Special Evaluation Joint evaluation of the grant between U.S. Agencyfor International Development and African - American Labor Center** Roush, JamesL.; Barrett, Jerome; Iskander, Kate Development Associates, Inc., Arlington, VA, African -American Labor Center, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forAfrica. Ofc. of Technical Resources, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) 6 Jul 1994, v.p. :statistical tables, En 6980477; 9300085

Interim evaluation of a grant to the African-American Labor Center (AALC) to expand itsefforts to develop self-sufficient democratic trade unions in sub-Saharan Africancountries (exclusive of South Africa). The evaluation covers the period 9/91-7/94. USAIDobjectives in sub-Saharan Africa during this critical period have been well served by thegrant to AALC. It has increased the number of its country programs from 23 in 1991 to 29in 1993, with over 70 percent of the direct costs of the grant going to country programs,i.e., to support individual trade union centers. The grant also funds rapid assistance totrade union federations; initial activities where a full-scale program is not yet calledfor; activities by U.S. unions with counterpart African unions under the auspices ofInternational Trade Secretariats; and collaborative activities with regional andsub-regional trade union organizations. Due in significant measure to AALC support, tradeunion leaders appear to understand and accept the need for economic restructuring, eventhough they think that the process could be carried out more humanely and with trade unionparticipation. Given the increasing number of countries eligible for participation in theprogram, the speed of political developments in the region, and the fact that AALC isalready stretched thin, especially in terms of field representation, it is recommendedthat AALC expand its activities and infrastructure. Among the specific recommendations arefor AALC to: (1) increase its monitoring capability in the field, hiring additional localstaff and specialists, and establishing an additional regional office (possibly two whenthe turmoil in a number of countries ceases); (2) undertake more research for, andinformation sharing with, trade union federations on such subjects as institutionbuilding, conflict resolution, project development, and comparative labor codes; and (3)increase contacts with other donors, USAID Missions, trade union representatives, etc.

**PN-ABU-031 Conference Proceedings Civil society, democracy and development inAfrica : proceedings of a workshop for development practitioners, June 9 - 10, 1994,Washington, DC** Associates in Rural Development, Inc., Burlington, VT, ManagementSystems International, Inc., Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International. Bur. forAfrica. Ofc. of Sustainable Development, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Jun 1994, iii, 20 p. +annex, En 6980542

**PN-ABT-661 Other USAID Supported Study Assessment of USAID's capacity for rapidresponse in support of African civil society** Fox, Leslie M.; Bratton, Michael; etal. Associates in Rural Development, Inc., Burlington, VT, U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Africa. Operations and New Initiatives Ofc., Washington, DC,(Sponsor) 7 Jan 1994, viii, 76 p., En 6980542

**PN-ABR-132 Other USAID Supported Study Community Law Centre : an introduction**-- Ukwethulwa Community Law Centre, Durban, U.S. Agency for International Development.Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Southern African Affairs, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Jan 1994, 91p. : ill., EN, Zu 6740301; 6740305

**PN-ABU-255 Bibliography/Index/Literature Review Civil society bibliography withannotations** McHugh, Heather S. Academy for Educational Development, Inc.,Washington, DC U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Policy and ProgramCoordination. Center for Development Information and Evaluation, Washington, DC (Sponsor)Jan 1994, 35 p., En

**PN-ABS-071 AID Supported Study Education for democracy : the role of schools**Villegas-Reimers, Eleonora Academy for Educational Development, Inc., Washington, DC U.S.Agency for International Development. Bur. for Latin America and Caribbean.Ofc. ofDevelopment Resources. Education and Human Resources Div.,Washington, DC, (Sponsor) EHRTS(education and human resources technical services) advocacy series: education anddevelopment, no. 6, 1994, 41 p., En
Conflict Resolution
**PN-XXX-000 (to be assigned) Manual Preventing and Mitigating Violent Conflicts:A Guide for Practitioners** Greater Horn of Africa Initiative, U.S. Department ofState U.S. Agency for International Development Creative Associates International March1996, 413 p., En

**PN-ABX-508 Program Document Africa conflict resolution act inter-agency plan**U.S. Dept. of State, Washington, DC, U.S. Dept. of Defense, Washington, DC, U.S.Information Agency, Washington, DC, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Washington,DC, U.S. Agency for International Development, (Washington, DC), (Sponsor) 19 Apr 1995, 44p. + 2 annexes : statistical tables, En

**PN-ABU-375 AID Supported Study Efforts in ethnic conflict resolution :preliminary lessons learned** McHugh, Heather S. Academy for EducationalDevelopment, Inc., Washington, DC U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forPolicy and Program Coordination. Center for Development Information and Evaluation,Washington, DC (Sponsor) Mar 1995, ix, 52 p., En

Back to Table of Contents
Democracy/Governance--General
***PN-ABW-968 Assessment Democracy / governance assessments : a review of theirdesign, implementation and the underlying framework** Thomson, James T.; Wynkoop,Andree M. Associates in Rural Development, Inc., Burlington, VT, Management SystemsInternational, Inc., Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forAfrica. Ofc. of Development Planning, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Aug 1995, 58 p., En6980542

* Best available copy -- pages 15, 17-19 missing

**PD-ABL-806 Special Evaluation Zambia democratic governance project : monitoringand evaluation studies -- mid-term review** Michigan State University, EastLansing, MI, U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Zambia, Lusaka,(Sponsor) 18 Jul 1995, 148 : statistical tables, En 6110226

Evaluates project to support democratic governance initiatives in Zambia. Mid-termevaluation covers the period 1992-95. Although slow to hit full-stride, the project is nowmaking major and critical contributions to the consolidation of democratic institutionsand processes in Zambia. Four of the five project components have made progress towardintended results, while the fifth has been suspended (correctly, in the evaluation team'sjudgment). (1) Constitutional Reform. The Constitutional Review Commission has completed anationwide series of public hearings, and issued a draft constitution on June 16, 1995.(2) Civic Education. Despite slow institutional growth at its National Secretariat, theFoundation for Democratic Process (FODEP) has built a cadre of volunteer trainers toconduct a mass civic education campaign. (3) The Media Independence component has begun toincrease the professional skills of Zambian journalists and contributed to policy dialogueleading to media law reform. (4) Under the Policy Coordination component, the project hasestablished a policy analysis and coordination unit in the Cabinet Office and introducedefficiencies into the conduct of cabinet affairs. (5) In the wake of the NationalAssembly's failure to meet an agreed condition precedent, USAID/Z has withdrawn supportfrom the Legislative Performance component. A major design flaw was inadequate attentionto institutional arrangements and practical mechanisms for implementation. Other projectweaknesses have included substantial delays in procurement of TA and commodities andoccasional constraints placed on the strong performance of the Democracy and GovernanceAdvisor by the need to play the dual role of policy advisor and Project Administrator. Inaddition, the sheer range of project activities has stretched USAID/Z managementcapacities and posed challenges of project integration. Despite these problems, theproject has made USAID the lead donor in the democratic governance field in Zambia.

**PD-ABL-598 Special Evaluation Democratic initiatives project (656-0227) :mid-term evaluation** Fox, Leslie; Somerville, Carolyn Management SystemsInternational, Inc., Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. USAIDMission to Mozambique, Maputo, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur.for Global Programs, Field Support and Research. Center for Economic Growth. Ofc. ofEconomic and Institutional Reform, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Jun 1995, xv, 41 p. + 4annexes, En 6560227; 9365451

Evaluates a project to support democratic initiatives in Mozambique. Midterm evaluationcovers the period 9/91-3/95. Progress in the project's four components is as follows.Outputs of the election component, by far the project's most important, are nearlycomplete. End-of-Project Status (EOPS) was achieved with the holding of the October 1994multiparty elections, which saw a turnout of some 87 percent of registered voters.However, midterm sustainability of the electoral process is in doubt. Progress has beenfar less in the other three components. None of the outputs under the Judicial SectorStrengthening outputs, with the exception of the legal sector assessment, have beencompleted and are unlikely to be completed. EOPS is unlikely to be completed before12/31/96. Outputs in both the Decentralization/Traditional Authority and the Civil Societycomponents are less than 10 percent completed and are unlikely to be completed by thePACD; further, although EOPS are being achieved in these components, it is not as a resultof project activities. In terms of the election component, the project has been aresounding success. Multi-party elections have led to the installation of a democraticallyelected government, thereby effecting the transition from war to peace and establishing afoundation for a stable democratic society. However, the historical power asymmetrieswhich define much of the past 400 years are still in place, particularly in relation tocivil society and local government. The slow progress of the other three components is notconsidered particularly unusual within the larger framework of the Mission's TransitionProgram. In fact, it is only with the elections safely behind that these other moredevelopmental components have a realistic chance of being implemented; that elections --particularly first-time elections -- always dominate the agenda in democratizationprojects, should be kept in mind in designing future such projects. 

