Annual Energy Review

2000

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On the Web at: www.eia.doe.gov/aer

Energy Information Administration

DOE/EIA-0384(2000)

August 2001
Annual Energy Review 2000

The Annual Energy Review (AER) presents the Energy Information Administration’s historical energy statistics. For many series, statistics are given

for every year from 1949 through 2000. The statistics, expressed in either

physical units or British thermal units, cover all major energy activities, including consumption, production, trade, stocks, and prices, for all major

energy commodities, including fossil fuels, electricity, and renewable energy sources.

Publication of this report is required under Public Law 95–91 (Department

of Energy Organization Act), Section 205(c), and is in keeping with responsibilities given to the Energy Information Administration under Section 205(a)(2), which states:

“The Administrator shall be responsible for carrying out a central, comprehensive, and unified energy data and information

program which will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, and disseminate data and information....”

The AER is intended for use by Members of Congress, Federal and State

agencies, energy analysts, and the general public. EIA welcomes suggestions from readers regarding data series in the AER and in other EIA

publications.

Related Publication: Readers of the AER may also be interested in EIA’s

Monthly Energy Review, which presents monthly updates of many of the data

in the AER. Contact our National Energy Information Center for more

information.

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Most of the data in the AER are also available electronically. For more information about electronic access to the AER, please refer to the inside

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DOE/EIA-0384(00)

Annual Energy Review 2000

August 2001

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. The information contained herein should be attributed to

the Energy Information Administration and should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any policy of

the Department of Energy or any other organization.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 iii

Contacts

The Annual Energy Review (AER) is prepared in the Integrated Energy Statistics Division of the Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy Information

Administration, under the direction of Katherine E. Seiferlein, 202-586-5695 (kitty.seiferlein@eia.doe.gov). Questions and comments about the AER may be

referred to Leigh Carleton, 202-586-1132 (leigh.carleton@eia.doe.gov), the National Energy Information Center, 202-586-8800 (infoctr@eia.doe.gov), or to

the following subject specialists:

1. Energy Overview ....................................... Leigh Carleton leigh.carleton@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1132

2. Energy Consumption by Sector

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey.................. Robert Adler robert.adler@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1134

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey. . . . . . . . . Ivy Harrison ivy.harrison@eia.doe.gov 202-586-5931

Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey............ Martha M. Johnson martha.johnson@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1135

3. Financial Indicators

Financial Reporting System .... ......................... Greg Filas greg.filas@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1347

4. Energy Resources

Petroleum and Natural Gas .............................. Robert F. King robert.king@eia.doe.gov 202-586-4787

Coal................................................ Richard F. Bonskowski richard.bonskowski@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1725

Uranium ............................................ Douglas C. Bonnar douglas.bonnar@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1911

5. Petroleum ............................................. Stephen K. Patterson stephen.patterson@eia.doe.gov 202-586-5994

Prices .............................................. Elizabeth K. Scott elizabeth.scott@eia.doe.gov 202-426-1258

6. Natural Gas............................................ Sylvia A. Norris sylvia.norris@eia.doe.gov 202-586-6106

7. Coal .................................................. Paulette Young paulette.young@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1738

8. Electricity

Generation ........................................... Melvin E. Johnson melvin.johnson@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1754

Net Summer Capability ................................. Elsie Bess elsie.bess@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1730

Prices .............................................. Linda M. Bromley linda.bromley@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1748

Nonutility Power Producers .............................. Betty L. Williams betty.williams@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1927

9. Nuclear Energy ......................................... John R. Moens john.moens@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1976

10. Renewable Energy ...................................... Louise Guey-Lee louise.guey-lee@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1731

Alternative-Fueled Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jorge Luna-Camara jorge.luna-camara@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1753

11. International Energy .................................... Michael J. Grillot michael.grillot@eia.doe.gov 202-586-6577

12. Environmental Indicators

Greenhouse Gases ..................................... Stephen E. Calopedis stephen.calopedis@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1156

Electric Utilities....................................... Stephen R. Scott stephen.scott@eia.doe.gov 202-287-1737
Preface

Twenty years ago, Energy Information Administration analysts studied the

information that was available to them, ran a series of models that took

into account a wide range of assumptions about growth in the economy and

population as well as many other variables, and then published their best

guesses on what the energy picture would look like in the United States in

2000. They foresaw a nation using 102.5 quadrillion British thermal units

(Btu) of energy with a resource mix that was 79 percent fossil fuels, 11 percent nuclear electric power, and 10 percent renewable energy.1

Year 2000 is over and is recorded, in preliminary form, in this edition of

the Annual Energy Review. We can now test that forecast against reality.

The Nation, in fact, consumed 98.8 quadrillion Btu in 2000, remarkably

only 3.7 quadrillion Btu under the 1981 long-range forecast. The resource

mix recorded in 2000 was 85 percent fossil fuels, 8 percent nuclear electric

power, and 7 percent renewable energy—more fossil fuels and less nuclear

electric power and renewable energy than had been projected.

The historical time series presented in the Annual Energy Review 2000 record what has already happened and is known about our Nation’s energy

usage. The information contained in this report will be combined with a

multitude of assumptions about our resources, the economy, and technology expectations to create contemporary scenarios that look into the years

now ahead of us.

The Energy Information Administration invites you to read the report’s

new section called “Energy Perspectives” for a broad overview of U.S. energy history, thumb (or surf) through the whole document to see the extent

of material available to you, and study the figures for patterns, relationships, and milestones in the data. In doing so, you will join today’s energy

analysts who are working to understand where we are now so that we can

better anticipate the future.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 v

1 Energy Information Administration, 1980 Annual Report to Congress, Volume Three: Forecasts

(March 18, 1981), Table 4.7.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 vii

Contents

Page

Energy Perspectives . . . ........................................................ xvii

1. Energy Overview ...........................................................1

2. Energy Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3. Financial Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

4. Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

5. Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

6. Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

7. Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

8. Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

9. Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

10. Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

11. International Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

12. Environmental Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Appendices

A. Thermal Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

B. Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

C. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

D. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

E. Population and U.S. Gross Domestic Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

F. Energy Consumption in the United States, 1635-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Diagrams

1. Energy Flow, 2000 ..........................................................3

2. Petroleum Flow, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

3. Natural Gas Flow, 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

4. Coal Flow, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

5. Electricity Flow, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
viii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Page 1. Energy Overview

1.1 Energy Overview, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................5

1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............7

1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-2000 . . . .......................................9

1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.5 Energy Consumption and Expenditures Indicators, 1949-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1990 and 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2. Energy Consumption by Sector

2.1a Energy Consumption by Sector, 1949-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.1b Residential Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.1c Commercial Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2.1d Industrial Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.1e Transportation Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.1f Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-1997. . . . . . . . . 51

2.6 Household Main Heating Fuel and Presence of Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

2.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3. Financial Indicators

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

3.8 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Tables
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 ix

Page 3. Financial Indicators (continued)

3.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income, 1974-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Profitability, 1974-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3.12 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

4. Energy Resources

4.1 Technically Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

and Ultimate Recovery, 1977-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area, 1974-1999 . . . . 107

4.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 1974-1999. . . . . . 109

4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5.12a Petroleum Consumption by the Residential and Commercial Sector, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

5.12b Petroleum Consumption by the Industrial Sector, 1949-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

5.12c Petroleum Consumption by the Transportation Sector, and End-Use Total, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

5.12d Petroleum Consumption by the Electric Power Sector, and Total, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Tables (continued)
x Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Page 5. Petroleum (continued)

5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1984-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1984-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

6.6 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, 1954-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

7.2 Coal Production, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

7.5 Coal Stocks, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

8. Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

8.2 Electricity Net Generation, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

8.3 Electricity Net Generation at Electric Utilities, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

8.4 Electricity Net Generation at Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

8.5 Electric Power Sector Net Summer Capability, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

8.7 Nonutility Power Producer Net Summer Capability, 1989-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

8.8 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

8.9 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity at Electric Utilities, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

8.10 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity at Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

8.11 Electric Power Sector Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, 1949-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

8.12 Electricity End Use, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings and,

Costs, 1989-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

8.14 Electric Power Sector Noncoincidental Peak Load and Capacity Margin, 1986-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

8.15 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Tables (continued)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xi

Page 9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, 1953-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

10.2a Renewable Energy Consumption by End–Use Sector, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption by the Electric Power Sector, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

10.3 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1974-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

10.5 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Type, Price and Trade, 1982-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1989-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

10.7 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1970-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

11.4 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

11.6 Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

11.7 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

11.13 World Coal Production, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

11.14 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1980, 1998, and 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1980, 1998, and 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1990-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1980-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

12.4 Methane Emissions, 1980-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

12.5 Ozone Depleting Substances and Criteria Pollutants, 1980-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

12.6 Emissions From Electricity Generation, 1989-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

12.7 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants

With Environmental Equipment, 1985-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Tables (continued)
Page Appendix A. Thermal Conversion Factors

A1. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

A2. Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-2000. . . . . . . . . 332

A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

A4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

A6. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Appendix B. Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors

B1. Metric Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

B2. Metric Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

B3. Other Physical Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Appendix C. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

C1. Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Sector, 1980-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Appendix E. Gross Domestic Product and Population

E1. Population and U.S. Gross Domestic Product, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Appendix F. Energy Consumption in the United States

F1a. Energy Consumption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635-1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

F1b. Energy Consumption in the United States, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

xii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Tables (continued)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xiii

Page 1. Energy Overview

1.1 Energy Overview . . .....................................................4

1.2 Energy Production by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................6

1.3 Energy Consumption by Source . . . . . . ..........................................8

1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.5 Energy Consumption and Expenditures Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption and Consumption per Person, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2. Energy Consumption by Sector

2.1a Energy Consumption by Sector Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.1b Energy Consumption by End-Use Sectors, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.4 Household Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.6 Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3. Financial Indicators

3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3.8 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

3.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Profitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Figures
xiv Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Page 4. Energy Resources

4.1 Technically Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate Recovery . . . . . . . . . . 94

4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area . . . . . . . . . . 106

4.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region . . . . . . . . . . . 108

4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

5. Petroleum

5.1 Petroleum Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

5.12a Petroleum Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

5.12b Petroleum Consumption by Product by Sector, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

5.20 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Figures (continued)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xv

Page 6. Natural Gas

6.1 Natural Gas Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

6.2 Natural Gas Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

6.6 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, 1954-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

7. Coal

7.1 Coal Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

7.2 Coal Production, 1949-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

7.5 Coal Stocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

7.6 Coal Mining Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

7.7 Coke Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

7.8 Coal Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

8. Electricity

8.1 Electricity Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

8.2 Electricity Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

8.3 Electricity Net Generation at Electric Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

8.4 Electricity Net Generation at Nonutility Power Producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

8.5 Electric Power Sector Net Summer Capability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

8.7 Nonutility Power Producer Net Summer Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

8.8 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

8.9 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity at Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

8.10 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity at Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

8.11 Electric Power Sector Stocks of Coal and Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

8.12 Electricity End Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . 242

8.14 Electric Power Sector Noncoincidental Peak Load and Capacity Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

8.15 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

9. Nuclear Energy

9.1 Nuclear Generating Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

9.3 Uranium Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Figures (continued)
xvi Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Page 10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

10.2a Renewable Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption by the Electric Power Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

10.3 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

10.5 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

10.7 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

11. International Energy

11.1 World Primary Energy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

11.4 World Crude Oil Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

11.6 Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

11.7 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

11.9 World Petroleum Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

11.13 World Coal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

11.14 World Coal Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

12. Environmental Indicators

12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

12.4 Methane Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

12.5 Ozone Depleting Substances and Criteria Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

12.6 Emissions From Electricity Generation Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

12.7 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric

Utility Plants With Environmental Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Appendix D. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

D1 U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Figures (continued)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xvii

Overview

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

30

60

90

120

Production

Consumption

Imports

Exports

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 1. Energy Overview

The United States was self-sufficient in energy until the late 1950s when

energy consumption began to outpace domestic production. From 1970

to 2000, U.S. energy consumption grew 45 percent while production rose

13 percent. The Nation imported more energy to fill the gap.

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

Million Btu

215 in 1949

Peak: 361 in 1978 and 1979

350 in 2000

Figure 2. Energy Consumption per Person

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

per Chained (1996) Dollar

18.97 in 1970

10.57 in 2000

Thousand Btu

Figure 3. Energy Use per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

30

60

90

Quadrillion Btu

Fossil Fuels

Renewable Energy

Nuclear Electric Power

Figure 4. Energy Consumption by Source

Energy use per person stood at 215 million Btu in 1949. The rate generally increased until the oil price shocks of the mid-1970s and early

1980s caused the pattern to reverse for a few years. The trend in the

1990s was upward again, reaching 350 million Btu per person in 2000.

Over the second half of the 20th century, the rate at which energy was

consumed per dollar of the economy’s output of goods and services fell

dramatically. By the end of the century, the rate was half of the

mid-century level. The rate in 2000 was 44 percent below that in 1970.

Most energy consumed in the United States has come from fossil fuels.

Renewable energy resources have supplied a relatively small but steady

portion. In the late 1950s, nuclear fuel began to be used to generate electricity, and, by the late 1980s, contributed about the same share as renewable energy.
xviii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1650 1675 1700 1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

0

10

20

30

40

Quadrillion Btu

Petroleum

Coal

Wood

Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Natural

Gas

Figure 5. Energy Consumption by Source, 1635-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Quadrillion Btu

History Projections

Petroleum

Coal

Natural Gas

Nuclear Electric

Power

Non-Hydroelectric

Renewable Energy

Hydroelectric Power

Figure 6. Energy Consumption History and Outlook, 1949-2020

In the long view of American history, wood

served as the preeminent form of energy for

about half of the Nation’s history. Around

1885, coal surpassed wood’s usage. Despite

its tremendous and rapid expansion, coal was,

in turn, overtaken by petroleum in the middle

of the 20th century. Natural gas, too, experienced rapid development into the second half

of the 20th century, and coal began to expand

again. Late in the 20th century still another

form of energy, nuclear electric power, was

developed and made significant contributions.

While the Nation’s energy history is one of

large-scale change as new forms of energy

were developed, the outlook for the next couple of decades (assuming current laws, regulations, and policies) is for continued growth

and reliance on the three major fossil fuels—petroleum, natural gas, and coal—and for

dwindling use of nuclear electric power and

modest expansion in renewable resources.

Consumption by Source

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Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xix

Consumption by Sector

1 Energy lost during generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. See Tables

2.1b-2.1d, footnote 7, about a data discontinuity between 1998 and 1999.

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

Quadrillion Btu

Industrial

Transportation

Residential

Commercial

Figure 7. Energy Consumption by End-Use

The industrial sector of the economy used the largest share of energy and

showed the greatest volatility. In particular, steep drops occurred in 1975

and 1980-83 in response to high oil prices. Transportation was the next

largest energy consuming sector, followed by residential use and commercial use.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Electricity

Coal

Losses1

Figure 8. Residential and Commercial Energy Consumption

Coal, once important to residential and commercial consumers, was gradually replaced by other forms of energy. Petroleum use peaked in the early

1970s. Natural gas grew fast until the early 1970s and then fluctuated

around the 1970 level over the next three decades. Meanwhile, electricity’s use expanded dramatically.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

3

6

9

12

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

Electricity

Losses1

Figure 9. Industrial Energy Consumption

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

7

14

21

28

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Petroleum

Figure 10. Transportation Energy Consumption

Coal, once the prominent form of energy in the industrial sector, gave

way to natural gas and petroleum in the late 1950s. Both natural gas

and petroleum expanded rapidly until the early 1970s; after that, large

swings occurred. The use of electricity grew tenfold over five decades.

The transportation sector’s use of energy, which is overwhelmingly petroleum, more than tripled from 1949 to 2000. Motor gasoline accounts for

about two-thirds of the petroleum consumed in the sector. Distillate fuel

oil and jet fuel are other important petroleum products used in the sector.
xx Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Production and Trade

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

Quadrillion Btu

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear Electric

Power

Hydroelectric Power

Wood and Waste

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Figure 11. Energy Production by Major Source

Most energy produced in the United States comes from fossil fuels—coal, natural gas, and crude oil. Coal, the leading source at the middle of the 20th century, was surpassed by crude oil and natural gas for many years, but again

became the leading source of energy in the mid-1980s.

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

125

Percent

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Figure 12. Fossil Fuel Production as Share of Consumption

The Nation almost always produced more than enough coal for our own

requirements. For many years, we were self-sufficient in natural gas,

too, but after 1967, we produced less than we consumed each year. Petroleum production fell far short of domestic requirements.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Quadrillion Btu

Total Imports

Petroleum Imports

Total Exports

Coal Exports

Figure 13. Energy Imports and Exports

When domestically produced energy could not meet demand, imports

filled the gap. In 2000, net imported energy supplied one-quarter of all

U.S. energy consumed, mostly in the form of petroleum. When the Nation had excess energy, it was often exported to buyers in other countries. U.S. energy exports were mostly coal.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xxi

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

Production

Imports

Consumption

Figure 14. Petroleum Overview

U.S. production of crude oil and natural gas plant liquids peaked in

1970 at 11.3 million barrels per day. By 2000, production was down to

8.1 million barrels per day. While domestic production fell, consumption continued to expand. Beginning in 1994, the Nation imported

more petroleum than it produced.

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Lower 48

Alaska

Peak: 9.4 in 1970

Peak: 2.0 in 1988

Figure 15. Lower 48 and Alaskan Crude Oil Production

Crude oil production peaked in the U.S. lower 48 States at 9.4 million

barrels per day in 1970. As lower 48 production fell, Alaska’s production came on line and helped supply U.S. needs. Alaskan production

peaked at 2.0 million barrels per day in 1988 and fell to less than half

the peak rate by 2000.

Peak: 18.6 in 1972

10.9 in 2000

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

Barrels per Day per

Well Figure 16. Oil Well Productivity

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

Thousands of Rigs

Peak: 4 in 1981

Figure 17. Rotary Rigs in Operation

The amount of crude oil produced per day per well rose sharply in the

1960s, reached a peak of 18.6 barrels per day per well in 1972, and, except for a brief recovery in 1978, fell steadily in the following years.

By 2000, productivity measured 10.9 million barrels per day per well,

41 percent below the peak.

Rotary rig activity declined sharply in the period from 1955 to 1971.

After 1971, the number of rigs in operation began to climb again, and a

peak of 4 thousand rigs in operation was registered in 1981. A sharp

decline occurred after the peak, and rigs in operation in 2000 stood at

918, 77 percent below the peak.

Crude Oil Production
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xxii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Petroleum Consumption and Prices

1 Composite of domestic and imported crude oil. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflator.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

Million Barrels per Day

Transportation

Industrial

Electric Utilities

Residential and Commercial

Figure 18. Petroleum Consumption by Sector

Transportation was the largest consuming sector of petroleum and the

one showing the greatest expansion over the second half of the 20th century. In 2000, 13 million barrels per day of petroleum products were

consumed for transportation purposes, accounting for 67 percent of all

petroleum used.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

LPG

Figure 19. Petroleum Consumption by Selected Product

Motor gasoline is the single largest petroleum product consumed in the

United States. Its consumption stood at 8.4 million barrels per day in

2000, 43 percent of all petroleum consumption. Distillate fuel oil and

liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) are other important products. The use

of residual fuel oil fell off sharply after 1977.

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real2

Figure 20. Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Cost1

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.00

0.75

1.50

2.25

Dollars per Gallon

Real2

Nominal

$1.56 in 2000 (Nominal)

Figure 21. Price of Motor Gasoline

The refiner acquisition composite (domestic and foreign) cost of crude

oil in nominal (unadjusted for inflation) dollars peaked at $35 per barrel in 1981. The price fell dramatically over the years that followed,

then rose from $18 per barrel in 1999 to $28 per barrel in 2000. Adjusted for inflation, the 2000 price was 53 percent below the peak.

In nominal (unadjusted for inflation) dollars, Americans paid an average of 65¢ per gallon for motor gasoline in 1978. The 2000 average

price of $1.56 was 140 percent higher than the 1978 rate but, adjusted

for inflation, it was only 8 percent higher.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xxiii

OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil Imports

Petroleum

Product Imports

Exports

Figure 22. Petroleum Trade

U.S. imports of crude oil rose dramatically from mid-century until the

late 1970s, fell sharply until 1985, and then resumed a trend of rapid increases. In 2000, a record-high level of 9 million barrels per day of imported crude oil was registered, and imports of petroleum products

stood at 2 million barrels per day.

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

Million Barrels per Day

OPEC

Non-OPEC

Figure 23. Imports From OPEC and Non-OPEC Countries

As U.S. petroleum imports rose sharply in the late 1970s, the Nation’s

reliance on petroleum from the Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC) grew. In 1977, 70 percent of U.S. petroleum imports

came from OPEC countries. After 1992, most petroleum imports came

from non-OPEC countries.

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Saudi Arabia

Venezuela

Nigeria

Figure 24. Imports From Selected OPEC Countries

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Canada

Mexico

Figure 25. Imports From Canada and Mexico

Among OPEC countries, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Nigeria—nations from three different continents—were key suppliers of petroleum

to the American market. Even as our leading suppliers, those countries

experienced tremendous fluctuation in the amount of petroleum sold to

the United States over the decades.

Canada and Mexico, our national neighbors, supplied the largest quantities of petroleum from non-OPEC countries. Imports from Mexico

were insignificant until the mid-1970s when they began to play a key

role in U.S. supplies. In 2000, Canada and Mexico together provided

over one-fourth of all U.S. petroleum imports.

Petroleum Trade
xxiv Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Petroleum Stocks

1

Imported by SPR and imported by others for SPR.

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0

250

500

750

1,000

Million Barrels

Products

Crude Oil

Figure 26. Stocks of Crude Oil and Products

Through 1983, the Nation held most of its petroleum storage in the

form of products, which are ready for the market. After that, most petroleum in storage was in the form of crude oil. At the end of 2000, petroleum stocks totaled 1.5 billion barrels, 56 percent crude oil and 44

percent products.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

450

900

1,350

1,800

Million Barrels

Non-SPR

SPR

TotalTotal

Figure 27. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) Stocks

In 1977, the United States began building a national reserve of petroleum stocks in case of emergency. The amount of crude oil held in the

Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) peaked at 592 million barrels in

1994 and 1995. The level at the end of 2000 was 541 million barrels.

As SPR stocks were built, non-SPR stocks were reduced.

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

25

50

75

100

8

59

24

16

93

60

85

72

43

18

27

1920

10

0 4 5 40 1 0

8 7 5

Million Barrels Figure 28. Crude Oil Imports for SPR1

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

25

50

75

100

125

1

8 11

17

43

68

88

96

115

9491

8581828683

777375

67625959 D

53

ays

Figure 29. SPR Stocks as Days’ Worth of Net Imports

Most of the crude oil in SPR is imported oil, and most of it came in during the early 1980s. In fact, from 1991 through 1997, only 14 million

barrels were imported for the reserve, and in 3 of those years, no oil at

all was imported for the reserve. In 2000, 4.5 million barrels of crude

oil were imported for SPR.

An important SPR measure is the number of days’ worth of total net

imports of petroleum that could be met by the reserve in an emergency.

The peak level occurred in 1985 when the reserve could have supplied

115 days of petroleum net imports, at the 1985 level. The rate trended

down since then and stood at 53 days at the end of 2000.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xxv

Motor Vehicles

1 Sport-utility vehicle.

2 Motorcycles are included through 1989.

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0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Index 1973=100

Fuel Rate

Mileage

Fuel Consumption

Figure 30. Motor Vehicle Indicators

The composite motor vehicle fuel rate (miles per gallon) soared 42 percent from 1973 to 1991 but remained nearly flat over succeeding years.

Miles driven per vehicle grew steadily from 1980 to 1998, but fell

slightly in 1999. Fuel use per vehicle fell 21 percent from 1973 to

1991, but rebounded 9 percent by 1999.

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

Thousand Gallons per Vehicle

Trucks

Vans, Pickup Trucks, and SUVs1

Passenger Cars2

Figure 31. Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption

From 1966 to 1999, truck fuel consumption rates rose 90 percent from

2.3 thousand gallons per truck to 4.3 thousand gallons per truck. Fuel

consumption rates of other vehicle types fell: passenger cars down 20

percent and other vehicles down 16 percent.

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

8

16

24

32

Thousand Miles per

Vehicle

Vans, Pickup Trucks,

and SUVs1

Trucks

Passenger Cars2

Figure 32. Motor Vehicle Mileage

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Miles per

Gallon

Trucks

Vans, Pickup Trucks,

and SUVs1

Passenger Cars2

Figure 33. Motor Vehicle Fuel Rates

Truck miles traveled per year exceeded that of other vehicle types and

grew sharply from 1966 to 1999, up 108 percent. In 1999, trucks averaged 26 thousand miles per vehicle per year, while passenger cars,

vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles averaged just under 12

thousand miles per year.

Since 1976, the average fuel rates (miles per gallon) of passenger cars

and vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles trended upward, ending the 1990s with much better rates than they had a quarter century

earlier. The truck fuel rate, however, showed little change.

Note: Motor vehicles include passenger cars, motorcycles, vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles, trucks, and buses.
xxvi Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Natural Gas

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet

Consumption

Production

Imports

Figure 34. Natural Gas Overview

U.S. natural gas production and consumption were nearly in balance

through 1986. When consumption began to outpace production, imports of natural gas rose to meet U.S. requirements for the fuel. In

2000, consumption stood at 22.7 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), production at

19.2 Tcf, and net imports at 3.5 Tcf.

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

150

300

450

Thousand Cubic Feet per Day per Well

150 in 2000

Peak: 435 in 1971

Figure 35. Natural Gas Well Productivity

Gas well productivity, measured as gross withdrawals per day per well,

grew rapidly in the late 1960s, peaked in 1971, and then fell sharply until the mid-1980s. Productivity remained nearly steady after 1985. The

2000 rate of 150 thousand cubic feet per day per well was 66 percent

below the 1971 peak level.

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

Percent

4.2 in 1986

15.4 in 2000

Figure 36. Net Imports as Share of Consumption

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Trillion Cubic Feet

Industrial

Residential

Electric Utilities

Commercial

Transportation

NPP1

Figure 37. Natural Gas Consumption by Sector

Net imports as a share of consumption registered in the 4-to-5 percent

range in the 1970s and early 1980s. Net imports measured 4.2 percent

of consumption in 1986, which was followed by consumption increases

that outpaced production growth. Net imports expanded, and in 2000

accounted for 15.4 percent of consumption.

The industrial sector was both the largest consuming sector of natural

gas and the sector with the greatest volatility over the years. The electric power sector (electric utilities and nonutility power producers) accounted for over one-fourth of all natural gas consumption in 2000.

1

Nonutility power producers; data available for 1999 and 2000 only.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xxvii

Coal

Improved mining technology and the shift toward

more surface-mined coal promoted increased productivity from the Nation’s mines after 1978.

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

Short Tons per Miner Hour

6.52 in 1999

1.77 in 1978

Figure 40. Coal Mining Productivity

Most growth of coal production came from surface

mines, which surpassed underground production after 1973.

Western coal production expanded tremendously

after 1969 and exceeded production from the East

in 1999 and 2000.

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

Billion Short Tons

Production

Consumption

Exports

Figure 38. Coal Overview

Unlike petroleum or natural gas, domestic supplies of coal nearly always outpaced U.S. consumption of the resource. Excess production of

coal was available for export to other countries. About one-third of

U.S. exported coal went to Canada.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

Million Short Tons

Industrial

Residential, Commercial, and Transportation

Electric Utilities

NPP1

Figure 39. Coal Consumption by Sector

In the 1950s, most coal was consumed in the industrial sector, many

homes were still heated by coal, and the transportation sector consumed

coal in steam-driven trains and ships. By the 1960s, most coal was

used for generating electricity and by 2000 electricity’s share stood at

92 percent of all coal consumption.

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Million Short Tons

Surface

Underground

Figure 41. Production by Mining Method

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Million Short Tons

West of

Mississippi

East of

Mississippi

Figure 42. Production by Location

1

Nonutility power producers; data available for 1999 and 2000 only.
xxviii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Electricity Generation

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Trillion Kilowatthours

Electric

Utilities

Nonutility

Power Producers

Electric Power

Sector

Figure 43. Electric Power Sector Net Generation

Electric power generation grew from 0.3 trillion kilowatthours in 1949

to 3.8 trillion kilowatthours in 2000. Over the entire span, electricity

failed to increase in only one year, 1982, when a 2-percent decrease

was recorded.

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

300

600

900

Million Kilowatts

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Figure 44. Electric Power Sector Net Summer Capability

Since 1949, total capability fell in only one year, 1998, when a

0.3-percent decrease was recorded. In recent years, industry deregulation caused capacity to shift from utilities to nonutility power producers, but in 2000 about 74 percent of capacity was still owned by

utilities.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Trillion Kilowatthours

Coal

Petroleum and

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Figure 45. Electric Utilities Net Generation

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Billion Kilowatthours

Natural Gas Coal

Petroleum

Renewable Energy

Nuclear Electric Power

Figure 46. Nonutility Power Producers Net Generation

Most utility generation came from coal. In fact, in 2000, fossil fuels

(coal, petroleum, and natural gas) accounted for 68 percent of all net

generation, while nuclear electric power contributed 23 percent, and renewable energy resources 8 percent. Most net generation from renewable energy resources was derived from hydroelectric power.

Nonutility power producer net generation expanded rapidly from 188

billion kilowatthours in 1989 to 782 billion kilowatthours in 2000. In

2000, fossil fuels accounted for 81 percent of all nonutility net generation; nuclear electric power 6 percent; and renewable energy resources

13 percent.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xxix

Electricity Sales, Prices, and Trade

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

3

6

9

12

15

Cents per Kilowatthour (Chained 1996 Dollars)

Residential

Industrial

Other

Commercial

Figure 48. Retail Prices of Electricity by Sector

In inflation-adjusted terms, all sector prices for electricity fell steeply in the

1960s, reversed course around 1970 to rise sharply through the early 1980s, and

then returned to a pattern of rapid decline. Over the decades, industrial consumers paid the lowest rates for electricity; residential customers usually paid

the highest prices. In 2000, all sectors paid lower rates than they had in 1960.

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Trillion Kilowatthours

Industrial

Residential Commercial

Other

Figure 47. Electric Utility Retail Sales by Sector

Except for a few years in the 1960s when imported and exported electricity were nearly equal, the United States imported more electricity

than it exported. In 2000, net imported electricity was less than 1 percent of all electricity used.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

15

30

45

60

Billion Kilowatthours

Imports

Exports

Figure 49. Electricity Trade

After mid-century, enormous growth occurred in energy sales in all

three major sectors—residential, industrial, and commercial. Beginning in 1993, residential sales surpassed industrial sales. The industrial

sector’s use of electricity showed the greatest volatility, especially

from the late 1970s through the mid 1980s.
xxx Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Nuclear Electric Power

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1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

70

140

210

280

Number of Units

Cumulative

Cancellations

Cumulative

Shutdowns

Figure 54. Unit Cancellations and Shutdowns

Through 1978, 259 units were ordered in the United States; no more

units were ordered after that date. Of the total ordered, 177 resulted in

the issuance of a construction permit, but, ultimately, many fewer units

were actually built. In 2000, there were 104 operable units.

A cumulative total of 124 of the ordered units were cancelled and never

built. Of those built, 28 were eventually shut down permanently.

Three units still hold construction permits but are not expected to be

built.

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

70

140

210

280

Number of Units

Operable Units

Cumulative Construction

Permits Issued

Cumulative Units Ordered

Figure 53. Nuclear Generating Unit Orders and Permits

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent

20 in 2000

Figure 50. Nuclear’s Share of Electricity

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

30

60

90

120

Number of Units

Peak: 112 in 1990

104 in 2000

Figure 51. Number of Operable Units

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

88 in 2000

Figure 52. Capacity Factors

Nuclear-generated electricity came on line in the

United States in 1957. Rapid development occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2000, 20 percent

of U.S. electricity came from nuclear power.

As the new industry developed, the number of operable nuclear units grew, peaking at 112 in 1990.

Unit closures since then reduced the number of operable units to 104 by 2000.

Capacity factors measure actual power generation as

a share of maximum possible output. Factors for the

industry were in the 50-to-60 percent range through

the 1980s, but improved to 88 percent by 2000.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xxxi

Renewable Energy

Note: Data were not collected for 1985.

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1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

Quadrillion Btu

Conventional Hydroelectric Power

Wood

Waste

Figure 55. Renewable Energy Consumption by Source

U.S. renewable energy consumption stood at about 7 quadrillion Btu

per year from 1995 to 2000. Conventional hydroelectric power accounted for about half of all renewable energy. Wood was the next

largest source of renewable energy, followed by waste and geothermal.

Smaller quantities came from alcohol fuels, solar, and wind.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Quadrillion Btu

Electric Power

Industrial

Residential

Figure 56. Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector

Most renewable energy was consumed by the electric power sector to

generate electricity. After 1958, the industrial sector was the second

largest consuming sector of renewable energy, mostly wood. Residential sector usage of renewable energy (also mostly wood) was the next

largest consuming sector.

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Quadrillion Btu

Residential

Electric Power

Industrial

Figure 57. Wood Consumption by Selected Sector

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Million Square Feet

Total Shipments

Imports Exports

Figure 58. Solar Collector Shipments and Trade

Over the second half of the 20th century, residential use of wood generally declined while the industrial sector’s use of wood expanded. Commercial use was very small. In the last decade nonutility power

producers’ wood consumption boosted the electric power sector’s total.

Solar collector total shipments peaked in 1981 at 21 million square feet.

From 1991 through 1998, the level of shipments was 7 to 8 million

square feet per year; shipments reached nearly 9 million square feet in

1999. Since 1983, imports of solar collectors exceeded exports, and the

imports trend was generally increasing.
xxxii Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

International Energy

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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

40

80

120

160

Quadrillion Btu

Crude Oil

and NGPL

Coal

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power, Geothermal, and Other

Nuclear Electric Power

Figure 59. World Primary Energy Production by Source

From 1970 to 1999, world primary energy production grew by 76 percent. Growth occurred in all types of energy. In 1999, fossil fuels accounted for 85 percent of all energy produced worldwide, renewable

energy 9 percent, and nuclear power 7 percent.

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

25

50

75

100

125

Quadrillion Btu

North, Central, and South America

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. Far East and Oceania

Western Europe

Middle East

Africa

Figure 60. World Primary Energy Production by Region

One-third of the 380 quadrillion Btu of energy produced worldwide in

1999 came from North, Central, and South America. Between 1990

and 1999, total primary energy production grew in all major regions of

the world except Eastern Europe and the Former U.S.S.R., where production fell by 28 percent.

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

20

40

60

80

Million

Barrels per

Day

World

OPEC

Figure 61. World Crude Oil Production

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Million

Barrels per

Day

Former U.S.S.R.

United

States

Russia

Saudi

Arabia

Iran

Figure 62. Leading Crude Oil Producers

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

Million

Barrels per

Day

United States

Former U.S.S.R.

Japan

China

Russia

Figure 63. Leading Petroleum Consumers

World crude oil production reached a record 68

million barrels per day in 2000. OPEC’s share fell

from 55 percent in 1973 to 43 percent in 2000.

After 1991, Saudi Arabia was the largest producer.

U.S. production peaked in 1970. Russia’s production surpassed U.S. output in 1999 and 2000.

The United States accounted for 26 percent of

world consumption of petroleum in 1999. Japan and

China accounted for 7 and 6 percent, respectively.

OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 xxxiii

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

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1 Based on chained (1996) dollars.

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

2

4

6

8

Billion Metric Tons of Gas

1990: 5.0

1999: 5.6

Figure 64. Carbon Dioxide Emissions

In the United States, fossil fuel combustion is responsible for 98 percent of

all emissions from carbon dioxide, which is the most significant greenhouse gas. Total carbon dioxide emissions reached 5.6 billion metric tons

of gas in 1999, 13 percent higher than the 1990 level.

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Million

Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent

Transportation

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

Figure 65. Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Use

The level of carbon dioxide emissions generated by the industrial sector

exceeded other sector levels until 1998 when it was surpassed by transportation emissions. Commercial sector emissions, the smallest of the four

sectors, registered the largest percentage gain, 17, from 1990 to 1999.

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Index 1990=100

Inflation-Adjusted Gross

Domestic Product1

Energy-Related Carbon

Dioxide Emissions

Figure 66. GDP Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

5

10

15

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Waste Management Energy

Agriculture

Industrial Processes

Figure 67. Methane Emissions by Sector

While gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 32 percent from 1990 to

1999, energy-related carbon dioxide emissions grew by 12 percent. It was

primarily the use of less energy per unit of economic output, rather than

the use of low-carbon fuels, that held the rate of carbon dioxide emissions

growth below that of the inflation-adjusted gross domestic product.

In 2000, methane emissions accounted for 9 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, weighted by global warming potential. Most methane emissions come from energy, waste management, and agricultural

activities. The production, processing, and distribution of natural gas accounted for over half of all energy-related methane emissions in 2000.
xxxiv Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1. Table 1.1.

2. Table 1.5.

3. Table 1.5.

4. Table 1.3.

5. Tables F1a and F1b.

6. Historical data: Table 1.3; projections:

Energy Information Administration

(EIA), Annual Energy Outlook 2001,

Table A1, National Energy Modeling

System run AEO2001. D101600A.

7. Table 2.1a.

8. Tables 2.1b and 2.1c.

9. Table 2.1d.

10. Table 2.1e and 5.12c.

11. Table 1.2.

12. Tables 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1.

13. Table 1.4.

14. Table 5.1.

15. Table 5.2.

16. Table 5.2.

17. Table 4.3.

18. Tables 5.12a, 5.12b, 5.12c, and 5.12d.

19. Table 5.11.

20. Table 5.19.

21. Table 5.22.

22. Table 5.1.

23. Table 5.4.

24. Table 5.4

25. Table 5.4.

26. Table 5.14.

27. Table 5.14.

28. Table 5.15.

29. Table 5.15.

30. Table 2.8.

31. Table 2.8.

32. Table 2.8.

33. Table 2.8.

34. Table 6.1.

35. Table 6.4.

36. Table 6.3.

37. Table 6.5.

38. Tables 7.1 and 7.4.

39. Table 7.3.

40. Table 7.6.

41. Table 7.2.

42. Table 7.2.

43. Table 8.1.

44. Tables 8.5, 8.6, and 8.7.

45. Table 8.3.

46. Table 8.4.

47. Table 8.12.

48. Table 8.15.

49. Table 8.1.

50. Table 9.2.

51. Table 9.1.

52. Table 9.2.

53. Table 9.1.

54. Table 9.1.

55. Table 10.1.

56 Tables 10.2a and 10.2b.

57. Tables 10.2a and 10.2.b.

58. Table 10.3.

59. Table 11.2.

60. Table 11.1.

61. Table 11.4.

62. Table 11.4.

63. Table 11.9.

64. Table 12.1, and EIA,

Emissions of Greenhouse

Gases in the United

States 1999 (October

2000), page 13.

65. Table 12.2.

66. Tables 1.5 and 12.2, and

EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States 1999 (October

2000), page 20.

67. Tables 12.1 and 12.4, and

EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States 1999 (October

2000), Table 14.

Data for “Energy Perspectives” figures and text are derived from the following Annual Energy Review 2000 tables and other sources as cited.

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Figure Sources
The United States at night from orbit. Source: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration satellite imagery; mosaic provided by U.S. Geological Survey.

Energy Overview

1

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 3

Diagram 1. Energy Flow, 2000

(Quadrillion Btu)

Includes 0.07 quadrillion Btu coal coke net imports and 0.10 electricity net imports

from fossil fuels.

Includes, in quadrillion Btu, 0.10 electricity net imports from fossil fuels; -0.06 hydroelectric

pumped storage; and -0.14 ethanol blended into motor gasoline, which is accounted for in both

fossil fuels and renewables and removed once from this total to avoid double-counting.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 2.1a-2.1f.

j

k

Commercial and industrial sector totals plus adjustments to avoid double-counting the

amount of petroleum, natural gas, and coal that is included under both “End-Use Sectors” and

“Electric Power Sector.” See Tables 5.12d, 6.5, and 7.3.

l

 

Includes lease condensate.

Naturalgasplantliquids.

Includes-0.06quadrillionBtuhydroelectricpumpedstorage.

Naturalgas,coal,coalcoke,andelectricity.

Stockchanges,losses,gains,miscellaneousblendingcomponents,andunaccounted-for

supply.

Crudeoil,petroleumproducts,naturalgas,electricity, andcoalcoke.

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

Includessupplementalgaseousfuels.

Petroleumproducts,includingnaturalgasplantliquids.

Conventionalhydroelectricpower, wood,waste,ethanolblendedintomotorgasoline,

geothermal,solar, andwind.

Consumption

98.50

Supply k

102.60

Exports

Coal 4.10

1.53

Other

2.57

g Coal

22.66

Natural Gas

19.74

Crude Oil

12.38

a

NGPL 2.61 b

Nuclear 8.01

Renewables 6.56 c

Crude Oil

and Products

23.78

Other

4.74

e

Fossil

Fuels

83.86

j

Renewables 6.82 c

Domestic

Production

71.90

d Commercial

and Industrial

51.47 l

Transportation

26.64

Residential

20.39

Coal

22.41

Natural Gas

23.33

h

Petroleum

37.96

i

Nuclear 8.01 Imports

28.52

Fossil

Fuels

57.39

Adjustments

2.18

f
4 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Stock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and 

unaccounted-for supply.

Source: Table 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Energy Overview

Overview, 2000

Production Imports Exports Consumption

0

30

60

90

120

71.9

28.5

4.1

98.5

Quadrillion Btu

Overview, 1949-2000

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

30

60

90

120

Quadrillion Btu

Overview, 1949-2000

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

30

60

90

120

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative)

Production

Consumption

Net Imports

and Adjustments1

Consumption

Imports

Exports

Production

Energy Flow, 2000

(Quadrillion Btu)

Consumption

98.5

Production

71.9

Adjustm ents 1

2.2

Imports

28.5

Exports

4.1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 5

Table 1.1 Energy Overview, 1949-2000

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Production Imports Exports

Adjustments 8

Consumption

Fossil

 Fuels 1

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Renewable

Energy 3 Total 4 Petroleum 5 Total 6 Coal Total 7

Fossil

Fuels 9

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Renewable

Energy 10 Total 4,11

1949 28.75 0 2.97 31.72 1.43 1.47 0.88 1.59 0.40 29.00 0 3.00 32.00

1950 32.56 0 2.98 35.54 1.89 1.93 0.79 1.47 -1.37 31.63 0 3.00 34.63

1951 35.79 0 2.96 38.75 1.87 1.92 1.68 2.62 -1.05 34.01 0 2.99 37.00

1952 34.98 0 2.94 37.92 2.11 2.17 1.40 2.37 -0.95 33.80 0 2.97 36.77

1953 35.35 0 2.83 38.18 2.28 2.34 0.98 1.87 -0.96 34.83 0 2.86 37.68

1954 33.76 0 2.75 36.52 2.32 2.37 0.91 1.70 -0.53 33.88 0 2.78 36.66

1955 37.36 0 2.78 40.15 2.75 2.83 1.46 2.29 -0.44 37.41 0 2.83 40.24

1956 39.77 0 2.85 42.62 3.17 3.25 1.98 2.95 -1.13 38.89 0 2.90 41.79

1957 40.13 (s) 2.85 42.98 3.46 3.57 2.17 3.45 -1.29 38.93 (s) 2.89 41.82

1958 37.22 (s) 2.92 40.13 3.72 3.92 1.42 2.06 -0.32 38.72 (s) 2.95 41.67

1959 39.05 (s) 2.90 41.95 3.91 4.11 1.05 1.54 -1.03 40.55 (s) 2.94 43.49

1960 39.87 0.01 2.93 42.80 4.00 4.23 1.02 1.48 -0.43 42.14 0.01 2.98 45.12

1961 40.31 0.02 2.95 43.28 4.19 4.46 0.98 1.38 -0.60 42.76 0.02 2.98 45.76

1962 41.73 0.03 3.12 44.88 4.56 5.01 1.08 1.48 -0.57 44.68 0.03 3.12 47.83

1963 44.04 0.04 3.10 47.17 4.65 5.10 1.36 1.85 -0.78 46.51 0.04 3.10 49.65

1964 45.79 0.04 3.23 49.06 4.96 5.49 1.34 1.84 -0.87 48.54 0.04 3.25 51.83

1965 47.23 0.04 3.40 50.68 5.40 5.92 1.38 1.85 -0.72 50.58 0.04 3.40 54.02

1966 50.04 0.06 3.43 53.53 5.63 6.18 1.35 1.85 -0.83 53.51 0.06 3.45 57.02

1967 52.60 0.09 3.69 56.38 5.56 6.19 1.35 2.15 -1.52 55.13 0.09 3.69 58.91

1968 54.31 0.14 3.78 58.23 6.21 6.93 1.38 2.03 -0.71 58.50 0.14 3.77 62.41

1969 56.29 0.15 4.10 60.54 6.90 7.71 1.53 2.15 -0.47 61.36 0.15 4.11 65.63

1970 59.19 0.24 R4.08 63.50 7.47 8.39 1.94 2.66 -1.37 63.52 0.24 R4.10 67.86

1971 58.04 0.41 4.27 62.72 8.54 9.58 1.55 2.18 -0.82 64.60 0.41 R4.31 69.31

1972 58.94 0.58 4.40 63.92 10.30 11.46 1.53 2.14 -0.48 67.70 0.58 4.48 72.76

1973 58.24 0.91 4.43 63.58 13.47 14.73 1.43 2.05 -0.46 70.32 0.91 4.58 75.81

1974 56.33 1.27 4.77 62.37 13.13 14.41 1.62 2.22 -0.48 67.91 1.27 4.90 74.08

1975 54.73 1.90 4.72 R61.36 12.95 14.11 1.76 2.36 -1.07 65.35 1.90 4.79 72.04

1976 54.72 2.11 4.77 61.60 15.67 16.84 1.60 2.19 -0.18 69.10 2.11 4.86 76.07

1977 55.10 2.70 4.25 62.05 18.76 20.09 1.44 2.07 -1.95 70.99 2.70 4.43 78.12

1978 55.07 3.02 5.04 63.14 17.82 19.25 1.08 1.93 -0.34 71.86 3.02 5.24 80.12

1979 58.01 2.78 R5.17 65.95 17.93 19.62 1.75 2.87 -1.65 72.89 2.78 R5.38 81.04

1980 59.01 2.74 5.49 67.24 14.66 15.97 2.42 3.72 -1.05 69.98 2.74 5.71 R78.44

1981 58.53 3.01 5.47 67.01 12.64 13.97 2.94 4.33 -0.08 67.75 3.01 5.82 76.57

1982 57.46 3.13 5.99 66.57 10.78 12.09 2.79 4.63 -0.59 64.04 3.13 6.29 73.44

1983 54.42 3.20 6.49 64.11 10.65 12.03 2.04 3.72 0.90 63.29 3.20 6.86 73.32

1984 58.85 3.55 6.43 68.83 11.43 12.77 2.15 3.80 -0.82 66.62 3.55 6.84 76.97

1985 57.54 4.15 6.03 67.72 10.61 12.10 2.44 4.23 1.19 66.22 4.15 6.46 76.78

1986 56.58 4.47 6.13 67.18 13.20 14.44 2.25 4.06 -0.50 66.15 4.47 6.51 R77.07

1987 57.17 4.91 5.69 67.76 14.16 15.76 2.09 3.85 -0.04 68.63 4.91 6.17 79.63

1988 57.87 5.66 5.49 R69.02 15.75 17.56 2.50 4.42 0.89 71.66 5.66 5.82 83.07

1989 57.47 5.68 6.32 R69.47 17.16 18.96 2.64 4.77 R1.06 R72.62 5.68 R6.49 R84.72

1990 58.56 6.16 R6.14 R70.83 17.12 18.95 2.77 4.87 R-0.58 R72.03 6.16 R6.25 R84.34

1991 57.83 6.58 R6.17 R70.53 16.35 18.50 2.85 5.16 R0.43 R71.52 6.58 R6.32 R84.30

1992 57.59 6.61 R5.91 R70.07 16.97 19.58 2.68 4.96 R0.82 R72.90 6.61 R6.13 85.51

1993 55.74 6.52 R6.16 R68.38 18.51 21.50 1.96 4.28 R1.71 R74.51 6.52 R6.41 R87.30

1994 57.95 6.84 R6.09 R70.85 19.24 22.73 1.88 4.08 R-0.29 R76.09 6.84 R6.43 R89.21

1995 57.46 7.18 R6.69 R71.30 R18.88 R22.57 2.32 4.54 R1.61 R76.92 7.18 R6.99 90.94

1996 58.30 7.17 R7.16 R72.60 R20.29 R24.01 2.37 4.66 R1.98 R79.41 7.17 R7.47 R93.93

1997 58.76 6.68 R7.15 R72.55 21.74 R25.51 2.19 R4.58 R0.86 R80.41 6.68 R7.39 R94.34

1998 R59.05 7.16 R6.75 R72.91 22.91 26.86 R2.09 R4.39 R-0.77 R80.64 7.16 6.98 R94.61

1999 R57.29 R7.74 R7.02 R71.98 R23.13 R27.55 1.53 R3.81 R1.15 R82.09 R7.74 R7.23 R96.87

2000P 57.39 8.01 6.56 71.90 23.78 28.52 1.53 4.10 2.18 83.86 8.01 6.82 98.50

1 Coal, natural gas (dry), crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids. 2 See Note 1 at end of section. 3 End-use consumption, and electric utility and nonutility electricity net generation. 4 Also includes hydroelectric pumped storage. 5 Crude oil and petroleum products. 6 Also includes natural gas, coal, coal coke, and electricity. 7 Also includes natural gas, petroleum, coal coke, and electricity. 8 A balancing item. Includes stock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and

unaccounted-for supply.

9 Coal, coal coke net imports, natural gas, petroleum, and electricity net imports derived from fossil

fuels. 10 End-use consumption, electric utility and nonutility electricity net generation, and electricity net imports

derived from renewable energy. 11 Alcohol (ethanol blended into motor gasoline) is included in consumption values for both "Fossil Fuels"

and "Renewable Energy," but is counted only once in total energy consumption.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadrillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4.
6 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 1.2 Energy Production by Source

1 Includes lease condensate.

2 Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

3 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power.

3 Natural gas plant liquids. 

 

By Source, 2000

Coal Natural Crude Nuclear Wood and Hydro NGPL Geothermal

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

23

20

12

8

3 3 3

0

Quadrillion Btu

and Other

By Major Source, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

Quadrillion Btu

By Fossil Fuels, Nuclear Electric Power, and 

Renewable Energy, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

Quadrillion Btu

 Solar and wind. 

(s)=Less than 0.5 quadrillion Btu.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.2.

Oil1 Electric 

Power

electric

Power3

Crude Oil1

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear Electric 

Power

Hydroelectric Power3

5

Wood and Waste2

NGPL4

Gas

Fossil Fuels

Renewable Energy

Nuclear Electric Power

(s)

5

4

Waste2

4
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 7

Table 1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-2000

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power 3

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 4

Renewable Energy 1

Coal Total

Natural

Gas

(Dry)

Crude

Oil 2

Natural

Gas

Plant

Liquids Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Wood,

Waste,

Alcohol 5 Geothermal Solar Wind Total

1949 11.974 5.377 10.683 0.714 28.748 0 6 ( ) 1.425 1.549 0 NA NA 2.974 31.722

1950 14.060 6.233 11.447 0.823 32.563 0 6 ( ) 1.415 1.562 0 NA NA 2.978 35.540

1951 14.419 7.416 13.037 0.920 35.792 0 6 ( ) 1.424 1.535 0 NA NA 2.958 38.751

1952 12.734 7.964 13.281 0.998 34.977 0 6 ( ) 1.466 1.474 0 NA NA 2.940 37.917

1953 12.278 8.339 13.671 1.062 35.349 0 6 ( ) 1.413 1.419 0 NA NA 2.831 38.181

1954 10.542 8.682 13.427 1.113 33.764 0 6 ( ) 1.360 1.394 0 NA NA 2.754 36.518

1955 12.370 9.345 14.410 1.240 37.364 0 6 ( ) 1.360 1.424 0 NA NA 2.784 40.148

1956 13.306 10.002 15.180 1.283 39.771 0 6 ( ) 1.435 1.416 0 NA NA 2.851 42.622

1957 13.061 10.605 15.178 1.289 40.133 (s) 6 ( ) 1.516 1.334 0 NA NA 2.849 42.983

1958 10.783 10.942 14.204 1.287 37.216 0.002 6 ( ) 1.592 1.323 0 NA NA 2.915 40.133

1959 10.778 11.952 14.933 1.383 39.045 0.002 6 ( ) 1.548 1.353 0 NA NA 2.901 41.949

1960 10.817 12.656 14.935 1.461 39.869 0.006 6 ( ) 1.608 1.320 0.001 NA NA 2.929 42.804

1961 10.447 13.105 15.206 1.549 40.307 0.020 6 ( ) 1.656 1.295 0.002 NA NA 2.953 43.280

1962 10.901 13.717 15.522 1.593 41.732 0.026 6 ( ) 1.816 1.300 0.002 NA NA 3.119 44.877

1963 11.849 14.513 15.966 1.709 44.037 0.038 6 ( ) 1.771 1.323 0.004 NA NA 3.098 47.174

1964 12.524 15.298 16.164 1.803 45.789 0.040 6 ( ) 1.886 1.337 0.005 NA NA 3.228 49.056

1965 13.055 15.775 16.521 1.883 47.235 0.043 6 ( ) 2.059 1.335 0.004 NA NA 3.398 50.676

1966 13.468 17.011 17.561 1.996 50.035 0.064 6 ( ) 2.062 1.369 0.004 NA NA 3.435 53.534

1967 13.825 17.943 18.651 2.177 52.597 0.088 6 ( ) 2.347 1.340 0.007 NA NA 3.694 56.379

1968 13.609 19.068 19.308 2.321 54.306 0.142 6 ( ) 2.349 1.419 0.009 NA NA 3.778 58.225

1969 13.863 20.446 19.556 2.420 56.286 0.154 6 ( ) 2.648 1.440 0.013 NA NA 4.102 60.541

1970 14.607 21.666 20.401 2.512 59.186 0.239 6 ( ) 2.634 R1.431 0.011 NA NA R4.076 R63.501

1971 13.186 22.280 20.033 2.544 58.042 0.413 6 ( ) 2.824 R1.432 0.012 NA NA R4.268 R62.723

1972 14.092 22.208 20.041 2.598 58.938 0.584 6 ( ) 2.864 R1.503 0.031 NA NA R4.398 R63.920

1973 13.992 22.187 19.493 2.569 58.241 0.910 6 ( ) 2.861 R1.529 0.043 NA NA R4.433 R63.585

1974 14.074 21.210 18.575 2.471 56.331 1.272 6 ( ) 3.177 R1.540 0.053 NA NA R4.769 R62.372

1975 14.989 19.640 17.729 2.374 54.733 1.900 6 ( ) 3.155 R1.499 0.070 NA NA R4.723 R61.357

1976 15.654 19.480 17.262 2.327 54.723 2.111 6 ( ) 2.976 R1.713 0.078 NA NA R4.768 R61.602

1977 15.755 19.565 17.454 2.327 55.101 2.702 6 ( ) 2.333 R1.838 0.077 NA NA R4.249 R62.052

1978 14.910 19.485 18.434 2.245 55.074 3.024 6 ( ) 2.937 R2.038 0.064 NA NA R5.039 R63.137

1979 17.540 20.076 18.104 2.286 58.006 2.776 6 ( ) 2.931 R2.152 0.084 NA NA R5.166 R65.948

1980 18.598 19.908 18.249 2.254 59.008 2.739 6 ( ) 2.900 R2.485 0.110 NA NA R5.494 R67.241

1981 18.377 19.699 18.146 2.307 58.529 3.008 6 ( ) 2.758 2.590 0.123 NA NA 5.471 67.007

1982 18.639 18.319 18.309 2.191 57.458 3.131 6 ( ) 3.266 2.615 0.105 NA NA 5.985 66.574

1983 17.247 16.593 18.392 2.184 54.416 3.203 6 ( ) 3.527 2.831 0.129 NA (s) 6.488 64.106

1984 19.719 18.008 18.848 2.274 58.849 3.553 6 ( ) 3.386 2.880 0.165 (s) (s) 6.431 68.832

1985 19.325 16.980 18.992 2.241 57.539 4.149 6 ( ) 2.970 R2.864 0.198 (s) (s) R6.033 R67.720

1986 19.509 16.541 18.376 2.149 56.575 4.471 6 ( ) 3.071 R2.841 0.219 (s) (s) R6.132 R67.178

1987 20.141 17.136 17.675 2.215 57.167 4.906 6 ( ) 2.635 R2.823 0.229 (s) (s) R5.687 R67.760

1988 20.738 17.599 17.279 2.260 57.875 5.661 6 ( ) 2.334 R2.937 0.217 (s) (s) R5.489 R69.025

1989 21.346 17.847 16.117 2.158 57.468 5.677 6 ( ) 2.855 R3.060 R0.323 0.059 0.024 R6.322 R69.467

1990 22.456 18.362 15.571 2.175 58.564 6.162 -0.036 3.048 R2.660 R0.343 0.063 0.032 R6.145 R70.835

1991 21.594 18.229 15.701 2.306 57.829 6.580 -0.047 3.021 R2.700 R0.348 0.066 0.032 R6.167 R70.528

1992 21.629 18.375 15.223 2.363 57.590 6.608 -0.043 2.617 R2.845 R0.355 R0.067 0.030 R5.915 R70.069

1993 20.249 18.584 14.494 2.408 55.736 6.520 -0.042 2.892 R2.803 R0.369 0.071 0.031 R6.165 R68.378

1994 22.111 19.348 14.103 2.391 57.952 6.838 -0.035 2.684 R2.938 R0.364 0.072 0.036 R6.093 R70.848

1995 22.029 19.101 13.887 2.442 57.458 7.177 -0.028 3.207 R3.066 R0.314 0.073 0.033 R6.694 R71.301

1996 22.684 19.363 13.723 2.530 58.299 7.168 -0.032 3.593 R3.126 R0.332 0.075 0.035 R7.160 R72.595

1997 23.211 19.394 13.658 2.495 58.758 6.678 -0.042 3.718 R3.004 R0.322 0.074 R0.033 R7.151 R72.545

1998 R23.935 R19.456 13.235 2.420 R59.047 7.157 -0.046 3.345 R2.976 R0.327 0.074 0.031 R6.752 R72.910

1999 R23.186 R19.126 R12.451 R2.528 R57.291 R7.736 R-0.065 3.305 R3.221 R0.373 R0.073 R0.046 R7.018 R71.980

2000P 22.663 19.741 12.383 2.607 57.395 8.009 -0.058 2.841 3.275 0.319 0.070 0.051 6.556 71.902

1 End-use consumption, and electric utility and nonutility electricity net generation. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 See Note 1 at end of section. 4 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 5 Alcohol is ethanol blended into motor gasoline.6 Included in conventional hydroelectric power.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.2, 10.2a, 10.2b, and A2-A6.
8 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source

1 Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

2 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power. 

3 Solar and wind. 

By Source, 2000

Petroleum Natural Coal Nuclear Wood and Hydro- Geothermal

0

10

20

30

40

50

38

23 22

8

3 3

0

Quadrillion Btu

Production and Consumption, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Quadrillion Btu

By Major Source, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption

Production

Electric

Power

electric and Other3 Power2

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Nuclear Electric Power

Hydroelectric Power2

Coal

Gas

(s)=Less than 0.5 quadrillion Btu.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 1.2 and 1.3.

(s)

Waste1

Wood and Waste1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 9

Table 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-2000

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 5

Renewable Energy 1

Total Coal 7

Coal Coke

Net

Imports

Natural

Gas 2 Petroleum 3

Electricity

Net

Imports 4 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 6

Wood,

Waste,

Alcohol 7 Geothermal 8 Solar Wind Total

1949 11.981 -0.007 5.145 11.883 9 ( ) 29.002 0 9 ( ) 1.449 1.549 NA NA NA 2.998 32.000

1950 12.347 0.001 5.968 13.315 9 ( ) 31.632 0 9 ( ) 1.440 1.562 NA NA NA 3.003 34.635

1951 12.553 -0.021 7.049 14.428 9 ( ) 34.008 0 9 ( ) 1.454 1.535 NA NA NA 2.988 36.996

1952 11.306 -0.012 7.550 14.956 9 ( ) 33.800 0 9 ( ) 1.496 1.474 NA NA NA 2.970 36.770

1953 11.373 -0.009 7.907 15.556 9 ( ) 34.826 0 9 ( ) 1.439 1.419 NA NA NA 2.857 37.684

1954 9.715 -0.007 8.330 15.839 9 ( ) 33.877 0 9 ( ) 1.388 1.394 NA NA NA 2.783 36.660

1955 11.167 -0.010 8.998 17.255 9 ( ) 37.410 0 9 ( ) 1.407 1.424 NA NA NA 2.832 40.242

1956 11.350 -0.013 9.614 17.937 9 ( ) 38.888 0 9 ( ) 1.487 1.416 NA NA NA 2.903 41.791

1957 10.821 -0.017 10.191 17.932 9 ( ) 38.926 (s) 9 ( ) 1.557 1.334 NA NA NA 2.890 41.816

1958 9.533 -0.007 10.663 18.527 9 ( ) 38.717 0.002 9 ( ) 1.629 1.323 NA NA NA 2.952 41.670

1959 9.518 -0.008 11.717 19.323 9 ( ) 40.550 0.002 9 ( ) 1.587 1.353 NA NA NA 2.940 43.493

1960 9.838 -0.006 12.385 19.919 9 ( ) 42.137 0.006 9 ( ) 1.657 1.320 0.001 NA NA 2.977 45.120

1961 9.623 -0.008 12.926 20.216 9 ( ) 42.758 0.020 9 ( ) 1.680 1.295 0.002 NA NA 2.977 45.755

1962 9.906 -0.006 13.731 21.049 9 ( ) 44.681 0.026 9 ( ) 1.822 1.300 0.002 NA NA 3.124 47.832

1963 10.413 -0.007 14.403 21.701 9 ( ) 46.509 0.038 9 ( ) 1.772 1.323 0.004 NA NA 3.099 49.647

1964 10.964 -0.010 15.288 22.301 9 ( ) 48.543 0.040 9 ( ) 1.907 1.337 0.005 NA NA 3.248 51.831

1965 11.581 -0.018 15.769 23.246 9 ( ) 50.577 0.043 9 ( ) 2.058 1.335 0.004 NA NA 3.397 54.016

1966 12.143 -0.025 16.995 24.401 9 ( ) 53.514 0.064 9 ( ) 2.073 1.369 0.004 NA NA 3.446 57.024

1967 11.914 -0.015 17.945 25.284 9 ( ) 55.127 0.088 9 ( ) 2.344 1.340 0.007 NA NA 3.691 58.906

1968 12.331 -0.017 19.210 26.979 9 ( ) 58.502 0.142 9 ( ) 2.342 1.419 0.009 NA NA 3.771 62.415

1969 12.382 -0.036 20.678 28.338 9 ( ) 61.362 0.154 9 ( ) 2.659 1.440 0.013 NA NA 4.113 65.628

1970 12.265 -0.058 21.795 29.521 9 ( ) 63.522 0.239 9 ( ) 2.654 R1.431 0.011 NA NA R4.096 R67.858

1971 11.598 -0.033 22.469 30.561 9 ( ) 64.596 0.413 9 ( ) 2.861 R1.432 0.012 NA NA R4.305 R69.314

1972 12.077 -0.026 22.698 32.947 9 ( ) 67.696 0.584 9 ( ) 2.944 R1.503 0.031 NA NA R4.478 R72.758

1973 12.971 -0.007 22.512 34.840 9 ( ) 70.316 0.910 9 ( ) 3.010 R1.529 0.043 NA NA R4.581 R75.808

1974 12.663 0.056 21.732 33.455 9 ( ) 67.906 1.272 9 ( ) 3.309 R1.540 0.053 NA NA R4.902 R74.080

1975 12.663 0.014 19.948 32.731 9 ( ) 65.355 1.900 9 ( ) 3.219 R1.499 0.070 NA NA R4.788 R72.042

1976 13.584 (s) 20.345 35.175 9 ( ) 69.104 2.111 9 ( ) 3.066 R1.713 0.078 NA NA R4.857 R76.072

1977 13.922 0.015 19.931 37.122 9 ( ) 70.989 2.702 9 ( ) 2.515 R1.838 0.077 NA NA R4.431 R78.122

1978 13.766 0.125 20.000 37.965 9 ( ) 71.856 3.024 9 ( ) 3.141 R2.038 0.064 NA NA R5.243 R80.123

1979 15.040 0.063 20.666 37.123 9 ( ) 72.892 2.776 9 ( ) 3.141 R2.152 0.084 NA NA R5.377 R81.044

1980 15.423 -0.035 20.394 34.202 9 ( ) 69.984 2.739 9 ( ) 3.118 R2.485 0.110 NA NA R5.712 R78.435

1981 15.908 -0.016 19.928 31.931 9 ( ) 67.750 3.008 9 ( ) 3.105 2.590 0.123 NA NA 5.818 76.569

1982 15.322 -0.022 18.505 30.232 9 ( ) 64.037 3.131 9 ( ) 3.572 2.615 0.105 NA NA 6.292 73.441

1983 15.894 -0.016 17.357 30.054 9 ( ) 63.290 3.203 9 ( ) 3.899 2.831 0.129 NA (s) 6.860 73.317

1984 17.071 -0.011 18.507 31.051 9 ( ) 66.617 3.553 9 ( ) 3.800 2.880 0.165 (s) (s) 6.845 76.972

1985 17.478 -0.013 17.834 30.922 9 ( ) 66.221 4.149 9 ( ) 3.398 R2.864 0.198 (s) (s) R6.460 R76.778

1986 17.260 -0.017 16.708 32.196 9 ( ) 66.148 4.471 9 ( ) 3.446 R2.841 0.219 (s) (s) R6.507 77.065

1987 18.008 0.009 17.744 32.865 9 ( ) 68.626 4.906 9 ( ) 3.117 R2.823 0.229 (s) (s) R6.170 79.633

1988 18.846 0.040 18.552 34.222 9 ( ) 71.660 5.661 9 ( ) 2.662 R2.937 0.217 (s) (s) R5.817 R83.068

1989 R19.043 0.030 19.384 34.211 R-0.050 R72.618 5.677 9 ( ) R3.014 R3.060 R0.334 0.059 0.024 R6.492 R84.716

1990 R19.253 0.005 19.296 33.553 R-0.080 R72.027 6.162 -0.036 R3.146 R2.660 R0.355 0.063 0.032 R6.254 R84.344

1991 R18.998 0.010 19.606 32.845 R0.059 R71.519 6.580 -0.047 R3.159 R2.700 R0.363 0.066 0.032 R6.320 R84.298

1992 R19.152 0.035 20.131 33.527 R0.053 R72.897 6.608 -0.043 R2.818 R2.845 R0.374 R0.067 0.030 R6.134 R85.513

1993 R19.763 0.027 20.827 33.841 R0.050 R74.508 6.520 -0.042 R3.119 R2.803 R0.387 0.071 0.031 R6.410 R87.300

1994 R19.933 0.058 21.288 34.670 R0.140 R76.089 6.838 -0.035 R2.993 R2.938 R0.391 0.072 0.036 R6.429 R89.213

1995 R20.025 0.061 22.163 34.553 R0.121 R76.924 7.177 -0.028 R3.481 R3.066 R0.333 0.073 0.033 R6.986 R90.943

1996 R20.957 0.023 22.559 35.757 R0.109 R79.406 7.168 -0.032 R3.892 R3.126 R0.346 0.075 0.035 R7.473 R93.931

1997 R21.464 0.046 22.530 36.266 R0.109 R80.415 6.678 -0.042 R3.961 R3.004 R0.322 0.074 R0.033 R7.395 R94.340

1998 R21.667 0.067 21.921 36.934 R0.048 R80.637 7.157 -0.046 R3.569 R2.976 R0.328 0.074 0.031 R6.977 R94.608

1999 R21.693 0.058 R22.289 R37.960 R0.092 R82.090 R7.736 R-0.065 R3.512 R3.221 R0.373 R0.073 R0.046 R7.226 R96.866

2000P 22.407 0.065 23.325 37.964 0.102 83.863 8.009 -0.058 3.107 3.275 0.319 0.070 0.051 6.823 98.498

1 End-use consumption, electric utility and nonutility electricity net generation, and net imports of

electricity from renewable energy. 2 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 3 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. 4 Electricity net imports from fossil fuels. May include some nuclear-generated electricity. 5 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 6 Through 1988, includes all electricity net imports. From 1989, includes only electricity net imports

derived from hydroelectric power.

7 Alcohol (ethanol blended into motor gasoline) is included in both "Petroleum" and "Alcohol," but is

counted only once in total energy consumption. 8 From 1989, includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. 9 Included in conventional hydroelectric power.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.0005 and greater than -0.0005 quadrillion Btu. NA=Not

available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.2, 10.2a, 10.2b, and A2-A6. 
10 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-2000

Source: Table 1.4.

Energy Net Imports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Quadrillion Btu

Energy Imports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Petroleum

Energy Exports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Coal

+

+

+

+

 Notes: • Negative net imports are net exports. • Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

+

+

Quadrillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 11

Table 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-2000

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Imports Exports Net Imports

Coal

Natural

Gas Petroleum 1 Other 2 Total Coal

Natural

Gas Petroleum Other 2 Total Coal

Natural

Gas Petroleum 1 Other 2 Total

1949 0.01 0.00 1.43 0.03 1.47 0.88 0.02 0.68 0.02 1.59 -0.87 -0.02 0.75 0.02 -0.13

1950 0.01 0.00 1.89 0.04 1.93 0.79 0.03 0.64 0.01 1.47 -0.78 -0.03 1.24 0.03 0.47

1951 0.01 0.00 1.87 0.04 1.92 1.68 0.03 0.89 0.03 2.62 -1.67 -0.03 0.98 0.01 -0.71

1952 0.01 0.01 2.11 0.04 2.17 1.40 0.03 0.91 0.02 2.37 -1.40 -0.02 1.20 0.02 -0.20

1953 0.01 0.01 2.28 0.04 2.34 0.98 0.03 0.84 0.02 1.87 -0.97 -0.02 1.44 0.02 0.47

1954 0.01 0.01 2.32 0.04 2.37 0.91 0.03 0.75 0.01 1.70 -0.91 -0.02 1.58 0.02 0.67

1955 0.01 0.01 2.75 0.06 2.83 1.46 0.03 0.77 0.02 2.29 -1.46 -0.02 1.98 0.04 0.54

1956 0.01 0.01 3.17 0.06 3.25 1.98 0.04 0.91 0.02 2.95 -1.98 -0.03 2.26 0.04 0.30

1957 0.01 0.04 3.46 0.06 3.57 2.17 0.04 1.20 0.03 3.45 -2.16 (s) 2.26 0.02 0.12

1958 0.01 0.14 3.72 0.05 3.92 1.42 0.04 0.58 0.02 2.06 -1.41 0.10 3.14 0.03 1.86

1959 0.01 0.14 3.91 0.05 4.11 1.05 0.02 0.45 0.02 1.54 -1.04 0.12 3.46 0.03 2.57

1960 0.01 0.16 4.00 0.06 4.23 1.02 0.01 0.43 0.02 1.48 -1.02 0.15 3.57 0.04 2.74

1961 (s) 0.23 4.19 0.04 4.46 0.98 0.01 0.37 0.02 1.38 -0.98 0.22 3.82 0.02 3.08

1962 0.01 0.42 4.56 0.03 5.01 1.08 0.02 0.36 0.03 1.48 -1.08 0.40 4.20 (s) 3.53

1963 0.01 0.42 4.65 0.03 5.10 1.36 0.02 0.44 0.03 1.85 -1.35 0.40 4.21 -0.01 3.25

1964 0.01 0.46 4.96 0.07 5.49 1.34 0.02 0.43 0.06 1.84 -1.33 0.44 4.53 0.01 3.65

1965 (s) 0.47 5.40 0.04 5.92 1.38 0.03 0.39 0.06 1.85 -1.37 0.44 5.01 -0.02 4.06

1966 (s) 0.50 5.63 0.05 6.18 1.35 0.03 0.41 0.06 1.85 -1.35 0.47 5.21 -0.01 4.32

1967 0.01 0.58 5.56 0.04 6.19 1.35 0.08 0.65 0.06 2.15 -1.35 0.50 4.91 -0.02 4.04

1968 0.01 0.67 6.21 0.04 6.93 1.38 0.10 0.49 0.06 2.03 -1.37 0.58 5.73 -0.02 4.90

1969 (s) 0.75 6.90 0.06 7.71 1.53 0.05 0.49 0.08 2.15 -1.53 0.70 6.42 -0.02 5.56

1970 (s) 0.85 7.47 0.07 8.39 1.94 0.07 0.55 0.11 2.66 -1.93 0.77 6.92 -0.04 5.72

1971 (s) 0.96 8.54 0.08 9.58 1.55 0.08 0.47 0.07 2.18 -1.54 0.88 8.07 (s) 7.41

1972 (s) 1.05 10.30 0.11 11.46 1.53 0.08 0.47 0.06 2.14 -1.53 0.97 9.83 0.05 9.32

1973 (s) 1.06 13.47 0.20 14.73 1.43 0.08 0.49 0.06 2.05 -1.42 0.98 12.98 0.14 12.68

1974 0.05 0.99 13.13 0.25 14.41 1.62 0.08 0.46 0.06 2.22 -1.57 0.91 12.66 0.19 12.19

1975 0.02 0.98 12.95 0.16 14.11 1.76 0.07 0.44 0.08 2.36 -1.74 0.90 12.51 0.08 11.75

1976 0.03 0.99 15.67 0.15 16.84 1.60 0.07 0.47 0.06 2.19 -1.57 0.92 15.20 0.09 14.65

1977 0.04 1.04 18.76 0.26 20.09 1.44 0.06 0.51 0.06 2.07 -1.40 0.98 18.24 0.20 18.02

1978 0.07 0.99 17.82 0.36 19.25 1.08 0.05 0.77 0.03 1.93 -1.00 0.94 17.06 0.33 17.32

1979 0.05 1.30 17.93 0.33 19.62 1.75 0.06 1.00 0.06 2.87 -1.70 1.24 16.93 0.27 16.75

1980 0.03 1.01 14.66 0.28 15.97 2.42 0.05 1.16 0.09 3.72 -2.39 0.96 13.50 0.18 12.25

1981 0.03 0.92 12.64 0.39 13.97 2.94 0.06 1.26 0.06 4.33 -2.92 0.86 11.38 0.33 9.65

1982 0.02 0.95 10.78 0.35 12.09 2.79 0.05 1.73 0.06 4.63 -2.77 0.90 9.05 0.28 7.46

1983 0.03 0.94 10.65 0.41 12.03 2.04 0.06 1.57 0.05 3.72 -2.01 0.89 9.08 0.36 8.31

1984 0.03 0.85 11.43 0.46 12.77 2.15 0.06 1.54 0.05 3.80 -2.12 0.79 9.89 0.40 8.96

1985 0.05 0.95 10.61 0.49 12.10 2.44 0.06 1.66 0.08 4.23 -2.39 0.90 8.95 0.41 7.87

1986 0.06 0.75 13.20 0.43 14.44 2.25 0.06 1.67 0.08 4.06 -2.19 0.69 11.53 0.36 10.38

1987 0.04 0.99 14.16 0.57 15.76 2.09 0.05 1.63 0.08 3.85 -2.05 0.94 12.53 0.49 11.91

1988 0.05 1.30 15.75 0.47 17.56 2.50 0.07 1.74 0.10 4.42 -2.45 1.22 14.01 0.37 13.15

1989 0.07 1.39 17.16 0.34 18.96 2.64 0.11 1.84 0.18 4.77 -2.57 1.28 15.33 0.15 14.19

1990 0.07 1.55 17.12 0.22 18.95 2.77 0.09 1.82 0.18 4.87 -2.70 1.46 15.29 0.03 14.09

1991 0.08 1.80 16.35 0.27 18.50 2.85 0.13 2.13 0.04 5.16 -2.77 1.67 14.22 0.22 13.34

1992 0.10 2.16 16.97 0.35 19.58 2.68 0.22 2.01 0.05 4.96 -2.59 1.94 14.96 0.31 14.62

1993 0.20 2.40 18.51 0.39 21.50 1.96 0.14 2.12 0.06 4.28 -1.76 2.25 16.40 0.32 17.22

1994 0.22 2.68 19.24 0.58 22.73 1.88 0.16 1.99 0.05 4.08 -1.66 2.52 17.26 0.53 18.65

1995 0.24 2.90 R18.88 0.55 R22.57 2.32 0.16 1.99 0.07 4.54 -2.08 2.74 R16.89 0.47 R18.03

1996 0.20 3.00 R20.29 0.52 R24.01 2.37 0.16 2.06 0.07 4.66 -2.17 2.85 R18.23 0.45 R19.35

1997 0.19 3.06 21.74 0.52 R25.51 2.19 0.16 2.10 0.12 R4.58 -2.01 2.90 19.64 0.40 20.94

1998 0.22 3.22 22.91 0.50 26.86 R2.09 0.16 1.97 0.16 R4.39 R-1.87 3.06 20.94 0.34 R22.47

1999 0.23 R3.66 R23.13 0.52 R27.55 1.53 0.16 R1.95 0.17 R3.81 R-1.30 R3.50 R21.18 0.36 R23.74

2000P 0.31 3.81 23.78 0.61 28.52 1.53 0.24 2.15 0.18 4.10 -1.21 3.57 21.63 0.43 24.42

1 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 Coal coke and small amounts of electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadrillion Btu and greater than -0.005 quadrillion Btu. 

Notes: • Includes trade between the United States (50 States and the District of Columbia) and its

territories and possessions. • Totals or net import items may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 10.2b, and A2-A6.
12 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 1.5 Energy Consumption and Expenditures Indicators

1 Thousand Btu.

Energy Consumption, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Quadrillion Btu

Energy Expenditures, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

Billion Nominal Dollars

Energy Consumption per Dollar of

Gross Domestic Product, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

MBtu1 per Chained (1996) Dollar

Energy Consumption per Person, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

Million Btu

Energy Expenditures per Person, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Nominal Dollars

Energy Expenditures as Share of

Gross Domestic Product, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

Percent

Source: Table 1.5.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 13

Table 1.5 Energy Consumption and Expenditures Indicators, 1949-2000

Year

Energy

Consumption

Energy

Consumption

per Person

Energy

Expenditures

Energy

Expenditures

per Person

Gross

Domestic

Product (GDP)

Energy

Expenditures

as Share of GDP

Gross

Domestic

Product (GDP)

Energy

Consumption

per Dollar of GDP

Quadrillion Btu Million Btu

Million 

Nominal

Dollars

Nominal

Dollars

Billion

Nominal

Dollars Percent

Billion

Chained

(1996) Dollars

Thousand Btu

per Chained

(1996) Dollar

1949 32.00 215 NA NA 267.7 NA 1,550.9 20.63

1950 34.63 229 NA NA 294.3 NA 1,686.6 20.54

1951 37.00 240 NA NA 339.5 NA 1,815.1 20.38

1952 36.77 235 NA NA 358.6 NA 1,887.3 19.48

1953 37.68 237 NA NA 379.9 NA 1,973.9 19.09

1954 36.66 226 NA NA 381.1 NA 1,960.5 18.70

1955 40.24 244 NA NA 415.2 NA 2,099.5 19.17

1956 41.79 249 NA NA 438.0 NA 2,141.1 19.52

1957 41.82 244 NA NA 461.5 NA 2,183.9 19.15

1958 41.67 239 NA NA 467.9 NA 2,162.8 19.27

1959 43.49 246 NA NA 507.4 NA 2,319.0 18.75

1960 45.12 252 NA NA 527.4 NA 2,376.7 18.98

1961 45.76 250 NA NA 545.7 NA 2,432.0 18.81

1962 47.83 258 NA NA 586.5 NA 2,578.9 18.55

1963 49.65 263 NA NA 618.7 NA 2,690.4 18.45

1964 51.83 271 NA NA 664.4 NA 2,846.5 18.21

1965 54.02 279 NA NA 720.1 NA 3,028.5 17.84

1966 57.02 292 NA NA 789.3 NA 3,227.5 17.67

1967 58.91 298 NA NA 834.1 NA 3,308.3 17.81

1968 62.41 313 NA NA 911.5 NA 3,466.1 18.01

1969 65.63 326 NA NA 985.3 NA 3,571.4 18.38

1970 67.86 334 82,862 408 1,039.7 8.0 3,578.0 R18.97

1971 69.31 335 90,032 435 1,128.6 8.0 3,697.7 R18.75

1972 72.76 348 98,084 469 1,240.4 7.9 3,898.4 18.66

1973 75.81 359 111,918 530 1,385.5 8.1 4,123.4 18.38

1974 74.08 347 153,377 719 1,501.0 10.2 4,099.0 18.07

1975 72.04 334 171,828 797 1,635.2 10.5 4,084.4 17.64

1976 76.07 350 193,880 891 1,823.9 10.6 4,311.7 17.64

1977 78.12 355 220,423 1,003 2,031.4 10.9 4,511.8 R17.32

1978 80.12 361 239,219 1,077 2,295.9 10.4 4,760.6 16.83

1979 81.04 361 297,563 1,325 2,566.4 11.6 4,912.1 16.50

1980 R78.44 346 374,359 1,652 2,795.6 13.4 4,900.9 16.00

1981 76.57 334 427,769 1,864 3,131.3 13.7 5,021.0 15.25

1982 73.44 317 426,187 1,840 3,259.2 13.1 4,919.3 14.93

1983 73.32 314 417,124 1,784 3,534.9 11.8 5,132.3 14.29

1984 76.97 326 434,460 1,842 3,932.7 11.0 5,505.2 13.98

1985 76.78 323 437,292 1,838 4,213.0 10.4 5,717.1 13.43

1986 R77.07 321 382,766 1,594 4,452.9 8.6 5,912.4 13.03

1987 79.63 329 395,689 1,633 4,742.5 8.3 6,113.3 13.03

1988 83.07 340 409,468 1,675 5,108.3 8.0 6,368.4 13.04

1989 R84.72 343 436,463 1,768 5,489.1 8.0 6,591.8 R12.85

1990 R84.34 R339 471,786 1,897 5,803.2 8.1 6,707.9 R12.57

1991 R84.30 R334 469,507 1,862 5,986.2 7.8 6,676.4 R12.63

1992 85.51 335 474,515 1,861 6,318.9 7.5 6,880.0 12.43

1993 R87.30 339 491,904 1,908 6,642.3 7.4 7,062.6 12.36

1994 R89.21 343 505,518 1,942 7,054.3 7.2 7,347.7 12.14

1995 90.94 346 515,321 1,961 7,400.5 7.0 7,543.8 R12.06

1996 R93.93 354 561,473 2,117 7,813.2 7.2 7,813.2 12.02

1997 R94.34 352 567,318 2,119 8,318.4 6.8 R8,159.5 R11.56

1998 R94.61 350 NA NA 8,790.2 NA R8,515.7 R11.11

1999 R96.87 R355 NA NA 9,299.2 NA R8,875.8 R10.91

2000P 98.50 350 NA NA 9,963.1 NA 9,318.5 10.57

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Note: See "Chained Dollars" in the Glossary. 

Sources: Energy Consumption: Table 1.3. Energy Expenditures: Energy Information Administration

(EIA), State Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1997 (July 2000), Table 1. Gross Domestic Product: 

Table E1. Population Data: Table E1. Other Columns: Calculated by EIA.
14 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Consumption per Person

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Ranked by State and U.S. Average

Billion Btu

Consumption

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Ranked by State

Quadrillion Btu

 

Figure 1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption and Consumption per Person, 1999

Source: Table 1.6.

US

OH NY

PA LA IL

TX

CA

FL

MI

GA NJ NC WA

IN

VA TN AL KY WI MO MN MA SC MD OK MS CO OR KS AK

AZ AR IA CT WV UT NM NV NE ME ID WY MT ND NH DE RI HI SD DC VT

AK

LA

WY

ND TX

MT KY IN AL ME ID OK WV KS MS AR

IA WASC OH TN DE NE MN NV GA WI NM OR MI DC SD UT MO IL NC NJ PA VA

CO NH VT MD RI CT AZ FL MA CA NY HI
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 15

Table 1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices

Rank

Consumption, 1999 Consumption per Person, 1999 Expenditures, 1997 Expenditures per Person, 1997 Prices, 1997

State Trillion Btu State Million Btu State Million Dollars State Dollars State

Dollars per

Million Btu

 1 Texas 11,501.0 Alaska 1,121.5 California 55,187 Wyoming 3,902 Hawaii 13.34

 2 California 8,375.4 Wyoming 879.4 Texas 55,070 Alaska 3,575 District of Columbia 12.84

 3 Ohio 4,323.4 Louisiana 826.9 New York 34,089 Louisiana 3,473 Connecticut 12.56

 4 New York 4,283.0 North Dakota 577.1 Pennsylvania 25,810 Texas 2,841 Arizona 11.75

 5 Illinois 3,882.6 Texas 573.8 Ohio 25,556 North Dakota 2,651 New Hampshire 11.58

 6 Florida 3,852.9 Arkansas 471.8 Florida 25,117 Maine 2,543 Vermont 11.36

 7 Pennsylvania 3,715.5 Montana 467.1 Illinois 25,089 District of Columbia 2,518 Massachusetts 11.35

 8 Louisiana 3,615.4 Kentucky 462.1 Michigan 19,758 Montana 2,471 New York 11.18

 9 Michigan 3,239.6 Indiana 460.3 New Jersey 18,764 Indiana 2,405 Rhode Island 11.04

 10 Georgia 2,798.1 Alabama 458.8 North Carolina 15,823 Iowa 2,330 Florida 10.99

 11 Indiana 2,735.8 Mississippi 436.5 Georgia 15,642 New Jersey 2,329 Maryland 10.27

 12 New Jersey 2,588.7 Maine 421.9 Louisiana 15,120 Vermont 2,324 California 10.27

 13 North Carolina 2,446.9 Idaho 414.1 Indiana 14,106 Kentucky 2,313 North Carolina 10.11

 14 Washington 2,240.8 Oklahoma 410.2 Virginia 13,451 Arkansas 2,304 Delaware 9.98

 15 Virginia 2,227.3 West Virginia 407.0 Massachusetts 13,087 Nebraska 2,302 Nevada 9.81

 16 Tennessee 2,070.5 Kansas 395.6 Tennessee 11,604 Delaware 2,301 New Jersey 9.46

 17 Alabama 2,004.8 Iowa 390.9 Missouri 11,533 Ohio 2,283 New Mexico 9.45

 18 Kentucky 1,830.2 Washington 389.3 Washington 10,330 Alabama 2,271 Pennsylvania 9.32

 19 Wisconsin 1,810.5 South Carolina 384.2 Wisconsin 10,156 Kansas 2,249 Virginia 9.32

 20 Missouri 1,768.0 Ohio 384.1 Minnesota 9,869 Connecticut 2,219 Missouri 9.15

 21 Minnesota 1,675.3 Tennessee 377.6 Alabama 9,816 South Dakota 2,208 Illinois 9.03

 22 Massachusetts 1,569.1 Delaware 370.0 Maryland 9,583 Oklahoma 2,208 Ohio 9.01

 23 South Carolina 1,493.0 New Mexico 365.0 Kentucky 9,045 West Virginia 2,204 South Dakota 8.98

 24 Maryland 1,378.2 Nebraska 361.3 Arizona 8,574 Mississippi 2,183 Georgia 8.86

 25 Oklahoma 1,377.5 Georgia 359.3 South Carolina 8,177 Nevada 2,166 Maine 8.82

 26 Arizona 1,219.8 Minnesota 350.8 Oklahoma 7,333 Tennessee 2,160 South Carolina 8.77

 27 Mississippi 1,208.5 Wisconsin 344.8 Connecticut 7,248 South Carolina 2,159 Kansas 8.77

 28 Arkansas 1,203.7 Nevada 340.1 Colorado 6,881 New Hampshire 2,154 Colorado 8.68

 29 Colorado 1,155.5 Oregon 334.5 Iowa 6,649 Pennsylvania 2,149 Arkansas 8.65

 30 Iowa 1,121.7 Michigan 328.4 Oregon 6,058 Massachusetts 2,140 Tennessee 8.60

 31 Oregon 1,109.2 District of Columbia 327.1 Mississippi 5,963 Missouri 2,132 Mississippi 8.59

 32 Kansas 1,050.0 South Dakota 326.0 Kansas 5,850 North Carolina 2,129 Nebraska 8.47

 33 Connecticut 839.3 Utah 325.8 Arkansas 5,812 Idaho 2,109 Minnesota 8.46

 34 West Virginia 735.4 Virginia 324.1 West Virginia 4,002 Minnesota 2,105 Montana 8.41

 35 Alaska 694.7 Missouri 323.3 Nebraska 3,814 Illinois 2,093 Oregon 8.40

 36 Utah 693.9 Illinois 320.1 Utah 3,708 Georgia 2,088 Wisconsin 8.25

 37 New Mexico 635.0 North Carolina 319.8 Nevada 3,637 Rhode Island 2,070 Michigan 8.18

 38 Nevada 615.3 New Jersey 317.9 New Mexico 3,428 Michigan 2,020 Iowa 8.10

 39 Nebraska 602.0 Pennsylvania 309.8 Maine 3,158 Virginia 1,996 Oklahoma 8.07

 40 Maine 528.6 Colorado 284.9 Idaho 2,550 New Mexico 1,988 Idaho 8.01

 41 Idaho 518.3 New Hampshire 279.2 New Hampshire 2,525 Wisconsin 1,953 Alabama 7.81

 42 Wyoming 421.8 Vermont 277.9 Hawaii 2,288 Hawaii 1,920 Kentucky 7.72

 43 Montana 412.4 Maryland 266.5 Alaska 2,180 Arizona 1,883 Washington 7.64

 44 North Dakota 365.7 Rhode Island 263.5 Montana 2,171 Maryland 1,881 Utah 7.58

 45 New Hampshire 335.4 Connecticut 255.7 Rhode Island 2,044 New York 1,879 West Virginia 7.33

 46 Delaware 278.8 Arizona 255.3 Wyoming 1,873 Oregon 1,868 Indiana 7.31

 47 Rhode Island 261.1 Florida 255.0 North Dakota 1,699 Washington 1,840 Texas 6.94

 48 Hawaii 241.4 Massachusetts 254.1 Delaware 1,692 Utah 1,795 Alaska 6.69

 49 South Dakota 239.0 California 252.7 South Dakota 1,629 Colorado 1,768 Wyoming 6.51

 50 District of Columbia 169.8 New York 235.4 Vermont 1,368 California 1,715 North Dakota 6.25

 51 Vermont 165.0 Hawaii 203.7 District of Columbia 1,334 Florida 1,711 Louisiana 5.81

 United States 1 95,682.4 United States 350.9 United States 2 567,318 United States 2,119 United States 8.82

1 Includes 57.7 trillion Btu of coal coke net imports, which are not allocated to the States. Does not

include 1,042 trillion Btu of coal consumed by nonutility wholesale power producers and cogeneration

plants and not reported in the end-use sectors. 2 Includes $72 million for coal coke net imports, which are not allocated to the States.

Note: Rankings based on unrounded data.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_states.html.

Sources: • Consumption: Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data Report 1999,

Consumption Estimates (May 2001), Tables 9 and 10. • Expenditures and Prices: EIA, State Energy

Price and Expenditure Report 1997 (July 2000), Table 1. • Both publications include State-level data by

end-use sector and type of energy. Consumption estimates are annual 1960 through 1999, and price and

expenditures estimates are annual 1970 through 1997. 
16 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

October November December January February March April

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Heating Degree-Days

1977

Figure 1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2001

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

Source: Table 1.7.

1976

1999

1956

1989

1978

1990

1954

1960

1975

1976

2000-01 Heating Season

Heating Season 30-Year Normals1

z Record High and Low Years

1981

1985

1963

2000
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 17

Table 1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2001

Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

 1949 858 701 611 330 128 21 7 9 94 209 503 763 4,234

 1950 761 721 693 412 162 40 11 18 85 196 565 872 4,536

 1951 863 724 632 359 135 45 8 17 74 231 645 814 4,547

 1952 807 677 670 315 154 32 5 11 54 324 540 785 4,374

 1953 754 667 557 378 142 33 5 11 51 208 492 765 4,063

 1954 886 577 646 261 192 32 8 18 56 224 523 809 4,232

 1955 927 759 600 272 121 48 9 6 56 237 600 886 4,521

 1956 900 723 648 387 157 27 10 14 82 215 541 683 4,387

 1957 977 628 610 308 148 23 6 16 61 315 536 711 4,339

 1958 909 866 690 324 143 54 7 8 60 250 484 917 4,712

 1959 944 762 619 305 112 26 4 6 48 249 594 734 4,403

 1960 884 780 831 278 160 33 7 11 48 254 502 936 4,724

 1961 982 670 565 413 199 29 5 7 48 238 532 852 4,540

 1962 976 747 689 337 118 35 14 13 91 234 554 886 4,694

 1963 1,061 841 562 325 163 35 8 18 76 162 471 1,012 4,734

 1964 871 803 636 339 124 39 5 22 72 301 489 814 4,515

 1965 907 780 738 355 114 48 11 14 78 271 494 739 4,549

 1966 1,010 790 580 377 188 30 6 14 81 298 496 830 4,700

 1967 816 820 600 352 229 34 8 17 82 270 588 793 4,609

 1968 979 832 567 309 192 35 6 14 59 240 548 894 4,675

 1969 939 778 735 307 134 47 7 9 60 296 564 860 4,736

 1970 1,063 758 685 344 120 31 4 9 55 253 541 801 4,664

 1971 976 760 681 375 194 29 10 12 47 187 553 723 4,547

 1972 890 785 608 377 137 49 7 12 65 330 613 832 4,705

 1973 893 772 504 356 182 22 6 9 61 212 497 799 4,313

 1974 838 754 556 310 171 42 6 13 94 303 524 795 4,406

 1975 821 742 686 449 117 37 5 13 100 235 462 805 4,472

 1976 974 609 544 309 178 28 8 19 81 367 668 941 4,726

 1977 1,188 751 529 270 119 38 6 13 59 295 493 844 4,605

 1978 1,061 958 677 350 157 31 7 11 59 283 517 847 4,958

 1979 1,079 950 575 364 148 37 6 15 58 271 528 750 4,781

 1980 887 831 680 338 142 49 5 10 54 316 564 831 4,707

 1981 984 689 620 260 165 25 6 11 76 327 504 845 4,512

 1982 1,067 776 620 408 114 62 7 19 75 264 515 692 4,619

 1983 874 706 588 421 189 35 6 5 53 251 509 990 4,627

 1984 1,000 645 704 371 172 28 7 7 88 223 565 704 4,514

 1985 1,057 807 557 260 123 47 5 17 69 243 506 951 4,642

 1986 859 734 542 295 123 30 9 18 76 258 558 793 4,295

 1987 920 714 573 309 107 20 8 13 61 345 491 773 4,334

 1988 1,004 778 594 344 134 30 3 5 72 352 506 831 4,653

 1989 789 832 603 344 163 32 5 14 73 259 542 1,070 4,726

 1990 728 655 535 321 184 29 6 10 56 246 457 789 4,016

 1991 921 639 564 287 98 30 6 7 69 242 586 751 4,200

 1992 852 644 603 345 152 46 14 24 74 301 564 822 4,441

 1993 860 827 664 368 128 38 11 9 89 302 580 824 4,700

 1994 1,031 813 594 293 174 21 6 16 65 268 479 723 4,483

 1995 847 750 556 375 174 31 4 7 77 233 605 872 4,531

 1996 945 748 713 360 165 27 8 9 72 276 630 760 4,713

 1997 932 672 552 406 198 31 7 16 63 273 592 800 4,542

 1998 765 623 596 331 109 41 4 5 33 245 482 717 3,951

 1999 861 R647 R645 R319 R139 R31 5 R12 R62 R275 R413 R760 R4,169

 2000P R879 R636 493 345 121 34 5 6 85 246 611 999 4,460

 2001P 915 721 658 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Normals1 948 768 611 339 150 36 7 13 69 271 528 836 4,576

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Heating degree-days are deviations below the mean daily temperature of 65° F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 40° F would report 25 heating

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide

degree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: • 1949-1999 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-1. • 2000 and 2001—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,

June 2000-April 2001 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service Climate

Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
18 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2000

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

Source: Table 1.8.