**PN-ABW-062 AID Supported Study Relationship between democracy andsustainability : a disengaged process** McHugh, Heather S. Academy for EducationalDevelopment, Inc., Washington, DC U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forPolicy and Program Coordination. Center for Development Information and Evaluation,Washington, DC (Sponsor) [Sustaining the vision : lessons for USAID's move towardsustainability and sustainable development] series issue paper, no. 3, May 1995, iii, 32p., En

**PN-ABU-987 AID Supported Study Lessons for citizens of a new democrac**yOrdeshook, Peter C. University of Maryland. Center for Institutional Reform and theInformal Sector, College Park, MD U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forGlobal Programs, Field Support and Research. Center for Economic Growth. Ofc. ofMicroenterprise Development, Washington, DC (Sponsor) Center for Institutional Reform andthe Informal Sector (IRIS) working paper series, no. 155, Apr 1995, vii, 149 p., En

**Available from ABIC, Handbook/Manual/Guide Democracy and Human Rights FundManual: 116(e) Program** U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. U.S. Agency forInternational Development, Washington, D.C. April 1995, 74p., En

**PN-ABS-504 Annual Report Annual report on program performance, 1994 : corereport** U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Policy and ProgramCoordination. Center for Development Information and Evaluation, Washington, DC, Mar 1995,viii, 25 p. + appendix, En Full report: PN-ABS-505

Development assistance is in the United States' interest only if it produces results.This report provides evidence from USAID Mission reports, central evaluations, and otherdata collected during 1994 that USAID is achieving measurable results. Although it drawson experience and examples from all of USAID's programs, it focuses on programs in 41countries in Africa, Asia, the Near East, and Latin America and the Caribbean where theAgency has decided to concentrate its sustainable development resources. The report isorganized according to USAID's main sustainable development themes -- economic growth,democracy, population and health, and environment -- followed by discussions ofhumanitarian assistance and assistance to Eastern Europe and the New Independent States.Each section describes the strategy pursued by the Agency, objectives as of September1994, results achieved, and lessons learned. Performance highlights for each category ofassistance are also identified. A final section outlines challenges that face the Agency'sefforts to manage for results in 1995.

***PN-ABS-505 Special Evaluation Agency for International Development : annualreport on program performance, 1994 -- full report** U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Policy and Program Coordination. Center for Development Informationand Evaluation, Washington, DC, Mar 1995, ix, 117 p. + appendix : charts, statisticaltables, En Core report: PN-ABS-504

* Fulltext electronic copy available -- electronic version does not contain tables,figures, charts, or graphics

**PD-ABK-731 Other Program Document Assessment of program impact (API) : USAID /Niger -- 1994** U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Niger,Niamey, 24 Feb 1995, 32 p. : statistical tables, En

**PN-ABU-034 Other USAID Supported Study Assessing and assisting democraticgovernance reform : a framework** Oakerson, Ronald J. Associates in RuralDevelopment, Inc., Burlington, VT, Management Systems International, Inc., Washington, DC,U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Development Planning,Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Feb 1995, [38] p., En 6980542

**PN-ABU-033 Other USAID Supported Study Utility of the analytic framework inanalyzing democratic governance in Mali** Coulibaly, Cheibane Associates in RuralDevelopment, Inc., Burlington, VT, Management Systems International, Inc., Washington, DC,U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Development Planning,Washington, DC, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission toMali, Bamako, (Sponsor) Feb 1995, 15 p., En 6980542

**PN-ABU-007 Other USAID Supported Study Framework for assessing democraticgovernance : summary document** Oakerson, Ronald J. Associates in RuralDevelopment, Inc., Burlington, VT, Management Systems International, Inc., Washington, DC,U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa. Operations and New InitiativesOfc., Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Feb 1995, 11 p., En 6980542

**PN-ABU-851 Other USAID Supported Study Democratic governance and sectoral work: toward programmatic integration** Walker, S. Tjip Associates in RuralDevelopment, Inc., Burlington, VT, Management Systems International, Inc., Washington, DC,U.S. Agency for International. Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Sustainable Development,Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Feb 1995, 17 p., En 6980542

Over the past several months, the Africa Bureau has been developing analyticmethodology for conducting macro-political assessments of its democratic governanceinitiatives. Emerging evidence of the importance of sectoral issues in this effort led tothis study, which seeks to identify the linkages between democratic governance reform andsectoral activities. The overall finding is that clear connections exist between sectorpriorities and strategies and democratic governance efforts, and that the Africa Bureau'ssectoral divisions are interested in pursuing them further. More specific findings are asfollows. (1) The current sectoral strategies of the Africa Bureau's SustainableDevelopment Division (AFR/SD) are increasingly demand-oriented, and represent a departurefrom the supply driven approaches of the past. (2) Connections between democraticgovernance and sectoral programming occur at two levels. At a strategic level, thoseengaged in designing and implementing sectorally based programs need to recognize andadapt to the changing political and policy environment resulting from democratization inAfrican countries. At a programmatic level, there is both the opportunity and the need tointegrate sectoral programming and broader democratic governance reform efforts. (3) Thewide scope for integrated programming is due to the adoption of demand-oriented sectoralstrategies that have much in common with democratic governance efforts. A bibliography isappended.

**PD-ABK-362 Periodic Report USAID / Kenya : portfolio management review, April 1- September 30, 1994** U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission toKenya, Nairobi, 10 Jan 1995, v.p. : charts, statistical tables, En

Presents USAID/Kenya's semi-annual review of its portfolio, including initiatives inthe area of population and health, private enterprise, agricultural development, anddemocracy and governance, for the period 4-9/94. The implementation of the new Democracyand Governance project has commenced with execution of a Cooperative Agreement with theInstitute for Policy Analysis and Research (IPAR) to support establishment of anindigenous institute for medium- and long-term policy research and analysis. Procurementof an interim project manager is in progress, and recruitment of project managementpersonnel is expected to accelerate the pace of project implementation, especially thecivil society component. The pace of negotiations with GOK regarding the signing of theproject agreement for implementation of the public sector components of the project hasbeen slow but indications are that the draft agreement is circulating within GOK offices.The Democracy and Human Right Fund (116(e)) grants continue to play a key role in thedevelopment of civil society. During the reporting period, the number of active grants wasfive, and the number of grants whose PACD has expired but not closed was six, all with atotal funding of $532,400 provided under the DHRF since 1991.

**PN-ABX-153 Other USAID Supported Study Ghana : survey mission** NationalDemocratic Institute for International Affairs, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency forInternational Development. USAID Mission to Ghana, Accra, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency forInternational Development. Bur. for Africa. Operations and New Initiatives Ofc.,Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Dec 1994, 14 p. + 3 appendices : maps, En 6980486

**PN-ABW-200 Other USAID Supported Study Perspectives on participation ineconomic policy reform in Africa** Brinkerhoff, Derick W.; Kulibaba, Nicolas P.Management Systems International, Inc., Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support and Research. Ofc. of Economic andInstitutional Development, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) [Implementing policy change (IPC)]working papers, no. 8, Dec 1994, 18 p., En 9365451

As economic and political liberalization continue to evolve in Africa, Africandecisionmakers and international donor agencies have become interested in how the twotrends may support and reinforce each other. An issue central to both trends, popularparticipation, has enjoyed something of a policy renaissance over the past several years.This paper reviews the literature on participation in economic reform, and specificallyexamines whether patterns of participation influence the reform process. The authors findthat the circumstances surrounding participation and the way in which it occurs do affectthe economic reform process, but these effects can be complex and are closely intertwinedwith political and governance factors. For the most part, chances for participation arebetter under democratic than authoritarian regimes, and in societies which are rich insocial capital and associational life. Increased participation appears to enhanceprospects for sustainable as well as technically sound policy reforms, but creatingopportunities for participation and managing the process over time are exacting tasks forreformers. The report advises collaborative policy design; improving the institutionalcapacities of NGOs, private sector groups, political parties, and the media; increasingopportunities for participation through matching grants, revenue-sharing mechanisms, andthe participation of research centers and local NGOs in data collection on policy impacts;and greater openness to mid-course corrections in policy implementation. Issues inAfrica's swiftly changing sociopolitical and economic dynamics demanding further attentionare identified in conclusion. Includes an extensive bibliography.