April May June July August September October

0

100

200

300

400

Cooling Degree-Days

z

2000 Cooling Season

Cooling Season 30-Year Normals1

Record High and Low Years

1954

1955

1952

1991

1995

1963

1976

1955

1950

1992

1967

1983 1976

1998
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 19

Table 1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2001

Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

 1949 16 14 14 27 110 253 367 294 131 70 12 10 1,318

 1950 27 12 13 21 105 201 268 244 128 78 9 4 1,110

 1951 8 5 15 22 95 198 318 293 158 65 7 11 1,195

 1952 17 8 15 20 96 280 368 303 159 38 10 4 1,318

 1953 12 8 26 25 118 263 338 292 168 58 11 7 1,326

 1954 11 12 11 55 65 241 356 296 195 60 9 4 1,315

 1955 6 7 20 45 121 161 381 355 182 50 10 6 1,344

 1956 4 12 14 23 112 232 297 290 151 66 9 11 1,221

 1957 12 17 13 33 96 243 337 275 155 30 13 6 1,230

 1958 3 1 8 27 101 187 315 304 166 53 18 6 1,189

 1959 6 12 13 31 129 228 325 344 179 64 12 5 1,348

 1960 7 4 6 37 76 215 301 302 181 59 15 3 1,206

 1961 5 9 23 20 71 195 306 287 186 47 12 7 1,168

 1962 6 15 9 26 144 204 276 289 136 64 7 3 1,179

 1963 5 5 22 42 94 213 308 266 153 83 11 2 1,204

 1964 6 3 14 37 114 214 327 256 146 42 17 9 1,185

 1965 9 7 10 42 125 179 280 273 155 48 19 6 1,153

 1966 4 5 12 28 81 201 353 273 132 43 12 4 1,148

 1967 9 5 24 48 70 206 278 253 118 45 12 9 1,077

 1968 6 3 9 32 75 204 307 292 145 53 7 4 1,137

 1969 7 4 4 33 94 200 331 304 153 48 8 4 1,190

 1970 3 4 10 36 104 201 323 313 185 48 6 9 1,242

 1971 8 7 10 22 68 244 288 269 182 77 12 17 1,204

 1972 15 6 22 36 88 174 299 276 169 44 9 8 1,146

 1973 7 3 24 18 75 236 318 303 166 66 21 4 1,241

 1974 21 6 28 29 101 173 317 267 120 40 10 5 1,117

 1975 14 11 14 24 117 203 301 296 120 55 12 5 1,172

 1976 5 11 23 27 64 208 282 243 127 27 8 4 1,029

 1977 2 5 21 35 121 212 351 293 180 44 15 6 1,285

 1978 3 1 10 31 93 218 310 300 180 52 19 9 1,226

 1979 4 4 13 32 82 187 295 266 160 53 11 6 1,113

 1980 9 4 13 23 95 199 374 347 192 42 10 5 1,313

 1981 3 6 10 52 75 257 333 275 138 43 12 5 1,209

 1982 6 10 21 26 115 165 318 262 140 47 15 11 1,136

 1983 6 5 9 13 72 193 353 362 172 58 12 5 1,260

 1984 5 6 14 24 92 233 291 312 143 70 9 15 1,214

 1985 3 5 22 39 108 193 313 269 145 68 25 4 1,194

 1986 8 10 17 33 106 231 340 259 161 52 23 9 1,249

 1987 5 7 13 23 127 244 334 298 156 40 14 8 1,269

 1988 5 5 13 28 89 218 359 348 149 45 18 6 1,283

 1989 15 7 19 36 88 208 312 266 138 49 16 2 1,156

 1990 15 14 21 29 86 234 316 291 172 57 16 9 1,260

 1991 10 9 19 42 147 235 336 305 149 62 8 9 1,331

 1992 6 10 15 29 77 170 286 228 150 49 13 7 1,040

 1993 13 5 11 19 91 207 347 317 146 47 11 4 1,218

 1994 7 9 18 37 76 262 328 263 141 50 20 9 1,220

 1995 7 7 18 29 91 202 348 363 150 61 12 5 1,293

 1996 7 6 8 26 116 226 299 287 139 45 14 7 1,180

 1997 8 11 31 19 81 189 315 268 171 48 10 5 1,156

 1998 12 7 10 23 135 228 350 337 215 62 20 11 1,410

 1999 R12 R11 R12 R40 R94 R219 R374 R305 R152 R55 R17 R6 R1,297

 2000P R6 R8 20 31 131 221 293 299 167 54 11 4 1,245

 2001P 2 10 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Normals1 7 7 16 31 95 208 317 287 154 52 13 7 1,193

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Cooling degree-days are deviations above the mean daily temperature of 65° F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 78° F would report 13 cooling

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide

degree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weighted

State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: • 1949-1999 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-2. • 2000 and 2001—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,

June 2000-April 2001 issues, Table 1.12, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service Climate

Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland.
20 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division

Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 2000

New Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain Pacific

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

6,621

5,839

6,421 6,635

2,895

3,589

2,306

5,321

3,245

6,631

5,767

6,239 6,443

2,973

3,570

2,212

4,991

3,072

Degree-Days

Note: See Appendix D for Census Divisions.

Source: Table 1.9.

U.S.1 Heating Degree-Days, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Degree-Days

30-Year Normal2 2000

High: 4,958 (1978)

Low: 3,951 (1998)

30-Year Normal2: 4,576

England Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central

1

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.

2 Normals are based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 21

Table 1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-2000

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain Pacific 1

United

 States 1

 1949 5,829 5,091 5,801 6,479 2,367 2,942 2,133 5,483 3,729 4,234

 1950 6,470 5,765 6,619 7,136 2,713 3,315 1,974 4,930 3,355 4,536

 1951 6,137 5,497 6,549 7,246 2,728 3,340 2,154 5,513 3,469 4,547

 1952 6,180 5,443 5,977 6,386 2,684 3,276 2,074 5,404 3,586 4,374

 1953 5,650 5,027 5,626 5,994 2,486 3,132 2,024 4,925 3,224 4,063

 1954 6,291 5,473 5,841 6,063 2,713 3,211 1,876 4,679 3,296 4,232

 1955 6,577 5,708 6,101 6,630 2,786 3,314 2,083 5,517 3,723 4,521

 1956 6,702 5,731 6,019 6,408 2,642 3,113 2,032 5,146 3,382 4,387

 1957 6,158 5,469 6,166 6,525 2,594 3,112 2,068 5,203 3,322 4,339

 1958 6,907 6,237 6,585 6,585 3,271 4,004 2,590 4,929 2,819 4,712

 1959 6,363 5,535 6,303 6,665 2,698 3,415 2,398 5,138 2,925 4,403

 1960 6,561 5,901 6,544 6,884 3,147 3,958 2,551 5,328 3,309 4,724

 1961 6,632 5,895 6,275 6,591 2,869 3,497 2,296 5,299 3,221 4,540

 1962 6,981 6,089 6,545 6,691 3,022 3,627 2,264 5,165 3,400 4,694

 1963 6,816 6,103 6,691 6,485 3,138 3,890 2,438 5,060 3,326 4,734

 1964 6,594 5,694 6,030 6,303 2,828 3,462 2,272 5,769 3,583 4,515

 1965 6,825 5,933 6,284 6,646 2,830 3,374 2,078 5,318 3,378 4,549

 1966 6,662 6,012 6,606 6,872 3,118 3,758 2,416 5,275 3,170 4,700

 1967 6,987 6,127 6,477 6,569 2,864 3,403 2,082 5,232 3,316 4,609

 1968 6,800 5,981 6,331 6,556 3,160 3,927 2,522 5,415 3,198 4,675

 1969 6,593 5,933 6,603 6,903 3,205 3,910 2,325 5,324 3,377 4,736

 1970 6,839 5,943 6,455 6,835 2,997 3,685 2,396 5,436 3,257 4,664

 1971 6,695 5,761 6,236 6,594 2,763 3,395 1,985 5,585 3,698 4,547

 1972 7,001 6,064 6,772 7,094 2,759 3,438 2,259 5,352 3,376 4,705

 1973 6,120 5,327 5,780 6,226 2,718 3,309 2,256 5,562 3,383 4,313

 1974 6,621 5,670 6,259 6,478 2,551 3,171 2,080 5,281 3,294 4,406

 1975 6,362 5,477 6,169 6,678 2,640 3,336 2,187 5,693 3,623 4,472

 1976 6,839 6,097 6,768 6,670 3,040 3,881 2,446 5,303 3,115 4,726

 1977 6,579 5,889 6,538 6,506 3,047 3,812 2,330 5,060 3,135 4,605

 1978 7,061 6,330 7,095 7,324 3,187 4,062 2,764 5,370 3,168 4,958

 1979 6,348 5,851 6,921 7,369 2,977 3,900 2,694 5,564 3,202 4,781

 1980 6,900 6,143 6,792 6,652 3,099 3,855 2,378 5,052 2,986 4,707

 1981 6,612 5,989 6,446 6,115 3,177 3,757 2,162 4,671 2,841 4,512

 1982 6,697 5,866 6,542 7,000 2,721 3,357 2,227 5,544 3,449 4,619

 1983 6,305 5,733 6,423 6,901 3,057 3,892 2,672 5,359 3,073 4,627

 1984 6,442 5,777 6,418 6,582 2,791 3,451 2,194 5,592 3,149 4,514

 1985 6,571 5,660 6,546 7,119 2,736 3,602 2,466 5,676 3,441 4,642

 1986 6,517 5,665 6,150 6,231 2,686 3,294 2,058 4,870 2,807 4,295

 1987 6,546 5,699 5,810 5,712 2,937 3,466 2,292 5,153 3,013 4,334

 1988 6,715 6,088 6,590 6,634 3,122 3,800 2,346 5,148 2,975 4,653

 1989 6,887 6,134 6,834 6,996 2,944 3,713 2,439 5,173 3,061 4,726

 1990 5,848 4,998 5,681 6,011 2,230 2,929 1,944 5,146 3,148 4,016

 1991 5,960 5,177 5,906 6,319 2,503 3,211 2,178 5,259 3,109 4,200

 1992 6,844 5,964 6,297 6,262 2,852 3,498 2,145 5,054 2,763 4,441

 1993 6,728 5,948 6,646 7,168 2,981 3,768 2,489 5,514 3,052 4,700

 1994 6,672 5,934 6,378 6,509 2,724 3,394 2,108 5,002 3,155 4,483

 1995 6,559 5,831 6,664 6,804 2,967 3,626 2,145 4,953 2,784 4,531

 1996 6,679 5,986 6,947 7,345 3,106 3,782 2,285 5,011 2,860 4,713

 1997 6,662 5,809 6,617 6,762 2,845 3,664 2,418 5,189 2,754 4,542

 1998 5,680 4,812 5,278 5,774 2,429 3,025 2,021 5,059 3,255 3,951

 1999 R5,952 R5,351 R5,946 R5,921 R2,652 R3,142 R1,835 R4,768 R3,158 R4,169

 2000P 6,631 5,767 6,239 6,443 2,973 3,570 2,212 4,991 3,072 4,460

Normals2 6,621 5,839 6,421 6,635 2,895 3,589 2,306 5,321 3,245 4,576

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Normals are based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Heating degree-days are

deviations below the mean daily temperature of 65° F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

daily temperature of 40° F would report 25 heating degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by

weather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population

estimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the

national average. • See Appendix D for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1999 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-1. • 2000—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review (MER),

February 2000-January 2001 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NOAA, National Weather Service

Climate Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. Census Division data for 2000 are the sums of the

current year monthly statistics shown in the cited issues of the MER. The U.S. total comes from Table 1.7.
22 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1996

Figure 1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.

2 Normals are based on calculations from 1961 through 1990.

Note: See Appendix D for Census Divisions.

Source: Table 1.10.

U.S.1 Cooling Degree-Days, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

Degree-Days

Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 2000

New Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain Pacific

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

421

675 736

981

1,926

1,565

2,460

1,174

694

369

622 662

997

1,953

1,780

2,862

1,440

736

Degree-Days

30-Year Normal2: 1,193

High: 1,410 (1998)

Low: 1,029 (1976)

30-Year Normal2 2000

England Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central

1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 23

Table 1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-2000

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain Pacific 1

United

 States 1

 1949 654 901 949 1,038 2,128 1,776 2,510 1,198 593 1,318

 1950 353 542 602 729 1,919 1,568 2,473 1,120 597 1,110

 1951 400 653 644 777 2,028 1,781 2,684 1,137 593 1,195

 1952 581 825 897 1,109 2,097 1,864 2,543 1,278 657 1,318

 1953 441 768 945 1,183 2,137 1,893 2,727 1,193 571 1,326

 1954 303 646 858 1,250 2,082 1,998 2,907 1,292 590 1,315

 1955 602 934 1,043 1,238 2,045 1,791 2,643 1,124 560 1,344

 1956 336 566 750 1,155 1,913 1,685 2,833 1,247 596 1,221

 1957 428 738 754 1,004 2,050 1,692 2,465 1,155 660 1,230

 1958 344 592 638 878 1,922 1,582 2,517 1,328 836 1,189

 1959 532 903 997 1,083 2,128 1,745 2,456 1,258 776 1,348

 1960 368 640 722 961 1,926 1,613 2,492 1,308 770 1,206

 1961 482 787 745 867 1,888 1,370 2,230 1,223 709 1,168

 1962 264 561 742 974 1,908 1,738 2,700 1,147 559 1,179

 1963 373 571 712 1,196 1,812 1,580 2,899 1,235 605 1,204

 1964 312 634 787 1,030 1,905 1,591 2,608 1,095 574 1,185

 1965 352 638 688 914 1,931 1,634 2,579 961 542 1,153

 1966 421 731 724 919 1,788 1,440 2,309 1,239 680 1,148

 1967 420 602 548 713 1,697 1,257 2,385 1,120 817 1,077

 1968 410 725 740 902 1,842 1,517 2,247 1,015 632 1,137

 1969 447 706 701 940 1,887 1,572 2,505 1,228 680 1,190

 1970 479 779 827 1,066 2,007 1,662 2,375 1,163 689 1,242

 1971 465 730 783 960 1,932 1,577 2,448 1,074 685 1,204

 1972 364 614 643 908 1,843 1,525 2,513 1,141 698 1,146

 1973 551 830 864 1,009 2,000 1,665 2,359 1,123 624 1,241

 1974 393 614 626 878 1,842 1,382 2,342 1,188 690 1,117

 1975 467 708 788 1,003 2,011 1,520 2,261 1,031 547 1,172

 1976 402 597 619 939 1,675 1,232 2,035 1,058 620 1,029

 1977 407 689 823 1,122 2,020 1,808 2,720 1,256 715 1,285

 1978 378 615 741 1,027 1,972 1,685 2,638 1,174 738 1,226

 1979 434 588 618 871 1,833 1,412 2,242 1,164 770 1,113

 1980 487 793 816 1,217 2,075 1,834 2,734 1,202 658 1,313

 1981 436 657 658 924 1,889 1,576 2,498 1,331 876 1,209

 1982 321 541 643 859 1,958 1,537 2,502 1,121 619 1,136

 1983 538 799 934 1,178 1,925 1,579 2,288 1,174 776 1,260

 1984 468 649 724 955 1,865 1,508 2,469 1,190 956 1,214

 1985 372 627 643 830 2,004 1,596 2,599 1,210 737 1,194

 1986 301 626 738 1,021 2,149 1,792 2,618 1,188 664 1,249

 1987 406 729 918 1,115 2,067 1,718 2,368 1,196 706 1,269

 1988 545 782 975 1,230 1,923 1,582 2,422 1,320 729 1,283

 1989 426 658 652 864 1,977 1,417 2,295 1,330 685 1,156

 1990 477 656 647 983 2,143 1,622 2,579 1,294 827 1,260

 1991 511 854 959 1,125 2,197 1,758 2,499 1,182 672 1,331

 1992 276 460 449 637 1,777 1,293 2,201 1,206 905 1,040

 1993 486 764 735 817 2,092 1,622 2,369 1,113 708 1,218

 1994 548 722 664 887 2,005 1,448 2,422 1,436 801 1,220

 1995 507 803 921 985 2,081 1,671 2,448 1,234 754 1,293

 1996 400 623 629 821 1,867 1,474 2,515 1,381 856 1,180

 1997 395 586 574 873 1,886 1,393 2,361 1,335 921 1,156

 1998 505 788 889 1,138 2,277 1,928 3,026 1,271 732 1,410

 1999 R631 R882 R855 R970 R2,024 R1,733 R2,645 R1,242 R635 R1,280

 2000P 369 622 662 997 1,953 1,780 2,862 1,440 736 1,245

Normals2 421 675 736 981 1,926 1,565 2,460 1,174 694 1,193

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Normals are based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Cooling degree-days are

deviations above the mean daily temperature of 65° F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

daily temperature of 78° F would report 13 cooling degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by

weather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population

estimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the

national average. • See Appendix D for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1999 and Normals—U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Historical

Climatology Series 5-2. • 2000—Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, January

2001 issue, Table 1.12, which reports Census Division data from NOAA, National Weather Service Climate

Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. The U.S. total comes from Table 1.8.
24 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 General Services Administration.

2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

3 Health and Human Services.

Figure 1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency

Selected Non-Defense Agencies, Fiscal Year 2000

Postal Energy Veterans Transportation GSA1 Justice NASA2 Interior Agriculture HHS3 0

10

20

30

40

50

41.9

28.7 27.5

21.1

17.6 16.7

11.1

8.1 7.8 7.8

Trillion Btu

Notes: • The U.S. Government's fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, 

except in 1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30. • Because vertical scales differ, 

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.11.

Total and U.S. Department of Defense, Fiscal Years 1975-2000

1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

Trillion Btu (Cumulative)

Total

Service Affairs

Defense

All Other Government
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 25

Table 1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Agencies

Agriculture Defense Energy GSA 1 HHS 2 Interior Justice NASA 3

Postal

Service

TransportationVeterans

Affairs Other 4 Total

1975 9.5 1,360.2 50.4 22.3 6.5 9.4 5.9 13.4 30.5 19.3 27.1 10.5 1,565.0

1976 9.3 1,183.3 50.3 20.6 6.7 9.4 5.7 12.4 30.0 19.5 25.0 11.2 1,383.4

1977 8.9 1,192.3 51.6 20.4 6.9 9.5 5.9 12.0 32.7 20.4 25.9 11.9 1,398.5

1978 9.1 1,157.8 50.1 20.4 6.5 9.2 5.9 11.2 30.9 20.6 26.8 12.4 1,360.9

1979 9.2 1,175.8 49.6 19.6 6.4 10.4 6.4 11.1 29.3 19.6 25.7 12.3 1,375.4

1980 8.6 1,183.1 47.4 18.1 6.0 8.5 5.7 10.4 27.2 19.2 24.8 12.3 1,371.2

1981 7.9 1,239.5 47.3 18.0 6.7 7.6 5.4 10.0 27.9 18.8 24.0 11.1 1,424.2

1982 7.6 1,264.5 49.0 18.1 6.4 7.4 5.8 10.1 27.5 19.1 24.2 11.6 1,451.4

1983 7.4 1,248.3 49.5 16.1 6.2 7.7 5.5 10.3 26.5 19.4 24.1 10.8 1,431.8

1984 7.9 1,292.1 51.6 16.2 6.4 8.4 6.4 10.6 27.7 19.8 24.6 10.7 1,482.5

1985 8.4 1,250.6 51.5 17.3 6.0 7.8 8.2 10.8 27.8 19.5 25.1 R15.4 R1,448.4

1986 6.8 1,222.8 50.4 14.0 6.2 6.9 8.6 11.2 28.0 19.4 25.0 10.8 1,410.1

1987 7.3 1,280.5 48.6 13.1 6.6 6.6 8.1 11.1 28.5 19.0 24.9 11.9 1,466.2

1988 7.8 1,165.8 49.9 12.4 6.4 7.0 9.4 11.1 29.6 18.7 26.3 15.8 1,360.2

1989 8.7 1,274.4 44.3 12.7 6.7 7.1 7.7 12.1 30.3 18.5 26.2 15.6 1,464.5

1990 9.5 1,241.7 43.5 14.2 8.0 7.4 7.0 12.3 30.6 19.0 24.9 R19.6 R1,437.6

1991 9.6 1,269.3 42.2 14.0 7.1 7.1 8.0 12.5 30.8 19.0 25.1 R18.0 R1,462.5

1992 9.1 1,104.0 44.3 13.8 8.0 7.0 7.5 12.5 31.7 17.0 25.3 R15.6 R1,295.8

1993 9.3 1,048.8 43.7 14.1 8.1 7.5 9.1 12.4 33.7 19.4 25.7 R16.1 R1,247.9

1994 9.4 977.0 42.3 14.0 8.4 7.9 10.3 12.6 35.0 19.8 25.6 17.0 1,179.2

1995 9.7 926.0 47.1 13.7 6.1 6.4 10.2 12.4 36.2 18.7 25.4 17.0 1,129.7

1996 9.1 904.2 44.4 14.5 6.6 4.3 12.1 11.5 36.4 19.6 26.8 18.4 1,107.9

1997 7.4 880.0 33.9 14.4 7.9 6.6 12.0 12.0 40.8 19.1 27.3 R21.8 R1,083.1

1998 7.9 837.1 31.5 14.1 7.4 6.4 15.8 11.7 39.5 18.5 27.6 R20.5 R1,038.0

1999 7.8 810.7 R30.4 14.3 7.0 7.5 15.4 11.4 39.8 20.5 27.5 R20.5 R1,012.7

2000P 7.8 824.4 28.7 17.6 7.8 8.1 16.7 11.1 41.9 21.1 27.5 20.9 1,033.5

1 General Services Administration. 2 Health and Human Services. 3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama

Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation,

Federal Trade Commission, Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, Commodity Futures

Trading Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S.

Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, Office of Personnel

Management, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Information Agency.

R = Revised. P = Preliminary. 

Notes: • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975 and

1976, when it was July 1 through June 30. • Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in

foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. 

U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal

Energy Management Programs.
26 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Source: Table 1.12.

Figure 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2000

By Major Energy Source

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Trillion Btu

By Petroleum Product

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Trillion Btu

Petroleum

Coal

Jet Fuel

Distillate and Residual Fuel Oil

Motor Gasoline

Notes: • The U.S. Government's fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, 

except in 1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30. • Because vertical scales 

differ, graphs should not be compared.

Electricity

Natural Gas
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 27

Table 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Electricity

Purchased

Steam Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

LPG 1

and Other

Motor

Gasoline Total

1975 77.9 166.2 22.0 376.0 707.4 5.6 63.2 1,174.2 141.5 5.1 1,565.0

1976 71.3 151.8 11.6 329.7 610.0 4.7 60.4 1,016.4 139.3 4.6 1,383.4

1977 68.4 141.2 8.8 348.5 619.2 4.1 61.4 1,042.1 141.1 5.7 1,398.5

1978 66.0 144.7 6.2 332.3 601.1 3.0 60.1 1,002.9 141.0 6.4 1,360.9

1979 65.1 148.9 4.7 327.1 618.6 3.7 59.1 1,013.1 141.2 7.1 1,375.4

1980 63.5 147.3 4.9 307.7 638.7 4.0 56.5 1,011.8 141.9 6.8 1,371.2

1981 65.1 142.2 4.6 351.3 653.3 3.7 53.2 1,066.2 144.5 6.2 1,424.2

1982 68.6 146.2 3.6 349.4 672.7 3.9 53.1 1,082.8 147.5 6.2 1,451.4

1983 62.4 147.8 2.6 329.5 673.4 4.0 51.6 1,061.1 151.5 9.0 1,431.8

1984 65.3 157.4 1.9 342.9 693.7 4.1 51.2 1,093.8 155.9 10.1 1,482.5

1985 64.0 R149.4 1.9 R291.2 705.7 4.0 R50.4 R1,053.2 R167.9 13.9 R1,448.4

1986 63.8 140.9 1.4 271.6 710.2 3.9 45.3 1,032.4 159.2 13.7 1,410.1

1987 67.0 145.6 1.0 319.5 702.3 4.0 43.1 1,069.8 169.9 13.9 1,466.2

1988 60.2 144.6 6.0 284.7 617.2 3.2 41.2 952.3 171.2 32.0 1,360.2

1989 48.7 152.4 0.8 245.1 761.7 5.7 41.1 1,054.4 188.5 20.6 1,464.5

1990 44.2 R157.8 0.5 R244.5 732.4 6.3 37.2 R1,020.9 R195.8 R19.0 R1,437.6

1991 45.9 R154.2 0.4 R232.7 774.5 9.0 34.1 R1,050.7 R193.3 18.4 R1,462.5

1992 51.7 151.3 1.0 200.5 628.2 11.4 35.6 876.8 R193.2 22.8 R1,295.8

1993 38.5 153.1 0.7 187.1 612.4 9.3 34.5 843.9 R193.7 18.7 R1,247.9

1994 35.0 144.0 0.6 198.6 550.7 10.9 29.5 790.3 191.6 18.3 1,179.2

1995 31.7 149.2 0.3 178.5 522.3 11.4 31.9 744.4 185.5 18.9 1,129.7

1996 23.3 147.4 0.2 170.6 513.0 21.7 27.6 733.2 184.3 19.8 1,107.9

1997 22.5 R145.0 0.3 R180.1 475.7 17.2 39.0 R712.2 R184.1 19.3 R1,083.1

1998 23.9 R140.5 0.2 R175.1 445.5 9.4 43.1 R673.2 R181.9 R18.5 R1,038.0

1999 21.2 R137.1 0.1 R161.9 R444.7 2.9 41.1 R650.7 R184.4 19.3 R1,012.7

2000P 20.7 134.9 0.2 174.4 446.9 3.3 41.1 665.9 191.8 20.2 1,033.5

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

R = Revised. P = Preliminary. 

Notes: • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975 and

1976, when it was July 1 through June 30. • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity of 3,412 Btu

per kilowatthour and a conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • Data include

energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering,

primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and

uranium enrichment is excluded. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal Energy

Management Programs.
28 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Purchased steam and other.

Notes: • The U.S. Government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. 

• Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Figure 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source

Source: Table 1.13.

Department of Defense All Other Agencies

Residual Fuel Oil

1990 2000

Gasoline Petroleum and Other Petroleum 1

By Agency, Fiscal Year 2000

Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other1 Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

609

103 82

31 57 89

53

10

Trillion Btu

By Source, Fiscal Years 1990 and 2000

Jet Fuel Distillate and Motor All Other Total Electricity Natural Gas Coal Total

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

732

245

37 7

1,021

196 158

63

1,438

447

174

41 4

666

192 135

41

1,034

Trillion Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 29

Table 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1990 and 2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Agency

Coal

and Other 2

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Electricity Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual

Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

LPG 1

and Other 

Motor

Gasoline Total

Total, 1990 ................................................... 63.1 157.8 0.5 244.5 732.4 6.3 37.2 1,020.9 195.8 1,437.6

 Defense ...................................................... 47.7 114.5 0.1 218.0 723.8 4.4 12.5 958.9 120.6 1,241.7

 Postal Service ............................................. 0.6 4.6 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.2 8.9 13.6 11.8 30.6

 Energy ........................................................ 10.0 9.6 0.0 2.9 0.4 0.2 1.2 4.8 19.1 43.5

 Veterans Affairs .......................................... 1.2 13.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.7 7.9 24.9

 Transportation ............................................ 0.1 1.1 0.1 6.5 5.4 0.1 1.8 13.8 3.9 19.0

 General Services Administration ................ 1.9 2.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 9.1 14.2

 Justice ........................................................ 0.4 2.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 1.8 2.5 1.9 7.0

 NASA .......................................................... 0.3 2.8 0.0 0.9 1.5 0.0 0.2 2.6 6.6 12.3

 Interior ........................................................ 0.2 1.2 0.1 1.2 0.2 1.1 2.1 4.6 1.4 7.4

 Agriculture .................................................. 0.1 1.7 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.2 4.6 5.7 2.0 9.5

 Health and Human Services ....................... 0.2 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 3.4 8.0

 Other 3 ........................................................ 0.5 2.4 0.1 4.2 0.9 0.0 3.5 8.7 8.1 19.6

Total, 2000 P ................................................ 40.9 134.9 0.2 174.4 446.9 3.3 41.1 665.9 191.8 1,033.5

 Defense ...................................................... 30.9 81.7 0.0 154.4 439.1 1.6 13.5 608.6 103.2 824.4

 Postal Service ............................................. 0.4 7.4 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 15.4 18.6 41.9

 Energy ........................................................ 4.3 5.9 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.1 1.0 2.6 15.9 28.7

 Veterans Affairs .......................................... 1.5 14.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.4 9.3 27.5

 Transportation ............................................ 0.0 0.9 0.0 7.3 4.0 0.1 0.8 12.1 8.0 21.1

 General Services Administration ................ 1.5 6.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 9.8 17.6

 Justice ........................................................ 0.5 5.3 0.1 0.4 1.4 0.0 4.8 6.7 4.3 16.7

 NASA .......................................................... 0.3 3.1 0.0 0.4 1.1 0.0 0.2 1.8 6.0 11.1

 Interior ........................................................ 0.1 1.3 0.1 0.9 0.1 1.1 2.8 5.0 1.7 8.1

 Agriculture .................................................. 0.3 1.9 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 3.3 3.6 2.0 7.8

 Health and Human Services ....................... 0.4 3.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.2 2.9 7.8

 Other 4 ........................................................ 0.6 3.9 0.0 2.8 0.9 0.0 2.4 6.2 10.2 20.9

1 Liquefied petroleum gases. 2 Purchased steam and other. 3 Includes U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority,

U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development, Federal Communications Commission, Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Department

of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, and Environmental Protection

Agency. 4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Department of State, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal

Communications Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Panama Canal Commission, Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Personnel Management,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Railroad

Retirement Board, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S.

Information Agency.

P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour and a

conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • Data include energy consumed at foreign

installations and in foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S.

Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is

excluded. • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal Energy

Management Programs.
30 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands

Notes: • Federally Administered Lands include all classes of land owned by the Federal 

Government, including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands. • Because 

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

 Source: Table 1.14.

Federal Lands Fossil Fuel Production as a Share of

U.S. Fossil Fuel Production, By Source, 1999

Natural Gas Coal Crude Oil and Natural Gas

0

10

20

30

40

50

39 38

29

10

Percent

By Source, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Crude Oil and

Lease Condensate

Coal

Lease Condensate Plant Liquids

Total, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

6

12

18

24

Quadrillion Btu

Federal Lands Fossil Fuel Production as a Share of 

U.S. Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

2000: 20

2000: 35%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 31

Table 1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1999

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate 1 Natural Gas Plant Liquids 2 Natural Gas 3 Coal 4 Fossil Fuels

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Trillion

Cubic Feet

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Short Tons

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 

1949 95.2 0.55 5.2 4.4 0.02 2.8 0.15 0.15 2.8 9.5 0.20 2.0 0.92 3.2

1950 105.9 0.61 5.4 4.4 0.02 2.4 0.14 0.15 2.4 7.7 0.16 1.4 0.94 2.9

1951 117.3 0.68 5.2 5.3 0.02 2.6 0.17 0.18 2.4 9.3 0.20 1.6 1.08 3.0

1952 118.7 0.69 5.2 5.5 0.02 2.5 0.25 0.25 3.2 8.7 0.18 1.7 1.15 3.3

1953 136.9 0.79 5.8 5.7 0.03 2.4 0.29 0.30 3.6 7.5 0.16 1.5 1.28 3.6

1954 146.5 0.85 6.3 6.1 0.03 2.4 0.39 0.40 4.6 7.4 0.16 1.8 1.43 4.2

1955 159.5 0.92 6.4 6.0 0.03 2.1 0.43 0.45 4.8 5.9 0.12 1.2 1.53 4.1

1956 174.1 1.01 6.7 6.4 0.03 2.2 0.49 0.51 5.1 5.8 0.12 1.1 1.67 4.2

1957 189.4 1.10 7.2 6.6 0.03 2.2 0.62 0.64 6.1 5.7 0.12 1.1 1.89 4.7

1958 216.8 1.26 8.9 8.0 0.04 2.7 0.69 0.71 6.5 5.3 0.11 1.2 2.11 5.7

1959 258.2 1.50 10.0 9.5 0.04 3.0 0.83 0.86 7.2 4.9 0.10 1.1 2.50 6.4

1960 277.3 1.61 10.8 11.6 0.05 3.4 0.95 0.98 7.8 5.2 0.11 1.2 2.75 6.9

1961 297.3 1.72 11.3 13.5 0.06 3.7 1.03 1.06 8.1 5.2 0.11 1.2 2.95 7.3

1962 321.7 1.87 12.0 15.3 0.07 4.1 1.18 1.22 8.9 5.8 0.12 1.3 3.27 7.8

1963 342.8 1.99 12.5 16.0 0.07 4.0 1.37 1.41 9.7 5.4 0.11 1.1 3.58 8.1

1964 356.0 2.07 12.8 15.5 0.07 3.7 1.51 1.55 10.2 7.1 0.15 1.4 3.84 8.4

1965 378.6 2.20 13.3 14.3 0.06 3.2 1.56 1.61 10.2 8.2 0.17 1.6 4.04 8.5

1966 426.7 2.47 14.1 15.2 0.06 3.2 2.02 2.09 12.3 8.3 0.17 1.5 4.80 9.6

1967 472.6 2.74 14.7 20.1 0.09 3.9 2.41 2.48 13.8 9.5 0.20 1.7 5.51 10.5

1968 523.7 3.04 15.7 13.7 0.06 2.5 2.61 2.69 14.1 9.1 0.19 1.6 5.97 11.0

1969 563.8 3.27 16.7 19.9 0.08 3.4 3.05 3.14 15.4 10.1 0.21 1.8 6.70 11.9

1970 605.6 3.51 17.2 40.6 0.17 6.7 3.56 3.67 16.9 12.0 0.25 2.0 7.60 12.8

1971 648.9 3.76 18.8 54.0 0.22 8.7 3.95 4.08 18.3 17.3 0.36 3.1 8.42 14.5

1972 630.5 3.66 18.2 56.7 0.23 8.9 4.17 4.28 19.3 19.0 0.40 3.1 8.56 14.5

1973 604.3 3.51 18.0 54.9 0.22 8.7 4.37 4.46 20.1 24.2 0.51 4.1 8.70 14.9

1974 570.2 3.31 17.8 61.9 0.25 10.1 4.75 4.87 22.9 32.1 0.67 5.3 9.10 16.1

1975 531.5 3.08 17.4 59.7 0.24 10.0 4.57 4.67 23.8 43.6 0.92 6.7 8.90 16.3

1976 525.7 3.05 17.7 57.2 0.23 9.7 4.81 4.91 25.2 86.4 1.82 12.6 10.00 18.3

1977 535.0 3.10 17.8 57.4 0.23 9.7 4.94 5.04 25.8 74.8 1.57 10.7 9.94 18.0

1978 523.6 3.04 16.5 25.9 0.10 4.5 5.60 5.71 29.3 79.2 1.66 11.8 10.51 19.1

1979 519.8 3.01 16.7 11.9 0.05 2.1 5.93 6.05 30.1 84.9 1.78 10.9 10.89 18.8

1980 510.4 2.96 16.2 10.5 0.04 1.8 5.85 6.01 30.2 92.9 1.95 11.2 10.96 18.6

1981 529.3 3.07 16.9 12.3 0.05 2.1 6.15 6.31 32.1 138.8 2.91 16.8 12.35 21.1

1982 552.3 3.20 17.5 15.0 0.06 2.7 5.97 6.14 33.5 130.0 2.73 15.5 12.13 21.1

1983 568.8 3.30 17.9 14.0 0.05 2.5 5.17 5.33 32.1 124.3 2.61 15.9 11.30 20.8

1984 595.8 3.46 18.3 25.4 0.10 4.3 5.88 6.07 33.7 136.3 2.86 15.2 12.48 21.2

1985 628.3 3.64 19.2 26.6 0.10 4.5 5.24 5.41 31.8 184.6 3.88 20.9 13.03 22.6

1986 608.4 3.53 19.2 23.3 0.09 4.1 4.87 5.01 30.3 189.7 3.98 21.3 12.61 22.3

1987 577.3 3.35 18.9 23.7 0.09 4.1 5.56 5.73 33.4 195.2 4.10 21.2 13.27 23.2

1988 516.3 2.99 17.3 37.0 0.14 6.2 5.45 5.61 31.9 225.4 4.73 23.7 13.48 23.3

1989 488.9 2.84 17.6 45.1 0.17 8.0 5.32 5.49 30.7 236.3 4.96 24.1 13.46 23.4

1990 515.9 2.99 19.2 50.9 0.19 8.9 6.55 6.75 36.8 280.6 5.89 27.3 15.83 27.0

1991 491.0 2.85 18.1 72.7 0.28 12.0 5.99 6.17 33.8 285.1 5.99 28.6 15.28 26.4

1992 529.1 3.07 20.2 70.7 0.27 11.4 6.25 6.43 35.0 266.7 5.60 26.7 15.37 26.7

1993 529.3 3.07 21.2 64.4 0.24 10.2 6.56 6.74 36.3 285.7 6.00 30.2 16.05 28.8

1994 527.7 3.06 21.7 60.0 0.23 9.5 6.78 6.97 36.0 321.4 6.75 31.1 17.01 29.4

1995 567.4 3.29 23.7 74.0 0.28 11.5 6.78 6.96 36.4 376.9 7.91 36.5 18.45 32.1

1996 596.5 3.46 25.2 71.2 0.27 10.6 7.31 7.51 38.8 354.5 7.44 33.3 18.68 32.0

1997 632.8 3.67 26.9 74.7 0.28 11.3 7.43 7.62 39.3 362.6 7.61 33.3 19.18 32.6

1998 6606.3 3.52 26.6 660.3 0.23 9.4 67.06 7.27 R37.4 371.1 7.79 33.2 18.81 R31.9

1999 7628.9 73.65 729.3 766.5 70.25 79.9 77.24 77.44 738.9 414.5 8.70 37.7 720.04 735.0

1 Production from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 for 1974 and earlier years is for fiscal years (July

through June). 2 Includes only those quantities for which the royalties were paid on the basis of the value of the natural

gas plant liquids produced. Additional quantities of natural gas plant liquids were produced; however, the

royalties paid were based on the value of natural gas processed. These latter quantities are included with

natural gas. 3 Includes some quantities of natural gas processed into liquids at natural gas processing plants and

fractionators. 4 Converted to British thermal units (Btu) on the basis of an estimated heat content of coal produced on

Federally administered lands of 21.0 million Btu per short ton. 5 Based on physical units. 6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1997 and 1998 due to the sale of "Elk Hills," Naval

Petroleum Reserve No. 1. 7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1998 and 1999; beginning in 1999 Naval Petroleum

Reserve data have become insignificant and are no longer included.

R=Revised. 

Note: Federally Administered Lands include all classes of land owned by the Federal Government,

including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands.

Web Page: http://www.mrm.mms.gov.

Sources: • 1949-1980—U.S. Geological Survey, Oil and Gas Production, Royalty Income, and

Production, Royalty Income, and Related Statistics, and Coal, Phosphate, Potash, Sodium, and Other

Mineral Production, Royalty Income, and Related Statistics (June 1981); Department of Energy, Office of

Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data; and U.S. Geological Survey, National

Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. • 1981-1983—U.S. Minerals Management Service,

Mineral Revenues Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, (annual); Department of Energy,

Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data; and U.S. Geological Survey, National

Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. • 1984-1998—U.S. Minerals Management Service,

Mineral Revenues Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, annual reports; and Department of

Energy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data. • 1999—U.S. Minerals

Management Service, Mineral Revenues 1999 Report on Receipts from Federal and American Indian

Leases, Table 9. 
32 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Notes: • See Note 2 at end of section for a discussion of "nonfuel use." • Because 

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.15.

By Petroleum Product, 2000

LPG Petrochemical Feedst Asphalt and Road Oil Lubricants Pentanes Plus Petroleum Coke Special Naphtha Other

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1.8

1.3 1.3

0.4

0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2

Quadrillion Btu

Total, 1980-2000

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

2

4

6

8

Quadrillion Btu

By Fuel, 2000

Petroleum Products Natural Gas Coal

0

2

4

6 5.7

0.7

0

Quadrillion Btu

As Share of Total Energy Consumption, 1980-2000

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

2

4

6

8

Percent

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products.

(s) = less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.

Figure 1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use

Total

Petroleum Products

Natural Gas

Coal

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

LubricantsSpecial

Naphthas

Petroleum

Coke

Pentanes

Plus

LPG1 Other2

2000: 6.5%

Petroleum Products Natural Gas Coal

(s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 33

Table 1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-2000

Year

Petroleum Products

Natural

Gas Coal Total

Percent of

Total Energy

Consumption

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Pentanes

Plus Lubricants

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Petroleum

Coke

Special

Naphthas Other 1 Total

Physical Units 2

1980 145 230 3 ( ) 58 253 24 37 58 805 639 2.4 — —

1981 125 229 3 ( ) 56 216 29 27 54 736 507 2.1 — —

1982 125 256 3 ( ) 51 157 23 25 48 686 438 1.4 — —

1983 136 264 3 ( ) 53 151 10 30 45 689 441 1.2 — —

1984 150 247 10 57 145 16 40 41 705 495 1.5 — —

1985 156 265 13 53 144 15 30 41 718 500 1.1 — —

1986 164 248 17 52 169 14 25 38 727 496 0.7 — —

1987 170 303 12 59 170 24 28 36 802 578 0.8 — —

1988 171 319 21 57 173 25 22 40 827 554 0.7 — —

1989 165 332 17 58 172 23 20 39 827 563 0.6 — —

1990 176 344 18 60 199 30 20 39 887 572 0.6 — —

1991 162 394 10 53 200 27 17 44 907 573 0.6 — —

1992 166 397 13 54 214 41 20 35 940 594 1.2 — —

1993 174 389 60 55 216 27 20 33 976 R596 0.9 — —

1994 176 437 56 58 222 30 15 35 1,029 673 0.9 — —

1995 178 450 66 57 215 32 13 26 1,037 R647 0.9 — —

1996 177 470 69 55 217 34 14 27 1,063 R656 0.9 — —

1997 184 473 65 58 250 29 14 27 1,102 R677 0.9 — —

1998 190 454 58 61 252 51 20 31 1,117 R684 0.8 — —

1999 R200 R512 R72 62 R237 R62 R28 28 R1,200 R678 0.8 — —

2000P 192 518 67 61 230 37 32 29 1,166 692 0.8 — —

Quadrillion Btu

1980 0.96 0.78 3 ( ) 0.35 1.43 0.14 0.19 0.34 4.19 0.65 0.08 4.92 6.3

1981 0.83 0.77 3 ( ) 0.34 1.21 0.17 0.14 0.31 3.78 0.52 0.07 4.37 5.7

1982 0.83 0.87 3 ( ) 0.31 0.88 0.14 0.13 0.28 3.44 0.45 0.04 3.93 5.4

1983 0.90 0.89 3 ( ) 0.32 0.85 0.06 0.16 0.26 3.45 0.45 0.04 3.94 5.4

1984 0.99 0.84 0.05 0.35 0.82 0.09 0.21 0.24 3.58 0.51 0.05 4.14 5.4

1985 1.03 0.90 0.06 0.32 0.82 0.09 0.16 0.24 3.63 0.52 0.03 4.18 5.4

1986 1.09 0.85 0.08 0.31 0.95 0.08 0.13 0.22 3.72 0.51 0.02 4.25 5.5

1987 1.13 1.06 0.06 0.36 0.96 0.14 0.14 0.21 4.06 0.60 0.03 4.69 5.9

1988 1.14 1.11 0.10 0.34 0.97 0.15 0.11 0.23 4.16 0.57 0.02 4.75 5.7

1989 1.10 1.18 0.08 0.35 0.96 0.14 0.11 0.23 4.14 0.58 0.02 4.74 5.6

1990 1.17 1.20 0.08 0.36 1.12 0.18 0.11 0.23 4.46 0.59 0.02 5.07 6.0

1991 1.08 1.38 0.04 0.32 1.15 0.16 0.09 0.26 4.48 0.59 0.02 5.09 R6.0

1992 1.10 1.39 0.06 0.33 1.20 0.25 0.10 0.20 4.64 0.61 0.04 5.29 6.2

1993 1.15 1.35 0.28 0.34 1.22 0.17 0.10 0.20 4.80 0.61 0.03 5.44 6.2

1994 1.17 1.55 0.26 0.35 1.26 0.18 0.08 0.20 5.05 0.69 0.03 5.77 6.5

1995 1.18 1.59 0.30 0.35 1.21 0.19 0.07 0.20 5.08 R0.66 0.03 R5.77 R6.3

1996 1.18 1.65 0.32 0.34 1.21 0.21 0.07 0.19 5.17 R0.67 0.03 R5.87 R6.2

1997 1.22 1.67 0.30 0.35 1.40 0.18 0.07 0.20 5.40 R0.69 0.03 R6.12 6.5

1998 1.26 1.60 0.27 0.37 1.40 0.31 0.11 0.22 5.54 R0.71 0.03 R6.28 R6.6

1999 1.32 R1.81 0.33 R0.37 1.33 0.37 R0.15 R0.21 R5.89 R0.70 R0.03 6.62 R6.8

2000P 1.27 1.82 0.31 0.37 1.28 0.23 0.17 0.21 5.66 0.71 0.03 6.40 6.5

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products. 2 Petroleum - million barrels; natural gas - billion cubic feet; and coal - million short tons. 3 Included in liquefied petroleum gases.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • See Note 2 at end of section for a discussion of "Nonfuel Use." • Because of changes in

methodology, data series may be revised annually. • See Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1999 (October 2000), Appendix A, for a discussion of

the estimates in the table. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Petroleum Products: • 1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual and

Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1980. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual,

annual reports, and unpublished data. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001), and EIA

estimates. Natural Gas: • 1980—Bureau of the Census, 1980 Survey of Manufactures, Hydrocarbon,

Coal, and Coke Materials Consumed. • 1981 forward—U.S. Department of Commerce. Coal:

• 1960-1995—U.S. International Trade Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States

Production and Sales, 1995 (January 1997). • 1996 forward—Estimated because the data series has

been discontinued. Percent of Total Energy Consumption: Derived by dividing total by total

consumption on Table 1.3.
Energy Overview

Note 1. Data on the generation of electricity in the United States represent

net generation, which is gross output of electricity (measured at the generator terminals) minus power plant use. Nuclear electricity generation data

identified by individual countries in Section 11 are gross outputs of

electricity.

Note 2. Most fossil fuels consumed in the United States and elsewhere are

combusted to produce heat and power. However, some are used directly

for nonfuel use as construction materials, lubricants, chemical feedstocks,

solvents, and waxes. For example, asphalt and road oil are used for roofing and paving; liquefied petroleum gases are used to create intermediate

products that are used in making plastics; lubricants, including motor oil

and greases, are used in vehicles and various industrial processes; petrochemical feedstocks are used to make plastics, synthetic fabrics, and related products; and natural gas is used to make nitrogenous fertilizers and

as feedstock in the chemical industry.

34 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Office buildings, industries, residences, and transport systems, Baltimore, Maryland; east view from the Inner Harbor.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Energy Consumption by Sector

2
36 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 2.1a Energy Consumption by Sector Overview

By Sector, 2000

Residential Commercial and Transportation Electric 

0

20

40

60

7.1

24.5 26.6

20.4

51.5

26.6

Quadrillion Btu

1 Includes some fossil fuels that are also counted in nonutility power producers in the 

electric power sector. 

 Includes "Adjustments." See Table 2.1a. 

 Conventional hydroelectric power, wood, waste, geothermal, solar, and wind.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 2.1a and 2.1f.

Transportation

Electric Power Sector, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

Quadrillion Btu

Residential

Primary Consumption

 Total Consumption 

Coal

Nuclear Electric 

Power

Natural Gas

Renewable Energy Petroleum

Commercial1

Industrial1

3

2

Power

Total Consumption by Sector, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

Quadrillion Btu 3

Industrial2

40.4
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 37

1 Electrical system energy losses associated with the generation, transmission, and 

distribution of energy in the form of electricity. See Tables 2.1b, 2.1c, and 2.1d for footnote 

about a data discontinuity between 1998 and 1999.

 Includes some nonutility consumption that is also counted in the electric power sector.

Industrial

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

3

6

9

12

Quadrillion Btu

Residential

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Quadrillion Btu

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 2.1b-2.1e.

Figure 2.1b Energy Consumption by End-Use Sectors, 1949-2000

Petroleum Natural Gas

Coal

Commercial

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Quadrillion Btu

Transportation

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

7

14

21

28

Quadrillion Btu

Losses1

Electricity

Wood

Losses1

Natural Gas

Electricity

Petroleum

Wood

Coal

Losses1

Electricity

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Coal

2

2

2

2

2

2

2
38 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table 2.1a Energy Consumption by Sector, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

End-Use Sectors Electric

Power

Sector

Adjustments 2 Total

Residential Commercial 1 Industrial1 Transportation

Primary Total Primary Total Primary Total Primary Total Primary

1949 4,475 5,639 2,661 3,683 12,552 R14,687 7,880 R7,993 4,433 -1 32,000

1950 4,848 6,029 2,824 3,903 13,811 R16,208 8,384 R8,495 4,768 (s) 34,635

1951 5,099 6,397 2,754 3,909 15,055 R17,650 8,934 R9,044 5,156 R-2 36,996

1952 5,179 6,603 2,662 3,881 14,599 R17,280 8,907 R9,005 5,422 1 36,770

1953 5,056 6,582 2,520 3,795 15,273 R18,184 9,031 R9,125 5,806 -2 37,684

1954 5,286 6,891 2,445 3,737 14,250 R17,128 8,823 8,904 5,856 (s) 36,660

1955 5,633 7,322 2,548 3,896 16,052 R19,471 9,476 9,552 6,533 (s) 40,242

1956 5,851 7,694 2,608 4,039 16,527 R20,199 9,792 9,861 7,016 -2 41,791

1957 5,772 7,757 2,434 3,959 16,479 R20,204 9,837 9,897 7,295 -1 41,816

1958 6,143 8,237 2,553 4,128 15,762 R19,301 9,952 10,005 7,261 (s) 41,670

1959 6,224 8,466 2,630 4,367 16,483 R20,311 10,299 10,350 7,858 -1 43,493

1960 6,689 9,099 2,702 4,606 16,939 R20,819 10,561 10,598 8,230 -1 45,120

1961 6,815 9,341 2,744 4,719 16,956 R20,924 10,734 10,770 8,505 2 45,755

1962 7,113 9,828 2,910 5,032 17,554 R21,750 11,187 11,221 9,069 -1 47,832

1963 7,135 10,045 2,897 5,235 18,332 R22,711 11,621 R11,655 9,661 1 49,647

1964 7,161 10,305 2,949 5,450 19,391 R24,076 11,964 11,998 10,363 R2 51,831

1965 7,334 10,705 3,144 5,821 20,091 R25,056 12,400 12,434 11,046 (s) 54,016

1966 7,549 11,231 3,384 6,309 20,996 R26,382 13,069 13,102 12,026 1 57,024

1967 7,741 11,680 3,738 6,879 20,975 R26,593 13,717 13,751 12,732 2 58,906

1968 7,968 12,383 3,861 7,300 21,835 R27,865 14,830 14,865 13,918 3 62,415

1969 8,277 13,219 4,046 7,806 22,621 R29,099 15,472 15,507 15,216 -3 65,628

1970 8,353 13,814 4,196 8,319 22,942 R29,628 16,062 16,099 16,307 -3 R67,858

1971 8,460 14,301 4,279 8,693 22,701 R29,594 16,693 16,729 17,183 -2 R69,314

1972 8,655 14,920 4,369 9,168 23,499 R30,954 17,683 17,718 18,554 R-2 R72,758

1973 8,250 14,975 4,381 9,542 24,704 R32,670 18,575 18,611 19,887 R10 R75,808

1974 7,928 14,725 4,221 9,394 23,783 R31,834 18,087 18,120 20,055 R6 R74,080

1975 8,006 14,867 4,023 9,486 21,424 R29,446 18,211 18,245 20,382 R-2 R72,042

1976 8,408 15,471 4,333 10,060 22,656 R31,438 19,065 19,099 21,607 5 R76,072

1977 8,207 15,740 4,217 10,218 23,162 R32,338 19,783 19,819 22,746 7 R78,122

1978 8,272 16,212 4,269 10,525 23,243 R32,768 20,579 20,613 23,755 R5 R80,123

1979 7,934 15,900 4,333 10,673 24,176 R33,998 20,435 20,469 24,162 R5 R81,044

1980 7,504 15,909 4,097 10,642 22,643 R32,192 19,657 19,695 24,538 -3 R78,435

1981 7,103 15,442 3,831 10,712 21,372 R30,907 19,468 19,505 24,793 3 76,569

1982 7,163 15,661 3,859 10,950 19,080 R27,757 19,031 19,068 24,303 5 73,441

1983 6,834 15,559 3,827 11,034 18,563 R27,578 19,097 19,140 24,989 6 73,317

1984 6,990 15,881 3,991 11,555 20,176 R29,725 19,762 19,810 26,053 (s) 76,972

1985 6,988 16,059 3,712 11,585 19,509 R29,069 20,024 20,071 26,552 R-7 R76,778

1986 6,807 16,052 3,652 11,719 19,101 R28,475 20,768 20,818 26,735 2 77,065

1987 6,841 16,405 3,743 12,110 20,012 R29,663 21,405 21,456 27,633 -1 79,633

1988 7,244 17,178 3,953 12,675 20,927 R30,901 22,261 22,313 28,681 2 R83,068

1989 7,492 17,358 3,922 12,757 20,724 R31,904 22,515 R22,567 29,934 R128 R84,716

1990 6,458 16,414 3,778 12,810 21,109 R32,420 22,489 R22,540 30,350 R160 R84,344

1991 6,689 16,904 3,834 12,977 20,755 R32,062 22,077 22,128 30,715 R227 R84,298

1992 6,883 16,737 3,866 12,815 21,677 R33,200 22,419 R22,468 30,376 R292 R85,513

1993 7,123 17,514 3,861 13,103 21,929 R33,461 22,842 R22,892 31,216 R330 R87,300

1994 6,956 17,404 3,900 13,359 22,640 R34,542 23,468 R23,520 31,861 R388 R89,213

1995 7,027 17,781 3,994 13,826 22,963 R34,948 23,921 R23,972 32,621 R417 R90,943

1996 7,559 18,744 4,166 14,292 23,719 R35,938 24,467 R24,518 33,581 R439 R93,931

1997 7,093 18,187 4,192 14,778 23,920 R36,161 24,768 R24,819 33,970 R396 R94,340

1998 6,465 17,953 3,909 14,867 23,554 R35,865 25,338 R25,389 34,807 R533 R94,608

1999 6,814 319,572 3,962 316,261 24,063 R,337,958 26,255 R,326,312 339,009 R-3,237 R,396,866

2000P 7,053 20,391 4,310 16,994 24,477 38,763 26,580 26,639 40,368 -4,291 98,498

1 Includes some fossil-fuel consumption at nonutilities. 2 A balancing item. The sum of primary consumption in the five energy-use sectors equals the sum of

total consumption in the four end-use sectors. However, total energy consumption does not equal the sum

of the sectoral components due to: 1) for 1949 forward, the use of sector-specific conversion factors for

natural gas and coal; 2) for 1989 forward, the undercounting of coal consumption at "Other Power

Producers" in the energy-use sectors (see Table 7.3); and 3) for 1999 and 2000, the double-counting of

fossil-fuel consumption at nonutilities in both the electric power sector and the end-use sectors (see Tables

5.12d, 6.5, and 7.3). 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1998 and 1999; beginning in 1999, nonutility

consumption of fossil fuels is included in electric power sector consumption and the calculation for electrical

system energy losses. See Table 2.1f.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than +0.5 trillion Btu and greater than -0.5 trillion Btu. 

Notes: • Primary consumption includes coal, natural gas, petroleum, nuclear electric power,

hydroelectric power, wood, waste, alcohol fuels, geothermal, solar, wind, net imports of coal coke, and net

imports of electricity. • Total consumption includes primary consumption, electricity end-use, and electrical

system energy losses. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 2.1b-2.1f.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 39

Table 2.1b Residential Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Primary Consumption

Electricity 5

Electrical

System

Energy

Losses 6 Total

Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy

Total

Coal Natural Gas Primary 1 Petroleum Total Wood 2 Geothermal 3 Solar 4 Total

1949 1,272 1,027 1,121 3,420 1,055 NA NA 1,055 4,475 228 936 5,639

1950 1,261 1,240 1,340 3,842 1,006 NA NA 1,006 4,848 246 935 6,029

1951 1,134 1,526 1,481 4,141 958 NA NA 958 5,099 284 1,014 6,397

1952 1,079 1,679 1,522 4,279 899 NA NA 899 5,179 319 1,105 6,603

1953 946 1,744 1,533 4,224 832 NA NA 832 5,056 355 1,171 6,582

1954 858 1,961 1,667 4,486 800 NA NA 800 5,286 397 1,208 6,891

1955 867 2,198 1,792 4,858 775 NA NA 775 5,633 438 1,251 7,322

1956 823 2,409 1,880 5,112 739 NA NA 739 5,851 490 1,353 7,694

1957 654 2,588 1,828 5,070 702 NA NA 702 5,772 535 1,451 7,757

1958 652 2,809 1,994 5,455 688 NA NA 688 6,143 578 1,515 8,237

1959 573 3,015 1,989 5,577 647 NA NA 647 6,224 630 1,612 8,466

1960 585 3,212 2,265 6,062 627 NA NA 627 6,689 687 1,722 9,099

1961 534 3,362 2,332 6,228 587 NA NA 587 6,815 732 1,795 9,341

1962 512 3,600 2,441 6,553 560 NA NA 560 7,113 794 1,921 9,828

1963 438 3,700 2,459 6,598 537 NA NA 537 7,135 856 2,054 10,045

1964 379 3,908 2,375 6,662 499 NA NA 499 7,161 928 2,216 10,305

1965 358 4,028 2,481 6,866 468 NA NA 468 7,334 993 2,377 10,705

1966 349 4,275 2,471 7,094 455 NA NA 455 7,549 1,081 2,600 11,231

1967 299 4,451 2,557 7,307 434 NA NA 434 7,741 1,160 2,779 11,680

1968 269 4,588 2,685 7,543 426 NA NA 426 7,968 1,302 3,113 12,383

1969 248 4,875 2,739 7,862 415 NA NA 415 8,277 1,456 3,486 13,219

1970 209 4,987 2,755 7,952 401 NA NA 401 8,353 1,591 3,870 13,814

1971 175 5,126 2,777 8,078 382 NA NA 382 8,460 1,704 4,136 14,301

1972 116 5,264 2,895 8,276 380 NA NA 380 8,655 1,838 4,427 14,920

1973 94 4,977 2,825 7,896 354 NA NA 354 8,250 1,976 4,749 14,975

1974 82 4,901 2,573 7,557 371 NA NA 371 7,928 1,973 4,824 14,725

1975 63 5,023 2,495 7,580 425 NA NA 425 8,006 2,007 4,855 14,867

1976 59 5,147 2,720 7,927 482 NA NA 482 8,408 2,069 4,994 15,471

1977 57 4,913 2,695 7,666 542 NA NA 542 8,207 2,202 5,331 15,740

1978 49 4,981 2,620 7,651 622 NA NA 622 8,272 2,301 5,639 16,212

1979 37 5,055 2,114 7,206 728 NA NA 728 7,934 2,330 5,636 15,900

1980 31 4,866 1,748 6,645 R859 NA NA 859 7,504 2,448 5,958 15,909

1981 30 4,660 1,543 6,234 869 NA NA 869 7,103 2,464 5,876 15,442

1982 32 4,753 1,441 6,226 937 NA NA 937 7,163 2,489 6,008 15,661

1983 31 4,516 1,362 5,909 925 NA NA 925 6,834 2,562 6,162 15,559

1984 38 4,692 1,337 6,067 923 NA NA 923 6,990 2,662 6,229 15,881

1985 35 4,571 1,483 6,089 899 NA NA 899 6,988 2,709 6,362 16,059

1986 35 4,439 1,457 5,931 876 NA NA 876 6,807 2,795 6,450 16,052

1987 32 4,449 1,508 5,989 852 NA NA 852 6,841 2,902 6,662 16,405

1988 32 4,765 1,563 6,359 885 NA NA 885 7,244 3,046 6,887 17,178

1989 28 4,929 1,560 6,516 918 R5 53 976 7,492 3,090 6,777 17,358

1990 26 4,523 1,266 5,816 581 R6 56 642 6,458 3,153 6,803 16,414

1991 23 4,697 1,293 6,013 613 R6 58 677 6,689 3,260 6,954 16,904

1992 24 4,835 1,312 6,172 645 R6 60 711 6,883 3,193 6,660 16,737

1993 24 5,095 1,387 6,507 548 R7 62 616 7,123 3,394 6,997 17,514

1994 21 4,988 1,340 6,349 537 R6 64 607 6,956 3,441 7,007 17,404

1995 17 4,981 1,361 6,360 596 R7 65 667 7,027 3,557 7,196 17,781

1996 17 5,383 1,492 6,891 595 R7 66 668 7,559 3,694 7,492 18,744

1997 16 5,118 1,454 6,588 433 R7 65 506 7,093 3,671 7,422 18,187

1998 13 4,669 1,324 6,006 R387 R8 65 459 6,465 3,856 7,632 17,953

1999 14 4,858 1,456 6,328 R414 R8 R64 486 6,814 3,906 78,851 719,572

2000P 14 5,061 1,475 6,550 433 9 62 503 7,053 4,066 9,272 20,391

1 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 2 Wood only. 3 Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. 4 Solar thermal direct use and photovoltaic energy. Includes small amounts of commercial sector use. 5 Electric utility retail sales of electricity, including nonutility sales of electricity to utilities for distribution

to end users; beginning in 1996, also includes sales to ultimate consumers by power marketers. 6 Total losses are calculated as the energy consumed to generate electricity by the electric power sector

minus the electricity consumed by end users (see Tables 2.1f, 8.12, A6; Diagram 5; and Glossary). Total

losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total electricity use.

(Nonutility direct use of electricity and nonutility sales of electricity to end users are allocated totally to the

industrial sector.) 7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1998 and 1999; beginning in 1999, nonutility

consumption of fossil fuels is included in electric power sector consumption and the calculation for electrical

system energy losses. See Table 2.1f.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.12a, 6.5, 7.3, 8.12, 10.2a, A1, and A4-A6.
40 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table 2.1c Commercial Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Primary Consumption

Electricity 5

Electrical

System

Energy

Losses 6 Total

Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy

Total

Coal Primary 1 Natural Gas 1,2 Petroleum 1 Total Wood 3 Geothermal 4 Total

1949 1,554 360 727 2,641 20 NA 20 2,661 200 822 3,683

1950 1,542 401 862 2,805 19 NA 19 2,824 225 854 3,903

1951 1,331 481 924 2,736 18 NA 18 2,754 252 902 3,909

1952 1,169 534 942 2,645 17 NA 17 2,662 273 946 3,881

1953 985 549 970 2,504 16 NA 16 2,520 297 978 3,795

1954 825 605 1,000 2,430 15 NA 15 2,445 319 973 3,737

1955 801 651 1,081 2,533 15 NA 15 2,548 350 999 3,896

1956 730 742 1,122 2,594 14 NA 14 2,608 380 1,051 4,039

1957 535 803 1,083 2,421 13 NA 13 2,434 411 1,114 3,959

1958 512 902 1,125 2,540 13 NA 13 2,553 435 1,140 4,128

1959 415 1,009 1,194 2,618 12 NA 12 2,630 488 1,249 4,367

1960 407 1,056 1,228 2,690 12 NA 12 2,702 543 1,361 4,606

1961 371 1,115 1,247 2,733 11 NA 11 2,744 572 1,403 4,719

1962 371 1,249 1,280 2,899 11 NA 11 2,910 621 1,501 5,032

1963 317 1,307 1,262 2,887 10 NA 10 2,897 688 1,651 5,235

1964 274 1,419 1,247 2,940 9 NA 9 2,949 738 1,763 5,450

1965 259 1,490 1,386 3,135 9 NA 9 3,144 789 1,888 5,821

1966 263 1,676 1,436 3,375 9 NA 9 3,384 859 2,066 6,309

1967 225 2,022 1,483 3,730 8 NA 8 3,738 925 2,216 6,879

1968 203 2,140 1,510 3,853 8 NA 8 3,861 1,014 2,424 7,300

1969 195 2,323 1,520 4,038 8 NA 8 4,046 1,108 2,652 7,806

1970 165 2,473 1,551 4,189 8 NA 8 4,196 1,201 2,922 8,319

1971 175 2,587 1,510 4,272 7 NA 7 4,279 1,288 3,126 8,693

1972 153 2,678 1,530 4,362 7 NA 7 4,369 1,408 3,391 9,168

1973 160 2,649 1,565 4,374 7 NA 7 4,381 1,517 3,644 9,542

1974 175 2,617 1,423 4,214 7 NA 7 4,221 1,501 3,672 9,394

1975 147 2,558 1,310 4,015 8 NA 8 4,023 1,598 3,865 9,486

1976 144 2,718 1,461 4,323 9 NA 9 4,333 1,678 4,049 10,060

1977 148 2,548 1,511 4,207 10 NA 10 4,217 1,754 4,247 10,218

1978 165 2,643 1,450 4,257 12 NA 12 4,269 1,813 4,443 10,525

1979 149 2,836 1,334 4,319 14 NA 14 4,333 1,854 4,485 10,673

1980 115 2,674 1,287 4,076 21 NA 21 4,097 1,906 4,639 10,642

1981 137 2,583 1,090 3,810 21 NA 21 3,831 2,033 4,848 10,712

1982 155 2,673 1,008 3,837 22 NA 22 3,859 2,077 5,014 10,950

1983 162 2,508 1,136 3,805 22 NA 22 3,827 2,116 5,090 11,034

1984 171 2,600 1,198 3,969 22 NA 22 3,991 2,264 5,300 11,555

1985 141 2,508 1,039 3,688 24 NA 24 3,712 2,351 5,522 11,585

1986 141 2,386 1,099 3,625 27 NA 27 3,652 2,439 5,628 11,719

1987 129 2,505 1,079 3,714 29 NA 29 3,743 2,539 5,829 12,110

1988 136 2,748 1,037 3,921 32 NA 32 3,953 2,675 6,047 12,675

1989 118 2,802 966 3,886 34 3 37 3,922 2,767 6,068 12,757

1990 129 2,701 907 3,738 37 3 40 3,778 2,860 6,172 12,810

1991 118 2,813 861 3,792 39 3 42 3,834 2,918 6,225 12,977

1992 118 2,890 813 3,821 42 3 45 3,866 2,900 6,049 12,815

1993 119 2,942 753 3,813 44 3 47 3,861 3,019 6,223 13,103

1994 118 2,979 753 3,850 45 4 49 3,900 3,116 6,344 13,359

1995 117 3,113 715 3,945 45 5 50 3,994 3,252 6,579 13,826

1996 122 3,244 747 4,112 49 5 54 4,166 3,344 6,783 14,292

1997 129 3,302 709 4,140 47 6 53 4,192 3,503 7,082 14,778

1998 92 3,098 665 3,855 47 7 54 3,909 3,678 7,280 14,867

1999 103 3,130 672 3,904 R51 7 58 3,962 3,766 78,533 716,261

2000P 102 3,452 696 4,250 52 8 60 4,310 3,867 8,818 16,994

1 Includes some consumption at nonutilities. 2 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 3 Wood only. 4 Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. 5 Electric utility retail sales of electricity, including nonutility sales of electricity to utilities for distribution

to end users; beginning in 1996, also includes sales to ultimate consumers by power marketers. 6 Total losses are calculated as the energy consumed to generate electricity by the electric power sector

minus the electricity consumed by end users (see Tables 2.1f, 8.12, A6; Diagram 5; and Glossary). Total

losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total electricity use.

(Nonutility direct use of electricity and nonutility sales of electricity to end users are allocated totally to the

industrial sector.) 7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1998 and 1999; beginning in 1999, nonutility

consumption of fossil fuels is included in electric power sector consumption and the calculation for electrical

system energy losses. See Table 2.1f.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.12a, 6.5, 7.3, 8.12, 10.2a, A1, and A3-A6.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 41

Table 2.1d Industrial Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Primary Consumption

Electricity 5

Electrical

System

Energy

Losses 6 Total

Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy

Total

Coal Primary 1

Coal Coke

Net Imports

Natural

Gas 1,2 Petroleum 1 Total Wood 3 Waste 3 Geothermal 4 Total

1949 5,433 -7 3,188 3,469 12,084 468 NA NA R468 12,552 418 R1,717 R14,687

1950 5,781 1 3,546 3,951 13,279 532 NA NA R532 13,811 500 R1,896 R16,208

1951 6,202 -21 4,052 4,270 14,503 553 NA NA R553 15,055 567 R2,027 R17,650

1952 5,517 -12 4,181 4,362 14,047 552 NA NA R552 14,599 601 R2,080 R17,280

1953 5,931 -9 4,304 4,481 14,707 566 NA NA R566 15,273 678 R2,233 R18,184

1954 4,730 -7 4,319 4,632 13,674 576 NA NA R576 14,250 711 R2,167 R17,128

1955 5,620 -10 4,701 5,110 15,421 631 NA NA R631 16,052 887 R2,532 R19,471

1956 5,667 -13 4,874 5,337 15,865 661 NA NA R661 16,527 976 R2,697 R20,199

1957 5,536 -17 5,107 5,237 15,863 616 NA NA R616 16,479 1,003 R2,722 R20,204

1958 4,533 -7 5,208 5,408 15,142 620 NA NA R620 15,762 978 R2,561 R19,301

1959 4,413 -8 5,647 5,740 15,791 692 NA NA R692 16,483 1,075 R2,753 R20,311

1960 4,543 -6 5,973 5,748 16,259 680 NA NA R680 16,939 1,107 R2,774 R20,819

1961 4,345 -8 6,170 5,753 16,261 695 NA NA R695 16,956 1,149 R2,819 R20,924

1962 4,385 -6 6,451 5,996 16,826 728 NA NA R728 17,554 1,228 R2,969 R21,750

1963 4,590 -7 6,748 6,226 17,557 775 NA NA R775 18,332 1,288 R3,092 R22,711

1964 4,915 -10 7,114 6,546 18,564 827 NA NA R827 19,391 1,382 R3,303 R24,076

1965 5,127 -18 7,339 6,789 19,236 855 NA NA R855 20,091 1,463 R3,502 R25,056

1966 5,215 -25 7,795 7,109 20,094 902 NA NA R902 20,996 1,582 R3,804 R26,382

1967 4,934 -15 8,043 7,119 20,081 895 NA NA R895 20,975 1,655 R3,963 R26,593

1968 4,855 -17 8,626 7,389 20,853 982 NA NA R982 21,835 1,778 R4,252 R27,865

1969 4,712 -36 9,234 7,697 21,606 1,014 NA NA R1,014 22,621 1,909 R4,570 R29,099

1970 4,656 -58 9,536 7,789 21,923 1,019 NA NA R1,019 22,942 1,948 R4,738 R29,628

1971 3,944 -33 9,892 7,859 21,661 1,040 NA NA R1,040 22,701 2,011 R4,881 R29,594

1972 3,993 -26 9,884 8,534 22,386 1,113 NA NA R1,113 23,499 2,187 R5,269 R30,954

1973 4,057 -7 10,388 9,102 23,539 1,165 NA NA R1,165 24,704 2,341 R5,625 R32,670

1974 3,870 56 10,004 8,694 22,624 1,159 NA NA R1,159 23,783 2,337 R5,715 R31,834

1975 3,667 14 8,532 8,148 20,360 1,063 NA NA R1,063 21,424 2,346 R5,676 R29,446

1976 3,661 (s) 8,762 9,014 21,436 1,220 NA NA R1,220 22,656 2,573 R6,209 R31,438

1977 3,454 15 8,635 9,776 21,880 1,281 NA NA R1,281 23,162 2,682 R6,494 R32,338

1978 3,314 125 8,539 9,866 21,843 1,400 NA NA R1,400 23,243 2,761 R6,764 R32,768

1979 3,593 63 8,549 10,566 22,771 1,405 NA NA R1,405 24,176 2,873 R6,949 R33,998

1980 3,155 -35 8,395 9,528 21,043 1,600 NA NA R1,600 22,643 2,781 R6,768 R32,192

1981 3,157 -16 8,257 8,286 19,684 1,602 87 NA R1,689 21,372 2,817 R6,717 R30,907

1982 2,552 -22 7,121 7,795 17,446 1,516 118 NA R1,634 19,080 2,542 R6,135 R27,757

1983 2,490 -16 6,826 7,417 16,718 1,690 155 NA R1,845 18,563 2,648 R6,368 R27,578

1984 2,842 -11 7,448 8,015 18,293 1,679 204 NA R1,883 20,176 2,859 R6,691 R29,725

1985 2,760 -13 7,080 7,807 17,634 1,645 230 NA R1,875 19,509 2,855 R6,705 R29,069

1986 2,641 -17 6,690 7,921 17,235 1,610 256 NA R1,866 19,101 2,834 R6,540 R28,475

1987 2,673 9 7,323 8,150 18,154 1,576 282 NA R1,858 20,012 2,928 R6,723 R29,663

1988 2,828 40 7,696 8,431 18,995 1,625 308 NA R1,933 20,927 3,059 R6,915 R30,901

1989 2,787 30 8,131 8,130 19,078 R1,394 250 R2 R1,646 20,724 3,501 R7,679 R31,904

1990 2,756 5 8,502 8,319 19,582 R1,254 271 R2 R1,527 21,109 3,582 R7,729 R32,420

1991 2,601 10 8,619 R8,058 19,288 R1,190 275 R2 R1,467 20,755 3,609 R7,698 R32,062

1992 2,515 35 8,967 8,635 20,152 R1,233 289 R2 R1,525 21,677 3,734 R7,789 R33,200

1993 2,496 27 9,410 8,450 20,383 R1,255 288 R2 R1,546 21,929 3,767 R7,766 R33,461

1994 2,510 58 9,560 8,848 20,977 R1,342 318 R3 R1,663 22,640 3,920 R7,982 R34,542

1995 2,488 61 10,064 R8,622 R21,236 R1,402 322 R3 R1,727 22,963 3,964 R8,020 R34,948

1996 R2,434 23 10,393 R9,061 R21,912 R1,441 363 R3 R1,807 23,719 4,035 R8,184 R35,938

1997 R2,395 46 10,307 R9,318 R22,066 R1,513 338 R3 R1,854 23,920 4,051 R8,190 R36,161

1998 R2,335 67 10,168 R9,104 R21,675 R1,564 312 R3 R1,879 23,554 4,132 R8,179 R35,865

1999 R2,243 58 R10,360 R9,394 R22,056 R1,711 291 R4 R2,007 24,063 4,255 R,79,641 R,737,958

2000P 2,280 65 10,943 9,197 22,485 1,702 287 4 1,993 24,477 4,355 9,931 38,763

1 Includes some consumption at nonutilities. 2 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 3 See Table 10.2a for wood and waste components. 4 Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. 5 Electric utility retail sales of electricity, including nonutility sales of electricity to utilities for distribution

to end users; beginning in 1989, also includes nonutility facility use of onsite net electricity generation, and

electricity sold by nonutilities directly to end users; beginning in 1996, also includes sales to ultimate

consumers by power marketers. 6 Total losses are calculated as the energy consumed to generate electricity by the electric power sector

minus the electricity consumed by end users (see Tables 2.1f, 8.12, A6; Diagram 5; and Glossary). Total

losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total electricity use.

(Nonutility direct use of electricity and nonutility sales of electricity to end users are allocated totally to the

industrial sector.) 7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1998 and 1999; beginning in 1999, nonutility

consumption of fossil fuels is included in electric power sector consumption and the calculation for electrical

system energy losses. See Table 2.1f.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than +0.5 trillion Btu and greater than -0.5

trillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.12b, 6.5, 7.3, 8.12, 10.2a, A1, and A3-A6.
42 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table 2.1e Transportation Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Primary Consumption

Electricity 3

Electrical

System

Energy

Losses 4 Total 2

Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy

Total

Primary Coal Natural Gas 1 Petroleum Total Alcohol Fuels 2 2

1949 1,727 NA 6,152 7,880 NA 7,880 22 91 R7,993

1950 1,564 130 6,690 8,384 NA 8,384 23 88 R8,495

1951 1,379 199 7,356 8,934 NA 8,934 24 86 R9,044

1952 984 214 7,709 8,907 NA 8,907 22 76 R9,005

1953 733 238 8,060 9,031 NA 9,031 22 72 R9,125

1954 461 239 8,123 8,823 NA 8,823 20 61 8,904

1955 421 254 8,801 9,476 NA 9,476 20 57 9,552

1956 340 306 9,145 9,792 NA 9,792 19 51 9,861

1957 241 310 9,286 9,837 NA 9,837 16 44 9,897

1958 115 323 9,514 9,952 NA 9,952 15 38 10,005

1959 88 362 9,849 10,299 NA 10,299 14 37 10,350

1960 75 359 10,127 10,561 NA 10,561 10 26 10,598

1961 19 391 10,324 10,734 NA 10,734 10 25 10,770

1962 17 396 10,774 11,187 NA 11,187 10 25 11,221

1963 16 437 11,167 11,621 NA 11,621 10 24 R11,655

1964 17 450 11,497 11,964 NA 11,964 10 24 11,998

1965 16 517 11,867 12,400 NA 12,400 10 24 12,434

1966 15 553 12,501 13,069 NA 13,069 10 23 13,102

1967 11 594 13,112 13,717 NA 13,717 10 24 13,751

1968 10 609 14,211 14,830 NA 14,830 10 24 14,865

1969 7 651 14,814 15,472 NA 15,472 10 25 15,507

1970 7 745 15,311 16,062 NA 16,062 11 26 16,099

1971 5 766 15,923 16,693 NA 16,693 10 25 16,729

1972 4 787 16,892 17,683 NA 17,683 10 25 17,718

1973 3 743 17,829 18,575 NA 18,575 11 25 18,611

1974 2 685 17,400 18,087 NA 18,087 10 24 18,120

1975 1 595 17,615 18,211 NA 18,211 10 25 18,245

1976 (s) 559 18,506 19,065 NA 19,065 10 24 19,099

1977 (s) 543 19,240 19,783 NA 19,783 10 25 19,819

1978 5 ( ) 539 20,040 20,579 NA 20,579 10 25 20,613

1979 5 ( ) 612 19,823 20,435 NA 20,435 10 24 20,469

1980 5 ( ) 650 19,007 19,657 NA 19,657 11 27 19,695

1981 5 ( ) 658 18,810 19,468 7 19,468 11 26 19,505

1982 5 ( ) 612 18,419 19,031 19 19,031 11 27 19,068

1983 5 ( ) 505 18,591 19,097 35 19,097 13 30 19,140

1984 5 ( ) 545 19,218 19,762 43 19,762 14 33 19,810

1985 5 ( ) 519 19,505 20,024 52 20,024 14 33 20,071

1986 5 ( ) 499 20,269 20,768 60 20,768 15 35 20,818

1987 5 ( ) 535 20,870 21,405 69 21,405 16 36 21,456

1988 5 ( ) 632 21,629 22,261 70 22,261 16 36 22,313

1989 5 ( ) 649 21,867 22,515 71 22,515 16 36 R22,567

1990 5 ( ) 680 21,809 22,489 63 22,489 16 35 R22,540

1991 5 ( ) 620 21,456 22,077 73 22,077 16 35 22,128

1992 5 ( ) 606 21,812 22,419 83 22,419 16 33 R22,468

1993 5 ( ) 643 22,199 22,842 97 22,842 16 34 R22,892

1994 5 ( ) 707 22,761 23,468 109 23,468 17 35 R23,520

1995 5 ( ) 722 23,199 23,921 117 23,921 17 34 R23,972

1996 5 ( ) 734 R23,734 24,467 84 24,467 17 34 R24,518

1997 5 ( ) 776 R23,992 R24,768 106 24,768 17 34 R24,819

1998 5 ( ) 662 R24,677 R25,338 117 25,338 17 34 R25,389

1999 5 ( ) R762 R25,493 R26,255 122 26,255 17 640 R,626,312

2000P 5 ( ) 774 25,807 26,580 139 26,580 18 41 26,639

1 Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines (primarily in compressors) and small amounts

consumed as vehicle fuel. See Table 6.5. 2 Alcohol (ethanol blended into motor gasoline) is included in both "Petroleum" and "Alcohol Fuels," but

is counted only once in both total primary consumption and total consumption. 3 Electric utility retail sales of electricity, including nonutility sales of electricity to utilities for distribution

to end users; beginning in 1996, also includes sales to ultimate consumers by power marketers. 4 Total losses are calculated as the energy consumed to generate electricity by the electric power sector

minus the electricity consumed by end users (see Tables 2.1f, 8.12, A6; Diagram 5; and Glossary). Total

losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total electricity use.

(Nonutility direct use of electricity and nonutility sales of electricity to end users are allocated totally to the

industrial sector.) 5 Since 1978, the small amounts of coal consumed for transportation are reported as industrial sector

consumption. 6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1998 and 1999; beginning in 1999, nonutility

consumption of fossil fuels is included in electric power sector consumption and the calculation for electrical

system energy losses. See Table 2.1f.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.12c, 6.5, 7.3, 8.12, 10.2a, and A3-A6.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 43

Table 2.1f Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Primary Consumption

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 5

Renewable Energy 1

Total

Coal Primary 2

Natural

Gas 2,3 Petroleum 2 Other 4 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 6 Wood Waste Geothermal 7 Solar Wind Total

1949 1,995 569 415 8 ( ) 2,979 0 8 ( ) 1,449 6 NA NA NA NA 1,454 4,433

1950 2,199 651 472 8 ( ) 3,322 0 8 ( ) 1,440 5 NA NA NA NA 1,446 4,768

1951 2,507 791 400 8 ( ) 3,697 0 8 ( ) 1,454 5 NA NA NA NA 1,459 5,156

1952 2,557 942 420 8 ( ) 3,920 0 8 ( ) 1,496 6 NA NA NA NA 1,503 5,422

1953 2,777 1,070 514 8 ( ) 4,362 0 8 ( ) 1,439 5 NA NA NA NA 1,444 5,806

1954 2,841 1,206 417 8 ( ) 4,464 0 8 ( ) 1,388 3 NA NA NA NA 1,391 5,856

1955 3,458 1,194 471 8 ( ) 5,123 0 8 ( ) 1,407 3 NA NA NA NA 1,411 6,533

1956 3,790 1,283 455 8 ( ) 5,527 0 8 ( ) 1,487 2 NA NA NA NA 1,489 7,016

1957 3,855 1,383 498 8 ( ) 5,737 (s) 8 ( ) 1,557 2 NA NA NA NA 1,559 7,295

1958 3,721 1,421 486 8 ( ) 5,628 2 8 ( ) 1,629 2 NA NA NA NA 1,631 7,261

1959 4,029 1,686 552 8 ( ) 6,267 2 8 ( ) 1,587 2 NA NA NA NA 1,589 7,858

1960 4,228 1,785 553 8 ( ) 6,565 6 8 ( ) 1,657 2 NA 1 NA NA 1,659 8,230

1961 4,355 1,889 557 8 ( ) 6,801 20 8 ( ) 1,680 1 NA 2 NA NA 1,684 8,505

1962 4,622 2,035 560 8 ( ) 7,217 26 8 ( ) 1,822 1 NA 2 NA NA 1,825 9,069

1963 5,050 2,211 585 8 ( ) 7,846 38 8 ( ) 1,772 1 NA 4 NA NA 1,777 9,661

1964 5,380 2,397 634 8 ( ) 8,411 40 8 ( ) 1,907 2 NA 5 NA NA 1,913 10,363

1965 5,821 2,395 722 8 ( ) 8,938 43 8 ( ) 2,058 3 NA 4 NA NA 2,065 11,046

1966 6,302 2,696 883 8 ( ) 9,881 64 8 ( ) 2,073 3 NA 4 NA NA 2,081 12,026

1967 6,445 2,834 1,011 8 ( ) 10,290 88 8 ( ) 2,344 3 NA 7 NA NA 2,354 12,732

1968 6,994 3,245 1,181 8 ( ) 11,421 142 8 ( ) 2,342 4 NA 9 NA NA 2,355 13,918

1969 7,219 3,596 1,571 8 ( ) 12,386 154 8 ( ) 2,659 3 NA 13 NA NA 2,676 15,216

1970 7,227 4,054 2,117 8 ( ) 13,399 239 8 ( ) 2,654 1 2 11 NA NA 2,669 16,307

1971 7,299 4,099 2,495 8 ( ) 13,893 413 8 ( ) 2,861 1 2 12 NA NA 2,876 17,183

1972 7,811 4,084 3,097 8 ( ) 14,992 584 8 ( ) 2,944 1 2 31 NA NA 2,979 18,554

1973 8,658 3,748 3,515 8 ( ) 15,921 910 8 ( ) 3,010 1 2 43 NA NA 3,056 19,887

1974 8,534 3,519 3,365 8 ( ) 15,418 1,272 8 ( ) 3,309 1 2 53 NA NA 3,365 20,055

1975 8,786 3,240 3,166 8 ( ) 15,191 1,900 8 ( ) 3,219 (s) 2 70 NA NA 3,291 20,382

1976 9,720 3,152 3,477 8 ( ) 16,349 2,111 8 ( ) 3,066 1 2 78 NA NA 3,146 21,607

1977 10,262 3,284 3,901 8 ( ) 17,446 2,702 8 ( ) 2,515 3 2 77 NA NA 2,597 22,746

1978 10,238 3,297 3,987 8 ( ) 17,522 3,024 8 ( ) 3,141 2 1 64 NA NA 3,209 23,755

1979 11,260 3,613 3,283 8 ( ) 18,156 2,776 8 ( ) 3,141 3 2 84 NA NA 3,230 24,162

1980 12,123 3,810 2,634 8 ( ) 18,567 2,739 8 ( ) 3,118 3 2 110 NA NA 3,232 24,538

1981 12,583 3,768 2,202 8 ( ) 18,553 3,008 8 ( ) 3,105 3 1 123 NA NA 3,232 24,793

1982 12,582 3,342 1,568 8 ( ) 17,491 3,131 8 ( ) 3,572 2 1 105 NA NA 3,680 24,303

1983 13,213 2,998 1,544 8 ( ) 17,754 3,203 8 ( ) 3,899 2 2 129 NA (s) 4,032 24,989

1984 14,019 3,220 1,286 8 ( ) 18,526 3,553 8 ( ) 3,800 5 4 165 (s) (s) 3,974 26,053

1985 14,542 3,160 1,090 8 ( ) 18,792 4,149 8 ( ) 3,398 8 7 198 (s) (s) 3,611 26,552

1986 14,444 2,691 1,452 8 ( ) 18,586 4,471 8 ( ) 3,446 5 7 219 (s) (s) 3,678 26,735

1987 15,173 2,935 1,257 8 ( ) 19,365 4,906 8 ( ) 3,117 8 7 229 (s) (s) 3,362 27,633

1988 15,850 2,709 1,563 8 ( ) 20,123 5,661 8 ( ) 2,662 10 8 217 (s) (s) 2,897 28,681

1989 15,988 2,871 1,685 R-50 20,494 5,677 8 ( ) R,13,014 1289 1104 R,1325 17 124 3,763 29,934

1990 16,190 2,882 1,250 R-80 20,242 6,162 -36 R3,146 316 137 R344 7 32 3,982 30,350

1991 16,028 2,856 1,178 R59 20,121 6,580 -47 R3,159 346 164 R352 8 32 4,061 30,715

1992 16,211 2,826 951 R53 20,041 6,608 -43 R2,818 368 184 R362 8 30 3,769 30,376

1993 16,790 2,741 1,052 R50 20,634 6,520 -42 R3,119 379 191 R374 9 31 4,104 31,216

1994 16,895 3,053 968 R140 21,056 6,838 -35 R2,993 390 197 R378 8 36 4,002 31,861

1995 16,990 3,276 658 R121 21,046 7,177 -28 R3,481 375 209 R319 8 33 4,426 32,621

1996 17,953 2,798 725 R109 21,585 7,168 -32 R3,892 380 214 R331 9 35 4,861 33,581

1997 18,501 3,025 822 R109 22,456 6,678 -42 R3,961 355 213 R306 9 33 4,877 33,970

1998 18,685 3,330 1,166 R48 23,228 7,157 -46 R3,569 329 220 R310 9 31 4,468 34,807

1999 219,533 25,811 21,349 R92 926,785 R7,736 R-65 R3,512 389 243 R354 9 46 4,554 939,009

2000P 20,503 6,475 1,209 102 28,289 8,009 -58 3,107 409 254 298 9 51 4,128 40,368

1 Beginning in 1989, includes expanded coverage of nonutility consumption. 2 Data for 1949-1998 are for electric utility consumption to produce electricity only; data for 1999 and

2000 are for electric utility and nonutility consumption to produce electricity only. See Tables 5.12d, 6.5,

and 7.3. 3 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 4 Electricity net imports from fossil fuels; may include some nuclear-generated electricity. 5 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 6 Through 1988, includes all electricity net imports. From 1989, includes electricity net imports derived

from hydroelectric power only.

7 From 1989, includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. 8 Included in conventional hydroelectric power. 9 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1998 and 1999; beginning in 1999, nonutility

consumption of fossil fuels is included in electric power sector consumption and the calculation for electrical

system energy losses. See Note 4 at end of Electricity section. 

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: Tables 5.12d, 6.5, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 10.2b, A1, and A4-A6.
44 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1998

1 Liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas liquids.

2 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed.

3 Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold to another 

entity.

 See Table 2.2 for Major Group titles of industries that correspond to the 3-digit NAICS codes.

(s) = Less than 0.5 quadrillion Btu.

Source: Table 2.2.

By North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

311 312 313 314 315 316 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 339

0

2

4

6

8

10

1.0

0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5

2.7

0.1

7.3

6.1

0.3

1.0

2.6

0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1

Quadrillion Btu

By Energy Source

Natural Net LPG and NGL1 Coal Coke and Residual Distillate Other2 Shipments3

0

2

4

6

8

10

7.4

3.0

1.9 1.8

0.5 0.4 0.1

9.0

-0.3

Quadrillion Btu

Gas Electricity Fuel Oil Breeze Fuel Oil

4

4

(s) (s)

-0.3
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 45

Table 2.2 Manufacturing Total First Use of Energy for All Purposes, 1998

 (Trillion Btu )

NAICS 1 

Code Major Group Coal

Coke and

Breeze Natural Gas

Distillate

Fuel Oil

LPG

and

NGL 2

Residual

Fuel Oil

Net

Electricity 3 Other 4

Shipments

of Energy

Sources 5 Total 6

 311 Food ................................................................................. 129 2 568 16 5 14 213 97 0 1,044

 312 Beverage and Tobacco Products ..................................... 29 0 45 2 1 2 24 4 0 108

 313 Textile Mills ....................................................................... 20 0 103 4 2 12 102 14 0 256

 314 Textile Product Mills ......................................................... 3 0 25 Q (s) 3 18 (s) 0 50

 315 Apparel ............................................................................. 1 0 23 1 1 2 18 4 0 48

 316 Leather and Allied Products ............................................. 0 0 4 (s) (s) (s) 3 (s) 0 8

 321 Wood Products ................................................................. 2 0 73 13 4 1 72 343 0 509

 322 Paper ................................................................................ 277 0 586 9 5 151 240 1,478 0 2,747

 323 Printing and Related Support ........................................... (s) 0 44 (s) 1 (s) 51 2 0 98

 324 Petroleum and Coal Products ........................................... 12 0 1,007 28 39 72 126 6,082 47 7,320

 325 Chemicals ......................................................................... 300 7 2,709 10 1,796 98 577 677 110 6,064

 326 Plastics and Rubber Products .......................................... 3 0 126 1 5 5 183 5 0 328

 327 Nonmetallic Mineral Products ........................................... 284 11 444 17 3 4 134 82 0 979

 331 Primary Metals .................................................................. 715 437 933 9 3 30 545 82 192 2,560

 332 Fabricated Metal Products ................................................ 3 3 241 6 5 2 176 10 0 445

 333 Machinery ......................................................................... 6 0 99 3 3 1 96 7 0 217

 334 Computer and Electronic Products ................................... (s) 0 64 1 (s) 1 137 1 0 205

 335 Electrical Equipment, Appliances, and Components ........ 1 (s) 53 1 2 1 55 30 0 143

 336 Transportation Equipment ................................................ 29 1 212 15 4 5 195 31 0 492

 337 Furniture and Related Products ........................................ 2 0 27 1 1 (s) 30 28 0 88

 339 Miscellaneous ................................................................... (s) 0 40 2 1 1 40 4 0 89

 — Total Manufacturing .......................................................... 1,814 461 7,426 142 1,882 406 3,035 8,980 349 23,796

1 The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system has been replaced by the North American Industry

Classification System (NAICS). 2 Liquefied petroleum gases and natural gas liquids. 3 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It excludes electricity generated from

combustible fuels. 4 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed. 5 Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold or transferred to

another entity. 6 The sum of net electricity, residual and distillate fuel oil, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, natural

gas liquids, coal, coke and breeze, and other, minus shipments of energy sources. 

(s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Q=Data withheld because the relative standard error was greater than 50

percent.

Notes: • "First Use" was "Primary Consumption" in previous releases of this table. The estimates are

for the first use of energy for heat and power and as feedstocks or raw material inputs. First use is defined

as the consumption of the energy that was originally produced offsite or was produced onsite from input

materials not classified as energy. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "1998 Manufacturing Energy Consumption

Survey."
46 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (6,248 trillion Btu).

2Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.

3Excluding coal coke and breeze.

Figure 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1998

 Liquefied petroleum gases and natural gas liquids.

Source: Table 2.3.

By Energy Source

Natural Gas Net Electricity Coal3 Residual LPG and NGL Distillate

0

2

4

6

8

6.6

3.0

1.1

0.4 0.1 0.1

Quadrillion Btu

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

4.1

1.7

0.7

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

By Selected End Use1

Process Cooling and Refrigeration

Electrochemical Processes

Facility Lighting

Facility HVAC2

Machine Drive

Process Heating

Conventional Electricity Generation

Quadrillion Btu

4

4
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 47

Table 2.3 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 1998

End-Use Category

Net

Electricity 1

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil 

Liquefied

Petroleum Gases

and Natural

Gas Liquids Natural Gas 

Coal

(Excluding

Coal Coke

and Breeze)

Total 2

Million

Kilowatthours Million Barrels

Billion

Cubic Feet

Million

Short Tons

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 5,568 39 6 7 2,471 35 

Direct End Use

 All Process Uses ................................................................. 705,697 16 6 22 3,272 15 

 Process Heating ................................................................ 103,299 15 3 19 3,104 15 

 Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 54,473 (s) (s) 1 21 (s) 

 Machine Drive ..................................................................... 457,344 1 2 2 96 (s) 

 Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 87,200 — — — — —

 Other Process Uses ........................................................... 3,380 (s) 1 (s) 51 (s) 

 All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 157,739 1 9 8 656 1 

 Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 79,357 1 1 1 393 (s) 

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 61,966 — — — — —

 Other Facility Support ......................................................... 14,339 (s) 1 (s) 39 (s) 

 Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 1,380 — 6 7 5 —

 Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — (s) 1 (s) 204 1 

 Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 696 (s) (s) (s) Q 0 

End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 20,510 (s) 1 1 70 (s)

Total ......................................................................................... 889,513 57 23 38 6,469 51 

Trillion Btu

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. 19 246 38 24 2,538 770 3,635

Direct End Use

 All Process Uses ................................................................. 2,408 103 37 78 3,361 338 6,325

 Process Heating ................................................................ 352 97 20 68 3,187 331 4,055

 Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 186 (s) (s) 2 22 (s) 210

 Machine Drive ..................................................................... 1,560 5 13 7 99 7 1,691

 Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 298 — — — — — 298

 Other Process Uses ........................................................... 12 1 3 1 52 (s) 69

 All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 538 8 52 29 673 30 1,330

 Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3 ........... 271 4 6 4 403 4 692

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 211 — — — — — 211

 Other Facility Support ......................................................... 49 1 6 (s) 40 (s) 96

 Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 5 — 35 24 5 — 69

 Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 3 3 (s) 210 27 243

 Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 2 (s) 1 (s) Q 0 3

End Use Not Reported ........................................................... 70 1 7 4 72 3 157

Total ......................................................................................... 3,035 357 133 135 6,644 1,143 11,447

1 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. 2 Total of listed energy sources. Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (6,248 trillion Btu). The

top half of the "Total" column is blank because different physical units cannot be added. 3 Excludes steam and hot water.

— = Not applicable. (s)=Estimate less than 0.5. Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater

than 50 percent.

Notes: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • The estimates

presented in this table are for the total consumption of energy for the production of heat, power, and

electricity generation, regardless of where the energy was produced. Specifically, the estimates include the

quantities of energy that were originally produced offsite and purchased by or transferred to the

establishment, plus those that were produced onsite from other energy or input materials not classified as

energy, or were extracted from captive (onsite) mines or wells. • Allocations to end uses are made on the

basis of reasonable approximations by respondents.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "1998 Manufacturing Energy Consumption

Survey."
48 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 2.4 Household Energy Consumption

Source: Table 2.4. 

Consumption by All Households, Selected Years, 1978-1997

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

10.6

9.7 9.3 9.3

8.6 9.0 9.1 9.2

10.0 10.3

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, Selected Years, 1978-1997

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997

0

50

100

150 138

126

114 112

102 105 101 98 104 101

Million Btu

Consumption by All Households, by Census Region, 1997

Northeast Midwest South West

0

1

2

3

4

2.38

3.22

3.01

1.63

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, by Census Region, 1997

Northeast Midwest South West

0

50

100

150

121

134

84

75

Million Btu

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. Data for 1978 through 1984 are for 

April of the year shown through March of the following year; data for 1987, 1990, 1993, and 

1997 are for the calendar year. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared. • See Appendix D for Census regions.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 49

Table 2.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1997

 (Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)

Census Region 1 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997

Northeast ......................................................................... 2.89 2.50 R2.44 R2.36 R2.19 2.29 2.37 2.30 2.38 2.38

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 1.14 1.05 R0.94 R1.01 R0.96 0.93 1.03 1.03 1.11 1.03

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 0.39 0.39 R0.41 R0.40 R0.37 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.47 0.49

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 1.32 1.03 R1.07 R0.93 R0.83 0.93 0.87 0.78 0.78 0.84

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 166 145 138 R132 122 125 124 120 122 121

Midwest ........................................................................... 3.70 3.48 R2.96 R3.09 R2.61 2.80 2.73 2.81 3.13 3.22

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 2.53 2.48 R2.05 R2.22 R1.78 1.99 1.83 1.88 2.07 2.20

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 0.60 0.59 0.60 R0.56 R0.56 0.55 0.61 0.66 0.74 0.75

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 0.46 0.31 R0.17 R0.19 R0.16 0.13 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.11

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.19 0.17

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 180 168 R141 R146 122 129 123 122 134 134

South ............................................................................... 2.43 2.30 R2.57 R2.41 R2.45 2.50 2.61 2.60 2.95 3.01

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 0.96 0.91 R1.12 R1.15 R1.14 1.15 1.09 1.03 1.18 1.13

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 1.00 0.97 1.06 R1.01 R1.01 1.06 1.22 1.36 1.51 1.67

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 0.32 0.28 R0.25 R0.14 R0.18 0.16 0.17 0.11 0.13 0.10

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.15 0.14 R0.14 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.12

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 99 92 R95 R87 R87 85 84 81 88 84

West ................................................................................. 1.54 1.47 R1.34 R1.42 R1.33 1.45 1.42 1.51 1.55 1.63

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 0.95 0.88 R0.86 R0.90 R0.85 0.91 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.93

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 0.48 0.47 0.41 0.46 R0.41 0.47 0.48 0.54 0.56 0.64

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 110 100 R84 R87 R81 85 78 78 76 75

United States ................................................................... 10.56 9.74 9.32 R9.29 R8.58 9.04 9.13 9.22 10.01 10.25

 Natural Gas .................................................................... 5.58 5.31 R4.97 R5.27 R4.74 4.98 4.83 4.86 5.27 5.28

 Electricity 2 ...................................................................... 2.47 2.42 R2.48 R2.42 R2.35 2.48 2.76 3.03 3.28 3.54

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ..................................... 2.19 1.71 R1.52 R1.28 R1.20 1.26 1.22 1.04 1.07 1.07

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............................................ 0.33 0.31 R0.35 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.28 0.38 0.36

 Consumption per Household (million Btu) ...................... 138 126 114 R112 R102 105 101 98 104 101

1 See Appendix D for Census regions. 2 Site electricity. One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu.

R=Revised data. 

Notes: • This table shows major energy items only. • No data are available for years not shown. 

• Data for 1978-1984 are for April of year shown through March of following year; data for 1987, 1990,

1993, and 1997 are for the calendar year. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential Energy

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."
50 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures

 

1 Distillate fuel oil and kerosene.

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

3 Nominal dollars.

Consumption by End Use, 1997

Space Heating Appliances Water Heating Air Conditioning

0

2

4

6

5.2

2.7

1.9

0.4

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption for Space Heating, 1997

Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 Electricity LPG2

0

1

2

3

4

3.6

0.9

0.4 0.3

Quadrillion Btu

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. • Because vertical scales 

differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.5.

Consumption by Energy Source, 1997

Natural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil1 LPG2

0

2

4

6

5.3

3.5

1.1

0.4

Quadrillion Btu

Expenditures, Selected Years, 1978-1997

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997

0

30

60

90

120

150

55

76

83 87

97 98

110

124

136

Billion Dollars3
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 51

Table 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source,

 Selected Years, 1978-1997

Year

Space Heating

Air

Conditioning 1 Water Heating Appliances 2 Total 1,2

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5 Electricity 3

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5

Natural

Gas Electricity 3 LPG 5

Natural

Gas Electricity 3

Fuel

Oil 4 LPG 5

Consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

1978 4.26 0.40 2.05 0.23 R0.32 1.04 0.29 0.14 0.06 0.28 R1.45 0.03 5.58 2.47 2.19 0.33

1980 R3.41 R0.27 R1.30 R0.23 R0.36 R1.15 R0.30 R0.22 0.07 R0.36 R1.54 R0.05 R4.97 R2.48 R1.52 R0.35

1981 R3.69 R0.26 R1.06 R0.21 R0.34 R1.13 R0.30 R0.22 0.06 R0.43 R1.52 R0.05 R5.27 R2.42 R1.28 0.31

1982 R3.14 R0.25 R1.04 0.19 R0.31 R1.15 R0.28 R0.15 0.06 R0.43 R1.50 R0.05 R4.74 R2.35 R1.20 0.29

1984 3.51 R0.25 1.11 0.21 R0.32 1.10 0.32 0.15 0.06 0.35 R1.59 0.04 4.98 2.48 1.26 0.31

1987 3.38 0.28 1.05 0.22 0.44 1.10 0.31 0.17 0.06 0.34 1.72 0.04 4.83 2.76 1.22 0.32

1990 3.37 0.30 0.93 0.19 0.48 1.16 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.33 1.91 0.03 4.86 3.03 1.04 0.28

1993 3.67 0.41 0.95 0.30 0.46 1.31 0.34 0.12 0.05 0.29 2.08 0.03 5.27 3.28 1.07 0.38

1997 3.61 0.40 0.91 0.26 0.42 1.29 0.39 0.16 0.08 0.37 2.33 0.02 5.28 3.54 1.07 0.36

Expenditures

(billion dollars 6)

1978 11.49 3.53 8.06 1.05 R4.12 2.88 R3.14 0.56 0.36 0.93 R19.10 0.25 15.30 29.89 8.62 1.66

1980 R13.22 R3.78 R10.48 R1.78 R5.84 R4.51 R4.45 R1.76 R0.57 R1.91 R26.74 R0.44 R19.77 R40.81 R12.24 R2.80

1981 R16.62 R3.93 R9.44 R1.78 R6.23 R5.13 R4.94 R1.94 R0.51 R2.17 R29.70 R0.52 R24.03 R44.80 R11.29 R2.81

1982 R17.74 R4.21 R8.80 R1.69 R6.23 R6.51 R5.00 R1.28 R0.54 R2.58 R31.29 R0.52 R26.96 R46.74 R10.07 R2.75

1984 20.66 R4.62 8.51 2.00 R7.06 6.63 6.44 1.09 0.58 2.31 R36.36 0.54 29.78 54.48 9.60 3.12

1987 18.05 5.53 6.25 1.85 9.77 6.02 6.45 0.94 0.50 2.02 39.83 0.46 26.15 61.58 7.21 2.81

1990 18.59 6.16 7.42 2.01 11.23 6.59 7.21 0.83 0.65 2.03 46.95 0.48 27.26 71.54 8.25 3.14

1993 21.95 8.66 6.24 2.81 11.31 8.08 7.58 0.74 0.58 1.98 53.52 0.42 32.04 81.08 6.98 3.81

1997 24.11 8.56 6.57 2.79 10.20 8.84 8.99 1.04 0.89 2.86 60.57 0.36 35.81 88.33 7.61 4.04

1 A small amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is included in "Natural Gas" under "Total." 2 Includes refrigerators. A small amount of fuel oil or kerosene used for appliances is included in "Fuel

Oil" under "Total." 3 Site electricity. One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu. 4 Fuel oil is distillate fuel oil and kerosene. 5 Liquefied petroleum gases. 6 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised. 

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. Consumption data by energy source for 1979 are

available on Table 2.4. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1978—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential Energy

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."
52 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Not collected in 1980.

2 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under "central."

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0

5

10

15

20

33

82

Personal Computer1.............................

Electric Appliances

Separate Freezer................................

Dishwasher.........................................

Clothes Dryer......................................

Television Set, Color...........................

Microwave Oven.................................

Range..................................................

Clothes Washer..................................

Ceiling Fan1..........................................

99

Gas Appliances

Clothes Dryer......................................

47



Source: Table 2.6.

Figure 2.6 Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1997

Refrigerators

Air Conditioning

None..................................................

Central2..............................................

Two or More.......................................

One.....................................................

Range.................................................



Individual Room Units2.......................

Percent of Households With Appliance





61

 1980

1997

83

77

60

55

54

47

38

50



37

39

14

16

86

85

27

30 25

43

28

14



74

15















46



•

14

35
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 53

Table 2.6 Household Main Heating Fuel and Presence of Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1997

Appliance

Year Change

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997 1980 to 1997 

Total Households (millions) ................ 77 78 82 83 84 86 91 94 97 101 +20

Percent of Households

Type of Main Heating Fuel

 Natural Gas .......................................... 55 55 55 56 57 55 55 55 53 53 -2

 Electricity .............................................. 16 17 18 17 16 17 20 23 26 29 +12

 Liquefied Petroleum Gas ...................... 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 0

 Fuel Oil ................................................. 20 17 15 14 13 12 12 11 11 9 -6

 Wood .................................................... 2 4 6 6 7 7 6 4 3 2 -4

Type of Appliances

 Electric Appliances

 Television Set (Color) ......................... NA NA 82 83 85 88 93 96 98 99 +17

 Television Set (B/W) ........................... NA NA 51 48 46 43 36 31 20 NA NA

 Television Set (Any) ........................... NA NA 98 98 98 98 98 99 99 NA NA

 Clothes Washer .................................. 74 NA 74 73 71 73 75 76 77 77 +3

 Range (Stove-Top Burner) ................. 53 NA 54 54 53 54 57 58 61 60 +7

 Oven, Microwave ................................ 8 NA 14 17 21 34 61 79 84 83 +69

 Clothes Dryer ...................................... 45 NA 47 45 45 46 51 53 57 55 +8

 Separate Freezer ................................ 35 NA 38 38 37 37 34 34 35 33 -5

 Dishwasher ......................................... 35 NA 37 37 36 38 43 45 45 50 +13

 Dehumidifier ....................................... NA NA 9 9 9 9 10 12 9 NA NA

 Waterbed Heaters .............................. NA NA NA NA NA 10 14 15 12 8 NA

 Window or Ceiling Fan ....................... NA NA NA NA 28 35 46 51 60 NA NA

 Ceiling Fan ......................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 54 61 NA

 Whole House Fan ............................... NA NA NA NA 8 8 9 10 4 NA NA

 Evaporative Cooler ............................. NA NA 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 NA NA

 Personal Computer ............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16 23 35 NA

 Pump for Well Water .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 15 13 14 NA

 Swimming-Pool Pump 1 ...................... NA NA 3 4 3 NA NA 5 5 5 +2

Gas Appliances 2

 Range (Stove-Top or Burner) ............. 48 NA 46 46 47 45 43 42 38 39 -7

 Clothes Dryer ...................................... 14 NA 14 16 15 16 15 16 15 16 +2

 Outdoor Gas Grill ................................ 6 NA 9 9 11 13 20 26 29 NA NA

 Outdoor Gas Light .............................. 2 NA 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 -1

 Swimming Pool Heater 3 .................... NA NA (s) (s) (s) 1 1 1 1 1 0

Refrigerators 4

 One ..................................................... 86 NA 86 87 86 88 86 84 85 85 -1

 Two or More ....................................... 14 NA 14 13 13 12 14 15 15 15 +1

Air Conditioning (A/C)

 Central 5 ............................................. 23 24 27 27 28 30 34 39 44 47 20

 Individual Room Units 5 ...................... 33 31 30 31 30 30 30 29 25 25 -5

 None ................................................... 44 45 43 42 42 40 36 32 32 28 -15

Portable Kerosene Heaters .................. (s) NA (s) 1 3 6 6 5 3 2 +2

1 All reported swimming pools were assumed to have an electric pump for filtering and circulating the

water, except for 1993 and 1997, when a filtering system was made explicit. 2 Includes natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases. 3 In 1984 and 1987, also includes heaters for jacuzzis and hot tubs. 4 Fewer than 0.5 percent of the households do not have a refrigerator. 5 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under "Central."

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 percent. 

Note: No data are available for years not shown.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential Energy

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."
54 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1999

1 Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.

2 Kerosene, solar, and other.

(s)=Less than 0.5.

Source: Table 2.7.

By Fuel Type, Share of Total

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas Wood Other and None

0

20

40

60

26

1

22

34

2

10

5

51

30

10

0

6

2 1

Percent1

1950 1999

By Fuel Type

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas Wood Other and None

0

20

40

60

11

0

9

14

1

4 2

52

31

10

0

6

2 1

Million Housing Units

1950 1999

(s)

(s) (s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 55

Table 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1999

Year Coal 1

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Gas

Distillate

Fuel Oil Kerosene Electricity Wood Solar Other None 2 Total

Million

1950 14.48 11.12 0.98 9.46 3 ( ) 0.28 4.17 NA 0.77 1.57 42.83

1960 6.46 22.85 2.69 17.16 3 ( ) 0.93 2.24 NA 0.22 0.48 53.02

1970 1.82 35.01 3.81 16.47 3 ( ) 4.88 0.79 NA 0.27 0.40 63.45

1973 0.80 38.46 4.42 17.24 3 ( ) 7.21 0.60 NA 0.15 0.45 69.34

1974 0.74 39.47 4.14 16.84 3 ( ) 8.41 0.66 NA 0.09 0.48 70.83

1975 0.57 40.93 4.15 16.30 3 ( ) 9.17 0.85 NA 0.08 0.47 72.52

1976 0.48 41.22 4.24 16.45 3 ( ) 10.15 0.91 NA 0.09 0.46 74.01

1977 0.45 41.54 4.18 15.62 0.44 11.15 1.24 NA 0.15 0.51 75.28

1978 0.40 42.52 4.13 15.65 0.42 12.26 1.07 NA 0.12 0.60 77.17

1979 0.36 43.32 4.13 15.30 0.41 13.24 1.14 NA 0.10 0.57 78.57

1980 0.33 44.40 4.17 14.50 0.37 14.21 1.38 NA 0.11 0.61 80.07

1981 0.36 46.08 4.17 14.13 0.37 15.49 1.89 NA 0.10 0.59 83.18

1983 4 0.43 46.70 3.87 12.59 0.45 15.68 4.09 NA 0.16 0.68 84.64

1985 0.45 45.33 3.58 12.44 1.06 18.36 6.25 0.05 0.37 0.53 88.43

1987 0.41 45.96 3.66 12.74 1.08 20.61 5.45 0.05 0.28 0.66 90.89

1989 0.34 47.40 3.66 12.47 1.07 23.06 4.59 0.04 0.40 0.66 93.68

1991 0.32 47.02 3.88 11.47 0.99 23.71 4.44 0.03 0.41 0.86 93.15

1993 0.30 47.67 3.92 11.17 1.02 25.11 4.10 0.03 0.50 0.91 94.73

1995 0.21 49.20 4.25 10.98 1.06 26.77 3.53 0.02 0.64 1.04 97.69

1997 0.18 51.05 5.40 10.10 0.75 29.20 1.79 0.03 0.36 0.62 99.49

1999 0.17 52.37 5.91 10.03 0.72 31.14 1.70 0.02 0.21 0.54 102.80

Percent

1950 33.8 26.0 2.3 22.1 3 ( ) 0.6 9.7 NA 1.8 3.7 100.0

1960 12.2 43.1 5.1 32.4 3 ( ) 1.8 4.2 NA 0.4 0.9 100.0

1970 2.9 55.2 6.0 26.0 3 ( ) 7.7 1.3 NA 0.4 0.6 100.0

1973 1.2 55.5 6.4 24.9 3 ( ) 10.4 0.9 NA 0.2 0.7 100.0

1974 1.0 55.7 5.8 23.8 3 ( ) 11.9 0.9 NA 0.1 0.7 100.0

1975 0.8 56.4 5.7 22.5 3 ( ) 12.6 1.2 NA 0.1 0.6 100.0

1976 0.7 55.7 5.7 22.2 3 ( ) 13.7 1.2 NA 0.1 0.6 100.0

1977 0.6 55.2 5.6 20.7 0.6 14.8 1.6 NA 0.2 0.7 100.0

1978 0.5 55.1 5.4 20.3 0.5 15.9 1.4 NA 0.2 0.8 100.0

1979 0.5 55.1 5.3 19.5 0.5 16.9 1.4 NA 0.1 0.7 100.0

1980 0.4 55.4 5.2 18.1 0.5 17.7 1.7 NA 0.1 0.8 100.0

1981 0.4 55.4 5.0 17.0 0.4 18.6 2.3 NA 0.1 0.7 100.0

1983 4 0.5 55.2 4.6 14.9 0.5 18.5 4.8 NA 0.2 0.8 100.0

1985 0.5 51.3 4.1 14.1 1.2 20.8 7.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 100.0

1987 0.4 50.6 4.0 14.0 1.2 22.7 6.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 100.0

1989 0.4 50.6 3.9 13.3 1.1 24.6 4.9 (s) 0.4 0.7 100.0

1991 0.3 50.5 4.2 12.3 1.1 25.5 4.8 (s) 0.4 0.9 100.0

1993 0.3 50.3 4.1 11.8 1.1 26.5 4.3 (s) 0.5 1.0 100.0

1995 0.2 50.4 4.4 11.2 1.1 27.4 3.6 (s) 0.7 1.1 100.0

1997 0.2 51.3 5.4 10.2 0.8 29.4 1.8 (s) 0.4 0.6 100.0

1999 0.2 50.9 5.7 9.8 0.7 30.3 1.7 (s) 0.2 0.5 100.0

1 Includes coal coke. 2 Includes nonreporting units in 1950 and 1960, which totaled 997 and 2,000 units, respectively. 3 Included in distillate fuel oil. 4 Since 1983, the American Housing Survey for the United States has been a biennial survey.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent. 

Notes: • Includes mobile homes and individual housing units in apartment buildings. Housing units with

more than one type of heating system are classified according to the principal type of heating system.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1950, 1960, and 1970—Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing. • 1973

forward—Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States, biennial surveys, Table

2-5.
56 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Passenger cars, motorcycles, vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles,

trucks, and buses. 

2 Miles per gallon.

3 Miles per vehicle.

Figure 2.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates

Fuel Rates, 1966-1999

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

Miles per Gallon

Fuel Consumption, 1966-1999

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

Thousand Gallons per Vehicle

All Motor Vehicles,1 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Index 1973=100

Mileage, 1966-1999

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

8

16

24

32

Thousand Miles per Vehicle

Fuel Rate2

Mileage3

Fuel Consumption 4

Vans, Pickup Trucks, 

and SUVs 5

Trucks

Vans, Pickup Trucks, and SUVs 5

Trucks

Vans, Pickup Trucks, and SUVs5

Trucks

 Gallons per vehicle.

 Sport utility vehicles.

 Motorcycles are included with passenger cars through 1989.

Source: Table 2.8.

4

5

Passenger Cars 6

Passenger Cars 6

Passenger Cars 6

6
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 57

Table 2.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates, 1949-1999

Year

Passenger Cars

Vans, Pickup Trucks,

and Sport Utility Vehicles 1 Trucks 2 All Motor Vehicles 3

Mileage

(miles per

vehicle)

Fuel

Consumption

(gallons

per vehicle)

Fuel

Rate

(miles

per gallon)

Mileage

(miles per

vehicle)

Fuel

Consumption

(gallons

per vehicle)

Fuel

Rate

(miles

per gallon)

Mileage

(miles per

vehicle)

Fuel

Consumption

(gallons

per vehicle)

Fuel

Rate

(miles

per gallon)

Mileage

(miles per

vehicle)

Fuel

Consumption

(gallons

per vehicle)

Fuel

Rate

(miles

per gallon)

1949 49,388 4627 415.0 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 69,712 61,080 69.0 9,498 726 13.1

1950 49,060 4603 415.0 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,316 61,229 68.4 9,321 725 12.8

1951 49,186 4614 415.0 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,545 61,242 68.5 9,460 735 12.9

1952 49,360 4639 414.7 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,769 61,288 68.4 9,642 762 12.7

1953 49,377 4640 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,963 61,283 68.5 9,684 760 12.7

1954 49,349 4641 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,682 61,281 68.3 9,605 758 12.7

1955 49,447 4645 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,576 61,293 68.2 9,661 761 12.7

1956 49,496 4654 414.5 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,511 61,309 68.0 9,688 771 12.6

1957 49,348 4658 414.2 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,774 61,304 68.3 9,609 773 12.4

1958 49,500 4670 414.2 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,768 61,303 68.3 9,732 782 12.4

1959 49,615 4674 414.3 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,702 61,328 68.1 9,817 789 12.4

1960 49,518 4668 414.3 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,693 61,333 68.0 9,732 784 12.4

1961 49,521 4663 414.4 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,537 61,341 67.9 9,708 781 12.4

1962 49,494 4662 414.3 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,554 61,337 67.9 9,687 779 12.4

1963 49,587 4655 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,395 61,380 67.5 9,737 780 12.5

1964 49,665 4661 414.6 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,408 61,389 67.5 9,805 787 12.5

1965 49,603 4661 414.5 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 610,851 61,387 67.8 9,826 787 12.5

1966 49,733 4688 414.1 8,077 833 9.7 12,537 2,250 5.6 9,675 780 12.4

1967 49,849 4699 414.1 7,877 801 9.8 12,789 2,294 5.6 9,751 786 12.4

1968 49,922 4714 413.9 8,376 849 9.9 12,402 2,240 5.5 9,864 805 12.2

1969 49,921 4727 413.6 8,355 851 9.8 13,484 2,459 5.5 9,885 821 12.0

1970 49,989 4737 413.5 8,676 866 10.0 13,565 2,467 5.5 9,976 830 12.0

1971 410,097 4743 413.6 9,082 888 10.2 14,117 2,519 5.6 10,133 839 12.1

1972 410,171 4754 413.5 9,534 922 10.3 14,780 2,657 5.6 10,279 857 12.0

1973 49,884 4737 413.4 9,779 931 10.5 15,370 2,775 5.5 10,099 850 11.9

1974 49,221 4677 413.6 9,452 862 11.0 14,995 2,708 5.5 9,493 788 12.0

1975 49,309 4665 414.0 9,829 934 10.5 15,167 2,722 5.6 9,627 790 12.2

1976 49,418 4681 413.8 10,127 934 10.8 15,438 2,764 5.6 9,774 806 12.1

1977 49,517 4676 414.1 10,607 947 11.2 16,700 3,002 5.6 9,978 814 12.3

1978 49,500 4665 414.3 10,968 948 11.6 18,045 3,263 5.5 10,077 816 12.4

1979 49,062 4620 414.6 10,802 905 11.9 18,502 3,380 5.5 9,722 776 12.5

1980 48,813 4551 416.0 10,437 854 12.2 18,736 3,447 5.4 9,458 712 13.3

1981 48,873 4538 416.5 10,244 819 12.5 19,016 3,565 5.3 9,477 697 13.6

1982 49,050 4535 416.9 10,276 762 13.5 19,931 3,647 5.5 9,644 686 14.1

1983 49,118 4534 417.1 10,497 767 13.7 21,083 3,769 5.6 9,760 686 14.2

1984 49,248 4530 417.4 11,151 797 14.0 22,550 3,967 5.7 10,017 691 14.5

1985 49,419 4538 417.5 10,506 735 14.3 20,597 3,570 5.8 10,020 685 14.6

1986 49,464 4543 417.4 10,764 738 14.6 22,143 3,821 5.8 10,143 692 14.7

1987 49,720 4539 418.0 11,114 744 14.9 23,349 3,937 5.9 10,453 694 15.1

1988 49,972 4531 418.8 11,465 745 15.4 22,485 3,736 6.0 10,721 688 15.6

1989 410,157 4533 419.0 11,676 724 16.1 22,926 3,776 6.1 10,932 688 15.9

1990 10,504 520 20.2 11,902 738 16.1 23,603 3,953 6.0 11,107 677 16.4

1991 10,571 501 21.1 12,245 721 17.0 24,229 4,047 6.0 11,294 669 16.9

1992 10,857 517 21.0 12,381 717 17.3 25,373 4,210 6.0 11,558 683 16.9

1993 10,804 527 20.5 12,430 714 17.4 26,262 4,309 6.1 11,595 693 16.7

1994 10,992 531 20.7 12,156 701 17.3 25,838 4,202 6.1 11,683 698 16.7

1995 11,203 530 21.1 12,018 694 17.3 26,514 4,315 6.1 11,793 700 16.8

1996 11,330 534 21.2 11,811 685 17.2 26,092 4,221 6.2 11,813 700 16.9

1997 11,581 539 21.5 12,115 703 17.2 27,032 4,218 6.4 12,107 711 17.0

1998 R11,754 R544 R21.6 R12,173 R707 R17.2 R25,397 R4,135 R6.1 R12,211 R721 R16.9

1999P 11,850 552 21.4 11,958 700 17.1 26,015 4,282 6.1 12,208 729 16.8

1 Includes a small number of trucks with 2 axles and 4 tires, such as step vans. 2 Single-unit trucks with 2 axles and 6 or more tires, and combination trucks. 3 Includes buses and motorcycles, which are not shown separately. 4 Includes motorcycles. 5 Included in "Trucks." 6 Includes vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: For vehicle registrations data see the "Sources" or the "Web Page."

Web Page: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim.

Sources: Passenger Cars: • 1990-1994—U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of

Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 1998, Table 4-13. All Other Data:

• 1949-1994—Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, Table

VM-201A. • 1995 forward—FHWA, Highway Statistics, annual reports, Table VM-1.
58 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or 

fewer than 20 buildings were sampled. 

(s)=Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.

Note: See Appendix D for Census regions.

Source: Table 2.9. 

Figure 2.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source

By Census Region, 1995

Northeast Midwest South West United States

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

0.4

0.6

1.0

0.6

2.6

0.3

0.8

0.5 0.4

1.9

0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat 

(s) (s) (s)

By Survey Year

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

1.9

2.2

0.7

0.2

2.1 2.1

0.3 0.3

2.4

1.7

0.4 0.4

2.8

2.1

0.4

0.6

2.6

2.2

0.3 0.4

2.6

1.9

0.2

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

Q
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 59

Table 2.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1995

 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 1

All

Buildings

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest South West

Major Sources 2

1979 .......................... 1,255 2,202 1,508 894 861 511 2,699 1,217 1,826 1,395 526 4,965

1983 .......................... 1,242 1,935 1,646 812 1,018 480 2,513 858 1,821 1,462 682 4,823

1986 .......................... 1,273 2,008 1,696 985 1,008 633 2,351 1,037 1,585 1,459 896 4,977

1989 .......................... 1,259 2,402 2,127 1,048 1,230 704 2,806 1,354 1,659 1,648 1,126 5,788

1992 .......................... 1,258 2,301 1,932 892 1,247 637 2,714 1,090 1,578 1,825 998 5,490

1995 3 ....................... 1,332 2,152 1,838 973 1,019 614 2,716 1,035 1,497 1,684 1,106 5,321

Electricity

1979 .......................... 429 872 608 361 424 163 961 425 593 662 227 1,908

1983 .......................... 469 903 758 426 509 152 1,041 324 673 801 331 2,129

1986 .......................... 654 927 809 536 641 179 1,035 430 584 867 510 2,390

1989 .......................... 572 1,145 1,056 550 781 217 1,225 586 609 975 604 2,773

1992 .......................... 586 991 1,033 444 704 235 1,226 419 622 1,002 566 2,609

1995 3 ....................... 618 1,064 926 508 676 221 1,204 436 558 1,027 587 2,608

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 646 996 532 422 272 214 1,266 443 1,007 470 255 2,174

1983 .......................... 684 809 597 327 365 246 1,152 278 978 523 311 2,091

1986 .......................... 485 715 523 332 258 254 879 244 742 426 311 1,723

1989 .......................... 568 836 670 417 238 323 1,095 353 831 498 391 2,073

1992 .......................... 572 1,017 586 381 388 291 1,115 354 747 697 376 2,174

1995 3 ....................... 535 830 580 395 239 245 1,066 297 750 528 371 1,946

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .......................... 177 272 231 103 107 107 364 285 133 237 26 681

1983 .......................... 85 140 90 43 75 61 135 172 28 104 Q 314

1986 .......................... 114 206 121 105 39 103 194 270 63 86 23 442

1989 .......................... 101 170 86 76 43 71 167 237 61 50 Q 357

1992 .......................... 86 111 75 55 47 62 109 194 26 48 Q 272

1995 3 ....................... 71 104 60 49 28 57 101 168 16 45 7 235

District Heat 5

1979 .......................... Q 61 136 Q 58 27 108 64 93 Q Q 201

1983 .......................... Q 83 202 Q 68 21 184 84 141 34 30 289

1986 .......................... Q 159 243 12 71 97 243 94 196 81 51 422

1989 .......................... 19 252 315 Q 167 Q 319 179 159 126 121 585

1992 .......................... Q 182 238 Q 109 49 264 123 183 78 51 435

1995 3 ....................... Q 154 271 Q 75 91 346 135 173 83 Q 533

Propane 

1979 .......................... 23 15 5 10 Q 2 29 Q 16 15 10 43

1983 .......................... 20 12 2 6 Q 2 24 Q 7 21 Q 34

1986 .......................... 44 18 1 17 Q 3 42 9 19 26 Q 63

1 See Appendix D for Census regions. 2 For 1979, 1983, and 1986 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989, 1992, and 1995 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane consumption

statistics were not collected after 1986. 3 Beginning with the 1995 survey, commercial buildings on multibuilding manufacturing facilities and

parking garages were excluded. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. Beginning with the 1986 survey, includes

purchased and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled.

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics for major sources are

for the sum of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat, across all buildings using any of those fuels.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Buildings

Energy Consumption Survey."• 1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey." • 1986—EIA, Form EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1989,

1992, and 1995—EIA, Form EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
60 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.

2 Nominal dollars.

Note: No data are available for years not shown. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.10.

Buildings by Energy Source Used, 1979-1999

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999

0

1

2

3

4

5

Thousands of Buildings

Consumption, 1979-1995

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

1

2

3

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Square Foot, 1979-1995

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Thousand Btu

Expenditures per Square Foot, 1979-1995

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Dollars2

Square Footage per Building by

Energy Source Used, 1979-1999

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999

0

30

60

90

Thousand Square Feet

Expenditures, 1979-1995

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

20

40

60

Billion Dollars2

District Heat

District Heat

Fuel Oil1

Natural Gas

Electricity

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1

Electricity

Electricity

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1

District Heat

District Heat

Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil1

District Heat

Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil1

Electricity

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 61

Table 2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1999

Energy Source

and Year

Building Characteristics Energy Consumption Energy Expenditures

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Square

Feet

(million)

Square

Feet

per

Building

(thousand)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Per

Building

(million

Btu)

Per

Square

Foot

(thousand

Btu)

Per

Employee

(million

Btu)

Total

(million

dollars1)

Per

Building

(thousand

dollars1)

Per

Square

Foot

(dollars1)

Per

Million Btu

(dollars1)

Major Sources 2

1979 .............................. 3,073 43,546 14.2 5,008 1,630 115.0 85.0 33,821 11.0 0.78 6.75

1983 .............................. 3,185 49,471 15.5 4,856 1,525 98.2 65.7 55,764 17.5 1.13 11.48

1986 .............................. 4,154 58,199 14.0 5,040 1,213 86.6 68.6 60,762 14.6 1.04 12.06

1989 .............................. 4,528 63,184 14.0 5,788 1,278 91.6 81.9 70,826 15.6 1.12 12.24

1992 .............................. 4,806 67,876 14.1 5,490 1,142 80.9 77.1 71,821 14.9 1.06 13.08

1995 3 ........................... 4,579 58,772 12.8 5,321 1,162 90.5 69.3 69,918 15.3 1.19 13.14

1999 .............................. 4,411 65,759 14.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Electricity 

1979 .............................. 3,001 43,153 14.4 1,908 636 44.2 32.4 23,751 7.9 0.55 12.45

1983 .............................. 3,052 48,327 15.8 2,129 697 44.1 28.9 39,279 12.9 0.81 18.45

1986 .............................. 3,965 56,508 14.3 2,390 603 42.3 32.7 47,186 11.9 0.84 19.74

1989 .............................. 4,294 61,563 14.3 2,773 646 45.0 39.3 55,943 13.0 0.91 20.17

1992 .............................. 4,611 66,525 14.4 2,609 566 39.2 36.6 57,619 12.5 0.87 22.09

1995 3 ........................... 4,343 57,076 13.1 2,608 600 45.7 34.1 56,621 13.0 0.99 21.71

1999 .............................. 4,403 65,722 14.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Natural Gas

1979 .............................. 1,864 30,477 16.4 2,174 1,167 71.3 52.5 5,814 3.1 0.19 2.67

1983 .............................. 1,904 33,935 17.8 2,091 1,098 61.6 40.6 11,443 6.0 0.34 5.47

1986 .............................. 2,214 37,263 16.8 1,723 778 46.2 35.2 8,355 3.8 0.22 4.85

1989 .............................. 2,420 41,143 17.0 2,073 857 50.4 43.2 9,204 3.8 0.22 4.44

1992 .............................. 2,657 44,994 16.9 2,174 818 48.3 42.5 9,901 3.7 0.22 4.55

1995 3 ........................... 2,478 38,145 15.4 1,946 785 51.0 38.7 9,018 3.6 0.24 4.63

1999 .............................. 2,675 45,525 17.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .............................. 641 11,397 17.8 681 1,063 59.7 40.5 2,765 4.3 0.24 4.06

1983 .............................. 441 9,409 21.3 314 714 33.4 19.8 2,102 4.8 0.22 6.68

1986 .............................. 534 11,005 20.6 442 827 40.1 27.7 2,059 3.9 0.19 4.66

1989 .............................. 581 12,600 21.7 357 614 28.3 21.0 1,822 3.1 0.14 5.11

1992 .............................. 560 13,215 23.6 272 487 20.6 15.1 1,400 2.5 0.11 5.14

1995 3 ........................... 607 14,421 23.7 235 387 16.3 10.2 1,175 1.9 0.08 5.00

1999 .............................. 434 13,292 30.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

District Heat 5

1979 .............................. 47 3,722 79.0 201 4,267 54.0 26.5 1,267 26.9 0.34 6.30

1983 .............................. 64 4,643 72.9 289 4,530 62.1 34.4 2,627 41.2 0.57 9.10

1986 .............................. 77 4,625 59.7 422 5,446 91.2 52.4 2,620 33.8 0.57 6.21

1989 .............................. 98 6,578 67.0 585 5,964 89.0 56.5 3,857 39.3 0.59 6.59

1992 .............................. 95 5,245 55.4 435 4,596 82.9 60.9 2,901 30.7 0.55 6.67

1995 3 ........................... 110 5,658 51.5 533 4,849 94.1 51.2 3,103 28.3 0.55 5.83

1999 .............................. 117 5,891 50.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Propane

1979 .............................. 214 2,797 13.1 43 202 15.5 12.9 225 1.1 0.08 5.19

1983 .............................. 191 2,562 13.4 34 176 13.1 8.5 313 1.6 0.12 9.29

1986 .............................. 344 3,213 9.3 63 184 19.7 17.6 543 1.6 0.17 8.59

1989 .............................. 348 4,695 13.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1992 .............................. 337 3,393 10.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1995 .............................. 589 5,344 9.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1999 .............................. 451 6,276 13.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1 Nominal dollars. 2 For 1979, 1983, and 1986 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989, 1992, 1995, and 1999 includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane

consumption statistics were not collected after 1986. 3 Beginning with the 1995 survey, commercial buildings on multibuilding manufacturing facilities and

parking garages were excluded. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. Beginning with the 1986 survey, includes

purchased and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics for major sources are

for all buildings, even buildings using no major fuel.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Sources: • 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Buildings

Energy Consumption Survey."• 1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey." • 1986—EIA, Form EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." • 1989,

1992, 1995, and 1999—EIA, Form EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
62 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

 Source: Table 2.11

Figure 2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995

By Principal Building Activity

Education

0

50

100

150

200

250

79

214

246 240

127

76

97

114

97

37 38

172

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

22

Heating Equipment

1919 or Before

1920 to 1945

1946 to 1959

1960 to 1969

1970 to 1979

1980 to 1989

1990 to 1992

1993 to 1995

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

79

76

89

94

99

87

115

92

Thousand Btu per Square Foot Heating

By Year Constructed

Education Food

Service

Food

Sales

Health Lodging Mercantile

Office Public

Assembly

Public

Order

and Safety

Religious Warehouse

Other2 Vacant

1 See Table 2.11, footnote 1, for description of "Other."

2 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other categories.

Notes: • See Appendix D for Census Regions. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

By Census Region

Northeast Midwest South West

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

87

105

81

94

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

By End Use

Space Lighting Water Cooling Office Cooking Refrigeration Ventilation Other1 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

29.0

20.4

13.8

6.0 5.7

3.7 3.1 2.8

6.1

Thousand Btu per Square Foot
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 63

Table 2.11 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1995

 (Thousand Btu per Square Foot)

Building Characteristic

Space

Heating Cooling Ventilation

Water

Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other 1

All

End Uses

All Buildings ................................................ 29.0 6.0 2.8 13.8 20.4 3.7 3.1 5.7 6.1 90.5

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ........................................... 39.5 7.0 2.9 9.7 22.7 8.9 10.4 5.4 5.1 111.7

 5,001 to 10,000 ......................................... 38.5 4.4 1.7 11.1 13.6 4.3 2.5 3.8 2.9 82.8

 10,001 to 25,000 ....................................... 27.4 4.8 1.7 9.1 14.7 2.6 2.5 4.3 3.7 70.9

 25,001 to 50,000 ....................................... 28.2 6.7 2.1 11.6 18.5 2.1 2.5 5.0 5.2 82.0

 50,001 to 100,000 ..................................... 27.0 7.0 3.2 12.9 21.3 2.0 2.1 6.1 6.0 87.6

 100,001 to 200,000 ................................... 26.6 6.2 3.3 19.6 25.0 3.1 1.4 7.2 8.9 101.4

 200,001 to 500,000 ................................... 24.0 6.7 4.5 25.2 27.4 4.6 1.6 8.5 11.9 114.6

 Over 500,000 ............................................ 18.5 6.0 3.9 18.0 28.6 3.5 2.2 7.0 9.1 96.8

Principal Building Activity

 Education .................................................. 32.8 4.8 1.6 17.4 15.8 1.4 1.0 1.5 2.9 79.3

 Food Sales ............................................... 27.5 13.4 4.4 9.1 33.9 5.6 110.9 1.3 7.4 213.5

 Food Service ............................................ 30.9 19.5 5.3 27.5 37.0 77.5 31.6 2.6 13.7 245.5

 Health Care .............................................. 55.2 9.9 7.2 63.0 39.3 11.2 4.7 15.5 34.4 240.4

 Lodging ..................................................... 22.7 8.1 1.7 51.4 23.2 6.6 2.3 3.8 7.5 127.3

 Mercantile and Service ............................. 30.6 5.8 2.5 5.1 23.4 1.5 0.9 2.9 3.7 76.4

 Office ........................................................ 24.3 9.1 5.2 8.7 28.1 1.1 0.4 15.1 5.2 97.2

 Public Assembly ....................................... 53.6 6.3 3.5 17.5 21.9 2.8 1.8 2.4 3.8 113.7

 Public Order and Safety ........................... 27.8 6.1 2.3 23.4 16.4 Q 0.2 5.8 12.7 97.2

 Religious Worship ..................................... 23.7 1.9 0.9 3.2 5.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.1 37.4

 Warehouse and Storage ........................... 15.7 0.9 0.3 2.0 9.8 0.0 1.7 4.4 3.4 38.3

 Other 2 ...................................................... 59.6 9.3 8.3 15.3 26.7 Q 0.7 15.2 35.9 172.2

 Vacant ...................................................... 11.9 0.6 0.3 2.4 3.6 Q 0.2 0.5 1.9 21.5

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .......................................... 34.2 2.6 1.6 10.0 14.9 4.0 1.3 3.2 7.5 79.4

 1920 to 1945 ............................................. 37.0 3.4 1.6 10.7 12.3 1.8 1.6 3.3 4.1 75.7

 1946 to 1959 ............................................. 37.2 4.4 2.1 14.1 15.5 3.0 2.7 4.6 5.2 88.9

 1960 to 1969 ............................................. 30.2 5.7 2.7 16.8 20.4 4.0 3.0 5.3 6.1 94.3

 1970 to 1979 ............................................. 26.0 7.2 3.6 15.8 25.6 3.2 3.7 6.7 7.5 99.3

 1980 to 1989 ............................................. 19.8 7.8 3.2 11.5 23.5 4.2 3.0 7.6 5.9 86.5

 1990 to 1992 ............................................. 26.6 8.4 3.5 17.2 28.7 9.3 5.6 7.9 7.4 114.6

 1993 to 1995 ............................................. 24.3 7.9 3.2 11.7 22.7 3.3 7.4 4.9 6.8 92.2

Census Region 3

 Northeast .................................................. 32.4 4.0 2.0 14.2 17.7 2.7 3.0 4.5 6.4 87.1

 Midwest .................................................... 46.7 4.3 2.5 15.6 18.8 3.5 2.4 5.1 5.6 104.5

 South ........................................................ 18.0 8.4 3.2 10.5 21.3 4.0 3.4 5.9 6.0 80.8

 West ......................................................... 23.4 5.5 3.1 17.0 23.6 4.3 3.4 7.2 6.5 94.2

1 Examples of "other" include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers, hoists,

and compactors; washers, disposals, dryers and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters,

and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; sign motors, time clocks, vending

machines, phone equipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards, fire alarms, intercoms, television sets,

radios, projectors, and door operators. 2 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.

3 See Appendix D for Census regions.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.

Source: Energy Information Administration, A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics,

Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures (October 1998), Table EU-2.

Gas Station, North Carolina, April 1999.

Financial Indicators

3
66 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Fossil Fuel Composite Price, Change From Previous Year, 1950-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Percent

Prices, 1949-2000

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Chained (1996) Dollars per Million Btu

Source: Table 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices

Note: Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Table E1.

Crude Oil

Natural

 Gas

Coal

Fossil Fuel Composite

+

+

+
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 67

Table 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-2000

 (Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Coal 1 Natural Gas 2 Crude Oil 3 Fossil Fuel Composite 4

Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5

Percent

Change 6

1949 0.21 1.22 0.05 0.31 0.44 2.54 0.26 1.52 —

1950 0.21 1.19 0.06 0.36 0.43 2.48 0.26 1.46 -3.8

1951 0.21 1.13 0.06 0.34 0.44 2.33 0.26 1.38 -5.3

1952 0.21 1.10 0.07 0.38 0.44 2.30 0.26 1.37 -0.7

1953 0.21 1.08 0.08 0.42 0.46 2.40 0.27 1.42 3.2

1954 0.19 0.99 0.09 0.46 0.48 2.46 0.28 1.42 0.5

1955 0.19 0.94 0.09 0.45 0.48 2.42 0.27 1.37 -3.9

1956 0.20 0.97 0.10 0.48 0.48 2.35 0.28 1.36 -0.8

1957 0.21 0.99 0.10 0.47 0.53 2.52 0.30 1.42 4.1

1958 0.20 0.94 0.11 0.50 0.52 2.40 0.29 1.35 -4.7

1959 0.20 0.91 0.12 0.54 0.50 2.28 0.29 1.31 -3.1

1960 0.19 0.87 0.13 0.57 0.50 2.24 0.28 1.28 -2.4

1961 0.19 0.85 0.14 0.60 0.50 2.22 0.29 1.28 0.0

1962 0.19 0.82 0.14 0.64 0.50 2.20 0.29 1.27 -0.7

1963 0.18 0.80 0.14 0.63 0.50 2.16 0.28 1.23 -2.8

1964 0.18 0.79 0.14 0.58 0.50 2.13 0.28 1.19 -3.5

1965 0.18 0.77 0.14 0.61 0.49 2.07 0.28 1.16 -1.9

1966 0.19 0.77 0.14 0.59 0.50 2.03 0.28 1.14 -1.7

1967 0.19 0.76 0.14 0.58 0.50 2.00 0.28 1.13 -1.6

1968 0.19 0.74 0.14 0.54 0.51 1.93 0.28 1.08 -3.8

1969 0.21 0.76 0.15 0.56 0.53 1.93 0.30 1.08 0.0

1970 0.27 0.92 0.15 0.53 0.55 1.89 0.32 1.09 0.9

1971 0.30 1.00 0.16 0.53 0.58 1.91 0.34 1.11 1.8

1972 0.33 1.04 0.17 0.54 0.58 1.84 0.35 1.10 -1.3

1973 0.37 1.09 0.20 0.60 0.67 2.00 0.40 1.18 7.7

1974 0.69 1.87 0.27 0.74 1.18 3.23 0.68 1.85 55.8

1975 0.84 2.11 0.40 1.00 1.32 3.30 0.82 2.05 11.1

1976 0.86 2.02 0.53 1.26 1.41 3.34 0.90 2.13 3.9

1977 0.88 1.96 0.72 1.61 1.48 3.28 1.01 2.24 5.0

1978 0.98 2.04 0.84 1.73 1.55 3.22 1.12 2.31 3.3

1979 1.06 2.02 1.08 2.07 2.18 4.17 1.42 2.71 17.3

1980 1.10 1.93 1.45 2.54 3.72 6.52 2.04 3.58 32.0

1981 1.18 1.90 1.80 2.88 5.48 8.78 2.74 4.40 22.9

1982 1.22 1.85 2.22 3.35 4.92 7.42 2.76 4.16 -5.4

1983 1.18 1.71 2.32 3.37 4.52 6.56 2.70 3.92 -5.8

1984 1.16 1.63 2.40 3.36 4.46 6.25 2.65 3.70 -5.5

1985 1.15 1.56 2.26 3.06 4.15 5.64 2.51 3.41 -8.0

1986 1.09 1.44 1.75 2.32 2.16 2.86 1.65 2.20 -35.6

1987 1.05 1.36 1.50 1.94 2.66 3.42 1.70 2.19 -0.2

1988 1.01 1.26 1.52 1.90 2.17 2.70 1.53 1.91 -12.8

1989 1.00 1.20 1.53 1.83 2.73 3.28 1.67 2.01 5.0

1990 1.00 1.15 1.55 1.79 3.45 3.99 1.84 2.13 6.1

1991 0.99 1.10 1.48 1.65 2.85 3.18 1.67 1.86 -12.5

1992 0.97 1.06 1.57 1.71 2.76 3.00 1.66 1.80 -3.1

1993 0.93 0.99 1.84 1.96 2.46 2.61 1.67 1.78 -1.6

1994 0.91 0.94 1.67 1.74 2.27 2.37 1.53 1.59 -10.5

1995 0.88 0.90 1.40 1.43 2.52 2.57 1.47 1.50 -5.5

1996 0.87 0.87 1.96 1.96 3.18 3.18 1.82 1.82 21.3

1997 0.85 0.84 2.10 2.06 2.97 R2.91 1.81 1.77 R-2.7

1998 0.82 R0.80 1.75 R1.69 1.87 1.82 R1.40 R1.36 R-23.3

1999 R0.80 R0.76 R1.95 R1.86 2.68 R2.56 R1.64 R1.57 R15.5

2000P 70.80 70.74 3.24 3.03 4.61 4.31 72.57 72.40 753.2

1 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite prices are based on the value of coal produced at

free-on-board (f.o.b.) mines; anthracite prices through 1978 are f.o.b. preparation plants and for 1979

forward are f.o.b. mines. 2 Wellhead prices. 3 Domestic first purchase prices. 4 Derived by multiplying the price per Btu of each fossil fuel by the total Btu content of the production of

each fossil fuel and dividing this accumulated value of total fossil fuel production by the accumulated Btu

content of total fossil fuel production. 5 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 6 Based on real values. 7 Calculated using the 1999 coal price for the 2000 value.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Sources: Tables 5.16, 6.8, 7.8, A2, A4, and A5.
68 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production

Production by Fuel, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars1

Overview, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars1

Sources: Tables 3.2, 3.5, and 3.6.

Production

Imports

Exports

Coal

Natural

Gas

Crude Oil

1 Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit 

price deflators. See Table E1. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Overview, 2000

Production Imports Exports

0

40

80

120

160 148

132

13

Billion Nominal Dollars
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 69

Table 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-2000

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Natural Gas 1 Crude Oil 2 Total

Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3

1949 2.52 14.60 0.33 1.91 4.68 27.11 7.53 43.62

1950 2.91 16.68 0.44 2.52 4.95 28.37 8.30 47.57

1951 3.05 16.30 0.52 2.78 5.69 30.41 9.26 49.49

1952 2.67 14.05 0.64 3.37 5.79 30.47 9.10 47.89

1953 2.55 13.25 0.76 3.95 6.32 32.83 9.63 50.03

1954 2.02 10.39 0.87 4.48 6.44 33.13 9.33 48.00

1955 2.30 11.63 0.94 4.75 6.88 34.78 10.12 51.16

1956 2.65 12.96 1.11 5.43 7.30 35.70 11.06 54.09

1957 2.74 12.97 1.17 5.54 8.09 38.29 12.00 56.80

1958 2.19 10.12 1.32 6.10 7.37 34.06 10.88 50.28

1959 2.14 9.78 1.57 7.18 7.47 34.14 11.18 51.10

1960 2.10 9.46 1.79 8.07 7.42 33.44 11.31 50.97

1961 1.99 8.87 1.99 8.87 7.58 33.78 11.56 51.52

1962 2.03 8.93 2.22 9.76 7.76 34.12 12.01 52.81

1963 2.17 9.43 2.36 10.26 7.96 34.61 12.49 54.30

1964 2.32 9.94 2.33 9.98 8.03 34.40 12.68 54.32

1965 2.40 10.09 2.57 10.81 8.15 34.27 13.12 55.17

1966 2.53 10.34 2.75 11.24 8.72 35.65 14.00 57.23

1967 2.65 10.51 2.91 11.54 9.39 37.25 14.95 59.30

1968 2.64 10.04 3.09 11.75 9.79 37.22 15.52 59.01

1969 2.90 10.51 3.52 12.76 10.42 37.77 16.84 61.04

1970 3.88 13.35 3.73 12.84 11.19 38.51 18.80 64.70

1971 4.01 13.14 4.05 13.27 11.71 38.37 19.77 64.78

1972 4.65 14.61 4.28 13.45 11.71 36.80 20.64 64.86

1973 5.14 15.30 4.98 14.82 13.07 38.90 23.19 69.02

1974 9.65 26.35 6.48 17.70 22.00 60.08 38.13 104.13

1975 12.67 31.65 8.85 22.11 23.45 58.58 44.97 112.34

1976 13.40 31.68 11.57 27.35 24.37 57.61 49.34 116.64

1977 13.91 30.90 15.82 35.14 25.79 57.29 55.52 123.33

1978 14.65 30.38 18.18 37.69 28.60 59.30 61.43 127.37

1979 18.55 35.50 24.16 46.24 39.45 75.50 82.16 157.24

1980 20.45 35.85 32.09 56.26 67.93 119.09 120.47 211.20

1981 21.75 34.87 39.51 63.35 99.40 159.37 160.66 257.59

1982 22.84 34.48 45.71 69.00 90.03 135.89 158.58 239.37

1983 20.32 29.50 43.73 63.49 83.05 120.57 147.10 213.56

1984 22.94 32.11 48.69 68.16 84.10 117.72 155.73 217.99

1985 22.27 30.22 43.35 58.83 78.88 107.04 144.50 196.09

1986 21.18 28.12 32.71 43.43 39.63 52.62 93.52 124.17

1987 21.20 27.33 29.11 37.52 46.93 60.49 97.24 125.34

1988 20.97 26.14 30.28 37.75 37.48 46.73 88.73 110.62

1989 21.40 25.70 30.58 36.72 44.07 52.92 96.05 115.34

1990 22.39 25.88 31.80 36.76 53.77 62.15 107.96 124.79

1991 21.40 23.87 30.39 33.89 44.77 49.93 96.56 107.69

1992 20.98 22.84 32.56 35.45 41.97 45.70 95.51 103.99

1993 18.77 19.96 38.72 41.17 35.61 37.86 93.10 98.99

1994 20.06 20.89 36.46 37.98 32.07 33.40 88.59 92.27

1995 19.45 19.83 30.24 30.83 35.00 35.68 84.69 86.34

1996 19.68 19.68 42.99 42.99 43.68 43.68 106.35 106.35

1997 19.77 R19.39 46.09 R45.21 40.57 R39.79 106.43 R104.39

1998 19.75 R19.13 R38.43 R37.23 24.80 R24.03 R82.98 R80.39

1999 R18.44 R17.60 R42.52 R40.58 R33.40 R31.88 R94.36 R90.06

2000P 418.03 416.86 72.54 67.85 57.07 53.38 4147.64 4138.09

1 Marketed production. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

4 Calculated using the 1999 coal price for the 2000 value.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Value is based on fuel prices taken as closely as possible to the point of production.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.16, 6.2, 6.8, 7.2, and 7.8.
70 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Prices by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Index: 1970=1.00

Total Energy, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Dollars1 per Million Btu

Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, 

petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.3.

1 Nominal dollars.

2 Electricity purchased by end users.

3 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Figure 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy

Gas Fuel

Gasoline Fuel

4

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

Wood and Waste

Nuclear Fuel

4

2

Fuel Fuel

$8.82

in 1997

and

Waste

By Energy Type, 1997

Electricity Petroleum Natural Wood Coal Nuclear

0

5

10

15

20

25

20.15

7.82

4.62

1.79 1.31 0.51

Dollars1 per Million Btu

By Petroleum Product, 1997

Motor Distillate LPG3 Jet Residual Other

0

3

6

9

12

9.73

7.70 7.42

4.53

2.83

5.71

Dollars1 per Million Btu
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 71

Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy, 1970-1997

 (Nominal Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Primary Energy 1

Electric

Utility

Fuel

Electricity

Purchased

by

End-Users

Total

Energy Coal 4

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel

Wood

and

Waste Total 4

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 2

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 3 Total

1970 0.37 0.59 1.16 0.73 1.46 2.85 0.42 1.38 1.72 0.18 1.29 1.08 0.32 4.98 1.65

1971 0.42 0.63 1.22 0.77 1.49 2.90 0.58 1.44 1.79 0.18 1.31 1.15 0.38 5.30 1.76

1972 0.45 0.68 1.22 0.79 1.52 2.88 0.62 1.49 1.78 0.18 1.33 1.18 0.41 5.54 1.84

1973 0.48 0.73 1.46 0.92 2.02 3.10 0.75 1.57 1.97 0.19 1.39 1.29 0.46 5.86 2.02

1974 0.88 0.89 2.44 1.58 2.81 4.32 1.82 2.59 3.06 0.20 1.50 1.94 0.86 7.42 2.87

1975 1.03 1.18 2.60 2.05 2.97 4.65 1.93 2.92 3.35 0.24 1.50 2.19 0.96 8.61 3.33

1976 1.04 1.46 2.77 2.25 3.21 4.84 1.90 3.07 3.47 0.25 1.53 2.34 1.02 9.13 3.57

1977 1.11 1.76 3.11 2.59 3.65 5.13 2.14 3.25 3.73 0.27 1.58 2.57 1.16 10.11 3.98

1978 1.28 1.95 3.26 2.87 3.60 5.24 2.08 3.44 3.84 0.30 1.61 2.71 1.25 10.92 4.23

1979 1.36 2.31 4.69 3.90 4.50 7.11 2.83 4.69 5.23 0.34 1.88 3.47 1.48 11.78 5.21

1980 1.47 2.86 6.70 6.36 5.64 9.84 3.88 7.02 7.40 0.43 2.26 4.57 1.75 13.95 6.89

1981 1.65 3.43 8.03 7.57 6.18 10.94 4.91 8.63 8.68 0.48 2.53 5.24 2.00 16.14 8.03

1982 1.73 4.23 7.78 7.23 6.66 10.39 4.65 7.83 8.39 0.54 2.54 5.32 2.01 18.16 8.46

1983 1.71 4.72 7.32 6.53 7.17 9.12 4.50 7.58 7.77 0.58 2.43 5.11 1.98 18.62 8.39

1984 1.71 4.75 7.36 6.25 6.93 8.89 4.75 7.64 7.67 0.67 2.50 5.02 1.97 18.50 8.28

1985 1.70 4.61 7.18 5.91 6.54 9.01 4.30 7.52 7.62 0.71 2.40 4.90 1.85 19.05 8.36

1986 1.62 4.07 5.66 3.92 6.42 6.79 2.37 5.77 5.72 0.70 2.09 3.95 1.55 19.05 7.30

1987 1.54 3.77 5.94 4.03 6.06 7.22 2.86 5.59 6.03 0.71 2.06 3.97 1.51 18.74 7.33

1988 1.50 3.78 5.80 3.80 5.86 7.32 2.35 5.23 5.90 0.73 2.07 3.87 1.45 18.68 7.26

1989 1.49 3.85 6.45 4.39 5.53 8.01 2.72 5.47 6.42 0.70 51.85 54.09 1.48 18.98 57.61

1990 1.49 3.85 7.70 5.68 6.75 9.12 3.16 5.80 7.47 0.67 1.95 4.50 1.46 19.33 8.29

1991 1.49 3.78 7.28 4.83 6.79 8.93 2.62 5.72 7.19 0.63 1.96 4.32 1.37 19.85 8.24

1992 1.45 3.89 7.11 4.52 6.19 8.96 2.27 5.49 7.07 0.59 1.88 4.29 1.34 20.06 8.17

1993 1.43 4.16 7.10 4.29 6.20 8.82 2.25 5.47 7.01 0.56 1.74 4.31 1.35 20.38 8.27

1994 1.39 4.15 7.03 3.95 6.61 8.91 2.32 5.46 7.05 0.56 1.84 4.32 1.30 20.34 8.31

1995 1.37 3.81 7.02 4.00 6.54 9.14 2.46 5.72 7.26 0.54 1.84 4.29 1.23 20.30 8.29

1996 1.33 4.33 7.90 4.82 7.91 9.77 2.79 6.22 7.99 0.51 1.86 4.70 1.28 20.17 8.77

1997 1.31 4.62 7.70 4.53 7.42 9.73 2.83 5.71 7.82 0.51 1.79 4.72 1.30 20.15 8.82

1 Primary energy is all energy, including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the

electricity produced. 2 Liquefied petroleum gases. 3 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum

coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products. 4 The "Primary Energy Total" and "Total Energy" prices include consumption-weighted average prices

for coal coke imports and coal coke exports that are not shown in the other columns. In 1997, coal coke

imports averaged 3.25 dollars per million Btu and coal coke exports averaged 2.64 dollars per million Btu. 5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to expanded coverage of

nonutility power producers’ use of wood and waste beginning in 1989.

Note: There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/seper/contents.html. 

Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1997 (July

2000), Table 5, and EIA, Combined State Energy Data System 1997. 
72 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Total Energy, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

200

400

600

Billion Dollars'

 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, 

petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.4.

Figure 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy

Gas Fuel

Gasoline Fuel Fuel Fuel

4

Electricity

Petroleum

Coal

Natural Gas

4 1 Nominal dollars.

2 Electricity purchased by end users.

3 Liquefied petroleum gases.

$567 billion

in 1997

By Energy Type, 1997

Petroleum Electricity2 Natural Coal Nuclear 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

267

214

92

28

3

Billion Dollars'

Expenditures by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-1997

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

Index: 1970=1.00

By Petroleum Product, 1997

Motor Distillate LPG3 Jet Residual Other

0

50

100

150

200

150

56

20 15

5

21

Billion Dollars'
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 73

Table 3.4 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy, 1970-1997

 (Million Nominal Dollars)

Year

Primary Energy 1

Electric

Utility

Fuel

Electricity

Purchased

by

End-Users

Total

Coal Energy

Net

Imports of

Coal Coke 2

Natural

Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Fuel

Wood

and

Waste Total

Distillate

Fuel

Jet

Fuel LPG 3

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Other 4 Total

1970 4,594 -75 10,891 6,253 1,441 2,446 31,596 2,046 4,160 47,942 44 438 63,833 -4,316 23,345 82,862

1971 4,883 -40 12,065 6,890 1,582 2,531 33,478 2,934 4,429 51,844 73 446 69,271 -5,441 26,202 90,032

1972 5,412 -26 13,198 7,552 1,682 2,889 35,346 3,458 4,755 55,682 104 476 74,845 -6,473 29,712 98,084

1973 6,251 7 13,933 9,524 2,001 3,933 39,667 4,667 5,299 65,091 178 502 85,961 -7,817 33,774 111,918

1974 11,145 150 16,380 15,218 3,208 5,273 54,194 10,548 8,263 96,704 259 544 125,182 -14,391 42,586 153,377

1975 13,047 82 20,061 15,680 4,193 R5,231 59,446 10,374 R8,448 103,372 448 534 137,544 -16,396 50,680 171,828

1976 14,079 44 25,097 18,402 4,567 5,993 64,977 11,648 9,881 115,468 520 622 155,830 -18,923 56,972 193,880

1977 15,448 67 29,602 22,004 5,517 6,824 70,591 14,381 11,719 131,036 743 694 177,590 -23,392 66,225 220,423

1978 17,595 362 33,185 23,587 6,205 6,621 74,513 13,747 13,294 137,967 915 782 190,806 -25,746 74,159 239,219

1979 20,421 259 40,785 32,854 8,603 9,383 95,916 17,656 18,761 183,173 941 964 246,543 -31,031 82,051 297,563

1980 22,648 -78 R51,061 40,797 13,923 10,926 124,408 21,573 26,001 237,628 1,189 1,251 313,699 -37,435 98,095 374,359

1981 26,231 -31 60,544 48,200 15,607 11,900 138,138 22,668 28,444 264,957 1,436 1,452 354,589 -43,275 116,455 427,769

1982 26,426 -52 68,292 44,087 14,974 R12,925 R130,305 17,632 R22,356 242,279 1,684 1,475 340,105 -41,311 127,393 426,187

1983 27,051 -44 72,000 41,846 13,979 14,083 115,816 14,099 R21,536 R221,359 1,859 1,504 323,728 -41,336 134,731 417,124

1984 29,093 -22 77,169 44,580 15,097 14,143 114,438 14,410 22,575 225,243 2,384 1,552 335,418 -43,378 142,420 434,460

1985 29,723 -34 72,938 43,759 14,747 13,545 R118,043 11,493 R22,004 223,591 2,930 1,471 330,618 -42,558 149,233 437,292

1986 27,895 -40 59,702 34,995 10,505 12,694 91,526 7,486 17,579 174,785 3,125 1,299 266,765 R-35,793 151,793 382,766

1987 27,566 7 58,019 37,587 11,448 12,859 99,803 8,062 17,581 187,340 3,486 1,278 277,696 -36,692 154,685 395,689

1988 R28,365 116 61,089 38,593 11,318 12,775 103,206 7,259 16,673 189,824 4,111 1,334 284,841 -37,435 162,063 409,468

1989 28,105 137 65,383 43,246 13,434 12,154 112,586 8,354 16,965 206,739 3,992 51,670 5306,125 -38,995 169,332 5436,463

1990 28,372 22 64,102 49,430 17,784 13,680 126,454 8,707 19,169 235,224 4,142 1,628 333,325 -38,276 176,737 471,786

1991 27,871 42 64,697 45,181 14,609 14,922 123,048 6,786 R18,160 R222,706 4,172 1,703 R321,225 -36,534 184,814 R469,505

1992 27,409 99 68,400 45,110 13,559 R14,161 125,156 5,575 R18,268 221,829 3,878 1,711 323,378 -35,817 186,954 474,515

1993 R27,763 56 75,941 R45,885 13,002 13,961 126,401 5,439 R18,248 222,936 3,658 1,621 332,016 -36,692 196,579 491,904

1994 27,186 92 77,716 47,240 12,474 16,253 R129,897 5,288 R18,652 229,804 3,858 1,934 340,801 -36,166 200,883 505,518

1995 26,861 104 74,150 47,845 R12,525 16,250 136,475 4,667 R19,175 236,937 R3,865 2,143 344,199 -34,810 205,932 515,321

1996 27,368 46 85,634 56,675 15,770 20,898 148,230 5,297 21,201 268,071 3,666 2,215 387,076 -36,614 211,011 561,473

1997 27,522 72 91,769 56,199 15,000 19,865 149,549 5,036 20,946 266,595 3,396 1,986 391,489 -37,815 213,645 567,318

1 Primary energy is all energy, including that consumed to produce electricity but excluding the electricity

produced. 2 Values derive from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM-145"

and "Monthly Report IM-545," and may differ slightly from those shown on Table 3.7, which derive from

Bureau of the Census, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services. FT600 series. 3 Liquefied petroleum gases. 4 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum

coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to expanded coverage of

nonutility power producers’ use of wood and waste beginning in 1989. 

R=Revised. 

Notes: • There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy. • Totals

may not equal the sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/seper/contents.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1997 (July

2000), Table 5, and EIA, Combined State Energy Data System 1997.
74 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

By Fuel, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

1 Natural gas, coal, and coal coke.

Notes: • Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Table E1. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared. 

Source: Table 3.5.

Crude Oil

Petroleum 

Products

Other1

Total, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

By Fuel, 2000

Crude Oil Petroleum Products Other1

0

25

50

75

100

84

27

12

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

Figure 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 75

Table 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-2000

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil 1 Petroleum Products 2 Total

Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3

1949 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.30 1.77 0.14 0.79 0.45 2.60

1950 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.37 2.12 0.21 1.23 0.59 3.39

1951 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.37 2.00 0.23 1.21 0.61 3.24

1952 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.02 (s) (s) 0.42 2.23 0.25 1.33 0.68 3.60

1953 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.51 2.65 0.25 1.31 0.77 3.98

1954 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) (s) 0.54 2.80 0.28 1.46 0.83 4.28

1955 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.65 3.31 0.44 2.23 1.10 5.57

1956 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.84 4.10 0.45 2.19 1.29 6.31

1957 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.02 0.98 4.64 0.57 2.69 1.56 7.36

1958 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.94 4.34 0.68 3.16 1.65 7.63

1959 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.87 3.99 0.66 3.03 1.57 7.16

1960 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 0.13 0.90 4.03 0.73 3.30 1.66 7.47

1961 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.04 0.20 0.93 4.16 0.71 3.16 1.69 7.54

1962 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.09 0.38 1.01 4.45 0.75 3.31 1.86 8.16

1963 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.43 1.03 4.46 0.74 3.21 1.87 8.11

1964 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.43 1.08 4.63 0.78 3.35 1.97 8.43

1965 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 0.44 1.12 4.71 0.92 3.88 2.15 9.05

1966 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 0.43 1.12 4.56 0.99 4.04 2.21 9.04

1967 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.13 0.51 1.06 4.22 1.02 4.03 2.21 8.78

1968 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.15 0.56 1.18 4.50 1.16 4.43 2.50 9.50

1969 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.20 0.71 1.30 4.71 1.24 4.49 2.74 9.92

1970 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.26 0.89 1.26 4.34 1.48 5.10 3.00 10.34

1971 (s) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.31 1.02 1.69 5.53 1.66 5.43 3.66 12.00

1972 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.31 0.99 2.37 7.45 1.99 6.25 4.68 14.70

1973 (s) (s) 0.04 0.12 0.36 1.08 4.24 12.62 3.50 10.41 8.14 24.23

1974 0.06 0.16 0.19 0.53 0.53 1.45 15.25 41.65 11.01 30.07 27.05 73.86

1975 0.02 0.05 0.16 0.39 1.15 2.88 18.29 45.69 6.77 16.91 26.39 65.92

1976 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.26 1.66 3.92 25.46 60.18 6.65 15.72 33.90 80.13

1977 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.29 2.00 4.44 33.59 74.61 8.42 18.70 44.18 98.13

1978 0.07 0.15 0.41 0.85 2.06 4.27 32.30 66.97 7.30 15.14 42.15 87.38

1979 0.05 0.10 0.34 0.65 3.13 5.98 46.06 88.15 10.45 20.00 60.03 114.88

1980 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.09 4.21 7.39 61.90 108.52 12.54 21.99 78.74 138.04

1981 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.07 4.41 7.07 61.46 98.54 14.30 22.92 80.24 128.65

1982 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 4.69 7.09 45.72 69.02 13.86 20.92 64.31 97.08

1983 0.04 0.06 (s) (s) 4.39 6.37 36.49 52.98 14.84 21.55 55.77 80.96

1984 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.07 3.44 4.81 36.44 51.01 17.87 25.01 57.84 80.96

1985 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.06 3.05 4.14 32.90 44.65 17.47 23.70 53.53 72.64

1986 0.08 0.11 0.03 0.03 1.82 2.42 22.61 30.02 12.18 16.18 36.72 48.75

1987 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.07 1.93 2.49 29.13 37.55 12.37 15.94 43.54 56.12

1988 0.06 0.08 0.19 0.24 2.38 2.97 27.55 34.34 12.43 15.50 42.62 53.13

1989 0.10 0.12 0.22 0.26 2.51 3.01 35.53 42.67 13.50 16.21 51.85 62.26

1990 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.08 2.97 3.44 43.78 50.61 16.90 19.54 63.83 73.78

1991 0.11 0.13 0.09 0.10 3.24 3.61 36.90 41.16 13.17 14.69 53.51 59.68

1992 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.16 3.96 4.31 38.55 41.98 11.98 13.05 54.77 59.63

1993 0.25 0.27 0.17 0.18 4.77 5.07 38.47 40.90 11.74 12.48 55.40 58.90

1994 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.29 4.90 5.11 38.48 40.08 11.14 11.61 55.07 57.36

1995 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 4.23 4.31 42.81 43.64 9.95 10.14 57.64 58.75

1996 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.24 5.79 5.79 54.93 54.93 15.27 15.27 76.51 76.51

1997 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 6.50 6.37 54.23 R53.19 R,416.93 R,416.60 78.16 R76.66

1998 0.28 0.27 0.29 0.28 6.21 6.02 37.25 R36.09 13.01 R12.61 57.05 R55.27

1999 0.28 0.27 0.23 0.22 R8.03 R7.67 R50.89 R48.57 R16.28 R15.54 R75.71 R72.27

2000P 0.38 0.35 0.25 0.23 12.07 11.28 89.79 83.97 29.32 27.42 131.80 123.27

1 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 Includes petroleum preparations; liquefied propane; and butane; and since 1997 other mineral fuels. 3 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of the

commodity category "other mineral fuels."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 billion. 

Notes: • Includes value of imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries; excludes receipts into the 50

States and the District of Columbia from the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: See end of section.
76 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports

By Fuel, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

Source: Table 3.6.

Other1

Petroleum

Products

Coal

1 Natural gas, crude oil, and coal coke.

Notes: • Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Table E1. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

Total, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

 Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

By Fuel, 2000

Petroleum Products Coal Other1

0

2

4

6

8

10

9

2

1

 Billion Chained (1996) Dollars
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 77

Table 3.6 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-2000

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 1 Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 0.30 1.72 0.01 0.05 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.57 0.46 2.67 0.87 5.02

1950 0.27 1.54 0.01 0.04 (s) 0.02 0.10 0.59 0.39 2.26 0.78 4.45

1951 0.59 3.13 0.02 0.09 (s) 0.02 0.08 0.44 0.70 3.74 1.39 7.42

1952 0.49 2.60 0.01 0.07 (s) 0.02 0.08 0.41 0.74 3.89 1.33 7.00

1953 0.34 1.74 0.01 0.05 (s) 0.02 0.06 0.31 0.63 3.27 1.04 5.39

1954 0.30 1.57 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.05 0.23 0.61 3.13 0.97 4.98

1955 0.48 2.45 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.20 0.60 3.03 1.14 5.75

1956 0.73 3.58 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.09 0.44 0.67 3.26 1.51 7.38

1957 0.83 3.92 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.17 0.82 0.81 3.82 1.84 8.69

1958 0.53 2.43 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.51 2.36 1.07 4.96

1959 0.38 1.73 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.45 2.06 0.85 3.89

1960 0.35 1.59 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.47 2.10 0.84 3.78

1961 0.34 1.52 0.01 0.04 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.57 2.55 0.93 4.16

1962 0.38 1.66 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.43 1.90 0.83 3.63

1963 0.47 2.06 0.01 0.04 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 1.86 0.92 4.00

1964 0.46 1.98 0.01 0.04 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 1.84 0.91 3.90

1965 0.48 2.01 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.44 1.85 0.95 3.97

1966 0.47 1.91 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.46 1.86 0.97 3.99

1967 0.48 1.91 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.13 0.09 0.37 0.48 1.90 1.10 4.37

1968 0.50 1.91 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.15 0.01 0.04 0.48 1.83 1.05 4.00

1969 0.59 2.15 0.04 0.14 0.03 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.46 1.68 1.13 4.08

1970 0.96 3.31 0.08 0.27 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.06 0.50 1.73 1.59 5.47

1971 0.90 2.95 0.04 0.15 0.04 0.13 0.01 0.02 0.50 1.65 1.49 4.89

1972 0.98 3.09 0.03 0.10 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.49 1.54 1.55 4.86

1973 1.01 3.02 0.03 0.10 0.04 0.12 (s) 0.01 0.57 1.70 1.66 4.95

1974 2.44 6.65 0.04 0.12 0.05 0.15 0.01 0.04 0.87 2.38 3.42 9.34

1975 3.26 8.14 0.07 0.19 0.09 0.23 (s) (s) 1.01 2.52 4.43 11.07

1976 2.91 6.88 0.07 0.16 0.10 0.24 0.03 0.06 1.07 2.53 4.17 9.87

1977 2.66 5.90 0.07 0.16 0.11 0.24 0.21 0.46 1.14 2.53 4.18 9.29

1978 2.05 4.25 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.23 0.39 0.81 1.23 2.56 3.83 7.95

1979 3.40 6.50 0.08 0.15 0.13 0.24 0.39 0.75 1.58 3.03 5.58 10.69

1980 4.63 8.11 0.13 0.23 0.23 0.40 0.75 1.32 2.12 3.72 7.86 13.78

1981 5.92 9.49 0.07 0.12 0.35 0.56 0.58 0.92 3.24 5.19 10.16 16.28

1982 5.99 9.04 0.06 0.09 0.30 0.45 0.47 0.71 5.86 8.85 12.68 19.14

1983 4.06 5.89 0.05 0.07 0.28 0.40 0.22 0.33 4.88 7.08 9.48 13.77

1984 4.13 5.78 0.07 0.10 0.27 0.38 0.19 0.26 4.62 6.46 9.27 12.98

1985 4.47 6.06 0.08 0.10 0.26 0.36 0.23 0.31 4.90 6.64 9.93 13.47

1986 3.93 5.22 0.07 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.12 0.16 3.77 5.00 8.05 10.69

1987 3.40 4.39 0.05 0.06 0.17 0.21 0.13 0.16 3.80 4.89 7.54 9.72

1988 4.01 5.00 0.08 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.08 0.10 2.72 3.40 7.09 8.84

1989 4.29 5.15 0.08 0.10 0.27 0.32 0.21 0.25 2.65 3.19 7.49 9.00

1990 4.51 5.21 0.05 0.06 0.27 0.31 0.14 0.16 4.23 4.89 9.20 10.63

1991 4.62 5.15 0.05 0.06 0.33 0.37 0.03 0.04 4.65 5.19 9.69 10.81

1992 4.24 4.61 0.04 0.05 0.49 0.53 0.03 0.04 4.27 4.65 9.07 9.88

1993 3.09 3.28 0.06 0.06 0.36 0.39 0.02 0.02 4.15 4.41 7.68 8.16

1994 2.85 2.97 0.04 0.04 0.40 0.42 0.05 0.05 3.36 3.50 6.71 6.98

1995 3.57 3.63 0.05 0.05 0.37 0.38 0.01 0.01 3.56 3.63 7.55 7.70

1996 3.69 3.69 0.06 0.06 0.46 0.46 0.56 0.56 4.25 4.25 9.02 9.02

1997 3.39 3.32 0.05 0.05 0.47 0.47 1.04 1.02 37.55 37.41 12.51 12.27

1998 3.04 2.94 0.04 0.04 0.39 0.38 0.90 0.87 5.68 R5.50 10.04 R9.73

1999 2.13 2.04 0.03 0.03 R0.43 R0.41 0.77 0.74 R6.35 6.06 R9.71 R9.27

2000P 2.04 1.91 0.05 0.05 0.88 0.83 0.44 0.42 9.71 9.08 13.13 12.28

1 Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane and since 1997 other mineral fuels. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of the

commodity category "other mineral fuels."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 billion. 

Notes: • Includes value of exports from Puerto Rico to foreign countries; excludes shipments from the

50 States and the District of Columbia to the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1971—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. • 1972 and

1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exports of

LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, United States Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,

annual reports. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Imports and Exports of

Natural Gas, annual reports. • 1982-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, monthly reports.

• 1994-1999—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (August 2000). • 2000—EIA estimates. Crude oil and

Petroleum Products: • 1949-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410.

• 1989 forward—Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900. "Exports

and Imports of Goods by Principal SITC Commodity Groupings", December issues. Coal:

• 1949 forward—Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, unpublished data.
78 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-2000

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports by Fuel

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

-25

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

1 Includes small amounts of coal coke.

Notes: • Negative net imports are net exports. • Prices are in chained (1996) dollars, calculated by 

using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See Table E1.

 Source: Table 3.7.

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

-25

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars

Crude Oil and

Petroleum Products

Natural Gas

Coal1

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Billion Chained (1996) Dollars Billion Chained (1996) Dollars
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 79

Table 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-2000

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 1 Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 -0.29 -1.71 (s) -0.03 (s) -0.01 0.21 1.19 -0.32 -1.88 -0.42 -2.43

1950 -0.27 -1.53 (s) (s) (s) -0.02 0.27 1.53 -0.18 -1.03 -0.18 -1.05

1951 -0.58 -3.12 -0.02 -0.08 (s) -0.02 0.29 1.57 -0.47 -2.53 -0.78 -4.18

1952 -0.49 -2.59 -0.01 -0.05 (s) -0.02 0.34 1.82 -0.49 -2.56 -0.65 -3.40

1953 -0.33 -1.73 -0.01 -0.04 (s) -0.02 0.45 2.34 -0.38 -1.96 -0.27 -1.41

1954 -0.30 -1.56 (s) -0.03 (s) -0.02 0.50 2.57 -0.32 -1.67 -0.14 -0.70

1955 -0.48 -2.44 -0.01 -0.03 -0.01 -0.03 0.62 3.11 -0.16 -0.80 -0.04 -0.18

1956 -0.73 -3.57 -0.01 -0.05 -0.01 -0.04 0.75 3.65 -0.22 -1.07 -0.22 -1.07

1957 -0.83 -3.91 -0.01 -0.06 -0.01 -0.04 0.81 3.82 -0.24 -1.14 -0.28 -1.33

1958 -0.52 -2.42 -0.01 -0.03 0.01 0.03 0.92 4.27 0.17 0.80 0.58 2.67

1959 -0.38 -1.72 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 0.09 0.87 3.96 0.21 0.97 0.71 3.26

1960 -0.35 -1.59 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.11 0.89 4.00 0.26 1.19 0.82 3.69

1961 -0.34 -1.52 -0.01 -0.03 0.04 0.18 0.92 4.12 0.14 0.61 0.76 3.37

1962 -0.38 -1.65 -0.01 -0.02 0.08 0.36 1.01 4.43 0.32 1.41 1.03 4.52

1963 -0.47 -2.05 -0.01 -0.03 0.09 0.41 1.02 4.44 0.31 1.35 0.95 4.11

1964 -0.46 -1.98 -0.01 -0.04 0.10 0.41 1.08 4.61 0.35 1.51 1.06 4.52

1965 -0.48 -2.00 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 0.41 1.11 4.69 0.48 2.03 1.21 5.07

1966 -0.47 -1.91 -0.02 -0.09 0.09 0.36 1.11 4.52 0.53 2.17 1.24 5.06

1967 -0.48 -1.91 -0.01 -0.06 0.10 0.39 0.97 3.86 0.54 2.13 1.11 4.41

1968 -0.50 -1.90 -0.02 -0.06 0.11 0.41 1.17 4.46 0.68 2.60 1.45 5.50

1969 -0.59 -2.15 -0.04 -0.13 0.17 0.61 1.29 4.68 0.78 2.82 1.61 5.84

1970 -0.96 -3.31 -0.08 -0.26 0.23 0.78 1.24 4.27 0.98 3.38 1.41 4.87

1971 -0.90 -2.95 -0.04 -0.13 0.27 0.90 1.68 5.51 1.15 3.78 2.17 7.11

1972 -0.98 -3.09 -0.03 -0.08 0.28 0.87 2.37 7.44 1.50 4.71 3.13 9.85

1973 -1.01 -3.01 0.01 0.02 0.32 0.95 4.24 12.61 2.93 8.71 6.48 19.28

1974 -2.38 -6.50 0.15 0.41 0.48 1.30 15.24 41.61 10.14 27.69 23.63 64.52

1975 -3.24 -8.09 0.08 0.20 1.06 2.65 18.29 45.69 5.76 14.39 21.96 54.85

1976 -2.89 -6.84 0.04 0.10 1.56 3.69 25.43 60.12 5.58 13.20 29.72 70.26

1977 -2.62 -5.81 0.06 0.13 1.89 4.21 33.38 74.15 7.28 16.17 40.00 88.84

1978 -1.98 -4.10 0.36 0.75 1.95 4.04 31.91 66.16 6.07 12.59 38.31 79.44

1979 -3.35 -6.40 0.26 0.50 3.00 5.74 45.66 87.40 8.87 16.97 54.44 104.20

1980 -4.60 -8.06 -0.08 -0.14 3.98 6.99 61.15 107.20 10.42 18.27 70.88 124.26

1981 -5.89 -9.44 -0.03 -0.05 4.06 6.51 60.88 97.61 11.06 17.73 70.09 112.37

1982 -5.97 -9.01 -0.05 -0.08 4.39 6.63 45.25 68.31 8.00 12.08 51.63 77.93

1983 -4.01 -5.83 -0.04 -0.06 4.11 5.97 36.27 52.65 9.96 14.47 46.28 67.20

1984 -4.09 -5.72 -0.02 -0.03 3.17 4.44 36.26 50.75 13.25 18.55 48.57 67.98

1985 -4.39 -5.96 -0.03 -0.05 2.79 3.78 32.68 44.34 12.57 17.06 43.60 59.17

1986 -3.85 -5.11 -0.04 -0.05 1.65 2.19 22.49 29.86 8.42 11.17 28.67 38.06

1987 -3.35 -4.32 0.01 0.01 1.76 2.27 29.00 37.39 8.57 11.05 36.00 46.40

1988 -3.95 -4.92 0.12 0.15 2.18 2.72 27.47 34.25 9.71 12.11 35.53 44.29

1989 -4.19 -5.03 0.14 0.16 2.24 2.69 35.32 42.42 10.85 13.02 44.35 53.27

1990 -4.42 -5.11 0.02 0.03 2.71 3.13 43.65 50.45 12.67 14.65 54.63 63.15

1991 -4.51 -5.03 0.04 0.05 2.90 3.23 36.87 41.12 8.52 9.50 43.82 48.88

1992 -4.11 -4.48 0.10 0.11 3.47 3.78 38.52 41.94 7.72 8.40 45.70 49.76

1993 -2.83 -3.01 0.11 0.11 4.41 4.69 38.45 40.88 7.59 8.07 47.72 50.74

1994 -2.58 -2.68 0.23 0.24 4.50 4.68 38.43 40.03 7.78 8.10 48.37 50.38

1995 -3.24 -3.31 0.27 0.28 3.86 3.93 42.81 43.64 6.39 6.51 50.09 51.06

1996 -3.41 -3.41 0.18 0.18 5.33 5.33 54.37 54.37 11.01 11.01 67.49 67.49

1997 -3.13 -3.07 0.20 0.19 6.02 5.91 53.19 R52.17 39.37 R,39.19 65.65 R64.39

1998 -2.75 -2.67 0.25 0.24 5.82 5.64 36.36 R35.22 7.33 R7.10 47.00 R45.54

1999 -1.85 -1.77 0.20 0.19 R7.61 R7.26 R50.12 R47.84 R9.94 R9.48 R66.00 R63.00

2000P -1.66 -1.56 0.20 0.19 11.18 10.46 89.34 83.56 19.61 18.34 118.67 110.99

1 Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane and since 1997 other mineral fuels. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of the

commodity category "other mineral fuels."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 billion. 

Notes: • Net imports = imports minus exports. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding. Data on this table may not equal data on Table 3.5 minus data on Table 3.6 due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 3.5 and 3.6.
80 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 3.8 Major U.S. Energy Companies' Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1999

Major Energy Companies' Shares of U.S. Total Production 

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Uranium

Dry Natural Gas Production 

by Major Energy Companies

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

15

Trillion Cubic Feet

Major Energy Companies' Shares of U.S. Refining Capacity and Output

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned crude oil and natural Source: Table 3.8.

gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See 

Table 3.12. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Coal Production 

by Major Energy Companies

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

Million Short Tons

Output

Capacity

Dry Natural Gas Liquids

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids

Coal

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids Production

by Major Energy Companies

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Million Barrels per Day

Note: Expanded coverage of refining 

in 1998 Financial Reporting System.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 81

Table 3.8 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-1999

Year

Production Refining

Crude Oil and

Natural Gas Liquids

(million barrels per day)

Dry Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Coal 1

(million short tons)

Uranium

(million pounds U3O8)

Capacity 2,3

(million barrels per day)

Output 3

(million barrels per day)

1974 5.9 11.6 87.4 NA 13.3 11.8

1975 5.6 11.0 88.1 4.3 13.4 12.0

1976 5.4 10.6 89.0 3.3 14.2 12.6

1977 5.5 10.3 89.1 16.0 14.6 13.5

1978 5.8 10.1 85.5 17.3 14.8 13.5

1979 5.7 9.9 123.3 16.7 14.4 13.2

1980 5.7 9.3 142.3 19.0 15.1 12.2

1981 5.7 9.2 154.8 14.5 14.6 11.2

1982 5.7 8.3 195.2 9.2 13.6 10.6

1983 5.6 7.4 185.2 6.6 13.0 10.3

1984 5.7 7.9 226.0 4.1 12.8 10.9

1985 5.8 7.3 230.4 2.1 12.6 10.8

1986 5.7 7.1 227.6 1.6 12.5 11.4

1987 5.7 7.2 255.3 0.0 12.5 11.7

1988 5.7 7.6 285.3 0.0 12.3 12.0

1989 5.2 7.5 286.9 0.0 11.5 11.4

1990 5.0 7.6 282.0 0.0 11.4 11.3

1991 5.0 7.5 289.6 0.0 11.2 11.1

1992 4.8 7.9 251.9 0.0 11.0 11.0

1993 4.5 7.7 197.3 0.0 10.7 10.8

1994 4.4 8.0 179.7 0.0 10.6 10.8

1995 4.3 8.1 165.4 0.0 10.4 10.7

1996 4.2 8.2 169.4 0.0 10.5 11.0

1997 4.0 8.3 163.3 0.0 9.4 10.0

1998 3.8 8.4 73.9 0.0 414.3 414.9

1999 3.6 8.0 44.0 0.0 14.2 14.6

Percent of U.S. Total

1974 56.0 56.1 14.3 NA 92.5 87.6

1975 56.1 57.4 13.5 18.6 89.8 87.4

1976 55.7 55.6 13.0 13.0 93.4 85.9

1977 55.3 53.6 12.8 53.4 89.0 85.0

1978 56.8 52.7 12.8 46.8 86.7 84.5

1979 56.3 50.3 15.8 44.7 82.4 83.9

1980 56.1 47.7 17.2 43.5 83.9 83.1

1981 55.8 47.8 18.8 37.7 78.2 80.3

1982 55.9 46.7 23.3 34.2 76.2 79.0

1983 55.1 45.8 23.7 31.4 77.2 78.7

1984 54.3 45.5 25.2 27.8 79.1 79.8

1985 54.9 44.6 26.1 18.9 80.6 78.9

1986 56.0 44.5 25.6 12.1 81.0 78.5

1987 57.0 43.4 27.8 0.0 80.1 79.7

1988 58.8 44.6 30.0 0.0 77.2 79.7

1989 57.2 43.2 29.3 0.0 73.4 75.2

1990 55.8 42.6 27.4 0.0 73.0 74.0

1991 54.9 42.4 29.1 0.0 71.5 72.9

1992 53.9 44.2 25.3 0.0 69.8 71.2

1993 52.1 42.3 20.9 0.0 70.9 R68.6

1994 52.1 42.5 17.4 0.0 70.8 R68.5

1995 51.7 43.3 16.0 0.0 67.6 66.6

1996 50.5 43.4 15.9 0.0 68.3 66.9

1997 48.3 43.9 15.0 0.0 60.9 R59.9

1998 47.5 44.9 6.6 0.0 490.9 487.7

1999 46.3 42.9 4.0 0.0 87.1 86.2

1 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 Operable capacity as of January 1 of the following year. 3 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1997 and 1998 due to the expanded coverage of

the Financial Reporting System (FRS).

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural

gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the FRS. See Table 3.12. • FRS Crude Oil and Natural

Gas Liquids and Dry Natural Gas production are on a net ownership interest basis (see Glossary).

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.

Sources: Production and Refining: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form

EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, November 1998. • 1977 forward—EIA, Performance

Profiles of Major Energy Producers, annual reports. Percent of U.S. Total: Tables 5.1, 5.8, 5.9, 6.1, 7.1,

and 9.3.
82 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 3.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies' Net Income

Total by Type of Business, 1999

Petroleum

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

24.8

0.2 0.7

2.8

Billion Dollars1

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas

by Activity, 1999

Pro Int.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

8.2

1.9

0

Billion Dollars1

U. S. Petroleum and Natural Gas by Activity, 1999

Prod

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

7.4

4.9

2.4

Billion Dollars1

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Coal Nuclear

and Other

Energy

NonEnergy

Production Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines

Production Refining

and

Marketing

1 Nominal dollars.

(s)=Less than 0.05 billion.

Note: Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned crude oil and natural gas

producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. 

 Source: Table 3.9.