**PN-ABW-129 Assessment Improving democratic governance for sustainabledevelopment : an assessment of change and continuity in Niger -- summary final report**Charlick, Robert; Fox, Leslie; et al. Associates in Rural Development, Inc., Burlington,VT, Management Systems International, Inc., Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International.Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Sustainable Development, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) 27 Oct 1994,18 p., En 6980542

***PD-ABJ-861 Project/Program/Activity Design Document Democracy / governancesupport project : amendment no. 1** U.S. Agency for International Development.USAID Mission to Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Draft ed. 18 Oct 1994, [46] p., En 6630007

* Best available copy -- page 19 missing

**PD-ABJ-557 Other Program Document Strategic plan -- initiative for SouthernAfrica (ISA) : USAID review and discussion document** U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Southern African Affairs, Washington, DC, Draft ed.30 Sep 1994, 59 p., En

**PN-ABS-038 Other USAID Supported Study Lessons learned on the integration ofhealth, population, environment, democratization and privatization into basic educationcurriculum in Africa: final report** Cain, Joyce; Schuman, Susan; et al. CreativeAssociates International, Inc., Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development.Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Analysis, Research and Technical Support, Washington, DC,(Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Global Programs, FieldSupport, and Research. Ofc. of Health, Population, and Nutrition, Washington, DC,(Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Global Programs, FieldSupport, and Research. Ofc. of Education, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) ARTS publication :technical paper, no. 14, Jul 1994, xvii, 115 p., En 9365832

A number of African countries have undertaken to integrate instruction on suchsocietally crucial topics such as health (especially, HIV/AIDS), population, theenvironment, democracy, and privatization into their formal basic education curricula.This report presents case studies of curriculum reform and development efforts inBotswana, Senegal, and The Gambia, from which it attempts to develop some general insightsand suggestions on the pace, nature, and direction of curriculum development and reform inAfrican societies. The first section briefly compares traditional, rigid educationaltheory to more modern, holistic theories on the goals of education, the learning process,and curriculum design; section two contains the three case studies; the third and finalsection presents synthesis observations and recommendations. While the report finds thatthe integration of health, population, and environmental issues into basic education is atan embryonic stage in the three countries studied, the synthesis findings focus on whatAfrican countries can do overall to improve their basic education programs; amongsuggestions are the need for culturally appropriate curricula and teaching methods;greater attention to gender issues; and in-service teacher training programs. Appendicesinclude: (1) charts and matrices summarizing findings on the educational programs in thethree countries; (2) a synthesis of conclusions of the literature review undertaken forthe report; (3) a general bibliography, and individual bibliographies fordemocracy/privatization, environmental, HIV/AIDS, health and population, and curriculumissues; (4) a list of contacts in Botswana, Senegal, and The Gambia; and (5) a list ofupcoming ECONET accessible conferences on education.

**PD-ABG-718 Project/Program/Activity Design Document Strengthening democracy andgovernance in Kenya** U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission toKenya, Nairobi, 30 Jun 1994, v.p. : statistical tables, En 6150266

Project to strengthen democratic governance in Kenya. The project will improve theperformance of Parliament, create an independent policy analysis organization, supportKenyan NGOs involved in the promotion of democracy, and improve public financialadministration. The first component will provide TA and training to enhance thelegislative skills of Members of Parliament (MPs), as well as of the staff members,including librarians, of the Office of the Clerk. Specific objectives are to improveparliamentary ability to modify or redraft legislation, the quality of parliamentarydebate on major public policy issues, and parliamentary access to pertinent information.Under its second and most significant component, the project, in cooperation with otherdonors, will establish a new, nonpartisan policy analysis organization, to be called theInstitute for Policy Analysis and Research (IPAR) to enhance understanding of, and debateupon, emerging public policy issues, including the long-term economic, political, social,and environmental challenges facing Kenya. The project will support IPAR's production ofhigh-quality, independent policy research studies, and strengthen its ability to engage inongoing dialogue with government agencies, universities, research institutes, NGOs,consultant firms, and the private sector. The third component will strengthen Kenya'scivil society through institution-building grants to existing and emerging NGOs that arecommitted to advancing democracy and good governance through activities in such areas ascivic education, human rights, freedom of the press, and election monitoring. Seminars andworkshops promoting democracy and good governance will also be supported. The fourthcomponent aims at improving public accountability. To this end, the project will establisha budget monitoring system in the Ministry of Finance, and facilitate the development ofan institutional structure needed to ensure the sustainability of tax reforms initiated in1990. In addition, the project will strengthen the Controller and Auditor General Officeas well as two Parliamentary Committees, Public Accounts and Public Investment Committees,which are charged with reviewing and making recommendations on government accountability.TA will also be provided to the Attorney General's Office to upgrade its ability toredress abuses against public financial management. 

**PN-ABT-031 Design/Implementation Workplan USAID / Benin : training portfolioreview and country training strategy** Gilboy, Andrew C.; Torrey, Elizabeth;Dillener, Isabel AMEX International, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Africa. Operations and New Initiatives Ofc., Washington, DC,(Sponsor) Jun 1994, 73 p. : statistical tables, En 6980463

***PD-ABK-181 Special Evaluation Evaluation report : Ethiopia democracy /governance support project (663-0007)** Cohen, John M.; Hammink, William; Simmons,Emmy U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Ethiopia, Addis Ababa,Draft ed. 10 May 1994, vii, 193 p. + 11 annexes, En In electronic version Tables 1, 2, 7,9, and 10 are missing; Charts in Annexes III, IV, VII, VIII, and IX are missing 6630007

* Best available copy -- pages 94 - 97 are missing from paper and microfiche copy --Fulltext electronic copy available including pp.94-97

**PN-ABT-469 Miscellaneous Document Statement of John F. Hicks, AssistantAdministrator, Bureau for Africa, Agency for International Development before theSubcommittee for Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives,Washington, DC** Hicks, John F. U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forAfrica, Washington, DC, 2 Mar 1994, [8] p., En

**PD-ABH-765 Other Program Document USAID / Lome : final assessment of programimpact** U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Togo, Lome,Jan 1994, 14 p. : statistical tables, En

This assessment of USAID/Togo's program impact during FY93 covers a period marred bypolitical violence, a 9-month national strike, and ensuing economic and socialdeterioration. The political crisis caused serious delays in program implementation, andin 2/93, suspension of U.S. economic aid, except for humanitarian programs. In 11/93, thedecision to close USAID/T was announced, and all U.S. direct hires are expected to be goneby 6/30/94. Section I of the report describes the factors affecting USAID/T's program inFY93. Section II outlines progress toward the overall program goal of sustainablemarket-oriented economic growth, and the subgoal of an improved human resource base, andincludes tables of macroeconomic and educational/health indicators. Section III discusseslevel of achievement of the Mission's two strategic objectives: (1) improvedmaternal/child health and reduced fertility; and (2) a strengthened national credit union.Finally, Section IV discusses democratic initiatives undertaken by the Mission. Overall,USAID has had a positive impact in Togo, especially in the health sector and the creditunion movement.