International

Marine

Total, 1974-1999

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Billion Dollars1

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1999

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Billion Dollars1

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1999

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Billion Dollars1

(s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 83

Table 3.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income, 1974-1999

 (Billion Dollars1)

Year

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas Type of Business

Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total 2 Production

Refining

and

Marketing

International

Marine Total 2

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 2

1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 13.6

1975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.3

1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 12.0

1977 6.4 1.5 0.8 8.6 3.6 0.7 0.1 4.4 13.0 0.2 (s) 1.7 12.7

1978 6.7 1.6 1.2 9.5 3.5 1.8 -0.1 5.2 14.7 0.1 -0.1 1.8 13.9

1979 9.4 2.3 1.7 13.4 5.2 4.3 0.1 9.7 23.0 0.3 -0.1 2.8 23.5

1980 13.8 2.5 1.7 17.9 6.9 4.3 0.1 11.2 29.1 0.3 (s) 2.3 31.0

1981 16.8 1.3 1.8 19.9 8.0 1.6 -0.1 9.6 29.5 0.4 -0.3 1.6 30.0

1982 14.1 1.9 2.3 18.3 6.1 0.8 -0.3 6.7 25.0 0.4 -0.3 0.4 21.8

1983 12.2 1.6 2.0 15.9 7.2 1.3 -0.5 8.2 24.0 0.5 (s) 1.8 21.9

1984 13.3 0.1 2.5 15.8 7.5 0.7 -0.4 7.8 23.6 0.6 -0.1 2.9 21.3

1985 12.1 2.3 2.3 16.7 8.0 0.5 -0.4 8.1 24.8 0.4 -0.3 2.5 17.4

1986 0.9 1.6 2.6 5.2 4.7 2.9 0.1 7.7 12.9 0.2 (s) 2.8 9.2

1987 4.7 1.1 2.6 8.4 5.4 1.0 -0.1 6.4 14.8 0.4 (s) 7.1 11.3

1988 3.2 5.4 2.0 10.6 4.3 2.4 0.1 6.9 17.5 0.6 -0.1 10.8 22.3

1989 3.1 4.5 1.9 9.5 4.7 1.8 0.2 6.7 16.2 0.4 -0.1 8.7 19.8

1990 8.7 2.2 2.1 12.9 7.4 2.8 0.2 10.5 23.4 0.3 0.1 4.3 21.6

1991 5.1 0.9 2.0 7.9 5.4 4.1 0.3 9.8 17.7 0.6 0.1 1.6 14.7

1992 5.6 -0.2 2.1 7.5 4.7 2.2 (s) 6.9 14.4 -0.5 0.1 1.2 1.8

1993 4.8 1.7 1.6 8.1 5.2 3.2 (s) 8.4 16.5 0.4 0.1 2.7 15.5

1994 4.8 1.8 1.8 8.5 4.0 2.0 (s) 5.9 14.4 0.2 0.2 6.2 16.5

1995 3.7 0.5 2.2 6.4 5.9 2.4 (s) 8.3 14.7 0.3 0.2 12.6 21.1

1996 11.8 2.3 1.6 15.7 9.2 2.0 (s) 11.2 26.9 0.5 0.2 8.0 32.0

1997 11.6 3.1 1.3 16.0 9.6 3.6 0.1 13.3 29.3 0.3 0.3 6.3 32.1

1998 0.5 5.9 1.4 R7.8 2.0 2.9 0.1 5.1 12.8 0.5 0.9 1.8 12.5

1999 7.4 4.9 2.4 14.8 8.2 1.9 (s) 10.1 24.8 0.2 0.7 2.8 22.9

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Total is sum of components shown, plus eliminations and nontraceables, which are defined in the

glossary.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion and greater than -0.05 billion. 

Note: Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural gas

producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/finance.

Sources: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting

System" database, November 1997. • 1977 forward—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy

Producers, annual reports.
84 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies' Profitability

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas 

by Activity, 1999

Pro Int.

0

3

6

9

12

8.5

5.1

0.8

Percent

U. S. Petroleum and Natural Gas by Activity, 1999

1999

0

3

6

9

12

7.6

6.5 6.4

Percent

Total by Type of Business, 1999

Petroleum and Natura

oal

Nuclear and Other En

Non-Energy

0

3

6

9

12

7.2

9.5

7.6

5.8

Percent

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned crude oil and natural gas 

producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. 

• Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Coal Nuclear

and Other

Energy

NonEnergyProduction Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines

Production Refining

and

Marketing

Source: Table 3.10.

International

Marine

Total, 1974-1999

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

6

12

18

24

Percent

U. S. Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1999

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

6

12

18

24

Percent

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas, 1977-1999

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

6

12

18

24

Percent
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 85

Table 3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Profitability, 1974-1999

 (Percent)

Year

U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas Type of Business

Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total Production

Refining

and

Marketing

International

Marine Total

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 

1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 14.6

1975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 9.7

1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.0

1977 17.5 7.2 7.3 12.5 21.8 5.1 2.6 12.4 12.5 8.8 -2.6 7.1 9.4

1978 16.4 7.5 10.9 12.8 18.2 12.7 -1.0 13.6 13.1 4.1 -4.2 6.5 9.4

1979 18.2 9.8 15.1 15.5 23.8 29.1 2.6 23.1 18.0 6.3 -3.7 8.8 13.8

1980 20.9 9.8 15.1 17.5 25.1 26.4 2.4 23.0 19.2 5.6 -0.7 5.9 15.3

1981 20.2 4.4 15.6 16.1 25.5 9.0 -1.1 17.7 16.6 6.1 -6.8 3.5 12.4

1982 14.0 6.0 20.8 12.7 17.4 4.7 -6.3 11.8 12.5 4.4 -5.2 0.6 7.7

1983 11.3 4.8 16.6 10.3 19.6 7.7 -13.2 14.1 11.3 5.0 0.5 2.9 7.4

1984 10.8 0.3 20.8 9.4 18.8 4.5 -14.0 13.3 10.4 6.2 -1.8 4.8 6.9

1985 9.5 6.5 15.0 9.4 20.0 3.3 -19.0 13.8 10.5 4.6 -8.4 4.2 5.5

1986 0.8 4.5 13.2 3.0 11.6 16.3 5.3 12.8 5.5 2.7 -0.8 5.1 3.0

1987 4.1 2.9 12.8 4.9 12.4 4.7 -3.6 9.5 6.2 5.1 0.5 12.2 3.6

1988 2.8 14.7 9.6 6.3 9.2 11.6 6.8 9.9 7.3 6.7 -2.5 20.3 7.2

1989 2.9 11.5 10.2 5.8 8.9 8.0 12.4 8.7 6.7 5.0 -2.3 17.3 6.4

1990 8.5 5.1 11.2 7.9 13.1 11.2 11.7 12.5 9.5 3.3 2.6 7.8 6.8

1991 5.1 2.0 10.7 4.9 9.1 14.6 15.6 11.0 7.0 8.7 2.8 2.9 4.5

1992 5.9 -0.4 8.4 4.4 8.2 7.8 -1.2 7.9 5.6 -9.3 1.8 2.1 0.5

1993 5.3 3.4 6.4 4.9 8.6 10.6 1.2 9.2 6.4 7.6 4.1 4.7 4.7

1994 5.5 3.6 7.6 5.2 6.5 6.1 -2.0 6.2 5.6 4.0 4.8 10.5 4.9

1995 4.4 1.0 9.1 4.0 9.3 7.2 -2.5 8.4 5.7 6.9 6.1 19.4 6.2

1996 14.1 4.4 6.9 9.9 12.8 6.0 2.2 10.6 10.1 9.9 7.9 15.0 9.5

1997 12.5 6.6 6.7 10.0 12.5 10.5 11.8 11.9 10.8 7.2 7.0 10.9 9.2

1998 0.5 7.9 4.4 3.8 2.2 8.2 8.9 4.0 3.9 R26.4 13.2 4.5 3.2

1999 7.6 6.5 6.4 7.0 8.5 5.1 0.8 7.6 7.2 9.5 7.6 5.8 5.6

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural

gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12.

• Profitablity measured as contribution to net income/net investment in place.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.

Sources: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting

System" database, October 1996. • 1977 forward—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,

annual reports.
86 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1998

1 Crude oil and natural gas liquids.

2 Expenditures for exploration and development of uranium.

3 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.11.

Petroleum Activities

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

Million Barrels per Day

Petroleum Activities

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

Natural Gas, Coal, and Uranium Activities

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

Refining

Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Production1

Refining

Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Production1

Dry Natural Gas Production

Coal

 Production

Uranium2

Expenditures for Exploration and

Development of Uranium

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

Million Dollars3

Dry Natural Gas Production

1980 1985 1990 1995

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

Trillion Cubic Feet

Coal Production

1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

Million Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 87

Table 3.11 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-1998

Year

Production

Refining Capacity

Sales of

Motor Gasoline

Expenditures for

Exploration and

Development of

Uranium

Crude OIl and

Natural Gas Liquids Dry Natural Gas Coal

Thousand Barrels per Day Billion Cubic Feet Million Short Tons Thousand Barrels per Day Million Dollars 1

1978 1,076 783 24 1,895 1,066 39

1979 1,145 786 29 1,984 948 34

1980 1,280 776 31 2,066 926 38

1981 1,438 1,080 106 2,595 1,114 25

1982 1,421 1,055 138 2,423 1,092 15

1983 1,325 924 128 2,337 1,022 5

1984 1,365 1,075 153 2,276 1,066 7

1985 1,455 1,093 147 2,656 1,285 6

1986 1,523 1,276 146 3,133 1,565 12

1987 1,614 1,318 181 3,342 1,586 12

1988 1,659 1,392 195 3,356 1,673 9

1989 1,553 1,452 207 4,243 2,084 6

1990 1,481 1,457 254 4,379 2,282 3

1991 1,469 1,360 238 4,312 2,299 4

1992 1,392 1,368 259 4,256 2,369 8

1993 1,299 1,451 254 4,440 2,362 9

1994 1,261 1,439 295 4,479 2,346 2

1995 1,103 1,191 316 4,164 2,204 2

1996 1,105 1,265 332 4,050 2,145 4

1997 R1,154 R1,361 327 3,637 1,998 4

1998 1,389 2,114 232 4,403 2,721 (s)

Share of U.S. Total (Percent)

1978 10.5 3.9 3.1 10.9 13.6 12.5

1979 11.3 4.0 3.8 11.0 13.5 10.8

1980 12.6 4.0 3.8 11.1 14.1 14.1

1981 14.1 5.6 12.9 14.5 16.9 17.0

1982 13.9 5.9 16.6 14.4 16.7 19.8

1983 12.9 5.8 16.5 14.4 15.4 13.0

1984 12.9 6.2 17.3 14.5 15.9 24.9

1985 13.7 6.7 16.8 17.2 18.8 27.9

1986 14.8 8.0 16.5 20.1 22.2 54.3

1987 16.1 8.0 19.8 21.0 22.0 60.4

1988 16.9 8.1 20.6 21.4 22.8 44.2

1989 16.8 8.4 21.2 27.2 28.4 41.2

1990 16.5 8.2 24.7 27.9 31.5 14.6

1991 16.0 7.7 24.0 27.5 32.0 19.7

1992 15.5 7.7 26.0 28.1 32.6 55.2

1993 14.7 8.0 27.0 29.5 31.6 76.0

1994 14.6 7.7 28.6 29.2 30.9 51.0

1995 12.8 6.4 30.7 27.1 29.0 35.0

1996 12.8 6.7 31.2 26.2 26.5 44.0

1997 13.4 R7.2 30.0 23.0 24.4 14.0

1998 16.1 11.3 20.7 26.8 32.4 1.0

1 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.5 million dollars. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.

Sources: • 1978-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Profiles of Foreign Direct Investment

in U.S. Energy, annual report. • 1993—EIA, Profiles of Foreign Direct Investment in U.S. Energy 1993

(May 1995), Tables 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12. • 1994-1997—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy

Producers, annual reports. • 1998—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers 1999 (January

2001), Tables 33, 34, 35, 38, and 39.
88 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table 3.12 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-1999

Company 1974-1981 1982 1983-84 1985-86 1987 1988 1989-90 1991 1992-93 1994-96 1997 1998 1999

Amerada Hess Corporation ............................ X X X X X X X X X X X X X

American Petrofina Inc. 1 ................................ X X X X X X X

Anadarko Petroleum Corporation ................... XX X X X

Ashland Oil, Inc. 2 ........................................... X X X X X X X X X X X

Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO) ......................... X X X X X X X X X X X X X

BP America, Inc. 3,4 ........................................ X X X X X X X X X

BP Amoco, Inc 3,5 ........................................... X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Burlington Northern Inc. 6 ............................... X X X X X

Burlington Resources Inc. 6 ............................ XXXX X X X X

Chevron Corporation 7,8 .................................. X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Citgo Petroleum Corporation .......................... X X

Cities Service 9 ............................................... X X

Clark Refining and Marketing, Inc. ................. X X

The Coastal Corporation ................................ X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Conoco 10,11 .................................................... X X X

E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. 10,11 ........... X X X X X X X X X X

El Paso Energy Corporation ........................... X

Enron Corporation .......................................... XXXXX

Equilon Enterprises, LLC 12 ............................ X X

Exxon Mobil Corporation 13 ............................ X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Fina, Inc. 1 ...................................................... XX X X X X

Getty Oil 14 ...................................................... X X X

Gulf Oil 8 ......................................................... X X X

Kerr-McGee Corporation 15 ............................ X X X X X X X X X X X X X

LYONDELL-CITGO Refining, LP 16 ................ X X

Marathon 17 .................................................... X

Mobil Corporation 13,18 .................................... X X X X X X X X X X X X

Motiva Enterprises, LLC 19 ............................. X X

Nerco, Inc. 20 .................................................. X

Occidental Petroleum Corporation 9 ............... X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Oryx Energy Company 15,21 ............................ XXXX X X

Phillips Petroleum Company .......................... X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Shell Oil Company .......................................... X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Sonat Inc. ....................................................... X X

Standard Oil Co. (Ohio) (Sohio) 5 ................... X X X X

Sun Company, Inc. 21,22 ................................. X X X X X X X X X X X X 

Superior Oil 18 ................................................. X X X

Tenneco Inc. 23 ............................................... X X X X X X

Tesoro Petroleum Corporation ....................... X X

Texaco Inc. 14 ................................................. X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Tosco Corporation .......................................... X X

Total Petroleum (North America) Ltd. 24 ......... X X

Ultramar Diamond Shamrock Corporation ..... X X

Union Pacific Resources Group, Inc. 25 .......... X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Unocal Corporation ......................................... X X X X X X X X X X X X X

USX Corporation 17 ........................................ X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Valero Energy Corporation ............................. X X

The Williams Companies, Inc ......................... X X

Footnotes: See the following page.

Note: "X" indicates that the company was included in the FRS for the year indicated.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System." 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 89

Footnotes for Table 3.12

1

American Petrofina, Inc. changed its name to Fina, Inc., effective April 17,

1991.

2

Ashland was dropped from the Financial Reporting System (FRS) for

1998 after spinning off downstream and coal operations and disposing of

upstream operations.

3

Amoco merged with British Petroleum plc and became BP Amoco plc on

December 31, 1998. BP America was renamed BP Amoco, Inc. The companies reported separately for 1998.

4

In 1987, British Petroleum acquired all shares in Standard Oil Company

(Ohio) that it did not already control and renamed its U.S. affiliate, BP

America, Inc.

5

Formerly Standard Oil Company (Indiana).

6

Burlington Resources was added to the FRS and Burlington Northern was

dropped for 1988. Data for Burlington Resources covers the full year 1988

even though that company was not created until May of that year.

7

Formerly Standard Oil Company of California.

8

Chevron acquired Gulf Oil in 1984, but separate data for Gulf continued to

be available for the full 1984 year.

9

Occidental acquired Cities Service in 1982. Separate financial reports

were available for 1982, so each company continued to be treated separately until 1983.

10DuPont acquired Conoco in 1981. Separate data for Conoco were available for 1981; DuPont was included in the FRS in 1982.

11Dupont was dropped from the FRS when Conoco was spun-off in 1998.

Conoco began reporting separately again in 1998.

12Equilon is a joint venture combining Shell’s and Texaco’s western and

midwestern U.S. refining and marketing businesses and nationwide trading

transportation and lubricants businesses. Net income is duplicated in the

FRS system since Shell and Texaco account for this investment using the

equity method.

13In December 1998, Exxon and Mobil agreed to merge. Both companies

reported separately for 1998.

14Texaco acquired Getty in 1984; however, Getty was treated as a separate

FRS company for that year.

15In 1998, Kerr-McGee and Oryx merged. The financial reporting for both

was consolidated under Kerr-McGee for 1998.

16LYONDELL-CITGO is a limited partnership owned by Lyondell Chemical

Company and Citgo. There will be some duplication of net income since

Citgo accounts for its investment using the equity method.

17U.S. Steel (now USX) acquired Marathon in 1982.

18Mobil acquired Superior in 1984, but both companies were treated separately for that year.

19Motiva is a joint venture approximately equally owned by Shell, Texaco

and Saudi Refining, Inc. The joint venture combines the company’s Gulf

and east coast refining and marketing businesses. Duplication exists for the

net income related to Shell’s and Texaco’s interests, which are accounted

for under the equity method.

20RTZ America acquired the common stock of Nerco, Inc., on Feb. 17,

1994. In Sept. 1993, Nerco, Inc. sold Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., its subsidiary.

Nerco’s 1993 submission includes operations of Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc.,

through Sept. 28, 1993.

21Sun Company spun off Sun Exploration and Development Company (later

renamed Oryx Energy Company) during 1988. Both companies were included in the FRS system for 1988; therefore, some degree of duplication

exists for that year.

22Sun company withdrew from oil and gas exploration and production in

1996. Sun’s 1996 submission includes oil and gas exploration and production activities through September 30, 1996. Refining/marketing activities

are included for the entire 1996 calendar year.

23Tenneco sold its worldwide oil and gas assets and its refining and marketing assets in 1988. Other FRS companies purchased approximately 70 percent of Tenneco’s assets.

24Effective June 1, 1991, Total’s exploration, production, and marketing

operations in Canada were spun off to Total Oil & Gas, a new public entity.

25Effective October 15, 1996, Union Pacific Corporation distributed its ownership in the Union Pacific Resources Group, Inc. to its shareholders. Prior

to 1996, the FRS included Union Pacific Corporation. The FRS system includes only Union Pacific Resources Group, Inc. for 1996.
Financial Indicators

Table 3.5 Sources

Natural Gas: • 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, FT110. • 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of

Merchandise for Consumption, FT125. • 1964-1971—Bureau of the Census,

U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports, FT246. • 1972 and

1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural

Gas-Imports and Exports of LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission,

United States Imports and Exports of Natural Gas, annual reports.

•1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Imports and

Exports of Natural Gas, annual reports. • 1982-1992—EIA, Natural Gas

Monthly, monthly reports. 1993-1998—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, (August 2000). • 2000—EIA estimates. Crude oil and Petroleum Products:

• 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for

Consumption, FT110. • 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of

Merchandise for Consumption, FT125. • 1964-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Consumption, FT135. • 1989-forward—Bureau of

the Census, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900,

“Exports and Imports of Goods by Principal SITC Commodity Groupings,” December issues. Coal: • 1949-forward—Bureau of the Census,

Foreign Trade Division, unpublished data.

90 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Semisubmersible drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Energy Resources

4
92 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 4.1 Technically Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 2000

1 Excludes proved reserves, which are more certain than the resource estimates shown 

here.

Discovered Natural Gas Liquids1

0

5

10

15

13.4

0.0 0.0

Billion Barrels

Discovered Natural Gas (Dry)1

0

100

200

300

400

322.0

32.7

5.1

Trillion Cubic Feet

Reserve

Growth–

Conventional;

Onshore

Reserve

Growth–

Conventional;

Federal

Offshore

Unproved

Reserves–

Conventional;

Federal

Offshore

Notes: • See Table 4.1 for detailed notes. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 4.1.

Conventional;

Onshore

Conventional;

Federal Offshore Conventional;

Onshore

Conventional;

Federal Offshore Conventional;

Onshore

Conventional;

Federal Offshore

(Alaska=0.4)

Reserve

Growth–

Conventional;

Onshore

Reserve

Growth–

Conventional;

Federal

Offshore

Unproved

Reserves–

Conventional;

Federal

Offshore

Reserve

Growth–

Conventional;

Onshore

Reserve

Growth–

Conventional;

Federal

Offshore

Unproved

Reserves–

Conventional;

Federal

Offshore

Alaska

Lower 48 States

Undiscovered, Technically Recoverable

Natural Gas Liquids

0

2

4

6

8

7.2

1.8

Billion Barrels

Undiscovered, Technically Recoverable

Natural Gas (Dry)

0

100

200

300

400

258.7 268.0

Trillion Cubic Feet

Undiscovered, Technically Recoverable

Crude Oil

0

10

20

30

40

50

30.3

45.6

Billion Barrels

Discovered Crude Oil1

0

25

50

75

60.0

2.2 2.0

Billion Barrels
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 93

Table 4.1 Technically Recoverable Petroleum Resource Estimates, January 1, 2000

Region

Crude Oil 1

(million barrels)

Natural Gas Liquids 

(million barrels)

Natural Gas (Dry)

(billion cubic feet)

Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States Alaska

Lower 48

States

United

States

Discovered 2

 Reserve Growth (Conventional; Onshore) ............................................... 3 13,000 447,000 60,000 500 12,900 13,400 32,000 290,000 322,000

 Reserve Growth (Conventional; Federal Offshore) .................................. 0 5 2,238 2,238 NE NE 0 0 5 32,719 32,719

 Unproved Reserves (Conventional; Federal Offshore) ............................ 400 1,643 2,043 NE NE 0 700 4,436 5,136

Undiscovered, Technically Recoverable 

 Conventional (Onshore) ........................................................................... 8,440 21,810 30,250 1,120 6,080 7,200 68,410 190,280 258,690

 Conventional (Federal Offshore) .............................................................. 24,300 21,300 45,600 6 ( ) 6 1,800 1,800 125,900 142,100 268,000

 Continuous-type (in Sandstone, Shales and Chalks; Onshore) ............... NE 2,066 2,066 NE 2,119 2,119 NE 308,080 308,080

 Continuous-type (in Coal Beds; Onshore) ................................................ NA NA 0 NA NA 0 NE 49,910 49,910

Net Cumulative Change Since Resource Estimation7 .......................... NA NA -17,461 NA NA -6,634 NA NA -133,119

Total ........................................................................................................... NA NA 124,736 NA NA 17,835 NA NA 1,111,416

1 Condensate is included with crude oil for Minerals Management Service (MMS) estimates in Federal

Offshore regions. 2 Excludes "proved reserves," which are more certain than the resource estimates shown in this table. 3 Using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) definition, 952 million barrels of indicated additional oil reserves

were included (Energy Information Administration (EIA), year end 1996). 4 Using USGS definition, 1,924 million barrels of indicated additional oil reserves were included (EIA,

year end 1996) 5 Reserve growth in the Pacific Federal offshore is not included. It was not estimated by MMS. 6 Alaska is included in Lower 48 States. 7 See Sources.

NA=Not available. NE= Not estimated. 

Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Onshore indicates estimates for all Onshore plus State

Offshore waters (near-shore, shallow-water areas under State jurisdiction). • Federal Offshore denotes

MMS estimates for Federal Offshore jurisdictions (the Outer Continental Shelf and deeper water areas

seaward of the State Offshore jurisdictional boundary). • The USGS mean estimates are as of year-end

1993 (onshore and State offshore). The MMS mean estimates are as of year-end 1994. Probable and

possible reserves are considered by the USGS to be part of reserve growth but are separately estimated by

MMS as unproved reserves. USGS did not set a time limit for the duration of reserves growth; MMS set the

year 2020 as the time limit in its estimates of reserve growth in existing fields in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Excluded from these resource estimates are undiscovered oil resources in tar deposits and oil shales, and

undiscovered gas resources in geopressured brines and gas hydrates. • Data may not sum to totals due

to independent rounding.

Sources: Federal Offshore: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. An

Assessment of the Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Potential of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf (1997),

OCS Report MMS 96-0034. Onshore: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),

1996 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources, USGS Circular 1118. Unproved

Reserves (Conventional; Onshore): Energy Information Administration, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas,

and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves Annual Report 1999 (December 2000), Table G1.
94 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Crude Oil, 1977-1999

 

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

50

100

150

200

250

Billion Barrels (Cumulative)

Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, Indexed, 1977-1999

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Index: 1977=100

Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Crude oil includes lease condensate. • Natural gas is 

wet, after lease separation. 

Source: Table 4.2. 

Figure 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and

 Ultimate Recovery

Cumulative Number of Fields, 1977-1998

 

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

0

10

20

30

40

50

Thousands

Crude Oil and/or Natural Gas1

Crude Oil1

Natural Gas1

Proved

Ultimate Recovery

Crude Oil 

Proved Reserves

Crude Oil 

Cumulative Production

Natural Gas

 Cumulative Production

Natural Gas, 1977-1999

 

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

300

600

900

1,200

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Proved

Ultimate Recovery

Natural Gas

Proved Reserves

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1997 and 1998 due to the absence of 

updates for a subset of the data used in the past.

Cumulative Production Cumulative Production

Proved Reserves Proved Reserves
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 95

Table 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

 and Ultimate Recovery, 1977-1999

Year

Cumulative

Number of Fields

with Crude Oil

and/or

Natural Gas 

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Crude Oil

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate

(billion barrels)

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Natural Gas 

Natural Gas 1

(trillion cubic feet)

Cumulative

Production

Proved

Reserves

Proved

Ultimate

Recovery

Cumulative

Production

Proved

Reserves

Proved

Ultimate

Recovery

1977 31,360 27,835 121.4 33.6 155.0 23,883 558.3 209.5 767.8

1978 32,430 28,683 124.6 33.1 157.6 24,786 578.4 210.1 788.5

1979 33,644 29,671 127.7 31.2 158.9 25,823 599.1 208.3 807.4

1980 34,999 30,766 130.8 31.3 162.2 26,919 619.4 206.3 825.6

1981 36,621 32,111 133.9 31.0 165.0 28,213 639.4 209.4 848.9

1982 38,123 33,375 137.1 29.5 166.6 29,375 658.1 209.3 867.4

1983 39,489 34,495 140.3 29.3 169.6 30,419 675.1 209.0 884.1

1984 41,038 35,784 143.5 30.0 173.5 31,595 693.5 206.0 899.5

1985 42,317 36,849 146.8 29.9 176.7 32,595 710.9 202.2 913.1

1986 43,076 37,464 150.0 28.3 178.3 33,151 727.8 201.1 928.9

1987 43,742 37,982 153.0 28.7 181.7 33,657 745.4 196.4 941.8

1988 44,414 38,506 156.0 28.2 184.2 34,196 763.4 177.0 940.4

1989 44,883 38,858 158.8 27.9 186.7 34,579 781.7 175.4 957.1

1990 45,385 39,244 161.5 27.6 189.0 34,975 800.4 177.6 978.0

1991 45,776 39,558 164.2 25.9 190.1 35,254 819.1 175.3 994.4

1992 46,149 39,843 166.8 25.0 191.8 35,539 838.0 173.3 1,011.3

1993 46,513 40,124 169.3 24.1 193.4 35,798 857.2 170.5 1,027.7

1994 46,922 40,417 171.7 23.6 195.3 36,142 877.1 171.9 1,049.1

1995 47,296 40,694 174.1 23.5 197.7 36,433 896.9 173.5 1,070.4

1996 47,557 40,875 176.5 23.3 199.8 36,612 917.0 175.1 1,092.1

1997 47,854 40,977 178.9 23.9 202.8 36,830 937.1 175.7 1,112.8

1998 247,664 235,143 181.2 R22.4 R203.5 232,458 957.0 R172.4 R1,129.4

1999 NA NA 183.3 23.2 206.5 NA 976.8 176.2 1,153.0

1 Wet, after lease separation. 2 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1997 and 1998 due to the absence of updates for a

subset of the data used in the past. 

Note: Data are at end of year.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Cumulative Production: Calculated from Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum

Supply Annual, annual reports and Natural Gas Annual, annual reports. Proved Reserves:

• 1977-1998—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, annual reports.

• 1999—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves (December 2000), Tables 6,

9, and 16. Field Counts: EIA, Oil and Gas Field Code Master List, annual reports, and EIA, Office of Oil

and Gas, Oil and Gas Integrated Field File.
96 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Source: Table 4.3. 

Figure 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, 1949-2000

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Thousands of Rigs

Active Well Servicing Units, 1976-2000

 

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

Thousands of Units

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Site, 1949-2000

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Thousands of Rigs

Peak: 4,850 units in 1981

Total

Onshore Offshore Gas

Oil

Total

2,692 units

in 2000

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Site, 2000

 

Onshore Offshore

0

300

600

900

778

140

Number of Rigs

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, 2000

 

Gas Oil

0

300

600

900

720

197

Number of Rigs

Peak: 3,970 rigs

in 1981
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 97

Table 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-2000

Year

Rotary Rigs in Operation 1

Active

Well

Servicing

Units

By Site By Type 

Total Offshore Onshore Oil Gas 2

1949 NA NA NA NA 2,017 NA

1950 NA NA NA NA 2,154 NA

1951 NA NA NA NA 2,543 NA

1952 NA NA NA NA 2,641 NA

1953 NA NA NA NA 2,613 NA

1954 NA NA NA NA 2,508 NA

1955 NA NA NA NA 2,686 NA

1956 NA NA NA NA 2,620 NA

1957 NA NA NA NA 2,426 NA

1958 NA NA NA NA 1,922 NA

1959 NA NA NA NA 2,071 NA

1960 NA NA NA NA 1,748 NA

1961 NA NA NA NA 1,761 NA

1962 NA NA NA NA 1,641 NA

1963 NA NA NA NA 1,499 NA

1964 NA NA NA NA 1,501 NA

1965 NA NA NA NA 1,388 NA

1966 NA NA NA NA 1,272 NA

1967 NA NA NA NA 1,135 NA

1968 NA NA NA NA 1,169 NA

1969 NA NA NA NA 1,194 NA

1970 NA NA NA NA 1,028 NA

1971 NA NA NA NA 976 NA

1972 NA NA NA NA 1,107 NA

1973 84 1,110 NA NA 1,194 NA

1974 94 1,378 NA NA 1,472 NA

1975 106 1,554 NA NA 1,660 NA

1976 129 1,529 NA NA 1,658 2,601

1977 167 1,834 NA NA 2,001 2,828

1978 185 2,074 NA NA 2,259 2,988

1979 207 1,970 NA NA 2,177 3,399

1980 231 2,678 NA NA 2,909 4,089

1981 256 3,714 NA NA 3,970 4,850

1982 243 2,862 NA NA 3,105 4,248

1983 199 2,033 NA NA 2,232 3,732

1984 213 2,215 NA NA 2,428 4,663

1985 206 1,774 NA NA 1,980 4,716

1986 99 865 NA NA 964 3,036

1987 95 841 NA NA 936 3,060

1988 123 813 554 354 936 3,341

1989 105 764 453 401 869 3,391

1990 108 902 532 464 1,010 3,658

1991 81 779 482 351 860 3,331

1992 52 669 373 331 721 2,732

1993 82 672 373 364 754 3,158

1994 102 673 335 427 775 2,961

1995 101 622 323 385 723 3,043

1996 108 671 306 464 779 3,425

1997 122 821 376 564 943 3,499

1998 123 703 264 560 827 3,030

1999 106 519 128 496 625 2,230

2000 140 778 197 720 918 2,692

1 Data are not for the exact calendar year but are an average for the 52 or 53 consecutive whole

weeks that most nearly coincide with the calendar year. 2 Sum of oil, gas, and miscellaneous other rigs (not shown).

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Rotary Rigs in Operation: Baker Hughes, Inc., Houston, Texas, Rotary Rigs Running—By

State. Active Well Servicing Units: • 1976-July 1998—Association of Energy Service Companies,

Dallas, Texas, Field Reports. • August 1998 forward—Guiberson Well Service Products, a Halliburton

company, Carrollton, Texas.
98 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-2000

Note: This figure depicts all wells; see Figure 4.5 for exploratory wells and Figure 4.6 for 

development wells.

Source: Table 4.4.

Wells Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

15

30

45

Thousand Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

45

90

135

180

Million Feet

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Average Depth

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

Thousand Feet per Well

Gas Wells

Dry Holes

Oil Wells

2000: 79%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 99

Table 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-2000

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Average Depth

(feet per well)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total

1949 21.35 3.36 12.60 37.31 66.2 79.4 12.4 43.8 135.6 3,720 3,698 3,473 3,635

1950 23.81 3.44 14.80 42.05 64.8 92.7 13.7 51.0 157.4 3,893 3,979 3,445 3,742

1951 23.18 3.44 17.03 43.64 61.0 95.1 13.9 63.1 172.1 4,103 4,056 3,706 3,944

1952 23.29 3.51 17.76 44.56 60.1 98.1 15.3 70.7 184.1 4,214 4,342 3,983 4,132

1953 25.32 3.97 18.45 47.74 61.4 102.1 18.2 73.9 194.2 4,033 4,599 4,004 4,069

1954 28.14 4.04 18.93 51.11 63.0 113.4 18.9 75.8 208.0 4,028 4,670 4,004 4,070

1955 30.43 4.27 20.45 55.15 62.9 121.1 19.9 85.1 226.2 3,981 4,672 4,161 4,101

1956 30.53 4.53 22.11 57.17 61.3 120.4 22.7 90.2 233.3 3,942 5,018 4,079 4,080

1957 27.36 4.48 20.16 52.00 61.2 110.0 23.8 83.2 217.0 4,021 5,326 4,126 4,174

1958 23.77 5.01 18.16 46.94 61.3 93.1 25.6 74.6 193.3 3,916 5,106 4,110 4,118

1959 24.04 4.93 18.59 47.56 60.9 94.6 26.6 79.5 200.7 3,935 5,396 4,275 4,220

1960 22.26 5.15 18.21 45.62 60.1 86.6 28.2 77.4 192.2 3,889 5,486 4,248 4,213

1961 21.44 5.49 17.33 44.25 60.8 85.6 29.3 74.7 189.6 3,994 5,339 4,311 4,285

1962 21.73 5.35 17.08 44.16 61.3 88.4 28.9 77.3 194.6 4,070 5,408 4,524 4,408

1963 20.14 4.57 16.76 41.47 59.6 81.8 24.5 76.3 182.6 4,063 5,368 4,552 4,405

1964 19.91 4.69 17.69 42.29 58.2 80.5 25.6 81.4 187.4 4,042 5,453 4,598 4,431

1965 18.07 4.48 16.23 38.77 58.2 73.3 24.9 76.6 174.9 4,059 5,562 4,723 4,510

1966 16.78 4.38 15.23 36.38 58.1 67.3 25.9 69.6 162.9 4,013 5,928 4,573 4,478

1967 15.33 3.66 13.25 32.23 58.9 58.6 21.6 61.1 141.4 3,825 5,898 4,616 4,385

1968 14.33 3.46 12.81 30.60 58.1 59.5 20.7 64.7 145.0 4,153 5,994 5,053 4,738

1969 14.37 4.08 13.74 32.19 57.3 61.6 24.2 71.4 157.1 4,286 5,918 5,195 4,881

1970 12.97 4.01 11.03 28.01 60.6 56.9 23.6 58.1 138.6 4,385 5,860 5,265 4,943

1971 11.85 3.97 10.31 26.13 60.6 49.1 23.5 54.7 127.3 4,126 5,890 5,305 4,858

1972 11.38 5.44 10.89 27.71 60.7 49.3 30.0 58.6 137.8 4,330 5,516 5,377 4,974

1973 10.17 6.93 10.32 27.42 62.4 44.4 38.0 55.8 138.2 R4,369 R5,488 R5,403 5,041

1974 13.65 7.14 12.12 32.90 63.2 52.0 38.4 62.9 153.4 R3,812 R5,387 R5,191 4,662

1975 16.95 8.13 13.65 38.72 64.8 66.8 R44.5 R69.2 180.5 R3,943 R5,470 R5,073 4,661

1976 17.69 9.41 13.76 40.86 66.3 R68.9 49.1 69.0 187.0 R3,895 R5,220 R5,014 4,577

1977 18.75 12.12 14.99 45.85 67.3 75.5 R63.7 R76.7 215.9 4,025 R5,254 R5,120 4,708

1978 19.18 14.41 16.55 50.15 67.0 77.0 75.8 85.8 238.7 4,016 R5,262 R5,183 4,760

1979 20.85 15.25 16.10 52.20 69.2 R82.7 80.5 R81.6 244.8 R3,966 5,275 R5,071 4,689

1980 32.64 17.33 20.64 70.61 70.8 124.3 91.5 98.9 314.7 R3,809 5,278 R4,790 4,456

1981 43.60 20.17 27.79 91.55 69.6 R171.2 107.8 R134.1 413.1 R3,926 5,346 R4,827 4,512

1982 39.20 18.98 26.22 84.40 68.9 148.8 106.7 122.8 378.3 R3,796 R5,622 R4,683 4,482

1983 37.12 14.56 24.15 75.84 68.2 136.1 77.6 104.3 318.0 3,667 5,325 4,320 4,193

1984 42.61 17.13 25.68 85.41 69.9 161.8 90.6 119.0 371.4 R3,798 5,289 R4,634 4,348

1985 35.12 14.17 21.06 70.34 70.1 R137.4 R75.9 R99.8 313.0 3,911 R5,354 R4,741 4,450

1986 19.10 8.52 12.68 40.29 68.5 76.6 44.7 60.5 181.9 4,013 R5,253 R4,771 4,514

1987 16.16 8.06 11.11 35.33 68.5 66.3 42.5 53.4 162.2 R4,103 R5,275 4,803 4,590

1988 13.64 8.56 10.04 32.23 68.8 58.7 45.3 52.3 156.4 4,305 5,298 5,211 4,851

1989 10.20 9.54 8.19 27.93 70.7 43.3 49.2 R42.0 134.4 R4,244 R5,156 R5,124 4,813

1990 12.20 11.04 8.31 31.56 73.7 R54.5 R56.1 43.1 153.7 R4,465 R5,083 R5,184 4,871

1991 11.77 9.53 7.60 28.89 73.7 R54.2 50.0 38.9 143.0 R4,601 R5,248 R5,118 4,950

1992 8.76 8.21 6.12 23.08 73.5 R43.9 R46.0 31.2 121.1 R5,015 R5,608 R5,094 5,247

1993 8.41 10.02 6.33 24.75 74.4 R42.5 R60.0 32.6 135.1 R5,055 R5,993 5,150 5,459

1994 6.72 9.54 5.31 21.57 75.4 36.0 59.6 29.2 124.8 R5,356 R6,247 R5,506 5,787

1995 7.63 8.35 5.08 21.06 75.9 38.2 R51.3 R28.3 117.8 R5,009 R6,139 R5,585 5,596

1996E 8.31 9.30 5.28 22.90 76.9 R40.9 R58.1 30.0 129.0 R4,918 R6,249 R5,685 5,636

1997E 10.44 11.33 5.70 27.47 79.2 R52.0 R70.8 R33.8 156.7 R4,986 R6,254 R5,924 5,704

1998E 7.06 12.11 4.91 24.08 79.6 R36.9 R80.6 R32.2 149.6 R5,217 R6,655 R6,557 6,213

1999E R4.09 10.51 R3.58 R18.18 80.3 R20.5 R64.1 R23.5 R108.1 R5,012 R6,094 R6,565 R5,944

2000E 4.73 15.21 5.20 25.14 79.3 26.2 104.4 33.2 163.8 5,534 6,865 6,388 6,516

R=Revised. E=Estimate. 

Notes: • This table depicts all wells; see Table 4.5 for exploratory wells and Table 4.6 for development

wells. • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data represent

wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received by the

American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wells

completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil, "Forecast-Review" issue.

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United States,

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970-1994—Energy Information Administration (EIA)

computations based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute. • 1995 forward—EIA

computations based on well reports submitted to the Information Handling Services Energy Group, Inc. For

current data see the EIA, Monthly Energy Review, Section 5.
100 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-2000

Note: This figure depicts exploratory wells only; see Figure 4.4 for all wells and Figure 4.6 

for development wells only.

Source: Table 4.5. 

Wells Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

3

6

9

12

15

Thousand Wells 

Dry Holes

Oil Wells Gas Wells

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

20

40

60

80

Million Feet

Dry Holes

Oil Wells Gas Wells

Successful Wells

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Average Depth

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Thousand Feet per Well

Gas Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

2000: 32%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 101

Table 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-2000

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Average Depth

(feet per well)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total

1949 1.41 0.42 7.23 9.06 20.2 6.0 2.4 26.4 34.8 4,232 5,682 3,658 3,842

1950 1.58 0.43 8.29 10.31 19.5 6.9 2.4 31.0 40.2 4,335 5,466 3,733 3,898

1951 1.76 0.45 9.54 11.76 18.9 8.1 2.5 38.7 49.3 4,609 5,497 4,059 4,197

1952 1.78 0.56 10.09 12.43 18.8 8.5 3.4 43.7 55.6 4,781 6,071 4,334 4,476

1953 1.98 0.70 10.63 13.31 20.1 9.4 4.0 47.3 60.7 4,761 5,654 4,447 4,557

1954 1.99 0.73 10.39 13.10 20.7 9.4 4.4 45.8 59.6 4,740 6,059 4,408 4,550

1955 2.24 0.87 11.83 14.94 20.8 10.8 5.2 53.2 69.2 4,819 5,964 4,498 4,632

1956 2.27 0.82 13.12 16.21 19.1 11.1 5.2 58.0 74.3 4,901 6,301 4,425 4,587

1957 1.95 0.87 11.90 14.71 19.1 9.8 6.0 53.4 69.2 5,036 6,898 4,488 4,702

1958 1.75 0.82 10.63 13.20 19.4 8.7 5.5 47.3 61.5 4,993 6,657 4,449 4,658

1959 1.70 0.91 10.58 13.19 19.8 8.5 6.0 48.7 63.3 5,021 6,613 4,602 4,795

1960 1.32 0.87 9.52 11.70 18.7 6.8 5.5 43.5 55.8 5,170 6,298 4,575 4,770

1961 1.16 0.81 9.02 10.99 17.9 5.9 5.2 43.3 54.4 5,099 6,457 4,799 4,953

1962 1.21 0.77 8.82 10.80 18.4 6.2 5.2 42.2 53.6 5,124 6,728 4,790 4,966

1963 1.31 0.66 8.69 10.66 18.5 6.4 4.2 42.8 53.5 4,878 6,370 4,933 5,016

1964 1.22 0.56 8.95 10.73 16.6 6.7 4.2 44.6 55.5 5,509 7,547 4,980 5,174

1965 0.95 0.52 8.01 9.47 15.4 5.4 3.8 40.1 49.2 5,672 7,295 5,007 5,198

1966 1.20 0.70 8.42 10.31 18.4 6.8 5.8 43.1 55.7 5,700 8,321 5,117 5,402

1967 0.99 0.53 7.36 8.88 17.1 5.7 4.0 38.2 47.8 5,758 7,478 5,188 5,388

1968 0.95 0.49 7.44 8.88 16.2 5.6 3.7 41.6 51.0 5,914 7,697 5,589 5,739

1969 1.08 0.62 8.00 9.70 17.5 6.6 5.0 45.9 57.5 6,054 8,092 5,739 5,924

1970 0.76 0.48 6.16 7.40 16.7 4.7 3.7 35.1 43.5 6,247 7,695 5,700 5,885

1971 0.66 0.47 5.95 7.08 15.9 3.8 3.6 34.5 41.9 5,745 7,649 5,796 5,915

1972 0.69 0.66 6.13 7.48 17.9 4.0 4.8 36.1 45.0 5,880 7,400 5,882 6,015

1973 0.64 1.07 5.95 7.66 22.3 4.0 7.0 34.6 45.6 R6,243 R6,596 R5,808 R5,955

1974 0.86 1.19 6.83 8.88 23.1 5.0 7.7 38.6 51.3 R5,855 R6,456 R5,649 R5,777

1975 0.98 1.25 7.13 9.36 23.8 5.8 8.4 R40.4 54.7 R5,913 R6,748 R5,674 R5,842

1976 1.09 1.35 6.77 9.20 26.4 6.5 9.1 38.0 53.6 R6,010 R6,777 R5,607 R5,825

1977 1.16 1.55 7.28 10.00 27.1 6.9 R10.3 R40.8 57.9 R5,902 R6,625 R5,605 5,798

1978 1.17 1.77 7.97 10.91 27.0 7.1 11.8 46.3 65.2 R6,067 R6,662 R5,813 R5,978

1979 1.32 1.91 7.44 10.67 30.3 7.9 12.6 R42.5 63.1 R6,011 R6,630 R5,716 R5,916

1980 1.76 2.08 9.04 12.88 29.8 10.1 13.7 R50.0 73.9 R5,727 R6,605 R5,533 R5,733

1981 2.64 2.51 12.35 17.50 29.4 15.4 17.0 68.9 101.4 R5,851 R6,763 R5,582 5,792

1982 2.43 2.13 11.25 15.80 28.8 13.4 14.7 60.3 R88.3 R5,496 R6,914 R5,358 R5,588

1983 2.02 1.59 10.15 13.76 26.3 10.4 10.2 48.6 69.2 R5,131 6,400 R4,788 R5,025

1984 2.20 1.52 11.28 15.00 24.8 12.2 9.9 58.4 80.5 R5,570 R6,499 R5,176 R5,368

1985 1.68 1.19 8.92 11.79 24.3 9.9 8.1 47.4 65.4 R5,867 R6,824 R5,315 R5,546

1986 1.08 0.79 5.55 7.43 25.3 6.6 5.4 30.1 42.1 R6,067 R6,778 5,431 R5,668

1987 0.93 0.75 5.05 6.73 25.0 5.6 5.1 26.7 37.4 R6,101 R6,709 R5,289 R5,560

1988 0.86 0.73 4.69 6.28 25.3 5.3 5.0 27.0 37.3 R6,200 R6,830 R5,751 R5,938

1989 0.61 0.71 3.92 5.24 25.1 3.7 4.7 21.9 R30.3 R6,052 R6,639 R5,580 R5,778

1990 0.65 0.69 3.72 5.06 26.6 4.4 4.7 21.3 30.4 R6,701 R6,868 R5,721 R6,004

1991 0.59 0.53 3.31 4.44 25.4 3.8 3.6 R18.7 26.2 R6,481 R6,834 R5,656 R5,908

1992 0.49 0.42 2.51 3.43 26.7 3.2 2.7 13.8 R19.7 R6,508 R6,461 R5,477 R5,747

1993 0.50 0.55 2.47 3.52 29.8 3.2 3.3 R14.2 20.7 R6,306 R5,968 R5,765 R5,874

1994 0.57 0.73 2.41 3.70 35.0 3.6 4.6 14.2 22.4 R6,386 R6,377 R5,894 R6,065

1995 0.54 0.57 2.20 3.31 33.6 3.6 3.6 13.0 R20.2 R6,587 R6,352 R5,937 R6,115

1996E 0.48 0.57 2.14 3.19 33.0 3.5 3.8 R13.3 R20.6 R7,334 R6,694 R6,211 R6,467

1997E 0.43 0.54 2.11 3.07 31.4 R3.5 4.0 R14.0 R21.5 R8,117 R7,497 R6,630 R6,988

1998E 0.30 0.58 1.82 2.70 32.7 2.7 4.5 R13.2 R20.4 R8,789 R7,771 R7,279 R7,554

1999E R0.16 R0.57 1.39 R2.11 R34.1 R1.2 R3.8 R9.7 R14.7 R7,521 R6,725 R7,019 R6,977

2000E 0.19 0.74 2.02 2.95 31.6 1.5 6.1 14.0 21.6 7,797 8,264 6,937 7,326

R=Revised. E=Estimate. 

Notes: • This table depicts exploratory wells only; see Table 4.4 for all wells and Table 4.6 for

development wells only. • For 1949-1959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969,

data are for well completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. 

For 1970 forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal

average of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1960—American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Statistics on Exploratory Drilling

in the United States, 1940 through 1960 (1962), pp. 4-19. • 1961-1965—Bulletin of the American

Association of Petroleum Geologists, "North American Developments" issue. • 1966-1969—American

Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United States, annual summaries and

monthly reports. • 1970-1994—Energy Information Administration (EIA) computations based on well

reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute. • 1995 forward—EIA computations based on well

reports submitted to the Information Handling Services Energy Group, Inc. For current data see the EIA

Monthly Energy Review, Section 5.
102 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: These figures depict developed wells only; see Figure 4.4 for all wells and Figure Source: Table 4.6. 

4.5 for exploratory wells only.

Figure 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-2000

Wells Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

15

30

45

Thousand Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Footage Drilled

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

45

90

135

180

Million Feet

Average Depth

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

Thousand Feet per Well

Dry Holes Oil Wells

Gas Wells

Oil Wells

Dry Holes

Gas Wells

2000: 86%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 103

Table 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-2000

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Average Depth

(feet per well)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total

1949 19.95 2.94 5.37 28.25 81.0 73.5 10.0 17.3 100.8 3,684 3,412 3,225 3,568

1950 22.23 3.01 6.51 31.74 79.5 85.8 11.3 20.0 117.2 3,861 3,766 3,077 3,691

1951 21.42 2.98 7.49 31.89 76.5 87.0 11.5 24.4 122.8 4,061 3,837 3,255 3,851

1952 21.51 2.96 7.67 32.14 76.1 89.7 11.9 27.0 128.5 4,167 4,015 3,520 3,999

1953 23.34 3.27 7.82 34.43 77.3 92.7 14.3 26.6 133.6 3,972 4,373 3,401 3,880

1954 26.16 3.31 8.54 38.01 77.5 104.0 14.5 30.0 148.4 3,974 4,365 3,512 3,905

1955 28.20 3.39 8.62 40.21 78.6 110.4 14.7 31.9 157.0 3,915 4,339 3,699 3,904

1956 28.26 3.71 8.99 40.96 78.0 109.2 17.6 32.1 158.9 3,865 4,734 3,574 3,880

1957 25.42 3.61 8.25 37.28 77.9 100.2 17.9 29.7 147.9 3,944 4,950 3,605 3,966

1958 22.03 4.18 7.53 33.74 77.7 84.4 20.1 27.3 131.8 3,831 4,801 3,631 3,907

1959 22.34 4.02 8.01 34.37 76.7 86.1 20.6 30.8 137.4 3,852 5,120 3,844 3,999

1960 20.94 4.28 8.70 33.92 74.4 79.7 22.8 33.8 136.3 3,809 5,321 3,889 4,020

1961 20.28 4.67 8.31 33.26 75.0 79.7 24.0 31.4 135.2 3,931 5,145 3,782 4,064

1962 20.52 4.58 8.26 33.36 75.2 82.2 23.8 35.0 141.0 4,008 5,186 4,239 4,227

1963 18.82 3.91 8.08 30.80 73.8 75.4 20.3 33.5 129.2 4,006 5,198 4,143 4,193

1964 18.69 4.14 8.74 31.57 72.3 73.7 21.4 36.8 131.9 3,947 5,171 4,207 4,179

1965 17.12 3.97 8.22 29.31 71.9 68.0 21.2 36.5 125.7 3,970 5,337 4,446 4,288

1966 15.58 3.68 6.81 26.07 73.9 60.5 20.1 26.6 107.2 3,884 5,474 3,900 4,112

1967 14.34 3.13 5.89 23.36 74.8 53.0 17.6 23.0 93.5 3,692 5,629 3,901 4,004

1968 13.38 2.97 5.37 21.72 75.3 53.9 17.0 23.2 94.0 4,027 5,716 4,311 4,328

1969 13.28 3.47 5.74 22.49 74.5 55.0 19.2 25.4 99.6 4,142 5,531 4,437 4,431

1970 12.21 3.53 4.87 20.61 76.4 52.1 19.9 23.0 95.0 4,269 5,644 4,714 4,610

1971 11.19 3.50 4.36 19.05 77.1 45.3 19.8 20.2 85.4 4,049 5,670 4,633 4,480

1972 10.69 4.78 4.76 20.23 76.5 45.2 25.2 22.5 92.9 4,231 5,259 4,725 4,590

1973 9.53 5.87 4.37 19.76 77.9 40.4 31.0 21.2 92.6 R4,242 R5,286 R4,851 R4,687

1974 12.79 5.95 5.28 24.02 78.0 47.0 30.8 24.3 R102.1 R3,675 R5,173 R4,599 R4,249

1975 15.97 6.88 6.52 29.36 77.8 61.0 36.0 28.8 125.8 R3,821 R5,238 R4,415 R4,285

1976 16.60 8.06 6.99 31.65 77.9 62.4 40.0 31.0 R133.4 R3,756 4,960 R4,439 R4,214

1977 17.58 10.57 7.70 35.86 78.5 68.6 53.4 35.9 157.9 R3,901 R5,053 R4,662 4,404

1978 18.01 12.64 8.59 39.24 78.1 69.9 64.0 39.5 173.5 R3,883 R5,066 R4,600 4,421

1979 19.53 13.35 8.66 41.54 79.1 74.7 67.8 R39.1 181.7 R3,827 R5,082 R4,517 R4,374

1980 30.88 15.25 11.60 57.73 79.9 114.2 77.7 48.8 240.8 R3,699 R5,097 4,211 4,171

1981 40.96 17.65 15.44 74.05 79.2 155.7 90.8 65.2 311.8 3,802 5,145 4,224 4,210

1982 36.77 16.85 14.97 68.59 78.2 135.5 92.0 62.5 R290.0 R3,684 R5,459 R4,176 R4,228

1983 35.10 12.97 14.01 62.07 77.4 125.7 67.4 55.7 248.8 3,582 5,193 3,980 R4,009

1984 40.41 15.61 14.40 70.42 79.5 149.6 80.7 60.6 290.9 3,701 5,171 R4,209 4,131

1985 33.44 12.98 12.13 58.55 79.3 127.5 67.7 52.4 247.6 3,813 R5,219 4,320 R4,230

1986 18.01 7.72 7.13 32.87 78.3 70.1 39.4 30.3 139.8 3,889 R5,096 R4,257 4,253

1987 15.24 7.30 6.06 28.60 78.8 60.7 37.4 26.7 124.8 R3,982 R5,127 R4,398 4,362

1988 12.78 7.82 5.35 25.95 79.4 53.4 40.3 25.3 119.1 R4,178 5,155 R4,737 4,588

1989 9.60 8.83 4.26 22.70 81.2 39.6 44.5 20.1 104.2 4,129 R5,037 R4,704 4,591

1990 11.54 10.36 4.60 26.50 82.6 50.1 R51.4 21.8 123.3 R4,339 R4,965 R4,750 R4,655

1991 11.18 8.99 4.28 24.45 82.5 50.3 R46.3 20.1 116.8 R4,501 R5,154 R4,702 R4,776

1992 8.26 7.79 3.61 19.66 81.7 40.7 R43.3 17.4 101.4 R4,926 R5,562 R4,827 R5,160

1993 7.91 9.47 3.86 21.23 81.8 39.3 56.8 R18.4 114.4 R4,976 R5,995 R4,756 R5,390

1994 6.15 8.81 2.90 17.87 83.8 32.4 55.0 15.0 102.4 R5,261 R6,237 R5,185 R5,730

1995 7.09 7.78 2.88 17.75 83.8 34.6 R47.7 R15.3 R97.6 R4,888 R6,124 R5,316 R5,499

1996E 7.83 8.73 3.15 19.71 84.0 37.3 R54.3 R16.8 R108.4 R4,769 R6,220 R5,328 R5,501

1997E 10.01 10.79 3.59 24.39 85.3 48.6 R66.8 R19.8 R135.2 R4,852 R6,193 R5,510 R5,542

1998E 6.76 11.53 3.10 21.39 85.5 34.2 R76.1 R19.0 R129.2 R5,057 R6,599 R6,133 R6,044

1999E R3.93 R9.95 R2.19 R16.07 R86.4 19.3 R60.3 R13.8 R93.3 R4,913 R6,058 R6,278 R5,808

2000E 4.54 14.47 3.19 22.19 85.6 24.7 98.3 19.2 142.2 5,439 6,793 6,041 6,408

R=Revised. E=Estimate. 

Notes: • This table depicts development wells only; see Table 4.4 for all wells and Table 4.5 for

exploratory wells only. •Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959,

data represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports

received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data

represent wells completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil, "Forecast-Review" issue.

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United States,

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970-1994—Energy Information Administration (EIA)

computations based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute. • 1995 forward—EIA

computations based on well reports submitted to the Information Handling Services Energy Group, Inc. For

current data see the EIA Monthly Energy Review, Section 5.
104 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1999

1In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 4.7. 

Costs per Well, All Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

150

300

450

600

750

900

Thousand Dollars

Nominal

Real1

Costs per Foot, All Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Dollars

Real1

Nominal
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 105

Table 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1999

Year

Costs per Well

(thousand dollars)

Costs per Foot

(dollars)

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

All

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

All

(nominal) (real) 1 (nominal) (real) 1

1960 52.2 102.7 44.0 54.9 247.6 13.22 18.57 10.56 13.01 58.63

1961 51.3 94.7 45.2 54.5 243.0 13.11 17.65 10.56 12.85 57.26

1962 54.2 97.1 50.8 58.6 257.9 13.41 18.10 11.20 13.31 58.53

1963 51.8 92.4 48.2 55.0 239.2 13.20 17.19 10.58 12.69 55.17

1964 50.6 104.8 48.5 55.8 239.2 13.12 18.57 10.64 12.86 55.10

1965 56.6 101.9 53.1 60.6 255.0 13.94 18.35 11.21 13.44 56.52

1966 62.2 133.8 56.9 68.4 279.6 15.04 21.75 12.34 14.95 61.12

1967 66.6 141.0 61.5 72.9 289.2 16.61 23.05 12.87 15.97 63.35

1968 79.1 148.5 66.2 81.5 309.7 18.63 24.05 12.88 16.83 63.99

1969 86.5 154.3 70.2 88.6 321.0 19.28 25.58 13.23 17.56 63.65

1970 86.7 160.7 80.9 94.9 326.5 19.29 26.75 15.21 18.84 64.83

1971 78.4 166.6 86.8 94.7 310.3 18.41 27.70 16.02 19.03 62.35

1972 93.5 157.8 94.9 106.4 334.5 20.77 27.78 17.28 20.76 65.24

1973 103.8 155.3 105.8 117.2 348.7 22.54 27.46 19.22 22.50 66.96

1974 110.2 189.2 141.7 138.7 378.8 27.82 34.11 26.76 28.93 79.00

1975 138.6 262.0 177.2 177.8 444.1 34.17 46.23 33.86 36.99 92.41

1976 151.1 270.4 190.3 191.6 453.0 37.35 49.78 36.94 40.46 95.65

1977 170.0 313.5 230.2 227.2 504.6 41.16 57.57 43.49 46.81 103.98

1978 208.0 374.2 281.7 280.0 580.4 49.72 68.37 52.55 56.63 117.42

1979 243.1 443.1 339.6 331.4 634.2 58.29 80.66 64.60 67.70 129.57

1980 272.1 536.4 376.5 367.7 644.6 66.36 95.16 73.70 77.02 135.03

1981 336.3 698.6 464.0 453.7 727.4 80.40 122.17 90.03 94.30 151.19

1982 347.4 864.3 515.4 514.4 776.4 86.34 146.20 104.09 108.73 164.12

1983 283.8 608.1 366.5 371.7 539.7 72.65 108.37 79.10 83.34 120.99

1984 262.1 489.8 329.2 326.5 457.0 66.32 88.80 67.18 71.90 100.64

1985 270.4 508.7 372.3 349.4 474.1 66.78 93.09 73.69 75.35 102.25

1986 284.9 522.9 389.2 364.6 484.1 68.35 93.02 76.53 76.88 102.08

1987 246.0 380.4 259.1 279.6 360.4 58.35 69.55 51.05 58.71 75.68

1988 279.4 460.3 366.4 354.7 442.2 62.28 84.65 66.96 70.23 87.56

1989 282.3 457.8 355.4 362.2 435.0 64.92 86.86 67.61 73.55 88.33

1990 321.8 471.3 367.5 383.6 443.4 69.17 90.73 67.49 76.07 87.93

1991 346.9 506.6 441.2 421.5 470.1 73.75 93.10 83.05 82.64 92.17

1992 362.3 426.1 357.6 382.6 416.6 69.50 72.83 67.82 70.27 76.51

1993 356.6 521.2 387.7 426.8 453.8 67.52 83.15 72.56 75.30 80.06

1994 409.5 535.1 491.5 483.2 503.3 70.57 81.90 86.60 79.49 82.79

1995 415.8 629.7 481.2 513.4 523.4 78.09 95.97 84.60 87.22 88.91

1996 341.0 616.0 541.0 496.1 496.1 70.60 98.67 95.74 88.92 88.92

1997 445.6 728.6 655.6 603.9 R592.4 90.48 117.55 115.09 107.83 R105.77

1998 566.0 815.6 973.2 769.1 R745.1 108.88 127.94 157.79 128.97 R124.95

1999 783.0 798.4 1115.5 856.1 817.2 156.45 138.42 182.99 152.02 145.10

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. 

Notes: • The information reported for 1965 and prior years is not strictly comparable to that in the more

recent surveys. • Average cost is the arithmetic mean and includes all costs for drilling and equipping

wells and for surface-producing facilities. Wells drilled include exploratory and development wells; excludes

service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests.

Source: American Petroleum Institute, Independent Petroleum Association of America, Mid-Continent

Oil and Gas Association, 2000 Joint Association Survey on Drilling Costs.
106 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures 

 by Geographic Area

1 Crude oil equivalent.

2 Nominal dollars.

Note: Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned crude oil and natural gas 

producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 

3.12. 

Source: Table 4.8.

Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve Additions, 1975-1998

Three-Year Moving Average

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Dollars2 per Barrel COE1

Exploration and Development Expenditures, 1974-1999

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Billion Dollars2 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons, 1974-199

1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Billion Barrels COE1

U.S. Total

Major U.S. Energy Companies –Foreign

Major U.S. Energy Companies –United States

Major U.S. Energy Companies–Foreign

Major U.S. Energy Companies–

United States

 Major U.S. Energy Companies–

United States

 

Major U.S. Energy 

Companies–Foreign

 

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons, 1974-1999
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 107

Table 4.8 Gross Additions to Proved Reserves and Exploration and Development Expenditures by Geographic Area, 

 1974-1999

Year

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves 1

of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons 2

(million barrels COE 3)

Exploration and Development

Expenditures

(billion dollars 4)

Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve Additions,

Three-Year Moving Average

(dollars 4 per barrel COE 3)

U.S. Total

 Major U.S. Energy Companies 5 Major U.S. Energy Companies 5 Major U.S. Energy Companies 5

United States Foreign United States Foreign United States Foreign

1974 NA 2,205 NA 8.7 3.8 NA NA

1975 3,846 -634 NA 7.8 5.3 8.05 NA

1976 3,224 1,663 1,459 9.5 5.2 8.64 NA

1977 3,765 2,210 1,055 10.7 5.6 5.12 4.64

1978 3,679 2,383 1,191 11.8 6.4 7.34 5.73

1979 5,071 1,378 61,208 21.3 7.8 9.34 65.75

1980 6,723 2,590 1,977 26.2 11.0 11.80 7.45

1981 7,304 2,848 1,006 33.0 12.4 11.63 8.74

1982 5,030 2,482 1,332 32.9 14.2 710.62 78.78

1983 6,412 3,427 1,918 27.1 10.7 9.20 9.28

1984 6,653 3,941 1,298 30.6 17.3 78.21 78.63

1985 6,190 83,129 1,192 28.5 10.1 88.27 9.03

1986 4,866 2,178 61,375 17.4 7.5 6.67 65.28

1987 6,059 83,698 2,516 14.2 9.2 84.58 4.69

1988 7,156 3,359 2,460 21.2 13.0 5.05 5.18

1989 5,385 2,798 2,043 15.0 14.1 5.62 5.94

1990 6,275 2,979 2,355 15.1 13.6 5.87 6.34

1991 4,227 1,772 2,135 14.2 13.7 6.52 6.50

1992 5,006 1,332 1,694 10.3 12.9 7.02 6.55

1993 4,814 1,945 2,147 10.9 12.5 5.66 5.33

1994 6,021 2,703 3,173 12.6 11.9 4.74 4.63

1995 6,558 2,929 2,799 12.4 13.2 5.11 4.51

1996 6,707 2,131 3,280 14.6 16.6 7.61 5.10

1997 7,233 1,367 3,279 21.8 17.9 9.67 5.18

1998 3,628 R2,798 5,206 24.4 26.4 R11.15 R5.24

1999 7,929 1,197 3,360 13.5 17.8 NA NA

1 Gross additions to proved reserves equal annual change in proved reserves plus annual production. 2 Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons include crude oil, natural gas liquids, and natural gas. 3 Crude oil equivalent: converted to Btu on the basis of annual average conversion factors. See

Appendix A. 4 Nominal dollars. 5 Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural gas

producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS) (see Table 3.12). 6 Data for 1979 exclude downward revisions of 1,225 million barrels COE due to Iranian policies. Data

for 1986 exclude downward revisions due to Libyan sanctions. 7 Data for 1982 and 1984 are adjusted to exclude purchases of proved reserves associated with

mergers among the Financial Reporting System companies. 8 Data for 1985 and 1987 exclude downward revisions of 1,477 million barrels COE and 2,396 million

barrels COE, respectively, of Alaska North Slope natural gas reserves.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.

Sources: Major U.S. Energy Companies: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, November 1997. • 1977 forward—EIA,

Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers, annual reports. U.S. Total, Gross Additions to Proved

Reserves of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons: • 1975-1979—American Gas Association, American

Petroleum Institute, and Canadian Petroleum Association (published jointly), Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural

Gas Liquids, and Natural Gas in the United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979, Volume 34, June

1980. • 1980 forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, annual

reports.
108 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Nominal dollars. 

2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See OECD Europe in 

Glossary.

3 This region includes areas that are eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180°

longitude and that are not included in other specific domestic or foreign classifications. 

 This region includes areas that are westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180°

longitude and that are not included in other specific domestic or foreign classifications. 

Figure 4.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies' Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development

 by Region 

U.S. and Foreign, 1974-1999

 

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Billion Dollars1

U.S. Onshore and Offshore, 1977-1999

 

1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Billion Dollars1

Hemisphere3

United States

Foreign

Onshore

Offshore

(s) = Less than 0.5 billion dollars.

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned crude oil producers 

that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12. • Because vertical scales 

differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 4.9.

and Former U.S.S.R.

4

 Hemisphere4

(s)

By Region, 1999

 

United States Canada OECD Europe2 Eastern Europe Africa Middle East Other Eastern Other Western

0

5

10

15

13

2

4

1

3 3 4

Billion Dollars1 Total, 1974-1999

 

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Billion Dollars1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 109

Table 4.9 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 

 1974-1999

 (Billion Dollars1)

Year

United States Foreign

Onshore Offshore Total Canada Total

OECD 2

Europe

Eastern

Europe and

Former U.S.S.R. Africa

Middle

East

Other

Eastern

Hemisphere 3

Other

Western

Hemisphere 4 Total

1974 NA NA 8.7 NA NA — NA NA NA NA 3.8 12.5

1975 NA NA 7.8 NA NA — NA NA NA NA 5.3 13.1

1976 NA NA 9.5 NA NA — NA NA NA NA 5.2 14.7

1977 6.7 4.0 10.7 1.5 2.5 — 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 5.6 16.3

1978 7.5 4.3 11.8 1.6 2.6 — 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 6.4 18.2

1979 13.0 8.3 21.3 2.3 3.0 — 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.8 7.8 29.1

1980 16.8 9.4 26.2 3.1 4.3 — 1.4 0.2 0.8 1.0 11.0 37.2

1981 19.9 13.0 33.0 1.8 5.0 — 2.1 0.3 1.9 1.3 12.4 45.4

1982 27.2 11.9 39.1 1.9 6.3 — 2.1 0.4 2.4 1.1 14.2 53.3

1983 16.0 11.1 27.1 1.6 4.3 — 1.7 0.5 2.0 0.6 10.7 37.7

1984 32.1 16.0 48.1 5.4 5.5 — 3.4 0.5 2.0 0.5 17.3 65.3

1985 20.0 8.5 28.5 1.9 3.7 — 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.7 10.1 38.6

1986 12.5 4.9 17.4 1.1 3.2 — 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.6 7.5 24.9

1987 9.7 4.5 14.3 1.9 3.0 — 0.8 0.4 2.8 0.5 9.2 23.5

1988 12.9 8.1 21.0 5.4 4.3 — 0.8 0.4 1.4 0.7 13.0 34.1

1989 9.0 6.0 15.0 6.3 3.5 — 1.0 0.4 2.3 0.6 14.1 29.1

1990 10.2 4.9 15.1 1.8 6.6 — 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.7 13.6 28.7

1991 9.6 4.6 14.2 1.7 6.8 — 1.5 0.5 2.4 0.7 13.7 27.9

1992 7.3 3.0 10.3 1.1 6.8 — 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.6 12.9 23.2

1993 7.2 3.7 10.9 1.6 5.5 0.3 1.5 0.7 2.5 0.6 12.5 23.5

1994 7.8 4.8 12.6 1.8 4.4 0.3 1.4 0.4 2.8 0.7 11.9 24.5

1995 7.7 4.7 12.4 1.9 5.2 0.4 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.9 13.2 25.6

1996 7.9 6.7 14.6 1.6 5.6 0.5 2.8 0.5 4.1 1.6 16.6 31.3

1997 13.0 8.8 21.8 2.0 7.1 0.6 3.0 0.6 3.0 1.6 17.9 39.8

1998 13.5 11.0 24.4 4.8 8.6 1.3 3.1 0.9 3.9 3.7 26.4 50.8

1999 6.6 6.9 13.5 2.3 4.1 0.6 3.1 0.4 3.4 3.8 17.8 31.3

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization for Economic Cooporation and Development. See OECD Europe in Glossary. 3 This region includes areas that are eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude and

that are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications. 4 This region includes areas that are westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude and

that are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications.

— = Not applicable. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Major U.S. Energy Companies are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural gas

producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.12.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.

Sources: • 1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Energy Markets and End Use,

Financial Reporting System Database, November 1997. • 1977 forward—EIA, Performance Profiles of

Major Energy Producers, annual reports.
110 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

• Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 4.10.

Figure 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves

By Type, 1949-1999

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

Billion Barrels COE1

API and AGA Data EIA Data 

API and AGA Data: 1949-1979

EIA Data: 1977-1999

Natural Gas

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Liquids

1 COE=crude oil equivalent.

Notes: • Data are at end of year. • API=American Petroleum Institute. 

AGA=American Gas Association. • EIA=Energy Information Administration. 

Total, 1949-1999

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Billion Barrels COE1

By Type, 1999

 

Natural Gas Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids

0

10

20

30

40

30

22

6

Billion Barrels COE1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 111

Table 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, 1949-1999

Year

Crude Oil Natural Gas Natural Gas Liquids Total

Billion Barrels Trillion Cubic Feet 1 Billion Barrels COE 2 Billion Barrels Billion Barrels COE 2 Billion Barrels COE 2

American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data

1949 24.6 179.4 32.0 3.7 3.1 59.7

1950 25.3 184.6 32.9 4.3 3.5 61.7

1951 27.5 192.8 34.4 4.7 3.9 65.7

1952 28.0 198.6 35.4 5.0 4.1 67.5

1953 28.9 210.3 37.5 5.4 4.4 70.9

1954 29.6 210.6 37.6 5.2 4.2 71.3

1955 30.0 222.5 39.7 5.4 4.4 74.1

1956 30.4 236.5 42.2 5.9 4.7 77.3

1957 30.3 245.2 43.8 5.7 4.5 78.6

1958 30.5 252.8 45.1 6.2 5.0 80.6

1959 31.7 261.2 46.6 6.5 5.2 83.5

1960 31.6 262.3 46.8 6.8 5.4 83.8

1961 31.8 266.3 47.5 7.0 5.6 84.8

1962 31.4 272.3 48.6 7.3 5.8 85.7

1963 31.0 276.2 49.1 7.7 6.0 86.1

1964 31.0 281.3 50.0 7.7 6.1 87.1

1965 31.4 286.5 51.0 8.0 6.3 88.6

1966 31.5 289.3 51.5 8.3 6.5 89.5

1967 31.4 292.9 52.1 8.6 6.7 90.2

1968 30.7 287.3 51.1 8.6 6.7 88.5

1969 29.6 275.1 48.9 8.1 6.3 84.8

1970 39.0 290.7 51.7 7.7 5.9 96.6

1971 38.1 278.8 49.6 7.3 5.5 93.2

1972 36.3 266.1 47.1 6.8 5.1 88.5

1973 35.3 250.0 44.0 6.5 4.8 84.1

1974 34.2 237.1 41.9 6.4 4.7 80.8

1975 32.7 228.2 40.2 6.3 4.6 77.5

1976 30.9 216.0 38.0 6.4 4.7 73.6

1977 29.5 208.9 36.8 6.0 4.4 70.6

1978 27.8 200.3 35.2 5.9 4.3 67.3

1979 27.1 194.9 34.3 5.7 4.1 65.5

Energy Information Administration Data

1977 31.8 207.4 36.5 NA NA NA 

1978 31.4 208.0 36.5 6.8 4.9 72.8

1979 29.8 201.0 35.4 6.6 4.8 70.0

1980 29.8 199.0 35.2 6.7 4.9 69.9

1981 29.4 201.7 35.7 7.1 5.2 70.3

1982 27.9 201.5 35.7 7.2 5.2 68.8

1983 27.7 200.2 35.6 7.9 5.7 69.0

1984 28.4 197.5 35.1 7.6 5.5 69.0

1985 28.4 193.4 34.4 7.9 5.6 68.5

1986 26.9 191.6 34.0 8.2 5.7 66.6

1987 27.3 187.2 33.3 8.1 5.8 66.3

1988 26.8 168.0 29.8 8.2 5.8 62.5

1989 26.5 167.1 29.7 7.8 5.5 61.7

1990 26.3 169.3 30.1 7.6 5.4 61.7

1991 24.7 167.1 29.7 7.5 5.3 59.6

1992 23.7 165.0 29.3 7.5 5.2 58.3

1993 23.0 162.4 28.8 7.2 5.1 56.8

1994 22.5 163.8 29.0 7.2 5.1 56.6

1995 22.4 165.1 29.2 7.4 5.3 56.9

1996 22.0 166.5 29.5 7.8 5.5 57.0

1997 22.5 167.2 29.6 8.0 5.6 57.7

1998 21.0 164.0 29.2 7.5 5.3 55.5

1999 21.8 167.4 29.6 7.9 5.5 56.9

1 The American Gas Association estimates of natural gas proved reserves include volumes of gas held

in underground storage. In 1979, this volume amounted to 4.9 trillion cubic feet. Energy Information

Administration (EIA) data do not include gas in underground storage. 2 Crude oil equivalent. Natural gas and natural gas liquids are converted to Btu on the basis of annual

average conversion factors. See Appendix A.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Data are at end of year.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: API/AGA Data: American Gas Association, American Petroleum Institute, and Canadian

Petroleum Association (published jointly). Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas Liquids and Natural Gas in

the United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979. Volume 34, June 1980. EIA Data:

• 1977-1988—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, annual reports.

• 1989 forward—EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves Annual Report 1999

(December 2000), Table 1. 
112 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Source: Table 4.11.

Figure 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

By Key State

 

Montana Illinois Wyo- West Ken- Penn- Ohio Colo- Texas New Indiana

0

25

50

75

100

125 120

105

67

35 31 28 24

17 13 12 10

Billion Short Tons

West and East of Mississippi

 

West of East of

0

100

200

300

400

262

240

Billion Short Tons

By Region

 

Western Interior Appalachian

0

100

200

300

400

238

159

106

Billion Short Tons

By Mining Method

 

Underground Surface

0

100

200

300

400

339

163

Billion Short Tons

By Rank

 

Bitu- Subbitu- Lignite Anthra0

100

200

300

400

268

184

44

8

Billion Short Tons

Mississippi Mississippi

ming Virginia sylvania tucky rado Mexico

minous minous cite
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 113

Table 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2000

 (Billion Short Tons)

Region and State Anthracite

Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal Lignite Total

Underground Surface Underground Surface Surface 1 Underground Surface Total

Appalachian .......................................................... 7.3 73.5 23.8 0.0 0.0 1.1 77.4 28.3 105.7

 Alabama ............................................................... 0.0 1.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.2 3.2 4.4

 Kentucky, Eastern ................................................ 0.0 1.8 9.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 9.7 11.5

 Ohio ...................................................................... 0.0 17.7 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.7 5.8 23.5

 Pennsylvania ........................................................ 7.2 20.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.9 4.3 28.2

 Virginia .................................................................. 0.1 1.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.6 2.0

 West Virginia ........................................................ 0.0 30.3 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.3 4.2 34.5

 Other 2 .................................................................. 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 1.5

Interior ................................................................... 0.1 118.0 27.6 0.0 0.0 13.2 118.0 40.8 158.8

 Illinois .................................................................... 0.0 88.2 16.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.2 16.6 104.8

 Indiana .................................................................. 0.0 8.8 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.9 9.8

 Iowa ...................................................................... 0.0 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.5 2.2

 Kentucky, Western ............................................... 0.0 16.1 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.1 3.7 19.8

 Missouri ................................................................ 0.0 1.5 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 4.5 6.0

 Oklahoma ............................................................. 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.3 1.6

 Texas .................................................................... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.7 0.0 12.7 12.7

 Other 3 .................................................................. 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 1.6 2.0

Western ................................................................. (s) 22.4 2.3 121.3 62.3 29.6 143.8 94.3 238.1

 Alaska ................................................................... 0.0 0.6 0.1 4.8 0.6 (s) 5.4 0.7 6.1

 Colorado ............................................................... (s) 8.0 0.6 3.8 0.0 4.2 11.8 4.8 16.6

 Montana ................................................................ 0.0 1.4 0.0 69.6 32.8 15.8 71.0 48.6 119.5

 New Mexico .......................................................... (s) 2.7 0.9 3.5 5.2 0.0 6.2 6.2 12.4

 North Dakota ........................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.3 0.0 9.3 9.3

 Utah ...................................................................... 0.0 5.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.3 5.7

 Washington ........................................................... 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 (s) (s) 1.3 0.0 1.4

 Wyoming ............................................................... 0.0 3.8 0.5 38.7 23.7 0.0 42.5 24.1 66.6

 Other 4 .................................................................. 0.0 0.1 0.0 (s) (s) 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.5

U.S. Total ............................................................... 7.5 213.8 53.8 121.3 62.3 43.9 339.3 163.4 502.7

 States East of the Mississippi River ..................... 7.3 186.8 45.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 190.8 49.5 240.3

 States West of the Mississippi River .................... 0.1 27.0 8.7 121.3 62.3 42.8 148.5 113.9 262.4

1 Lignite resources are not mined underground in the United States. 2 Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee. 3 Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, and Michigan. 4 Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and South Dakota.

(s)=Less than 0.05 billion short tons. 

Notes: • See U.S. Coal Reserves: 1997 Update on the Web Page for a description of the methodology

used to produce these data. • Data represent known measured and indicated coal resources meeting

minimum seam and depth criteria, in the ground as of January 1, 2000. These coal resources are not

totally recoverable. Net recoverability ranges from 0 percent to more than 90 percent. Fifty-four percent of

the demonstrated reserve base of coal in the United States is estimated to be recoverable. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Coal Reserves Database.
114 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling

Source: Table 4.12.

Holes Drilled, 1958-1999

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Thousands

Exploration

Development

Exploration

Development

Footage Drilled, 1949-1999

 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10

20

30

40

Million Feet

Holes-Drilled Data

Begin in 1958
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 115

Table 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1999

Year

Exploration 1 Development 2 Total

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

1949 NA 0.36 NA 0.05 NA 0.41

1950 NA 0.57 NA 0.21 NA 0.78

1951 NA 1.08 NA 0.35 NA 1.43

1952 NA 1.36 NA 0.30 NA 1.66

1953 NA 3.65 NA 0.37 NA 4.02

1954 NA 4.06 NA 0.55 NA 4.61

1955 NA 5.27 NA 0.76 NA 6.03

1956 NA 7.29 NA 1.50 NA 8.79

1957 NA 7.35 NA 1.85 NA 9.20

1958 25.32 3.76 22.93 3.49 48.25 7.25

1959 16.25 2.37 19.59 3.28 35.84 5.65

1960 7.34 1.40 24.40 4.21 31.73 5.61

1961 8.26 1.32 19.31 3.19 27.57 4.51

1962 6.44 1.48 12.87 2.43 19.31 3.91

1963 8.47 0.88 13.53 1.98 22.01 2.86

1964 5.97 0.97 9.91 1.25 15.88 2.21

1965 6.23 1.16 7.33 0.95 13.56 2.11

1966 5.75 1.80 13.18 2.40 18.93 4.20

1967 12.79 5.44 16.95 5.33 29.74 10.76

1968 38.47 16.23 19.53 7.53 58.00 23.75

1969 47.85 20.47 28.01 9.39 75.86 29.86

1970 43.98 17.98 14.87 5.55 58.85 23.53

1971 28.42 11.40 10.44 4.05 38.86 15.45

1972 26.91 11.82 9.71 3.61 36.62 15.42

1973 22.56 10.83 11.70 5.59 34.26 16.42

1974 27.40 14.72 12.30 6.84 39.70 21.56

1975 34.29 15.69 21.60 9.73 55.89 25.42

1976 40.41 20.36 27.23 14.44 67.64 34.80

1977 62.60 27.96 30.86 17.62 93.45 45.58

1978 75.07 28.95 29.29 19.15 104.35 48.10

1979 60.46 28.07 30.19 13.01 90.65 41.08

1980 39.61 19.60 20.19 8.59 59.80 28.19

1981 17.75 10.87 8.67 3.35 26.42 14.22

1982 6.97 4.23 3.00 1.13 9.97 5.36

1983 4.29 2.09 3.01 1.08 7.30 3.17

1984 4.80 2.26 0.72 0.29 5.52 2.55

1985 2.88 1.42 0.77 0.34 3.65 1.76

1986 1.99 1.10 1.85 0.97 3.83 2.07

1987 1.82 1.11 1.99 0.86 3.81 1.97

1988 2.03 1.28 3.18 1.73 5.21 3.01

1989 2.09 1.43 1.75 0.80 3.84 2.23

1990 1.51 0.87 1.91 0.81 3.42 1.68

1991 1.62 0.97 1.57 0.87 3.20 1.84

1992 0.94 0.56 0.83 0.50 1.77 1.06

1993 0.36 0.22 1.67 0.89 2.02 1.11

1994 0.52 0.34 0.48 0.32 1.00 0.66

1995 0.58 0.40 1.73 0.95 2.31 1.35

1996 1.12 0.88 3.58 2.16 4.70 3.05

1997 1.94 1.33 5.86 3.56 7.79 4.88

1998 1.37 0.89 5.23 3.75 6.60 4.64

1999 0.27 0.18 2.91 2.33 3.18 2.50

1 Includes surface drilling in search of new ore deposits or extensions of known deposits and drilling at

the location of a discovery up to the time the company decides sufficient ore reserves are present to justify

commercial exploitation. 2 Includes all surface drilling on an ore deposit to determine more precisely size, grade, and

configuration subsequent to the time that commercial exploitation is deemed feasible.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • 1949-1981—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office, Statistical Data of the

Uranium Industry, January 1, 1983, Report No. GJO-100 (1983), Table VIII-5. • 1982 forward—Energy

Information Administration, Uranium Industry Annual, annual reports. 
116 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Notes: • Data are at end of year. • States shaded by group correspond to categories listed under Source: Table 4.13.

"Reserves" on Table 4.13. 

Figure 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 2000

Reserves and Resources

$30 or Less $50 or Less $100 or Less

0

1

2

3

4

5

1.3

2.2

3.5

2.2

3.3

4.9

0.3

0.9

1.4

Billion Pounds 

Forward Cost Per Pound

Reserves

Estimated Additional Resources

Speculative Resources

NM

AZ

UT

CO

WY

NE

SD

ND

TX

CA

OR

WA

ID

NV

84

341

567

110

370

591

7 24 40

Forward Cost Category

(dollars per pound)

$30 or Less

$50 or Less

$100 or Less

41

115

160

Sum of AZ, CO, and UT

29 54 73

Sum of Eight States Reserves, Million Pounds U3O8 

Billion Pounds U

O3 8
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 117

Table 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 2000

 (Million Pounds U3O8)

Resource Category and State

Forward Cost Category (dollars per pound) 1

$30 or Less $50 or Less $100 or Less

Reserves 2 ......................................................................................................................... 271 904 1,430

 New Mexico .................................................................................................................. 84 341 567

 Wyoming ....................................................................................................................... 110 370 591

 Texas ............................................................................................................................ 7 24 40

 Arizona, Colorado, Utah ............................................................................................... 41 115 160

 Others 3 ........................................................................................................................ 29 54 73

Potential Resources 4

 Estimated Additional Resources ..................................................................................... 2,180 3,310 4,850

 Speculative Resources ................................................................................................... 1,310 2,230 3,480

1 Forward costs are all operating and capital costs (in current dollars) yet to be incurred in the

production of uranium from estimated resources. Excluded are previous expenditures (such as exploration

and land acquisitions), taxes, profit, and the cost of money. Generally, forward costs are lower than market

prices. Resource values in forward-cost categories are cumulative; that is, the quantity at each level of

forward-cost includes all reserves/resources at the lower cost in that category. 2 The Energy Information Administration category of uranium reserves is equivalent to the internationally

reported category of Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR). 3 California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, and Washington.

4 Shown are the mean values for the distribution of estimates for each forward-cost category, rounded

to the nearest million pounds U3O8.

Note: Data are at end of year.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • Forward Costs $30 or Less or $50 or Less—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Uranium Industry Annual 2000 (May 2001), Tables B1 and B4. • Forward Costs $100 or Less—EIA, Office

of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels database as of December 31, 2000.
Energy Resources

Note 1. These volumes are the sum of the respective mean estimates in

United States Geological Survey, 1995 National Assessment of United

States Oil and Gas Resources, Circular 1118 (Washington DC, 1995), pp. 2

and 17-19, for the onshore United States and jurisdiction offshore waters,

and in Minerals Management Services, An Assessment of the Undiscovered

Hydrocarbon Potential of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, OCS Report MMS 96-0034 (Washington DC, 1996), pp. 14 and 18, for the Federal

jurisdiction offshore.

Conventionally reservoired deposits are discrete subsurface accumulations

of crude oil or natural gas usually defined, controlled, or limited by hydrocarbon/water contacts. Unconventionally reservoired deposits (continuous-type accumulations) are geographically extensive subsurface

accumulations of crude oil or natural gas that generally lack well-defined

hydrocarbon/water contacts. Examples include coalbed methane, “tight

gas,” and auto-sourced oil- and gas-shale reservoirs. Ultimate recovery appreciation (reserve growth) is the volume by which the estimate of total recovery from a known oil or gas reservoir or aggregation of such reservoirs

is expected to increase during the time between discovery and permanent

abandonment.

For purposes of comparison, the Potential Gas Committee, an industrysponsored group of experts, biennially provides another geologicallybased estimate of the Nation’s natural gas resources. The latest mean estimate, published in “Potential Supply of Natural Gas in the United States,”

December 31, 1996, is 1,067 trillion cubic feet. This volume includes undiscovered conventionally reservoired deposits, expected ultimate recovery appreciation, coalbed methane, and tight gas where it is believed to be

technically recoverable and marketable at reasonable costs.

Note 2. For 1970 forward, annual well completions are estimated by EIA

based on individual well reports submitted to the American Petroleum Institute (1970-1994) and to Petroleum Information/Dwights LLC (1995 forward). The as-received well completion data for recent years are

incomplete due to delays in the reporting of wells drilled. EIA therefore

statistically imputes the missing data to provided estimates of total well

completions and footage where necessary.

118 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Oil pumping unit and drilling rig, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Petroleum

5

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 121

Crude Oil

Imports

8.93

Crude Oil

Exports

0.05

Other

Liquids

0.85

a

Domestic

0.26

Imports

0.59

Crude Oil

Refinery

Input

15.08

Crude Oil

Supply

14.77

Crude Oil

Production

5.83

e

Refinery

Input

16.30

Crude Oil

Stock Change,

Unaccounted for,

and Losses

0.36

NGPL

Refinery

Input

0.37

f Processing

Gain

0.95

NGPL

Direct Use

1.54

f

Refined Product

Stock Change

0.01

b

Fuel Ethanol

and Motor Gasoline

Blending Components

0.21

Electric

Power

0.53

Refinery

Output

17.25

Motor

Gasoline

8.36

Commercial

and Industrial

5.10d

Transportation

12.99

Refined Products

Exports

0.94

b

Other Liquids

0.13

c Refined Products

Imports

1.57

b

0.83

Jet Fuel 1.70

2.18 Liquefied

Petroleum Gases

Residual

Fuel Oil

Petroleum

Consumption

19.48

Diagram 2. Petroleum Flow, 2000

(Million Barrels per Day)

Includes lease condensate.

Natural gas plant liquids.

Notes: Data are preliminary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 5.8, 5.11, 5.12a5.12d, 5.14, and , February

2001, Table 3.

e

f

 

Petroleum Supply Monthly

Unfinished oils, motor gasoline blending components, aviation gasoline blending

components, and other hydrocarbons and oxygenates.

Finished petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gases, and pentanes plus.

Unfinished oils requiring further refinery processing, and aviation blending components.

a

b

c

Commercial and industrial totals from Table 5.12a and 5.12b plus “End-Use/Nonutility

Adjustment” from Table 5.12d.

d

Residential 0.85

Distillate

Fuel Oil

3.70

Other 2.69
122 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Petroleum Overview

1 Approximate representation of petroleum consumption.

2 Total field production, refinery processing gains, and unaccounted-for crude oil.

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Overview, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

Trade, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Natural Gas Plant Liquids

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil

Products Supplied1

Domestic Supply 2

Imports

Crude Oil Imports

Product Imports

Exports

Peak: 9.64 in 1970

5.83

 in 2000

Overview, 2000

Domestic Supply2 Imports Exports Products Supplied1

0

5

10

15

20

9.4

11.1

1.0

19.5

Million Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 123

Table 5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-2000

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Domestic Supply Trade

Crude

Oil

Losses

Stock

Changes 6

Petroleum

Products

Supplied

Field Production

Other

Domestic

Supply 3 Total

Imports

Exports

Net

Imports

Crude

Oil 1

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Other

Liquids 2 Total

Crude

Oil 4 Products 5 Total

1949 5.05 0.43 7 ( ) 5.48 8(s) 5.48 0.42 0.22 0.65 0.33 0.32 0.04 -0.01 5.76

1950 5.41 0.50 7 ( ) 5.91 8(s) 5.91 0.49 0.36 0.85 0.30 0.55 0.05 -0.06 6.46

1951 6.16 0.56 7 ( ) 6.72 80.01 6.73 0.49 0.35 0.84 0.42 0.42 0.03 0.10 7.02

1952 6.26 0.61 7 ( ) 6.87 80.01 6.88 0.57 0.38 0.95 0.43 0.52 0.02 0.11 7.27

1953 6.46 0.65 7 ( ) 7.11 80.02 7.13 0.65 0.39 1.03 0.40 0.63 0.02 0.14 7.60

1954 6.34 0.69 7 ( ) 7.03 80.02 7.06 0.66 0.40 1.05 0.36 0.70 0.03 -0.03 7.76

1955 6.81 0.77 7 ( ) 7.58 80.04 7.61 0.78 0.47 1.25 0.37 0.88 0.04 (s) 8.46

1956 7.15 0.80 7 ( ) 7.95 80.04 8.00 0.93 0.50 1.44 0.43 1.01 0.05 0.18 8.78

1957 7.17 0.81 7 ( ) 7.98 80.04 8.02 1.02 0.55 1.57 0.57 1.01 0.05 0.17 8.81

1958 6.71 0.81 7 ( ) 7.52 80.06 7.58 0.95 0.75 1.70 0.28 1.42 0.03 -0.14 9.12

1959 7.05 0.88 7 ( ) 7.93 80.09 8.02 0.97 0.81 1.78 0.21 1.57 0.01 0.05 9.53

1960 7.04 0.93 7 ( ) 7.96 80.15 8.11 1.02 0.80 1.81 0.20 1.61 0.01 -0.08 9.80

1961 7.18 0.99 7 ( ) 8.17 80.18 8.35 1.05 0.87 1.92 0.17 1.74 0.01 0.11 9.98

1962 7.33 1.02 7 ( ) 8.35 80.18 8.53 1.13 0.96 2.08 0.17 1.91 0.01 0.03 10.40

1963 7.54 1.10 7 ( ) 8.64 80.20 8.84 1.13 0.99 2.12 0.21 1.91 0.01 (s) 10.74

1964 7.61 1.15 7 ( ) 8.77 80.22 8.99 1.20 1.06 2.26 0.20 2.06 0.01 0.01 11.02

1965 7.80 1.21 7 ( ) 9.01 80.22 9.23 1.24 1.23 2.47 0.19 2.28 0.01 -0.01 11.51

1966 8.30 1.28 7 ( ) 9.58 80.25 9.82 1.22 1.35 2.57 0.20 2.37 0.01 0.10 12.08

1967 8.81 1.41 7 ( ) 10.22 80.29 10.51 1.13 1.41 2.54 0.31 2.23 0.01 0.17 12.56

1968 9.10 1.50 7 ( ) 10.60 80.35 10.95 1.29 1.55 2.84 0.23 2.61 0.01 0.15 13.39

1969 9.24 1.59 7 ( ) 10.83 80.34 11.17 1.41 1.76 3.17 0.23 2.93 0.01 -0.05 14.14

1970 9.64 1.66 7 ( ) 11.30 80.35 11.65 1.32 2.10 3.42 0.26 3.16 0.01 0.10 14.70

1971 9.46 1.69 7 ( ) 11.16 80.44 11.59 1.68 2.25 3.93 0.22 3.70 0.01 0.07 15.21

1972 9.44 1.74 7 ( ) 11.18 80.44 11.63 2.22 2.53 4.74 0.22 4.52 0.01 -0.23 16.37

1973 9.21 1.74 0.03 10.98 0.46 11.43 3.24 3.01 6.26 0.23 6.02 0.01 0.14 17.31

1974 8.77 1.69 0.04 10.50 0.46 10.95 3.48 2.64 6.11 0.22 5.89 0.01 0.18 16.65

1975 8.37 1.63 0.04 10.05 0.48 10.52 4.10 1.95 6.06 0.21 5.85 0.01 0.03 16.32

1976 8.13 1.60 0.04 9.77 0.55 10.33 5.29 2.03 7.31 0.22 7.09 0.01 -0.06 17.46

1977 8.24 1.62 0.05 9.91 0.52 10.43 6.61 2.19 8.81 0.24 8.56 0.02 0.55 18.43

1978 8.71 1.57 0.05 10.33 0.44 10.77 6.36 2.01 8.36 0.36 8.00 0.02 -0.09 18.85

1979 8.55 1.58 0.04 10.18 0.52 10.70 6.52 1.94 8.46 0.47 7.99 0.02 0.17 18.51

1980 8.60 1.57 0.04 10.21 0.63 10.85 5.26 1.65 6.91 0.54 6.36 0.01 0.14 17.06

1981 8.57 1.61 0.05 10.23 0.59 10.82 4.40 1.60 6.00 0.59 5.40 (s) 0.16 16.06

1982 8.65 1.55 0.05 10.25 0.60 10.85 3.49 1.63 5.11 0.82 4.30 (s) -0.15 15.30

1983 8.69 1.56 0.05 10.30 0.60 10.90 3.33 1.72 5.05 0.74 4.31 (s) -0.02 15.23

1984 8.88 1.63 0.05 10.55 0.74 11.29 3.43 2.01 5.44 0.72 4.72 (s) 0.28 15.73

1985 8.97 1.61 0.06 10.64 0.70 11.34 3.20 1.87 5.07 0.78 4.29 (s) -0.10 15.73

1986 8.68 1.55 0.06 10.29 0.76 11.04 4.18 2.05 6.22 0.78 5.44 (s) 0.20 16.28

1987 8.35 1.60 0.06 10.01 0.78 10.79 4.67 2.00 6.68 0.76 5.91 (s) 0.04 16.67

1988 8.14 1.62 0.05 9.82 0.85 10.67 5.11 2.30 7.40 0.82 6.59 (s) -0.03 17.28

1989 7.61 1.55 0.06 9.22 0.86 10.08 5.84 2.22 8.06 0.86 7.20 (s) -0.04 17.33

1990 7.36 1.56 0.08 8.99 0.94 9.94 5.89 2.12 8.02 0.86 7.16 (s) 0.11 16.99

1991 7.42 1.66 0.09 9.17 0.91 10.08 5.78 1.84 7.63 1.00 6.63 (s) -0.01 16.71

1992 7.17 1.70 0.13 9.00 1.03 10.03 6.08 1.80 7.89 0.95 6.94 (s) -0.07 17.03

1993 6.85 1.74 0.25 8.84 0.93 9.77 6.79 1.83 8.62 1.00 7.62 (s) 0.15 17.24

1994 6.66 1.73 0.26 8.64 1.03 9.68 7.06 1.93 9.00 0.94 8.05 (s) 0.02 17.72

1995 6.56 1.76 0.30 8.63 0.97 9.59 7.23 1.61 8.83 0.95 7.89 (s) -0.25 17.72

1996 6.46 1.83 0.31 8.61 1.05 9.66 7.51 1.97 9.48 0.98 8.50 (s) -0.15 18.31

1997 6.45 1.82 0.34 8.61 0.99 9.61 8.23 1.94 10.16 1.00 9.16 0.00 0.14 18.62

1998 6.25 1.76 0.38 8.39 1.00 9.39 8.71 2.00 10.71 0.94 9.76 (s) 0.24 18.92

1999 R5.88 R1.85 0.38 8.11 1.08 9.18 R8.73 R2.12 R10.85 0.94 R9.91 (s) R-0.42 R19.52

2000P 5.83 1.91 0.39 8.13 1.25 9.39 8.93 2.16 11.09 1.04 10.05 0.00 -0.04 19.48

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 Other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, oxygenates (ethers and alcohols), gasoline blending components, and

finished petroleum products. 3 For 1973 forward, refinery processing gains and unaccounted-for crude oil. 4 Includes any imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 5 For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components and aviation gasoline blending

components. 6 A negative value indicates a net decrease in stocks; a positive value indicates a net increase in stocks.