**PN-ABX-253 Other USAID Supported Study Possibilities and limitations ofassisting democratization : the Ugandan experience** Olsen, Norman L. U.S. Agencyfor International Development. USAID Mission to Uganda, Kampala, [1994], 8 p., En

**PN-ABX-079 Special Evaluation Afrique : une croissance renouvellee, un espoirranime -- un rapport sur les performances du Fonds de developpement pour l'Afrique, 1988 -1992 (Africa: growth renewed, hope rekindled -- a report on the performance of theDevelopment Fund for Africa, 1988 - 1992)** U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Development Planning, Washington, DC, 1994, 68 p. :ill., charts, statistical tables, En English ed.: PN-ABQ-266

***PD-ABK-767 Preliminary Design Namibia's democratization results packagedescription (RPD) : democratic institution building** U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. USAID Mission to Namibia, Windhoek, [1994], 8 p., En 6730007

* Microfiche not available -- RPD

**PN-ABU-123 Conference Proceedings USAID presentations at the African StudiesAssociation meeting, Toronto, Canada, November 3 - 6, 1994** U.S. Agency forInternational Development. Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Development Planning, Washington, DC,[1994], 95 p. : charts, En

Five papers presented by the Africa Bureau at the annual meeting of the African StudiesAssociation, held in Toronto, November 3-6, 1994, are presented. The importance ofpolitical and economic empowerment is a major theme of the papers, which treat thefollowing specific subjects: (1) the need for a new economic and political paradigm forAfrican development; (2) the Benin budget crisis of 1994, and its implications for donors;(3) USAID's experience in promoting community-based natural resource management in Africa;(4) political participation in the policy reform process in Malawi's agricultural sector;(5) the role of donors in expanding civil society and democratic governance; (6) emergingevidence that agricultural assistance in Africa is reaping higher pay-offs than previouslythought; (7) demographic dimensions of development in sub-Saharan Africa and the linkagesbetween USAID's family planning efforts and other development activities; and (8) theimportance of research on women's role in African households.

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Elections
**PD-ABM-023 Annual Report Africa Regional Electoral Assistance Fund [AREAF]annual report : cooperative agreement no. AOT-0486-A-00-2134-00 (August 28, 1994 - August28, 1995)** African - American Institute, New York, NY, Western EcoSystemsTechnology Inc., Cheyenne, WY, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs,Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa. Operations andNew Initiatives Ofc., Washington, DC, (Sponsor) 5 Oct 1995, 55 p. + 2 appendices, En6980486

**PN-ABW-114 Handbook/Manual/Guide Managing democratic electoral assistance : apractical guide for USAID** Hirschmann, David; Mendelson, Johanna Thunder andAssociates, Inc., Alexandria, VA U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forGlobal Programs, Field Support and Research. Center for Democracy and Governance,Washington, DC (Sponsor) Aug 1995, v, 56 p., En. Delivery order no. 09

**PN-ABX-122 Conference Proceedings Seminaire de formation a l'administration deselections organise au Tchad du 23 Mars au 17 Avril 1995 (Training seminar on electionadministration, Chad, 23 March to 17 April 1995)** AMEX International, Washington,DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Chad, N'Djamena, (Sponsor)Apr 1995, 30 p., Fr

**PN-ABX-157 Other USAID Supported Study Training of territorial administrationon election mechanisms : final report** Miezah, Hilary; Traore, Mohammed AMEXInternational, Washington, DC, GERDDES Tchad, N'Djamena, U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. USAID Mission to Chad, N'Djamena, (Sponsor) Apr 1995, 7 p. + 5 annexes, En,Fr 6980463

**PD-ABL-563 Final Contractor/Grantee Report Assistance to the electoral processin Mozambique : final report** U.N. Development Programme, New York, NY, U.S.Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Mozambique, Maputo, (Sponsor) Apr1995, v.p. : ill., statistical tables, En. Project MOZ/93/016 6560227

Final report by the grantee, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), on amultidonor activity to help organize and carry out the first multiparty general electionsin Mozambique. Report covers the period 5/93-4/95. Strong, coherent, and independentdirection by the National Elections Commission and the dedication and civic awareness ofthe Mozambicans who conducted the electoral process were decisive in overcoming obstacles-- mutual distrust between the parties involved, social breakdown and physical destructioncaused by war, and the return of thousands of refugees and the internal movements ofdisplaced populations -- that might have threatened the success of the elections. Theelection results, announced by the Chairman of the National Election Commission on11/19/94, were accepted by the parties, and the elections were recognized as free and fairby the United Nations and the international community. Many observers consider theelections to be an example to be followed in other countries in Africa. The project hasprovided Mozambique with a human, material, and informational patrimony which provides abase from which to conduct future elections; the electoral process gave Mozambique theopportunity to train and directly involve in the elections more than 64,000 people (2,600members and officers of the electoral structures, 8,000 registration agents, 1,600 civiceducation agents, and 52,000 polling station officers), to acquire registration and votingmaterials, more than 200 vehicles of various kinds, as well as other logistical andtechnological equipment, and to carry out voter registration for the first time.

**PN-ABU-214 Other USAID Supported Study Local government election results**Bratton, Mike Michigan State University. African Studies Center, East Lansing, MI, U.S.Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Zambia, Lusaka, (Sponsor) 17 Feb1995, [13] p. : statistical tables, En 6110226

***PN-ABW-679 Other USAID Supported Study Comparison of the Russia and SouthAfrica election evaluations** Thunder and Associates, Inc., Alexandria, VA, U.S.Agency for International Development. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support andResearch. Center for Democracy and Governance, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Feb 1995, 15 p.,En

* Best available copy -- faded type

This report compares the findings of evaluations of USAID's support for elections inRussia and South Africa, highlighting lessons learned and making recommendations for thedesign of future democracy and governance programs. For both countries, the report detailsUSAID's strategic objectives, implementing mechanisms and agencies, and projectactivities, which included political party development, support for the Central ElectionsCommission (CEC) (both countries), and civic or voter education. There are many lessons tobe learned. In the case of Russia: (1) Because participating U.S. NGOs were responding toa need for quick help, their assessments, though of high quality, were not incorporatedinto long-term planning. Proper baseline data, specific indicators, targets, andevaluation criteria were not established prior to the cooperative agreements. (2) Theperception of nonpartisanship may be influenced by the approach to and method of training.In this case, the implementing agency, the International Republican Institute's (IRI) useof local contacts to conduct the initial solicitations for training programs may haveaffected its reputation for impartiality. (3) Establishing rapport with the CEC is aprerequisite to working effectively with it. (4) USAID's inability to keep up withactivities of the NGOs may jeopardize the NGOs' ability to properly manage assistanceprograms. Lessons learned from the South African election are as follows. (1) The successof the voter education program was the result of its early start and the integration of alocal NGO having training experience and community development skills with aninternational NGO having international election and management skills. USAID will,however, need to do a better job of communicating its goals and requirements. (2)Bipartisan political party training, e.g., by representatives from both IRI and theNational Democratic Institute (NDI), was not deemed important by local parties. (3) Futureprojects should tailor training materials to the cultural environment and include hostcountry nationals in the planning process. (4) The election law consultations andmultiparty fora seem to have had the least impact, possibly due to the timing of theseactivities. (5) Work with the CEC needs to be done early for maximum effectiveness.Lessons common to both elections are as follows. (1) The timing of election assistance iscritical to its success. (2) The U.S. NGOs did not approach either election from adevelopmental perspective (which would include post-election assistance), but with asingle focus on the national election. The NGOs were working under short-term (1 year)cooperative agreement. Since USAID's long-term goal is to support transitions todemocracy, the Agency should consider the use of organizations which take a developmentaland long-term approach to the democracy sector. (3) The method used for training can be amore important factor than the political affiliation of the trainer. 