 Distillate stocks in the "Northeast Heating Oil Reserve" (2 million barrels at the end of 2000) are not

included. 7 Included in "Other Domestic Supply."

8 Includes "Other Liquids."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day and greater than -0.005 million

barrels per day.

Notes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, see Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section. 

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports.

• 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
124 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Source: Table 5.2.

Figure 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-2000

Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.

Average Productivity

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

4

8

12

16

20

Barrels per Day per Well

By Geographic Location

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

By Site

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

2

4

6

8

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

Number of Producing Wells

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Thousand Wells

Total

Alaska

Lower 48 States

Total

Offshore

Onshore

Lower 48 and Alaska

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Lower 48

Alaska

Peak: 18.6 in 1972

1985: 647

thousand wells

2000: 534

 thousand wells

10.9 in 2000
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 125

Table 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-2000

 (Thousand Barrels per Day, Except as Noted)

Year

Geographic Location Site Type

Total

Production

Oil Well Productivity

Lower 48 Alaska Onshore Offshore Crude Oil

Lease

Condensate

Producing

Wells 1

(thousands)

Average

Productivity 2

(barrels per

day per well)

1954 6,342 0 6,209 133 6,342 3 ( ) 6,342 511 R12.4

1955 6,807 0 6,645 162 6,807 3 ( ) 6,807 524 R13.0

1956 7,151 0 6,951 201 7,151 3 ( ) 7,151 551 R13.0

1957 7,170 0 6,940 229 7,170 3 ( ) 7,170 569 R12.6

1958 6,710 0 6,473 236 6,710 3 ( ) 6,710 575 11.7

1959 7,053 1 6,779 274 7,054 3 ( ) 7,054 583 R12.1

1960 7,034 2 6,716 319 7,035 3 ( ) 7,035 591 R11.9

1961 7,166 17 6,817 365 7,183 3 ( ) 7,183 595 12.1

1962 7,304 28 6,888 444 7,332 3 ( ) 7,332 596 12.3

1963 7,512 29 7,026 515 7,542 3 ( ) 7,542 589 R12.8

1964 7,584 30 7,027 587 7,614 3 ( ) 7,614 588 12.9

1965 7,774 30 7,140 665 7,804 3 ( ) 7,804 589 R13.2

1966 8,256 39 7,473 823 8,295 3 ( ) 8,295 583 14.2

1967 8,730 80 7,802 1,009 8,810 3 ( ) 8,810 565 R15.6

1968 8,915 181 7,808 1,287 8,660 436 9,096 554 R16.4

1969 9,035 203 7,797 1,441 8,778 460 9,238 542 R17.0

1970 9,408 229 8,060 1,577 9,180 457 9,637 531 R18.1

1971 9,245 218 7,779 1,684 9,032 431 9,463 517 R18.3

1972 9,242 199 7,780 1,660 8,998 443 9,441 508 R18.6

1973 9,010 198 7,592 1,616 8,784 424 9,208 497 R18.5

1974 8,581 193 7,285 1,489 8,375 399 8,774 498 17.6

1975 8,183 191 7,012 1,362 8,007 367 8,375 500 16.8

1976 7,958 173 6,868 1,264 7,776 356 8,132 499 16.3

1977 7,781 464 7,069 1,176 7,875 370 8,245 507 R16.3

1978 7,478 1,229 7,571 1,136 8,353 355 8,707 517 R16.8

1979 7,151 1,401 7,485 1,067 8,181 371 8,552 531 R16.1

1980 6,980 1,617 7,562 1,034 8,210 386 8,597 548 R15.7

1981 6,962 1,609 7,537 1,034 8,176 395 8,572 557 15.4

1982 6,953 1,696 7,538 1,110 8,261 387 8,649 580 14.9

1983 6,974 1,714 7,492 1,196 8,688 3 ( ) 8,688 603 14.4

1984 7,157 1,722 7,596 1,283 8,879 3 ( ) 8,879 621 14.3

1985 7,146 1,825 7,722 1,250 8,971 3 ( ) 8,971 647 13.9

1986 6,814 1,867 7,426 1,254 8,680 3 ( ) 8,680 623 13.9

1987 6,387 1,962 7,153 1,196 8,349 3 ( ) 8,349 620 13.5

1988 6,123 2,017 6,949 1,191 8,140 3 ( ) 8,140 612 R13.3

1989 5,739 1,874 6,486 1,127 7,613 3 ( ) 7,613 603 12.6

1990 5,582 1,773 6,273 1,082 7,355 3 ( ) 7,355 602 12.2

1991 5,618 1,798 6,245 1,172 7,417 3 ( ) 7,417 614 12.1

1992 5,457 1,714 5,953 1,218 7,171 3 ( ) 7,171 594 12.1

1993 5,264 1,582 5,606 1,241 6,847 3 ( ) 6,847 584 11.7

1994 5,103 1,559 5,291 1,370 6,662 3 ( ) 6,662 582 11.4

1995 5,076 1,484 5,035 1,525 6,560 3 ( ) 6,560 574 11.4

1996 5,071 1,393 4,902 1,562 6,465 3 ( ) 6,465 574 11.3

1997 5,156 1,296 4,803 1,648 6,452 3 ( ) 6,452 573 11.3

1998 5,077 1,175 4,560 1,692 6,252 3 ( ) 6,252 562 11.1

1999 R4,832 1,050 R4,132 R1,750 R5,881 3 ( ) R5,881 R546 R10.8

2000P 4,863 970 4,093 1,741 5,834 3 ( ) 5,834 534 10.9

1 As of December 31. 2 For 1954-1976, average productivity is based on the average number of producing wells. For 1977

forward, average productivity is based on the number of wells producing at end of year. 3 Included in crude oil.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Offshore: • 1954-1969—U.S. Geological Survey, Outer Continental Shelf Statistics, June

1979. • 1970-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual

reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports.

• 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001). Oil Well Productivity: • 1954-1975—Bureau

of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—EIA,

Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1994—Independent

Petroleum Association of America, The Oil Producing Industry in Your State. • 1995 forward—Gulf

Publishing Co., World Oil, February issue. All Other Data: • 1954-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports,

Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual

reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
126 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Liquefied petrolum gases.

2 Aviation gasoline and blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus, 

petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, wax, and miscellaneous 

products. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.3.

Figure 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type

By Product, 2000

Motor Gasoline Unfinished Oils Distillate Residual Motor Gasoline LPG1 Jet Fuel Asphalt and Other2 0

100

200

300

400

359

320

277 267

202

176

142

28

390

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Product, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Total, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Million Barrels per Day

Total

Crude

Oil Petroleum

 Products

Residual Fuel Oil

Distillate Fuel Oil

Motor

Gasoline

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Blending Components Road Oil
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 127

Table 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-2000

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 1

Petroleum Products

Total

Petroleum

Asphalt and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel 2

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 4

Motor

Gasoline

Blending

Components

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Other

Products Propane 5 Total 3 Total

1949 421 3 5 6 ( ) 0 0 0 0 206 10 0 224 645

1950 487 5 7 6 ( ) 0 0 (s) 7 ( ) 329 21 1 363 850

1951 491 7 5 6 () 0 0 1 7 ( ) 326 14 0 354 844

1952 573 7 7 6 () 0 0 5 7 ( ) 351 9 0 380 952

1953 648 7 9 6 () 0 0 1 7 ( ) 360 9 0 386 1,034

1954 656 9 9 6 () 0 0 3 7 ( ) 354 21 (s) 396 1,052

1955 782 9 12 6 ( ) 0 0 13 7 ( ) 417 15 0 466 1,248

1956 934 10 14 21 0 0 5 7 ( ) 445 7 (s) 502 1,436

1957 1,023 18 23 25 0 0 8 7 ( ) 475 3 (s) 552 1,574

1958 953 20 41 57 0 0 38 7 ( ) 499 92 (s) 747 1,700

1959 965 19 48 37 0 0 37 7 ( ) 610 63 (s) 814 1,780

1960 1,015 17 35 34 NA 4 27 7 ( ) 637 45 (s) 799 1,815

1961 1,045 18 48 28 NA 5 29 7 ( ) 666 69 8 872 1,917

1962 1,126 18 32 30 NA 6 38 7 ( ) 724 89 18 955 2,082

1963 1,131 17 25 41 NA 7 44 7 ( ) 747 87 24 992 2,123

1964 1,198 16 32 33 NA 11 29 7 ( ) 808 89 42 1,060 2,259

1965 1,238 17 36 81 NA 21 28 7 ( ) 946 92 10 1,229 2,468

1966 1,225 17 38 86 NA 29 43 7 ( ) 1,032 97 7 1,348 2,573

1967 1,128 18 51 89 11 27 42 7 ( ) 1,085 97 2 1,409 2,537

1968 1,291 17 132 105 15 32 59 7 ( ) 1,120 80 4 1,549 2,840

1969 1,409 13 139 125 14 35 62 7 ( ) 1,265 106 12 1,757 3,166

1970 1,324 17 147 144 26 52 67 7 ( ) 1,528 108 32 2,095 3,419

1971 1,681 20 153 180 32 70 59 7 ( ) 1,583 124 56 2,245 3,926

1972 2,216 25 182 194 43 89 68 7 ( ) 1,742 125 101 2,525 4,741

1973 3,244 23 392 212 71 132 134 7 ( ) 1,853 137 129 3,012 6,256

1974 3,477 31 289 163 59 123 204 7 ( ) 1,587 121 117 2,635 6,112

1975 4,105 14 155 133 60 112 184 7 ( ) 1,223 36 95 1,951 6,056

1976 5,287 11 146 76 68 130 131 7 ( ) 1,413 32 87 2,026 7,313

1977 6,615 4 250 75 86 161 217 7 ( ) 1,359 31 95 2,193 8,807

1978 6,356 2 173 86 57 123 190 7 ( ) 1,355 27 50 2,008 8,363

1979 6,519 4 193 78 88 217 181 7 ( ) 1,151 59 54 1,937 8,456

1980 5,263 4 142 80 69 216 140 7 ( ) 939 55 72 1,646 6,909

1981 4,396 4 173 38 70 244 157 24 800 112 48 1,599 5,996

1982 3,488 5 93 29 63 226 197 42 776 174 84 1,625 5,113

1983 3,329 7 174 29 44 190 247 47 699 234 94 1,722 5,051

1984 3,426 18 272 62 67 195 299 83 681 231 171 2,011 5,437

1985 3,201 35 200 39 67 187 381 67 510 318 130 1,866 5,067

1986 4,178 29 247 57 110 242 326 72 669 250 153 2,045 6,224

1987 4,674 36 255 67 88 190 384 60 565 299 146 2,004 6,678

1988 5,107 31 302 90 106 209 405 57 644 360 196 2,295 7,402

1989 5,843 31 306 106 111 181 369 66 629 348 183 2,217 8,061

1990 5,894 32 278 108 115 188 342 62 504 413 198 2,123 8,018

1991 5,782 28 205 67 91 147 297 36 453 413 198 1,844 7,627

1992 6,083 27 216 82 85 131 294 41 375 443 195 1,805 7,888

1993 6,787 32 184 100 103 160 247 27 373 491 219 1,833 8,620

1994 7,063 37 203 117 124 183 356 20 314 413 291 1,933 8,996

1995 7,230 36 193 106 102 146 265 48 187 349 276 1,605 8,835

1996 7,508 27 230 111 119 166 336 166 248 367 319 1,971 9,478

1997 8,225 32 228 91 113 169 309 200 194 353 360 1,936 10,162

1998 8,706 28 210 124 137 194 311 209 275 302 350 2,002 10,708

1999 R8,731 34 R250 R128 R122 R182 R382 R217 R237 R317 R375 R2,122 R10,852

2000P 8,932 28 277 142 128 176 359 202 267 320 390 2,161 11,093

1 Includes any imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 Prior to 1965, imports of kerosene-type jet fuel were included with kerosene, which is listed under

"Other Products." 3 Includes propylene. 4 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. After 1980, excludes motor gasoline blending components. 5 Aviation gasoline, aviation gasoline blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus,

petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, wax, and miscellaneous products. 6 Included in motor gasoline.

7 If applicable, included in motor gasoline.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes imports from U.S. possessions and territories. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports.

• 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
128 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.4.

Figure 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin

Selected OPEC Countries, 1960-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC, 1960-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Million Barrels per Day

Selected Non-OPEC Countries, 1960-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

Million Barrels per Day

Selected Countries, 2000

2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1.7

1.6 1.5

1.4

0.9

0.6

Million Barrels per Day

0.3 0.3

Saudi Arabia

Total

OPEC

Canada Mexico

 Colombia

Non-OPEC

Venezuela

Nigeria

Canada Saudi

Arabia

VenezuelaMexico Nigeria Iraq Norway Colombia

Iraq Norway
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 129

Table 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2000

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total

Imports

Imports From

Persian Gulf

Nations

as Share of

Total Imports

Imports From

OPEC

as Share of

Iraq Nigeria Total Imports

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

United

Kingdom

Total

Non-OPEC

Thousand Barrels per Day Percent

1960 NA 17 0 84 911 1,314 120 40 16 0 (s) 500 1,815 NA 72.4

1961 NA 20 0 73 879 1,286 190 28 40 0 1 631 1,917 NA 67.1

1962 NA 2 0 74 906 1,265 250 24 49 0 2 816 2,082 NA 60.8

1963 NA 1 0 108 900 1,283 265 23 48 0 3 839 2,123 NA 60.5

1964 NA 0 0 131 933 1,361 299 26 47 0 (s) 898 2,259 NA 60.2

1965 NA 16 15 158 994 1,476 323 42 48 0 (s) 992 2,468 NA 59.8

1966 NA 26 11 147 1,018 1,471 384 40 45 0 6 1,102 2,573 NA 57.2

1967 NA 5 5 92 938 1,259 450 32 49 0 11 1,278 2,537 NA 49.6

1968 NA 0 9 74 886 1,302 506 33 45 0 28 1,538 2,840 NA 45.9

1969 NA 0 49 65 875 1,336 608 43 43 0 20 1,830 3,166 NA 42.2

1970 NA 0 50 30 989 1,343 766 20 42 0 11 2,076 3,419 NA 39.3

1971 NA 11 102 128 1,020 1,673 857 9 27 0 10 2,253 3,926 NA 42.6

1972 471 4 251 190 959 2,063 1,108 5 21 0 9 2,678 4,741 9.9 43.5

1973 848 4 459 486 1,135 2,993 1,325 9 16 1 15 3,263 6,256 13.6 47.8

1974 1,039 0 713 461 979 3,280 1,070 5818 2,832 6,112 17.0 53.7

1975 1,165 2 762 715 702 3,601 846 9 71 17 14 2,454 6,056 19.2 59.5

1976 1,840 26 1,025 1,230 700 5,066 599 21 87 36 31 2,247 7,313 25.2 69.3

1977 2,448 74 1,143 1,380 690 6,193 517 17 179 50 126 2,614 8,807 27.8 70.3

1978 2,219 62 919 1,144 646 5,751 467 20 318 104 180 2,612 8,363 26.5 68.8

1979 2,069 88 1,080 1,356 690 5,637 538 18 439 75 202 2,819 8,456 24.5 66.7

1980 1,519 28 857 1,261 481 4,300 455 4 533 144 176 2,609 6,909 22.0 62.2

1981 1,219 (s) 620 1,129 406 3,323 447 1 522 119 375 2,672 5,996 20.3 55.4

1982 696 3 514 552 412 2,146 482 5 685 102 456 2,968 5,113 13.6 42.0

1983 442 10 302 337 422 1,862 547 10 826 66 382 3,189 5,051 8.8 36.9

1984 506 12 216 325 548 2,049 630 8 748 114 402 3,388 5,437 9.3 37.7

1985 311 46 293 168 605 1,830 770 23 816 32 310 3,237 5,067 6.1 36.1

1986 912 81 440 685 793 2,837 807 87 699 60 350 3,387 6,224 14.7 45.6

1987 1,077 83 535 751 804 3,060 848 148 655 80 352 3,617 6,678 16.1 45.8

1988 1,541 345 618 1,073 794 3,520 999 134 747 67 315 3,882 7,402 20.8 47.6

1989 1,861 449 815 1,224 873 4,140 931 172 767 138 215 3,921 8,061 23.1 51.4

1990 1,966 518 800 1,339 1,025 4,296 934 182 755 102 189 3,721 8,018 24.5 53.6

1991 1,845 0 703 1,802 1,035 4,092 1,033 163 807 82 138 3,535 7,627 24.2 53.7

1992 1,778 0 681 1,720 1,170 4,092 1,069 126 830 127 230 3,796 7,888 22.5 51.9

1993 1,782 0 740 1,414 1,300 4,273 1,181 171 919 142 350 4,347 8,620 20.7 49.6

1994 1,728 0 637 1,402 1,334 4,247 1,272 161 984 202 458 4,749 8,996 19.2 47.2

1995 1,573 0 627 1,344 1,480 4,002 1,332 219 1,068 273 383 4,833 8,835 17.8 45.3

1996 1,604 1 617 1,363 1,676 4,211 1,424 234 1,244 313 308 5,267 9,478 16.9 44.4

1997 1,755 89 698 1,407 1,773 4,569 1,563 271 1,385 309 226 5,593 10,162 17.3 45.0

1998 2,136 336 696 1,491 1,719 4,905 1,598 354 1,351 236 250 5,803 10,708 19.9 45.8

1999 R2,464 725 R657 R1,478 R1,493 R4,953 R1,539 468 R1,324 304 R365 R5,899 R10,852 R22.7 R45.6

2000P 2,468 613 887 1,566 1,519 5,136 1,686 332 1,359 332 330 5,957 11,093 22.3 46.3

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Ecuador withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992. Beginning in 1993, imports from Ecuador

appear under "Non-OPEC." Gabon withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1994. Beginning in 1995,

imports from Gabon appear under "Non-OPEC."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for the

crude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported from

refineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle East crude oil. • Data include any

imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, P.A.D.

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual

reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
130 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, motor gasoline blending components, 

pentanes plus, wax, and miscellaneous products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.5.

Total, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

300

600

900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Product, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total

Crude Oil

Products

Petroleum Coke

Distillate

Fuel

Oil

Residual

Fuel Oil

Coke Fuel Oil Gasoline Naphthas

Motor

Gasoline

Fuel Oil

By Product, 2000

Petroleum Distillate Motor Residual LPG1 Jet Fuel Lubricants Special Other2

0

70

140

210

280

350

319

173

144 139

78

32 26 20

61

Thousand Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 131

Table 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-2000

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 

Petroleum Products

Total

Petroleum

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Residual

Fuel Oil

Special

Naphthas

Other

Products Propane 3 Total 1 Total

1949 91 34 4 ( ) NA 4 35 108 7 0 35 NA 15 236 327

1950 95 35 4 ( ) NA 4 39 68 7 0 44 NA 12 210 305

1951 78 62 4 ( ) NA 6 48 110 12 0 79 NA 27 344 422

1952 73 92 4 ( ) NA 7 44 99 11 0 76 NA 31 359 432

1953 55 89 1 NA 8 36 104 10 0 71 NA 28 347 402

1954 37 66 (s) NA 11 41 94 9 0 73 NA 23 318 355

1955 32 67 (s) NA 12 39 95 12 0 93 NA 18 336 368

1956 78 94 1 NA 12 38 97 18 0 76 NA 16 352 430

1957 138 131 (s) NA 12 38 106 14 0 106 NA 23 430 568

1958 12 52 1 NA 8 36 75 12 0 71 NA 10 264 276

1959 7 35 1 NA 6 38 46 13 0 57 NA 8 204 211

1960 8 27 (s) NA 8 43 37 19 0 51 NA 9 193 202

1961 9 19 (s) NA 10 47 25 20 0 38 NA 7 165 174

1962 5 23 (s) NA 11 48 18 20 0 35 NA 8 163 168

1963 5 41 1 NA 13 50 19 29 0 42 NA 8 203 208

1964 4 15 (s) NA 15 50 2 37 0 52 5 23 198 202

1965 3 10 3 NA 21 45 2 32 5 41 4 20 184 187

1966 4 12 5 NA 22 47 1 40 7 35 6 19 194 198

1967 73 12 6 5 25 51 2 45 8 60 5 20 234 307

1968 5 4 6 7 29 49 1 53 8 55 7 15 226 231

1969 4 3 5 7 35 45 2 63 11 46 6 13 229 233

1970 14 2 6 6 27 44 2 84 10 54 4 10 245 259

1971 1 8 4 13 26 43 5 74 14 36 4 9 223 224

1972 1 3 3 18 31 41 1 85 13 33 4 8 222 222

1973 2 9 4 15 27 35 4 96 19 23 5 8 229 231

1974 3 2 3 14 25 33 2 113 15 14 4 7 218 221

1975 6 1 2 13 26 25 2 102 22 15 3 6 204 209

1976 8 1 2 13 25 26 3 103 30 12 7 6 215 223

1977 50 1 2 10 18 26 2 102 24 6 4 7 193 243

1978 158 3 1 9 20 27 1 111 23 13 2 2 204 362

1979 235 3 1 8 15 23 (s) 146 31 9 5 3 236 471

1980 287 3 1 10 21 23 1 136 29 33 5 4 258 544

1981 228 5 2 18 42 19 2 138 26 118 11 4 367 595

1982 236 74 6 31 65 16 20 156 24 209 5 4 579 815

1983 164 64 6 43 73 16 10 195 20 185 3 3 575 739

1984 181 51 9 30 48 15 6 193 21 190 2 6 541 722

1985 204 67 13 48 62 15 10 187 19 197 1 4 577 781

1986 154 100 18 28 42 23 33 238 22 147 1 8 631 785

1987 151 66 24 24 38 23 35 213 20 186 2 7 613 764

1988 155 69 28 31 49 26 22 231 23 200 7 6 661 815

1989 142 97 27 24 35 19 39 233 26 215 12 15 717 859

1990 109 109 43 28 40 20 55 220 26 211 11 13 748 857

1991 116 215 43 28 41 18 82 235 0 226 15 9 885 1,001

1992 89 219 43 33 49 16 96 216 0 193 14 16 861 950

1993 98 274 59 26 43 19 105 258 0 123 4 20 904 1,003

1994 99 234 20 24 38 22 97 261 0 125 20 26 843 942

1995 95 183 26 38 58 25 104 277 0 136 21 25 855 949

1996 110 190 48 28 51 34 104 285 0 102 21 36 871 981

1997 108 152 35 32 50 31 137 306 0 120 22 44 896 1,003

1998 110 124 26 25 42 25 125 267 0 138 18 70 835 945

1999 118 162 32 33 R53 28 111 242 0 129 16 R49 822 940

2000P 50 173 32 53 78 26 144 319 0 139 20 61 990 1,040

1 Includes propylene. 2 Includes aviation gasoline for the years 1949-1963. 3 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes

plus, wax, and miscellaneous products. 4 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes exports to U.S. possessions and territories. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports.

• 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
132 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.6.

By Selected Country, 2000

Mexico Canada Japan Netherlands Spain Italy Brazil South Belgium France United

0

100

200

300

400

358

110

90

42 40 34 28 20 14 10 10 10

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Selected Country, 1960-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

100

200

300

400

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total Exports and Exports to Canada and Mexico, 1960-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

300

600

900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day

Total Exports

Exports to

Canada and Mexico Canada

Japan

Mexico

Virgin Is. and

Puerto Rico

Korea Kingdom

Netherlands

and

Luxembourg
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 133

Table 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-2000

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Belgium

and

Luxembourg Brazil Canada France Italy Japan Mexico

NetherlandsSouth

Korea Spain

United

Kingdom

U.S. Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico Other Total

1960 3 4 34 4 6 62 18 6 NA NA 12 1 52 202

1961 4 4 23 4 5 59 12 4 NA NA 10 1 48 174

1962 3 5 21 3 5 54 14 5 NA NA 8 1 50 168

1963 9 4 22 4 8 58 19 13 NA NA 11 1 59 208

1964 4 4 27 4 8 56 24 9 NA NA 10 2 55 202

1965 3 3 26 3 7 40 27 10 NA NA 12 1 54 187

1966 3 4 32 4 7 36 39 9 NA NA 12 3 49 198

1967 5 6 50 3 9 51 36 13 NA NA 62 7 65 307

1968 4 8 39 4 8 56 31 10 NA NA 14 2 55 231

1969 4 7 44 4 9 47 33 9 NA NA 13 2 59 233

1970 5 7 31 5 10 69 33 15 NA NA 12 2 71 259

1971 7 9 26 5 8 39 42 11 NA NA 9 3 67 224

1972 13 9 26 5 9 32 41 12 NA 4 10 4 59 222

1973 15 8 31 5 9 34 44 13 NA 4 9 3 56 231

1974 13 9 32 4 9 38 35 17 NA 4 6 6 48 221

1975 9 6 22 6 10 27 42 23 NA 4 7 12 40 209

1976 12 7 28 6 10 25 35 22 NA 4 13 22 39 223

1977 16 6 71 9 10 25 24 17 NA 5 9 11 39 243

1978 15 8 108 9 10 26 27 18 NA 5 7 86 42 362

1979 19 7 100 13 15 34 21 28 2 9 7 170 45 471

1980 20 4 108 11 14 32 28 23 2 8 7 220 70 544

1981 12 1 89 15 22 38 26 42 10 18 5 220 97 595

1982 17 8 85 24 32 68 53 85 28 24 14 212 165 815

1983 22 2 76 23 35 104 24 49 15 34 8 144 202 739

1984 21 1 83 18 39 92 35 37 17 29 14 152 182 722

1985 26 3 74 11 30 108 61 44 27 28 14 162 193 781

1986 30 3 85 11 39 110 56 58 12 39 8 113 222 785

1987 17 2 83 12 42 120 70 39 25 31 6 136 179 764

1988 25 3 84 12 29 124 70 26 24 36 9 147 226 815

1989 23 5 92 11 37 122 89 36 17 28 9 141 249 859

1990 20 2 91 17 48 92 89 54 60 33 11 101 240 857

1991 22 13 70 27 55 95 99 72 66 23 13 117 330 1,001

1992 22 20 64 9 38 100 124 52 80 21 12 95 315 950

1993 21 16 72 8 34 105 110 45 74 30 10 108 370 1,003

1994 26 15 78 11 35 74 124 30 66 30 10 104 338 942

1995 21 16 73 11 46 76 125 33 57 38 14 123 317 949

1996 27 29 94 18 32 102 143 43 60 34 9 72 318 981

1997 21 15 119 11 30 95 207 41 50 42 12 18 340 1,003

1998 14 18 148 8 30 64 235 33 33 30 11 4 317 945

1999 11 27 119 7 25 84 261 38 49 26 9 8 276 940

2000P 14 28 110 10 34 90 358 42 20 40 10 10 277 1,040

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports.

• 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
134 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.7.

Total Net Imports as Share of Consumption

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Million Barrels per Day

Total

OPEC

Non-OPEC

By Selected Country

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

Million Barrels per Day

Venezuela

Saudi Arabia

Canada

Net Imports from OPEC

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Share of

 Total Net Imports

Share of

Consumption

1985: 27.3%

2000: 51.6% 2000:

50.9%

2000:

26.3%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 135

Table 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2000

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total

Net

Imports

Total Net

Imports as

Share of 

Consumption 3

Net Imports From OPEC

Algeria Nigeria

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

U.S. Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico

Total

Non-OPEC

Share of

Total Net

Imports 4

Share of

Consumption 5

Thousand Barrels per Day Percent

1960 NA NA 0 84 910 1,311 86 -2 -12 34 302 1,613 16.5 81.3 13.4

1961 NA NA 0 73 878 1,283 167 27 -10 42 460 1,743 17.5 73.6 12.9

1962 NA NA 0 74 905 1,210 229 35 -6 40 703 1,913 18.4 63.3 11.6

1963 NA NA 0 108 899 1,282 243 29 -7 43 632 1,915 17.8 67.0 11.9

1964 NA NA 0 131 932 1,359 272 23 -9 45 698 2,057 18.7 66.1 12.3

1965 NA NA 15 158 994 1,475 297 21 -11 45 806 2,281 19.8 64.7 12.8

1966 NA NA 11 147 1,018 1,470 352 6 -6 58 904 2,375 19.7 61.9 12.2

1967 NA NA 5 92 937 1,258 400 13 -51 89 972 2,230 17.8 56.4 10.0

1968 NA NA 9 74 886 1,302 468 15 13 143 1,307 2,609 19.5 49.9 9.7

1969 NA NA 49 65 875 1,336 564 10 7 186 1,598 2,933 20.8 45.5 9.5

1970 NA NA 50 30 989 1,343 736 9 -1 270 1,817 3,161 21.5 42.5 9.1

1971 NA NA 102 128 1,019 1,671 831 -14 1 365 2,030 3,701 24.3 45.2 11.0

1972 NA NA 251 189 959 2,061 1,082 -20 -1 428 2,458 4,519 27.6 45.6 12.6

1973 NA NA 459 485 1,134 2,991 1,294 -28 6 426 3,034 6,025 34.8 49.6 17.3

1974 NA NA 713 461 978 3,277 1,038 -27 1 475 2,615 5,892 35.4 55.6 19.7

1975 NA NA 762 714 702 3,599 824 29 7 484 2,248 5,846 35.8 61.6 22.1

1976 NA NA 1,025 1,229 699 5,063 571 53 19 488 2,027 7,090 40.6 71.4 29.0

1977 NA NA 1,143 1,379 689 6,190 446 155 117 560 2,375 8,565 46.5 72.3 33.6

1978 NA NA 919 1,142 644 5,747 359 291 173 436 2,255 8,002 42.5 71.8 30.5

1979 NA NA 1,080 1,354 688 5,633 438 418 196 353 2,352 7,985 43.1 70.5 30.4

1980 NA NA 857 1,259 478 4,293 347 506 169 256 2,071 6,365 37.3 67.5 25.2

1981 1,215 311 620 1,128 403 3,315 358 497 370 169 2,086 5,401 33.6 61.4 20.6

1982 692 170 512 551 409 2,136 397 632 442 154 2,163 4,298 28.1 49.7 14.0

1983 439 240 299 336 420 1,843 471 802 374 178 2,469 4,312 28.3 42.7 12.1

1984 502 323 215 324 544 2,037 547 714 388 184 2,679 4,715 30.0 43.2 13.0

1985 309 187 293 167 602 1,821 696 755 295 114 2,465 4,286 27.3 42.5 11.6

1986 909 271 440 685 788 2,828 721 642 342 152 2,611 5,439 33.4 52.0 17.4

1987 1,074 295 535 751 801 3,055 765 585 346 158 2,859 5,914 35.5 51.7 18.3

1988 1,529 300 618 1,064 790 3,513 916 677 306 117 3,074 6,587 38.1 53.3 20.3

1989 1,858 269 815 1,224 861 4,124 839 678 206 212 3,078 7,202 41.6 57.3 23.8

1990 1,962 280 800 1,339 1,016 4,285 843 666 179 213 2,876 7,161 42.2 59.8 25.2

1991 1,833 253 703 1,796 1,020 4,065 963 707 125 153 2,561 6,626 39.6 61.3 24.3

1992 1,773 196 680 1,720 1,161 4,071 1,005 706 219 180 2,867 6,938 40.7 58.7 23.9

1993 1,774 219 736 1,413 1,296 4,253 1,109 809 340 175 3,365 7,618 44.2 55.8 24.7

1994 1,723 243 637 1,402 1,322 4,233 1,194 860 448 246 3,822 8,054 45.5 52.6 23.9

1995 1,563 234 626 1,343 1,468 3,980 1,260 943 369 170 3,906 7,886 44.5 50.5 22.5

1996 1,596 256 616 1,362 1,667 4,193 1,330 1,101 299 262 4,305 8,498 46.4 49.3 22.9

1997 1,747 285 693 1,407 1,758 4,542 1,444 1,178 214 298 4,616 9,158 49.2 49.6 24.4

1998 2,132 290 693 1,491 1,700 4,880 1,451 1,116 239 305 4,884 9,764 51.6 50.0 25.8

1999 R2,459 R259 R655 R1,478 R1,480 R4,934 R1,421 R1,063 R356 R284 R4,978 R9,912 R50.8 R49.8 R25.3

2000P 2,463 215 887 1,565 1,503 5,115 1,575 1,001 320 293 4,938 10,053 51.6 50.9 26.3

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Calculated by dividing total net petroleum imports by total U.S. petroleum products supplied

(consumption). 4 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total net petroleum imports. 5 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total U.S. petroleum product

supplied (consumption).

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for the

crude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported from

refineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle East crude oil. • Net imports are imports

minus exports; negative numbers indicate that exports exceed imports. • Data include any imports for the

Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, P.A.D.

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual

reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
136 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Source: Table 5.8.

Figure 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-2000 

1 Includes natural gas plant liquids and other liquids.

Input

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

4

8

12

16

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil

Other Liquids1

Output of Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

4

8

12

16

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Residual Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

Distillate Fuel Oil
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 137

Table 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-2000

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Input Output

Processing

Gain

Crude

Oil 

Natural Gas

Plant

Liquids

Other

Liquids 1

Total

Input

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Residual

Fuel Oil

Still

Gas

Other

Products 3

Total

Output

1949 5.33 0.23 0.03 5.59 0.16 0.93 4 ( ) 0.06 2.57 0.05 1.16 0.23 0.42 5.59 (s)

1950 5.74 0.26 0.02 6.02 0.18 1.09 4 ( ) 0.08 2.74 0.05 1.16 0.23 0.49 6.02 (s)

1951 6.49 0.27 0.03 6.80 0.20 1.30 4 ( ) 0.09 3.04 0.05 1.29 0.26 0.57 6.80 0.01

1952 6.67 0.28 0.01 6.97 0.21 1.42 0.06 0.08 3.12 0.05 1.24 0.26 0.54 6.97 0.01

1953 7.00 0.30 (s) 7.31 0.22 1.45 0.10 0.09 3.38 0.06 1.23 0.28 0.52 7.33 0.02

1954 6.96 0.32 0.02 7.30 0.23 1.49 0.13 0.09 3.38 0.07 1.14 0.28 0.53 7.32 0.02

1955 7.48 0.34 0.03 7.86 0.25 1.65 0.16 0.12 3.65 0.08 1.15 0.32 0.52 7.89 0.03

1956 7.94 0.37 0.01 8.32 0.27 1.82 0.18 0.14 3.82 0.08 1.17 0.33 0.55 8.36 0.04

1957 7.92 0.41 (s) 8.33 0.25 1.83 0.17 0.15 3.88 0.09 1.14 0.34 0.51 8.37 0.04

1958 7.64 0.37 0.09 8.11 0.26 1.73 0.20 0.16 3.87 0.10 1.00 0.35 0.51 8.17 0.06

1959 7.99 0.42 0.07 8.48 0.29 1.86 0.25 0.19 4.04 0.11 0.95 0.35 0.53 8.57 0.09

1960 8.07 0.45 0.06 8.58 0.29 1.82 0.24 0.21 4.13 0.16 0.91 0.35 0.62 8.73 0.15

1961 8.18 0.46 0.06 8.71 0.29 1.91 0.26 0.22 4.15 0.21 0.86 0.35 0.64 8.89 0.18

1962 8.41 0.50 0.08 8.99 0.32 1.97 0.28 0.21 4.30 0.22 0.81 0.36 0.69 9.16 0.18

1963 8.69 0.52 0.09 9.30 0.33 2.09 0.27 0.26 4.39 0.22 0.76 0.38 0.80 9.50 0.20

1964 8.81 0.58 0.07 9.46 0.33 2.03 0.29 0.29 4.37 0.23 0.73 0.38 1.03 9.68 0.22

1965 9.04 0.62 0.09 9.75 0.36 2.10 50.52 0.29 4.51 0.24 0.74 0.39 0.83 9.97 0.22

1966 9.44 0.65 0.09 10.18 0.37 2.15 0.59 0.29 4.77 0.24 0.72 0.40 0.89 10.43 0.25

1967 9.82 0.67 0.09 10.58 0.37 2.20 0.75 0.31 4.94 0.25 0.76 0.41 0.89 10.87 0.29

1968 10.31 0.71 0.08 11.10 0.39 2.29 0.86 0.32 5.20 0.26 0.75 0.44 0.91 11.42 0.32

1969 10.63 0.72 0.11 11.46 0.40 2.32 0.88 0.34 5.47 0.28 0.73 0.47 0.91 11.79 0.34

1970 10.87 0.76 0.12 11.75 0.43 2.45 0.83 0.35 5.70 0.30 0.71 0.48 0.88 12.11 0.36

1971 11.20 0.78 0.14 12.12 0.45 2.50 0.83 0.36 5.97 0.30 0.75 0.47 0.86 12.50 0.38

1972 11.70 0.83 0.17 12.69 0.45 2.63 0.85 0.36 6.28 0.33 0.80 0.51 0.89 13.08 0.39

1973 12.43 0.82 0.15 13.40 0.48 2.82 0.86 0.37 6.53 0.36 0.97 0.52 0.94 13.85 0.45

1974 12.13 0.75 0.14 13.02 0.47 2.67 0.84 0.34 6.36 0.34 1.07 0.52 0.90 13.50 0.48

1975 12.44 0.71 0.07 13.23 0.41 2.65 0.87 0.31 6.52 0.35 1.24 0.52 0.81 13.68 0.46

1976 13.42 0.73 0.06 14.20 0.39 2.92 0.92 0.34 6.84 0.36 1.38 0.54 0.99 14.68 0.48

1977 14.60 0.67 0.07 15.35 0.43 3.28 0.97 0.35 7.03 0.37 1.75 0.57 1.11 15.87 0.52

1978 14.74 0.64 0.09 15.47 0.48 3.17 0.97 0.35 7.17 0.37 1.67 0.60 1.19 15.97 0.50

1979 14.65 0.51 0.08 15.24 0.47 3.15 1.01 0.34 6.84 0.38 1.69 0.60 1.30 15.76 0.53

1980 13.48 0.46 0.08 14.02 0.39 2.66 1.00 0.33 6.49 0.37 1.58 0.58 1.22 14.62 0.60

1981 12.47 0.52 0.49 13.48 0.34 2.61 0.97 0.31 6.40 0.39 1.32 0.57 1.08 13.99 0.51

1982 11.77 0.52 0.57 12.86 0.33 2.61 0.98 0.27 6.34 0.41 1.07 0.55 0.84 13.39 0.53

1983 11.69 0.46 0.50 12.65 0.37 2.46 1.02 0.33 6.34 0.42 0.85 0.55 0.80 13.14 0.49

1984 12.04 0.50 0.58 13.13 0.39 2.68 1.13 0.36 6.45 0.44 0.89 0.56 0.78 13.68 0.55

1985 12.00 0.51 0.68 13.19 0.40 2.69 1.19 0.39 6.42 0.45 0.88 0.58 0.74 13.75 0.56

1986 12.72 0.48 0.71 13.91 0.41 2.80 1.29 0.42 6.75 0.51 0.89 0.64 0.82 14.52 0.62

1987 12.85 0.47 0.67 13.99 0.43 2.73 1.34 0.45 6.84 0.51 0.89 0.64 0.79 14.63 0.64

1988 13.25 0.51 0.61 14.37 0.44 2.86 1.37 0.50 6.96 0.54 0.93 0.67 0.76 15.02 0.66

1989 13.40 0.50 0.61 14.51 0.42 2.90 1.40 0.55 6.96 0.54 0.95 0.68 0.75 15.17 0.66

1990 13.41 0.47 0.71 14.59 0.45 2.92 1.49 0.50 6.96 0.55 0.95 0.67 0.78 15.27 0.68

1991 13.30 0.47 0.77 14.54 0.43 2.96 1.44 0.54 6.98 0.57 0.93 0.65 0.76 15.26 0.71

1992 13.41 0.47 0.75 14.63 0.42 2.97 1.40 0.61 7.06 0.60 0.89 0.66 0.80 15.40 0.77

1993 13.61 0.49 0.92 15.02 0.45 3.13 1.42 0.59 7.30 0.62 0.84 0.65 0.78 15.79 0.77

1994 13.87 0.47 0.69 15.02 0.45 3.20 1.45 0.61 7.18 0.62 0.83 0.66 0.79 15.79 0.77

1995 13.97 0.47 0.78 15.22 0.47 3.16 1.42 0.65 7.46 0.63 0.79 0.65 0.78 15.99 0.77

1996 14.19 0.45 0.84 15.49 0.46 3.32 1.52 0.66 7.56 0.66 0.73 0.65 0.76 16.32 0.84

1997 14.66 0.42 0.83 15.91 0.48 3.39 1.55 0.69 7.74 0.69 0.71 0.66 0.84 16.76 0.85

1998 14.89 0.40 0.85 16.14 0.50 3.42 1.53 0.67 7.89 0.71 0.76 0.66 0.89 17.03 0.89

1999 R14.80 0.37 0.93 R16.10 0.50 R3.40 1.57 R0.68 R7.93 0.71 0.70 0.66 R0.83 R16.99 R0.89

2000P 15.08 0.37 0.85 16.30 0.53 3.58 1.61 0.70 7.95 0.73 0.71 0.66 0.80 17.25 0.95

1 Prior to 1981, included unfinished oils (net), hydrogen, and hydrocarbons not included elsewhere;

1981 forward, included unfinished oils (net), motor gasoline blending components (net), aviation gasoline

blending components (net), hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. See Note 1 at end of section. 2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks (excluding still gas), lubricants, wax, and miscellaneous products.

 Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. 4 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

5 Prior to 1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports.

• 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
138 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-2000

Source: Table 5.9.

Utilization

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

20

40

60

80

100

Million Barrels per Day

Number of Operable Refineries

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

100

200

300

400

Million Barrels per Day

Unused Capacity

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

Gross Input to Distillation Units

68.6 in1981

92.6 in 2000

324 in 1981

Capacity

Unused

Capacity

158 in 2000
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 139

Table 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-2000

Year

Operable Refineries

Gross Input to

Distillation Units 3

(million barrels per day)

Utilization 4

Number (percent) 1

Capacity 2

(million barrels per day)

1949 336 6.23 5.56 89.2

1950 320 6.22 5.98 92.5

1951 325 6.70 6.76 97.5

1952 327 7.16 6.93 93.8

1953 315 7.62 7.26 93.1

1954 308 7.98 7.27 88.8

1955 296 8.39 7.82 92.2

1956 317 8.58 8.25 93.5

1957 317 9.07 8.22 89.2

1958 315 9.36 8.02 83.9

1959 313 9.76 8.36 85.2

1960 309 9.84 8.44 85.1

1961 309 10.00 8.57 85.7

1962 309 10.01 8.83 88.2

1963 304 10.01 9.14 90.0

1964 298 10.31 9.28 89.6

1965 293 10.42 9.56 91.8

1966 280 10.39 9.99 94.9

1967 276 10.66 10.39 94.4

1968 282 11.35 10.89 94.5

1969 279 11.70 11.25 94.8

1970 276 12.02 11.52 92.6

1971 272 12.86 11.88 90.9

1972 274 13.29 12.43 92.3

1973 268 13.64 13.15 93.9

1974 273 14.36 12.69 86.6

1975 279 14.96 12.90 85.5

1976 276 15.24 13.88 87.8

1977 282 16.40 14.98 89.6

1978 296 17.05 15.07 87.4

1979 308 17.44 14.96 84.4

1980 319 17.99 13.80 75.4

1981 324 18.62 12.75 68.6

1982 301 17.89 12.17 69.9

1983 258 16.86 11.95 71.7

1984 247 16.14 12.22 76.2

1985 223 15.66 12.17 77.6

1986 216 15.46 12.83 82.9

1987 219 15.57 13.00 83.1

1988 213 15.92 13.45 84.7

1989 204 15.65 13.55 86.6

1990 205 15.57 13.61 87.1

1991 202 15.68 13.51 86.0

1992 199 15.70 13.60 87.9

1993 187 15.12 13.85 91.5

1994 179 15.03 14.03 92.6

1995 175 15.43 14.12 92.0

1996 170 15.33 14.34 94.1

1997 164 15.45 14.84 95.2

1998 163 15.71 15.11 95.6

1999 159 16.26 R15.08 R92.6

2000P 158 16.51 15.31 92.6

1 Prior to 1956, the number of refineries included only those in operation on January 1. For 1957

forward, the number of refineries has included all operable refineries on January 1. See Glossary. 2 Capacity in million barrels per calendar day on January 1. 3 See Note 4 at end of section. 4 For 1949-1980, utilization is derived by dividing gross input to distillation units by one-half of the

current year January 1 capacity and the following year January 1 capacity. Percentages were derived from

unrounded numbers. For 1981 forward, utilization is derived by averaging reported monthly utilization.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Operable Refineries: • 1949-1961—Bureau of Mines Information Circular, "Petroleum

Refineries, Including Cracking Plants in the United States." • 1962-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual, annual reports. • 1978-1981—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Refineries in the United States. • 1982-1999—EIA,

Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (January 2000). Gross

Input to Distillation Units: • 1949-1966—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Natural Gas Liquids"

and "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products" chapters. • 1967-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual, annual reports. • 1978-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports,

Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territories. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply

Annual, annual reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (January-December 2000 issues).

Utilization: • 1949-1980—Calculated. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports.

• 2000—EIA, Calculated.
140 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

1 Natural gas plant liquids. 

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.10.

By Selected Product, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Thousand Barrels per Day

NGPL1

LPG2

Propane Ethane

Isobutane

Normal Butane

Pentanes Plus

Plus butane Butane

Total, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

Thousand Barrels per Day

By Product, 2000

Ethane Propane Pentanes Iso- Normal

0

200

400

600

800

716

538

306

189 160

Thousand Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 141

Table 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-2000

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Finished

Petroleum

Products 1

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Pentanes

Plus Ethane 4 Total 2 Isobutane

Normal

Butane 3 Propane 2,3 Total

1949 53 8 11 61 74 155 223 430

1950 66 12 13 69 101 195 238 499

1951 73 15 15 77 125 232 256 561

1952 70 19 18 86 150 273 269 611

1953 71 17 19 97 169 301 282 654

1954 61 22 24 106 188 339 290 691

1955 68 34 30 120 205 390 313 771

1956 68 37 27 123 235 422 310 800

1957 63 33 30 132 239 434 311 808

1958 58 23 36 141 242 442 307 808

1959 54 46 43 159 265 514 312 879

1960 47 51 45 161 291 549 333 929

1961 43 61 53 164 315 593 355 991

1962 41 73 55 165 321 614 367 1,021

1963 47 78 61 175 358 672 380 1,098

1964 48 84 62 178 375 699 408 1,154

1965 41 92 67 185 390 734 434 1,210

1966 37 82 73 214 424 792 456 1,284

1967 29 101 80 232 482 895 486 1,409

1968 35 125 81 236 517 960 509 1,504

1969 27 173 74 248 543 1,037 526 1,590

1970 25 201 84 248 561 1,095 540 1,660

1971 25 221 88 249 586 1,144 523 1,693

1972 21 275 92 249 600 1,215 507 1,744

1973 16 296 92 249 587 1,225 497 1,738

1974 7 323 92 244 569 1,227 454 1,688

1975 7 337 90 237 552 1,217 409 1,633

1976 6 365 82 227 521 1,195 403 1,604

1977 5 397 81 223 513 1,214 399 1,618

1978 3 406 75 210 491 1,182 382 1,567

1979 26 400 104 212 500 1,216 342 1,584

1980 23 396 105 210 494 1,205 345 1,573

1981 18 397 117 224 519 1,256 334 1,609

1982 11 426 109 204 519 1,258 282 1,550

1983 12 456 100 217 541 1,314 233 1,559

1984 4 505 99 203 527 1,334 292 1,630

1985 14 493 127 171 521 1,313 282 1,609

1986 4 485 128 157 508 1,277 269 1,551

1987 4 499 141 157 503 1,300 291 1,595

1988 4 501 144 167 506 1,319 302 1,625

1989 5 ( ) 466 149 151 471 1,237 309 1,546

1990 5 ( ) 477 151 149 474 1,250 309 1,559

1991 5 ( ) 530 169 150 487 1,336 324 1,659

1992 5 ( ) 541 189 137 499 1,365 332 1,697

1993 5 ( ) 556 192 142 513 1,402 334 1,736

1994 5 ( ) 559 195 136 510 1,400 326 1,727

1995 5 ( ) 573 185 151 519 1,428 335 1,762

1996 5 ( ) 627 192 150 525 1,494 336 1,830

1997 5 ( ) 637 191 144 528 1,499 318 1,817

1998 5 ( ) 607 181 148 513 1,450 309 1,759

1999 5 ( ) R675 R187 R155 R529 R1,547 R303 R1,850

2000P 5 ( ) 716 189 160 538 1,603 306 1,908

1 Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, special naphthas, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous products. 2 Reported production of ethane-propane mixtures has been allocated 70 percent ethane and 30

percent propane. 3 Reported production of butane-propane mixtures has been allocated 60 percent butane and 40

percent propane. 4 Prior to 1984, this category was reported separately as natural gasoline, isopentane, and plant

condensate. 5 Beginning in 1989, data on finished petroleum products production from natural gas processing plants

were no longer available.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1968—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1969-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement,

Annual, annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,

Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual

reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
142 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases. Source: Table 5.11.

Motor Gasoline's Share of Total Petroleum Products Supplied, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

By Product, 2000

Motor

Distillate

LPG1

Jet

Residual

Asphalt and

Other

0

2

4

6

8

10

8.4

3.7

2.2 1.7

0.8 0.5

2.2

Million Barrels per Day

By Selected Product, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

LPG1

43% in 2000

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Other

Products

LPG1 Asphalt

and

Road Oil
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 143

Table 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-2000

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Asphalt and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil Jet Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 2

Residual

Fuel Oil

Other

Products 3

Total

Products

Percentage

Change From

Previous Year Propane 1 Total 4

1949 0.16 0.90 5 ( ) NA 0.19 2.50 1.36 0.65 5.76 —

1950 0.18 1.08 5 ( ) NA 0.23 2.72 1.52 0.72 6.46 12.1

1951 0.20 1.23 5 ( ) NA 0.28 2.99 1.55 0.78 7.02 8.6

1952 0.21 1.30 0.05 NA 0.30 3.12 1.52 0.76 7.27 3.9

1953 0.22 1.34 0.09 NA 0.33 3.30 1.54 0.79 7.60 4.3

1954 0.23 1.44 0.13 NA 0.35 3.37 1.43 0.80 7.76 2.1

1955 0.25 1.59 0.15 NA 0.40 3.66 1.53 0.87 8.46 9.0

1956 0.27 1.68 0.20 NA 0.44 3.75 1.54 0.89 8.78 4.1

1957 0.26 1.69 0.20 NA 0.45 3.82 1.50 0.88 8.81 0.1

1958 0.28 1.79 0.26 NA 0.49 3.93 1.45 0.91 9.12 3.5

1959 0.30 1.81 0.29 NA 0.58 4.07 1.54 0.94 9.53 4.5

1960 0.30 1.87 0.28 NA 0.62 4.13 1.53 1.06 9.80 3.1

1961 0.31 1.90 0.29 NA 0.64 4.20 1.50 1.13 9.98 1.5

1962 0.33 2.01 0.31 NA 0.70 4.34 1.50 1.22 10.40 4.2

1963 0.34 2.05 0.32 NA 0.76 4.47 1.48 1.34 10.74 3.3

1964 0.35 2.05 0.32 NA 0.81 4.40 1.52 1.58 11.02 2.9

1965 0.37 2.13 0.60 NA 0.84 4.59 1.61 1.38 11.51 4.2

1966 0.39 2.18 0.67 NA 0.89 4.81 1.72 1.43 12.08 5.0

1967 0.38 2.24 0.82 0.62 0.94 4.96 1.79 1.43 12.56 3.9

1968 0.41 2.39 0.95 0.69 1.05 5.26 1.83 1.50 13.39 6.9

1969 0.42 2.47 0.99 0.78 1.22 5.53 1.98 1.54 14.14 5.3

1970 0.45 2.54 0.97 0.78 1.22 5.78 2.20 1.53 14.70 4.0

1971 0.46 2.66 1.01 0.79 1.25 6.01 2.30 1.52 15.21 3.5

1972 0.47 2.91 1.05 0.89 1.42 6.38 2.53 1.62 16.37 7.9

1973 0.52 3.09 1.06 0.87 1.45 6.67 2.82 1.69 17.31 5.5

1974 0.48 2.95 0.99 0.83 1.41 6.54 2.64 1.65 16.65 -3.8

1975 0.42 2.85 1.00 0.78 1.33 6.67 2.46 1.58 16.32 -2.0

1976 0.41 3.13 0.99 0.83 1.40 6.98 2.80 1.75 17.46 7.3

1977 0.44 3.35 1.04 0.82 1.42 7.18 3.07 1.94 18.43 5.3

1978 0.48 3.43 1.06 0.78 1.41 7.41 3.02 2.03 18.85 2.3

1979 0.48 3.31 1.08 0.85 1.59 7.03 2.83 2.20 18.51 -1.8

1980 0.40 2.87 1.07 0.75 1.47 6.58 2.51 2.17 17.06 -7.6

1981 0.34 2.83 1.01 0.77 1.47 6.59 2.09 1.74 16.06 -6.1

1982 0.34 2.67 1.01 0.80 1.50 6.54 1.72 1.51 15.30 -4.7

1983 0.37 2.69 1.05 0.75 1.51 6.62 1.42 1.57 15.23 -0.4

1984 0.41 2.84 1.18 0.83 1.57 6.69 1.37 1.66 15.73 3.5

1985 0.43 2.87 1.22 0.88 1.60 6.83 1.20 1.58 15.73 -0.3

1986 0.45 2.91 1.31 0.83 1.51 7.03 1.42 1.65 16.28 3.5

1987 0.47 2.98 1.38 0.92 1.61 7.21 1.26 1.76 16.67 2.4

1988 0.47 3.12 1.45 0.92 1.66 7.34 1.38 1.87 17.28 4.0

1989 0.45 3.16 1.49 0.99 1.67 7.33 1.37 1.86 17.33 0.0

1990 0.48 3.02 1.52 0.92 1.56 7.23 1.23 1.94 16.99 -1.9

1991 0.44 2.92 1.47 0.98 1.69 7.19 1.16 1.84 16.71 -1.6

1992 0.45 2.98 1.45 1.03 1.76 7.27 1.09 2.03 17.03 2.2

1993 0.47 3.04 1.47 1.01 1.73 7.48 1.08 1.96 17.24 0.9

1994 0.48 3.16 1.53 1.08 1.88 7.60 1.02 2.04 17.72 2.8

1995 0.49 3.21 1.51 1.10 1.90 7.79 0.85 1.98 17.72 0.0

1996 0.48 3.37 1.58 1.14 2.01 7.89 0.85 2.13 18.31 3.6

1997 0.51 3.44 1.60 1.17 2.04 8.02 0.80 2.23 18.62 1.4

1998 0.52 3.46 1.62 1.12 1.95 8.25 0.89 2.22 18.92 1.6

1999 0.55 R3.57 1.67 1.25 R2.20 R8.43 0.83 R2.27 R19.52 R3.2

2000P 0.52 3.70 1.70 1.20 2.18 8.36 0.83 2.16 19.48 0.0

1 Includes propylene. 2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, still gas, pentanes plus, and

miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. Prior to

1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene. For 1981 forward, other products include negative

barrels per day of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils and other products (from both

primary and secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, product

supplied has also included crude oil burned as fuel. 4 Percent change from previous year calculated from data in thousand barrels per year.

5 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, see Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports.

• 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
144 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: See related Figure 5.12b.

Sources: Tables 5.12a–5.12d. 

By Sector, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

Million Barrels per Day

By Sector, 2000

Residential Commercial Transportation Electric

0

5

10

15

0.8

5.1

13.0

0.5

Million Barrels per Day

1 Includes some petroleum that is also counted in nonutility power producers in the 

electric power sector.

2 Includes "End-Use/Nonutility Adjustment." See Table 5.12d.

Figure 5.12a Petroleum Consumption by Sector

End Use and Electric Power Shares, 1949 and 2000

Residential Commercial Transportation Electric

0

25

50

75

10

34

54

4 3

26

67

3

Percent

End Use and Electric Power Shares, 1949 and 2000

Residential Commercial Transportation Electric

0

25

50

75

10

34

54

4 3

26

67

3

Percent

Transportation

Power Power

1949 2000

Industrial1

Residential and Commercial1 Electric Utilities

and Industrial2 and Industrial2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 145

Figure 5.12b Petroleum Consumption by Product by Sector, 1949-2000

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

LPG1

Industrial Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Asphalt and 

Road Oil

LPG1

Transportation Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

3

6

9

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

Electric Power Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Million Barrels per Day

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Notes: • See related Figure 5.12a. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

Sources: Tables 5.12a–5.12d.

• •
146 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table 5.12a Petroleum Consumption by the Residential and Commercial Sectors, 1949-2000

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

End-Use Sectors

Residential Sector Commercial Sector

Distillate

Fuel Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum Gases Total

Distillate

Fuel Oil 1 Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Oil 1 Total 1

1949 0.33 0.14 0.09 0.56 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.15 0.34

1950 0.39 0.17 0.11 0.67 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.18 0.40

1951 0.44 0.18 0.12 0.74 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.19 0.43

1952 0.45 0.18 0.13 0.76 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.19 0.44

1953 0.46 0.17 0.14 0.77 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.20 0.45

1954 0.51 0.18 0.15 0.83 0.16 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.19 0.47

1955 0.56 0.18 0.16 0.90 0.18 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.21 0.51

1956 0.59 0.18 0.17 0.94 0.19 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.21 0.53

1957 0.59 0.16 0.17 0.92 0.19 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.20 0.51

1958 0.63 0.19 0.18 1.00 0.20 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.20 0.53

1959 0.63 0.16 0.22 1.01 0.20 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.23 0.56

1960 0.74 0.17 0.23 1.14 0.23 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.24 0.57

1961 0.76 0.18 0.24 1.18 0.24 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.25 0.58

1962 0.79 0.18 0.26 1.23 0.25 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.25 0.60

1963 0.79 0.18 0.28 1.25 0.25 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.24 0.59

1964 0.77 0.16 0.29 1.21 0.24 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.24 0.59

1965 0.81 0.16 0.30 1.26 0.25 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.28 0.65

1966 0.80 0.15 0.32 1.26 0.25 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.30 0.67

1967 0.84 0.14 0.34 1.32 0.26 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.31 0.70

1968 0.87 0.15 0.37 1.39 0.27 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.31 0.71

1969 0.86 0.15 0.42 1.44 0.27 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.30 0.72

1970 0.88 0.14 0.42 1.45 0.28 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.31 0.74

1971 0.89 0.14 0.43 1.46 0.28 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.29 0.72

1972 0.94 0.13 0.46 1.52 0.30 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.28 0.73

1973 0.94 0.11 0.44 1.49 0.30 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.29 0.75

1974 0.87 0.09 0.40 1.36 0.28 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.26 0.68

1975 0.85 0.08 0.39 1.32 0.28 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.21 0.63

1976 0.93 0.09 0.40 1.43 0.31 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.25 0.70

1977 0.94 0.08 0.40 1.42 0.32 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.26 0.72

1978 0.92 0.07 0.39 1.38 0.31 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.23 0.69

1979 0.76 0.06 0.26 1.09 0.27 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.22 0.63

1980 0.62 0.05 0.24 0.91 0.24 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.25 0.61

1981 0.54 0.04 0.23 0.81 0.22 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.18 0.52

1982 0.49 0.05 0.22 0.76 0.21 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.17 0.48

1983 0.43 0.04 0.27 0.74 0.31 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.55

1984 0.45 0.04 0.22 0.71 0.32 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.57

1985 0.47 0.08 0.25 0.79 0.29 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.50

1986 0.48 0.06 0.24 0.78 0.28 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.13 0.53

1987 0.48 0.06 0.27 0.81 0.28 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.52

1988 0.50 0.07 0.27 0.83 0.27 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.50

1989 0.49 0.06 0.30 0.84 0.25 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.47

1990 0.39 0.03 0.28 0.70 0.23 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.44

1991 0.39 0.03 0.30 0.72 0.23 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.42

1992 0.41 0.03 0.29 0.73 0.22 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.40

1993 0.43 0.04 0.30 0.77 0.22 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.37

1994 0.41 0.03 0.30 0.74 0.22 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.08 0.37

1995 0.42 0.04 0.31 0.76 0.22 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.35

1996 0.44 0.04 0.36 0.84 0.22 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.37

1997 0.42 0.04 0.35 0.82 0.21 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.36

1998 0.37 0.05 0.33 0.75 0.20 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.33

1999 0.38 0.05 0.40 0.84 0.20 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.34

2000 E0.39 E0.05 E0.40 E0.85 E0.20 E0.01 E0.07 E0.02 E0.04 E0.35

1 Includes consumption at nonutilities.

E=Estimate. 

Notes: • See Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of consumption.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_states.html.

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports, and Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1999—EIA, State Energy

Data Report 1999 (May 2001). • 2000—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output for the Monthly

Energy Review (March 2001).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 147

Table 5.12b Petroleum Consumption by the Industrial Sector, 1949-2000

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

End-Use Sectors

Industrial Sector

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil 1 Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel Oil 1 Other 1,2 Total 1

1949 0.16 0.27 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.12 0.53 0.28 1.60

1950 0.18 0.33 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.13 0.62 0.29 1.82

1951 0.20 0.37 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.14 0.63 0.33 1.98

1952 0.21 0.39 0.13 0.14 0.04 0.15 0.63 0.33 2.02

1953 0.22 0.38 0.12 0.16 0.04 0.16 0.65 0.36 2.08

1954 0.23 0.42 0.12 0.17 0.04 0.16 0.64 0.37 2.16

1955 0.25 0.47 0.12 0.21 0.05 0.17 0.69 0.43 2.39

1956 0.27 0.49 0.11 0.23 0.05 0.18 0.70 0.45 2.49

1957 0.26 0.49 0.10 0.24 0.05 0.18 0.66 0.48 2.46

1958 0.28 0.55 0.08 0.26 0.04 0.19 0.64 0.50 2.54

1959 0.30 0.55 0.08 0.31 0.05 0.19 0.70 0.52 2.71

1960 0.30 0.48 0.08 0.33 0.05 0.20 0.69 0.58 2.71

1961 0.31 0.48 0.06 0.34 0.05 0.19 0.66 R0.62 2.72

1962 0.33 0.50 0.07 0.38 0.05 0.19 0.67 0.65 2.84

1963 0.34 0.50 0.07 0.41 0.05 0.18 0.67 0.74 2.96

1964 0.35 0.50 0.08 0.45 0.06 0.18 0.68 0.84 3.12

1965 0.37 0.54 0.08 0.47 0.06 0.18 0.69 0.86 3.25

1966 0.39 0.58 0.09 0.49 0.06 0.17 0.71 0.92 3.40

1967 0.38 0.58 0.11 0.51 0.06 0.16 0.69 0.94 3.43

1968 0.41 0.57 0.10 0.59 0.07 0.16 0.68 1.01 3.58

1969 0.42 0.59 0.10 0.69 0.07 0.15 0.69 1.06 3.76

1970 0.45 0.58 0.09 0.70 0.07 0.15 0.71 1.07 3.81

1971 0.46 0.60 0.08 0.71 0.07 0.14 0.71 1.08 3.84

1972 0.47 0.65 0.08 0.85 0.07 0.13 0.77 1.18 4.19

1973 0.52 0.69 0.08 0.90 0.09 0.13 0.81 1.26 4.48

1974 0.48 0.63 0.06 0.90 0.08 0.12 0.75 1.26 4.30

1975 0.42 0.63 0.06 0.84 0.07 0.12 0.66 1.25 4.04

1976 0.41 0.72 0.06 0.90 0.07 0.11 0.79 1.39 4.45

1977 0.44 0.81 0.07 0.92 0.08 0.10 0.84 1.56 4.82

1978 0.48 0.82 0.08 0.92 0.09 0.09 0.75 1.64 4.87

1979 0.48 0.83 0.09 1.27 0.09 0.08 0.72 1.79 5.34

1980 0.40 0.62 0.09 1.17 0.08 0.08 0.59 1.81 4.84

1981 0.34 0.65 0.05 1.17 0.08 0.08 0.47 1.43 4.27

1982 0.34 0.62 0.07 1.21 0.07 0.07 0.46 1.22 4.06

1983 0.37 0.54 0.03 1.17 0.08 0.06 0.34 1.27 3.85

1984 0.41 0.56 0.03 1.28 0.08 0.08 0.39 1.36 4.19

1985 0.43 0.56 0.02 1.29 0.07 0.11 0.33 1.29 4.10

1986 0.45 0.56 0.02 1.21 0.07 0.11 0.32 1.37 4.11

1987 0.47 0.58 0.01 1.28 0.08 0.11 0.25 1.47 4.25

1988 0.47 0.57 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 0.24 1.59 4.39

1989 0.45 0.54 0.01 1.30 0.08 0.10 0.18 1.58 4.26

1990 0.48 0.56 0.01 1.22 0.08 0.10 0.18 1.70 4.32

1991 0.44 0.54 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 0.15 1.62 4.25

1992 0.45 0.54 (s) 1.40 0.08 0.10 0.17 1.80 4.55

1993 0.47 0.52 0.01 1.36 0.08 0.09 0.20 1.72 4.45

1994 0.48 0.52 0.01 1.50 0.08 0.10 0.19 1.80 4.69

1995 0.49 0.51 0.01 1.53 0.08 0.11 0.15 1.74 4.60

1996 0.48 0.53 0.01 R1.58 0.08 0.10 0.15 1.89 R4.82

1997 0.51 0.53 0.01 R1.63 0.08 0.11 0.13 1.96 4.97

1998 0.52 R0.52 0.01 R1.55 0.09 0.10 0.11 1.93 R4.84

1999 0.55 R0.51 0.01 R1.71 0.09 R0.08 R0.11 R1.99 R5.03

2000 E0.52 E0.52 E0.01 E1.70 E0.09 E0.08 E0.12 E1.89 E4.94

1 Includes consumption at nonutilities. 2 Petroleum coke, still gas (refinery gas), petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, waxes, natural

gasoline, pentanes plus, crude oil, and miscellaneous products.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Notes: • See Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of consumption.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_states.html.

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports, and Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1999—EIA, State Energy

Data Report 1999 (May 2001). • 2000—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output for the Monthly

Energy Review (March 2001).
148 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table 5.12c Petroleum Consumption by the Transportation Sector, and End-Use Total, 1949-2000

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

End-Use Sectors

Transportation

End-Use

Total

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline 1

Residual

Fuel Oil Total

1949 0.09 0.19 0.00 (s) 0.05 2.24 0.50 3.08 5.58

1950 0.11 0.23 0.00 (s) 0.06 2.43 0.52 3.36 6.25

1951 0.15 0.27 0.00 (s) 0.07 2.64 0.56 3.69 6.84

1952 0.17 0.31 0.05 0.01 0.06 2.75 0.52 3.87 7.09

1953 0.19 0.34 0.09 0.01 0.07 2.89 0.48 4.07 7.37

1954 0.18 0.34 0.13 0.01 0.06 2.97 0.43 4.11 7.57

1955 0.19 0.37 0.15 0.01 0.07 3.22 0.44 4.46 8.25

1956 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.01 0.07 3.30 0.44 4.62 8.58

1957 0.20 0.41 0.22 0.01 0.07 3.36 0.44 4.71 8.59

1958 0.22 0.39 0.27 0.01 0.06 3.45 0.41 4.83 8.91

1959 0.21 0.41 0.33 0.01 0.07 3.59 0.39 5.01 9.28

1960 0.16 0.42 0.37 0.01 0.07 3.74 0.37 5.14 9.56

1961 0.16 0.42 0.42 0.01 0.07 3.82 0.36 5.25 9.73

1962 0.14 0.45 0.49 0.02 0.07 3.97 0.34 5.48 10.16

1963 0.14 0.50 0.52 0.02 0.07 4.11 0.33 5.68 10.49

1964 0.13 0.53 0.56 0.02 0.07 4.19 0.34 5.83 10.75

1965 0.12 0.51 0.60 0.02 0.07 4.37 0.34 6.04 11.20

1966 0.11 0.55 0.67 0.03 0.07 4.60 0.34 6.36 11.70

1967 0.09 0.54 0.82 0.03 0.06 4.76 0.36 6.66 12.12

1968 0.08 0.65 0.95 0.03 0.07 5.06 0.35 7.20 12.88

1969 0.07 0.70 0.99 0.03 0.07 5.33 0.33 7.52 13.45

1970 0.05 0.74 0.97 0.03 0.07 5.59 0.33 7.78 13.77

1971 0.05 0.80 1.01 0.04 0.07 5.83 0.31 8.09 14.12

1972 0.05 0.91 1.02 0.04 0.07 6.20 0.28 8.57 15.01

1973 0.05 1.05 1.04 0.04 0.07 6.50 0.32 9.05 15.77

1974 0.04 1.04 0.98 0.03 0.07 6.37 0.30 8.84 15.17

1975 0.04 1.00 0.99 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.31 8.95 14.93

1976 0.04 1.07 0.98 0.03 0.08 6.82 0.36 9.37 15.94

1977 0.04 1.17 1.02 0.04 0.08 7.02 0.40 9.76 16.72

1978 0.04 1.26 1.04 0.04 0.08 7.26 0.43 10.16 17.10

1979 0.04 1.37 1.07 0.02 0.09 6.90 0.54 10.01 17.08

1980 0.03 1.31 1.06 0.01 0.08 6.44 0.61 9.55 15.91

1981 0.03 1.36 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.46 0.53 9.49 15.09

1982 0.03 1.31 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.42 0.44 9.31 14.61

1983 0.03 1.37 1.05 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.36 9.41 14.55

1984 0.02 1.47 1.18 0.03 0.08 6.55 0.35 9.68 15.16

1985 0.03 1.51 1.22 0.02 0.07 6.67 0.34 9.85 15.25

1986 0.03 1.55 1.31 0.02 0.07 6.87 0.38 10.23 15.64

1987 0.02 1.59 1.38 0.02 0.08 7.04 0.39 10.53 16.11

1988 0.03 1.73 1.45 0.02 0.08 7.18 0.40 10.88 16.60

1989 0.03 1.81 1.49 0.02 0.08 7.17 0.43 11.01 16.59

1990 0.02 1.80 1.52 0.02 0.08 7.08 0.45 10.97 16.44

1991 0.02 1.73 1.47 0.02 0.07 7.04 0.45 10.80 16.20

1992 0.02 1.79 1.45 0.01 0.07 7.13 0.47 10.95 16.62

1993 0.02 1.84 1.47 0.01 0.07 7.37 0.40 11.18 16.77

1994 0.02 1.96 1.53 0.02 0.08 7.49 0.39 11.49 17.29

1995 0.02 2.03 1.51 0.01 0.08 7.67 0.40 11.73 17.43

1996 0.02 2.13 1.58 0.01 0.07 7.77 0.38 11.96 17.99

1997 0.02 2.23 1.60 0.01 0.08 7.88 0.32 R12.13 18.27

1998 0.02 R2.31 1.62 0.01 0.08 8.13 0.31 R12.48 18.40

1999 0.02 R2.43 1.67 0.01 0.08 R8.33 0.35 R12.89 19.10

2000 E0.02 E2.52 E1.70 E0.01 E0.08 E8.26 E0.40 E12.99 E19.13

1 Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Notes: • See Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of consumption.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_states.html.

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports, and Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1999—EIA, State Energy

Data Report 1999 (May 2001). • 2000—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output for the Monthly

Energy Review (March 2001).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 149

Table 5.12d Petroleum Consumption by the Electric Power Sector, and Total, 1949-2000

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Electric Power Sector 1 End-Use/Nonutility Adjustment 2

Total

Consumption

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers

Total

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Petroleum

Coke

Residual

Fuel Oil Total

Distillate

Fuel Oil 3

Petroleum

Coke

Residual

Fuel Oil 4 Total

Distillate

Fuel Oil 5

Petroleum

Coke

Residual

Fuel Oil 6 Total

1949 0.01 NA 0.17 0.18 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 5.76

1950 0.01 NA 0.19 0.21 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 6.46

1951 0.01 NA 0.16 0.18 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 7.02

1952 0.01 NA 0.17 0.18 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 7.27

1953 0.02 NA 0.21 0.23 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 7.60

1954 0.01 NA 0.17 0.18 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 7.76

1955 0.01 NA 0.19 0.21 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 8.46

1956 0.01 NA 0.18 0.20 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 8.78

1957 0.02 NA 0.20 0.22 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 8.81

1958 0.02 NA 0.20 0.21 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 9.12

1959 0.02 NA 0.22 0.24 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 9.53

1960 0.01 NA 0.23 0.24 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 9.80

1961 0.01 NA 0.23 0.24 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 9.98

1962 0.01 NA 0.23 0.24 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 10.40

1963 0.01 NA 0.24 0.26 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 10.74

1964 0.01 NA 0.26 0.28 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 11.02

1965 0.01 NA 0.30 0.32 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 11.51

1966 0.02 NA 0.37 0.39 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 12.08

1967 0.02 NA 0.42 0.44 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 12.56

1968 0.03 NA 0.49 0.52 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 13.39

1969 0.04 NA 0.65 0.69 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 14.14

1970 0.07 0.01 0.85 0.93 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 14.70

1971 0.09 0.01 0.99 1.09 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 15.21

1972 0.15 0.01 1.20 1.36 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 16.37

1973 0.13 0.01 1.41 1.54 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 17.31

1974 0.15 0.01 1.32 1.48 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 16.65

1975 0.11 (s) 1.28 1.39 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 16.32

1976 0.11 (s) 1.40 1.52 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 17.46

1977 0.13 (s) 1.57 1.71 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 18.43

1978 0.13 0.01 1.61 1.75 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 18.85

1979 0.08 (s) 1.35 1.44 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 18.51

1980 0.08 (s) 1.07 1.15 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 17.06

1981 0.06 (s) 0.90 0.96 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 16.06

1982 0.04 (s) 0.64 0.69 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 15.30

1983 0.05 (s) 0.63 0.68 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 15.23

1984 0.04 (s) 0.52 0.56 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 15.73

1985 0.04 (s) 0.44 0.48 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 15.73

1986 0.04 (s) 0.59 0.64 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 16.28

1987 0.04 (s) 0.50 0.55 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 16.67

1988 0.05 0.01 0.63 0.68 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 17.28

1989 0.07 0.01 0.66 0.74 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 17.33

1990 0.04 0.01 0.50 0.55 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 16.99

1991 0.04 0.01 0.47 0.52 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 16.71

1992 0.03 0.01 0.37 0.42 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 17.03

1993 0.04 0.02 0.41 0.46 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 17.24

1994 0.04 0.01 0.37 0.43 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 17.72

1995 0.04 0.01 0.24 0.29 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 17.72

1996 0.05 0.01 0.26 0.32 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 18.31

1997 0.04 0.02 0.30 0.36 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 18.62

1998 0.06 0.02 0.43 0.51 NA NA NA NA NA ———— 18.92

1999 0.06 0.02 R0.34 R0.42 0.04 0.04 0.11 0.18 0.60 -0.04 -0.04 -0.11 -0.18 19.52

2000P 0.06 0.02 0.27 0.34 E0.02 E0.04 E0.12 E0.19 0.53 -0.02 -0.04 -0.12 -0.19 19.48

1 Data are for petroleum consumed to produce electricity only; they exclude petroleum consumed to

produce useful thermal output. 2 Represents the adjustment necessary to avoid double-counting petroleum consumption at nonutilities,

which is included under both "End-Use Sectors" and "Electric Power Sector." See Note 5 at end of section

for explanation. 3 For 1949 to 1979, gas turbine and internal combustion plant use of petroleum; for 1980 forward, fuel

oil nos. 1 and 2 (and small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel). 4 For 1949 to 1979, steam plant consumption of petroleum; for 1980 forward, fuel oil nos. 5 and 6 (and

small amounts of fuel oil no. 4). 5 Fuel oil nos. 1 and 2 (and small amounts of kerosene).

6 Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6 (and small amounts of fuel oil no. 4, liquid butane, liquid propane, methanol,

liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil).

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. NA=Not

available. — = Not Applicable.

Notes: • See Notes 1, 2, and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of consumption.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Electric Power Sector: Tables 8.8-8.10. End-Use/Nonutility Adjustment: Calculated by

multiplying data for "Nonutility Power Producers" by -1. Total Consumption: Table 5.11, data for "Total

Products."
150 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1999

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.13.

Total by Fuel

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

1

2

3

4

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

Residual Fuel, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

200

400

600

800

Thousand Barrels per Day

Electric Utility

Industrial

Commercial

Kerosene, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

20

40

60

Thousand Barrels per Day

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Farm

Distillate Fuel Oil, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Million Barrels per Day

On-Highway Diesel

Residential

Commercial

Railroad

Vessel Bunkering
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 151

Table 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1999

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial

Oil

Company Farm

Electric

Utility Railroad

Vessel

Bunkering

OnHighway

Diesel Military

OffHighway

Diesel

All

Other Total

Distillate Fuel Oil

1984 450 319 153 59 193 45 225 110 1,093 45 109 44 2,845

1985 471 294 169 57 216 34 209 124 1,127 50 105 12 2,868

1986 476 280 175 49 220 40 202 133 1,169 50 111 9 2,914

1987 484 279 190 58 211 42 205 145 1,185 58 113 5 2,976

1988 498 269 170 57 223 52 212 150 1,304 64 119 4 3,122

1989 489 252 167 55 209 70 213 154 1,378 61 107 2 3,157

1990 393 228 160 63 215 48 209 143 1,393 51 116 (s) 3,021

1991 391 226 152 59 214 39 197 141 1,336 54 110 (s) 2,921

1992 406 218 144 51 228 30 209 146 1,391 42 113 (s) 2,979

1993 429 218 128 50 211 38 190 133 1,485 31 127 (s) 3,041

1994 413 218 136 46 209 49 200 132 1,594 34 130 (s) 3,162

1995 416 216 132 36 211 39 208 129 1,668 24 126 — 3,207

1996 436 223 137 41 217 45 213 142 1,754 24 134 — 3,365

1997 423 210 141 41 216 42 200 137 1,867 22 136 — 3,435

1998 367 199 147 37 198 63 185 139 1,967 18 142 — 3,461

1999 381 196 142 38 189 60 182 135 2,091 19 140 — 3,572

Residual Fuel Oil

1984 — 92 258 76 — 509 1 ( ) 370 — 14 — 50 1,369

1985 — 103 252 71 — 403 1 ( ) 346 — 13 — 15 1,202

1986 — 126 254 51 — 590 1 ( ) 371 — E12 — 15 1,418

1987 — 118 208 42 — 498 1 ( ) 383 — 12 — 3 1,264

1988 — 119 200 34 — 621 1 ( ) 392 — 9 — 4 1,378

1989 — 108 160 22 — 639 1 ( ) 432 — 7 — 2 1,370

1990 — 98 145 21 — 550 1 ( ) 408 — 5 — 2 1,229

1991 — 93 126 20 — 468 1 ( ) 443 — 8 — 1 1,158

1992 — 84 152 19 — 363 1 ( ) 468 — 7 — 1 1,094

1993 — 79 184 21 — 381 1 ( ) 409 — 6 — (s) 1,080

1994 — 76 168 17 — 366 1 ( ) 388 — 4 — (s) 1,021

1995 — 66 141 15 — 206 1 ( ) 420 — 4 — (s) 852

1996 — 61 138 11 — 255 1 ( ) 378 — 4 — 1 848

1997 — 49 118 10 — 304 1 ( ) 312 — 3 — (s) 797

1998 — 39 97 7 — 440 1 ( ) 303 — 2 — (s) 887

1999 — 40 106 8 — 309 1 ( ) 365 — 2 — (s) 830

Kerosene

1984 42 45 14 — 3 — — — — — — 11 115

1985 56 24 17 — 3 — — — — — — 14 114

1986 42 20 11 — 3 — — — — — — 22 98

1987 44 17 10 — 2 — — — — — — 21 95

1988 50 20 12 — 3 — — — — — — 11 96

1989 40 23 11 — 2 — — — — — — 8 84

1990 29 6 5 — 1 — — — — — — 1 43

1991 32 6 5 — 2 — — — — — — 1 46

1992 31 5 3 — 1 — — — — — — (s) 41

1993 37 7 4 — 2 — — — — — — 1 50

1994 31 9 6 — 2 — — — — — — 1 49

1995 36 11 6 — 1 — — — — — — (s) 54

1996 43 10 7 — 2 — — — — — — (s) 62

1997 45 12 7 — 1 — — — — — — (s) 66

1998 52 15 8 — 2 — — — — — — 1 78

1999 54 13 4 — 2 — — — — — — 1 73

1 Included in "All Other."

E = Annual estimate based on eleven months of data. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 thousand

barrels per day. 

Notes: • Distillate fuel oil and kerosene data are sales data that were adjusted at the Petroleum

Administration for Defense district level to equal Energy Information Administration (EIA) volume estimates

of products supplied in the U.S. marketplace. The residual fuel data are sales data adjusted at the national

level to equal the EIA volume estimate of residual fuel oil products supplied. Additional information is

available in EIA’s report Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1984—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (July 1986), Table A11. • 1985-1994—EIA, Fuel

Oil and Kerosene Sales, annual reports. • 1995 forward—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1999

(September 2000), Tables 13, 14, and 15.
152 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type

1 Includes lease condensate and crude oil stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve 

(SPR).

2 See Figure 5.15 for additional Strategic Petroleum Reserve information.

Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

Sources: Tables 5.14 and 5.15.

By Type, 2000

Crude Oil1 Motor Gasoline Distillate Fuel Unfinished Liquefied Jet Fuel Residual Fuel Other Products

0

250

500

750

1,000

829

197

118 87 84 45 36 77

Million Barrels 

SPR,2 Non-SPR, and Total Stocks, 1949-2000

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

450

900

1,350

1,800

Million Barrels (Cumulative)

Total

Products

Crude Oil1

Total

Petroleum Gases

Non-SPR Stocks

SPR2

Oils

Total, Products, and Crude Oil,1 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

450

900

1,350

1,800

Million Barrels
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 153

Table 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, 1949-2000

 (Million Barrels)

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Petroleum Products

Total

Petroleum

Strategic

Petroleum

Reserve

Other

Primary Total

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 3

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Other

Products 4

Total

Low Sulfur Products 1 Total Propane 2 Total

1949 0 253 253 NA 75 5 ( ) 6 ( ) 1 110 60 66 37 350 603

1950 0 248 248 NA 72 5 ( ) 6 ( ) 2 116 41 70 34 334 583

1951 0 256 256 NA 87 5 ( ) 6 ( ) 2 135 43 67 45 378 634

1952 0 272 272 NA 99 2 6 ( ) 3 135 49 62 53 402 674

1953 0 274 274 NA 112 3 6 ( ) 4 158 49 69 56 451 726

1954 0 258 258 NA 108 3 6 ( ) 7 155 52 74 57 457 715

1955 0 266 266 NA 111 3 6 ( ) 7 165 39 68 55 449 715

1956 0 266 266 NA 134 5 6 ( ) 14 187 44 67 63 514 780

1957 0 282 282 NA 149 5 6 ( ) 14 197 60 69 66 560 841

1958 0 263 263 NA 125 6 6 ( ) 16 187 60 70 63 526 789

1959 0 257 257 NA 151 8 6 ( ) 19 188 54 67 66 552 809

1960 0 240 240 NA 138 7 6 ( ) 23 195 45 62 76 545 785

1961 0 245 245 NA 152 8 6 ( ) 31 184 45 79 81 580 825

1962 0 252 252 NA 144 10 6 ( ) 25 189 50 82 83 582 834

1963 0 237 237 NA 157 9 6 ( ) 28 191 48 82 85 598 836

1964 0 230 230 NA 156 19 6 ( ) 30 186 40 87 92 609 839

1965 0 220 220 NA 155 19 6 ( ) 30 175 56 89 92 616 836

1966 0 238 238 NA 154 19 6 ( ) 35 186 61 89 91 636 874

1967 0 249 249 NA 160 22 6 ( ) 64 200 66 90 93 695 944

1968 0 272 272 NA 173 24 6 ( ) 76 204 67 93 89 727 1,000

1969 0 265 265 NA 172 28 6 ( ) 60 211 58 98 88 715 980

1970 0 276 276 NA 195 28 6 ( ) 67 209 54 99 89 741 1,018

1971 0 260 260 NA 191 28 6 ( ) 95 219 60 101 92 784 1,044

1972 0 246 246 NA 154 25 6 ( ) 86 213 55 95 84 713 959

1973 0 242 242 NA 196 29 65 99 209 53 99 80 766 1,008

1974 0 265 265 NA 200 29 69 113 218 60 106 82 809 1,074

1975 0 271 271 NA 209 30 82 125 235 74 106 82 862 1,133

1976 0 285 285 NA 186 32 74 116 231 72 110 78 826 1,112

1977 7 340 348 NA 250 35 81 136 258 90 113 82 964 1,312

1978 67 309 376 NA 216 34 87 132 238 90 109 82 901 1,278

1979 91 339 430 NA 229 39 64 111 237 96 118 82 911 1,341

1980 108 358 466 NA 205 42 65 120 261 92 124 82 926 1,392

1981 230 363 594 NA 192 41 76 135 253 78 111 80 890 1,484

1982 294 350 644 NA 179 37 54 94 235 66 105 70 786 1,430

1983 379 344 723 NA 140 39 48 101 222 49 108 72 731 1,454

1984 451 345 796 NA 161 42 58 101 243 53 94 67 760 1,556

1985 493 321 814 NA 144 40 39 74 223 50 107 67 705 1,519

1986 512 331 843 NA 155 50 63 103 233 47 94 68 750 1,593

1987 541 349 890 NA 134 50 48 97 226 47 93 70 718 1,607

1988 560 330 890 NA 124 44 50 97 228 45 100 70 707 1,597

1989 580 341 921 NA 106 41 32 80 213 44 106 70 660 1,581

1990 586 323 908 NA 132 52 49 98 220 49 99 63 712 1,621

1991 569 325 893 NA 144 49 48 92 219 50 98 72 724 1,617

1992 575 318 893 NA 141 43 39 89 216 43 95 73 699 1,592

1993 587 335 922 64 141 40 51 106 226 44 88 78 725 1,647

1994 592 337 929 73 145 47 46 99 215 42 91 84 724 1,653

1995 592 303 895 67 130 40 43 93 202 37 86 79 668 1,563

1996 566 284 850 68 127 40 43 86 195 46 88 76 658 1,507

1997 563 305 868 68 138 44 44 89 210 40 89 81 692 1,560

1998 571 324 895 77 156 45 65 115 216 45 91 85 752 1,647

1999 567 284 852 R69 R125 R41 43 R89 R193 36 86 70 R641 R1,493

2000P 541 289 829 72 118 45 41 84 197 36 87 77 643 1,473

1 Sulfur content of 0.05 percent or less by weight. 2 Includes propylene. 3 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline,which included motor gasoline, aviation

gasoline, and special naphthas. For 1981 forward, data include motor gasoline blending components. 4 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, pentanes plus,

and miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. For

1981 forward, includes aviation gasoline blending components, hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. 5 Included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in 1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent

kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel. 6 Included in liquefied petroleum gases total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Distillate stocks in the "Northeast Heating Oil Reserve" (2 million

barrels at the end of 2000) are not included. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,

annual reports. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum

Statement, Annual, annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports.

• 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001).
154 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2000

End-of-Year Stocks in SPR

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Million Barrels

Crude Oil Imports for SPR1

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

25

50

75

100

8

59

24

16

93

60

85

72

43

18

27

19 20

10

0 4 5 40 1 0

8 7 5

Million Barrels

SPR Stocks as Days of Net Imports2

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

25

50

75

100

125

1

8 11

17

43

68

88

96

115

94 91

85 81 82 86 83

77 73 75

67

62 59 59

Days

53

SPR as Share of Domestic Stocks

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Crude Oil

Total Petroleum

1 Imported by SPR and imported by others for SPR.

2 Derived by dividing end-of-year SPR stocks by annual average daily net imports of all 

petroleum.

541 in 2000

65% in 2000

Notes: • SPR=Strategic Petroleum Reserve. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.15.

37% in 2000
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 155

Table 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2000

 (Million Barrels, Except as Noted)

Year

Foreign Crude Oil Receipts Domestic Crude Oil Receipts Withdrawals End-of-Year Stocks

Days of Net

Petroleum

Imports 5

Imported

by SPR

Imported

by Others 1,2 Purchases Exchanges 2 Sales Exchanges Quantity 3

Share of

Crude Oil 4

Stocks

(percent)

Share of

Total Petroleum

Stocks

(percent)

1977 7.54 0.00 60.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.46 2.1 0.6 1

1978 58.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 66.86 17.8 5.2 8

1979 24.43 0.00 (s) 0.00 0.00 0.00 91.19 21.2 6.8 11

1980 16.07 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 107.80 23.1 7.7 17

1981 93.30 0.00 28.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 230.34 38.8 15.5 43

1982 60.19 0.00 3.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 293.83 45.7 20.5 68

1983 85.29 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 379.09 52.4 26.1 88

1984 72.04 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 450.51 56.6 28.9 96

1985 43.12 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 493.32 60.6 32.5 115

1986 17.56 0.00 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 511.57 60.7 32.1 94

1987 26.52 0.00 2.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 540.65 60.8 33.6 91

1988 18.76 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 559.52 62.9 35.0 85

1989 20.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 579.86 62.9 36.7 81

1990 9.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.91 0.00 585.69 64.5 36.1 82

1991 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.22 0.00 568.51 63.7 35.2 86

1992 3.59 0.00 2.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 574.72 64.4 36.1 83

1993 5.37 0.00 6.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 587.08 63.6 35.6 77

1994 4.49 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 591.67 63.7 35.8 73

1995 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 591.64 66.1 37.9 75

1996 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.00 25.82 0.90 565.82 66.6 37.5 67

1997 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.33 0.00 563.43 64.9 36.1 62

1998 0.00 7.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 571.41 63.8 34.7 59

1999 R3.04 3.60 0.00 1.42 0.00 10.75 567.24 66.6 R38.0 59

2000 3.01 1.50 0.00 2.29 0.00 733.35 540.68 65.2 36.7 53

1 Represents volumes of imported crude oil received at SPR storage facilities for which the costs

associated with the importation and delivery of crude oil are the responsibility of the commercial importer

under contract to supply the SPR. 2 The values shown for 1998-1999 represent an exchange agreement in which SPR received

approximately 8.5 million barrels of high quality oil in exchange for approximately 11 million barrels of lower

quality crude oil shipped from SPR during 1999-2000. Also, starting in 1999 a portion of the crude oil

in-kind royalties from Federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico was transferred to the Department of Energy and

exchanged with commercial entities for crude oil to fill the SPR. Crude oil exchange barrels delivered to

SPR could be either domestic or imported as long as the crude oil met the specification requirements of

SPR. All exchange barrels of imported crude oil are shown in the column "Foreign Crude Oil, Imported by

Others," while exchange barrels of domestic crude oil are shown under the column "Domestic Crude Oil

Receipts, Exchanges." 3 Stocks do not include imported quantities in transit to Strategic Petroleum Reserve terminals, pipeline

fill, and above-ground storage.

4 Including lease condensate stocks. 5 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by annual average daily net

imports of all petroleum. Calculated prior to rounding. 6 The quantity of domestic fuel oil which was in storage prior to injection of foreign crude oil. 7 Includes 30 million barrels released to increase heating oil stocks in exchange for a like quantity plus a

bonus percentage to be returned in 2001-2002, as well as additional barrels to create a Northeast Home

Heating Oil Reserve.

SPR=Strategic Petroleum Reserve. R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Domestic Crude Oil Deliveries and Domestic Crude Oil Sales: U.S. Department of Energy,

Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, unpublished data. All Other Data: • 1977-1980—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports.

• 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly

(February 2001).
156 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1. 

2 Alaska North Slope.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.16.

U.S. Average Real1 and Nominal Prices, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

15

30

45

60

Dollars per Barrel

California

Real1

Nominal

Nominal Prices

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

0

15

30

45

60

Dollars per Barrel

Texas

California

ANS2

Texas

ANS2

Real1 Prices, Indexed 1977=100

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Index 1977=100

Texas

ANS California 2

Alaska North Slope, California, and Texas, 1977-2000

Real1 Prices

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

0

15

30

45

60

Dollars per Barrel
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 157

Table 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-2000

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Alaska North Slope California Texas U.S. Average

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1

1949 — — — — — — 2.54 14.72

1950 — — — — — — 2.51 14.38

1951 — — — — — — 2.53 13.52

1952 — — — — — — 2.53 13.32

1953 — — — — — — 2.68 13.92

1954 — — — — — — 2.78 14.30

1955 — — — — — — 2.77 14.00

1956 — — — — — — 2.79 13.64

1957 — — — — — — 3.09 14.62

1958 — — — — — — 3.01 13.91

1959 — — — — — — 2.90 13.25

1960 — — — — — — 2.88 12.98

1961 — — — — — — 2.89 12.88

1962 — — — — — — 2.90 12.75

1963 — — — — — — 2.89 12.57

1964 — — — — — — 2.88 12.34

1965 — — — — — — 2.86 12.03

1966 — — — — — — 2.88 11.77

1967 — — — — — — 2.92 11.58

1968 — — — — — — 2.94 11.18

1969 — — — — — — 3.09 11.20

1970 — — — — — — 3.18 10.94

1971 — — — — — — 3.39 11.11

1972 — — — — — — 3.39 10.65

1973 — — — — — — 3.89 11.58

1974 — — — — — — 6.87 18.76

1975 — — — — — — 7.67 19.16

1976 — — — — — — 8.19 19.36

1977 26.29 213.97 7.92 17.59 8.58 19.06 8.57 19.04

1978 5.21 10.80 8.58 17.79 9.29 19.26 9.00 18.66

1979 10.57 20.23 12.78 24.46 12.65 24.21 12.64 24.19

1980 16.87 29.58 23.87 41.85 21.84 38.29 21.59 37.85

1981 23.23 37.25 26.80 42.97 35.06 56.21 31.77 50.94

1982 19.92 30.07 24.58 37.10 31.77 47.95 28.52 43.05

1983 17.69 25.68 22.61 32.83 29.35 42.61 26.19 38.02

1984 17.91 25.07 22.09 30.92 28.87 40.41 25.88 36.23

1985 16.98 23.04 22.14 30.04 26.80 36.37 24.09 32.69

1986 6.45 8.56 11.90 15.80 14.73 19.56 12.51 16.61

1987 10.83 13.96 13.92 17.94 17.55 22.62 15.40 19.85

1988 8.43 10.51 10.97 13.68 14.71 18.34 12.58 15.68

1989 12.00 14.41 14.06 16.88 17.81 21.39 15.86 19.05

1990 15.23 17.60 17.81 20.59 22.37 25.86 20.03 23.15

1991 11.57 12.90 13.72 15.30 19.04 21.24 16.54 18.45

1992 11.73 12.77 13.55 14.75 18.32 19.95 15.99 17.41

1993 10.84 11.53 12.11 12.88 16.19 17.21 14.25 15.15

1994 9.77 10.18 12.12 12.62 14.98 15.60 13.19 13.74

1995 11.12 11.34 14.00 14.27 16.38 16.70 14.62 14.90

1996 15.32 15.32 16.72 16.72 20.31 20.31 18.46 18.46

1997 14.84 14.56 15.78 15.48 18.66 R18.30 17.23 R16.90

1998 8.47 8.21 9.55 R9.25 12.28 R11.90 10.87 R10.53

1999 12.46 R11.89 14.08 R13.44 17.29 R16.50 15.56 R14.85

2000P 23.62 22.09 24.87 23.26 28.61 26.76 26.73 25.00

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 2 Average for July through December only.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: For the definition of crude oil domestic first purchase prices, see Note 6 at end of section.

Sources: • 1949-1973—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum

Products" chapter. • 1974 through January 1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-90,

"Crude Petroleum Production Monthly Report." • February 1976 through 1977—FEA, Form FEA-P-124,

"Domestic Crude Oil Purchaser’s Monthly Report." • 1978 forward—Energy Information Administration,

Petroleum Marketing Monthly (March 2001), Table 21.
158 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries

1 Based on October, November, and December data only.

2 Nominal dollars.

Source: Table 5.17.

By Selected Non-OPEC Country, 19731-2000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

Dollars2 per Barrel

By Selected OPEC Country, 19731-2000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

Dollars2 per Barrel

Saudi Arabia

Venezuela

Nigeria United Kingdom

Canada

Mexico

By Selected Country, 2000

Nigeria Norway United Canada Saudi Venezuela Mexico

0

10

20

30

40

30.28 30.11 29.16

26.71 26.64 26.07 26.04

Dollars2 per Barrel

Total, 19731-2000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

Dollars2 per Barrel

Kingdom Arabia
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 159

Table 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2000

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Kuwait Nigeria Total

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

United

Kingdom

Total

Non-OPEC

19734 5.91 W 9.08 5.37 5.99 6.85 W 5.33 W NA NA NA 5.64 6.41

1974 12.21 W 13.16 11.63 11.25 12.49 12.48 11.48 W W NA NA 11.81 12.32

1975 12.64 W 12.70 12.50 12.36 12.70 11.81 12.84 5 ( ) 12.61 12.80 NA 12.70 12.70

1976 13.03 W 13.81 13.06 11.89 13.32 12.71 13.36 5 ( ) 12.64 13.74 W 13.35 13.32

1977 13.85 W 15.29 13.69 13.11 14.35 14.04 14.13 5 ( ) 13.82 14.93 14.83 14.42 14.36

1978 14.01 W 14.88 13.94 12.84 14.34 14.07 14.41 5 ( ) 13.56 14.68 14.53 14.38 14.35

1979 20.42 W 22.97 18.95 17.65 21.29 21.06 20.22 5 ( ) 20.77 22.55 22.97 22.10 21.45

1980 30.59 W 37.15 29.80 25.92 33.56 34.76 30.11 W 31.77 36.82 35.68 33.99 33.67

1981 34.61 NA 39.66 34.20 29.91 36.60 36.84 32.32 5 ( ) 33.70 38.70 37.29 36.14 36.47

1982 34.94 NA 36.16 34.99 24.93 34.81 33.08 27.15 5 ( ) 28.63 34.70 34.25 31.47 33.18

1983 29.37 NA 30.85 29.27 22.94 29.84 29.31 25.63 5 ( ) 25.78 30.72 30.87 28.08 28.93

1984 29.07 W 30.36 29.20 25.19 29.06 28.49 26.56 5 ( ) 26.85 30.05 29.45 28.14 28.54

1985 25.50 NA 28.96 24.72 24.43 26.86 27.39 25.71 5 ( ) 25.63 28.32 28.36 26.53 26.67

1986 12.92 11.70 15.29 12.84 11.52 13.46 14.09 13.43 12.85 12.17 15.98 14.63 13.52 13.49

1987 17.47 18.14 19.32 16.81 15.76 17.64 18.20 17.04 18.43 16.69 19.10 18.78 17.66 17.65

1988 13.51 12.84 15.88 13.37 13.66 14.18 14.48 13.50 14.47 12.58 15.43 15.82 13.96 14.08

1989 17.37 16.90 19.19 17.34 16.78 17.78 18.36 16.81 18.10 16.35 19.06 18.74 17.54 17.68

1990 20.55 17.01 23.33 21.82 20.31 21.23 21.51 20.48 22.34 19.64 21.11 22.65 20.98 21.13

1991 17.34 18.48 21.39 17.22 15.92 18.08 19.90 17.16 19.55 15.89 21.44 21.37 17.93 18.02

1992 17.58 16.99 20.78 17.48 15.13 17.81 19.36 17.04 18.46 15.60 20.90 20.63 17.67 17.75

1993 15.26 14.23 18.73 15.40 13.39 15.68 17.40 15.27 16.54 14.11 18.99 17.92 15.78 15.72

1994 15.00 14.49 17.21 15.11 13.12 15.08 16.36 14.83 15.80 14.09 17.09 16.64 15.29 15.18

1995 16.78 16.47 18.25 16.84 14.81 16.61 17.66 16.65 17.45 16.19 18.06 17.91 16.95 16.78

1996 20.44 20.32 21.95 20.49 18.59 20.14 21.86 19.94 22.02 19.64 21.34 20.88 20.47 20.31

1997 17.44 17.03 20.64 17.52 16.35 17.73 20.24 17.63 19.71 17.30 20.26 20.64 18.45 18.11

1998 11.18 11.00 14.14 11.16 10.16 11.46 13.37 11.62 13.26 11.04 13.83 13.55 12.22 11.84

1999 R17.37 16.77 R17.63 R17.48 R15.58 R16.94 R18.37 R17.54 R18.09 R16.12 19.06 R18.26 R17.51 R17.23

2000P 26.83 26.37 30.28 26.64 26.07 27.37 29.79 26.71 29.67 26.04 30.11 29.16 27.80 27.58

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data for

Gabon are still included here for 1995. 4 Based on October, November, and December data only. 5 No data reported.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual

company data.

Notes: • This table reports landed costs of crude oil imports only; it does not account for refined

petroleum products imported into the United States. • Data include any imports for the Strategic Petroleum

Reserve, which began in 1977. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1973 through September 1977—Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-F701-M-0,

"Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1977 through January 1979—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report." • February 1979 through September 1982—EIA,

Form ERA-51, "Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1982 through June 1984—EIA, Form EP-51, "Monthly

Foreign Crude Oil Transaction Report." • July 1984 forward—EIA, Form EIA-856, "Monthly Foreign Crude

Oil Acquisition Report."
160 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

By Selected Country, 2000

Saudi Arabia Canada Mexico Venezuela Nigeria Colombia Norway Angola United Kingdom Kuwait

0

4

8

12

16 14.8

12.6 12.4

11.7

9.6

3.3 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.5

Billion Dollars1

Source: Table 5.18.

Figure 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports

1Nominal Dollars. 

 Notes: • OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. • Because vertical 

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Totals, 2000

Total OPEC Non-OPEC Persian Saudi

0

20

40

60

80

100

90

45 45

24

15

Billion Dollars1

Total, 1973-2000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

20

40

60

80

100

Billion Dollars1

Gulf Nations Arabia
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 161

Table 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2000

 (Billion Dollars1)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations

Selected OPEC 2 Countries Selected Non-OPEC Countries

Total Kuwait Nigeria 4

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela

Total

OPEC 3 Angola Canada Colombia Mexico Norway

United

Kingdom

Total

Non-OPEC

1973 1.7 W 1.5 0.9 0.8 5.2 W 1.9 W W NA NA 2.4 7.6

1974 4.4 W 3.3 1.9 1.3 11.6 0.2 3.3 NA W W NA 4.1 15.6

1975 5.2 W 3.5 3.2 1.8 14.9 0.3 2.8 NA 0.3 0.1 W 4.1 19.0

1976 8.7 W 5.1 5.8 1.0 22.2 (s) 1.8 W 0.4 0.2 W 3.6 25.8

1977 12.2 W 6.3 6.9 1.2 29.6 0.1 1.4 NA 0.9 0.3 0.5 5.1 34.7

1978 11.3 W 4.9 5.8 0.8 27.1 (s) 1.3 NA 1.6 0.6 0.9 6.2 33.3

1979 15.3 W 9.0 9.3 1.9 39.7 0.3 2.0 NA 3.3 0.6 1.7 11.3 51.0

1980 16.9 W 11.4 13.6 1.5 47.5 0.5 2.2 NA 5.9 1.9 2.3 17.4 64.9

1981 15.1 NA 8.8 13.9 1.6 39.0 0.6 1.9 NA 5.8 1.6 5.0 19.5 58.5

1982 8.4 W 6.7 6.8 1.4 22.0 0.5 2.1 NA 6.7 1.3 5.5 20.2 42.2

1983 4.3 W 3.4 3.4 1.4 16.1 0.8 2.6 NA 7.2 0.7 4.1 19.1 35.2

1984 4.8 W 2.3 3.3 2.3 16.1 0.9 3.3 NA 6.5 1.2 4.1 19.7 35.8

1985 2.3 W 3.0 1.2 2.7 12.9 1.0 4.4 NA 6.7 0.3 2.9 18.3 31.2

1986 3.8 0.1 2.4 2.9 1.8 10.4 0.5 2.8 0.3 2.8 0.3 1.7 10.2 20.6

1987 6.0 0.5 3.7 3.9 2.8 15.5 1.2 3.8 0.8 3.7 0.5 2.1 14.7 30.1

1988 6.7 0.4 3.5 4.4 2.2 14.0 1.1 3.4 0.6 3.1 0.3 1.5 12.3 26.3

1989 11.0 1.0 5.6 7.1 3.0 21.9 1.9 3.9 0.9 4.3 0.9 1.1 15.8 37.7

1990 13.5 0.5 6.7 9.5 4.9 27.2 1.9 4.8 1.1 4.9 0.7 1.3 18.2 45.5

1991 11.0 (s) 5.3 10.7 3.9 22.3 1.8 4.7 0.9 4.4 0.6 0.8 15.7 38.0

1992 10.5 0.2 5.1 10.2 4.6 22.2 2.4 5.0 0.7 4.5 0.9 1.5 17.3 39.5

1993 9.1 1.8 4.9 7.2 4.9 20.7 2.1 5.0 0.9 4.4 0.9 2.0 18.3 38.9

1994 8.8 1.6 3.9 7.2 5.0 19.7 1.9 5.3 0.8 4.8 1.2 2.4 19.4 39.1

1995 9.1 1.3 4.1 7.7 6.2 21.6 2.3 6.3 1.3 6.1 1.7 2.2 22.6 44.3

1996 11.1 1.8 4.8 9.4 8.9 25.3 2.8 7.8 1.8 8.7 2.3 1.6 30.5 55.8

1997 10.4 1.6 5.2 8.3 8.3 24.4 3.1 7.7 1.9 8.6 2.1 1.3 29.9 54.4

1998 8.3 1.2 3.6 5.7 5.1 17.4 2.3 5.4 1.7 5.3 1.1 0.8 20.2 37.6

1999 R15.0 1.5 R4.0 R8.8 6.5 R26.1 R2.4 7.5 3.0 R7.4 1.8 1.9 R28.8 R54.9

2000P 23.5 2.5 9.6 14.8 11.7 45.3 3.2 12.6 3.3 12.4 3.2 2.9 44.9 90.2

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for current membership. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. In June 1996,

OPEC retroactively ended Gabon‘s membership in OPEC effective December 31, 1994. However, data for

Gabon are still included here for 1995. 4 Data shown here represent landed value; they differ from data in Table 3.5, which are data from U.S.

Customs that represent crude oil value at the port of loading.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual

company data. (s)=Less than $0.05 billion. 

Notes: • Crude oil import volumes used to calculate values in this table are for the 50 states and the

District of Columbia. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Calculated by using prices on Table 5.17 and volume data as follows: • 1973-1975—U.S.

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports.

• 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly

(February 2001).
162 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2000

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.19.

Summary

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

 Dollars per Barrel (Nominal)

Imported

Domestic

Composite

Domestic Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Real1

Nominal

Imported Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1

Composite Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 163

Table 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2000

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Domestic Imported Composite

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1

1968 3.21 12.21 2.90 11.03 3.17 12.05

1969 3.37 12.21 2.80 10.15 3.29 11.92

1970 3.46 11.91 2.96 10.19 3.40 11.70

1971 3.68 12.06 3.17 10.39 3.60 11.80

1972 3.67 11.53 3.22 10.12 3.58 11.25

1973 4.17 12.41 4.08 12.14 4.15 12.35

1974 7.18 19.61 12.52 34.19 9.07 24.77

1975 8.39 20.96 13.93 34.80 10.38 25.93

1976 8.84 20.90 13.48 31.87 10.89 25.74

1977 9.55 21.21 14.53 32.27 11.96 26.57

1978 10.61 22.00 14.57 30.21 12.46 25.83

1979 14.27 27.31 21.67 41.47 17.72 33.91

1980 24.23 42.48 33.89 59.41 28.07 49.21

1981 34.33 55.04 37.05 59.40 35.24 56.50

1982 31.22 47.12 33.55 50.64 31.87 48.11

1983 28.87 41.91 29.30 42.54 28.99 42.09

1984 28.53 39.94 28.88 40.43 28.63 40.08

1985 26.66 36.18 26.99 36.63 26.75 36.30

1986 14.82 19.68 14.00 18.59 14.55 19.32

1987 17.76 22.89 18.13 23.37 17.90 23.07

1988 14.74 18.38 14.56 18.15 14.67 18.29

1989 17.87 21.46 18.08 21.71 17.97 21.58

1990 22.59 26.11 21.76 25.15 22.22 25.68

1991 19.33 21.56 18.70 20.86 19.06 21.26

1992 18.63 20.29 18.20 19.82 18.43 20.07

1993 16.67 17.72 16.14 17.16 16.41 17.45

1994 15.67 16.32 15.51 16.15 15.59 16.24

1995 17.33 17.67 17.14 17.47 17.23 17.56

1996 20.77 20.77 20.64 20.64 20.71 20.71

1997 19.61 R19.23 18.53 18.18 19.04 18.68

1998 13.18 R12.77 12.04 R11.66 12.52 R12.13

1999 R17.90 R17.09 R17.26 16.47 R17.51 R16.71

2000P 29.06 27.18 27.69 25.90 28.23 26.40

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Refiner acquisition cost of crude oil for each category and for the composite is derived by dividing

the sum of the total purchasing (acquisition) costs of all refiners by the total volume of all refiners’

purchases.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1968-1973—Estimated. See Note 7 at end of section. • 1974 through January

1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-96, "Monthly Cost Allocation Report." • February

1976 through December 1977—FEA, Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Refiners’ Monthly Cost Allocation Report."

• 1978 forward—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (March 2001), Table 1.
164 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Source: Table 5.20.

Figure 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1983-2000

1 Nominal value.

To Resellers

1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes

Motor Gasoline,

 Average

No. 2

Distillate,

Average

Residual Fuel Oil,

Average

Propane

To End Users

1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes

Motor Gasoline, 

 Average

No. 2 

Distillate,

Average

Residual Fuel Oil,

Average

Propane
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 165

Table 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1984-2000

 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 P

Sales Prices to Resellers: 2

 Aviation Gasoline ............................ 116.5 113.0 91.2 85.9 85.0 95.0 106.3 100.1 99.1 96.5 93.3 97.5 105.5 106.5 91.2 R100.7 128.8

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 83.2 83.5 53.1 58.9 57.7 65.4 78.6 69.9 67.7 62.6 59.9 62.6 71.3 70.0 52.6 R64.5 87.9

 Leaded Regular ............................ 79.5 79.3 50.1 56.5 54.8 63.1 75.4 65.7 69.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

 Unleaded Regular ......................... 84.2 84.3 52.2 56.9 54.8 61.8 75.8 67.2 64.5 59.3 56.6 59.3 68.5 67.3 49.9 R62.0 85.5

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 81.4 73.3 70.8 66.0 63.8 67.0 75.9 74.9 57.6 R69.6 94.3

 Premium ....................................... 91.6 92.2 61.0 67.1 67.2 74.9 87.4 79.2 77.4 72.2 69.5 72.2 80.3 79.2 61.7 R72.6 97.9

 Kerosene ........................................ 91.6 87.4 60.6 59.2 54.9 66.9 83.9 72.2 63.2 60.4 61.8 58.0 71.4 65.3 46.5 R55.0 105.8

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 83.0 79.4 49.5 53.8 49.5 58.3 77.3 65.0 60.5 57.7 53.4 53.9 64.6 61.3 45.0 R53.3 99.3

 No. 1 Distillate ............................... 89.2 86.3 57.9 59.9 54.9 66.8 83.8 73.0 65.2 64.6 61.5 62.5 75.1 72.3 51.3 R63.4 107.8

 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 81.3 77.4 47.0 53.1 47.3 56.6 69.5 61.8 58.5 55.9 52.2 53.0 65.3 60.2 43.9 53.6 93.9

 No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 82.1 77.6 48.6 52.7 47.3 56.5 69.7 62.2 57.9 54.4 50.6 51.1 63.9 59.0 42.2 R49.3 94.3

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 80.3 77.2 45.2 53.4 47.3 56.7 69.4 61.5 59.1 57.0 52.9 53.8 65.9 60.6 44.4 R54.6 93.8

 No. 4 Fuel 3 .................................... 70.7 67.2 40.9 46.2 42.5 48.0 59.0 55.6 49.5 48.8 46.2 46.3 60.3 55.1 38.3 43.0 81.3

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 65.4 57.7 30.5 38.5 30.0 36.0 41.3 31.4 30.8 29.3 31.7 36.3 42.0 38.7 28.0 R35.4 57.8

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 68.5 61.0 32.8 41.2 33.3 40.7 47.2 36.4 35.1 33.7 34.5 38.3 45.6 41.5 29.9 R38.2 66.8

 Greater Than 1% Sulfur Content .. 63.9 56.0 28.9 36.2 27.1 33.1 37.2 29.2 28.6 25.6 28.7 33.8 38.9 36.6 26.9 R32.9 49.3

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 45.0 39.8 29.0 25.2 24.0 24.7 38.6 34.9 32.8 35.1 32.4 34.4 46.1 41.6 28.8 R34.2 76.7

Sales Prices to End Users: 2

 Aviation Gasoline ............................ 123.4 120.1 101.1 90.7 89.1 99.5 112.0 104.7 102.7 99.0 95.7 100.5 111.6 112.8 97.5 105.9 126.0

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 90.7 91.2 62.4 66.9 67.3 75.6 88.3 79.7 78.7 75.9 73.8 76.5 84.7 83.9 67.3 78.1 106.2

 Leaded Regular ............................ 84.8 84.2 57.3 61.8 61.9 71.0 83.1 71.5 78.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

 Unleaded Regular ......................... 91.5 91.7 61.6 65.0 64.1 71.4 84.9 76.1 74.3 71.2 68.9 71.7 80.7 79.8 63.0 R74.2 102.4

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA 79.2 92.1 84.3 82.7 80.5 78.5 80.8 89.6 89.5 72.8 R83.5 112.9

 Premium ....................................... 101.5 102.3 73.7 78.4 78.8 86.7 98.5 90.7 91.4 88.9 86.5 89.0 97.2 97.3 80.5 R90.6 120.8

 Kerosene ........................................ 103.6 103.0 79.0 77.0 73.8 70.9 92.3 83.8 78.8 75.4 66.0 58.9 74.0 74.5 50.1 R60.5 122.7

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 84.2 79.6 52.9 54.3 51.3 59.2 76.6 65.2 61.0 58.0 53.4 54.0 65.1 61.3 45.2 R54.3 99.8

 No. 1 Distillate ............................... 92.7 88.0 62.0 60.4 56.4 66.1 81.9 74.0 66.6 66.6 64.0 62.0 72.6 68.9 55.1 R62.1 105.8

 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 83.7 79.9 49.1 55.6 50.7 58.5 72.6 65.0 62.0 60.2 55.6 56.0 68.0 64.2 49.2 R58.0 100.0

 No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 91.6 84.9 56.0 58.1 54.4 58.7 73.4 66.5 62.7 60.2 57.2 56.2 67.3 63.6 48.2 R55.8 101.4

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 82.3 78.9 47.8 55.1 50.0 58.5 72.5 64.8 61.9 60.2 55.4 56.0 68.1 64.2 49.4 R58.4 99.7

 No. 4 Fuel 3 .................................... 79.6 77.3 48.9 51.3 46.1 51.2 62.2 58.0 52.6 50.1 50.1 50.5 60.3 56.5 42.8 47.4 87.4

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 68.7 61.0 34.3 42.3 33.4 38.5 44.4 34.0 33.6 33.7 35.2 39.2 45.5 42.3 30.5 R37.4 62.2

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 72.0 64.4 37.2 44.7 37.2 43.6 50.5 40.2 38.9 39.7 40.1 43.6 52.6 48.8 35.4 R40.5 76.4

 Greater Than 1% Sulfur Content .. 65.9 58.2 31.7 39.6 30.0 34.4 40.0 30.6 31.2 30.3 33.0 37.7 43.3 40.3 28.7 R36.2 56.2

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 73.7 71.7 74.5 70.1 71.4 61.5 74.5 73.0 64.3 67.3 53.0 49.2 60.5 55.2 40.5 R45.8 68.3

Refiner Margins 4

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 15.1 19.8 18.4 16.3 22.8 22.6 25.7 24.5 23.8 23.5 22.8 21.6 22.0 24.7 22.8 R22.8 29.0

 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 14.9 15.8 14.9 11.2 14.6 15.5 24.4 19.6 16.5 18.6 16.3 12.9 15.3 16.0 15.2 R11.6 20.7

 No. 2 Distillate ............................... 13.1 13.8 12.4 10.4 12.4 13.8 16.6 16.4 14.6 16.8 15.1 12.0 16.0 14.9 14.1 R11.9 22.3

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ -2.8 -6.0 -4.1 -4.1 -5.0 -6.8 -11.6 -14.0 -13.2 -9.8 -5.4 -4.8 -7.2 -6.6 -1.8 R-6.3 -10.8

 Composite 5 .................................... 13.7 17.0 15.8 13.8 18.7 18.8 22.1 20.7 19.8 19.0 19.8 18.1 19.4 20.0 19.5 R18.9 26.0

1 Nominal value. 2 Sales for resale (wholesale sales) are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk

customers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 Includes No. 4 fuel oil and No. 4 diesel fuel. 4 In this table, refiner margin is the difference between the composite refiner acquisition price of crude

oil and the price to resellers.

5 Composite of aviation gasoline, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, motor gasoline, distillate fuel nos. 1,

2, and 4, and residual fuel.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1984-1999—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual, annual reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum

Marketing Monthly (March 2001).
166 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Nominal value.

* Not applicable.

Figure 5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 2000

Distillate Fuel Oil, Residual Fuel Oil, and Propane

No. 2 Distillate No. 2 Distillate No. 2 Diesel No. 2 Diesel No. 2 Diesel Residual Propane

0

30

60

90

120

150

114

141

106 107 104

64

127

95 95 95 93

61

78

Cents1 per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)

Motor Gasoline, Selected Grades

All Finished Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Premium

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

104 101 98

110 107 111

118

88 86 82

96 93 94 98

Cents1 per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)

Motor Gasoline Regular Regular 

Conventional RegularOxygenated

Regular 

Reformulated Midgrade

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil to Residences Fuel Fuel, Low Sulfur Fuel, High Sulfur (Consumer Grade)

To End Users To Resellers

*

Notes: • Data are preliminary. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared. 

Source: Table 5.21.

Fuel Oil
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 167

Table 5.21 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1984-2000

 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 P

Sales Prices to Resellers 2

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 83.8 84.1 53.8 59.2 58.0 65.8 78.9 70.8 68.0 62.8 60.2 63.0 71.5 70.3 53.0 R64.5 88.3

 Unleaded Regular ......................... 84.9 84.9 52.9 57.2 55.1 62.3 76.2 68.2 64.9 59.7 57.1 59.9 68.9 67.7 50.4 R62.1 86.1

 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 56.5 58.3 67.2 65.8 48.4 R59.6 82.4

 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.7 66.2 74.5 75.4 57.5 R69.0 96.4

 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63.2 64.6 73.3 72.5 55.1 R67.6 93.0

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA 69.1 82.3 74.4 71.3 66.4 64.1 67.3 76.0 75.1 57.9 R69.4 94.4

 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63.3 65.1 73.7 72.3 55.0 R65.8 89.0

 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.9 71.1 78.9 79.1 59.9 R69.5 97.3

 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 72.2 71.9 80.2 80.1 63.2 R75.8 103.4

 Premium ....................................... 92.4 92.8 61.7 67.4 67.5 75.2 87.7 80.0 77.6 72.2 69.6 72.4 80.4 79.4 61.8 R72.4 98.0

 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 69.5 77.7 76.4 58.7 R68.8 92.3

 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 75.7 78.7 85.1 85.6 67.4 R77.9 107.6

 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 76.9 77.9 85.1 84.5 67.1 R78.7 106.0

 No. 2 Distillate ................................ 81.9 78.1 48.0 53.5 48.2 57.2 70.6 62.7 59.1 56.6 52.9 53.6 66.0 61.1 45.0 53.8 95.0

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 53.8 54.6 66.7 61.6 45.4 R55.2 94.6

 Low Sulfur ................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 54.2 55.1 67.3 61.9 45.7 R55.7 94.9

 High Sulfur .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 51.9 52.4 63.9 60.2 43.7 51.9 92.9

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 65.8 58.2 31.5 39.9 31.5 37.8 43.4 33.0 32.6 30.1 32.2 36.6 42.7 39.6 28.4 R35.5 61.3

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 68.5 60.6 33.6 42.0 34.1 41.5 48.1 37.9 36.8 34.1 35.0 38.3 46.1 42.4 30.5 R38.2 68.7

 Greater Than 1% Sulfur Content .. 64.1 56.1 29.5 38.1 28.2 34.0 38.8 29.7 30.0 27.2 29.8 34.4 39.7 37.5 27.1 R33.3 51.4

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 33.6 35.4 47.1 42.6 29.7 35.4 77.6

Sales Prices to End Users 2

 Motor Gasoline ............................... 91.6 91.9 63.7 67.7 68.0 76.8 89.9 81.1 78.7 75.3 72.9 76.1 84.3 83.1 66.0 R76.2 104.4

 Unleaded Regular ......................... 92.7 92.8 63.0 66.3 65.5 73.2 87.0 78.0 75.0 71.4 69.0 72.1 80.9 79.7 62.3 R72.8 101.2

 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.5 71.4 80.1 78.5 61.0 R70.8 98.4

 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 73.7 77.3 86.1 88.7 69.4 R78.2 110.1

 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 74.3 74.1 83.3 82.2 65.1 R77.7 106.9

 Unleaded Midgrade ...................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 82.4 79.2 77.0 80.2 88.5 88.0 71.1 R81.2 110.5

 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 76.6 79.3 87.4 86.5 69.5 R78.7 106.9

 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 82.1 83.8 92.9 96.4 76.3 R85.3 119.1

 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 85.1 82.9 91.6 91.5 74.8 R86.9 116.9

 Premium ....................................... 101.2 101.6 73.6 78.0 78.6 87.4 99.6 91.9 90.6 87.5 85.2 88.3 96.2 95.5 78.6 R88.0 118.0

 Conventional .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 84.6 87.1 95.0 93.9 76.9 R85.6 114.0

 Oxygenated ................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 90.8 93.8 101.9 105.4 84.5 R94.0 129.3

 Reformulated .............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 93.7 91.4 99.1 98.8 82.2 R93.1 124.3

 No. 2 Distillate ................................ 92.6 89.0 61.4 64.3 61.2 69.5 84.1 76.0 72.6 71.0 67.5 67.3 79.3 75.3 59.9 R67.8 114.2

 No. 2 Distillate to Residences 3 .... 109.1 105.3 83.6 80.3 81.3 90.0 106.3 101.9 93.4 91.1 88.4 86.7 98.9 98.4 85.2 R87.6 141.1

 No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.8 63.6 75.7 71.4 56.2 R65.4 106.4

 Low Sulfur ................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 64.2 64.5 76.7 71.9 56.5 R66.3 107.0

 High Sulfur .................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 59.8 61.4 73.2 69.8 55.5 R62.0 104.3

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 69.6 62.3 35.8 42.6 33.9 39.3 45.5 34.7 34.6 34.1 35.8 39.7 46.4 42.9 31.1 R37.8 63.5

 1% or Less Sulfur Content ............ 72.9 66.0 38.9 44.9 37.3 43.6 51.2 40.0 39.4 39.3 40.3 43.3 52.9 47.2 35.6 R40.6 73.9

 Greater Than 1% Sulfur Content .. 66.4 58.9 32.8 39.9 30.6 35.1 40.5 31.1 31.9 31.2 32.7 37.6 43.0 40.7 29.2 R36.6 57.5

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 77.6 76.6 88.6 87.8 77.4 R78.1 127.3

1 Nominal value. 2 Sales for resale (wholesale sales) are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk

customers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 See Note 8 at end of section for historical data.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: • 1984-1999—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual, annual

reports. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (March 2001).
168 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices

1 "Area type" refers to the specific types of motor gasoline that are mandated by the 

Environmental Protection Agency to be sold in designated areas of the country. Only cash 

self-service prices are included.

2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

3 All types.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.11 and 5.22.

Motor Gasoline, All Types, 1978-2000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.00

0.75

1.50

2.25

Dollars per Gallon

Motor Gasoline by Type, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

 Dollars per Gallon (Nominal)

Motor Gasoline3 Price and Consumption, 1978-2000, Indexed to 1978

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Index: 1978=1.0

Real2

Nominal

Unleaded 

Regular

Leaded Regular

Unleaded 

Premium

Price2

Consumption

and

Reformulated Types

$1.56 in 2000

(Nominal)

Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type,1 2000

Conventional Oxygenated Oxygenated Reformulated All Area

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

1.46 1.51 1.55 1.54 1.48

Dollars per Gallon (Nominal)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 169

Table 5.22 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949-2000

 (Dollars per Gallon)

Year

Motor Gasoline by Grade 1 Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type 2,3

OnHighway

Diesel

Fuel 3

Leaded Regular Unleaded Regular Unleaded Premium All Types

Conventional Oxygenated

Oxygenated

and

Reformulated Reformulated

All

Nominal Real Area Types 4 Nominal Real 4 Nominal Real 4 Nominal Real 4

1949 0.27 1.55 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1950 0.27 1.54 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1951 0.27 1.45 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1952 0.27 1.44 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1953 0.29 1.49 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1954 0.29 1.49 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1955 0.29 1.47 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1956 0.30 1.46 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1957 0.31 1.47 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1958 0.30 1.41 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1959 0.31 1.39 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1960 0.31 1.40 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1961 0.31 1.37 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1962 0.31 1.35 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1963 0.30 1.32 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1964 0.30 1.30 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1965 0.31 1.31 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1966 0.32 1.31 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1967 0.33 1.32 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1968 0.34 1.28 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1969 0.35 1.26 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1970 0.36 1.23 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1971 0.36 1.19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1972 0.36 1.14 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1973 0.39 1.16 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1974 0.53 1.45 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1975 0.57 1.42 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1976 0.59 1.40 0.61 1.45 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1977 0.62 1.38 0.66 1.46 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1978 0.63 1.30 0.67 1.39 NA NA 0.65 1.35 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1979 0.86 1.64 0.90 1.73 NA NA 0.88 1.69 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1980 1.19 2.09 1.25 2.18 NA NA 1.22 2.14 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1981 1.31 2.10 1.38 2.21 1.47 2.36 1.35 2.17 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1982 1.22 1.85 1.30 1.96 1.42 2.14 1.28 1.93 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1983 1.16 1.68 1.24 1.80 1.38 2.01 1.23 1.78 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1984 1.13 1.58 1.21 1.70 1.37 1.91 1.20 1.68 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1985 1.12 1.51 1.20 1.63 1.34 1.82 1.20 1.62 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1986 0.86 1.14 0.93 1.23 1.09 1.44 0.93 1.24 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1987 0.90 1.16 0.95 1.22 1.09 1.41 0.96 1.23 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1988 0.90 1.12 0.95 1.18 1.11 1.38 0.96 1.20 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1989 1.00 1.20 1.02 1.23 1.20 1.44 1.06 1.27 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1990 1.15 1.33 1.16 1.35 1.35 1.56 1.22 1.41 NA NA NA NA NA NA

1991 NA NA 1.14 1.27 1.32 1.47 1.20 1.33 1.10 NA NA NA 1.10 NA

1992 NA NA 1.13 1.23 1.32 1.43 1.19 1.30 1.09 NA NA NA 1.09 NA

1993 NA NA 1.11 1.18 1.30 1.38 1.17 1.25 1.05 1.14 NA NA 1.07 NA

1994 NA NA 1.11 1.16 1.31 1.36 1.17 1.22 1.06 1.14 NA NA 1.08 NA

1995 NA NA 1.15 1.17 1.34 1.36 1.21 1.23 1.09 1.16 1.18 1.16 1.11 1.11

1996 NA NA 1.23 1.23 1.41 1.41 1.29 1.29 1.18 1.27 1.27 1.24 1.20 1.24

1997 NA NA 1.23 1.21 1.42 1.39 1.29 1.27 1.18 1.26 1.28 1.25 1.20 1.20

1998 NA NA 1.06 1.03 1.25 1.21 1.12 1.08 1.01 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.03 1.04

1999 NA NA 1.17 1.11 1.36 1.30 1.22 1.17 1.11 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.14 1.12

2000 NA NA 1.51 1.41 1.69 1.58 1.56 1.46 1.46 1.51 1.55 1.54 1.48 1.49

1 Average motor gasoline prices are calculated from a sample of service stations providing all types of

service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-serve). Geographic coverage - 1949-1973, 55 representative cities;

1974-1977, 56 urban areas; 1978 forward, 85 urban areas. 2 "Area Type" refers to the specific types of motor gasoline that are mandated by the Environmental

Protection Agency to be sold in designated areas of the country. Only cash self-service prices are

included. 3 Nominal dollars. 4 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/pet_frame.html.

Sources: Motor Gasoline by Grade: • 1949-1973—Platt’s Oil Price Handbook and Oilmanac, 1974,

51st Edition. • 1974 forward—Energy Information Administration (EIA), annual averages of monthly data

from Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Prices: Energy. Motor Gasoline by Area Type: EIA, annual

averages of data from Weekly Retail Gasoline Prices. On-Highway Diesel: EIA, annual averages of data

from Weekly On-Highway Diesel Prices.
Petroleum

Note 1. Accurate calculation of the quantity of petroleum products supplied to the domestic market is complicated by the recycling of products at

the refinery, the renaming of products involved in a transfer, and the receipt

of products from outside the primary supply system. Beginning in 1981, a

single adjustment (always a negative quantity) is made to total product supplied to correct this accounting problem. The calculation of this adjustment, called “reclassified,” involves only unfinished oils and gasoline

blending components. It is the sum of their net changes in primary stocks

(net withdrawals is a plus quantity; net additions is a minus quantity) plus

imports minus net input to refineries.

Note 2. Total petroleum products supplied is the sum of the products supplied

for each petroleum product, crude oil, unfinished oils, and gasoline blending

components. For each of these, except crude oil, product supplied is calculated by adding refinery production, natural gas plant liquids production, new

supply of other liquids, imports, and stock withdrawals, and subtracting stock

additions, refinery inputs, and exports. Crude oil product supplied is the sum

of crude oil burned on leases and at pipeline pump stations as reported on

Form EIA-813. Prior to 1983, crude oil burned on leases and at pipeline pump

stations was reported as either distillate or residual fuel oil and was included

as product supplied for these products. Petroleum product supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous with the term “Petroleum Consumption” in Section 1. Sector data for petroleum products used

in more than one sector are derived from surveys of sales to ultimate consumers by refiners, marketers, distributors, and dealers and from receipts at electric utilities.

Note 3. Beginning in January 1981, several Energy Information Administration survey forms and calculation methodologies were changed to reflect

new developments in refinery and blending plant practices and to improve

data integrity. Those changes affect production and product supplied statistics for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and residual fuel oil, and stocks

of motor gasoline. On the basis of those changes, motor gasoline production during the last half of 1980 would have averaged 289,000 barrels per

day higher than that which was published on the old basis. Distillate and

residual fuel oil production and product supplied for all of 1980 would

have averaged, respectively, 105,000 and 54,000 barrels per day higher

than the numbers that were published.

Note 4. The methods of deriving Gross Input to Distillation Units (GIDU)

in this report are as follows: 1949-1966, GIDU is estimated by summing

annual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil reruns at refineries, and

shipments of natural gasoline and plant condensate from natural gas processing plants to refineries. For 1967-1973, GIDU is estimated by summing annual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil reruns, and refinery

input of natural gasoline and plant condensate. For 1974-1980, GIDU is

published annual data. For 1981 forward, GIDU is the sum of reported

monthly data.

Note 5. Due to differences in presentation of data among various EIA publications, data for consumption at nonutility power producers are sometimes shown in the end-use sectors and at other times in the electric power

sector. In Tables 5.12a-5.12c, the “End-Use Sectors” data come from

EIA’s State Energy Data Report, which includes all nonutility consumption in the end-use sectors. In Table 5.12d, the “Electric Power Sector”

data come from EIA’s Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual,

which for 1999 and 2000 include nonutility consumption for electricity

generation. Because of this double-counting of nonutility data in 1999 and

2000, an adjustments column is incorporated into Table 5.12d to remove

the overcount and allow the components in Tables 5.12a-5.12d to be added

across to reach the total consumption value.

Note 6. The Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices were derived as

follows: 1949-1973, weighted average Domestic First Purchase values as

reported by State agencies and calculated by the Bureau of Mines; 1974

and 1975, weighted averages of a sample survey of major first purchasers’

purchases; 1976 forward, weighted averages of all first purchasers’

purchases.

Note 7. The Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil was estimated for

1968-1973. The cost of domestic crude oil was derived by adding estimated transportation costs to the reported average domestic first purchase

value. The cost of imported crude oil was derived by adding an estimated

ocean transport cost based on the published “Average Freight Rate Assessment” to the average “Free Alongside Ship” value published by the U.S.

Bureau of the Census. The composite cost was derived by weighting domestic costs and imported costs on the basis of quantities produced and

imported.

170 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Note 8. Residential heating oil prices for 1956 through 1982 were formerly published in the Annual Energy Review. Those data, in cents per gallon, are: 15.2, 16.0, 15.1, 15.3, 15.0, 15.6, 15.6, 16.0, 16.1, 16.0, 16.4,

16.9, 17.4, 17.8, 18.5, 19.6, 19.7, 22.8, 36.0, 37.7, 40.6, 46.0, 49.0, 70.4,

97.4, 119.4, 116.0. The sources of these data are: 1956-1974— Bureau of

Labor Statistics, Retail Prices and Indexes of Fuels and Utilities for Residential Usage, monthly. January 1975 through September 1977—Federal

Energy Administration, Form FEA-P112-M-1, “No. 2 Heating Oil Supply/Price Monitoring Report.” October 1977 Through December 1977—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-9, “No. 2 Heating Oil

Supply/Price Monitoring Report.” 1978-forward—EIA, Petroleum Marketing

Monthly, Table 18.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 171

Natural gas pipeline, El Paso County, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Natural Gas

6

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 175

Diagram 3. Natural Gas Flow, 2000

(Trillion Cubic Feet)

Commercial and industrial totals plus “End-Use/Nonutility Adjustment” from Table 6.5. a

Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors, and a

small quantity used as vehicle fuel.

b

Notes: Dataarepreliminary. Totalsmaynotequalsumof componentsdueto

independentrounding.

Sources: Tables 6.1, 6.2, and 6.5.

 

From

Gas Wells

17.70

Gross

Withdrawals

24.70

Marketed

Production

20.15

Dry Gas

Production

19.22

Exports

0.24

Vented

and Flared

0.27

Repressuring

3.74

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

0.54

Extraction

Loss

0.93

Imports

3.73

Supplemental

Gaseous Fuels

0.10

Withdrawals

from Storage

3.51

Balancing

Item

0.94

Additions

to Storage

2.66

Consumption

22.71

From

Oil Wells

7.00

Transportation 0.75

Electric

Power

6.32

Residential

4.92

Commercial

and Industrial

10.71a
176 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Natural Gas Overview

Overview, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet

Storage Additions and Withdrawals,1 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Trillion Cubic Feet

Additions to Storage

Withdrawals From Storage

Consumption

Production

Imports

Production

Overview, 2000

Total Dry Gas Imports Exports Consumption

0

5

10

15

20

25

19.2

3.7

0.2

22.7

Trillion Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 177

Table 6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Total

Dry Gas

Production

Supplemental

Gaseous

Fuels Imports Exports

Withdrawals

from

Storage 1

Additions

to

Storage 1

Balancing

Item 2 Consumption

1949 5.20 NA 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.17 -0.14 4.97

1950 6.02 NA 0.00 0.03 0.18 0.23 -0.18 5.77

1951 7.16 NA 0.00 0.02 0.21 0.35 -0.19 6.81

1952 7.69 NA 0.01 0.03 0.22 0.40 -0.20 7.29

1953 8.06 NA 0.01 0.03 0.25 0.40 -0.24 7.64

1954 8.39 NA 0.01 0.03 0.33 0.43 -0.22 8.05

1955 9.03 NA 0.01 0.03 0.44 0.51 -0.25 8.69

1956 9.66 NA 0.01 0.04 0.45 0.59 -0.21 9.29

1957 10.25 NA 0.04 0.04 0.48 0.67 -0.21 9.85

1958 10.57 NA 0.14 0.04 0.62 0.70 -0.28 10.30

1959 11.55 NA 0.13 0.02 0.67 0.79 -0.22 11.32

1960 12.23 NA 0.16 0.01 0.71 0.84 -0.27 11.97

1961 12.66 NA 0.22 0.01 0.70 0.84 -0.23 12.49

1962 13.25 NA 0.40 0.02 0.85 0.94 -0.29 13.27

1963 14.08 NA 0.41 0.02 0.92 1.05 -0.36 13.97

1964 14.82 NA 0.44 0.02 0.89 1.01 -0.30 14.81

1965 15.29 NA 0.46 0.03 0.96 1.08 -0.32 15.28

1966 16.47 NA 0.48 0.02 1.14 1.21 -0.40 16.45

1967 17.39 NA 0.56 0.08 1.13 1.32 -0.30 17.39

1968 18.49 NA 0.65 0.09 1.33 1.43 -0.33 18.63

1969 19.83 NA 0.73 0.05 1.38 1.50 -0.33 20.06

1970 21.01 NA 0.82 0.07 1.46 1.86 -0.23 21.14

1971 21.61 NA 0.93 0.08 1.51 1.84 -0.34 21.79

1972 21.62 NA 1.02 0.08 1.76 1.89 -0.33 22.10

1973 21.73 NA 1.03 0.08 1.53 1.97 -0.20 22.05

1974 20.71 NA 0.96 0.08 1.70 1.78 -0.29 21.22

1975 19.24 NA 0.95 0.07 1.76 2.10 -0.24 19.54

1976 19.10 NA 0.96 0.06 1.92 1.76 -0.22 19.95

1977 19.16 NA 1.01 0.06 1.75 2.31 -0.04 19.52

1978 19.12 NA 0.97 0.05 2.16 2.28 -0.29 19.63

1979 19.66 NA 1.25 0.06 2.05 2.30 -0.37 20.24

1980 19.40 0.15 0.98 0.05 1.97 1.95 -0.64 19.88

1981 19.18 0.18 0.90 0.06 1.93 2.23 -0.50 19.40

1982 17.82 0.14 0.93 0.05 2.16 2.47 -0.54 18.00

1983 16.09 0.13 0.92 0.05 2.27 1.82 -0.70 16.83

1984 17.47 0.11 0.84 0.05 2.10 2.30 -0.22 17.95

1985 16.45 0.13 0.95 0.06 2.40 2.16 -0.43 17.28

1986 16.06 0.11 0.75 0.06 1.84 1.98 -0.49 16.22

1987 16.62 0.10 0.99 0.05 1.91 1.91 -0.44 17.21

1988 17.10 0.10 1.29 0.07 2.27 2.21 -0.45 18.03

1989 17.31 0.11 1.38 0.11 2.85 2.53 -0.22 18.80

1990 17.81 0.12 1.53 0.09 1.99 2.50 -0.15 18.72

1991 17.70 0.11 1.77 0.13 2.75 2.67 -0.50 19.04

1992 17.84 0.12 2.14 0.22 2.77 2.60 -0.51 19.54

1993 18.10 0.12 2.35 0.14 2.80 2.83 -0.11 20.28

1994 18.82 0.11 2.62 0.16 2.58 2.86 -0.40 20.71

1995 18.60 0.11 2.84 0.15 3.02 2.61 -0.23 21.58

1996 18.85 0.11 2.94 0.15 2.98 2.98 0.22 21.97

1997 18.90 0.10 2.99 0.16 2.89 2.87 0.09 21.96

1998 R18.87 0.10 3.15 0.16 2.43 2.96 R-0.17 21.26

1999 R18.62 0.10 R3.59 0.16 R2.87 R2.70 R-0.61 R21.70

2000P 19.22 0.10 3.73 0.24 3.51 2.66 -0.94 22.71

1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks. 2 Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources. Since 1980, excludes

intransit shipments that cross the U.S.-Canada border (i.e., natural gas delivered to its destination via the

other country).

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. For

prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: • 1980-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual reports.

• 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 2001), Table 2. Balancing Item and Consumption:

• 1973 forward—EIA, Monthly Energy Review, (March 2001), Table 4.1. All Other Data: • 

1949-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1999 (October 2000), Table 93. • 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas

Monthly (February 2001), Table 2.
178 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 6.2.

Figure 6.2 Natural Gas Production

Gross Withdrawals and Dry Gas Production, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Trillion Cubic Feet

Gross Withdrawals

Dry Gas

 Production

Production Flow, 2000

(Trillion Cubic Feet)

Gross Withdrawals by Well Type, 2000

Gas Wells Oil Wells

0

5

10

15

20

18

7

Trillion Cubic Feet

3.7

0.9

24.7 20.1 19.2

0.5
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 179

Table 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Gross Withdrawals

Repressuring

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

Vented

and Flared

Marketed

Production

Extraction

Loss 1

Total

Dry Gas

Production

From

Gas Wells

From

Oil Wells Total

1949 4.99 2.56 7.55 1.27 NA 0.85 5.42 0.22 5.20

1950 5.60 2.88 8.48 1.40 NA 0.80 6.28 0.26 6.02

1951 6.48 3.21 9.69 1.44 NA 0.79 7.46 0.29 7.16

1952 6.84 3.43 10.27 1.41 NA 0.85 8.01 0.32 7.69

1953 7.10 3.55 10.65 1.44 NA 0.81 8.40 0.34 8.06

1954 7.47 3.52 10.98 1.52 NA 0.72 8.74 0.35 8.39

1955 7.84 3.88 11.72 1.54 NA 0.77 9.41 0.38 9.03

1956 8.31 4.07 12.37 1.43 NA 0.86 10.08 0.42 9.66

1957 8.72 4.19 12.91 1.42 NA 0.81 10.68 0.43 10.25

1958 9.15 3.99 13.15 1.48 NA 0.63 11.03 0.46 10.57

1959 10.10 4.13 14.23 1.61 NA 0.57 12.05 0.50 11.55

1960 10.85 4.23 15.09 1.75 NA 0.56 12.77 0.54 12.23

1961 11.20 4.27 15.46 1.68 NA 0.52 13.25 0.59 12.66

1962 11.70 4.34 16.04 1.74 NA 0.43 13.88 0.62 13.25

1963 12.61 4.37 16.97 1.84 NA 0.38 14.75 0.67 14.08

1964 13.11 4.43 17.54 1.65 NA 0.34 15.55 0.72 14.82

1965 13.52 4.44 17.96 1.60 NA 0.32 16.04 0.75 15.29

1966 13.89 5.14 19.03 1.45 NA 0.38 17.21 0.74 16.47

1967 15.35 4.91 20.25 1.59 NA 0.49 18.17 0.78 17.39

1968 16.54 4.79 21.33 1.49 NA 0.52 19.32 0.83 18.49

1969 17.49 5.19 22.68 1.46 NA 0.53 20.70 0.87 19.83

1970 18.59 5.19 23.79 1.38 NA 0.49 21.92 0.91 21.01

1971 18.93 5.16 24.09 1.31 NA 0.28 22.49 0.88 21.61

1972 19.04 4.97 24.02 1.24 NA 0.25 22.53 0.91 21.62

1973 19.37 4.70 24.07 1.17 NA 0.25 22.65 0.92 21.73

1974 18.67 4.18 22.85 1.08 NA 0.17 21.60 0.89 20.71

1975 17.38 3.72 21.10 0.86 NA 0.13 20.11 0.87 19.24

1976 17.19 3.75 20.94 0.86 NA 0.13 19.95 0.85 19.10

1977 17.42 3.68 21.10 0.93 NA 0.14 20.03 0.86 19.16

1978 17.39 3.91 21.31 1.18 NA 0.15 19.97 0.85 19.12

1979 18.03 3.85 21.88 1.25 NA 0.17 20.47 0.81 19.66

1980 17.57 4.30 21.87 1.37 0.20 0.13 20.18 0.78 19.40

1981 17.34 4.25 21.59 1.31 0.22 0.10 19.96 0.77 19.18

1982 15.81 4.46 20.27 1.39 0.21 0.09 18.58 0.76 17.82

1983 14.15 4.51 18.66 1.46 0.22 0.09 16.88 0.79 16.09

1984 15.51 4.75 20.27 1.63 0.22 0.11 18.30 0.84 17.47

1985 14.54 5.07 19.61 1.92 0.33 0.09 17.27 0.82 16.45

1986 14.15 4.98 19.13 1.84 0.34 0.10 16.86 0.80 16.06

1987 14.81 5.33 20.14 2.21 0.38 0.12 17.43 0.81 16.62

1988 15.47 5.53 21.00 2.48 0.46 0.14 17.92 0.82 17.10

1989 15.71 5.37 21.07 2.48 0.36 0.14 18.10 0.78 17.31

1990 16.05 5.47 21.52 2.49 0.29 0.15 18.59 0.78 17.81

1991 16.02 5.73 21.75 2.77 0.28 0.17 18.53 0.83 17.70

1992 16.16 5.97 22.13 2.97 0.28 0.17 18.71 0.87 17.84

1993 16.69 6.03 22.73 3.10 0.41 0.23 18.98 0.89 18.10

1994 17.35 6.23 23.58 3.23 0.41 0.23 19.71 0.89 18.82

1995 17.28 6.46 23.74 3.57 0.39 0.28 19.51 0.91 18.60

1996 17.74 6.38 24.11 3.51 0.52 0.27 19.81 0.96 18.85

1997 17.84 6.37 24.21 3.49 0.60 0.26 19.87 0.96 18.90

1998 R17.72 R6.38 R24.10 R3.44 R0.62 0.23 R19.81 0.94 R18.87

1999 17.54 R6.21 R23.76 R3.30 R0.61 0.25 R19.60 R0.97 R18.62

2000 E17.70 E7.00 P24.70 P3.74 P0.54 P0.27 P20.15 P0.93 P19.22

1 Volume reduction resulting from the removal of natural gas plant liquids. Natural gas plant liquids are

transferred to petroleum supply.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Beginning with 1965 data, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. 

For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/naturaL_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: From Gas Wells and From Oil Wells: • 1949-1966—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook,

"Natural Gas" chapter. • 1967-1994—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual,

annual reports. • 1995-1999—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1999 (October 2000), Table 3. • 2000—EIA

estimates. All Other Data: • 1949-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1999 (October 2000), Table 92.

• 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 2001), Table 1.
180 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports

1 Liquefied natural gas.

2 Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Trinidad and Tobago, and United 

Arab Emirates. Except for Mexico, other imports are liquefied natural gas.

3 Pipeline and liquefied natural gas.

Source: Table 6.3.

Net Imports as Share of Consumption, 1958-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

Percent

Trade Overview, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Trillion Cubic Feet

Total Imports

Imports from Canada

Total Exports

Exports by

Country of Destination

Imports by Country of Origin

4.2% in 1986

15.4% in 2000

2

Trade, 2000

Canada Algeria1 Australia1 Other Mexico3 Japan1 Canada

0

1

2

3

4

3.50

0.04 0.01 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.06

Trillion Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 181

Table 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-2000

 (Billion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

Imports by Country of Origin Exports by Country of Destination Net Imports 1

Algeria 2 Australia 2 Canada Indonesia 2 Mexico

United

Arab

Emirates 2 Total 3 Canada Japan 2 Mexico 2 Total Total

Percent of

U.S.

Consumption

1949 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (s) 0 20 20 -20 4 ( )

1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 23 26 -26 4 ( )

1951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 21 24 -24 4 ( )

1952 0 0 8 0 (s) 0 8 6 0 22 27 -20 4 ( )

1953 0 0 9 0 0 0 9 6 0 22 28 -19 4 ( )

1954 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 6 0 23 29 -22 4 ( )

1955 0 0 11 0 (s) 0 11 11 0 20 31 -20 4 ( )

1956 0 0 10 0 (s) 0 10 17 0 19 36 -26 4 ( )

1957 0 0 21 0 17 0 38 31 0 11 42 -4 4 ( )

1958 0 0 90 0 46 0 136 32 0 7 39 97 0.9

1959 0 0 83 0 51 0 134 12 0 7 18 116 1.0

1960 0 0 109 0 47 0 156 6 0 6 11 144 1.2

1961 0 0 167 0 52 0 219 6 0 5 11 208 1.7

1962 0 0 350 0 51 0 402 6 0 10 16 386 2.9

1963 0 0 356 0 50 0 406 7 0 10 17 389 2.8

1964 0 0 391 0 53 0 443 10 0 10 20 424 2.9

1965 0 0 405 0 52 0 456 18 0 8 26 430 2.8

1966 0 0 430 0 50 0 480 20 0 4 25 455 2.8

1967 0 0 513 0 51 0 564 70 0 11 82 483 2.8

1968 0 0 604 0 47 0 652 82 0 12 94 558 3.0

1969 0 0 680 0 47 0 727 35 3 13 51 676 3.4

1970 1 0 779 0 41 0 821 11 44 15 70 751 3.6

1971 1 0 912 0 21 0 935 14 50 16 80 854 3.9

1972 2 0 1,009 0 8 0 1,019 16 48 15 78 941 4.3

1973 3 0 1,028 0 2 0 1,033 15 48 14 77 956 4.3

1974 0 0 959 0 (s) 0 959 13 50 13 77 882 4.2

1975 5 0 948 0 0 0 953 10 53 9 73 880 4.5

1976 10 0 954 0 0 0 964 8 50 7 65 899 4.5

1977 11 0 997 0 2 0 1,011 (s) 52 4 56 955 4.9

1978 84 0 881 0 0 0 966 (s) 48 4 53 913 4.7

1979 253 0 1,001 0 0 0 1,253 (s) 51 4 56 1,198 5.9

1980 86 0 797 0 102 0 985 (s) 45 4 49 936 4.7

1981 37 0 762 0 105 0 904 (s) 56 3 59 845 4.4

1982 55 0 783 0 95 0 933 (s) 50 2 52 882 4.9

1983 131 0 712 0 75 0 918 (s) 53 2 55 864 5.1

1984 36 0 755 0 52 0 843 (s) 53 2 55 788 4.4

1985 24 0 926 0 0 0 950 (s) 53 2 55 894 5.2

1986 0 0 749 2 0 0 750 9 50 2 61 689 4.2

1987 0 0 993 0 0 0 993 3 49 2 54 939 5.5

1988 17 0 1,276 0 0 0 1,294 20 52 2 74 1,220 6.8

1989 42 0 1,339 0 0 0 1,382 38 51 17 107 1,275 6.8

1990 84 0 1,448 0 0 0 1,532 17 53 16 86 1,447 7.7

1991 64 0 1,710 0 0 0 1,773 15 54 60 129 1,644 8.6

1992 43 0 2,094 0 0 0 2,138 68 53 96 216 1,921 9.8

1993 82 0 2,267 0 2 0 2,350 45 56 40 140 2,210 10.9

1994 51 0 2,566 0 7 0 2,624 53 63 47 162 2,462 11.9

1995 18 0 2,816 0 7 0 2,841 28 65 61 154 2,687 12.5

1996 35 0 2,883 0 14 5 2,937 52 68 34 153 2,784 12.7

1997 66 10 2,899 0 17 2 2,994 56 62 38 157 2,837 12.9

1998 69 12 3,052 0 15 5 3,152 40 66 53 159 2,993 14.1

1999 R76 12 R3,368 0 55 3 R3,586 R39 64 R61 R163 R3,422 15.8

2000 44 8 E3,500 0 E6 E5 E3,726 E63 E64 E110 E237 E3,489 E15.4

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Imports from Algeria, Australia, Indonesia, and United Arab Emirates, and exports to Japan are

liquefied natural gas. Exports to Mexico include a small amount of liquefied natural gas. 3 Total imports also include liquefied natural gas imported from Malaysia in 1999; Qatar and Trinidad

and Tobago beginning in 1999, and Nigeria and Oman beginning in 2000. 4 Not meaningful because there were net exports during this year.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: • 1949-1954—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Oil and Gas, Reserves and

Natural Gas Division, unpublished data. • 1955-1971—EIA, Federal Power Commission, by telephone.

• 1972-1987—EIA, Form FPC-14, "Annual Report for Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas."

• 1988-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual reports. • 1994 Forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly

(February 2001), Tables 5 and 6.
182 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 6.4.

Gross Withdrawals in Top Producing States

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Trillion Cubic Feet

Gross Withdrawals by Location

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Total

Texas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Number of Producing Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Thousands

Average Gas Well Productivity

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

150

300

450

Thousand Cubic Feet per Day per Well

323 thousand in 2000

Onshore

Offshore

150 in 2000

Peak productivity: 435 thousand

cubic feet per day per well in 1971
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 183

Table 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-2000

 (Trillion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

State Location

Gross

Withdrawals

from Oil and

Gas Wells

Gas Well 1 Productivity

Texas Louisiana Oklahoma Other Onshore 2 Offshore 3

Gross

Withdrawals

from

Gas Wells

Producing

Wells 4

(thousands)

Average

Productivity

(thousand cubic

feet per day)

1960 6.96 3.31 1.13 3.68 14.81 0.27 15.09 10.85 91 326.7

1961 7.02 3.57 1.16 3.71 15.14 0.32 15.46 11.20 97 316.8

1962 7.20 3.85 1.22 3.76 15.59 0.45 16.04 11.70 100 319.8

1963 7.45 4.25 1.35 3.92 16.41 0.56 16.97 12.61 103 335.4

1964 7.62 4.52 1.42 3.98 16.91 0.62 17.54 13.11 103 347.4

1965 7.74 4.76 1.41 4.04 17.32 0.65 17.96 13.52 112 331.8

1966 7.93 5.37 1.50 4.23 18.03 1.01 19.03 13.89 112 338.4

1967 8.29 6.09 1.62 4.25 19.06 1.19 20.25 15.35 112 374.3

1968 8.57 6.78 1.61 4.37 19.80 1.52 21.33 16.54 114 395.1

1969 8.91 7.56 1.74 4.46 20.72 1.95 22.68 17.49 114 418.6

1970 9.40 8.08 1.81 4.50 21.37 2.42 23.79 18.59 117 433.6

1971 9.52 8.32 1.81 4.44 21.31 2.78 24.09 18.93 119 434.8

1972 9.55 8.16 1.93 4.38 20.98 3.04 24.02 19.04 121 429.4

1973 9.29 8.49 1.89 4.40 20.86 3.21 24.07 19.37 124 427.4

1974 8.86 7.92 1.76 4.31 19.34 3.51 22.85 18.67 126 404.9

1975 7.99 7.24 1.72 4.15 17.55 3.55 21.10 17.38 130 365.3

1976 7.67 7.14 1.84 4.29 17.35 3.60 20.94 17.19 138 341.5

1977 7.50 7.35 1.89 4.36 17.16 3.93 21.10 17.42 148 323.1

1978 6.99 7.64 1.89 4.79 16.95 4.36 21.31 17.39 157 302.7

1979 7.59 7.36 1.96 4.97 17.06 4.82 21.88 18.03 170 290.8

1980 7.66 7.01 2.02 5.19 16.97 4.90 21.87 17.57 182 263.8

1981 7.45 6.83 2.02 5.29 16.60 4.99 21.59 17.34 199 238.9

1982 6.98 6.22 1.99 5.09 15.50 4.77 20.27 15.81 211 205.5

1983 6.43 5.38 1.78 5.07 14.48 4.18 18.66 14.15 222 174.7

1984 6.71 5.89 2.05 5.62 15.56 4.71 20.27 15.51 234 181.2

1985 6.58 5.22 1.99 5.82 15.42 4.19 19.61 14.54 243 163.6

1986 6.66 4.96 1.97 5.54 14.95 4.19 19.13 14.15 242 160.6

1987 6.69 5.20 2.07 6.17 15.47 4.67 20.14 14.81 249 162.8

1988 6.92 5.25 2.17 6.67 16.25 4.75 21.00 15.47 257 164.3

1989 6.88 5.14 2.24 6.81 16.30 4.77 21.07 15.71 262 164.0

1990 6.91 5.30 2.26 7.05 16.48 5.05 21.52 16.05 269 163.4

1991 6.85 5.10 2.15 7.65 16.90 4.85 21.75 16.02 276 158.8

1992 6.71 4.98 2.02 8.43 17.36 4.77 22.13 16.16 275 R160.4

1993 6.82 5.05 2.05 8.81 17.96 4.77 22.73 16.69 282 162.1

1994 6.91 5.23 1.93 9.51 18.58 5.00 23.58 17.35 292 162.9

1995 6.87 5.16 1.81 9.90 18.80 4.94 23.74 17.28 299 158.6

1996 7.03 5.35 1.73 10.00 18.87 5.25 24.11 17.74 302 R160.6

1997 7.02 5.30 1.70 10.19 18.90 5.32 24.21 17.84 311 157.2

1998 R6.97 R5.36 1.64 R10.12 R18.88 R5.22 R24.10 R17.72 R317 R153.2

1999 R6.63 R5.37 R1.57 R10.18 R18.58 R5.18 R23.76 17.54 R307 R156.3

2000 E6.90 E5.31 E1.69 E10.79 E19.46 E5.24 P24.70 E17.70 P323 E149.8

1 See Glossary. 2 Includes State offshore gross withdrawals. 3 Excludes State offshore gross withdrawals; includes Federal offshore (Outer Continental Shelf) gross

withdrawals. 4 As of December 31 each year.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Offshore (Outer Continental Shelf): • 1960-1981—U.S. Geological Survey. • 1982-1985—The

United States Minerals Management Service, Mineral Revenues - The 1989 Report on Receipts from

Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports. • 1986-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Annual,

annual reports. • 1995-1999—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1999 (October 2000), Table 4. • 2000—EIA

estimates. Gross Withdrawals from Oil and Gas Wells: • 1960-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1998

(October 1999), Table 92. • 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (February 2001), Table 1. 

Producing Wells: • 1960-1966—Bureau of Mines, Natural Gas Production and Consumption.

• 1967-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual reports. • 1995-1999—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1999

(October 2000), Table 1. • 2000—Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil (February 2001). All Other Data: 

• 1960-1966—Bureau of Mines, Natural Gas Production and Consumption. • 1967-1999—EIA, Natural

Gas Annual, annual reports. • 2000—EIA estimates.
184 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector

1 Includes some natural gas that is also counted in nonutility power producers in the 

electric power sector.

2 Pipeline fuel, and vehicle fuel for 1990-1998; for 1999, vehicle fuel data were not 

available.

3 Nonutility power producers. Data available for 1999 and 2000 only. See Note 4 at end of 

Electricity section.

 Includes "End-Use/Nonutility Adjustment." See Table 6.5.

Source: Table 6.5.

End Use and Electric Power Shares, 1950 and 2000

Residential Commercial Transportation Electric Power

0

25

50

75

100

21

66

2

11

22

47

3

28

Percent

1950 2000

By Sector, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Trillion Cubic Feet

By Sector, 2000

Residential Commercial Transportation2 Electric

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

4.9

10.7

0.8

6.3

Trillion Cubic Feet

Industrial1

Residential

Electric Utilities

Commercial1 Transportation2

Power

NPP3

4

..

and Industrial 4 and Industrial 4
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 185

Table 6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

End-Use Sectors Electric Power Sector 1

End-Use/

Nonutility

Adjustment 4

Total

Consumption

Residential Commercial 2 Industrial 2 Transportation

Total

Electric

Utilities

Nonutility

Power

Producers Total 

Delivered

to Residences

Delivered

to Commercial

Facilities

Delivered

to Industrial

Facilities

Lease and

Plant Fuel Total

Pipeline

Fuel 3

Delivered

for Vehicle

Fuel Use Total

1949 0.99 0.35 2.25 0.84 3.08 NA NA NA 4.42 0.55 NA NA — 4.97

1950 1.20 0.39 2.50 0.93 3.43 0.13 NA 0.13 5.14 0.63 NA NA — 5.77

1951 1.47 0.46 2.77 1.15 3.91 0.19 NA 0.19 6.05 0.76 NA NA — 6.81

1952 1.62 0.52 2.87 1.16 4.04 0.21 NA 0.21 6.38 0.91 NA NA — 7.29

1953 1.69 0.53 3.03 1.13 4.16 0.23 NA 0.23 6.60 1.03 NA NA — 7.64

1954 1.89 0.58 3.07 1.10 4.17 0.23 NA 0.23 6.88 1.17 NA NA — 8.05

1955 2.12 0.63 3.41 1.13 4.54 0.25 NA 0.25 7.54 1.15 NA NA — 8.69

1956 2.33 0.72 3.71 1.00 4.71 0.30 NA 0.30 8.05 1.24 NA NA — 9.29

1957 2.50 0.78 3.89 1.05 4.93 0.30 NA 0.30 8.51 1.34 NA NA — 9.85

1958 2.71 0.87 3.89 1.15 5.03 0.31 NA 0.31 8.93 1.37 NA NA — 10.30

1959 2.91 0.98 4.22 1.24 5.46 0.35 NA 0.35 9.69 1.63 NA NA — 11.32

1960 3.10 1.02 4.53 1.24 5.77 0.35 NA 0.35 10.24 1.72 NA NA — 11.97

1961 3.25 1.08 4.67 1.29 5.96 0.38 NA 0.38 10.66 1.83 NA NA — 12.49

1962 3.48 1.21 4.86 1.37 6.23 0.38 NA 0.38 11.30 1.97 NA NA — 13.27

1963 3.59 1.27 5.13 1.41 6.55 0.42 NA 0.42 11.83 2.14 NA NA — 13.97

1964 3.79 1.37 5.52 1.37 6.89 0.44 NA 0.44 12.49 2.32 NA NA — 14.81

1965 3.90 1.44 5.96 1.16 7.11 0.50 NA 0.50 12.96 2.32 NA NA — 15.28

1966 4.14 1.62 6.51 1.03 7.55 0.54 NA 0.54 13.84 2.61 NA NA — 16.45

1967 4.31 1.96 6.65 1.14 7.79 0.58 NA 0.58 14.64 2.75 NA NA — 17.39

1968 4.45 2.08 7.13 1.24 8.37 0.59 NA 0.59 15.48 3.15 NA NA — 18.63

1969 4.73 2.25 7.61 1.35 8.96 0.63 NA 0.63 16.57 3.49 NA NA — 20.06

1970 4.84 2.40 7.85 1.40 9.25 0.72 NA 0.72 17.21 3.93 NA NA — 21.14

1971 4.97 2.51 8.18 1.41 9.59 0.74 NA 0.74 17.82 3.98 NA NA — 21.79

1972 5.13 2.61 8.17 1.46 9.62 0.77 NA 0.77 18.12 3.98 NA NA — 22.10

1973 4.88 2.60 8.69 1.50 10.18 0.73 NA 0.73 18.39 3.66 NA NA — 22.05

1974 4.79 2.56 8.29 1.48 9.77 0.67 NA 0.67 17.78 3.44 NA NA — 21.22

1975 4.92 2.51 6.97 1.40 8.36 0.58 NA 0.58 16.38 3.16 NA NA — 19.54

1976 5.05 2.67 6.96 1.63 8.60 0.55 NA 0.55 16.87 3.08 NA NA — 19.95

1977 4.82 2.50 6.82 1.66 8.47 0.53 NA 0.53 16.33 3.19 NA NA — 19.52

1978 4.90 2.60 6.76 1.65 8.40 0.53 NA 0.53 16.44 3.19 NA NA — 19.63

1979 4.97 2.79 6.90 1.50 8.40 0.60 NA 0.60 16.75 3.49 NA NA — 20.24

1980 4.75 2.61 7.17 1.03 8.20 0.63 NA 0.63 16.20 3.68 NA NA — 19.88

1981 4.55 2.52 7.13 0.93 8.06 0.64 NA 0.64 15.76 3.64 NA NA — 19.40

1982 4.63 2.61 5.83 1.11 6.94 0.60 NA 0.60 14.78 3.23 NA NA — 18.00

1983 4.38 2.43 5.64 0.98 6.62 0.49 NA 0.49 13.92 2.91 NA NA — 16.83

1984 4.56 2.52 6.15 1.08 7.23 0.53 NA 0.53 14.84 3.11 NA NA — 17.95

1985 4.43 2.43 5.90 0.97 6.87 0.50 NA 0.50 14.24 3.04 NA NA — 17.28

1986 4.31 2.32 5.58 0.92 6.50 0.49 NA 0.49 13.62 2.60 NA NA — 16.22

1987 4.31 2.43 5.95 1.15 7.10 0.52 NA 0.52 14.37 2.84 NA NA — 17.21

1988 4.63 2.67 6.38 1.10 7.48 0.61 NA 0.61 15.39 2.64 NA NA — 18.03

1989 4.78 2.72 6.82 1.07 7.89 0.63 NA 0.63 16.01 2.79 NA NA — 18.80

1990 4.39 2.62 7.02 1.24 8.25 0.66 (s) 0.66 15.93 2.79 NA NA — 18.72

1991 4.56 2.73 7.23 1.13 8.36 0.60 (s) 0.60 16.25 2.79 NA NA — 19.04

1992 4.69 2.80 7.53 1.17 8.70 0.59 (s) 0.59 16.78 2.77 NA NA — 19.54

1993 4.96 2.86 7.98 1.17 9.15 0.62 (s) 0.63 17.60 2.68 NA NA — 20.28

1994 4.85 2.90 8.17 1.12 9.29 0.69 (s) 0.69 17.72 2.99 NA NA — 20.71

1995 4.85 3.03 8.58 1.22 9.80 0.70 (s) 0.70 18.38 3.20 NA NA — 21.58

1996 5.24 3.16 8.87 1.25 10.12 0.71 (s) 0.71 19.23 2.73 NA NA — 21.97

1997 4.98 3.21 8.83 1.20 10.04 0.75 (s) 0.76 18.99 2.97 NA NA — 21.96

1998 4.52 3.00 8.69 1.16 9.84 0.64 0.01 0.64 18.00 3.26 NA NA — 21.26

1999 R4.73 R3.04 R9.00 R1.08 R10.08 R0.74 0.01 R0.74 18.59 R3.11 2.57 5.68 -2.57 R21.70

2000P 4.92 3.36 9.39 1.26 10.64 0.75 NA 0.75 19.68 3.03 E3.29 E6.32 -3.29 22.71

1 Data are for natural gas consumed to produce electricity only; exclude natural gas consumed to

produce useful thermal output. See Note 4 at end of Electricity section. 2 Includes natural gas consumed at nonutilities. 3 Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors. 4 Represents the adjustment necessary to avoid double-counting natural gas consumption at

nonutilities, which is included under both "End-Use Sectors" and "Electric Power Sector." See Note 1 at

end of section for explanation.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.005 trillion cubic feet. — =

Not applicable.

Notes: • For the definition of natural gas consumption, see Note 2 at end of section. • Beginning with

1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. For prior years, the pressure

base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas_/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: End-Use Sectors and Total Consumption: • 1949-1994—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1999 (October 2000), Table 94. • 1995 forward—EIA, Natural

Gas Monthly (February 2001), Table 3. Electric Power Sector: Tables 8.8-8.10. End-Use/Nonutility

Adjustment: Calculated by multiplying data for "Nonutility Power Producers" by -1.
186 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 6.6 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others 

Source: Table 6.6.

Account of Others Share of Total Deliveries to Sector, 1986-1999

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1999

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

2

4

6

8

Trillion Cubic Feet

 Transaction Paths for Natural Gas Purchases

Industrial Customers

Electric Utilities

Commercial Customers

Industrial Customers

Electric Utilities

Commercial Customers

Marketers

Producer

Industrial,

Electric Utility,

 Large Commercial

Consumers

Local

Distribution

Company

Residential and

Small Commercial

Consumers

Pipeline

Company

Traditional

Recently Available

Being Phased Out

Residential Customers

Residential Customers
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 187

Table 6.6 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1999

Year

Residential Customers Commercial Customers Industrial Customers Electric Utilities 1

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries 

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total 1

Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent

1986 NA 4,314 NA NA 2,318 NA 2,240 5,579 40.2 721 2,602 33.6

1987 NA 4,315 NA 167 2,430 6.9 3,129 5,953 52.6 914 2,844 36.3

1988 NA 4,630 NA 247 2,670 9.3 3,663 6,383 57.4 1,076 2,636 42.5

1989 3 4,781 0.1 296 2,718 10.9 4,298 6,816 63.1 1,152 2,787 45.0

1990 31 4,391 0.7 353 2,623 13.4 4,545 7,018 64.8 1,390 2,787 50.7

1991 36 4,556 0.8 406 2,729 14.9 4,864 7,231 67.3 1,580 2,789 58.5

1992 41 4,690 0.9 471 2,803 16.8 5,249 7,527 69.7 1,697 2,766 63.7

1993 44 4,956 0.9 460 2,862 16.1 5,645 7,981 70.7 1,658 2,682 67.8

1994 42 4,848 0.9 599 2,895 20.7 6,113 8,167 74.8 2,092 2,987 75.0

1995 45 4,850 0.9 706 3,031 23.3 6,517 8,580 76.0 2,110 3,197 66.0

1996 49 5,241 0.9 707 3,158 22.4 7,152 8,870 80.6 1,871 2,732 64.4

1997 61 4,984 1.2 939 3,215 29.2 7,273 8,832 82.3 1,932 2,968 65.1

1998 105 4,520 2.3 990 2,999 33.0 7,339 8,686 84.5 2,153 3,258 66.1

1999 225 4,726 4.8 1,032 3,045 33.9 7,429 9,001 82.5 2,137 3,113 68.6

1 For electric utilities, total deliveries data are from Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form

EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report"; deliveries for the account of others and their share of total

deliveries are from EIA, Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and

Disposition." Because of the different reporting universes for the two data collection forms, the

account-of-others share of total deliveries for electric utilities cannot be derived from the data shown on this

table.

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Percentages are based on data prior to rounding. • Deliveries for the account of others are

deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the natural gas but provide transportation services. 

These quantities may include gas covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in short-term or

spot market sales.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Total Deliveries: Table 6.5. All Other Data: • 1986-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Annual,

annual reports. • 1995 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1999 (October 2000), Table 1.
188 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, 1954-2000

Notes: • Storage is at end of year. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared. • Working- and base-gas component data were not collected in 1959, 1960, and 

1961.

Sources: Tables 6.5 and 6.7.

Total

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

0

2

4

6

8

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)

Base Gas and Working Gas

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

Trillion Cubic Feet

Base Gas

Working Gas

End-of-Year Storage as a Share of Total Consumption

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Peak:

40% in 1986

Working Gas

Base Gas

27% in

2000
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 189

Table 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, 1954-2000

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year

Base Gas 1 Working Gas Total

Traditonal

Storage

Salt

Caverns Total

Traditonal

Storage

Salt

Caverns Total

Traditonal

Storage

Salt

Caverns Total

1954 NA NA 817 NA NA 465 NA NA 1,281

1955 NA NA 863 NA NA 505 NA NA 1,368

1956 NA NA 919 NA NA 583 NA NA 1,502

1957 NA NA 1,001 NA NA 673 NA NA 1,674

1958 NA NA 1,056 NA NA 708 NA NA 1,764

1959 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1,901

1960 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2,184

1961 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2,344

1962 NA NA 1,571 NA NA 933 NA NA 2,504

1963 NA NA 1,738 NA NA 1,007 NA NA 2,745

1964 NA NA 1,781 NA NA 1,159 NA NA 2,940

1965 NA NA 1,848 NA NA 1,242 NA NA 3,090

1966 NA NA 1,958 NA NA 1,267 NA NA 3,225

1967 NA NA 2,058 NA NA 1,318 NA NA 3,376

1968 NA NA 2,128 NA NA 1,366 NA NA 3,495

1969 NA NA 2,181 NA NA 1,421 NA NA 3,602

1970 NA NA 2,326 NA NA 1,678 NA NA 4,004

1971 NA NA 2,485 NA NA 1,840 NA NA 4,325

1972 NA NA 2,751 NA NA 1,729 NA NA 4,480

1973 NA NA 2,864 NA NA 2,034 NA NA 4,898

1974 NA NA 2,912 NA NA 2,050 NA NA 4,962

1975 NA NA 3,162 NA NA 2,212 NA NA 5,374

1976 NA NA 3,323 NA NA 1,926 NA NA 5,250

1977 NA NA 3,391 NA NA 2,475 NA NA 5,866

1978 NA NA 3,473 NA NA 2,547 NA NA 6,020

1979 NA NA 3,553 NA NA 2,753 NA NA 6,306

1980 NA NA 3,642 NA NA 2,655 NA NA 6,297

1981 NA NA 3,752 NA NA 2,817 NA NA 6,569

1982 NA NA 3,808 NA NA 3,071 NA NA 6,879

1983 NA NA 3,847 NA NA 2,595 NA NA 6,442

1984 NA NA 3,830 NA NA 2,876 NA NA 6,706

1985 NA NA 3,842 NA NA 2,607 NA NA 6,448

1986 NA NA 3,819 NA NA 2,749 NA NA 6,567

1987 NA NA 3,792 NA NA 2,756 NA NA 6,548

1988 NA NA 3,800 NA NA 2,850 NA NA 6,650

1989 NA NA 3,812 NA NA 2,513 NA NA 6,325

1990 NA NA 3,868 NA NA 3,068 NA NA 6,936

1991 NA NA 3,954 NA NA 2,824 NA NA 6,778

1992 NA NA 4,044 NA NA 2,597 NA NA 6,641

1993 NA NA 4,327 NA NA 2,322 NA NA 6,649

1994 4,317 44 4,360 2,536 70 2,606 6,853 113 6,966

1995 4,290 60 4,349 2,082 72 2,153 6,371 131 6,503

1996 4,277 64 4,341 2,087 85 2,173 6,364 149 6,513

1997 4,283 67 4,350 2,092 83 2,175 6,375 150 6,525

1998 4,259 67 4,326 2,626 104 2,730 6,884 171 7,056

1999E R4,314 R69 R4,383 R2,423 100 R2,523 R6,738 R169 R6,906

2000E 4,209 70 4,279 1,718 75 1,792 5,927 145 6,072

1 Includes native gas.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Storage is at end of year. • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of

14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees F. For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees F. 

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: • 1954-1974—American Gas Association, Gas Facts. • 1975-1978—Federal Energy

Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, "Underground Gas Storage Report," and Federal Power

Commission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report." • 1979-1984—EIA, Form EIA-191,

"Underground Gas Storage Report" and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FERC-8,

"Underground Gas Storage Report." • 1985-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, monthly reports. • 1994

forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, (March 2001), Tables 9, 11, and 12.
190 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Nominal dollars.

2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 6.8.

Figure 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices

Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports, 2000

Wellhead City Gate Imports

0

2

4

6

3.60

4.68

3.24

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet

Imports

Wellhead

City Gate

Imports, 1972-2000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet

Wellhead, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet

Real2

Nominal

Real2

Nominal
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 191

Table 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, 1949-2000

 (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)

Year

Wellhead 1 City Gate Imports

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 0.06 0.35 NA NA NA NA

1950 0.07 0.40 NA NA NA NA

1951 0.07 0.37 NA NA NA NA

1952 0.08 0.42 NA NA NA NA

1953 0.09 0.47 NA NA NA NA

1954 0.10 0.51 NA NA NA NA

1955 0.10 0.51 NA NA NA NA

1956 0.11 0.54 NA NA NA NA

1957 0.11 0.52 NA NA NA NA

1958 0.12 0.55 NA NA NA NA

1959 0.13 0.59 NA NA NA NA

1960 0.14 0.63 NA NA NA NA

1961 0.15 0.67 NA NA NA NA

1962 0.16 0.70 NA NA NA NA

1963 0.16 0.70 NA NA NA NA

1964 0.15 0.64 NA NA NA NA

1965 0.16 0.67 NA NA NA NA

1966 0.16 0.65 NA NA NA NA

1967 0.16 0.63 NA NA NA NA

1968 0.16 0.61 NA NA NA NA

1969 0.17 0.62 NA NA NA NA

1970 0.17 0.58 NA NA NA NA

1971 0.18 0.59 NA NA NA NA

1972 0.19 0.60 NA NA 0.31 0.97

1973 0.22 0.65 NA NA 0.35 1.04

1974 0.30 0.82 NA NA 0.55 1.50

1975 0.44 1.10 NA NA 1.21 3.02

1976 0.58 1.37 NA NA 1.72 4.07

1977 0.79 1.75 NA NA 1.98 4.40

1978 0.91 1.89 NA NA 2.13 4.42

1979 1.18 2.26 NA NA 2.49 4.77

1980 1.59 2.79 NA NA 4.28 7.50

1981 1.98 3.17 NA NA 4.88 7.82

1982 2.46 3.71 NA NA 5.03 7.59

1983 2.59 3.76 NA NA 4.78 6.94

1984 2.66 3.72 3.95 5.53 4.08 5.71

1985 2.51 3.41 3.75 5.09 3.21 4.36

1986 1.94 2.58 3.22 4.28 2.43 3.23

1987 1.67 2.15 2.87 3.70 1.95 2.51

1988 1.69 2.11 2.92 3.64 1.84 2.29

1989 1.69 2.03 3.01 3.61 1.82 2.19

1990 1.71 1.98 3.03 3.50 1.94 2.24

1991 1.64 1.83 2.90 3.23 1.83 2.04

1992 1.74 1.89 3.01 3.28 1.85 2.01

1993 2.04 2.17 3.21 3.41 2.03 2.16

1994 1.85 1.93 3.07 3.20 1.87 1.95

1995 1.55 1.58 2.78 2.83 1.49 1.52

1996 2.17 2.17 3.34 3.34 1.97 1.97

1997 2.32 2.28 3.66 3.59 2.17 2.13

1998 1.94 1.88 3.07 R2.97 1.97 1.91

1999 R2.17 R2.07 R3.16 R3.02 R2.24 2.14

2000 E3.60 E3.37 4.68 4.38 E3.24 E3.03

1 See Glossary for definition of Natural Gas Wellhead Price. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix Table E1.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Wellhead: • 1949-1993—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1998

(October 1999), Table 98. • 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 2001), Table 4.

City Gate: • 1984-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual reports. • 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas

Monthly (March 2001), Table 4. Imports: • 1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Pipeline

Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exports of LNG. • 1974-1976—FPC, United States

Imports and Exports of Natural Gas, annual reports. • 1977-1993—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual

reports. • 1994 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 2001), Table 5 and EIA estimates. 
192 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered.

 Based on 64.2 percent of volume delivered. 

 Based on 15.6 percent of volume delivered.

 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a combined capacity of 50 megawatts or 

greater.

 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

Source: Table 6.9.

Figure 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector

Nominal Prices, 2000

Residential Commercial Industrial Electric 

0

2

4

6

8 7.70

6.16

4.45

Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet

Residential

Industrial

Electric Utilities

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Electric Utilities

5

Commercial

4

4

3

2

Utilities

1

5

5

3

2

1

Real Prices, Indexed, 1980-2000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

Index: 1980=1.00

Real Prices, 1967-2000

1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

3

6

9

Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet

NA
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 193

Table 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-2000

 (Price: Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet; Share of Total Volume Delivered: Percentage)

Year

Residential Commercial 1 Industrial 2 Vehicle Fuel 3 Electric Utilities 

Prices 4 Prices Share

of Total

Volume

Delivered

Prices Share

of Total

Volume

Delivered

Prices Share

of Total

Volume

Delivered

Prices 5

Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6

1967 1.04 4.13 0.74 2.94 NA 0.34 1.35 NA NA NA NA 0.28 1.11

1968 1.04 3.95 0.73 2.78 NA 0.34 1.29 NA NA NA NA 0.22 0.84

1969 1.05 3.81 0.74 2.68 NA 0.35 1.27 NA NA NA NA 0.27 0.98

1970 1.09 3.75 0.77 2.65 NA 0.37 1.27 NA NA NA NA 0.29 1.00

1971 1.15 3.77 0.82 2.69 NA 0.41 1.34 NA NA NA NA 0.32 1.05

1972 1.21 3.80 0.88 2.77 NA 0.45 1.41 NA NA NA NA 0.34 1.07

1973 1.29 3.84 0.94 2.80 NA 0.50 1.49 NA NA NA NA 0.38 1.13

1974 1.43 3.90 1.07 2.92 NA 0.67 1.83 NA NA NA NA 0.51 1.39

1975 1.71 4.27 1.35 3.37 NA 0.96 2.40 NA NA NA NA 0.77 1.92

1976 1.98 4.68 1.64 3.88 NA 1.24 2.93 NA NA NA NA 1.06 2.51

1977 2.35 5.22 2.04 4.53 NA 1.50 3.33 NA NA NA NA 1.32 2.93

1978 2.56 5.31 2.23 4.62 NA 1.70 3.52 NA NA NA NA 1.48 3.07

1979 2.98 5.70 2.73 5.22 NA 1.99 3.81 NA NA NA NA 1.81 3.46

1980 3.68 6.45 3.39 5.94 NA 2.56 4.49 NA NA NA NA 2.27 3.98

1981 4.29 6.88 4.00 6.41 NA 3.14 5.03 NA NA NA NA 2.89 4.63

1982 5.17 7.80 4.82 7.28 NA 3.87 5.84 85.1 NA NA NA 3.48 5.25

1983 6.06 8.80 5.59 8.12 NA 4.18 6.07 80.7 NA NA NA 3.58 5.20

1984 6.12 8.57 5.55 7.77 NA 4.22 5.91 74.7 NA NA NA 3.70 5.18

1985 6.12 8.31 5.50 7.46 NA 3.95 5.36 68.8 NA NA NA 3.55 4.82

1986 5.83 7.74 5.08 6.75 NA 3.23 4.29 59.8 NA NA NA 2.43 3.23

1987 5.54 7.14 4.77 6.15 93.1 2.94 3.79 47.4 NA NA NA 2.32 2.99

1988 5.47 6.82 4.63 5.77 90.7 2.95 3.68 42.6 NA NA NA 2.33 2.90

1989 5.64 6.77 4.74 5.69 89.1 2.96 3.55 36.9 NA NA NA 2.43 2.92

1990 5.80 6.70 4.83 5.58 86.6 2.93 3.39 35.2 3.39 3.92 NA 2.38 2.75

1991 5.82 6.49 4.81 5.36 85.1 2.69 3.00 32.7 3.96 4.42 NA 2.18 2.43

1992 5.89 6.41 4.88 5.31 83.2 2.84 3.09 30.3 4.05 4.41 NA 2.36 2.57

1993 6.16 6.55 5.22 5.55 83.9 3.07 3.26 29.7 4.27 4.54 87.8 2.61 2.78

1994 6.41 6.68 5.44 5.67 79.3 3.05 3.18 25.5 4.11 4.28 86.9 2.28 2.37

1995 6.06 6.18 5.05 5.15 76.7 2.71 2.76 24.5 3.98 4.06 86.6 2.02 2.06

1996 6.34 6.34 5.40 5.40 77.6 3.42 3.42 19.4 4.34 4.34 94.0 2.69 2.69

1997 6.94 6.81 5.80 5.69 70.8 3.59 3.52 18.1 4.44 4.36 89.7 2.78 2.73

1998 6.82 6.61 5.48 5.31 67.0 3.14 R3.04 16.1 4.59 4.45 85.4 2.40 2.33

1999 R6.69 R6.39 R5.33 R5.09 R66.2 R3.10 R2.96 R17.4 R4.34 R4.14 R85.6 R2.62 R2.50

2000P 7.70 7.20 6.16 5.76 64.2 4.45 4.16 15.6 NA NA NA NA NA

1 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 2 Most volumes and associated revenues for deliveries to nonutility power producers are included in the

industrial sector. In instances where the nonutility is primarily a commercial establishment, volumes and

associated revenues are included in the calculation of commercial prices. 3 Much of the natural gas delivered for vehicle fuel represents deliveries to fueling stations that are used

primarily or exclusively by respondents’ fleet vehicles. Thus, the prices are often those associated with the

operation of fleet vehicles. 4 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered. 5 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a combined capacity of 50 megawatts or greater. 6 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Natural gas includes supplemental gaseous fuels. • Residential, commercial, and industrial

price data represent prices of natural gas sold and delivered by local distribution companies to residential,

commercial, and industrial consumers, respectively. The data do not reflect prices of natural gas

transported for the account of others. • The average for each end-use sector is calculated by dividing the

total value of the gas consumed by each sector by the total quantity consumed. See Note at end of

section.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/nat_frame.html.

Sources: Vehicle Fuel: 1990-1999—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual,

annual reports. All Other Data: • 1967-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual reports. • 1995

forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 2001), Table 4.
Natural Gas

Note 1. Due to differences in presentation of data among various EIA publications, data for consumption at nonutility power producers are sometimes shown in the end-use sectors and at other times in the electric power

sector. In Table 6.5, the “End-Use Sectors” data come from EIA’s Natural

Gas Monthly and Natural Gas Annual, which include all nonutility consumption in the end-use sectors (mostly industrial, with a small amount in

commercial). Also in Table 6.5, the “Electric Power Sector” data come

from EIA’s Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual, which for

1999 and 2000 include nonutility consumption for electricity generation.

Because of this double-counting of nonutility data in 1999 and 2000, an adjustments column is incorporated into the table to remove the overcount

and allow the table’s components to be added across to reach the total consumption value.

Note 2. Natural gas consumption statistics are compiled from surveys of

natural gas production, transmission, and distribution companies and electric utility companies. Consumption by sector from these surveys is compiled on a national and individual State basis and then balanced with

national and individual State supply data. Included in the data are the following: Commercial Sector–consumption by nonmanufacturing establishments, by municipalities for institutional heating and lighting, and those

engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing (through 1995); Electric Power

Sector–consumption for the generation of electric power; Industrial Sector–consumption by establishments engaged primarily in processing unfinished materials into another form of product (includes mining, petroleum

refining, manufacturing, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing (beginning in

1996), and natural gas industry use for lease and plant fuel); Residential

Sector–consumption by private households for space heating, cooking, and

other household uses; Transportation Sector–natural gas transmission

(pipeline) fuel, and natural gas delivered for use as vehicle fuel.

194 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Coal yard, Curtis Bay, Maryland. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Coal

7

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 197

Diagram 4. Coal Flow, 2000

(Million Short Tons)

Notes: Dataare preliminary. Totalsmaynot equalsum of componentsdueto

independentrounding.

Sources: Tables 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3.

  a Commercial and industrial totals plus “Adjustments” from Table 7.3.

Underground

382.9

Production

1,075.5

Exports

58.5

Imports

12.5

Surface

692.6

Bituminous

Coal

548.5

Subbituminous

Coal 433.8

Anthracite

4.5

a

Stock

Change

40.2

Lignite 88.7

Residential

0.6

Commercial

and Industrial

87.8a

Electric

Power

991.3

Consumption

1,079.7

Losses and

Unaccounted for

9.9
198 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1.