**PD-ABM-211 Final Contractor/Grantee Report AREAF [African Regional ElectoralAssistance Fund] project final report : Niger -- coordination of election observers**National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency forInternational Development. Bur. for Africa. Operations and New Initiatives Ofc.,Washington, DC, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission toNiger, Niamey, (Sponsor) [1995], [4] p. + attachment, En Attachment: XD-ABM-211-A (Togoreport) 6980486

**XD-ABM-211-A Final Contractor/Grantee Report AREAF [African Regional ElectoralAssistance Fund] project final report : Togo -- monitoring presidential and legislativeelections** National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, Washington,DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa. Operations and NewInitiatives Ofc., Washington, DC, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development.USAID Mission to Togo, Lome, (Sponsor) [1995], [7] p., En Attached to PD-ABM-211 (Nigerreport) 6980486

**PD-ABK-080 Final Contractor/Grantee Report IOM [International Organization forMigration] support to the electoral process : final report** InternationalOrganization for Migration, Maputo, U.S. Agency for International Development. USAIDMission to Mozambique, Maputo, (Sponsor) [Dec 1994], 8 p. + attachment : charts,statistical tables, En Attachment: Electoral project : final statistical report 6560227

**PN-ABX-340 Conference Proceedings Comments on the Namibian presidential andnational assembly elections, Windhoek, Namibia, December 7 and 8, 1994**NationalDemocratic Institute for International Affairs, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency forInternational Development. USAID Mission to Namibia, Windhoek, (Sponsor) Dec 1994, 10 p.,En 6980486

In December 1994, Namibia held Presidential and National Assembly elections, the firstnational elections to be administered by Namibians without major international assistance.This report on the elections was prepared by the National Democratic Institute forInternational Affairs (NDI), which observed the election process. Overall, the electionprocess in Namibia appeared to operate smoothly. The government should be commended forits commitment to adhering to the elections schedule prescribed in the constitution.Priority was placed upon adequate registration, voter education, and transparency.Officials emphasized secrecy of the ballot and public ownership of the elections. Measureswere taken to ensure the integrity of the process, such as permitting internationalobservers into the polling and counting stations, encouraging the use of party seals forballot boxes, and allowing party agents to remain in the polling station before, during,and after the voting process. Efforts were made by the Electoral Commission, theDirectorate of Elections, and the political parties to make the process smooth and fair.Although some problems did occur, they did not appear to be widespread or intentional. Theelections have marked another significant step forward in Namibia's democratic process.(Author abstract)

***PN-ABU-686 Other USAID Supported Study Programme d'appui multidonateur auprocessus electoral du Tchad : rapport de la mission technique international -- avecannexes (Multi-donor support program for the electoral process in Chad : report of theinternational technical mission -- with annexes )** Astorkia, Jose; Trudel, LindaU.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Chad, N'Djamena, (Sponsor) 17Nov 1994, 26 p. + attachments, Fr Related document: PD-ABK-865 6980541; 9300023

* Some annexes listed but not included with document

**PD-ABK-865 Trip Report Programme d'appui au processus electoral du Tchad(Support program for the electoral process in Chad)** Astorkia, Jose; Trudel, LindaU.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Chad, N'Djamena, 7 Nov 1994,ca. [200] p. : charts, Fr Includes: set of Chad Government documents Related document:PN-ABU-868 6980541; 9300023

**PN-ABU-038 Other USAID Supported Study Analise dos resultados das primeiraseleicoes gerais e multipartidarias realizadas entre os dias 27 e 29 de outubro de 1994(Analysis of the results of the first general and multi-party election carried out the27th of October through the 29th of October 1994) Mozambique.** TechnicalSecretariat of Electoral Administration, [Maputo], U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. USAID Mission to Mozambique, Maputo, (Sponsor) 29 Oct 1994, [46] p. :statistical tables, Pt 6560227

***PN-ABT-467 Other USAID Supported Study South Africa : campaign and electionreport** International Republican Institute, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency forInternational Development. USAID Mission to South Africa, Pretoria, (Sponsor) Oct 1994,129 p. + 20 appendices : charts, statistical tables, En

* International Republican Institute, 1212 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20005-3987USA

**PD-ABK-176 Final Contractor/Grantee Report Report : Lawyers' Committee forCivil Rights under Law -- observer delegation to South Africa's first non-racial nationalelection -- April 16 - May 2, 1994 --`witnesses to the birth of a new South Africa'**Farmer, Francesca E. Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Washington, DC, U.S.Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to South Africa, Pretoria, (Sponsor)16 Jun 1994, 23 p. + 4 appendices, En 6740301

***PD-ABK-182 Preliminary Design Supporting the electoral process** U.S.Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Ghana, Accra, 9 Jun 1994, [48 p.] +4 annexes : statistical tables, En 6410133

**PN-ABW-923 Assessment Pre-election technical assessment : Ethiopia**Klein, Keith International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Washington, DC, U.S. Agencyfor International Development. USAID Mission to Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, (Sponsor) U.S.Agency for International Development. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support andResearch. Ofc. of Economic and Institutional Development, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) May1994, 25 p. + 2 appendices, En 6630007; 9300023

**PD-ABI-311 Periodic Report AREAF [Africa Regional Electoral Assistance Fund] :quarterly report, first quarter, 1994 -- cooperative agreement no. AOT-0486-A-00-2134-00**African - American Institute, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development.Bur. for Africa. Operations and New Initiatives Ofc., Washington, DC, (Sponsor) 28 Apr1994, 7 p. + 1 annex : charts, En 6980486

**PN-ABU-924 Handbook/Manual Party voting agent trainers manual** U.S.Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to South Africa, Pretoria, 16 Mar1994, v.p., En 6740301

**PD-ABM-212 Final Contractor/Grantee Report AREAF [African Regional ElectoralAssistance Fund] project final report : democratic consolidation in Niger, Mali and Benin-- the role of an effective legislature : grant no. AOT-0486-A-00-2134-00, modificationno. 10, January 1 to September 30, 1994** National Democratic Institute forInternational Affairs, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forAfrica. Operations and New Initiatives Ofc., Washington, DC, (Sponsor) 1994, 13 p., En6980486

**PN-ABW-112 Handbook/Manual Eleicoes gerais multipartidarias / 1994 : manual dosdelegados de lista e da candidatura (General multi-party elections / 1994 : manual fordelegates of listed candidates)** International Republican Institute, Washington,DC, Mozambique. Technical Secretariat of Electoral Administration, [Maputo], (Sponsor)U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Mozambique, Maputo, (Sponsor)[1994], 47 p. : ill., Pt 6560227

**PN-ABU-926 Handbook/Manual Funda ngezokhetho (Voter education)**TembaletuCommunity Education Centre, Pietermaritzburg, U.S. Agency for International Development.USAID Mission to South Africa, Pretoria, (Sponsor) 1994, 40 p. : ill., Zu English ed.:PN-ABU-925 6740301 

***PN-ABU-923 Handbook/Manual Voter education trainers manual** Mabuza,Wesley M., comp. Institute for Contextual Theology, Braamfontein, U.S. Agency forInternational Development. USAID Mission to South Africa, Pretoria, (Sponsor) 1994, iii,19 p. : ill., En 6740301

* Institute for Contextual Theology

***PN-ABT-617 Other USAID Supported Study Gabon : a report on the presidentialelections -- December 5, 1993** African - American Institute, Washington, DC, U.S.Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa. Operations and New InitiativesOfc., Washington, DC, (Sponsor) African - American Institute publication series, no. 2,1994, 341 p. : ill., En, Fr 6980486

* African - American Institute, 833 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA

**PN-ABT-468 Other USAID Supported Study South Africa prepares for the democraticchallenge : the report of the pre-election mission Mutua, Makau** Lawyers'Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. USAID Mission to South Africa, Pretoria, (Sponsor) [1994], 12 p., En 6740301

In March 1994, a delegation from the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law,composed of U.S. and African lawyers and academics, traveled throughout South Africa'sNorthwest Province, particularly within the former "homeland" of Bophuthatswana(ex-Bop) and the urban areas of Klerksdorp and Rustenburg, to assess the Province'sreadiness for the country's first nonracial national elections in April 1994. Thedelegation toured the Province during a time of great political tension -- only one weekafter a popular uprising in Bop had deposed the autocratic and dreaded Mangope regime,effectively bringing Bop under South African control. the determination of the people ofSouth Africa to end apartheid and the herculean efforts of the Independent ElectoralCommission to mount the election in the face of serious security difficulties and resourceconstraints. The report discusses the political changes in Bop, the history of thesecurity situation and of intimidation by the South African police, civic and human rightsorganizations and activities, political party activities, and preparations for theelections.