Figure 7.1 Coal Overview

Production as Share of Consumption by Type of Fossil Fuel, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

125

Percent

Overview, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

Million Short Tons

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Production

 Consumption 

 Exports 

Overview, 2000

Production Imports Exports Consumption

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,075

13 58

1,080

Million Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 199

Table 7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-2000

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports Stock Change 1

Losses and

Unaccounted for 2 Consumption

1949 480.6 0.3 32.8 3 ( ) 4-35.1 483.2

1950 560.4 0.4 29.4 3 ( ) 49.5 494.1

1951 576.3 0.3 62.7 3 ( ) 43.5 505.9

1952 507.4 0.3 52.2 3 ( ) 40.8 454.1

1953 488.2 0.3 36.5 3 ( ) 4-6.9 454.8

1954 420.8 0.2 33.9 3 ( ) 48.1 389.9

1955 490.8 0.3 54.4 3 ( ) 4-6.3 447.0

1956 529.8 0.4 73.8 3 ( ) 4-10.2 456.9

1957 518.0 0.4 80.8 3 ( ) 40.8 434.5

1958 431.6 0.3 52.6 3 ( ) 4-1.3 385.7

1959 432.7 0.4 39.0 3 ( ) 49.2 385.1

1960 434.3 0.3 38.0 3 ( ) 41.7 398.1

1961 420.4 0.2 36.4 3 ( ) 4-4.0 390.4

1962 439.0 0.2 40.2 3 ( ) 4-1.5 402.3

1963 477.2 0.3 50.4 3 ( ) 43.3 423.5

1964 504.2 0.3 49.5 3 ( ) 44.0 445.7

1965 527.0 0.2 51.0 3 ( ) 42.2 472.0

1966 546.8 0.2 50.1 3 ( ) 42.2 497.7

1967 564.9 0.2 50.1 3 ( ) 44.6 491.4

1968 556.7 0.2 51.2 3 ( ) 43.5 509.8

1969 571.0 0.1 56.9 3 ( ) 42.9 516.4

1970 612.7 (s) 71.7 3 ( ) 46.6 523.2

1971 560.9 0.1 57.3 3 ( ) 44.2 501.6

1972 602.5 (s) 56.7 3 ( ) 4-4.3 524.3

1973 598.6 0.1 53.6 3 ( ) 4-17.9 562.6

1974 610.0 2.1 60.7 -8.9 2.0 558.4

1975 654.6 0.9 66.3 32.2 -5.5 562.6

1976 684.9 1.2 60.0 8.5 13.8 603.8

1977 697.2 1.6 54.3 22.6 -3.4 625.3

1978 670.2 3.0 40.7 -4.9 12.1 625.2

1979 781.1 2.1 66.0 36.2 0.4 680.5

1980 829.7 1.2 91.7 25.6 10.8 702.7

1981 823.8 1.0 112.5 -19.0 -1.4 732.6

1982 838.1 0.7 106.3 22.6 3.1 706.9

1983 782.1 1.3 77.8 -29.5 -1.6 736.7

1984 895.9 1.3 81.5 28.7 -4.3 791.3

1985 883.6 2.0 92.7 -27.9 2.8 818.0

1986 890.3 2.2 85.5 4.0 -1.2 804.2

1987 918.8 1.7 79.6 6.5 -2.5 836.9

1988 950.3 2.1 95.0 -24.9 -1.3 883.6

1989 980.7 2.9 100.8 -13.7 R1.1 R895.4

1990 1,029.1 2.7 105.8 26.5 R-3.5 R902.9

1991 996.0 3.4 109.0 -0.9 R-7.7 R899.1

1992 997.5 3.8 102.5 -3.0 R-5.5 R907.4

1993 945.4 8.2 74.5 -51.9 R-12.4 R943.5

1994 1,033.5 8.9 71.4 23.6 R-2.7 R950.1

1995 1,033.0 9.5 88.5 -0.3 -7.9 962.0

1996 1,063.9 8.1 90.5 -17.5 R-7.4 R1,006.3

1997 1,089.9 7.5 83.5 -11.3 R-5.0 R1,030.1

1998 1,117.5 8.7 78.0 24.2 R-14.3 R1,038.3

1999 R1,100.4 9.1 58.5 R18.4 R-12.6 R1,045.3

2000P 1,075.5 12.5 58.5 -40.2 -9.9 1,079.7

1 A negative value indicates a net decrease in stocks; a positive value indicates a net increase in stocks. 2 "Losses and Unaccounted for" is calculated as the sum of production and imports minus exports, stock

change, and consumption. 3 Included in "Losses and Unaccounted for." 4 Includes "Stock Change."

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977;

1978 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly

Coal Report. • 1981-1988—EIA, Weekly Coal Production and Coal Production, annual reports.

• 1989-1999—EIA, Coal Industry Annual, annual reports. • 2000—Tables 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, of this report,

and EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 2001), Table 6.1.
200 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-2000

1 Included with bituminous coal prior to 1969.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.2.

Total

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

300

600

900

1,200

Million Short Tons

By Mining Method

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Million Short Tons

Surface

Underground

By Rank

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Million Short Tons

Bituminous

Coal

Anthracite

Subbituminous

Coal1

Lignite1

By Location

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Million Short Tons

West of Mississippi

East of Mississippi

1.1 billion short tons

in 2000
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 201

Table 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-2000

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Rank Mining Method Location

Total

Bituminous

Coal

Subbituminous

Coal Lignite Anthracite Underground Surface

West of the 

Mississippi

East of the 

Mississippi

1949 437.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 358.9 121.7 36.4 444.2 480.6

1950 516.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 44.1 421.0 139.4 36.0 524.4 560.4

1951 533.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 442.2 134.2 34.6 541.7 576.3

1952 466.8 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 40.6 381.2 126.3 32.7 474.8 507.4

1953 457.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 30.9 367.4 120.8 30.6 457.7 488.2

1954 391.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 29.1 306.0 114.8 25.4 395.4 420.8

1955 464.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 26.2 358.0 132.9 26.6 464.2 490.8

1956 500.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 28.9 380.8 148.9 25.8 504.0 529.8

1957 492.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 25.3 373.6 144.5 24.7 493.4 518.0

1958 410.4 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 21.2 297.6 134.0 20.3 411.3 431.6

1959 412.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 20.6 292.8 139.8 20.3 412.4 432.7

1960 415.5 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.8 292.6 141.7 21.3 413.0 434.3

1961 403.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.4 279.6 140.9 21.8 398.6 420.4

1962 422.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 16.9 287.9 151.1 21.4 417.6 439.0

1963 458.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.3 309.0 168.2 23.7 453.5 477.2

1964 487.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.2 327.7 176.5 25.7 478.5 504.2

1965 512.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 14.9 338.0 189.0 27.4 499.5 527.0

1966 533.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.9 342.6 204.2 28.0 518.8 546.8

1967 552.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.3 352.4 212.5 28.9 536.0 564.9

1968 545.2 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 11.5 346.6 210.1 29.7 527.0 556.7

1969 547.2 8.3 5.0 10.5 349.2 221.7 33.3 537.7 571.0

1970 578.5 16.4 8.0 9.7 340.5 272.1 44.9 567.8 612.7

1971 521.3 22.2 8.7 8.7 277.2 283.7 51.0 509.9 560.9

1972 556.8 27.5 11.0 7.1 305.0 297.4 64.3 538.2 602.5

1973 543.5 33.9 14.3 6.8 300.1 298.5 76.4 522.1 598.6

1974 545.7 42.2 15.5 6.6 278.0 332.1 91.9 518.1 610.0

1975 577.5 51.1 19.8 6.2 293.5 361.2 110.9 543.7 654.6

1976 588.4 64.8 25.5 6.2 295.5 389.4 136.1 548.8 684.9

1977 581.0 82.1 28.2 5.9 266.6 430.6 163.9 533.3 697.2

1978 534.0 96.8 34.4 5.0 242.8 427.4 183.0 487.2 670.2

1979 612.3 121.5 42.5 4.8 320.9 460.2 221.4 559.7 781.1

1980 628.8 147.7 47.2 6.1 337.5 492.2 251.0 578.7 829.7

1981 608.0 159.7 50.7 5.4 316.5 507.3 269.9 553.9 823.8

1982 620.2 160.9 52.4 4.6 339.2 499.0 273.9 564.3 838.1

1983 568.6 151.0 58.3 4.1 300.4 481.7 274.7 507.4 782.1

1984 649.5 179.2 63.1 4.2 352.1 543.9 308.3 587.6 895.9

1985 613.9 192.7 72.4 4.7 350.8 532.8 324.9 558.7 883.6

1986 620.1 189.6 76.4 4.3 360.4 529.9 325.9 564.4 890.3

1987 636.6 200.2 78.4 3.6 372.9 545.9 336.8 581.9 918.8

1988 638.1 223.5 85.1 3.6 382.2 568.1 370.7 579.6 950.3

1989 659.8 231.2 86.4 3.3 393.8 586.9 381.7 599.0 980.7

1990 693.2 244.3 88.1 3.5 424.5 604.5 398.9 630.2 1,029.1

1991 650.7 255.3 86.5 3.4 407.2 588.8 404.7 591.3 996.0

1992 651.8 252.2 90.1 3.5 407.2 590.3 409.0 588.6 997.5

1993 576.7 274.9 89.5 4.3 351.1 594.4 429.2 516.2 945.4

1994 640.3 300.5 88.1 4.6 399.1 634.4 467.2 566.3 1,033.5

1995 613.8 328.0 86.5 4.7 396.2 636.7 488.7 544.2 1,033.0

1996 630.7 340.3 88.1 4.8 409.8 654.0 500.2 563.7 1,063.9

1997 653.8 345.1 86.3 4.7 420.7 669.3 510.6 579.4 1,089.9

1998 R640.4 R386.1 85.8 5.3 417.7 699.8 547.0 570.6 1,117.5

1999 R596.3 R412.2 R87.2 R4.8 R391.8 R708.6 R570.9 R529.6 R1,100.4

2000 E548.5 E433.8 E88.7 E4.5 E382.9 E692.6 E566.2 E509.3 P1,075.5

1 Included in bituminous coal.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977; 1978,

Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Coal Production, annual reports. • 1979 and 1980—EIA,

Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report and Coal Production, annual reports. • 1981-1988—EIA, Weekly

Coal Production and Coal Production, annual reports. • 1989-1998—EIA, Coal Industry Annual, annual

reports. • 1999—EIA, Form EIA-7A, "Coal Production Report." • 2000—EIA estimates.
202 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

..

By Sector, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

Million Short Tons

End Use and Electric Power Shares, 1949 and 2000

Residential Commercial Transportation Electric Power

0

25

50

75

100

11

57

15 17

0

8

92

Percent

1949 2000

By Sector, 2000

Residential Commercial Electric Power

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1

88

991

Million Short Tons 1 Includes some coal that is also counted in nonutility power producers in the electric power 

sector.

2 Quantities for 1975, 1976, and 1977 are less than 0.5 million short tons. After 1977, small 

amounts of coal consumed by the transportation sector are included in “Industrial."

3 Nonutility power producers. Data available for 1999 and 2000 only.

 Includes "End-Use/Nonutility Adjustment." See Table 7.3.

(s)=Less than 0.5 percent.

Source: Table 7.3.

Figure 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector

Industrial1

Electric Utilities

NPP3

(1)

Residential, Commercial1, and Transportation2

4

and Industrial 4 4

and Industrial

(s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 203

Table 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-2000

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

End-Use Sectors Electric Power Sector 1 Adjustments

Total

Residential Commercial 2 Consumption

Industrial

Transportation Total

Electric

Utilities

Nonutility

Power

Producers Total

Other Power

Producers 3

End-Use/

Nonutility Coke Plants Other 2 Total 2 4

1949 52.4 64.1 91.4 121.2 212.6 70.2 399.3 84.0 NA NA — — 483.2

1950 51.6 63.0 104.0 120.6 224.6 63.0 402.2 91.9 NA NA — — 494.1

1951 46.7 54.8 113.7 128.7 242.4 56.2 400.1 105.8 NA NA — — 505.9

1952 44.3 48.0 97.8 117.1 214.9 39.8 347.0 107.1 NA NA — — 454.1

1953 38.8 40.4 113.1 117.0 230.1 29.6 338.9 115.9 NA NA — — 454.8

1954 35.2 33.8 85.6 98.2 183.9 18.6 271.6 118.4 NA NA — — 389.9

1955 35.6 32.9 107.7 110.1 217.8 17.0 303.3 143.8 NA NA — — 447.0

1956 34.0 30.2 106.3 114.3 220.6 13.8 298.6 158.3 NA NA — — 456.9

1957 27.0 22.1 108.4 106.5 214.9 9.8 273.7 160.8 NA NA — — 434.5

1958 26.8 21.1 76.8 100.5 177.4 4.7 230.0 155.7 NA NA — — 385.7

1959 23.7 17.1 79.6 92.7 172.3 3.6 216.6 168.4 NA NA — — 385.1

1960 24.2 16.8 81.4 96.0 177.4 3.0 221.4 176.7 NA NA — — 398.1

1961 22.0 15.3 74.2 95.9 170.1 0.8 208.2 182.2 NA NA — — 390.4

1962 21.2 15.3 74.7 97.1 171.7 0.7 208.9 193.3 NA NA — — 402.3

1963 18.2 13.2 78.1 101.9 180.0 0.7 212.1 211.3 NA NA — — 423.5

1964 15.8 11.4 89.2 103.1 192.4 0.7 220.2 225.4 NA NA — — 445.7

1965 14.9 10.8 95.3 105.6 200.8 0.7 227.2 244.8 NA NA — — 472.0

1966 14.6 11.0 96.4 108.7 205.1 0.6 231.3 266.5 NA NA — — 497.7

1967 12.6 9.5 92.8 101.8 194.6 0.5 217.2 274.2 NA NA — — 491.4

1968 11.4 8.6 91.3 100.4 191.6 0.4 212.0 297.8 NA NA — — 509.8

1969 10.6 8.3 93.4 93.1 186.6 0.3 205.8 310.6 NA NA — — 516.4

1970 9.0 7.1 96.5 90.2 186.6 0.3 203.0 320.2 NA NA — — 523.2

1971 7.6 7.6 83.2 75.6 158.9 0.2 174.3 327.3 NA NA — — 501.6

1972 5.0 6.7 87.7 72.9 160.6 0.2 172.5 351.8 NA NA — — 524.3

1973 4.1 7.0 94.1 68.0 162.1 0.1 173.4 389.2 NA NA — — 562.6

1974 3.7 7.8 90.2 64.9 155.1 0.1 166.6 391.8 NA NA — — 558.4

1975 2.8 6.6 83.6 63.6 147.2 (s) 156.7 406.0 NA NA — — 562.6

1976 2.6 6.3 84.7 61.8 146.5 (s) 155.4 448.4 NA NA — — 603.8

1977 2.5 6.4 77.7 61.5 139.2 (s) 148.2 477.1 NA NA — — 625.3

1978 2.2 7.3 71.4 63.1 134.5 5 ( ) 144.0 481.2 NA NA — — 625.2

1979 1.7 6.7 77.4 67.7 145.1 5 ( ) 153.5 527.1 NA NA — — 680.5

1980 1.4 5.1 66.7 60.3 127.0 5 ( ) 133.5 569.3 NA NA — — 702.7

1981 1.3 6.1 61.0 67.4 128.4 5 ( ) 135.8 596.8 NA NA — — 732.6

1982 1.4 6.8 40.9 64.1 105.0 5 ( ) 113.2 593.7 NA NA — — 706.9

1983 1.4 7.1 37.0 66.0 103.0 5 ( ) 111.5 625.2 NA NA — — 736.7

1984 1.6 7.5 44.0 73.7 117.8 5 ( ) 126.9 664.4 NA NA — — 791.3

1985 1.6 6.2 41.1 75.4 116.4 5 ( ) 124.2 693.8 NA NA — — 818.0

1986 1.5 6.1 35.9 75.6 111.5 5 ( ) 119.2 685.1 NA NA — — 804.2

1987 1.4 5.5 37.0 75.2 112.1 5 ( ) 119.0 717.9 NA NA — — 836.9

1988 1.4 5.8 41.9 76.3 118.1 5 ( ) 125.3 758.4 NA NA — — 883.6

1989 1.2 5.0 40.5 76.1 116.6 5 ( ) 122.8 766.9 NA NA 5.7 — R895.4

1990 1.1 5.6 38.9 76.3 115.2 5 ( ) 121.9 773.5 NA NA 7.4 — R902.9

1991 1.0 5.1 33.9 75.4 109.3 5 ( ) 115.4 772.3 NA NA 11.4 — R899.1

1992 1.0 5.1 32.4 74.0 106.4 5 ( ) 112.6 779.9 NA NA R15.0 — R907.4

1993 1.1 5.2 31.3 74.9 106.2 5 ( ) 112.4 813.5 NA NA R17.5 — R943.5

1994 0.9 5.1 31.7 75.2 106.9 5 ( ) 112.9 817.3 NA NA R19.9 — R950.1

1995 0.8 5.1 33.0 73.1 106.1 5 ( ) 111.9 829.0 NA NA 21.2 — 962.0

1996 0.7 5.3 31.7 R71.7 R103.4 5 ( ) 109.4 874.7 NA NA 22.2 — R1,006.3

1997 0.7 5.8 30.2 R71.5 R101.7 5 ( ) 108.2 900.4 NA NA 21.6 — R1,030.1

1998 0.6 4.3 28.2 R67.4 R95.6 5 ( ) 100.5 910.9 NA NA R26.9 — R1,038.3

1999 0.6 4.3 R28.1 R65.5 R93.6 5 ( ) 98.5 R894.1 57.5 951.6 R52.7 -57.5 R1,045.3

2000P 0.6 4.3 29.5 65.4 94.9 5 ( ) 99.7 857.6 E133.7 E991.3 122.3 -133.7 1,079.7

1 Data are for coal consumed to produce electricity only; exclude coal consumed to produce useful

thermal output. 2 Includes some coal consumed at nonutilities to produce electricity. 3 Represents the adjustment necessary to avoid undercounting coal consumption at nonutility wholesale

producers of electricity, and some nonutility cogeneration plants, that are not included in the end-use

sectors. Because data include consumption for useful thermal output, they are not included under "Electric

Power Sector." See Note 1 at end of section. 4 Represents the adjustment necessary to avoid double-counting coal consumption at nonutilities, of

which a portion is included under both "End-Use Sectors" and "Electric Power Sector." See Note 1 at end

of section. 5 After 1977, small amounts of coal consumed by the Transportation Sector are included in "Other"

under the Industrial Sector.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. — =

Not applicable.

Notes: • For the definition of coal consumption, see Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: See end of section.
204 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.4.

By Selected Country, 2000

Canada Brazil Japan Italy United France Spain

0

5

10

15

20

25

18.8

4.5 4.4 3.7 3.3 3.0 2.7

Million Short Tons

Total

Europe

Japan

Canada

Italy

Netherlands

Kingdom

Total and Europe, 1960-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

125

Million Short Tons

By Selected Country, 1960-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

Million Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 205

Table 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-2000

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Canada Brazil

Europe

Japan Other Total

Belgium

and

Luxembourg Denmark France Germany 1 Italy Netherlands Spain

United

Kingdom Other Total

1960 12.8 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.8 4.6 4.9 2.8 0.3 0.0 2.4 17.1 5.6 1.3 38.0

1961 12.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.7 4.3 4.8 2.6 0.2 0.0 2.0 15.7 6.6 1.0 36.4

1962 12.3 1.3 1.3 (s) 0.9 5.1 6.0 3.3 0.8 (s) 1.8 19.1 6.5 1.0 40.2

1963 14.6 1.2 2.7 (s) 2.7 5.6 7.9 5.0 1.5 0.0 2.4 27.7 6.1 0.9 50.4

1964 14.8 1.1 2.3 (s) 2.2 5.2 8.1 4.2 1.4 0.0 2.6 26.0 6.5 1.1 49.5

1965 16.3 1.2 2.2 (s) 2.1 4.7 9.0 3.4 1.4 (s) 2.3 25.1 7.5 0.9 51.0

1966 16.5 1.7 1.8 (s) 1.6 4.9 7.8 3.2 1.2 (s) 2.5 23.1 7.8 1.0 50.1

1967 15.8 1.7 1.4 0.0 2.1 4.7 5.9 2.2 1.0 0.0 2.1 19.4 12.2 1.0 50.1

1968 17.1 1.8 1.1 0.0 1.5 3.8 4.3 1.5 1.5 0.0 1.9 15.5 15.8 0.9 51.2

1969 17.3 1.8 0.9 0.0 2.3 3.5 3.7 1.6 1.8 0.0 1.3 15.2 21.4 1.2 56.9

1970 19.1 2.0 1.9 0.0 3.6 5.0 4.3 2.1 3.2 (s) 1.8 21.8 27.6 1.2 71.7

1971 18.0 1.9 0.8 0.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.6 1.7 1.1 16.6 19.7 1.1 57.3

1972 18.7 1.9 1.1 0.0 1.7 2.4 3.7 2.3 2.1 2.4 1.1 16.9 18.0 1.2 56.7

1973 16.7 1.6 1.2 0.0 2.0 1.6 3.3 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.3 14.4 19.2 1.6 53.6

1974 14.2 1.3 1.1 0.0 2.7 1.5 3.9 2.6 2.0 1.4 0.9 16.1 27.3 1.8 60.7

1975 17.3 2.0 0.6 0.0 3.6 2.0 4.5 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.6 19.0 25.4 2.6 66.3

1976 16.9 2.2 2.2 (s) 3.5 1.0 4.2 3.5 2.5 0.8 2.1 19.9 18.8 2.1 60.0

1977 17.7 2.3 1.5 0.1 2.1 0.9 4.1 2.0 1.6 0.6 2.1 15.0 15.9 3.5 54.3

1978 15.7 1.5 1.1 0.0 1.7 0.6 3.2 1.1 0.8 0.4 2.2 11.0 10.1 2.5 40.7

1979 19.5 2.8 3.2 0.2 3.9 2.6 5.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 4.4 23.9 15.7 4.1 66.0

1980 17.5 3.3 4.6 1.7 7.8 2.5 7.1 4.7 3.4 4.1 6.0 41.9 23.1 6.0 91.7

1981 18.2 2.7 4.3 3.9 9.7 4.3 10.5 6.8 6.4 2.3 8.8 57.0 25.9 8.7 112.5

1982 18.6 3.1 4.8 2.8 9.0 2.3 11.3 5.9 5.6 2.0 7.6 51.3 25.8 7.5 106.3

1983 17.2 3.6 2.5 1.7 4.2 1.5 8.1 4.2 3.3 1.2 6.4 33.1 17.9 6.1 77.8

1984 20.4 4.7 3.9 0.6 3.8 0.9 7.6 5.5 2.3 2.9 5.3 32.8 16.3 7.2 81.5

1985 16.4 5.9 4.4 2.2 4.5 1.1 10.3 6.3 3.5 2.7 10.3 45.1 15.4 9.9 92.7

1986 14.5 5.7 4.4 2.1 5.4 0.8 10.4 5.6 2.6 2.9 8.4 42.6 11.4 11.4 85.5

1987 16.2 5.8 4.6 0.9 2.9 0.5 9.5 4.1 2.5 2.6 6.6 34.2 11.1 12.3 79.6

1988 19.2 5.3 6.5 2.8 4.3 0.7 11.1 5.1 2.5 3.7 8.5 45.1 14.1 11.3 95.0

1989 16.8 5.7 7.1 3.2 6.5 0.7 11.2 6.1 3.3 4.5 8.9 51.6 13.8 12.9 100.8

1990 15.5 5.8 8.5 3.2 6.9 1.1 11.9 8.4 3.8 5.2 9.5 58.4 13.3 12.7 105.8

1991 11.2 7.1 7.5 4.7 9.5 1.7 11.3 9.6 4.7 6.2 10.4 65.5 12.3 13.0 109.0

1992 15.1 6.4 7.2 3.8 8.1 1.0 9.3 9.1 4.5 5.6 8.5 57.3 12.3 11.4 102.5

1993 8.9 5.2 5.2 0.3 4.0 0.5 6.9 5.6 4.1 4.1 6.9 37.6 11.9 11.0 74.5

1994 9.2 5.5 4.9 0.5 2.9 0.3 7.5 4.9 4.1 3.4 7.3 35.8 10.2 10.7 71.4

1995 9.4 6.4 4.5 2.1 3.7 2.0 9.1 7.3 4.7 4.7 10.7 48.6 11.8 12.4 88.5

1996 12.0 6.5 4.6 1.3 3.9 1.1 9.2 7.1 4.1 6.2 9.8 47.2 10.5 14.2 90.5

1997 15.0 7.5 4.3 0.4 3.4 0.9 7.0 4.8 4.1 7.2 9.2 41.3 8.0 11.8 83.5

1998 20.7 6.5 3.2 0.3 3.2 1.2 5.3 4.5 3.2 5.9 6.9 33.8 7.7 9.4 78.0

1999 19.8 4.4 2.1 0.0 2.5 0.6 4.0 3.4 2.5 3.2 4.3 22.5 5.0 6.7 58.5

2000 18.8 4.5 2.9 0.1 3.0 1.0 3.7 2.6 2.7 3.3 5.7 25.0 4.4 5.8 58.5

1 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning with 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1988—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. U.S. Exports by

Schedule B Commodities, EM 522. • 1989-1999—Energy Information Administration, Coal Industry

Annual, annual reports. • 2000—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report

EM 545."
206 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 7.5 Coal Stocks

1 Nonutility Power Producers.

Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should 

not be compared.

Source: Table 7.5.

Total and Stocks for Electricity Generation, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

Million Short Tons

By Holding Entity, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

50

100

150

200

Million Short Tons

By Holding Entity, 2000

Electric Producers Coke Plants

0

25

50

75

100

125

103

34

8

Million Short Tons

Total

Electric Utilities

Electric Utilities

Producers

and Distributors

End-Use Sectors

Power Sector

Producers and 

Distributors

By Holding Entity, 1949-2000

.. NPP1

End-Use Sectors
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 207

Table 7.5 Coal Stocks, 1949-2000

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Producers

and

Distributors

End-Use Sectors 1 Electric Power Sector 2

End-Use/

Nonutility

Adjustment 4

Total

Stocks

Residential

and

Commercial

Industrial

Total

Electric

Utilities

Nonutility

Power

Coke Plants Other Producers Total 3 Total

1949 NA 1.4 10.0 16.1 26.0 27.4 22.1 NA NA — 49.5

1950 NA 2.5 16.8 26.2 43.0 45.5 31.8 NA NA — 77.3

1951 NA 1.8 15.3 26.2 41.6 43.3 38.5 NA NA — 81.8

1952 NA 1.7 14.5 24.7 39.2 40.9 41.5 NA NA — 82.4

1953 NA 1.5 16.6 22.8 39.4 40.9 45.6 NA NA — 86.6

1954 NA 0.8 12.4 16.4 28.8 29.6 46.1 NA NA — 75.7

1955 NA 1.0 13.4 15.9 29.3 30.3 41.4 NA NA — 71.7

1956 NA 1.1 14.0 17.4 31.5 32.6 48.8 NA NA — 81.3

1957 NA 0.9 14.2 15.5 29.7 30.7 53.1 NA NA — 83.7

1958 NA 0.9 13.1 13.7 26.7 27.7 51.0 NA NA — 78.7

1959 NA 1.0 11.6 13.6 25.2 26.2 52.1 NA NA — 78.4

1960 NA 0.7 11.1 11.6 22.8 23.4 51.7 NA NA — 75.2

1961 NA 0.5 10.5 11.9 22.4 22.9 50.1 NA NA — 73.0

1962 NA 0.5 8.4 12.0 20.4 20.9 50.4 NA NA — 71.3

1963 NA 0.5 8.1 12.3 20.4 20.9 50.6 NA NA — 71.5

1964 NA 0.4 10.2 12.2 22.5 22.8 53.9 NA NA — 76.7

1965 NA 0.4 10.6 13.1 23.8 24.1 54.5 NA NA — 78.6

1966 NA 0.2 9.3 12.2 21.5 21.7 53.9 NA NA — 75.6

1967 NA 0.2 11.1 12.3 23.4 23.6 71.0 NA NA — 94.6

1968 NA 0.2 9.7 11.7 21.3 21.5 65.5 NA NA — 87.0

1969 NA 0.2 9.1 10.8 19.9 20.0 61.9 NA NA — 81.9

1970 NA 0.3 9.0 11.8 20.8 21.1 71.9 NA NA — 93.0

1971 NA 0.3 7.3 5.6 12.9 13.2 77.8 NA NA — 91.0

1972 NA 0.3 9.1 7.6 16.7 17.0 99.7 NA NA — 116.8

1973 12.5 0.3 7.0 10.4 17.4 17.7 87.0 NA NA — 117.2

1974 11.6 0.3 6.2 6.6 12.8 13.1 83.5 NA NA — 108.2

1975 12.1 0.2 8.8 8.5 17.3 17.6 110.7 NA NA — 140.4

1976 14.2 0.2 9.9 7.1 17.0 17.2 117.4 NA NA — 148.9

1977 14.2 0.2 12.8 11.1 23.9 24.1 133.2 NA NA — 171.5

1978 20.7 0.4 8.3 9.0 17.3 17.7 128.2 NA NA — 166.6

1979 20.8 0.3 10.2 11.8 21.9 22.3 159.7 NA NA — 202.8

1980 24.4 NA 9.1 12.0 21.0 21.0 183.0 NA NA — 228.4

1981 24.1 NA 6.5 9.9 16.4 16.4 168.9 NA NA — 209.4

1982 36.8 NA 4.6 9.5 14.1 14.1 181.1 NA NA — 232.0

1983 33.9 NA 4.3 8.7 13.1 13.1 155.6 NA NA — 202.6

1984 34.1 NA 6.2 11.3 17.5 17.5 179.7 NA NA — 231.3

1985 33.1 NA 3.4 10.4 13.9 13.9 156.4 NA NA — 203.4

1986 32.1 NA 3.0 10.4 13.4 13.4 161.8 NA NA — 207.3

1987 28.3 NA 3.9 10.8 14.7 14.7 170.8 NA NA — 213.8

1988 30.4 NA 3.1 8.8 11.9 11.9 146.5 NA NA — 188.8

1989 29.0 NA 2.9 7.4 10.2 10.2 135.9 NA NA — 175.1

1990 33.4 NA 3.3 8.7 12.0 12.0 156.2 NA NA — 201.6

1991 33.0 NA 2.8 7.1 9.8 9.8 157.9 NA NA — 200.7

1992 34.0 NA 2.6 7.0 9.6 9.6 154.1 NA NA — 197.7

1993 25.3 NA 2.4 6.7 9.1 9.1 111.3 NA NA — 145.7

1994 33.2 NA 2.7 6.6 9.2 9.2 126.9 NA NA — 169.4

1995 34.4 NA 2.6 5.7 8.3 8.3 126.3 NA NA — 169.1

1996 28.6 NA 2.7 5.7 8.4 8.4 114.6 NA NA — 151.6

1997 34.0 NA 2.0 5.6 7.6 7.6 98.8 NA NA — 140.4

1998 36.5 NA 2.0 5.5 7.6 7.6 120.5 NA NA — 164.6

1999 R39.5 NA R1.9 R5.6 7.5 7.5 R128.5 R14.1 R142.5 -6.6 R183.0

2000P 34.2 NA 2.0 5.7 7.8 7.8 88.8 E13.9 E102.8 -2.0 142.7

1 Data include some coal stocks at nonutilities. 2 Data are for coal available to produce electricity; they may include some coal available to produce

useful thermal output. 3 Includes transportation sector. 4 Represents the adjustment necessary to avoid double-counting coal stocks at nonutilities, of which a

portion is included under both "End-Use Sectors" and "Electric Power Sector." See Note 2 at end of

section.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable.

Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: Producers and Distributors, End-Use Sectors, and Total Stocks: • 1949-1975—Bureau

of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and "Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. 

• 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in

1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report,

Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report. • 1979—EIA, Energy Data Report,

Weekly Coal Report. • 1980-1999—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December, quarterly reports.

• 2000—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 2001), Table 6.3. Electric Power Sector: Table 8.11. 

End-Use/Nonutility Adjustment: Calculated by subtracting data for "Producers and Distributors,"

"End-Use Sectors," and "Electric Power Sector" from "Total Stocks."
208 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity

1 For 1979 forward, includes all coal; prior to 1979, excludes anthracite.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.6.

Total, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

2

4

6

8

Short Tons per Miner Hour

6.52 in 1999

Surface

Underground

Mississippi Mississippi

Mining Methods, 1999

Underground Surface

0

3

6

9

12

3.94

10.25

Short Tons per Miner Hour

Mining Method,1 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

3

6

9

12

Short Tons per Miner Hour

East of Mississippi, 1999

Underground Surface

0

2

4

6

3.69

4.39

Short Tons per Miner Hour

West of Mississippi, 1999

Underground Surface

0

5

10

15

20

25

7.40

19.55

Short Tons per Miner Hour

Location, 1999

East of West of

0

6

12

18

3.91

17.14

Short Tons per Miner Hour

1.77 in 1978
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 209

Table 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1999

 (Short Tons per Miner Hour 1)

Year

Mining Method Location 

Underground Surface Total

East of the Mississippi West of the Mississippi 

Underground Surface Total Underground Surface Total

1949 20.68 21.92 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.72

1950 20.72 21.96 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.76

1951 20.76 22.00 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.80

1952 20.80 22.10 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.84

1953 20.88 22.22 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.93

1954 21.00 22.48 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.08

1955 21.04 22.65 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.14

1956 21.08 22.67 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.19

1957 21.11 22.73 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.23

1958 21.17 22.73 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.31

1959 21.26 22.87 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.43

1960 21.33 22.91 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.52

1961 21.43 23.16 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.64

1962 21.50 23.40 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.74

1963 21.60 23.66 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.87

1964 21.72 23.76 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.99

1965 21.75 24.10 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.09

1966 21.83 24.28 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.23

1967 21.88 24.48 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.31

1968 21.93 24.33 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.35

1969 21.95 24.50 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.41

1970 21.72 24.53 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.30

1971 21.50 24.49 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.19

1972 21.49 24.54 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.18

1973 21.46 24.58 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.16

1974 21.41 24.74 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.31

1975 21.19 23.26 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.81

1976 21.14 23.25 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.78

1977 21.09 23.16 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.80

1978 21.04 23.03 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.77

1979 1.13 3.08 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.81

1980 1.20 3.21 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.93

1981 1.29 3.42 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.10

1982 1.37 3.36 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.11

1983 1.61 3.81 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.50

1984 1.72 4.03 1.69 2.56 1.98 2.49 8.15 7.07 2.64

1985 1.78 4.24 1.75 2.52 2.00 2.45 8.61 7.40 2.74

1986 2.00 4.60 1.96 2.75 2.21 2.80 9.02 7.90 3.01

1987 2.20 4.98 2.16 2.97 2.42 3.39 9.86 8.73 3.30

1988 2.38 5.32 2.32 2.99 2.54 3.55 10.73 9.38 3.55

1989 2.46 5.61 2.39 3.13 2.63 3.92 11.86 10.21 3.70

1990 2.54 5.94 2.46 3.32 2.73 4.01 12.26 10.41 3.83

1991 2.69 6.38 2.59 3.49 2.86 4.53 12.36 10.79 4.09

1992 2.93 6.59 2.82 3.61 3.07 4.85 12.49 11.03 4.36

1993 2.95 7.23 2.81 3.74 3.11 5.18 13.94 12.14 4.70

1994 3.19 7.67 3.02 3.85 3.28 5.93 15.19 13.22 4.98

1995 3.39 8.48 3.19 4.03 3.45 6.32 16.23 14.18 5.38

1996 3.57 9.05 3.36 4.25 3.63 7.03 17.89 15.66 5.69

1997 3.83 9.46 3.63 4.49 3.89 6.82 18.63 16.04 6.04

1998 3.84 9.85 3.63 4.33 3.85 7.18 20.15 17.39 6.22

1999P 3.94 10.25 3.69 4.39 3.91 7.40 19.55 17.14 6.52

1 Data for bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite mines 1949-1973 and anthracite mines

1949-1978 were originally reported in short tons per miner-day. The data were converted to short-tons

per miner-hour by assuming an eight-hour day. All remaining data were calculated by dividing total

production by total labor hours worked by all mine employees except office workers. 2 Anthracite mining productivity is unavailable by underground and surface but is included in the

Total.

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy

Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977

and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine

Operations-1977; 1978 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979—EIA, Energy Data

Report, Coal Production-1979. • 1980-1988—EIA, Coal Production, annual reports. • 1989

forward—EIA, Coal Industry Annual, annual reports.
210 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.7.

Figure 7.7 Coke Overview

Trade, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

Million Short Tons

Production and Consumption, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

20

40

60

80

Million Short Tons

Production

Imports

Exports

Overview, 2000

Production Imports Exports Consumption

0

10

20

30

21

4

1

23

Million Short Tons

Consumption
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 211

Table 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-2000

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports Stock Change 1 Consumption 2

1949 63.64 0.28 0.55 0.18 63.19

1950 72.72 0.44 0.40 -0.66 73.42

1951 79.33 0.16 1.03 0.37 78.09

1952 68.25 0.31 0.79 0.42 67.36

1953 78.84 0.16 0.52 0.78 77.70

1954 59.66 0.12 0.39 0.27 59.12

1955 75.30 0.13 0.53 -1.25 76.15

1956 74.48 0.13 0.66 0.63 73.32

1957 75.95 0.12 0.82 0.81 74.43

1958 53.60 0.12 0.39 0.68 52.66

1959 55.86 0.12 0.46 0.86 54.67

1960 57.23 0.13 0.35 0.06 56.95

1961 51.71 0.13 0.45 -0.70 52.09

1962 51.91 0.14 0.36 -0.14 51.82

1963 54.28 0.15 0.45 -1.02 55.00

1964 62.15 0.10 0.52 -0.91 62.64

1965 66.85 0.09 0.83 0.73 65.38

1966 67.40 0.10 1.10 0.38 66.02

1967 64.58 0.09 0.71 2.39 61.57

1968 63.65 0.09 0.79 0.52 62.44

1969 64.76 0.17 1.63 -2.87 66.17

1970 66.53 0.15 2.48 0.99 63.21

1971 57.44 0.17 1.51 -0.59 56.69

1972 60.51 0.19 1.23 -0.59 60.05

1973 64.33 1.09 1.40 -1.74 65.77

1974 61.58 3.54 1.28 -0.25 64.09

1975 57.21 1.82 1.27 4.06 53.69

1976 58.33 1.31 1.32 1.50 56.83

1977 53.51 1.83 1.24 -0.05 54.14

1978 49.01 5.72 0.69 -2.91 56.95

1979 52.94 3.97 1.44 1.65 53.83

1980 46.13 0.66 2.07 3.44 41.28

1981 42.79 0.53 1.17 -1.90 44.05

1982 28.12 0.12 0.99 1.47 25.78

1983 25.81 0.04 0.67 -4.67 29.85

1984 30.40 0.58 1.05 0.20 29.74

1985 28.44 0.58 1.12 -1.16 29.06

1986 24.92 0.33 1.00 -0.49 24.73

1987 26.30 0.92 0.57 -1.00 27.65

1988 28.95 2.69 1.09 0.52 30.02

1989 28.05 2.31 1.09 0.34 28.93

1990 27.62 0.77 0.57 (s) 27.81

1991 24.05 1.18 0.79 0.19 24.25

1992 23.41 2.10 0.70 -0.22 25.03

1993 23.18 2.16 1.06 -0.42 24.70

1994 22.69 3.34 0.99 -0.53 25.56

1995 23.75 3.82 1.36 0.37 25.85

1996 23.08 2.54 1.62 0.02 23.97

1997 22.12 3.14 1.27 -0.03 24.02

1998 20.04 3.83 1.13 -0.36 23.11

1999 R20.02 3.22 0.90 -0.08 R22.42

2000P 21.07 3.78 1.15 0.23 23.48

1 Producer and distributor stocks at end of year. A negative value indicates a net decrease in stocks; a

positive value indicates a net increase in stocks. 2 "Consumption" is calculated as the sum of production and imports minus exports and stock change.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.005 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coke and Coal Chemicals" chapter.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Coke and Coal Chemicals,

annual reports. • 1981-1999—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December, quarterly reports.

• 2000—EIA estimates.
212 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 7.8 Coal Prices

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic implicit price deflators. 

See Table E1.

2 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 

3 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.8.

By Type, 1999

Anthracite Bituminous Lignite Subtuminous Total

0

10

20

30

40

50

38.94

23.88

11.04

7.02

16.76

Dollars3 per Short Ton

By Type, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

25

50

75

100

Dollars1 per Short Ton

Total, 1949-1999

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

Dollars1 per Short Ton

Anthracite

All Other2

Coal Coal

1999: $16.00

Peak

1975: $48.34

Coal
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 213

Table 7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1999

 (Dollars per Short Ton)

Year

Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal Lignite Subtotal 1 Anthracite Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1949 34.90 328.39 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.37 13.73 4.88 28.27 8.90 51.56 5.24 30.36

1950 34.86 327.85 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.41 13.81 4.84 27.74 9.34 53.52 5.19 29.74

1951 34.94 326.40 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.44 13.04 4.92 26.30 9.94 53.13 5.29 28.27

1952 34.92 325.89 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.39 12.58 4.90 25.79 9.58 50.42 5.27 27.74

1953 34.94 325.66 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.38 12.36 4.92 25.56 9.87 51.27 5.23 27.17

1954 34.54 323.35 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.43 12.50 4.52 23.25 8.76 45.06 4.81 24.74

1955 34.51 322.80 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.38 12.03 4.50 22.75 8.00 40.44 4.69 23.71

1956 34.83 323.62 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.39 11.69 4.82 23.57 8.33 40.73 5.01 24.50

1957 35.09 324.09 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.35 11.12 5.08 24.04 9.11 43.11 5.28 24.99

1958 34.87 322.50 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.35 10.86 4.86 22.46 9.14 42.24 5.07 23.43

1959 34.79 321.89 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.25 10.28 4.77 21.80 8.55 39.08 4.95 22.62

1960 34.71 321.23 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.29 10.32 4.69 21.14 8.01 36.10 4.83 21.77

1961 34.60 320.50 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.24 9.98 4.58 20.41 8.26 36.81 4.73 21.08

1962 34.50 319.79 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.23 9.81 4.48 19.70 7.99 35.14 4.62 20.32

1963 34.40 319.13 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.17 9.43 4.39 19.09 8.64 37.57 4.55 19.78

1964 34.46 319.11 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.14 9.17 4.45 19.07 8.93 38.26 4.60 19.71

1965 34.45 318.71 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.13 8.96 4.44 18.67 8.51 35.79 4.55 19.13

1966 34.56 318.64 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.98 8.09 4.54 18.56 8.08 33.03 4.62 18.89

1967 34.64 318.41 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.92 7.62 4.62 18.33 8.15 32.33 4.69 18.60

1968 34.70 317.87 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.79 6.81 4.67 17.76 8.78 33.38 4.75 18.06

1969 35.02 318.19 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.86 6.74 4.99 18.09 9.91 35.92 5.08 18.41

1970 36.30 321.68 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.86 6.40 6.26 21.54 11.03 37.96 6.34 21.82

1971 37.13 323.36 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 1.93 6.32 7.07 23.17 12.08 39.58 7.15 23.43

1972 37.78 324.45 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.04 6.41 7.66 24.07 12.40 38.97 7.72 24.26

1973 38.71 325.92 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.09 6.22 8.53 25.39 13.65 40.63 8.59 25.57

1974 316.01 343.72 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2.19 5.98 15.75 43.01 22.19 60.60 15.82 43.20

1975 319.79 349.44 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 3.17 7.92 19.23 48.04 32.26 80.59 19.35 48.34

1976 320.11 347.54 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 3.74 8.84 19.43 45.93 33.92 80.19 19.56 46.24

1977 320.59 345.74 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4.03 8.95 19.82 44.02 34.86 77.43 19.95 44.31

1978 322.64 346.94 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 5.68 11.78 21.76 45.12 35.25 73.09 21.86 45.32

1979 327.31 352.27 9.55 18.28 6.48 12.40 23.66 45.28 41.06 78.58 23.75 45.45

1980 29.17 51.14 11.08 19.42 W W 24.52 42.99 42.51 74.53 24.65 43.22

1981 31.51 50.52 12.18 19.53 W W 26.29 42.15 44.28 71.00 26.40 42.33

1982 32.15 48.53 13.37 20.18 W W 27.14 40.97 49.85 75.25 27.25 41.13

1983 31.11 45.17 13.03 18.92 W W 25.85 37.53 52.29 75.91 25.98 37.72

1984 30.63 42.88 12.41 17.37 10.45 14.63 25.51 35.71 48.22 67.50 25.61 35.85

1985 30.78 41.77 12.57 17.06 10.68 14.49 25.10 34.06 45.80 62.15 25.20 34.20

1986 28.84 38.30 12.26 16.28 10.64 14.13 23.70 31.47 44.12 58.58 23.79 31.59

1987 28.19 36.34 11.32 14.59 10.85 13.99 23.00 29.65 43.65 56.26 23.07 29.74

1988 27.66 34.48 10.45 13.03 10.06 12.54 22.00 27.43 44.16 55.06 22.07 27.52

1989 27.40 32.91 10.16 12.20 9.91 11.90 21.76 26.13 42.93 51.56 21.82 26.20

1990 27.43 31.71 9.70 11.21 10.13 11.71 21.71 25.10 39.40 45.54 21.76 25.15

1991 27.49 30.66 9.68 10.80 10.89 12.15 21.45 23.92 36.34 40.53 21.49 23.97

1992 26.78 29.16 9.68 10.54 10.81 11.77 20.99 22.85 34.24 37.28 21.03 22.90

1993 26.15 27.80 9.33 9.92 11.11 11.81 19.79 21.04 32.94 35.02 19.85 21.11

1994 25.68 26.75 8.37 8.72 10.77 11.22 19.34 20.14 36.07 37.57 19.41 20.22

1995 25.56 26.06 8.10 8.26 10.83 11.04 18.74 19.10 39.78 40.55 18.83 19.19

1996 25.17 25.17 7.87 7.87 10.92 10.92 18.42 18.42 36.78 36.78 18.50 18.50

1997 24.64 R24.17 7.42 7.28 10.91 R10.70 18.07 R17.72 35.12 R34.45 18.14 R17.79

1998 24.87 R24.09 6.96 R6.74 11.08 R10.73 17.55 R17.00 42.91 R41.57 17.67 R17.12

1999P 23.88 22.79 7.02 6.70 11.04 10.54 16.64 15.88 38.94 37.17 16.76 16.00

1 Subtotal of bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1. 3 Includes subbituminous coal. 4 Included in bituminous coal.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Note: Prices are free-on-board (f.o.b.) mine prices. See Glossary.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.

Sources: Bituminous Coal, Subbituminous Coal, and Lignite: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines,

Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" chapter. • 1976—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976. • 1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data

Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1977; 1978. • 1979-1992—EIA,

Coal Production, annual reports. • 1993-forward—EIA, Coal Industry Annual, annual reports. Anthracite: 

• 1949-1976—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapter. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979—EIA, Energy Data

Report, Coal Production-1979. • 1980-1992—EIA, Coal Production, annual reports. • 1993-forward—EIA,

Coal Industry Annual, annual reports. Total: • 1949-1978—Calculated as a production-weighted average

of the rank prices shown. • 1979-forward—EIA, Coal Industry Annual, annual reports.
Coal

Note 1. Due to differences in presentation of data among various EIA publications, data for consumption at nonutility power producers are sometimes shown in the end-use sectors and at other times in the electric power

sector. In Table 7.3, the “End-Use Sectors” data come from EIA’s Quarterly Coal Report, which includes most nonutility consumption in the

end-use sectors (mostly industrial, with a small amount in commercial).

Also in Table 7.3, the “Electric Power Sector” data come from EIA’s Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual, which for 1999 and 2000

include nonutility consumption for electricity generation. Although the

Quarterly Coal Report includes data for “Other Power Producers”

(nonutility wholesale producers of electricity, and nonutility cogeneration

plants that are not included in the end-use sectors) in the electric power

sector, these data include consumption to produce useful thermal output,

and so are included in total consumption in Table 7.3, but not in either the

electric power sector or end-use sectors. Because of this double-counting

of nonutility data in 1999 and 2000, and undercounting of “Other Power

Producers” data in 1989-2000, two adjustments columns are incorporated

into Table 7.3 to remove the over- and undercount and allow the table’s

components to be added across to reach the total consumption value.

Similarly, in Table 7.5, an adjustments column is incorporated to remove

the overcount of stocks at nonutilities (a portion of which are included in

both the electric power sector and the end-use sectors), and the undercount

of stocks at “Other Power Producers” (which are included in total stocks,

but not in either the electric power sector or end-use sectors).

Note 2. Data in this report on the consumption of bituminous coal (including subbituminous coal), lignite, and anthracite are developed primarily

from consumption data reported in surveys. Included are data reported by

all electric utility companies and coke plant companies. Data on coal consumption by all industrial and manufacturing establishments and by the residential and commercial sector are based on distribution data obtained

quarterly from coal companies. Included in each sector’s data are the following: Electric Power Industry–consumption by privately and publicly

owned establishments engaged in the generation and/or distribution of electric power. Industrial and Miscellaneous Sector–consumption at manufacturing plants, large commercial establishments, coking plants, and by

agriculture, mining (other than coal mining), and construction industries;

Transportation Sector–sales to railroads and for vessel bunkering; Residential and Commercial Sector–retail dealer sales to households and small

commercial establishments.

Coal consumption by the residential and commercial sectors is reported to

the Energy Information Administration (EIA) for the two sectors combined; EIA estimates the amount consumed by the sectors individually.

Previously, the breakdown was 40 percent residential and 60 percent commercial for each year. The current method results in variation over time.

Beginning in 1949, a larger portion of the coal, 45 percent, is assigned to

the residential sector; the share falls gradually over time and reaches 12

percent in 1999. To create the estimate, it is first assumed that an occupied

coal-heated housing unit consumes fuel at the same Btu rate as an

oil-heated housing unit. Then, for the years in which data are available on

the number of occupied housing units by heating source (1950, 1960,

1970, 1973-1981, and subsequent odd-numbered years), residential use of

coal is estimated by the following steps: a ratio is created of the number of

occupied housing units heated by coal to the number of housing units

heated by oil; the ratio is multiplied by the Btu quantity of oil used by the

residential sector to estimate the Btu quantity of coal used by the residential

sector; and the residential sector’s share of residential and commercial use is

calculated. The 1950 share is applied to 1949; the 1999 share is applied to

2000; and the other missing years’ shares are interpolated.

Table 7.3 Sources

End-Use Sectors, Other Power Producers Adjustment, and Total Consumption: • 1949-1975–Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook

“Coal-Bituminous and Lignite” and “Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite” chapters.

• 1976–Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report,

Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite

1976. • 1977 and 1978–EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report. • 1979 and 1980–EIA, Energy

Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 1981-1999–EIA, Quarterly Coal Report

October-December, quarterly reports. • 2000–Monthly Energy Review (May

2001), Table 6.2. Electric Power Sector: • Tables 8.8-8.10.

End-Use/Nonutility Adjustment: Calculated by multiplying data for

“Nonutility Power Producers” by -1.

214 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
High-tension power lines and towers. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Electricity

8

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 217

Coal

17.50

Petroleum

0.78

Hydroelectric

Power 2.56

Nuclear

Electric Power

7.49

Coal 2.79

Natural Gas 3.38

Petroleum 0.43

Nuclear 0.51

Hydropower 0.22

Otherh

8.33

1.00

Other

Energy

Consumed

To Generate

Electricity

31.45

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Gross

Generation

of Electricity

10.81

Net

Generation

of Electricity

10.27

Unaccounted for

0.19

e

Electricity

Exports

0.05

Nonutility Power Producers

Direct Use and Sales to End Users 0.71

Conversion Losses

5.52

a Plant Use

0.14

b Balancing Item

0.04

i

Energy Consumed

To Generate

Electricity 8.33

Geothermal

and Other

0.02

d

Sales to

Electric Utilities

1.99

g

Conversion

Losses

20.64

a Fossil

Fuels

21.37 T&D

Losses

0.97

Plant Use c

0.54

b

Electric Utility

Retail Sales

11.59

Diagram 5. Electricity Flow, 2000

(Quadrillion Btu)

Approximately two-thirds of all energy used to generate electricity. See Note 1 at end

of section.

The electric energy used in the operation of power plants, estimated as 5 percent of

gross generation. See Note 1 at end of section.

Transmission and distribution losses are estimated as 9 percent of gross generation of

electricity. See Note 1 at end of section.

Wood, waste, wind, and solar energy used to generate electricity. See Table 8.3.

Balancing item to adjust for data collection frame differences and nonsampling error.

a

b

c

d

e

Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads

and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities.

Geothermal, wood, waste, wind, and solar energy used to generate electricity.

See Table 8.4.

ransmission and distribution losses and unaccounted for.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 8.1, 8.3, 8.8, 8.12, A6, and (for Sales to Electric Utilities) EIA,

(May 2001), Table A8.

f

g

h

i T

Short-Term

Energy Outlook

Other 0.38 f

Industrial 3.64

Commercial 3.51

Electricity

Imports

0.17

Residential 4.07

Gross Generation 2.81 Net Generation 2.67

Natural Gas 3.09
218 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.1 Electricity Overview

1 Nonutility power producers. See Glossary.

2 Energy losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the customer, 

and data collection frame differences and nonsampling error.

3 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and 

railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Sources: Tables 8.1 and 8.12.

Electricity Trade, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

15

30

45

60

Billion Kilowatthours

Net Generation and End Use, 2000

0

1

2

3

4

3.010

0.782

3.398

0.208

Trillion Kilowatthours

Net-Generation-to-End-Use Flow, 2000

(Billion Kilowatthours)

Other 3

110

Electric

Utility

 Retail

Sales

Electric

Utilities

NPPs1 NPPs1

Net Generation End Use

Imports

Exports

Electricity Utility

Net Generation

3,010

NPP1 Net

Generation

782

Total

Net Generation

3,792

Imports

50

Losses and 

Unaccounted for 2

221

Exports

15

Electric Utility

Retail Sales

3,398

Residential

1,192

Commercial

1,028

Industrial

1,068

Total End Use

3,606

NPP1

208
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 219

Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-2000

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Net Generation

Imports 1 Exports 1

Losses

and

Unaccounted

for 2

End Use

Electric

Utilities 

Nonutility

Power

Producers Total

Electric Utility

Retail Sales 3

Nonutility

Power

Producers 4 Total

1949 291 NA 291 2 (s) NA 255 NA NA

1950 329 NA 329 2 (s) NA 291 NA NA

1951 371 NA 371 2 (s) NA 330 NA NA

1952 399 NA 399 3 (s) NA 356 NA NA

1953 443 NA 443 2 (s) NA 396 NA NA

1954 472 NA 472 3 (s) NA 424 NA NA

1955 547 NA 547 5 (s) NA 497 NA NA

1956 601 NA 601 5 1 NA 546 NA NA

1957 632 NA 632 5 1 NA 576 NA NA

1958 645 NA 645 4 1 NA 588 NA NA

1959 710 NA 710 4 1 NA 647 NA NA

1960 756 NA 756 5 1 NA 688 NA NA

1961 794 NA 794 3 1 NA 722 NA NA

1962 855 NA 855 2 2 NA 778 NA NA

1963 917 NA 917 2 2 NA 833 NA NA

1964 984 NA 984 6 4 NA 896 NA NA

1965 1,055 NA 1,055 4 4 NA 954 NA NA

1966 1,144 NA 1,144 4 3 NA 1,035 NA NA

1967 1,214 NA 1,214 4 4 NA 1,099 NA NA

1968 1,329 NA 1,329 4 4 NA 1,203 NA NA

1969 1,442 NA 1,442 5 4 NA 1,314 NA NA

1970 1,532 NA 1,532 6 4 NA 1,392 NA NA

1971 1,613 NA 1,613 7 4 NA 1,470 NA NA

1972 1,750 NA 1,750 10 3 NA 1,595 NA NA

1973 1,861 NA 1,861 17 3 NA 1,713 NA NA

1974 1,867 NA 1,867 15 3 NA 1,706 NA NA

1975 1,918 NA 1,918 11 5 NA 1,747 NA NA

1976 2,038 NA 2,038 11 2 NA 1,855 NA NA

1977 2,124 NA 2,124 20 3 NA 1,948 NA NA

1978 2,206 NA 2,206 21 1 NA 2,018 NA NA

1979 2,247 NA 2,247 23 2 NA 2,071 NA NA

1980 2,286 NA 2,286 25 4 NA 2,094 NA NA

1981 2,295 NA 2,295 36 3 NA 2,147 NA NA

1982 2,241 NA 2,241 33 4 NA 2,086 NA NA

1983 2,310 NA 2,310 39 3 NA 2,151 NA NA

1984 2,416 NA 2,416 42 3 NA 2,286 NA NA

1985 2,470 NA 2,470 46 5 NA 2,324 NA NA

1986 2,487 NA 2,487 41 5 NA 2,369 NA NA

1987 2,572 NA 2,572 52 6 NA 2,457 NA NA

1988 2,704 NA 2,704 39 7 NA 2,578 NA NA

1989 2,784 5188 2,972 26 15 236 2,647 5100 2,747

1990 2,808 5217 3,025 18 16 210 2,713 5104 2,817

1991 2,825 5246 3,071 22 2 218 2,762 5111 2,873

1992 2,797 286 3,083 28 3 224 2,763 122 2,885

1993 2,883 314 3,197 31 4 236 2,861 127 2,988

1994 2,911 343 3,254 47 2 223 2,935 141 3,075

1995 2,995 363 3,358 43 4 235 3,013 149 3,162

1996 3,077 370 3,447 43 3 R237 R3,101 149 R3,250

1997 3,123 372 3,494 43 9 R234 R3,146 149 R3,295

1998 3,212 406 3,618 40 13 R220 R3,264 160 R3,424

1999 R3,174 R532 R3,706 43 14 234 R3,312 189 3,501

2000P 3,010 E782 3,792 50 15 221 3,398 F208 3,607

1 Electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico. 2 Energy losses that occur between the point of generation and delivery to the customer, and data

collection frame differences and nonsampling error. See Note 1 at end of section. 3 Includes nonutility sales of electricity to utilities for distribution to end users. Beginning in 1996, also

includes sales to ultimate consumers by power marketers. 4 Nonutility facility use of onsite net electricity generation, and nonutility sales of electricity to end users. 5 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the

threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5

megawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical data. The estimation did not include

retirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capacity of facilities that came on line before

1992.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. F=Forecast. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion

kilowatthours.

Notes: • See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: See end of section.
220 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.2 Electricity Net Generation

xxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Nuclear

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power

Other

Coal

Natural Gas

Coal

Other

Wood

Waste

Electric Power

Net Generation, 2000

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

0

1

2

3

4

3.0

Trillion Kilowatthours

0.8

By Source, 2000

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable Energy

0

1

2

3

2.1

0.7

0.3

0.6

0 0.1

Trillion Kilowatthours

Total, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Trillion Kilowatthours 1 Petroleum, geothermal, wood, waste, wind, and solar. 

2 Petroleum, other gases, nuclear electric power, hydroelectric power,

 geothermal, wind, and solar. 

(s)=Less than 0.05 trillion kilowatthours. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4.

79%

of

Total 

Sector 

 Producers

Coal

56

Nuclear

23

Hydroelectric 

Power

8

Other1 2

Natural

Gas

10

Electric Utilities 

Nonutility Power 

Producers

Natural 

Gas

39

Other2

18

Coal

35

Wood

5

Waste

3

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

 Producers

21%

(s)

3.8 trillion kilowatthours in 2000

Shares by Source, 2000

(Percent of Total)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 221

Table 8.2 Electricity Net Generation, 1949-2000

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 5

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 Petroleum 2 10

Natural

Gas 3

Other

Gases 4 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal Wood 6

Waste

Wind Solar 9 Total

MSW

and LFG 7

Other

Waste 8

1949 135.5 28.5 37.0 NA 201.0 0.0 11 ( ) R94.8 NA 0.4 NA NA NA NA R95.2 291.1

1950 154.5 33.7 44.6 NA 232.8 0.0 11 ( ) R100.9 NA 0.4 NA NA NA NA R101.3 329.1

1951 185.2 28.7 56.6 NA 270.5 0.0 11 ( ) R104.4 NA 0.4 NA NA NA NA R104.8 370.7

1952 195.4 29.7 68.5 NA 293.6 0.0 11 ( ) R109.7 NA 0.5 NA NA NA NA R110.2 399.2

1953 218.8 38.4 79.8 NA 337.0 0.0 11 ( ) R109.6 NA 0.4 NA NA NA NA R110.0 442.7

1954 239.1 31.5 93.7 NA 364.4 0.0 11 ( ) R111.6 NA 0.3 NA NA NA NA R111.9 471.7

1955 301.4 37.1 95.3 NA 433.8 0.0 11 ( ) R116.2 NA 0.3 NA NA NA NA R116.5 547.0

1956 338.5 35.9 104.0 NA 478.5 0.0 11 ( ) R125.2 NA 0.2 NA NA NA NA R125.4 600.7

1957 346.4 40.5 114.2 NA 501.1 (s) 11 ( ) R133.4 NA 0.2 NA NA NA NA R133.5 631.5

1958 344.4 40.4 119.8 NA 504.5 0.2 11 ( ) R143.6 NA 0.2 NA NA NA NA R143.8 645.1

1959 378.4 46.8 146.6 NA 571.9 0.2 11 ( ) R141.2 NA 0.2 NA NA NA NA R141.3 710.0

1960 403.1 48.0 158.0 NA 609.0 0.5 11 ( ) R149.4 (s) 0.1 NA NA NA NA R149.6 755.5

1961 421.9 48.5 169.3 NA 639.7 1.7 11 ( ) R155.5 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA NA R155.8 793.8

1962 450.2 48.9 184.3 NA 683.4 2.3 11 ( ) R172.0 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA NA R172.2 854.5

1963 493.9 52.0 201.6 NA 747.5 3.2 11 ( ) R169.0 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA NA R169.3 916.8

1964 526.2 57.0 220.0 NA 803.2 3.3 11 ( ) R180.3 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA NA R180.7 984.0

1965 570.9 64.8 221.6 NA 857.3 3.7 11 ( ) R197.0 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA NA R197.4 1,055.3

1966 613.5 78.9 251.2 NA 943.6 5.5 11 ( ) R197.9 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA NA R198.5 1,144.4

1967 630.5 89.3 264.8 NA 984.6 7.7 11 ( ) R224.9 0.3 0.3 NA NA NA NA R225.6 1,214.4

1968 684.9 104.3 304.4 NA 1,093.6 12.5 11 ( ) R225.9 0.4 0.4 NA NA NA NA R226.7 1,329.4

1969 706.0 137.8 333.3 NA 1,177.1 13.9 11 ( ) R253.5 0.6 0.3 NA NA NA NA R254.4 1,442.2

1970 704.4 184.2 372.9 NA 1,261.5 21.8 11 ( ) R251.0 0.5 0.1 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R251.8 1,531.9

1971 713.1 220.2 374.0 NA 1,307.4 38.1 11 ( ) R269.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R270.4 1,612.6

1972 771.1 274.3 375.7 NA 1,421.2 54.1 11 ( ) R275.9 1.5 0.1 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R277.7 1,749.7

1973 847.7 314.3 340.9 NA 1,502.9 83.5 11 ( ) R275.4 2.0 0.1 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R277.7 1,860.7

1974 828.4 300.9 320.1 NA 1,449.4 114.0 11 ( ) R304.2 2.5 0.1 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R306.9 1,867.1

1975 852.8 289.1 299.8 NA 1,441.7 172.5 11 ( ) R303.2 3.2 (s) 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R306.6 1,917.6

1976 944.4 320.0 294.6 NA 1,559.0 191.1 11 ( ) R286.9 3.6 0.1 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R290.8 2,037.7

1977 985.2 358.2 305.5 NA 1,648.9 250.9 11 ( ) R223.6 3.6 0.3 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R227.7 2,124.3

1978 975.7 365.1 305.4 NA 1,646.2 276.4 11 ( ) R283.5 3.0 0.2 0.1 12 ( ) NA NA R286.8 2,206.3

1979 1,075.0 303.5 329.5 NA 1,708.0 255.2 11 ( ) R283.1 3.9 0.3 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R287.5 2,247.4

1980 1,161.6 246.0 346.2 NA 1,753.8 251.1 11 ( ) R279.2 5.1 0.3 0.2 12 ( ) NA NA R284.7 2,286.4

1981 1,203.2 206.4 345.8 NA 1,755.4 272.7 11 ( ) R263.8 5.7 0.2 0.1 12 ( ) NA NA R269.9 2,294.8

1982 1,192.0 146.8 305.3 NA 1,644.1 282.8 11 ( ) R312.4 4.8 0.2 0.1 12 ( ) NA NA R317.5 2,241.2

1983 1,259.4 144.5 274.1 NA 1,678.0 293.7 11 ( ) R335.3 6.1 0.2 0.2 12 ( ) (s) NA R341.7 2,310.3

1984 1,341.7 119.8 297.4 NA 1,758.9 327.6 11 ( ) R324.3 7.7 0.5 0.4 12 ( ) (s) (s) R332.9 2,416.3

1985 1,402.1 100.2 291.9 NA 1,794.3 383.7 11 ( ) R284.3 9.3 0.7 0.6 12 ( ) (s) (s) R295.0 2,469.8

1986 1,385.8 136.6 248.5 NA 1,770.9 414.0 11 ( ) R294.0 10.3 0.5 0.7 12 ( ) (s) (s) R305.5 2,487.3

1987 1,463.8 118.5 272.6 NA 1,854.9 455.3 11 ( ) R252.9 10.8 0.8 0.7 12 ( ) (s) (s) R265.1 2,572.1

1988 1,540.7 148.9 252.8 NA 1,942.4 527.0 11 ( ) R226.1 10.3 0.9 0.7 12 ( ) (s) (s) R238.1 2,704.3

1989 1,583.8 163.9 363.9 13 ( ) 2,111.6 529.4 11 ( ) 273.7 14.9 27.7 7.9 2.0 2.3 0.6 329.1 2,971.9

1990 1,590.3 124.0 378.3 13 ( ) 2,092.7 577.0 -3.5 293.0 15.8 30.4 10.8 2.3 3.0 0.6 356.1 3,024.9

1991 1,589.9 119.0 392.6 13 ( ) 2,101.5 612.6 -4.5 289.5 16.0 33.2 12.4 3.3 3.0 0.8 358.2 3,071.3

1992 1,621.1 99.4 418.3 13 ( ) 2,138.8 618.8 -4.2 253.1 16.4 35.6 14.0 3.8 2.9 0.7 326.5 3,083.4

1993 1,690.0 112.4 428.4 13 ( ) 2,230.8 610.4 -4.0 280.5 17.0 36.8 14.5 4.1 3.0 0.9 356.7 3,196.9

1994 1,691.7 105.5 465.9 12.1 R2,275.2 640.5 -3.4 260.2 16.8 37.8 15.5 3.6 3.4 0.8 338.1 3,253.8

1995 1,710.2 75.3 498.5 13.5 R2,297.5 673.4 -2.7 311.0 14.4 36.4 16.9 3.4 3.2 0.8 386.0 3,357.8

1996 1,795.7 81.7 455.8 14.2 R2,347.4 674.7 -3.1 347.4 15.1 36.8 16.4 4.3 3.4 0.9 424.3 3,447.0

1997 1,844.1 93.0 485.4 11.2 R2,433.7 628.6 -4.0 358.9 14.6 34.2 17.6 3.0 3.2 0.9 432.4 3,494.2

1998 1,873.9 126.9 540.6 8.5 R2,550.0 673.7 -4.4 323.3 14.7 31.8 18.1 3.2 3.0 0.9 395.0 3,617.9

1999 R1,884.3 R123.6 R556.2 R13.3 R2,577.4 R728.3 R-6.3 R319.5 R16.8 R37.6 R20.2 R3.3 R4.5 R0.8 R402.7 R3,706.1

2000PE 1,964.6 108.9 595.8 15.7 2,685.0 753.9 -5.6 274.6 14.2 39.5 21.2 3.4 4.9 0.8 358.6 3,791.9

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, petroleum coke, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane,

methanol, liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 3 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels at electric utilities. 4 Blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, butane gas, propane gas, refinery gas, and other process and waste

gases derived from coal, petroleum, and natural gas. 5 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 6 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and

utility poles. 7 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas.

8 Methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets,

sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed looped biomass, fish oil, and straw. 9 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 10 Includes batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, and purchased steam, which are not separately

displayed on this table. 11 Included in conventional hydroelectric power. 12 Included in MSW and LFG. 13 Included in natural gas.

R=Revised. PE=Preliminary estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion killowatthours. 

For Notes, Web Page, and Sources: See Tables 8.3 and 8.4.
222 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.3 Electricity Net Generation at Electric Utilities 

By Source, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Trillion Kilowatthours

Total, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Trillion Kilowatthours

3.0 trillion kilowatthours

in 2000

Coal

Petroleum and 

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power1

Nuclear Electric Power

1 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.3.

Electric 

 Power

By Source, 2000

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable Energy

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

2.1

0.7

0.3

Trillion Kilowatthours
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 223

Table 8.3 Electricity Net Generation at Electric Utilities, 1949-2000

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal Petroleum Total 1

Natural

Gas 2 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal Wood 4

Waste

Wind Solar 7 Total

MSW

and LFG 5

Other

Waste 6

1949 135.5 28.5 37.0 201.0 0 8 ( ) 89.7 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 90.1 291.1

1950 154.5 33.7 44.6 232.8 0 8 ( ) 95.9 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 96.3 329.1

1951 185.2 28.7 56.6 270.5 0 8 ( ) 99.8 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 100.1 370.7

1952 195.4 29.7 68.5 293.6 0 8 ( ) 105.1 0 0.5 NA NA 0 0 105.6 399.2

1953 218.8 38.4 79.8 337.0 0 8 ( ) 105.2 0 0.4 NA NA 0 0 105.6 442.7

1954 239.1 31.5 93.7 364.4 0 8 ( ) 107.1 0 0.3 NA NA 0 0 107.3 471.7

1955 301.4 37.1 95.3 433.8 0 8 ( ) 113.0 0 0.3 NA NA 0 0 113.3 547.0

1956 338.5 35.9 104.0 478.5 0 8 ( ) 122.0 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 122.2 600.7

1957 346.4 40.5 114.2 501.1 (s) 8 ( ) 130.2 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 130.4 631.5

1958 344.4 40.4 119.8 504.5 0.2 8 ( ) 140.3 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 140.4 645.1

1959 378.4 46.8 146.6 571.9 0.2 8 ( ) 137.8 0 0.2 NA NA 0 0 137.9 710.0

1960 403.1 48.0 158.0 609.0 0.5 8 ( ) 145.8 (s) 0.1 NA NA NA 0 146.0 755.5

1961 421.9 48.5 169.3 639.7 1.7 8 ( ) 152.2 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA 0 152.4 793.8

1962 450.2 48.9 184.3 683.4 2.3 8 ( ) 168.6 0.1 0.1 NA NA NA 0 168.8 854.5

1963 493.9 52.0 201.6 747.5 3.2 8 ( ) 165.8 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA 0 166.1 916.8

1964 526.2 57.0 220.0 803.2 3.3 8 ( ) 177.1 0.2 0.1 NA NA NA 0 177.4 984.0

1965 570.9 64.8 221.6 857.3 3.7 8 ( ) 193.9 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA 0 194.3 1,055.3

1966 613.5 78.9 251.2 943.6 5.5 8 ( ) 194.8 0.2 0.3 NA NA NA 0 195.3 1,144.4

1967 630.5 89.3 264.8 984.6 7.7 8 ( ) 221.5 0.3 0.3 NA NA NA 0 222.2 1,214.4

1968 684.9 104.3 304.4 1,093.6 12.5 8 ( ) 222.5 0.4 0.4 NA NA NA 0 223.3 1,329.4

1969 706.0 137.8 333.3 1,177.1 13.9 8 ( ) 250.2 0.6 0.3 NA NA NA 0 251.1 1,442.2

1970 704.4 184.2 372.9 1,261.5 21.8 8 ( ) 247.7 0.5 0.1 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 248.6 1,531.9

1971 713.1 220.2 374.0 1,307.4 38.1 8 ( ) 266.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 267.2 1,612.6

1972 771.1 274.3 375.7 1,421.2 54.1 8 ( ) 272.6 1.5 0.1 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 274.4 1,749.7

1973 847.7 314.3 340.9 1,502.9 83.5 8 ( ) 272.1 2.0 0.1 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 274.4 1,860.7

1974 828.4 300.9 320.1 1,449.4 114.0 8 ( ) 301.0 2.5 0.1 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 303.7 1,867.1

1975 852.8 289.1 299.8 1,441.7 172.5 8 ( ) 300.0 3.2 (s) 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 303.5 1,917.6

1976 944.4 320.0 294.6 1,559.0 191.1 8 ( ) 283.7 3.6 0.1 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 287.6 2,037.7

1977 985.2 358.2 305.5 1,648.9 250.9 8 ( ) 220.5 3.6 0.3 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 224.5 2,124.3

1978 975.7 365.1 305.4 1,646.2 276.4 8 ( ) 280.4 3.0 0.2 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 283.7 2,206.3

1979 1,075.0 303.5 329.5 1,708.0 255.2 8 ( ) 279.8 3.9 0.3 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 284.2 2,247.4

1980 1,161.6 246.0 346.2 1,753.8 251.1 8 ( ) 276.0 5.1 0.3 0.2 9 ( ) NA 0 281.5 2,286.4

1981 1,203.2 206.4 345.8 1,755.4 272.7 8 ( ) 260.7 5.7 0.2 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 266.7 2,294.8

1982 1,192.0 146.8 305.3 1,644.1 282.8 8 ( ) 309.2 4.8 0.2 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 314.4 2,241.2

1983 1,259.4 144.5 274.1 1,678.0 293.7 8 ( ) 332.1 6.1 0.2 0.2 9 ( ) (s) 0 338.6 2,310.3

1984 1,341.7 119.8 297.4 1,758.9 327.6 8 ( ) 321.2 7.7 0.5 0.4 9 ( ) (s) (s) 329.8 2,416.3

1985 1,402.1 100.2 291.9 1,794.3 383.7 8 ( ) 281.1 9.3 0.7 0.6 9 ( ) (s) (s) 291.9 2,469.8

1986 1,385.8 136.6 248.5 1,770.9 414.0 8 ( ) 290.8 10.3 0.5 0.7 9 ( ) (s) (s) 302.3 2,487.3

1987 1,463.8 118.5 272.6 1,854.9 455.3 8 ( ) 249.7 10.8 0.8 0.7 9 ( ) (s) (s) 262.0 2,572.1

1988 1,540.7 148.9 252.8 1,942.4 527.0 8 ( ) 222.9 10.3 0.9 0.7 9 ( ) (s) (s) 234.9 2,704.3

1989 1,553.7 158.3 266.6 1,978.6 529.4 8 ( ) 265.1 9.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 (s) (s) 276.4 2,784.3

1990 1,559.6 117.0 264.1 1,940.7 576.9 -3.5 283.4 8.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 (s) (s) 294.1 2,808.2

1991 1,551.2 111.5 264.2 1,926.8 612.6 -4.5 280.1 8.1 0.7 0.7 0.6 (s) (s) 290.2 2,825.0

1992 1,575.9 88.9 263.9 1,928.7 618.8 -4.2 243.7 8.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 (s) (s) 253.9 2,797.2

1993 1,639.2 99.5 258.9 1,997.6 610.3 -4.0 269.1 7.6 0.9 0.7 0.4 (s) (s) 278.7 2,882.5

1994 1,635.5 91.0 291.1 2,017.6 640.4 -3.4 247.1 6.9 0.8 0.9 0.4 (s) (s) 256.0 2,910.7

1995 1,652.9 60.8 307.3 2,021.1 673.4 -2.7 296.4 4.7 0.6 0.9 0.2 (s) (s) 302.8 2,994.5

1996 1,737.5 67.3 262.7 2,067.5 674.7 -3.1 331.1 5.2 0.8 0.9 0.3 (s) (s) 338.3 3,077.4

1997 1,787.8 77.8 283.6 2,149.2 628.6 -4.0 341.3 5.5 0.7 1.0 0.3 (s) (s) 348.7 3,122.5

1998 1,807.5 110.2 309.2 2,226.9 673.7 -4.4 308.8 5.2 0.7 1.0 0.3 (s) (s) 316.0 3,212.2

1999 R1,767.7 R86.9 R296.4 R2,151.0 725.0 -6.0 R299.9 1.7 0.7 R1.0 0.3 (s) (s) R303.6 R3,173.7

2000P 1,692.3 72.3 289.8 2,054.4 705.4 -5.3 252.9 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.3 (s) (s) 255.1 3,009.5

1 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, kerosene, and petroleum coke. 2 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 3 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and utility poles. 5 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas. 6 Methane, digester gas, waste alcohol, sludge waste, solid byproducts, and tires. 7 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 8 Included in conventional hydroelectric power. 9 Included in MSW and LFG.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours. 

Notes: • See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1982-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2001), Tables 4 and 5.
224 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.4 Electricity Net Generation at Nonutility Power Producers

Renewable Energy Sources, 2000

Wood Waste Hydro- Geo- Wind Solar

0

10

20

30

40

50

39

23 22

14

5

1

Billion Kilowatthours

Fossil Fuels by Type, 1989-2000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

100

200

300

400

Billion Kilowatthours 1 Conventional hydroelectric power only. Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.4.

Fuels Energy

electric

Power1 thermal

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Total, 1989-2000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

200

400

600

800

188 217 246

286 314 343 363 370 372 406

532

782

Billion Kilowatthours

By Source, 2000

Fossil Nuclear Renewable

0

200

400

600

800

631

48

104

Billion Kilowatthours

Other

Gas

Electric

Power
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 225

Table 8.4 Electricity Net Generation at Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-2000

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 5

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 Petroleum 2 10

Natural

Gas 3

Other

Gases 4 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Geothermal Wood 6

Waste

Wind Solar 9 Total

MSW

and LFG 7

Other

Waste 8

198911 30.2 5.5 97.3 12 ( ) 133.0 (s) 0.0 8.6 5.5 26.8 7.5 1.5 2.3 0.6 52.8 187.6

199011 30.7 7.0 114.3 12 ( ) 152.0 0.1 0.0 9.6 7.2 29.6 10.1 1.8 3.0 0.6 62.0 216.7

199111 38.8 7.5 128.4 12 ( ) 174.7 0.1 0.0 9.4 8.0 32.4 11.7 2.8 3.0 0.8 68.0 246.3

1992 45.2 10.5 154.4 12 ( ) 210.1 0.1 0.0 9.4 8.3 34.8 13.3 3.2 2.9 0.7 72.5 286.1

1993 50.9 12.8 169.5 12 ( ) 233.2 0.1 0.0 11.4 9.5 35.9 13.8 3.7 3.0 0.9 78.1 314.4

1994 56.2 14.5 174.8 12.1 R257.6 0.1 0.0 13.1 9.8 37.0 14.6 3.2 3.4 0.8 82.1 343.1

1995 57.3 14.4 191.2 13.5 R276.4 0.0 0.0 14.6 9.6 35.8 16.0 3.2 3.2 0.8 83.2 363.3

1996 58.3 14.3 193.1 14.2 R279.9 0.0 0.0 16.4 9.9 36.0 15.5 4.0 3.4 0.9 86.0 369.6

1997 56.3 15.3 201.8 11.2 R284.6 0.0 0.0 17.7 9.1 33.5 16.6 2.7 3.2 0.9 83.7 371.7

1998 66.5 16.8 231.4 8.5 R323.2 0.0 0.0 14.5 9.5 31.1 17.1 2.9 3.0 0.9 78.9 405.7

1999 R116.7 R36.6 R259.8 R13.3 R426.4 R3.2 R-0.3 R19.6 R15.1 R36.9 R19.3 R2.9 R4.5 R0.8 R99.1 R532.5

2000PE 272.4 36.6 306.0 15.7 630.6 48.5 -0.2 21.7 14.0 38.8 20.2 3.1 4.9 0.8 103.6 782.4

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, petroleum coke, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane,

methanol, liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 3 Natural gas only. 4 Blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, butane gas, propane gas, refinery gas, and other process and waste

gases derived from coal, petroleum, and natural gas. 5 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 6 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and

utility poles. 7 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas. 8 Methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets,

sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed loop biomass, fish oil, and straw. 9 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 10 Includes batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, and purchased steam, which are not separately

displayed on this table. 11 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the

threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5

megawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical data. The estimation did not include retirements

that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capacity of facilities that came on line before 1992. 12 Included in natural gas.

R=Revised. PE=Preliminary estimate. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours. 

Notes: • Due to restructuring of the electric power sector, the sale of generation assets is resulting in

reclassification of plants from electric utility to nonutility plants. • See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals

may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1989-1998—Energy Information Administration (EIA), estimated from Form EIA-860B,

"Annual Electric Generator Report-Nonutility" and predecessor form. • 1999 forward—EIA, Electric Power

Monthly (March 2001), Tables 58-60.
226 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.5 Electric Power Sector Net Summer Capability

Shares1 by Source, 2000

(Percent of Total)

Dual-Fired,Petro, an Nuclear

ro. Power

Other

Coal

Other Fossil Fuel

Natgas

Coal

Other

Wood

 1 Shares are based on data prior to rounding for publication and may not sum exactly to 100 percent. 2 Geothermal, wood, waste, wind, and solar. 3 Petroleum, dual fired, and other gases and waste heat.

 Nuclear electric power, conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, waste, wind, solar, 

hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, pitch, and purchased steam.

 

By Source, 2000

Fossil Nuclear Renew- Hydro0

100

200

300

400

500

424

86 74

18

180

12 22 2

Million Kilowatts

Net Summer Capability, 2000

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

0

200

400

600

800

602

Million Kilowatts

216

74% 

of

Total

Sector

Nuclear

Electric Power

Coal

43

Hydroelectric

 Power

 15

Dual Fired, 

Petroleum,

 and 

NaturalGas

 27 

Nuclear

14

Natural 

Gas

27

Wood

3

Coal

29

Other Fossil 

Fuels3

28

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

 Producers

Producers

26% of 

Total 

Sector

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage

Fossil

Fuels

Renewable

Energy

 (s)=Less than 0.5 percent.

 Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

 Sources: Tables 8.5, 8.6, and 8.7.

Other2 (s)

Total, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

300

600

900

Million Kilowatts

819 million kilowatthours in 2000 

Other

13

4

4

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power

Producers
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 227

Table 8.5 Electric Power Sector Net Summer Capability, 1949-2000

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 Petroleum 2 9

Natural

Gas 3

Dual

Fired 4

Other Gases

and

Waste Heat 5 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal Wood 6 Waste 7 Wind Solar 8 Total

1949 NA NA NA NA NA R44.9 0.0 10 ( ) 18.5 NA (s) 11 ( ) NA NA 18.5 63.4

1950 NA NA NA NA NA R50.0 0.0 10 ( ) 19.2 NA (s) 11 ( ) NA NA 19.2 69.2

1951 NA NA NA NA NA R55.0 0.0 10 ( ) 20.5 NA (s) 11 ( ) NA NA 20.5 75.5

1952 NA NA NA NA NA R60.8 0.0 10 ( ) 22.4 NA (s) 11 ( ) NA NA 22.4 83.2

1953 NA NA NA NA NA R69.5 0.0 10 ( ) 23.8 NA (s) 11 ( ) NA NA 23.8 93.3

1954 NA NA NA NA NA R77.5 0.0 10 ( ) 22.5 NA (s) 11 ( ) NA NA 22.5 100.0

1955 NA NA NA NA NA R86.8 0.0 10 ( ) 27.4 NA (s) 11 ( ) NA NA 27.4 114.2

1956 NA NA NA NA NA R91.2 0.0 10 ( ) 28.5 NA (s) 11 ( ) NA NA 28.5 119.7

1957 NA NA NA NA NA R100.3 0.1 10 ( ) 30.7 NA 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 30.8 131.1

1958 NA NA NA NA NA R110.7 0.1 10 ( ) 32.5 NA 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 32.6 143.3

1959 NA NA NA NA NA R121.0 0.1 10 ( ) 34.8 NA 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 34.9 155.9

1960 NA NA NA NA NA R130.8 0.4 10 ( ) 35.8 (s) 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 35.9 167.1

1961 NA NA NA NA NA R137.8 0.4 10 ( ) 40.7 (s) 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 40.8 179.0

1962 NA NA NA NA NA R147.3 0.7 10 ( ) 44.0 (s) 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 44.1 192.1

1963 NA NA NA NA NA R161.8 0.8 10 ( ) 47.0 (s) 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 47.1 209.7

1964 NA NA NA NA NA R173.4 0.8 10 ( ) 49.4 (s) 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 49.5 223.7

1965 NA NA NA NA NA R182.9 0.8 10 ( ) 51.0 (s) 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 51.1 234.8

1966 NA NA NA NA NA R194.5 1.7 10 ( ) 51.2 (s) 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 51.3 247.5

1967 NA NA NA NA NA R208.9 2.7 10 ( ) 55.0 0.1 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 55.1 266.7

1968 NA NA NA NA NA R223.2 2.7 10 ( ) 57.9 0.1 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 58.0 284.0

1969 NA NA NA NA NA R243.6 4.4 10 ( ) 61.6 0.1 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 61.7 309.8

1970 NA NA NA NA NA R265.4 7.0 10 ( ) 63.8 0.1 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 63.9 336.4

1971 NA NA NA NA NA R288.0 9.0 10 ( ) 69.1 0.2 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 69.4 366.4

1972 NA NA NA NA NA R310.7 14.5 10 ( ) 70.5 0.3 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 70.9 396.0

1973 NA NA NA NA NA R341.2 22.7 10 ( ) 75.4 0.4 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 75.9 439.8

1974 NA NA NA NA NA R360.7 31.9 10 ( ) 75.5 0.4 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 76.0 468.5

1975 NA NA NA NA NA R375.1 37.3 10 ( ) 78.4 0.5 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 79.0 491.3

1976 NA NA NA NA NA R394.8 43.8 10 ( ) 78.0 0.5 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 78.6 517.2

1977 NA NA NA NA NA R410.4 46.3 10 ( ) 78.6 0.5 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 79.2 535.9

1978 NA NA NA NA NA R420.8 50.8 10 ( ) 79.9 0.5 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 80.5 552.1

1979 NA NA NA NA NA R432.1 49.7 10 ( ) 82.9 0.7 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 83.6 565.5

1980 NA NA NA NA NA R444.1 51.8 10 ( ) 81.7 0.9 0.1 11 ( ) NA NA 82.7 578.6

1981 NA NA NA NA NA R458.9 56.0 10 ( ) 82.4 0.9 0.1 11 ( ) (s) NA 83.4 598.3

1982 NA NA NA NA NA R469.6 60.0 10 ( ) 83.0 1.0 0.1 11 ( ) (s) NA 84.1 613.7

1983 NA NA NA NA NA R472.8 63.0 10 ( ) 83.9 1.2 0.2 11 ( ) (s) NA 85.3 621.1

1984 NA NA NA NA NA R478.6 69.7 10 ( ) 85.3 1.2 0.3 11 ( ) (s) 12 ( ) 86.9 635.1

1985 NA NA NA NA NA R485.0 79.4 10 ( ) 88.9 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 12 ( ) 90.8 655.2

1986 NA NA NA NA NA R488.3 85.2 10 ( ) 89.3 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 12 ( ) 91.2 664.8

1987 NA NA NA NA NA R488.8 93.6 10 ( ) 89.7 1.5 0.2 0.2 (s) 12 ( ) 91.7 674.1

1988 NA NA NA NA NA R490.6 94.7 10 ( ) 90.3 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) 12 ( ) 92.4 677.7

1989 303.0 56.9 29.7 131.2 NA 520.8 98.2 18.1 74.6 2.6 5.8 2.1 1.7 0.3 87.0 724.3

1990 306.7 56.7 31.0 133.5 NA 527.9 99.6 19.5 74.0 2.7 6.2 2.6 1.9 0.3 87.7 734.9

1991 306.7 54.1 35.1 135.3 NA 531.3 99.6 R20.6 R74.0 2.6 6.7 3.0 2.0 0.3 R88.6 740.5

1992 308.5 51.5 35.1 141.2 NA 536.3 99.0 21.2 74.8 2.9 6.7 3.0 1.8 0.3 89.5 746.6

1993 309.9 49.7 37.4 144.7 NA 541.6 99.1 21.1 77.4 3.0 6.9 3.2 1.8 0.3 92.6 755.0

1994 310.8 47.6 43.1 147.0 1.1 R549.5 99.1 21.2 78.0 3.0 7.3 3.2 1.7 0.3 93.6 764.0

1995 310.8 48.0 41.9 152.4 1.1 R554.2 99.5 21.4 78.6 3.0 6.8 3.5 1.7 0.3 93.9 769.5

1996 313.0 47.8 48.8 151.6 0.3 R561.5 100.8 21.1 76.4 2.9 7.1 3.5 1.7 0.3 91.9 775.9

1997 313.1 46.3 49.9 153.6 (s) 563.0 99.7 19.3 79.8 2.9 7.1 3.4 1.6 0.3 95.1 778.5

1998 312.6 42.2 59.1 148.0 0.2 R562.1 97.1 18.9 79.6 2.9 6.8 3.5 1.7 0.4 94.8 775.9

1999 R321.7 R34.8 R82.1 R141.4 R0.9 R581.0 R97.5 R19.5 R79.5 2.9 R6.7 R4.3 R2.3 0.4 R96.0 R794.9

2000PE 322.3 39.3 96.7 145.5 0.9 604.7 97.4 19.6 79.5 2.9 6.8 4.3 2.3 0.4 96.1 818.5

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, petroleum coke, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane,

methanol, liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 3 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels at electric utilities. 4 Petroleum and natural gas. 5 Blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, butane gas, propane gas, refinery gas, and other process and waste

gases and heat derived from coal, petroleum, and natural gas. 6 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and

utility poles. 7 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste

alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed

loop biomass, fish oil, and straw.

8 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 9 Includes batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, purchased steam, hot nitrogen, and multi-fueled

capacity, which are not separately displayed on this table. 10 Included in conventional hydroelectric power." 11 Included in wood. 12 Included in wind.

R=Revised. PE=Preliminary estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts. 

Notes: • Data are at end of year. • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Tables 8.6 and 8.7.
228 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability 

By Source, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Million Kilowatts

By Source, 2000

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewable Hydroelectric

0

100

200

300

400

500

424

86 74

18

Million Kilowatts

By Selected Source, 1989-2000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

100

200

300

400

Million Kilowatts

Total, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Million Kilowatts 1 Petroleum and natural gas. Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be 

compared.

Source: Table 8.6.

602 million kilowatts

in 2000

Coal

 Conventional Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear Electric Power

Dual Fired1

Electric Energy Pumped Storage Power

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear Electric

Power Renewable Energy
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 229

Table 8.6 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, 1949-2000

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage

Renewable Energy

Total Coal Petroleum 1 7

Natural

Gas 2

Dual

Fired 3 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 

Geothermal Wood 4 Waste 5 Wind Solar 6 Total

1949 NA NA NA NA 44.9 0 8 ( ) 18.5 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 0 18.5 63.4

1950 NA NA NA NA 50.0 0 8 ( ) 19.2 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 0 19.2 69.2

1951 NA NA NA NA 55.0 0 8 ( ) 20.5 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 0 20.5 75.5

1952 NA NA NA NA 60.8 0 8 ( ) 22.4 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 0 22.4 83.2

1953 NA NA NA NA 69.5 0 8 ( ) 23.8 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 0 23.8 93.3

1954 NA NA NA NA 77.5 0 8 ( ) 22.5 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 0 22.5 100.0

1955 NA NA NA NA 86.8 0 8 ( ) 27.4 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 0 27.4 114.2

1956 NA NA NA NA 91.2 0 8 ( ) 28.5 0 (s) 9 ( ) 0 0 28.5 119.7

1957 NA NA NA NA 100.3 0.1 8 ( ) 30.7 0 0.1 9 ( ) 0 0 30.8 131.1

1958 NA NA NA NA 110.7 0.1 8 ( ) 32.5 0 0.1 9 ( ) 0 0 32.6 143.3

1959 NA NA NA NA 121.0 0.1 8 ( ) 34.8 0 0.1 9 ( ) 0 0 34.9 155.9

1960 NA NA NA NA 130.8 0.4 8 ( ) 35.8 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 35.9 167.1

1961 NA NA NA NA 137.8 0.4 8 ( ) 40.7 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 40.8 179.0

1962 NA NA NA NA 147.3 0.7 8 ( ) 44.0 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 44.1 192.1

1963 NA NA NA NA 161.8 0.8 8 ( ) 47.0 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 47.1 209.7

1964 NA NA NA NA 173.4 0.8 8 ( ) 49.4 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 49.5 223.7

1965 NA NA NA NA 182.9 0.8 8 ( ) 51.0 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 51.1 234.8

1966 NA NA NA NA 194.5 1.7 8 ( ) 51.2 (s) 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 51.3 247.5

1967 NA NA NA NA 208.9 2.7 8 ( ) 55.0 0.1 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 55.1 266.7

1968 NA NA NA NA 223.2 2.7 8 ( ) 57.9 0.1 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 58.0 284.0

1969 NA NA NA NA 243.6 4.4 8 ( ) 61.6 0.1 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 61.7 309.8

1970 NA NA NA NA 265.4 7.0 8 ( ) 63.8 0.1 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 63.9 336.4

1971 NA NA NA NA 288.0 9.0 8 ( ) 69.1 0.2 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 69.4 366.4

1972 NA NA NA NA 310.7 14.5 8 ( ) 70.5 0.3 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 70.9 396.0

1973 NA NA NA NA 341.2 22.7 8 ( ) 75.4 0.4 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 75.9 439.8

1974 NA NA NA NA 360.7 31.9 8 ( ) 75.5 0.4 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 76.0 468.5

1975 NA NA NA NA 375.1 37.3 8 ( ) 78.4 0.5 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 79.0 491.3

1976 NA NA NA NA 394.8 43.8 8 ( ) 78.0 0.5 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 78.6 517.2

1977 NA NA NA NA 410.4 46.3 8 ( ) 78.6 0.5 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 79.2 535.9

1978 NA NA NA NA 420.8 50.8 8 ( ) 79.9 0.5 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 80.5 552.1

1979 NA NA NA NA 432.1 49.7 8 ( ) 82.9 0.7 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 83.6 565.5

1980 NA NA NA NA 444.1 51.8 8 ( ) 81.7 0.9 0.1 9 ( ) NA 0 82.7 578.6

1981 NA NA NA NA 458.9 56.0 8 ( ) 82.4 0.9 0.1 9 ( ) (s) 0 83.4 598.3

1982 NA NA NA NA 469.6 60.0 8 ( ) 83.0 1.0 0.1 9 ( ) (s) 0 84.1 613.7

1983 NA NA NA NA 472.8 63.0 8 ( ) 83.9 1.2 0.2 9 ( ) (s) 0 85.3 621.1

1984 NA NA NA NA 478.6 69.7 8 ( ) 85.3 1.2 0.3 9 ( ) (s) 10 ( ) 86.9 635.1

1985 NA NA NA NA 485.0 79.4 8 ( ) 88.9 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 10 ( ) 90.8 655.2

1986 NA NA NA NA 488.3 85.2 8 ( ) 89.3 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) 10 ( ) 91.2 664.8

1987 NA NA NA NA 488.8 93.6 8 ( ) 89.7 1.5 0.2 0.2 (s) 10 ( ) 91.7 674.1

1988 NA NA NA NA 490.6 94.7 8 ( ) 90.3 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) 10 ( ) 92.4 677.7

1989 296.6 55.6 15.4 126.3 493.9 98.2 18.1 72.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 74.4 684.6

1990 299.9 55.4 15.0 127.5 497.9 99.6 19.5 71.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 73.5 690.5

1991 299.6 52.6 16.7 130.5 499.4 99.6 20.6 71.5 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) R73.5 693.0

1992 300.5 49.9 16.4 133.7 500.5 99.0 21.2 72.2 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 74.4 695.1

1993 300.8 47.8 17.0 137.2 502.8 99.0 21.1 74.8 1.7 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 77.0 700.0

1994 301.1 45.5 19.8 138.4 504.8 99.1 21.2 74.8 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) (s) 77.1 702.2

1995 300.6 46.1 17.7 143.2 507.6 99.5 21.4 75.3 1.7 0.3 0.3 (s) (s) 77.6 706.1

1996 302.4 45.7 22.7 142.0 512.8 100.8 21.1 73.1 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 75.2 709.9

1997 302.9 43.7 22.9 144.9 514.3 99.7 19.3 76.2 1.6 0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 78.3 711.9

1998 299.7 39.8 26.2 127.2 492.9 97.1 18.9 75.5 1.5 0.3 0.2 (s) (s) 77.6 686.7

1999 R277.8 R31.5 R37.4 R103.5 R450.2 R95.0 18.9 74.1 0.3 R0.2 0.2 (s) (s) 74.9 R639.3

2000P 259.1 26.2 39.0 99.9 424.2 85.5 17.9 73.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 (s) (s) 74.5 602.4

1 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, kerosene, and petroleum coke. 2 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 3 Petroleum and natural gas. 4 Wood, wood waste, wood liquors, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and utility poles. 5 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, waste alcohol, sludge waste, solid

byproducts, and tires. 6 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy. 7 For 1997 forward, includes hot nitrogen and multi-fueled capacity, which are not separately displayed

on this table.