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Governance
***PN-ABX-342 Other Program Document Improving policy formulation andimplementation in Zambia** Koenen-Grant, Julie U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. USAID Mission to Zambia, Lusaka, (Sponsor) Draft ed. 24 Jul 1995, [26] p., En6110226; 9365451

* Microfiche not available -- draft

**PN-ABU-420 Other USAID Supported Study Economic management in the Sahel -- astudy of policy advocacy in Mali** Josserand, Henri; Bingen, R. James; et al.Associates in Rural Development, Inc., Burlington, VT, U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support and Research. Center for EconomicGrowth. Ofc. of Economic and Institutional Reform, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) U.S. Agencyfor International Development. USAID Mission to Mali, Bamako, (Sponsor) Feb 1995, vi, 86p. + 9 appendices : charts, statistical tables, En 9365446

Since 1991, Mali has made considerable progress in sustaining economic and politicalliberalization. This report, based on a one-year study, examines the role of urban andrural interest groups in policy reform in the cotton sector, which represents over 50percent of the country's export earnings. The study applied a multidisciplinary approachto several fronts: the economic policy process; the role of the bureaucracy; the structureand dynamics of interest groups; and the functions of the media and the National Assembly.The study found that the ability of interest groups to affect policy often is dependent onthe bureaucracy's control of particular policies (which varies from policy to policy) andthe degree to which policies are coherent with one another. Unfortunately, the NationalAssembly has very little technical support or parliamentary staff and tends to play abiased role in policy oversight and interest group representation. However, since 1991,the Malian media (a unique phenomenon in West Africa), particularly radio, have played acritical role in the new democratic process and in opening up the economic policy debate(although coverage remains limited and, on economic issues, uninformed). It was found thatthe success of interest groups in policy making was tied to resource endowment,association with parliamentary groups, access to high levels of the policy process andinformation, and capacity for policy analysis. SYCOV, the union of cotton producers, hasenjoyed uncommon success in reaching its policy goals, probably due to its closerelationship with the government and the high level of literacy among its leaders. In sum,Mali is beginning to achieve basic elements of democracy -- a free press, a policy rolefor interest groups, etc. -- and serves as a model to West Africa. Much more, however,needs to be done. Includes bibliography and a detailed chronology of political andeconomic events since 1990.

**PN-ABX-262 Other USAID Supported Study Using a democracy / governance strategyto reduce illicit payments on African roads : a case study on Niger** Okanla,Moussa U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Supportand Research. Center for Democracy and Governance, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency forInternational Development. Bur. for Africa. Regional Economic Development Services Ofc.West and Central Africa, Abidjan, (Sponsor) Draft ed. 1995, [7] p., En For discussion atthe 2nd annual USAID Democracy Officers Conference, Washington, 24 - 26 July 1995 -background draft

**PN-ABU-216 Other USAID Supported Study Democratization and economic reform inZambia** van de Walle, Nicolas; Chiwele, Dennis Michigan State University. AfricanStudies Center, East Lansing, MI, U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Missionto Zambia, Lusaka, (Sponsor) MSU [Michigan State University] working papers on politicalreform in Africa : working paper, no. 9, 15 Nov 1994, 64 p., En 6110226

Recently, development scholars and donors have begun to argue that democratization canspur economic growth in African countries by fostering greater accountability and thusmore transparent decision making. This report assesses the impact of democratization oneconomic reform in Zambia. Section 3 reviews Zambia's economic crisis from its origins inthe 1960s, through the failed attempts at reform in the 1980s, to the emergence of thedemocracy movement in 1990 and the subsequent collapse of the Kaunda regime andinstallation of the democratic Third Republic under Chiluba and the MMD party. Section 4discusses decision making in the new government; there is now a favorable environment foreconomic reform because of a strengthened civil service, a weakening of the presidency andof the political clout of the party in power, and the growing influence of the cabinet andof western donors. However, the executive branch still dominates the legislature and ingeneral interest groups have not increased their influence on policy making (in fact,organized labor has probably lost influence). Section 5 analyzes the MMD's implementationof economic reform, finding that significant progress had been made on some elements whileothers were at a standstill or moving very slowly. Section 6 attributes this slowness to anumber of factors: the failure of powerful interest groups to emerge; the fact that, onsome issues, such as privatization, MMD never enjoyed a consensus; and administrativecomplexities and financial burdens. Implications for donors, detailed in Section 7, arethat: (1) reforms that have advanced the furthest are those initiated during the SecondRepublic, indicating that policy learning is a prerequisite of successful reform; (2)economic reform in Africa will benefit from further democratization; and (3) donorconditionalities should emphasize governance issues (e.g., continuing the fight againstcorruption) rather than setting specific targets for privatization. Includes references. 

**PN-ABU-005 Other USAID Supported Study Democratization and economic reform inZambia** van de Walle, Nicolas; Chiwele, Dennis Michigan State University, EastLansing, MI, U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Zambia, Lusaka,(Sponsor) Zambia democratic governance project : monitoring and evaluation studies, 4 Nov1994, iv, 62 p., En 6110226

The impact of democratization on economic reform is explored in this case study ofreform in Zambia. Individual sections of the report describe: the origins of Zambia'seconomic crisis in the 1960s and 1970s and failed attempts at reform in the 1980s; thetransition to democracy, culminating in the collapse of the Kuanda regime and the triumphof the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) in 1990-91; the extent to which thedecisionmaking process has changed under democratization; the reform program for1992-1994; and the dynamics of reform implementation under democratization. By mid 1994,it was clear that significant progress had been made on some elements of economic reformwhile others were at a standstill or moving very slowly. Key conclusions of the study are:(1) democratization increases -- though only modestly -- the ability of interest groups toput pressure on the government, and interest group behavior will on balance improve policymaking and not hinder economic reform; (2) political elites and state bureaucracies willcontinue to prove a bigger obstacle to reform than interest group pressures; (3)democratization has little effect on administrative and technical obstacles to reform; and(4) reform is more likely to be successful when policy learning has occurred within theadministration as a result of previous reform efforts. Implications for USAID are detailedin conclusion. Includes an 8-page bibliography.

**PN-ABT-074 AID Supported Study Decentralized public service provision in Sub -Saharan Africa : a false start -- lessons from the DFM [Decentralization : finance andmanagement] projec**t Green, David B. Associates in Rural Development, Inc.,Burlington, VT Syracuse University. Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs,Syracuse, NY, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support and Research. Center for Democracyand Governance, Washington, DC (Sponsor) Oct 1994, ii, 41 p. : charts, statistical tables,En

**PN-ABT-664 AID Supported Study Decentralization : improving governance insub-Saharan Africa -- synthesis report** Garnier, Maurice; Green, David; et al.Associates in Rural Development, Inc., Burlington, VT U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support and Research. Center for EconomicGrowth. Ofc. of Economic and Institutional Reform, Washington, DC (Sponsor) U.S. Agencyfor International Development. Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Development Planning, Washington,DC (Sponsor) Oct 1994, iii, 84 p.: statistical tables, En

**PD-ABJ-528 Final Evaluation Report Evaluation finale : programme de soutien dudeveloppement municipal, 681-0004 (Final evaluation : municipal development supportproject, 681-0004)** Doan, Peter L.; Robbins, Edward H. International City / CountyManagement Association, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur.for Africa. Regional Economic Development Services Ofc. West and Central Africa, Abidjan,(Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Global Programs, FieldSupport and Research. Center for Environment. Ofc. of Environment and Urban Programs,Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Aug 1994, xiv, 35 p. + attachments : charts, maps, Fr Englished.: PD-ABJ-527 6810004; 9401008

**PD-ABJ-527 Final Evaluation Report Final evaluation : municipal developmentsupport project, 681-0004** Doan, Peter L.; Robbins, Edward H. International City /County Management Association, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development.Bur. for Africa. Regional Economic Development Services Ofc. West and Central Africa,Abidjan, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Global Programs,Field Support and Research. Center for Environment. Ofc. of Environment and UrbanPrograms, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Aug 1994, xii, 45 p. + attachments : charts, maps, EnFrench ed.: PD-ABJ-528 6810004; 9401008

**Final evaluation of a project to improve the efficiency and effectiveness oflocal government operations in the Cote d'Ivoire.** The Research Triangle Institutemanaged the project's management training component, while A.I.D. managed the revenueenhancement and facilities construction components. Evaluation covers the period9/90-12/94. Project results were generally positive; training activities and the revenuecollection component, which improved property tax collection, were clearly successfulA.I.D. investments. The evaluation concludes the following. (1) The project contributedimportantly to development of a more democratic society through improved local government.Those who have been involved with the Municipal Development Support Project, nationally,regionally, and locally, will approach their work more productively in the future. (2) Theproject reinforced the tie between sanitation and health and improved environmentalquality, primarily through a more effective approach to garbage collection and treatmentof medical waste. (3) The decision to terminate the bilateral assistance program with Coted'Ivoire has eliminated the possibility of some of the follow-up activities envisioned inthe original project design. A.I.D. has lost its ability to monitor progress indecentralization and communal development at the local level, important because many othercountries in the region have come to look at the achievements of the Cote d'Ivoire as amodel for their own development strategies. (4) A great deal of management time, both thatof A.I.D. and the principal contractor, was devoted to resolving contracting andprocurement problems. Possibly, more direct involvement of A.I.D. contract experts inproject design and contracting would have been productive. (Author abstract)

**PD-ABJ-526 Final Evaluation Report Evaluation finale : projet de formation engestion municipale (Final evaluation : municipal management training project)**Doan, Peter L. International City / County Management Association, Washington, DC, U.S.Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa. Regional Economic DevelopmentServices Ofc. West and Central Africa, Abidjan, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support and Research. Center for Environment.Ofc. of Environment and Urban Programs, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Aug 1994, vii, 28 p., FrEnglish ed.: PD-ABJ-525 9401008

**PD-ABJ-525 Final Evaluation Report Final evaluation : municipal managementtraining project** Doan, Peter L. International City / County ManagementAssociation, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa.Regional Economic Development Services Ofc. West and Central Africa, Abidjan, (Sponsor)U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support andResearch. Center for Environment. Ofc. of Environment and Urban Programs, Washington, DC,(Sponsor) Aug 1994, viii, 31 p., En French ed.: PD-ABJ-526 9401008

Final evaluation of a project (1986-94) to provide municipal management training inCote d'Ivoire and other countries in West and Central Africa. The project clearly met itsobjectives. All told, 54 training activities were conducted in 12 countries for 1,127participants. The project's effectiveness was hampered by several unforeseen events.Political unrest in Guinea, Togo, and Niger curtailed otherwise promising activities inthose countries. The closing of the Regional Housing and Urban development Office for Westand Central Africa (RHUDO) in Abidjan deprived the project of the extensive benefits ofthe close relationship between the contractor and RHUDO cited in the 1990 evaluation. Evenmore, the sudden closing of the Mission in Cote d'Ivoire has affected the project, andwill prevent the kind of direct follow-up activities envisioned in the original design.This is particularly distressing since Cote d'Ivoire is widely acknowledged in the regionas a leader in decentralization and democratization. Thus, USAID has cut itself out of thevery successful regional coordination and exchange mechanisms that it pioneered throughthis project. Lessons learned are as follows. (1) The project's innovative development ofan interconnected network of international, national and local experts to stimulatepractical, hands-on discussion effectively promoted dialogue and exchange. It is unlikelythat the more theoretical training favored by other donors can achieve the same results.(2) Decentralized municipal development is the "cutting edge" ofdemocratization. Failure to sustain municipal institutions poses the greatest threat todemocratic gains. (3) One of the most effective elements of the local seminars was theinclusion of participants from a variety of agencies and local organizations in an effortto build support for local leaders and for the idea that local projects must be financedthrough local taxes. (4) The regional approach pioneered by this project appears to be aneffective vehicle for innovative concepts that are not widely accepted or understood bymore traditionally oriented Missions. (5) Follow-up is key to the effectiveness oftraining. Municipal officials should be provided TA in setting up the new procedures theylearned about in training. 

**PN-ABT-966 Special Evaluation African privatization : recent lessons learned --preliminary draft -- II** Abt Associates, Inc., Bethesda, MD, Price Waterhouse.International Privatization Group, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support and Research. Ofc. of EmergingMarkets, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forAfrica, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) 20 Jul 1994, ix, 40 p. + 4 annexes, En 9400016

**PN-ABU-171 Other USAID Supported Study Institutional reform and the challengesfacing South Africa** Klitgaard, Robert University of Maryland. Center forInstitutional Reform and the Informal Sector, College Park, MD, U.S. Agency forInternational Development. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support and Research. Centerfor Economic Growth. Ofc. of Microenterprise Development, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) U.S.Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to South Africa, Pretoria, (Sponsor)Center for Institutional Reform and Informal Sector (IRIS) working paper, no. 112, Jun1994, [50] p. : charts,En 9400015

South Africa's successful transition to a prosperous and just society will depend onmore than multiracial elections and more than sensible, market-oriented economic policies,welcome as these are. Like many other countries undergoing change, South Africa will haveto address instability, weak institutions of state and market, and ethnic and communalinequalities and identities. Building on experience elsewhere and on ideas from theeconomics of information, this paper suggests ways to create confidence in the new rulesof the game, strengthen the institutions of both market and state, and manage thedifficult dynamics of group inequalities. Countries undergoing fundamental changes mustsomehow make credible their new commitments to democracy and free markets. Otherwise,experience elsewhere indicates that investment will not emerge. The paper explores thepossible use of international guarantees--perhaps even international enforcement--ofagreements and commitments made in South Africa by South Africans. Such devices shouldbecome more widespread in the decade ahead. Better institutions are needed so thatdemocracy and free-market policies will work, especially for the poor. This entails"institutional adjustment," including better information and incentives,improved property rights and the enforcement of contracts, and policies to fostercompetition. To illustrate principles of wider applicability, the paper discusses severalexamples: how to improve private-sector markets for agricultural products, for land, andfor credit; and how to reform public sector incentives by linking pay to performance.Without special steps, inequalities among groups will be perpetuated, and indeed mayfester in new ways. Two quite different possibilities are discussed. First, labor marketsmust be improved through better information about capabilities and performance; freerarrangements for hiring, firing, and determining pay; and strong affirmative actionprograms. The latter are analyzed in new ways that emphasize their informational andsymbolic properties. Second, and perhaps most speculatively, the vexing and sensitiveissues of a multicultural society must be reexamined, including the investigation of howcultural characteristics may interact with different policies and local environments.(Author abstract) 

**PN-ABR-912 Other USAID Supported Study Decentralisation, democratisation,organisation des services publics, gouvernance et gestion des ressources naturellesrenouvelables : initiatives et dilemmes au Cap-Vert (version abregee du rapport original)(Decentralization, democratization, public service provision and governance and managementof renewable resources : initiatives and dilemmas in Cape Verde [abridgment of theoriginal report])** Hobgood, Harlan H. Associates in Rural Development, Inc.,Burlington, VT, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Global Programs, FieldSupport and Research. Ofc. of Economic and Institutional Development, Washington, DC,(Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Cape Verde, Praia,(Sponsor) Jan 1994, xviii, 127 p. + 2 appendices, En English ed.: PN-ABR-072 9365446

**PN-ABR-072 Other USAID Supported Study Decentralization, democratization,public service provision and governance and management of renewable natural resourcesinitiatives and dilemmas in Cape Verde** Hobgood, Harlan H. Associates in RuralDevelopment, Inc., Burlington, VT, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forGlobal Programs, Field Support and Research. Ofc. of Economic and InstitutionalDevelopment, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. USAIDMission to Cape Verde, Praia, (Sponsor) Jan 1994, xvi, 111 p., Fr Abridgement of theoriginal report French ed.: PN-ABR-912 9365446

In 1990, Cape Verdians elected a new government, led by the Movimento para Democracia(MPD) party, which has committed itself to decentralizing governmental authority. Thisstudy measures Cape Verde's progress in implementing the new policy. Section I reviewsCape Verde's policy framework and political climate at the national level. Section IIpresents case studies of public service provision in two municipalities -- Ribeira Grandeand Santa Catarina. Section III then examines case studies of natural resource managementin five rural communities: Lagoa, a desperately poor farm community, and Ponta do Sol, afisher community, both on the island of Santo Antao; Mato Baixo and its associatedirrigated production site at Tabugal, and Pico Leao, a village of farmers and herders,both on the island of Santiago; and Calheta, another farming/herding community, on theisland of Maio. The study reaches two major conclusions. First, although the Government ofCape Verde has clearly and repeatedly stated that it favors substantive decentralizationof government functions, it does not have a plan of action. Authorities at the nationaland local levels as well as citizens are confused as to what decentralization means.Without the leadership to shape a coherent action program, decentralization will remain apious goal with neither form nor substance. Second, citizens' capacity for localgovernance is limited by tenure rules that prevent them from capturing gains frominvestments they finance on borrowed land. To ensure democratic governance in rural areas,there has to be a legislated limit on the extent to which landlords can raise rents.Includes bibliography.

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Rule of Law
**PN-ABX-159 Conference Proceedings Judiciary training seminar[, N'Djamena, Chad,7 - 25 November 1994] : final report** Sy, Cheikh Tidiane; Diop, Matar; Houndeton,Frederic AMEX International, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development.USAID Mission to Chad, N'Djamena, (Sponsor) Apr 1995, 14 p. + 8 annexes, En 6980463

**PN-ABU-345 Conference Proceedings Inter-regional seminar for multipartylegislatures in emerging democracies -- October 10 - 13, 1994, Bangui, CAR : debriefingand analysis** National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, Washington,DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa, Washington, DC, (Sponsor)13 Oct 1994, [60] p., En 6980486

**PN-AAX-280 AID Supported Study Weighing in on the scales of justice : strategicapproaches for donor - supported rule of law programs** Blair, Harry; Hansen, GaryU.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Policy and Program Coordination.Center for Development Information and Evaluation, Washington, DC USAID program andoperations assessment report, no. 7, Feb 1994, xi, 53 p. + appendix : charts, En
Transitions
***PN-ABY-278 Other USAID Supported Study Mozambique's transition from war topeace : USAID's lessons learned** Clark, Kimberly Mahling U.S. Agency forInternational Development. Bur. for Policy and Program Coordination. Center forDevelopment Information and Evaluation, Washington, DC, Apr 1996, vi, 36 p., En Informalseries title: Rebuilding societies emerging from conflict * Fulltext electronic copyavailable

In October 1994, Mozambique held its first multiparty elections, formally ending a2-year transition that had begun with the signing of the peace accord in October 1992.USAID was active in the transition, supporting the peace and working with other donors tomake sure that the process stayed on track. This paper documents the lessons learned inthe transition. Includes bibliography. (Author abstract, modified)

***PN-ABX-283 Program Planning Document Sustainable transformation in SouthAfrica : concept paper** U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Missionto Chad, N'Djamena, 19 Jun 1995, xii, 59 p. + 2 attachments, En

* Available only to authorized A.I.D. personnel

**PN-ABX-154 Assessment Findings of an NDI assessment mission to the Gambia**Fomunyoh, Christopher; Melia, Thomas O. National Democratic Institute for InternationalAffairs, Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to TheGambia, Banjul, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. for Africa.Operations and New Initiatives Ofc., Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Apr 1995, [13] p., En6980486

The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) conducted anassessment mission to The Gambia in April 1995 as the country prepared to undertake atransition to democratic, civilian rule by July 1996. The purpose of the mission was togain a better understanding of political developments in The Gambia since the July 22,1994, coup d'etat, and to respond to requests for assistance from the Armed ForcesProvisional Ruling Council (AFPRC), deposed president Dawda Jawara, and Gambian citizensresiding in and outside the country. According to the delegation, while some steps havebeen taken in planning Gambia's return to democratic, civilian rule by July 1996, there isa need to clarify and refine the transition timetable and to broaden the transitionprocess and encourage increased participation by various segments of Gambian civilsociety. Specific areas in which NDI could assist these efforts are identified. MostGambians interviewed believed that despite the AFPRC's repeated statements of intent toadhere to the transition timetable, the military's commitment to withdraw from thegovernment is called into question by other public statements and actions. These Gambians,as well as independent observers, think that to overcome the climate of uncertainty andsuspicion, it will be important to assure the Gambian people -- early on and as frequentlyas possible, in words and in deeds -- that the commitment to return the country todemocratic, civilian rule is real and irreversible. Gambians want to believe that theAFPRC is truly committed to this goal. (Author abstract, modified) 

**PN-ABU-032 Other USAID Supported Study Governance in democratic Mali : anassessment of transition and consolidation and guidelines for near - term action**Hobgood, Harlan Associates in Rural Development, Inc., Burlington, VT, Management SystemsInternational, Inc., Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forAfrica. Ofc. of Development Planning, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency forInternational Development. USAID Mission to Mali, Bamako, (Sponsor) Feb 1995, 24 p., En6980542

**PD-ABJ-272 Project/Program/Activity Design Document Uganda demobilization andreintegration** U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Mission to Uganda,Kampala, 23 Aug 1994, 13 p. + 3 annexes : statistical tables, En 6170135

Project to support a World Bank-led, multi-donor initiative to help Uganda to reducethe size of its military by assisting demobilized soldiers to resettle and becomeeconomically productive. The project will include: (1) financial support for Phase II ofthe Uganda Veterans Assistance Board's (UVAB) program to demobilize and resettle soldiers,and (2) an agricultural technology and credit program, to be administered by two U.S.PVOs. The first component will finance demobilization severance packages for some 10,000male and female veterans under the UVAB program. Under the program, veterans and theirdependents are transported to their home districts and receive cash or in-kind allowancesfor food, clothing, medical care, per diem, child education (partial), and building androofing materials, agricultural tools, and seeds. To a limited extent, medical treatmentsneeded by disabled and chronically ill veterans are also covered. 

**PN-ABT-985 Assessment Transition to democratic governance in Tanzania : anassessment and guidelines for near - term action -- final report** West, Tina;Charlick, Robert; et al. Associates in Rural Development, Inc., Burlington, VT, ManagementSystems International, Inc., Washington, DC, U.S. Agency for International Development.USAID Mission to Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, (Sponsor) U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Bur. for Africa. Operations and New Initiatives Ofc., Washington, DC,(Sponsor) 15 Mar 1994, iv, 134 p., En 6980542

Tanzania is in the early stages of a political transition toward multi-party democracy.This report describes progress to date and sets goals for USAID assistance. Generally,Tanzanian civil society has been extremely dynamic; the number and kind of associationshave expanded, free press is flourishing, the cooperative movement has been revived,self-help organizations have emerged in villages, and development associations haveemerged at the district level. However, linkages between civil society and publicgovernance institutions are still weak; civil groups are not effectively involved inpolicy reform or governmental monitoring. Political parties have not yet become effectivechannels of popular demands. Further, rent-seeking is widespread, and the ruling Chama ChaMapinduzi party shows no willingness to respond to societal pressures to draft a moredemocratic constitution and repeal the large body of legislation identified as repressiveby a 1991 Presidential Commission. The report recommends that USAID: (1) undertake aDemocratic Governance Project that would support the media and development of politicalparties, and create and strengthen NGO networks, in part through an NGO Resource Centerand a trust fund for institution building activities; (2) conduct political dialogue withthe Government of Tanzania, particularly on constitutional issues and freedom ofinformation; and (3) expand the participation of Tanzanians in USAID programming,including the Agricultural Transport Assistance Program, the program to promote health andpopulation policy, and the Finance Enterprise Development Project.

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Women and Democracy
**PN-ABW-845 Conference Proceedings Gender and democracy in Africa : July 27,1995 -- a workshop hosted by USAID** Associates in Rural Development, Inc.,Burlington, VT, Management Systems International, Inc., Washington, DC, U.S. Agency forInternational Development. Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Development Planning, Washington, DC,(Sponsor) 27 Jul 1995, v.p., En 6980542

**PD-ABI-498 Progress/Interim Report Women's Law and Public Policy FellowshipProgram [WLPPFP] : leadership and advocacy for women in Africa (LAWA) -- quarterly programperformance report for the quarter, January - March, 1994** Knepp, Paul GeorgetownUniversity Law Center, Washington, DC U.S. Agency for International Development. Bur. forAfrica. Operations and New Initiatives Ofc., Washington, DC, (Sponsor) May 1994, , En6980475

**PN-ABW-501 Other USAID Supported Study Successful approaches to integratinggender in U.S. development assistance : USAID / Malawi** Romashko, Tania; Morel -Seytoux, Sylvie; Paulson, Susan Development Alternatives, Inc., Bethesda, MD, U.S. Agencyfor International Development. USAID Mission to Malawi, Lilongwe, (Sponsor) U.S. Agencyfor International Development. Bur. for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research.Women in Development, Washington, DC, (Sponsor) Apr 1994, ix, [46] p., En 6120243

**PN-ABU-215 Other USAID Supported Study Gender dimensions of the USAID Zambiademocratic governance project** Ferguson, Anne Michigan State University. AfricanStudies Center, East Lansing, MI, U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID Missionto Zambia, Lusaka, (Sponsor) 3 Mar 1994, 16 p., En 6110226

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