8 Included in conventional hydroelectric power. 9 Included in wood. 10 Included in wind.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts. 

Notes: • Data are at end of year. • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html. 

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-860A, "Annual Electric Generator Report-Utility"

and predecessor forms.
230 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.7 Nonutility Power Producer Net Summer Capability

Selected Renewable Energy Sources, 1989-2000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

2

4

6

8

Million Kilowatts

Fossil Fuels by Type, 1989-2000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

20

40

60

80

Million Kilowatts

 Source: Table 8.7.

Natural Gas

Coal

Petroleum Dual Fired

Wood

Conventional

Hydroelectric Power

Geothermal 

Waste

 Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Due to restructuring of the electric power sector, the 

sale of generation assets is resulting in reclassification of plants from electric utility to nonutility 

plants. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Total, 1989-2000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

40 44 47 52 55 62 63 66 67

89

156

216

Million Kilowatts

By Source, 2000

Fossil Fuels Renewable Nuclear Electric Hydroelectric

0

50

100

150

200

180

22

12

2

Million Kilowatts

Energy Pumped Power

Storage
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 231

Table 8.7 Nonutility Power Producer Net Summer Capability 1989-2000

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage

Renewable Energy

Total Coal 1 Petroleum 2 10

Natural

Gas 3

Dual

Fired 4

Other Gases

and

Waste Heat 5 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Geothermal Wood 6

Waste

Wind Solar 9 Total

MSW

and LFG 7

Other

Waste 8

198911 6.4 1.3 14.3 4.9 NA 26.9 (s) 0 2.2 1.0 5.6 1.6 0.2 1.7 0.3 12.5 39.6

199011 6.8 1.2 16.0 6.0 NA 30.1 (s) 0 2.5 1.1 6.0 1.9 0.4 1.9 0.3 14.2 44.5

199111 7.1 1.6 18.4 4.8 NA 31.9 (s) 0 2.6 1.1 6.5 2.2 0.5 2.0 0.3 15.1 47.5

1992 7.9 1.6 18.7 7.5 NA 35.8 (s) 0 2.6 1.2 6.4 2.2 0.6 1.8 0.3 15.2 51.5

1993 9.1 1.9 20.3 7.5 NA 38.8 (s) 0 2.6 1.2 6.7 2.2 0.7 1.8 0.3 15.6 55.0

1994 9.7 2.1 23.2 8.6 1.1 R44.7 0 0 3.3 1.3 7.0 2.4 0.5 1.7 0.3 16.5 61.8

1995 10.2 2.0 24.2 9.2 1.1 R46.6 0 0 3.3 1.2 6.5 2.6 0.6 1.7 0.3 16.3 63.4

1996 10.6 2.1 26.1 9.6 0.3 R48.6 0 0 3.3 1.3 6.9 2.5 0.8 1.7 0.3 16.7 65.9

1997 10.3 2.7 26.9 8.8 (s) 48.7 0 0 3.6 1.2 6.9 2.6 0.6 1.6 0.3 16.8 66.6

1998 12.8 2.4 32.9 20.8 0.2 R69.2 0 0 4.0 1.4 6.5 2.7 0.6 1.7 0.4 17.2 89.2

1999 R44.0 R3.4 44.7 R37.9 R0.9 R130.8 R2.5 0.6 R5.4 2.6 6.5 R1.8 R2.2 R2.2 0.4 R21.1 R155.6

2000PE 63.2 13.0 57.8 45.5 0.9 180.5 11.9 1.7 5.8 2.6 6.5 1.8 2.2 2.2 0.4 21.6 216.1

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, crude oil, petroleum coke, kerosene, liquid butane, liquid propane,

methanol, liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil. 3 Natural gas only. 4 Petroleum and natural gas. 5 Blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, butane gas, propane gas, refinery gas, and other process and waste

gases and heat derived from coal, petroleum, and natural gas. 6 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and

utility poles. 7 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas. 8 Methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets,

sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed loop biomass, fish oil, and straw. 9 Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.

10 Includes batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, and purchased steam, which are not separately

displayed on this table. 11 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the

threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5

megawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical data. The estimation did not include retirements

that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capacity of facilities that came on line before 1992.

R=Revised. PE=Preliminary estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts. 

Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Due to restructuring of the electric power sector, the sale of

generation assets is resulting in reclassification of plants from electric utility to nonutility plants. • See Note

3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Energy Information Administration, estimated data using Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric

Generator Report-Nonutility" and predecessor form.
232 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.8 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity

1 Electric utility data for all years are for fuels consumed to produce electricity only. 

Nonutility data for 1989-1998 are for fuels consumed to produce both electricity and useful 

thermal output; nonutility data for 1999 and 2000 are for fuels consumed to produce electricity 

only.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 2.1f, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, A3, A4, and A5.

Natural Gas, 1989-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

2

4

6

8

Trillion Cubic Feet

Petroleum, 1989-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

100

200

300

Million Barrels

Coal, 1989-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

Billion Short Tons

Fossil Fuels, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

Quadrillion Btu

Coal1

Natural Gas1

Petroleum1

Electric Power Sector1

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers1

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers1

Electric Power Sector1

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers1

Fossil Fuels, 2000

Coal Petroleum Natural Gas

0

5

10

15

20

25

20.5

1.2

Quadrillion Btu

6.5

Electric Power Sector1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 233

Table 8.8 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-2000

Year

Coal 1

Petroleum

Natural Gas Distillate Fuel Oil 1 Residual Fuel Oil 1 Petroleum Coke 2 Total 2 1

Million Short Tons Million Barrels Million Short Tons Million Barrels Billion Cubic Feet

Electric Utility Consumption To Generate Electricity 3

1949 84 5 62 NA 66 550

1950 92 5 70 NA 75 629

1951 106 5 59 NA 64 764

1952 107 5 62 NA 67 910

1953 116 6 76 NA 82 1,034

1954 118 5 62 NA 67 1,165

1955 144 5 70 NA 75 1,153

1956 158 5 67 NA 73 1,239

1957 161 6 74 NA 80 1,336

1958 156 6 72 NA 78 1,373

1959 168 6 82 NA 88 1,629

1960 177 4 84 NA 88 1,725

1961 182 4 85 NA 89 1,825

1962 193 4 85 NA 89 1,966

1963 211 4 89 NA 93 2,144

1964 225 4 97 NA 101 2,323

1965 245 5 110 NA 115 2,321

1966 266 6 135 NA 141 2,610

1967 274 7 154 NA 161 2,746

1968 298 10 179 NA 189 3,148

1969 311 15 236 NA 251 3,488

1970 320 24 311 1 339 3,932

1971 327 34 362 1 399 3,976

1972 352 53 440 1 497 3,977

1973 389 47 513 1 563 3,660

1974 392 53 483 1 539 3,443

1975 406 39 467 (s) 506 3,158

1976 448 42 514 (s) 556 3,081

1977 477 49 575 (s) 624 3,191

1978 481 48 588 (s) 638 3,188

1979 527 31 493 (s) 525 3,491

1980 569 29 391 (s) 421 3,682

1981 597 21 330 (s) 352 3,640

1982 594 15 234 (s) 251 3,226

1983 625 17 229 (s) 247 2,911

1984 664 15 189 (s) 206 3,111

1985 694 15 159 (s) 175 3,044

1986 685 14 216 (s) 232 2,602

1987 718 15 184 (s) 201 2,844

1988 758 19 229 (s) 250 2,636

Electric Power Sector Consumption To Generate Electricity and Useful Thermal Output 4

1989 798 25 270 1 298 3,968

1990 806 15 209 2 234 4,174

1991 810 14 199 2 225 4,359

1992 824 12 168 4 198 4,610

1993 862 13 186 4 221 4,696

1994 870 16 177 6 221 5,136

1995 879 16 122 5 162 5,500

1996 928 17 135 5 178 5,180

1997 953 15 146 6 190 5,200

1998 968 22 211 6 264 5,924

Electric Power Sector Consumption To Generate Electricity 4

1999 R952 35 161 5 R218 R5,680

2000PE 991 31 143 4 195 6,325

1 See Tables 8.9 and 8.10 for product descriptions. 2 Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5. 3 Data for 1949-1988 are for electric utility consumption to produce electricity only; data for nonutility

consumption are not available. 4 Electric utility data for all years are for fuels consumed to produce electricity only. Nonutility data for

1989-1998 are for fuels consumed to produce both electricity and useful thermal output; nonutility data for

1999 and 2000 are for fuels consumed to produce electricity only. See Note 4 at end of section. 

R=Revised. PE=Preliminary estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 million short tons. 

Notes, Web Page, and Sources: See Tables 8.9 and 8.10. 
234 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.9 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity at Electric Utilities

Coal, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

250

500

750

1,000

Million Short Tons

Petroleum, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Million Barrels

Natural Gas, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

Trillion Cubic Feet

Fossil Fuels, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

5

10

15

20

Quadrillion Btu

858 in 2000

Peak: 638 in 1978

Natural Gas

Coal

Petroleum

Peak: 3.98 in 1972

Note: Electric utility data for all years are for fuels consumed to produce electricity only.

Fossil Fuels, 2000

Coal Petroleum Natural Gas

0

5

10

15

20

17.5

0.8

3.1

Quadrillion Btu

Sources: Tables 8.9, A3, A4, and A5.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 235

Table 8.9 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity at Electric Utilities, 1949-2000

Year

Coal 1

Petroleum

Natural Gas Distillate Fuel Oil 2 Residual Fuel Oil 3 Petroleum Coke 4 Total 4 5

Million Short Tons Million Barrels Million Short Tons Million Barrels Billion Cubic Feet

Consumption To Generate Electricity 6

1949 84 5 62 NA 66 550

1950 92 5 70 NA 75 629

1951 106 5 59 NA 64 764

1952 107 5 62 NA 67 910

1953 116 6 76 NA 82 1,034

1954 118 5 62 NA 67 1,165

1955 144 5 70 NA 75 1,153

1956 158 5 67 NA 73 1,239

1957 161 6 74 NA 80 1,336

1958 156 6 72 NA 78 1,373

1959 168 6 82 NA 88 1,629

1960 177 4 84 NA 88 1,725

1961 182 4 85 NA 89 1,825

1962 193 4 85 NA 89 1,966

1963 211 4 89 NA 93 2,144

1964 225 4 97 NA 101 2,323

1965 245 5 110 NA 115 2,321

1966 266 6 135 NA 141 2,610

1967 274 7 154 NA 161 2,746

1968 298 10 179 NA 189 3,148

1969 311 15 236 NA 251 3,488

1970 320 24 311 1 339 3,932

1971 327 34 362 1 399 3,976

1972 352 53 440 1 497 3,977

1973 389 47 513 1 563 3,660

1974 392 53 483 1 539 3,443

1975 406 39 467 (s) 506 3,158

1976 448 42 514 (s) 556 3,081

1977 477 49 575 (s) 624 3,191

1978 481 48 588 (s) 638 3,188

1979 527 31 493 (s) 525 3,491

1980 569 29 391 (s) 421 3,682

1981 597 21 330 (s) 352 3,640

1982 594 15 234 (s) 251 3,226

1983 625 17 229 (s) 247 2,911

1984 664 15 189 (s) 206 3,111

1985 694 15 159 (s) 175 3,044

1986 685 14 216 (s) 232 2,602

1987 718 15 184 (s) 201 2,844

1988 758 19 229 (s) 250 2,636

1989 767 25 242 1 270 2,787

1990 774 15 181 1 200 2,787

1991 772 14 171 1 188 2,789

1992 780 12 136 1 152 2,766

1993 814 13 149 1 169 2,682

1994 817 16 135 1 155 2,987

1995 829 16 87 1 106 3,197

1996 875 17 96 1 117 2,732

1997 900 15 110 1 132 2,968

1998 911 22 157 2 187 3,258

1999 R894 R22 R122 2 R152 R3,113

2000P 858 22 98 1 126 3,034

1 Includes anthracite silt stored off-site. 2 For 1949 to 1979, gas turbine and internal combustion plant use of petroleum; for 1980 forward, fuel

oil nos. 1 and 2 (and small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel). 3 For 1949 to 1979, steam plant consumption of petroleum; for 1980 forward, fuel oil nos. 5 and 6 (and

small amounts of fuel oil no. 4). 4 Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5. 5 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 6 Electric utility data for all years are for fuels consumed to produce electricity only.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 million short tons. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." • October 1977-1979—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly (March

issues). • 1990-2000—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly (March 2001),

Table 14. 
236 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.10 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity at Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-2000

Fossil Fuels, 2000

Coal Petroleum Natural Gas

0

1

2

3

4

2.8

0.4

3.4

Quadrillion Btu

Coal, 1989-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

50

100

150

Million Short Tons

Petroleum, 1989-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

20

40

60

80

Million Barrels

Natural Gas, 1989-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Trillion Cubic Feet

Fossil Fuels, 1989-2000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Quadrillion Btu

69 in 2000

3.3 in 2000

Note: Nonutility data for 1989-1998 are for fuels consumed to produce both electricity and 

useful thermal output; nonutility data for 1999 and 2000 are for fuels consumed to produce 

electricity only. See Note 4 at end of section.

134 in 2000

Sources: Tables 8.10, A3, A4, and A5.

Natural Gas

Coal

Petroleum
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 237

Table 8.10 Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity at Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-2000

Year

Coal 1

Petroleum

Distillate Fuel Oil Natural Gas 2 Residual Fuel Oil 3 Petroleum Coke 4 Total 4

Million Short Tons Million Barrels Million Short Tons Million Barrels Billion Cubic Feet

Consumption To Generate Electricity and Useful Thermal Output 5

19896 31 7 ( ) 28 NA 28 1,181

19906 32 7 ( ) 28 1 33 1,387

19916 38 7 ( ) 28 2 36 1,570

1992 45 7 ( ) 32 3 46 1,845

1993 48 7 ( ) 37 3 53 2,014

1994 52 7 ( ) 42 5 66 2,149

1995 50 7 ( ) 35 4 56 2,304

1996 53 7 ( ) 38 4 61 2,448

1997 53 7 ( ) 36 4 57 2,231

1998 57 7 ( ) 54 4 77 2,666

Consumption To Generate Electricity 5

1999 R57 13 38 R3 R66 R2,567

2000PE 134 8 45 3 69 3,291

1 Coal, fine coal, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, lignite waste, tar coal, waste coal, and coke breeze. 2 Fuel oil nos. 1 and 2 (and small amounts of kerosene). 3 Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6 (and small amounts of fuel oil no. 4, liquid butane, liquid propane, methanol,

liquid byproducts, oil waste, sludge oil, and tar oil). 4 Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5. 5 Nonutility data for 1989-1998 are for fuels consumed to produce both electricity and useful thermal

output; nonutility data for 1999 and 2000 are for fuels consumed to produce electricity only. See Note 4 at

end of section. 6 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the

threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5

megawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical data. The estimation did not include

retirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capacity of facilities that came on line before

1992. 7 Included in residual fuel oil.

R=Revised. PE=Preliminary estimate. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Due to restructuring of the electric power sector, the sale of generation assets is resulting in

reclassification of plants from electric utility to nonutility plants. • See Note 4 at end of section for an

explanation of the derivation of consumption to generate electricity. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility

Power Producer Report." • 1998 and 1999—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator

Report--Nonutility." • 2000—EIA, Form EIA-900, "Monthly Nonutility Power Report."
238 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.11 Electric Power Sector Stocks of Coal and Petroleum 

Petroleum Stocks at Electric Utilities

by Type, 2000

Residual Distillate Petroleum

0

5

10

15

20

17

12

1

Million Barrels

 Petroleum coke, which is reported in short tons, is converted at a rate of 5 barrels per short ton.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 8.11, A3, and A5.

 

Petroleum Stocks, 2000

Eledtric Utilities

NPP1

Coal Stocks, 2000

lectric Utilities

NPP1

1 Nonutility power producers.

2 Liquids only.

3 Fuel oil nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oils.

 Fuel oil nos. l and 2, heating oil, kerosene, and jet fuel.

Total: 103 million short tons

Electric Utilities

89

NPP1 14

Total: 42 million barrels

Electric Utilities

31

NPP1 112

Coal Stocks, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

50

100

150

200

Million Short Tons

Coal and Petroleum Stocks at

Electric Utilities, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Quadrillion Btu

Coke

Petroleum Stocks at Electric Utilities, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

50

100

150

Million Barrels

Coal

Petroleum

5

5

4

.. NPP1

Electric Utilities

4 Fuel Oil3 Fuel Oil
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 239

Table 8.11 Electric Power Sector Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, 1949-2000

Year

Coal Petroleum

Electric

Utilities

Nonutility

Power

Producers

Total

Electric

Power

Sector

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers Total

Electric

Power

Sector

Distillate

Fuel Oil 1

Residual

Fuel Oil 2

Total

Liquids

Petroleum

Coke 3 Total 3

Total

Liquids

Petroleum

Coke 3 Total 3

Million Short Tons Million Barrels

Million

Short Tons

Million

Barrels

 Million

Barrels

Million

Short Tons

Million

Barrels

 Million

Barrels

1949 22.1 NA NA NA NA 8.6 NA 8.6 NA NA NA NA

1950 31.8 NA NA NA NA 10.2 NA 10.2 NA NA NA NA

1951 38.5 NA NA NA NA 12.8 NA 12.8 NA NA NA NA

1952 41.5 NA NA NA NA 13.7 NA 13.7 NA NA NA NA

1953 45.6 NA NA NA NA 15.0 NA 15.0 NA NA NA NA

1954 46.1 NA NA NA NA 15.9 NA 15.9 NA NA NA NA

1955 41.4 NA NA NA NA 13.7 NA 13.7 NA NA NA NA

1956 48.8 NA NA NA NA 17.3 NA 17.3 NA NA NA NA

1957 53.1 NA NA NA NA 20.1 NA 20.1 NA NA NA NA

1958 51.0 NA NA NA NA 20.8 NA 20.8 NA NA NA NA

1959 52.1 NA NA NA NA 18.5 NA 18.5 NA NA NA NA

1960 51.7 NA NA NA NA 19.6 NA 19.6 NA NA NA NA

1961 50.1 NA NA NA NA 22.0 NA 22.0 NA NA NA NA

1962 50.4 NA NA NA NA 23.8 NA 23.8 NA NA NA NA

1963 50.6 NA NA NA NA 24.9 NA 24.9 NA NA NA NA

1964 53.9 NA NA NA NA 22.4 NA 22.4 NA NA NA NA

1965 54.5 NA NA NA NA 25.6 NA 25.6 NA NA NA NA

1966 53.9 NA NA NA NA 27.4 NA 27.4 NA NA NA NA

1967 71.0 NA NA NA NA 26.7 NA 26.7 NA NA NA NA

1968 65.5 NA NA NA NA 28.7 NA 28.7 NA NA NA NA

1969 61.9 NA NA NA NA 35.3 NA 35.3 NA NA NA NA

1970 71.9 NA NA NA NA 38.0 0.2 39.2 NA NA NA NA

1971 77.8 NA NA NA NA 49.6 0.3 51.1 NA NA NA NA

1972 99.7 NA NA NA NA 57.7 0.3 59.1 NA NA NA NA

1973 87.0 NA NA 10.1 79.1 89.2 0.3 90.8 NA NA NA NA

1974 83.5 NA NA 15.2 97.7 112.9 (s) 113.1 NA NA NA NA

1975 110.7 NA NA 16.4 108.8 125.3 (s) 125.4 NA NA NA NA

1976 117.4 NA NA 14.7 107.0 121.7 (s) 121.9 NA NA NA NA

1977 133.2 NA NA 19.3 124.7 144.0 (s) 144.3 NA NA NA NA

1978 128.2 NA NA 16.4 102.4 118.8 0.2 119.8 NA NA NA NA

1979 159.7 NA NA 20.3 111.1 131.4 0.2 132.3 NA NA NA NA

1980 183.0 NA NA 30.0 105.4 135.4 0.1 135.6 NA NA NA NA

1981 168.9 NA NA 26.1 102.0 128.1 (s) 128.3 NA NA NA NA

1982 181.1 NA NA 23.4 95.5 118.9 (s) 119.1 NA NA NA NA

1983 155.6 NA NA 18.8 70.6 89.4 0.1 89.7 NA NA NA NA

1984 179.7 NA NA 19.1 68.5 87.6 0.1 87.9 NA NA NA NA

1985 156.4 NA NA 16.4 57.3 73.7 (s) 73.9 NA NA NA NA

1986 161.8 NA NA 16.3 56.8 73.1 (s) 73.3 NA NA NA NA

1987 170.8 NA NA 15.8 55.1 70.8 0.1 71.1 NA NA NA NA

1988 146.5 NA NA 15.1 54.2 69.3 0.1 69.7 NA NA NA NA

1989 135.9 NA NA 13.8 47.4 61.3 0.1 61.8 NA NA NA NA

1990 156.2 NA NA 16.5 67.0 83.5 0.1 84.0 NA NA NA NA

1991 157.9 NA NA 16.4 58.6 75.0 0.1 75.3 NA NA NA NA

1992 154.1 NA NA 15.7 56.1 71.8 0.1 72.2 NA NA NA NA

1993 111.3 NA NA 15.7 46.8 62.4 0.1 62.9 NA NA NA NA

1994 126.9 NA NA 16.6 46.3 63.0 0.1 63.3 NA NA NA NA

1995 126.3 NA NA 15.4 35.1 50.5 0.1 50.8 NA NA NA NA

1996 114.6 NA NA 15.2 32.5 47.7 0.1 48.1 NA NA NA NA

1997 98.8 NA NA 15.5 33.3 48.8 0.5 51.1 NA NA NA NA

1998 120.5 NA NA 16.3 37.4 53.8 0.6 56.6 NA NA NA NA

1999 R128.5 R14.1 R142.5 R16.5 R27.8 R44.3 0.4 R46.1 R8.7 NA NA NA

2000P 88.8 E13.9 102.8 12.4 17.5 29.8 0.2 30.8 E11.1 NA NA NA

1 For 1973 to 1979, gas turbine and internal combustion plant stocks of petroleum; for 1980 forward,

fuel oil nos. 1 and 2 (and small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel). 2 For 1973 to 1979, steam plant stocks of petroleum; for 1980 forward, fuel oil nos. 5 and 6 (and small

amounts of fuel oil no. 4). 3 Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. 

Notes: • Stocks are at end of year. • Data are for fuels available to produce electricity; they may

include some fuels available to produce useful thermal output at cogeneration plants. • Totals may not

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant

Report." • October 1977-1979—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power

Plant Report." • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly, March

issues. • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2001), Tables 21 and 71.
240 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.12 Electricity End Use, 1949-2000

Electric Utility Retail Sales by Sector, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Trillion Kilowatthours

Overview, 1989-2000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

1

2

3

4

Trillion Kilowatthours

Overview, 2000

Electric Utility Nonutility Power

0

1

2

3

4

3.40

0.21

Trillion Kilowatthours

Electric Utility Retail Sales by Sector, 2000

Residential Commercial Industrial Other3

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

1.19

1.03 1.07

0.11

Trillion Kilowatthours

1 Nonutility power producer.

2 Direct use and sales to end users.

3 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and 

railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.12

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

Other3

Total

Electric Utility 

Retail Sales

NPP1 2

,

Retail Sales Producers
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 241

Table 8.12 Electricity End Use, 1949-2000

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Electric Utility Retail Sales 1 Nonutility Power Producers

Residential Commercial Industrial Other Total 2 Total Direct Use 3

Sales to

End Users Total

1949 67 45 123 20 255 NA NA NA NA

1950 72 51 146 22 291 NA NA NA NA

1951 83 57 166 24 330 NA NA NA NA

1952 94 62 176 24 356 NA NA NA NA

1953 104 67 199 26 396 NA NA NA NA

1954 116 72 208 27 424 NA NA NA NA

1955 128 79 260 29 497 NA NA NA NA

1956 143 87 286 30 546 NA NA NA NA

1957 157 94 294 31 576 NA NA NA NA

1958 169 100 287 32 588 NA NA NA NA

1959 185 112 315 36 647 NA NA NA NA

1960 201 131 324 32 688 NA NA NA NA

1961 214 138 337 32 722 NA NA NA NA

1962 233 153 360 32 778 NA NA NA NA

1963 251 171 377 34 833 NA NA NA NA

1964 272 187 405 32 896 NA NA NA NA

1965 291 200 429 34 954 NA NA NA NA

1966 317 218 464 37 1,035 NA NA NA NA

1967 340 234 485 40 1,099 NA NA NA NA

1968 382 258 521 42 1,203 NA NA NA NA

1969 427 282 559 46 1,314 NA NA NA NA

1970 466 307 571 48 1,392 NA NA NA NA

1971 500 329 589 51 1,470 NA NA NA NA

1972 539 359 641 56 1,595 NA NA NA NA

1973 579 388 686 59 1,713 NA NA NA NA

1974 578 385 685 58 1,706 NA NA NA NA

1975 588 403 688 68 1,747 NA NA NA NA

1976 606 425 754 70 1,855 NA NA NA NA

1977 645 447 786 71 1,948 NA NA NA NA

1978 674 461 809 73 2,018 NA NA NA NA

1979 683 473 842 73 2,071 NA NA NA NA

1980 717 488 815 74 2,094 NA NA NA NA

1981 722 514 826 85 2,147 NA NA NA NA

1982 730 526 745 86 2,086 NA NA NA NA

1983 751 544 776 80 2,151 NA NA NA NA

1984 780 583 838 85 2,286 NA NA NA NA

1985 794 606 837 87 2,324 NA NA NA NA

1986 819 631 831 89 2,369 NA NA NA NA

1987 850 660 858 88 2,457 NA NA NA NA

1988 893 699 896 90 2,578 NA NA NA NA

1989 906 726 926 90 2,647 483 418 100 2,747

1990 924 751 946 92 2,713 484 420 104 2,817

1991 955 766 947 94 2,762 4100 411 111 2,873

1992 936 761 973 93 2,763 111 11 122 2,885

1993 995 795 977 95 2,861 111 16 127 2,988

1994 1,008 820 1,008 98 2,935 123 18 141 3,075

1995 1,043 863 1,013 95 3,013 134 16 149 3,162

1996 R1,083 887 R1,034 98 R3,101 135 14 149 R3,250

1997 1,076 R929 R1,038 103 R3,146 131 18 149 R3,295

1998 R1,130 R979 R1,051 104 R3,264 134 26 160 R3,424

1999 R1,145 R1,002 R1,058 R107 R3,312 147 42 189 3,501

2000P 1,192 1,028 1,068 110 3,398 NA NA F208 3,607

1 Includes nonutility sales of electricity to utilities for distribution to end users. Beginning in 1996, also

includes sales to ultimate consumers by power marketers. 2 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and railways, and

interdepartmental sales. 3 Nonutility facility use of onsite net electricity generation. 4 Data for 1989-1991 were collected for facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the

threshold was lowered to include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimates of the 1-to-5

megawatt range for 1989-1991 were derived from historical data. The estimation did not include

retirements that occurred prior to 1992 and included only the capacity of facilities that came on line before

1992.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. F=Forecast. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • See Note 5 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Electric Utility Retail Sales: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form

FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenue and Income." • October 1977-February

1980—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric

Operating Revenue and Income."• March 1980-1982—FERC, Form FPC-5, "Electric Utility Company

Monthly Statement." • 1983—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility

Company Monthly Statement."• 1984-1989—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." • 1990

forward—EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2001), Table 44. Nonutility Power Producers:

• 1989-1999—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report-Nonutility" and predecessor form.

• 2000—EIA, Short-Term Energy Outlook (May 2001).
242 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Source: Table 8.13.

Figure 8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions,

 Energy Savings, and Costs

1 Nominal dollars.

Actual Peakload Reductions Total, 1989-1999

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

10

20

30

40

12 14 16 17

23 25

30 30

25

27 26

Gigawatts

Energy Savings, 1989-1999

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

15

30

45

60

75

15

20

25

36

45

52

57

62

56

49 51

Billion Kilowatthours

Costs, 1989-1999

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

1

2

3

0.9

1.2

1.8

2.3

2.7 2.7

2.4

1.9

1.6

1.4 1.4

Billion Dollars1

Actual Peakload Reductions by Program, 1999

Total: 26,455 Megawatts

Energy Efficiency

(13,452)

 51%

Load Management

(13,003)

 49%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 243

Table 8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs, 

 1989-1999

Year

Actual Peakload Reductions 1

(megawatts)

Energy Savings

(million kilowatthours)

Costs

(thousand dollars 4 Load Management ) 2 Energy Efficiency 3 Total

1989 NA NA 12,463 14,672 872,935

1990 7,911 55,793 13,704 20,458 1,177,457

1991 8,767 56,852 15,619 24,848 1,803,773

1992 7,357 59,847 17,204 35,563 2,348,094

1993 10,583 512,486 23,069 45,294 2,743,533

1994 10,922 514,079 25,001 52,483 2,715,657

1995 13,753 515,807 29,561 57,421 2,421,261

1996 12,965 516,928 29,893 61,842 1,902,197

1997 11,958 13,326 25,284 56,406 1,636,020

1998 13,640 13,591 27,231 49,167 1,420,920

1999 13,003 13,452 26,455 50,563 1,423,644

1 The actual reduction in peak load reflects the change in demand for electricity that results from a utility

demand-side management program that is in effect at the time that the utility experiences its actual peak

load as opposed to the potential installed peakload reduction capability. Differences between actual and

potential peak reduction result from changes in weather, economic activity, and other variable conditions. 2 Load Management includes programs such as Direct Load Control and Interruptible Load Control, and

beginning in 1997, "other types" of demand-side management programs. Direct load control refers to

program activities that can interrupt consumer load at the time of annual peak load by direct control of the

utility system operator by interrupting power supply to individual appliances or equipment on consumer

premises. This type of control usually involves residential consumers. Interruptible load refers to program

activities that, in accordance with contractual arrangements, can interrupt consumer load at times of

seasonal peak load by direct control of the utility system operator or by action of the consumer at the direct

request of the system operator. It usually involves commercial and industrial consumers. In some

instances, the load reduction may be affected by direct action of the system operator (remote tripping) after

notice to the consumer in accordance with contractual provisions. "Other types" are programs that limit or

shift peak loads from on-peak to off-peak time periods, such as space heating and water heating storage

systems.

3 Energy efficiency refers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific end-use

devices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. These programs reduce overall

electricity consumption, often without explicit consideration for the timing of program-induced savings. 

Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technically more advanced equipment to produce the

same level of end-use services (e.g., lighting, heating, motor drive) with less electricity. Examples include

high-efficiency appliances, efficient lighting programs, high-efficiency heating, ventilating, and air

conditioning systems or control modifications, efficient building design, advanced electric motor drives, and

heat recovery systems. 4 Nominal dollars. 5 From 1989 to 1996, Energy Efficiency includes "other types" of demand-side management programs. 

Beginning in 1997, these programs are included under Load Management.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1989-1994—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual, annual reports.

• 1995 forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1999, Volume II (October 2000), Tables 45, 48, and 49.
244 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.14 Electric Power Sector Noncoincidental Peak Load and Capacity Margin

U.S. Peak Load, 1986-2000

1986 1989 1992 1995 1998

0

200

400

600

800

Gigawatts

Capacity Margin, 1996-2000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

10

20

30

40

Percent

Notes: z Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual 

systems that do not occur at the same time interval. See Glossary for information on North 

American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should 

not be compared.

 Source: Table 8.14.

North American Electric Reliability Council Map for the United States

MAPP (U.S.)

ASCC

WSCC (U.S.)

ERCOT

SPP SERC

MAAC

NPCC (U.S.)

MAIN ECAR

Summer

Winter WI

IL

MO

AK

TX

TN

AL GA

SC

NC

FL

MS

VA

MI

IN OH

WV KY VA

PA

VT

NY

RI

MA

ME

CT

NH

MD

NJ

DE

PA

OK

KS

AR

LA

MO

TX NM

MS TX

CA

OR

MT WA

NV

UT

CO

AZ

WY

NM

ID

TX

ND

SD

NE

MN

IA

MT

WI

WI

IL

AK

TX

TN

AL GA

SC

NC

MS

VA

MI

IN OH

WV KY VA

PA

VT

NY

RI

MA

ME

CT

NH

MD

NJ

DE

PA

OK

KS

AR

LA

MO

TX NM

MS TX

CA

OR

MT WA

NV

UT

CO

AZ

WY

NM

ID

TX

ND

SD

NE

MN

IA

MT

WI

FRCC

By NERC Region, 2000

ECAR ERCOT FRCC MAAC MAIN MAPP NPCC SERC SPP WSCC

0

40

80

120

160

98

55

38

51 51

33

53

151

39

116

86

44 41 43 40

27

45

134

28

102

Gigawatts

Summer Winter

(U.S.) (U.S.) (U.S.)

Winter

Summer
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 245

Table 8.14 Electric Power Sector Noncoincidental Peak Load and Capacity Margin, 1986-2000

 (Megawatts, Except as Noted)

Year

Noncoincidental Peak Load 

Capacity

Margin 2

(percent)

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

Contiguous

United

States

ASCC

(Alaska) Hawaii

U.S.

ECAR ERCOT FRCC MAAC MAIN Total

MAPP

(U.S.)

NPCC

(U.S.) SERC SPP

WSCC

(U.S.)

Summer

1986 69,606 39,335 — 37,564 35,943 21,029 39,026 105,570 47,123 81,787 476,983 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 476,983 NA 

1987 72,561 39,339 — 40,526 37,446 23,162 42,651 109,798 47,723 82,967 496,173 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 496,173 NA 

1988 79,149 40,843 — 43,110 41,139 24,899 45,245 115,168 49,356 90,551 529,460 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 529,460 NA 

1989 75,442 40,402 — 41,614 39,460 23,531 45,031 117,051 49,439 90,657 522,627 455 4 ( ) 523,082 NA 

1990 79,258 42,737 — 42,613 40,740 24,994 44,116 121,149 52,541 97,389 545,537 463 4 ( ) 546,000 NA 

1991 81,539 41,870 — 45,937 41,598 25,498 46,594 124,688 51,885 92,096 551,705 471 4 ( ) 552,176 NA 

1992 78,550 42,619 — 43,658 38,819 22,638 43,658 128,236 51,324 99,205 548,707 504 4 ( ) 549,211 NA 

1993 85,930 44,255 — 46,494 41,956 24,396 46,706 136,101 57,106 97,809 580,753 511 4 ( ) 581,264 NA 

1994 87,165 44,162 — 46,019 42,562 27,000 47,581 132,584 56,035 102,212 585,320 524 4 ( ) 585,844 NA 

1995 92,619 46,618 — 48,577 45,782 29,192 47,705 146,569 59,595 103,592 620,249 622 4 ( ) 620,871 NA 

1996 90,798 47,480 — 44,302 46,402 28,253 45,094 145,650 60,072 108,739 616,790 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 616,790 18.9

1997 R93,492 R50,541 R35,375 R49,464 R45,887 R29,787 R49,269 R137,382 R36,479 R110,001 R637,677 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 637,677 17.5

1998 R93,784 R54,666 R38,730 R48,445 R47,509 R30,722 R49,566 R143,226 R37,724 R115,921 R660,293 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 660,293 14.3

1999 R99,239 R55,529 R37,493 R51,645 R51,535 R31,903 R52,855 R149,012 R38,609 R113,629 R681,449 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 681,449 14.4

2000F 97,557 54,817 37,728 51,206 51,271 32,899 53,450 151,065 39,383 116,440 685,816 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 685,816 14.6

Winter

1986 64,561 28,730 — 32,807 28,036 18,850 37,976 101,849 33,877 76,171 422,857 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 422,857 NA 

1987 68,118 31,399 — 35,775 30,606 19,335 41,902 105,476 34,472 81,182 448,265 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 448,265 NA 

1988 67,771 34,621 — 36,363 30,631 20,162 42,951 108,649 35,649 82,937 459,734 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 459,734 NA 

1989 73,080 38,388 — 38,161 33,770 20,699 42,588 121,995 42,268 84,768 495,717 626 4 ( ) 496,343 NA 

1990 67,097 35,815 — 36,551 32,461 21,113 40,545 117,231 38,949 94,252 484,014 613 4 ( ) 484,627 NA 

1991 71,181 35,448 — 37,983 33,420 21,432 41,786 119,575 38,759 86,097 485,681 622 4 ( ) 486,303 NA 

1992 72,885 35,055 — 37,915 31,289 21,866 41,125 121,250 39,912 91,686 492,983 635 4 ( ) 493,618 NA 

1993 81,846 35,407 — 41,406 34,966 21,955 42,063 133,635 41,644 88,811 521,733 632 4 ( ) 522,365 NA 

1994 75,638 36,180 — 40,653 33,999 23,033 42,547 132,661 42,505 91,037 518,253 641 4 ( ) 518,894 NA 

1995 83,465 36,965 — 40,790 35,734 23,429 42,755 142,032 44,626 94,890 544,686 676 4 ( ) 545,360 NA 

1996 84,534 38,868 — 40,468 37,162 24,251 41,208 143,060 49,095 95,435 554,081 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 554,081 28.7

1997 R75,760 R37,966 R33,076 R37,217 R34,973 R25,390 R41,338 R122,649 R27,437 R94,158 R529,964 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 529,874 27.7

1998 R84,401 R41,876 R39,975 R36,532 R37,410 R26,080 R44,119 R127,416 R27,847 R101,822 R567,478 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 567,558 25.7

1999 R86,239 R39,164 R40,178 R40,220 R39,081 R25,200 R45,227 R128,563 R27,963 R99,080 R570,915 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 570,915 25.6

2000F 86,455 44,287 40,894 43,139 39,742 27,363 45,170 134,488 28,375 102,435 592,348 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 592,348 26.9

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliablility Council (NERC) Regions. 

Data include the U.S. portion of NERC only. See Figure 8.14 for an illustration of NERC regions. 2 The percent by which planned generating capacity resources are expected to be greater (or less) than

estimated net internal demand at the time of expected peak summer (or winter) demand. Net internal

demand does not include estimated demand for direct control load management and customers with

interruptible service agreements. 3 Data submission for ASCC (Alaska) began in 1989. 4 Data were not filed.

R=Revised. F=Forecast. — = Not applicable. NA=Not available. 

Note: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual systems that do not

occur at the same time interval.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1986-1990—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1990 (January

1992), Table 53. • 1991-1993—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1994, Volume II (November 1995), Table 35.

• 1994 forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1999, Volume II (October 2000), Tables 35 and 40.
246 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 8.15 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-2000

1 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Table E1.

2 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads

and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Source: Table 8.15. 

Nominal Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Cents per Kilowatthour

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Other2

Real1 Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Cents per Kilowatthour

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Other2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 247

Table 8.15 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-2000

 (Cents per Kilowatthour)

Year

Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2

1960 2.6 11.7 2.4 10.8 1.1 5.0 1.9 8.6 1.8 8.1 

1961 2.6 11.6 2.4 10.7 1.1 4.9 1.8 8.0 1.8 8.0 

1962 2.6 11.4 2.4 10.6 1.1 4.8 1.9 8.4 1.8 7.9 

1963 2.5 10.9 2.3 10.0 1.0 4.4 1.8 7.8 1.8 7.8 

1964 2.5 10.7 2.2 9.4 1.0 4.3 1.8 7.7 1.7 7.3 

1965 2.4 10.1 2.2 9.2 1.0 4.2 1.8 7.6 1.7 7.2 

1966 2.3 9.4 2.1 8.6 1.0 4.1 1.8 7.4 1.7 7.0 

1967 2.3 9.1 2.1 8.3 1.0 4.0 1.8 7.1 1.7 6.7 

1968 2.3 8.8 2.1 8.0 1.0 3.8 1.8 6.8 1.6 6.1 

1969 2.2 8.0 2.1 7.6 1.0 3.6 1.7 6.2 1.6 5.8 

1970 2.2 7.6 2.1 7.2 1.0 3.4 1.8 6.2 1.7 5.8 

1971 2.3 7.5 2.2 7.2 1.1 3.6 1.9 6.2 1.8 5.9 

1972 2.4 7.5 2.3 7.2 1.2 3.8 2.0 6.3 1.9 6.0 

1973 2.5 7.4 2.4 7.1 1.3 3.9 2.1 6.2 2.0 6.0 

1974 3.1 8.5 3.0 8.2 1.7 4.6 2.8 7.6 2.5 6.8 

1975 3.5 8.7 3.5 8.7 2.1 5.2 3.1 7.7 2.9 7.2 

1976 3.7 8.8 3.7 8.8 2.2 5.2 3.3 7.8 3.1 7.3 

1977 4.1 9.1 4.1 9.1 2.5 5.6 3.5 7.8 3.4 7.6 

1978 4.3 8.9 4.4 9.1 2.8 5.8 3.6 7.5 3.7 7.7 

1979 4.6 8.8 4.7 9.0 3.1 5.9 4.0 7.7 4.0 7.7 

1980 5.4 9.5 5.5 9.6 3.7 6.5 4.8 8.4 4.7 8.2 

1981 6.2 9.9 6.3 10.1 4.3 6.9 5.3 8.5 5.5 8.8 

1982 6.9 10.4 6.9 10.4 5.0 7.6 5.9 8.9 6.1 9.2 

1983 7.2 10.4 7.0 10.2 5.0 7.3 6.4 9.3 6.3 9.2 

1984 7.15 10.01 7.13 9.98 4.83 6.76 5.90 8.26 6.25 8.75

1985 7.39 10.03 7.27 9.87 4.97 6.74 6.09 8.26 6.44 8.74

1986 7.42 9.85 7.20 9.56 4.93 6.55 6.11 8.11 6.44 8.55

1987 7.45 9.60 7.08 9.13 4.77 6.15 6.21 8.00 6.37 8.21

1988 7.48 9.33 7.04 8.78 4.70 5.86 6.20 7.73 6.35 7.92

1989 7.65 9.19 7.20 8.65 4.72 5.67 6.25 7.51 6.45 7.75

1990 7.83 9.05 7.34 8.48 4.74 5.48 6.40 7.40 6.57 7.59

1991 8.04 8.97 7.53 8.40 4.83 5.39 6.51 7.26 6.75 7.53

1992 8.21 8.94 7.66 8.34 4.83 5.26 6.74 7.34 6.82 7.43

1993 8.32 8.85 7.74 8.23 4.85 5.16 6.88 7.32 6.93 7.37

1994 8.38 8.73 7.73 8.05 4.77 4.97 6.84 7.12 6.91 7.20

1995 8.40 8.56 7.69 7.84 4.66 4.75 6.88 7.01 6.89 7.02

1996 8.36 8.36 7.64 7.64 4.60 4.60 6.91 6.91 6.86 6.86

1997 8.43 8.27 7.59 R7.44 4.53 R4.44 6.91 6.78 6.85 6.72

1998 8.26 R8.00 7.41 R7.18 4.48 4.34 6.63 R6.42 6.74 R6.53

1999 R8.16 R7.79 R7.26 R6.93 R4.43 4.23 R6.35 R6.06 R6.66 R6.36

2000P 8.21 7.68 7.20 6.73 4.45 4.16 6.37 5.96 6.66 6.23

1 Public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and railways, and

interdepartmental sales. 2 In chained (1996) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Table E1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Data for 1979 and earlier data are for Classes A and B privately owned electric utilities only. Data

for 1980 forward are for selected Class A utilities whose electric operating revenues were $100 million or

more during the previous year.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1960 through September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly

Statement of Electric Operating Revenues and Income." • October 1977 through February 1980—Federal

Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenues

and Income." • March 1980 through 1982—FERC, Form FERC-5, "Electric Utility Company Monthly

Statement." • 1983—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility Company

Monthly Statement." • 1984-1989—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." • 1990

forward—EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2001), Table 52.
Electricity

Note 1. Electrical system energy losses are estimated as the difference between total energy consumed to generate electricity and the total energy

content of electricity consumed by end users. Most of these losses occur at

steam-electric power plants (conventional and nuclear) in the conversion of

heat energy into mechanical energy to turn electric generators. This loss is

a thermodynamically necessary feature of the steam-electric cycle. Part of

the energy input-to-output losses are a result of imputing fossil energy

equivalent inputs for hydroelectric and other energy sources, since there is no

generally accepted practice for measuring these thermal conversion rates. In

addition to conversion losses, other losses include power plant use of electricity, transmission and distribution of electricity from power plants to end-use

consumers (also called “line-losses”), and unaccounted-for electricity. Total

losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share

of total electricity sales. Overall, approximately 67 percent of total energy input is lost in conversion; of electricity generated, approximately 5 percent is

lost in plant use and 9 percent is lost in transmission and distribution. Calculated electrical energy system losses may be less than actual losses, because primary consumption does not include the energy equivalent of

electricity imports from Canada and Mexico, although they are included in

electricity end use.

Note 2. Prior to 1985, electric utility supply and distribution statistics included data reported by institutions (such as universities) and military facilities that generated electricity primarily for their own use. Beginning in

1985, electricity statistics exclude data for these facilities and include data

only for those organizations that generate electricity primarily for public

use. Beginning in 1989, data for nonutility power producers (cogenerators,

small power producers, and independent power producers) are provided.

Note 3. Electric utility net summer capabilities were first collected on

Form EIA-860 for 1984. Units not assigned a net summer capability rating

by the utility were given an estimated rating by use of a statistical relationship between installed nameplate capacity and net summer capability for

each prime mover. To estimate net summer capability for the years 1949

through 1984, two methods were used. For each prime mover except nuclear and “other,” net summer capability estimates were calculated in two

steps. First, the unit capacity values reported on Form EIA-860 and the unit

start dates contained in the 1984 Generating Unit Reference File (GURF) were

used to compute preliminary aggregate estimates of annual net summer

capability and installed nameplate capacity. These preliminary estimates were

obtained by aggregating unit capacity values for all units in service during a

given year. Next, the ratio of the preliminary capability to nameplate estimate

was computed for each year and multiplied by the previously published installed nameplate capacity values to produce the final estimates of net summer capability. The net summer capability data for nuclear and “other” units

were used directly from the 1984 GURF for all years. Historical aggregates

were then developed by using the unit start dates on the GURF.

Historical capacity has also been modified to estimate capability based upon

the operable definition. This was accomplished by assuming that non-nuclear

generating units became operable between 1 and 4 months prior to their commercial operation dates, depending upon the prime mover and time period.

The actual operable dates for nuclear units were used. It should be noted that

nonutility net summer capabilities, which are not currently collected for

nonutilities, are estimated based on installed nameplate capacity data.

Note 4. For 1999 and 2000, nonutility power producer consumption of

combustible fuels (in Btu) for electricity generation was estimated by subtracting each nonutility facility’s 1999 reported useful thermal output (in

Btu) from its total fuel energy consumption (in Btu). If the facility’s resulting heat rate (calculated as fuel consumption in Btu divided by electricity generation in kWh) was outside a technically reasonable range

(between 3,412 and 14,500 Btu/kWh), a default heat rate was assigned depending on the fuel source and prime mover type (shown on page 108 of

the Electric Power Annual 1999, Volume II). The amount of fuel assigned

to electricity generation at each facility was then calculated as the product

of the electricity generation and the heat rate.

Note 5. Data on electric utility retail sales of electricity represent gross

output of electricity (measured at the generator terminals) minus power

plant use and transmission and distribution losses. Included in each

end-use sector are the following: Commercial Sector–sales of electricity to

businesses that generally require less than 1,000 kilowatts of service; Industrial Sector–sales of electricity to businesses that generally require

more than 1,000 kilowatts of service; Residential Sector–sales of electricity to residences for household purposes; “Other” Sector–sales of electricity for public street and highway lighting, to public authorities, railways,

and railroads, and interdepartmental sales.

248 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Table 8.1 Sources

Net Generation, Electric Utilities: Table 8.3. Net Generation, Nonutility

Power Producers: Table 8.4. Imports and Exports: • 1949-September

1977—unpublished Federal Power Commission data. • October

1977-1980—unpublished Economic Regulatory Administration (ERA)

data. • 1981—Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Emergency Operations, “Report on Electric Energy Exchanges with Canada

and Mexico for Calendar Year 1981,” April 1982 (revised June 1982).

• 1982 and 1983— DOE, ERA, Electricity Exchanges Across International Borders. • 1984-1986—DOE, ERA, Electricity Transactions

Across International Borders. • 1987 and 1988—DOE, ERA, Form

ERA-781R, “Annual Report of International Electrical Export/Import

Data.” • 1989–DOE Fossil Energy, Form FE-781R, “Annual Report of

International Electrical Export/Import Data.” • 1990-1998—Mexico’s

Data: DOE, Fossil Fuels, Office of Fuels Programs, Form FE-871R, “Annual Report of International Electrical Export/Import Data." Canada’s Data:

National Energy Board of Canada (metered energy, firm and interruptible).

• 1999 forward—EIA estimates based on preliminary data from DOE, Fossil

Energy, and actual data from the National Energy Board of Canada. Losses

and Unaccounted For: Calculated as the sum of total net generation and

imports minus total end use and exports. End Use: Table 8.12.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 249

Site of Shippingport atomic power station, the first commercial nuclear power plant in the United States (rectangular

reactor building and foreground); background, Beaver Valley 1 and 2 nuclear power plants and Bruce Mansfield

coal-fired power plant (southwestern Pennsylvania). Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

Nuclear Energy

9
252 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Issuance by a regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent 

permission to operate.

2 Ordered but not completed or cancelled.

3 Ceased operation permanently. 

 Cancellation of ordered units.

Figure 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units

 Placement of an order by a utility for a nuclear steam supply system. 

 Issuance by regulatory authority of a permit, or equivalent permission, to begin 

construction.

Note: Data are at end of year. 

Sources: Map: Based on Energy Information Administration data. Other: Table 9.1.

Cancellations and Shutdowns, 1953-2000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

70

140

210

280

Number of Units

Status of All Ordered Units, 1953-2000

Operable Units,1 1957-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

30

60

90

120

Number of Units

Orders, Permits, and Operable Units, 1953-2000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

70

140

210

280

Number of Units

Operable Units By Site, 2000

Peak: 112 units in1990

Operable1

104

Cancelled 

124

Shut Down3

28

Pending2

3

Operable Units1

Cumulative

Cancellations

4

Cumulative

Shutdowns3

4

6

5

4

Cumulative Units Ordered

Cumulative Construction

Permits Issued 6

5

104 units

in 2000

Total Units Ordered: 259

OR

ID

MT

KS

NE

SD

ND

MO

IA

MN

IL

FL

GA SC

NC

VA

DE

WV MD

MS

TX LA

AR

OK

AL

TN

KY

WI

IN OH

PA

NJ

CT

MA

VT ME

NH

RI

MI

AZ

NM

CO

UT

NV

WY

CA

WA

NY
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 253

Table 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, 1953-2000

Year Orders 1

Construction

Permits 2

Low-Power

Operating Licenses 3

New

Operable Units 4 Shutdowns 5

Total

Operable Units 6 Cancellations 7

Cumulative

Cancellations 

1953 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1954 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1955 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1956 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

1957 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1958 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

1959 4 3 1 1 0 2 0 0

1960 1 7 1 1 0 3 0 0

1961 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

1962 2 1 7 6 0 9 0 0

1963 4 1 3 2 0 11 0 0

1964 0 3 2 3 1 13 0 0

1965 7 1 0 0 0 13 0 0

1966 20 5 1 2 1 14 0 0

1967 29 14 3 3 2 15 0 0

1968 16 23 0 0 2 13 0 0

1969 9 7 4 4 0 17 0 0

1970 14 10 4 3 0 20 0 0

1971 21 4 5 2 0 22 0 0

1972 38 8 6 6 1 27 7 7

1973 42 14 12 15 0 42 0 7

1974 28 23 14 15 2 55 9 16

1975 4 9 3 2 0 57 13 29

1976 3 9 7 7 1 63 1 30

1977 4 15 4 4 0 67 10 40

1978 2 13 3 4 1 70 13 53

1979 0 2 0 0 1 69 6 59

1980 0 0 5 2 0 71 15 74

1981 0 0 3 4 0 75 9 83

1982 0 0 6 4 1 78 18 101

1983 0 0 3 3 0 81 6 107

1984 0 0 7 6 0 87 6 113

1985 0 0 7 9 0 96 2 115

1986 0 0 7 5 0 101 2 117

1987 0 0 6 8 2 107 0 117

1988 0 0 1 2 0 109 3 120

1989 0 0 3 4 2 111 0 120

1990 0 0 1 2 1 112 1 121

1991 0 0 0 0 1 111 0 121

1992 0 0 0 0 2 109 0 121

1993 0 0 1 1 0 110 0 121

1994 0 0 0 0 1 109 1 122

1995 0 0 1 0 0 109 2 124

1996 0 0 0 1 1 109 0 124

1997 0 0 0 0 2 107 0 124

1998 0 0 0 0 3 104 0 124

1999 0 0 0 0 0 104 0 124

2000 0 0 0 0 0 104 0 124

1 Placement of an order by a utility or government agency for a nuclear steam supply system. 2 Issuance by regulatory authority of a permit, or equivalent permission, to begin construction. Numbers

reflect permits issued in a given year, not extant permits. 3 Issuance by regulatory authority of license, or equivalent permission, to conduct testing but not to

operate at full power. 4 Issuance by regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent permission. Units

generally did not begin immediate operation. See Note 1 at end of section. 5 Ceased operation permanently. 6 Total of units holding full-power licenses, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end of the year. 

See Note 1 at end of section. 7 Cancellation by utilities of ordered units. Does not include three units (Bellefonte 1 and 2 and Watts

Bar 2) where construction has been stopped indefinitely.

Note: Data are at end of year.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • 1953-1997: Orders: Energy Information Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power 1991,

Appendix E, September 1991; Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power

Development, 1988 edition; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1973 Annual Report to Congress, Volume 2,

Regulatory Activities; various utilities. Construction Permits: Nuclear Regulatory Commission,

Information Digest, 1997 edition, Appendix A; Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear

Power Development, 1988 edition; various utility, Federal, and contractor officials. Low-Power Operating

Licenses: Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power Development, 1988 edition;

U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Reactors Built, Being Built, and Planned: 1995; various utility, Federal,

and contractor officials. New Operable Units: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Information Digest, 1997

edition, Table 11 and Appendices A and B; various utility, Federal, and contractor officials. Shutdowns: 

Energy Information Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power 1991, Appendix E; Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, Information Digest, 1998 edition; U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Reactors Built, Being

Built, and Planned: 1995; Tennessee Valley Authority officials; Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Plant

Status Report." Total Operable Units: Commercial reactors fully licensed to operate, excluding

permanent shutdowns. Cancellations: Energy Information Administration, Commercial Nuclear Power

1991, Appendix E, September 1991; Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Information Digest, 1997 editon,

Appendix C; and Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power Development, 1988

edition. • 1998 forward—http://www.nrc.gov/NRC/reactors.html.
254 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations

Sources: Tables 8.1 and 9.2.

Nuclear Share of Electricity Net Generation, 1957-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent

Net Summer Capability of Operable Units, 1957-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

30

60

90

120

Million Kilowatts

Total Electricity and Nuclear Electricity Net Generation, 1957-2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

 Trillion Kilowatthours

Capacity Factor, 1973-2000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

25

50

75

100

Percent

Total

Nuclear

2000:

97.4

2000:

88.1%

2000:

19.9%
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 255

Table 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-2000

Year

Nuclear Electricity

Net Generation

Nuclear Share

of Electricity

Net Generation

Net Summer Capability

of Operable Units 1,2 Capacity Factor 2

Billion Kilowatthours Percent Million Kilowatts Percent

1957 (s) (s) 0.1 NA

1958 0.2 (s) 0.1 NA

1959 0.2 (s) 0.1 NA

1960 0.5 0.1 0.4 NA

1961 1.7 0.2 0.4 NA

1962 2.3 0.3 0.7 NA

1963 3.2 0.4 0.8 NA

1964 3.3 0.3 0.8 NA

1965 3.7 0.3 0.8 NA

1966 5.5 0.5 1.7 NA

1967 7.7 0.6 2.7 NA

1968 12.5 0.9 2.7 NA

1969 13.9 1.0 4.4 NA

1970 21.8 1.4 7.0 NA

1971 38.1 2.4 9.0 NA

1972 54.1 3.1 14.5 NA

1973 83.5 4.5 22.7 53.5

1974 114.0 6.1 31.9 47.8

1975 172.5 9.0 37.3 55.9

1976 191.1 9.4 43.8 54.7

1977 250.9 11.8 46.3 63.3

1978 276.4 12.5 50.8 64.5

1979 255.2 11.4 49.7 58.4

1980 251.1 11.0 51.8 56.3

1981 272.7 11.9 56.0 58.2

1982 282.8 12.6 60.0 56.6

1983 293.7 12.7 63.0 54.4

1984 327.6 13.6 69.7 56.3

1985 383.7 15.5 79.4 58.0

1986 414.0 16.6 85.2 56.9

1987 455.3 17.7 93.6 57.4

1988 527.0 19.5 94.7 63.5

1989 3529.4 317.8 398.2 362.2

1990 577.0 19.1 99.6 66.0

1991 612.6 19.9 99.6 70.2

1992 618.8 20.1 99.0 70.9

1993 610.4 19.1 99.1 70.5

1994 640.5 19.7 99.1 73.8

1995 673.4 20.1 99.5 77.4

1996 674.7 19.6 100.8 76.2

1997 628.6 18.0 99.7 71.1

1998 673.7 18.6 97.1 78.2

1999 R728.3 R19.7 97.5 R85.3

2000P 753.9 19.9 97.4 88.1

1 At end of year. 2 See Note 2 at end of section. 3 Beginning in 1989, includes nonutility facilities.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours or less than 0.05

percent. 

Note: The performance data shown in this table are based on a universe of reactor units that differs in

some respects from the reactor universe used to profile the nuclear power industry in Table 9.1, especially

in the years prior to 1973. See Note 1 at end of section for further discussion.

Sources: Operable Units: • 1957-1972—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Form FPC-4, "Monthly

Power Plant Report." • 1973 forward—Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Licensed Operating Reactors,

(NUREG-0020), monthly. Electricity Generation: • 1957-September 1977—FPC, Form FPC-4, "Monthly

Power Plant Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4,

"Monthly Power Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Table 8.2. Net Summer Capability of Operable Units: 

• 1957-1983—See Note 2 at end of section. • 1984 forward—Table 8.5.
256 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 9.3 Uranium Overview

1 Nominal dollars.

 Data for 2000 not available. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 9.3.

Production and Trade, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

 Million Pounds 

 Domestic

Concentrate

 Production

Purchased

 Imports 

Export

 Sales

 Electric Utilities

 Domestic Suppliers

Total Domestic

Purchases

Purchased

 Imports

Concentrate

 Production Imports Sales

Million Pounds U

O3 8

Dollars1 per Pound U

O3 8 Million Pounds U

O3 8

Million Pounds U

O3 8

2

2

2

Inventories, End of Year 1981-2000

1985 1990 1995 2000

0

50

100

150

200

 Million Pounds 

Production and Trade, 2000

Domestic Concentrate Purchased Imports Export Sales

0

10

20

30

40

50

4

45

14

 Million Pounds 

Average Prices, 1981-2000

1985 1990 1995 2000

0

10

20

30

40

 Dollars1 per Pound 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 257

Table 9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-2000

Year

Domestic

Concentrate

Production

Purchased

Imports 1

Export 1

Sales 

Purchases

by Owners

and Operators 2

from Domestic

Suppliers

Loaded Into

U.S. Nuclear

Reactors 3

Inventories Average Price

Domestic

Suppliers

Owners and

Operators 2 Total

Purchased

Imports

Domestic

Purchases

Million Pounds U3O8 U.S. Dollars4 per Pound U3O8

1949 0.36 4.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1950 0.92 5.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1951 1.54 6.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1952 1.74 5.7 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1953 2.32 3.8 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1954 3.40 6.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1955 5.56 7.6 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1956 11.92 12.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1957 16.96 17.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1958 24.88 32.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1959 32.48 36.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1960 35.28 36.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1961 34.70 29.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1962 34.02 24.2 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1963 28.44 22.4 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1964 23.70 12.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1965 20.88 8.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1966 21.18 4.6 0.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1967 22.51 0.0 1.4 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1968 24.74 0.0 1.6 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1969 23.22 0.0 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1970 25.81 0.0 4.2 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1971 24.55 0.0 0.4 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1972 25.80 0.0 0.2 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1973 26.47 0.0 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1974 23.06 0.0 3.0 NA NA NA NA NA — NA 

1975 23.20 1.4 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1976 25.49 3.6 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1977 29.88 5.6 4.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1978 36.97 5.2 6.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1979 37.47 3.0 6.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1980 43.70 3.6 5.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1981 38.47 6.6 4.4 32.6 NA NA NA 159.2 32.90 34.65

1982 26.87 17.1 6.2 27.1 NA NA NA 174.8 27.23 38.37

1983 21.16 8.2 3.3 24.2 NA NA NA 191.8 26.16 38.21

1984 14.88 12.5 2.2 22.5 NA 25.0 160.2 185.2 21.86 32.65

1985 11.31 11.7 5.3 21.7 NA 23.7 153.2 176.9 20.08 31.43

1986 13.51 13.5 1.6 18.9 NA 27.0 144.1 171.1 20.07 30.01

1987 12.99 15.1 1.0 20.8 NA 25.4 137.8 163.2 19.14 27.37

1988 13.13 15.8 3.3 17.6 NA 19.3 125.5 144.8 19.03 26.15

1989 13.84 13.1 2.1 18.4 NA 22.2 115.8 138.1 16.75 19.56

1990 8.89 23.7 2.0 20.5 NA 26.4 102.7 129.1 12.55 15.70

1991 7.95 16.3 3.5 26.8 34.6 20.7 98.0 118.7 15.55 13.66

1992 5.65 23.3 2.8 23.4 43.0 25.2 92.1 117.3 11.34 13.45

1993 3.06 21.0 3.0 15.5 45.1 24.5 81.2 105.7 10.53 13.14

1994 3.35 36.6 17.7 22.7 40.4 21.5 65.4 86.9 8.95 10.30

1995 6.04 41.3 9.8 22.3 51.1 13.7 58.7 72.5 10.20 11.11

1996 6.32 45.4 11.5 22.9 46.2 13.9 66.1 80.0 13.15 13.81

1997 5.64 43.0 17.0 18.7 48.2 40.4 65.9 106.2 11.81 12.87

1998 4.71 43.7 15.1 20.3 38.2 70.7 65.8 136.5 11.19 12.31

1999 4.61 47.6 8.5 19.2 58.8 68.8 R 58.3 R 127.1 10.55 11.88

2000 3.96 44.9 13.6 22.9 51.4 56.5 55.9 112.3 9.84 11.45

1 Import quantities through 1970 are reported for fiscal years. Prior to 1968, the Atomic Energy

Commission was the sole purchaser of all imported U3O8. Trade data prior to 1982 were for transactions

conducted by uranium suppliers only. For 1982 forward, transactions by uranium buyers (consumers) have

been included. Buyer imports and exports prior to 1982 are believed to be small. 2 Owners and Operators of U.S. Civilian Nuclear Power Reactors. 3 Does not include any fuel rods removed from reactors and later reloaded.

4 Nominal dollars.

P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.

Sources: • 1949-1966—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office, Statistical Data of the

Uranium Industry, Report No. GJO-100, annual. • 1967 forward—Energy Information Administration,

Uranium Industry Annual, annual reports. 
Nuclear Energy

Note 1. In 1997 EIA undertook a major revision of Table 9.1 to more fully

describe the history of the U.S. commercial nuclear power industry. The

time frame was extended back to the birth of the industry in 1953, and the

data categories were revised for greater relevance to current industry conditions and trends. To acquire the data for the revised categories it was necessary to develop a reactor unit database employing different sources than

those used previously for Table 9.1 and still used for Table 9.2.

In Table 9.1 “commercial” means that the units contributed power to the

commercial electricity grid, whether or not they were owned by an electric

utility. A total of 259 units ever ordered was identified. Although most orders were placed by electric utilities, several units are or were ordered,

owned, and operated wholly or in part by the Federal Government, including BONUS (Boiling Nuclear Superheater Power Station), Elk River, Experimental Breeder Reactor 2, Hallam, Hanford N, Piqua, and

Shippingport.

A reactor is generally defined as operable in Table 9.1 while it possessed a

full-power license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its predecessor the Atomic Energy Commission, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end of the year. The definition is liberal in that it does not

exclude units retaining full-power licenses during long, non-routine shutdowns. For example:

In 1985 the five then-active Tennessee Valley Authority units

(Browns Ferry 1, 2, and 3 and Sequoyah 1 and 2) were shut

down under a regulatory forced outage. Browns Ferry 1 remains

shut down and has been defueled, while the other units were idle

for several years, restarting in 1991, 1995, 1988, and 1988, respectively. All five units are counted as operable during the

shutdowns. Brown’s Ferry 1 is the only one of the five TVA

plants that has not returned to service. Because it is still fully licensed to operate, it continues to meet the definition of operable.

Shippingport was shut down from 1974 through 1976 for conversion to a light-water breeder reactor, but is counted as operable

until its retirement in 1982.

Calvert Cliffs 2 was shut down in 1989 and 1990 for replacement of pressurizer heater sleeves but is counted as operable

during those years.

Exceptions to the rule are Shoreham and Three Mile Island 2. Shoreham

was granted a full-power license in April 1989, but was shut down two

months later and never restarted. In 1991, the license was changed to Possession Only. Although not operable at the end of the year, Shoreham is

treated as operable during 1989 and shut down in 1990, because counting

it as operable and shut down in the same year would introduce a statistical

discrepancy in the tallies. A major accident closed Three Mile Island 2 in

1979, and although the unit retained its full-power license for several

years, it is considered permanently shut down since that year.

Note 2. Net summer capabilities were first collected on Form EIA-860 for

1984. Units not assigned a net summer capability rating by the utility

were given an estimated rating by use of a statistical relationship between

installed nameplate capacity and net summer capability for each prime

mover. To estimate net summer capability for 1949-1984, two methods

were used. For each prime mover except nuclear and “other,” net summer

capability estimates were calculated in two steps. First, the unit capacity

values reported on Form EIA-860 and the unit start dates contained in the

1984 Generating Unit Reference File (GURF) were used to compute preliminary aggregate estimates of annual net summer capability and installed

nameplate capacity. These preliminary estimates were obtained by aggregating unit capacity values for all units in service during a given year.

Next, the ratio of the preliminary capability to nameplate estimate was

computed for each year and multiplied by the previously published installed nameplate capacity values to produce the final estimates of net

summer capability. The net summer capability data for nuclear and

“other” units were use directly from the 1984 GURF for all years. Historical aggregates were then developed by use of the unit start dates on the

GURF.

Historical capacity has also been modified to estimate capability based

upon the operable definition, by assuming that non-nuclear generating

units became operable between 1 and 4 months prior to their commercial

operation dates, depending upon the prime mover and time period. The

actual operable dates for nuclear units were used. It should be noted that

nonutility net summer capabilities, which are not currently collected for

nonutilities, are estimated based on installed nameplate capacity data.

258 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Grand Coulee Dam, Washington State. Source: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Renewable Energy

10
260 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall 

oil, waste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, 

agricultural byproducts, closed loop biomass, fish oil, and straw.

2 Includes electricity net imports derived from hydroelectric power. Before 1989, includes 

net imports derived from all resources.

 

3 Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 1.3 and 10.1.

Figure 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source

Major Sources of Renewable Energy Consumption, 1949-2000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

2

4

6

8

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Nuclear Electric Coal

Renewable E

 Wood

Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 2000

Conventional Wood Waste Geo- Alcohol Solar Wind

0

1

2

3

4

3.1

2.6

0.5

0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

24%

 GeothermalWaste1 Solar Wind

 Conventional Hydroelectric Power2

Total

-Geothermal 

 5%

-Solar

1%

-Conventional

 Hydroelectric

Power2

46%

Renewable Energy as Share of Total Energy, 2000

Renewable

Energy

7%

Nuclear Electric

Power

8%

Petroleum

39%

Coal

23%

-Wood 38%

-Wind

1%

Conventional

Hydroelectric

 Power2

-Waste1

 8% 

-Alcohol Fuels3

 2%

Wood Alcohol 

Fuels3
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 261

Table 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 1,2 Wood 3 Waste 4

Alcohol

Fuels 5 Geothermal 6 Solar 7 Wind 8 Total

1949 1,449 1,549 NA NA NA NA NA 2,998

1950 1,440 1,562 NA NA NA NA NA 3,003

1951 1,454 1,535 NA NA NA NA NA 2,988

1952 1,496 1,474 NA NA NA NA NA 2,970

1953 1,439 1,419 NA NA NA NA NA 2,857

1954 1,388 1,394 NA NA NA NA NA 2,783

1955 1,407 1,424 NA NA NA NA NA 2,832

1956 1,487 1,416 NA NA NA NA NA 2,903

1957 1,557 1,334 NA NA NA NA NA 2,890

1958 1,629 1,323 NA NA NA NA NA 2,952

1959 1,587 1,353 NA NA NA NA NA 2,940

1960 1,657 1,320 NA NA 1 NA NA 2,977

1961 1,680 1,295 NA NA 2 NA NA 2,977

1962 1,822 1,300 NA NA 2 NA NA 3,124

1963 1,772 1,323 NA NA 4 NA NA 3,099

1964 1,907 1,337 NA NA 5 NA NA 3,248

1965 2,058 1,335 NA NA 4 NA NA 3,397

1966 2,073 1,369 NA NA 4 NA NA 3,446

1967 2,344 1,340 NA NA 7 NA NA 3,691

1968 2,342 1,419 NA NA 9 NA NA 3,771

1969 2,659 1,440 NA NA 13 NA NA 4,113

1970 2,654 1,429 2 NA 11 NA NA R4,096

1971 2,861 1,430 2 NA 12 NA NA R4,305

1972 2,944 1,501 2 NA 31 NA NA R4,478

1973 3,010 1,527 2 NA 43 NA NA R4,581

1974 3,309 1,538 2 NA 53 NA NA R4,902

1975 3,219 1,497 2 NA 70 NA NA R4,788

1976 3,066 1,711 2 NA 78 NA NA R4,857

1977 2,515 1,837 2 NA 77 NA NA R4,431

1978 3,141 2,036 1 NA 64 NA NA R5,243

1979 3,141 2,150 2 NA 84 NA NA R5,377

1980 3,118 2,483 2 NA 110 NA NA R5,712

1981 3,105 2,495 88 7 123 NA NA 5,818

1982 3,572 2,477 119 19 105 NA NA 6,292

1983 3,899 2,639 157 35 129 NA (s) 6,860

1984 3,800 2,629 208 43 165 (s) (s) 6,845

1985 3,398 2,576 R236 R52 198 (s) (s) R6,460

1986 3,446 2,518 R263 60 219 (s) (s) R6,507

1987 3,117 2,465 289 R69 229 (s) (s) R6,170

1988 2,662 2,552 R315 70 217 (s) (s) R5,817

1989 R3,014 2,635 R354 71 R334 59 24 R6,492

1990 R3,146 2,188 R408 R63 R355 63 32 R6,254

1991 R3,159 2,188 R440 R73 R363 66 32 R6,320

1992 R2,818 2,288 R473 R83 R374 R67 30 R6,134

1993 R3,119 2,226 R479 R97 R387 71 31 R6,410

1994 R2,993 2,314 R515 R109 R391 72 36 R6,429

1995 R3,481 2,418 R531 R117 R333 73 33 R6,986

1996 R3,892 2,465 R577 R84 R346 75 35 R7,473

1997 R3,961 2,348 R551 R106 R322 74 R33 R7,395

1998 R3,569 R2,326 R533 R117 R328 74 31 R6,977

1999 R3,512 R2,565 R535 R122 R373 R73 R46 R7,226

2000E 3,107 2,596 540 139 319 70 51 6,823

1 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy. 2 Through 1988, includes all electricity net imports. From 1989, includes only the portion of electricity

net imports derived from hydroelectric power. 3 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and

utility poles. 4 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste

alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed

loop biomass, fish oil, and straw. 5 Ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

6 Geothermal electricity generation, heat pump, and direct use energy. For 1989-1999, includes

electricity imports derived from geothermal energy. 7 Solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity generation, and solar thermal direct use energy. 8 Includes only grid-connected wind electricity generation.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: Tables 10.2a and 10.2b.
262 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Solar thermal direct use energy. Includes small amounts of commercial sector use.

2 Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.

Figure 10.2a Renewable Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.2a.

End-Use Sectors, 2000

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

0

1

2

3

0.5

0.1

2.0

0.1

Quadrillion Btu

Residential Sector, 1989-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Quadrillion Btu

Industrial Sector, 1989-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Quadrillion Btu

Commercial Sector, 1989-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

15

30

45

60

Trillion Btu

Wood

Solar1 and Geothermal2

Wood

Waste

Wood

Geothermal2
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 263

Figure 10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption by the Electric Power Sector

1 Wood, geothermal, solar, and wind.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.2b.

Electric Power Sector, 1949-2000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

Quadrillion Btu

Electric Utilities and Nonutility Power Producers, 2000

0

1

2

3

4

2.64

Quadrillion Btu

1.221

Nonutility Power Producers by Source, 2000

Wood Geothermal Waste Conventional Wind Solar

0

100

200

300

400

500

401

295

240 225

51

9

Trillion Btu

Electric Utilities by Source, 2000

Conventional Waste All Other1

0

1

2

3

2.616

0.013 0.011

Quadrillion Btu

Hydroelectric Power

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers

Hydroelectric

Power
264 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table 10.2a Renewable Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Residential Commercial Industrial 1 Transportation

End-Use

Wood Total 2 Geothermal 3 Solar 4 Total Wood 2 Geothermal 3 Total Wood 5 Waste 6 Geothermal 3 Total

Alcohol

Fuels 7

1949 1,055 NA NA 1,055 20 NA 20 468 NA NA R468 NA 1,543

1950 1,006 NA NA 1,006 19 NA 19 532 NA NA R532 NA 1,557

1951 958 NA NA 958 18 NA 18 553 NA NA R553 NA 1,529

1952 899 NA NA 899 17 NA 17 552 NA NA R552 NA 1,468

1953 832 NA NA 832 16 NA 16 566 NA NA R566 NA 1,414

1954 800 NA NA 800 15 NA 15 576 NA NA R576 NA 1,391

1955 775 NA NA 775 15 NA 15 631 NA NA R631 NA 1,421

1956 739 NA NA 739 14 NA 14 661 NA NA R661 NA 1,414

1957 702 NA NA 702 13 NA 13 616 NA NA R616 NA 1,332

1958 688 NA NA 688 13 NA 13 620 NA NA R620 NA 1,321

1959 647 NA NA 647 12 NA 12 692 NA NA R692 NA 1,351

1960 627 NA NA 627 12 NA 12 680 NA NA R680 NA 1,318

1961 587 NA NA 587 11 NA 11 695 NA NA R695 NA 1,293

1962 560 NA NA 560 11 NA 11 728 NA NA R728 NA 1,299

1963 537 NA NA 537 10 NA 10 775 NA NA R775 NA 1,322

1964 499 NA NA 499 9 NA 9 827 NA NA R827 NA 1,335

1965 468 NA NA 468 9 NA 9 855 NA NA R855 NA 1,332

1966 455 NA NA 455 9 NA 9 902 NA NA R902 NA 1,366

1967 434 NA NA 434 8 NA 8 895 NA NA R895 NA 1,337

1968 426 NA NA 426 8 NA 8 982 NA NA R982 NA 1,416

1969 415 NA NA 415 8 NA 8 1,014 NA NA R1,014 NA 1,437

1970 401 NA NA 401 8 NA 8 1,019 NA NA R1,019 NA 1,427

1971 382 NA NA 382 7 NA 7 1,040 NA NA R1,040 NA 1,429

1972 380 NA NA 380 7 NA 7 1,113 NA NA R1,113 NA 1,500

1973 354 NA NA 354 7 NA 7 1,165 NA NA R1,165 NA 1,526

1974 371 NA NA 371 7 NA 7 1,159 NA NA R1,159 NA 1,537

1975 425 NA NA 425 8 NA 8 1,063 NA NA R1,063 NA 1,497

1976 482 NA NA 482 9 NA 9 1,220 NA NA R1,220 NA 1,711

1977 542 NA NA 542 10 NA 10 1,281 NA NA R1,281 NA 1,833

1978 622 NA NA 622 12 NA 12 1,400 NA NA R1,400 NA 2,034

1979 728 NA NA 728 14 NA 14 1,405 NA NA R1,405 NA 2,147

1980 R859 NA NA 859 21 NA 21 1,600 NA NA R1,600 NA 2,480

1981 869 NA NA 869 21 NA 21 1,602 87 NA R1,689 7 2,586

1982 937 NA NA 937 22 NA 22 1,516 118 NA R1,634 19 2,612

1983 925 NA NA 925 22 NA 22 1,690 155 NA R1,845 35 2,827

1984 923 NA NA 923 22 NA 22 1,679 204 NA R1,883 43 2,871

1985 899 NA NA 899 24 NA 24 1,645 230 NA R1,875 52 2,850

1986 876 NA NA 876 27 NA 27 1,610 256 NA R1,866 60 2,829

1987 852 NA NA 852 29 NA 29 1,576 282 NA R1,858 69 2,808

1988 885 NA NA 885 32 NA 32 1,625 308 NA R1,933 70 2,920

1989 918 R5 53 976 34 3 37 R1,394 250 R2 R1,646 71 2,729

1990 581 R6 56 642 37 3 40 R1,254 271 R2 R1,527 63 2,272

1991 613 R6 58 677 39 3 42 R1,190 275 R2 R1,467 73 2,259

1992 645 R6 60 711 42 3 45 R1,233 289 R2 R1,525 83 2,365

1993 548 R7 62 616 44 3 47 R1,255 288 R2 R1,546 97 2,307

1994 537 R6 64 607 45 4 49 R1,342 318 R3 R1,663 109 2,428

1995 596 R7 65 667 45 5 50 R1,402 322 R3 R1,727 117 2,561

1996 595 R7 66 668 49 5 54 R1,441 363 R3 R1,807 84 2,612

1997 433 R7 65 506 47 6 53 R1,513 338 R3 R1,854 106 2,518

1998 R387 R8 65 459 47 7 54 R1,564 312 R3 R1,879 117 2,509

1999 R414 R8 R64 486 R51 7 58 R1,711 291 R4 R2,007 122 2,673

2000E 433 9 62 503 52 8 60 1,702 287 4 1,993 139 2,695

1 Through 1988, includes industrial sector use of wood and waste to produce both useful thermal output

and electricity. From 1989, includes the portion of nonutility power producers’ use of renewable energy to

produce useful thermal output; excludes the portion used to produce electricity, which is included under

"Nonutility Power Producers" on Table 10.2b. 2 Wood only. 3 Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. 4 Solar thermal direct use energy. Includes small amounts of commercial sector use. 5 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and

utility poles.

6 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste

alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed

loop biomass, fish oil, and straw. 7 Ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: See end of section.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 265

Table 10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption by the Electric Power Sector, 1949-2000

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Electric Power Sector

Renewable

Energy

Consumption

Total

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers 1 Electricity Trade 2

Electric

Power

Sector

Total

Hydropower 3 Wood 4 Waste 5Geothermal 6 Solar 7 Wind 8 TotalHydropower 3 Wood 4 Waste 5Geothermal 6 Solar 7 Wind 8 Total

Hydropower 3 Geothermal

Imports

Total

Net

Imports Exports Imports

1949 1,349 6 NA 0 0 0 R1,355 76 NA NA NA NA NA 76 27 3 NA 24 1,454 2,998

1950 1,346 5 NA 0 0 0 R1,351 69 NA NA NA NA NA 69 27 2 NA 25 1,446 3,003

1951 1,361 5 NA 0 0 0 R1,366 63 NA NA NA NA NA 63 33 3 NA 30 1,459 2,988

1952 1,404 6 NA 0 0 0 R1,411 62 NA NA NA NA NA 62 33 3 NA 30 1,503 2,970

1953 1,356 5 NA 0 0 0 R1,361 57 NA NA NA NA NA 57 31 6 NA 26 1,444 2,857

1954 1,304 3 NA 0 0 0 R1,307 56 NA NA NA NA NA 56 33 4 NA 28 1,391 2,783

1955 1,322 3 NA 0 0 0 R1,325 38 NA NA NA NA NA 38 53 6 NA 48 1,411 2,832

1956 1,398 2 NA 0 0 0 R1,400 37 NA NA NA NA NA 37 59 7 NA 52 1,489 2,903

1957 1,480 2 NA 0 0 0 R1,482 36 NA NA NA NA NA 36 55 14 NA 41 1,559 2,890

1958 1,555 2 NA 0 0 0 R1,557 37 NA NA NA NA NA 37 45 8 NA 37 1,631 2,952

1959 1,511 2 NA 0 0 0 R1,513 37 NA NA NA NA NA 37 48 9 NA 39 1,589 2,940

1960 1,569 2 NA 1 0 NA R1,571 39 NA NA NA NA NA 39 57 8 NA 49 1,659 2,977

1961 1,621 1 NA 2 0 NA R1,624 36 NA NA NA NA NA 36 34 10 NA 24 1,684 2,977

1962 1,780 1 NA 2 0 NA R1,784 36 NA NA NA NA NA 36 23 18 NA 6 1,825 3,124

1963 1,737 1 NA 4 0 NA R1,743 34 NA NA NA NA NA 34 22 21 NA 1 1,777 3,099

1964 1,853 2 NA 5 0 NA R1,859 34 NA NA NA NA NA 34 65 44 NA 20 1,913 3,248

1965 2,026 3 NA 4 0 NA R2,033 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 37 39 NA -1 2,065 3,397

1966 2,028 3 NA 4 0 NA R2,036 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 44 33 NA 11 2,081 3,446

1967 2,311 3 NA 7 0 NA R2,321 36 NA NA NA NA NA 36 42 45 NA -3 2,354 3,691

1968 2,313 4 NA 9 0 NA R2,327 35 NA NA NA NA NA 35 38 45 NA -7 2,355 3,771

1969 2,614 3 NA 13 0 NA R2,630 34 NA NA NA NA NA 34 51 40 NA 11 2,676 4,113

1970 2,600 1 2 11 0 NA R2,615 34 NA NA NA NA NA 34 65 44 NA 21 2,669 R4,096

1971 2,790 1 2 12 0 NA R2,806 34 NA NA NA NA NA 34 74 37 NA 37 2,876 R4,305

1972 2,829 1 2 31 0 NA R2,864 34 NA NA NA NA NA 34 109 29 NA 80 2,979 R4,478

1973 2,827 1 2 43 0 NA R2,873 35 NA NA NA NA NA 35 175 27 NA 148 3,056 R4,581

1974 3,143 1 2 53 0 NA R3,199 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 161 28 NA 133 3,365 R4,902

1975 3,122 (s) 2 70 0 NA R3,194 32 NA NA NA NA NA 32 117 53 NA 64 3,291 R4,788

1976 2,943 1 2 78 0 NA R3,024 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 114 25 NA 89 3,146 R4,857

1977 2,301 3 2 77 0 NA R2,383 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 210 29 NA 182 2,597 R4,431

1978 2,905 2 1 64 0 NA R2,973 32 NA NA NA NA NA 32 220 15 NA 204 3,209 R5,243

1979 2,897 3 2 84 0 NA R2,986 34 NA NA NA NA NA 34 233 23 NA 211 3,230 R5,377

1980 2,867 3 2 110 0 NA R2,982 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 260 43 NA 217 3,232 R5,712

1981 2,725 3 1 123 0 NA R2,852 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 379 32 NA 347 3,232 5,818

1982 3,233 2 1 105 0 NA R3,341 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 343 37 NA 306 3,680 6,292

1983 3,494 2 2 129 0 (s) R3,627 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 407 35 NA 372 4,032 6,860

1984 3,353 5 4 165 (s) (s) R3,527 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 441 27 NA 414 3,974 6,845

1985 2,937 8 7 198 (s) (s) R3,150 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 479 52 NA 428 3,611 R6,460

1986 3,038 5 7 219 (s) (s) R3,270 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 425 50 NA 375 3,678 R6,507

1987 2,602 8 7 229 (s) (s) R2,846 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 544 61 NA 483 3,362 R6,170

1988 2,302 10 8 217 (s) (s) R2,536 33 NA NA NA NA NA 33 401 73 NA 328 2,897 R5,817

1989 2,765 10 10 197 (s) (s) R2,983 90 279 94 117 6 24 609 200 R40 11 171 3,763 R6,492

1990 2,948 8 13 181 (s) (s) R3,151 100 308 124 152 7 32 722 R99 (s) 11 110 3,982 R6,254

1991 2,923 8 14 170 (s) (s) R3,114 99 338 151 167 8 32 794 R138 (s) 15 153 4,061 R6,320

1992 2,521 8 13 169 (s) (s) R2,712 97 360 171 174 7 30 838 R201 (s) 19 219 3,769 R6,134

1993 2,774 9 11 158 (s) (s) R2,953 117 370 180 198 9 31 905 R238 R11 18 246 4,104 R6,410

1994 2,549 8 13 145 (s) (s) R2,714 135 382 184 205 8 36 951 R309 (s) R27 337 4,002 R6,429

1995 3,056 7 10 99 (s) (s) R3,173 151 369 199 201 8 33 960 R291 R17 19 293 4,426 R6,986

1996 3,423 8 12 110 (s) (s) R3,553 169 372 202 207 9 35 994 R306 R7 14 313 4,861 R7,473

1997 3,535 8 13 115 (s) (s) R3,670 183 347 200 191 9 33 963 R281 R37 (s) 244 4,877 R7,395

1998 3,195 7 14 109 (s) (s) R3,325 150 321 207 201 9 31 918 269 R46 1 225 4,468 R6,977

1999 R3,103 7 R14 36 (s) (s) R3,159 202 382 230 318 9 46 1,186 R280 R73 1 208 4,554 R7,226

2000E 2,616 7 13 3 (s) (s) 2,640 225 401 240 295 9 51 1,221 325 59 0 266 4,128 6,823

1 Includes the portion of nonutility power producers’ use of renewable energy to produce electricity;

excludes the portion used to produce useful thermal output, which is included under "Industrial" on Table

10.2a. 2 Through 1988, all electricity imports and exports are included under "Hydropower." From 1989,

includes only electricity imports and exports derived from hydroelectric power or geothermal energy. 3 Conventional hydroelectric power only. 4 Wood, wood waste, black liquor, red liquor, spent sulfite liquor, wood sludge, peat, railroad ties, and

utility poles. 5 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste

alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed

loop biomass, fish oil, and straw. 6 Geothermal electricity generation. 7 Solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity generation. 8 Includes only grid-connected wind electricity generation.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: See end of section.
266 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 10.3 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade

1 Nominal dollars.

2 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 

180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees 

Fahrenheit.

3 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

Price of Total Shipments, 1986-1999

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

4

8

12

Dollars1 per Square Foot 

Number of U.S. Manufacturers, 1974-1984 and 1986-1999

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0

100

200

300

Number

Trade, 1978-1984 and 1986-1999

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

Million Square Feet

Average Annual Shipments per Manufacturer, 1974-1984 

and 1986-1999

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Thousand Square Feet

Imports

Exports

Medium-Temperature

Collectors2

Low-Temperature

Collectors3

Medium-Temperature

Collectors2

Low-Temperature

Collectors3

Notes: • Data were not collected for 1985. • Medium-temperature collectors include 

special collectors. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.3.

Total Shipments, 1974-1984 and 1986-1999

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

0

5

10

15

20

25

Million Square Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 267

Table 10.3 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1974-1999

 (Thousand Square Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

Low-Temperature Collectors 1 Medium-Temperature Collectors 2 High-Temperature Collectors 3 Total Shipments 4

Imports Exports

Number

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

Shipments

per

Manufacturer

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

Number

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

Shipments

per

Manufacturer

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

Quantity

Shipped

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

Quantity

Shipped

Price 5

(dollars per

square foot)

1974 6 1,137 189.5 NA 39 137 3.5 NA NA NA 1,274 NA NA NA

1975 13 3,026 232.8 NA 118 717 6.1 NA NA NA 3,743 NA NA NA

1976 19 3,876 204.0 NA 203 1,925 9.5 NA NA NA 5,801 NA NA NA

1977 52 4,743 91.2 NA 297 5,569 18.8 NA NA NA 10,312 NA NA NA

1978 69 5,872 85.1 NA 204 4,988 24.5 NA NA NA 10,860 NA 396 840

1979 84 8,394 100.0 NA 257 5,856 22.8 NA NA NA 14,251 NA 290 855

1980 79 12,233 154.8 NA 250 7,165 28.7 NA NA NA 19,398 NA 235 1,115

1981 75 8,677 115.7 NA 263 11,456 43.6 NA NA NA 21,133 NA 196 771

1982 61 7,476 122.6 NA 248 11,145 44.9 NA NA NA 18,621 NA 418 455

1983 55 4,853 88.2 NA 179 11,975 66.9 NA NA NA 16,828 NA 511 159

1984 48 4,479 93.3 NA 206 11,939 58.0 NA 773 NA 17,191 NA 621 348

1985 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

1986 22 3,751 170.5 2.30 87 1,111 12.8 18.30 4,498 NA 9,360 6.14 473 224

1987 12 3,157 263.1 2.18 50 957 19.1 13.50 3,155 NA 7,269 4.82 691 182

1988 8 3,326 415.8 2.24 45 732 16.2 14.88 4,116 NA 8,174 4.56 814 158

1989 10 4,283 428.3 2.60 36 1,989 55.3 11.74 5,209 17.76 11,482 10.92 1,233 461

1990 12 3,645 303.8 2.90 41 2,527 61.6 7.68 5,237 15.74 11,409 9.86 1,562 245

1991 16 5,585 349.0 2.90 41 989 24.1 11.94 1 31.94 6,574 4.26 1,543 332

1992 16 6,187 386.7 2.50 34 897 26.4 10.96 2 75.66 7,086 3.58 1,650 316

1993 13 6,025 463.5 2.80 33 931 28.2 11.74 12 22.12 6,968 3.96 2,039 411

1994 16 6,823 426.0 2.54 31 803 26.0 13.54 2 177.00 7,627 3.74 1,815 405

1995 14 6,813 487.0 2.32 26 840 32.0 10.48 13 53.26 7,666 3.30 2,037 530

1996 14 6,821 487.0 2.67 19 785 41.0 14.48 10 18.75 7,616 3.91 1,930 454

1997 13 7,524 579.0 2.60 21 606 29.0 15.17 7 25.00 8,138 3.56 2,102 379

1998 12 7,292 607.0 2.83 19 443 23.0 15.17 21 53.21 7,756 3.66 2,206 360

1999 13 8,152 627.0 2.08 20 427 21.0 19.12 4 286.49 8,583 3.05 2,352 537

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperature

range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low

as 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors are

evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature range

from just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degrees

Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above

180 degrees Fahrenheit. 4 Total shipments as reported by respondents include all domestic and export shipments and may

include imports that subsequently were shipped to domestic or to foreign customers. 5 Prices, in nominal dollars, equal shipment value divided by quantity shipped. Value includes charges

for advertising and warranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cost of freight or transportation for the

shipments.

NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Manufacturers producing more than one type of collector are accounted for in both groups.

• No data are available for 1985. • High-temperature collector shipments were dominated by one

manufacturer.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1974-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity,

annual reports. • 1993 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual, annual reports.
268 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

2 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 

180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million square feet.

Source: Table 10.4.

Figure 10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1999

End Use by Type

Pool Heating Water Heating

0

2

4

6

8

10

8.1

0.0 0 0.4

Million Square Feet

Market Sector

Residential Commercial All Other

0

2

4

6

8

10

7.8

0.8

0

Million Square Feet

Type of Collector

Low- All Other

0

2

4

6

8

10

8.2

0.4

Million Square Feet

End Use

Pool Water All Other

0

2

4

6

8

10

8.1

0.4 0.1

Million Square Feet

Heating Heating Temperature

Residential and Commercial Sectors by Type

Residential Commercial

0

2

4

6

8

10

7.4

0.7 0.4 0.1

Million Square Feet

Low-Temperature Collectors1

Medium-Temperature Collectors2

Low-Temperature Collectors1

Medium-Temperature Collectors2

 (s)

 (s)
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 269

Table 10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1999

 (Thousand Square Feet)

End Use

Low-Temperature

Collectors 1

Medium-Temperature

Collectors 2

High-Temperature

Collectors 3 Total

End-Use Total ..................................................... 8,152 427 4 4 8,583

 Pool Heating ....................................................... 8,129 12 0 8,141

 Water Heating ..................................................... 0 373 0 373

 Space Heating .................................................... 18 24 0 42

 Space Cooling .................................................... 0 0 0 0

 Combined Space and Water Heating ................. 0 16 (s) 16

 Process Heating ................................................. 5 0 0 5

 Electricity Generation ......................................... 0 0 4 4 4

 Other 5 ................................................................ (s) 2 0 2

Market Sector Total ............................................ 8,152 427 4 4 8,583

 Residential .......................................................... 7,408 366 0 7,774

 Commercial ........................................................ 726 59 0 785

 Industrial ............................................................. 18 0 0 18

 Electric Utility ...................................................... 0 (s) 4 4 4

 Other 6 ................................................................ 0 2 0 2

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperature

range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low

as 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors are

evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature range

from just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degrees

Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above

180 degrees Fahrenheit. These are Parabolic dish/trough collectors used primarily by independent power

producers to generate electricity for the electric grid.

4 Totals include other types of collectors not shown. 5 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors for other uses, such as cooking foods, water

pumping, water purification, desalinization, distilling, etc. 6 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors to other sectors, such as government, including

the military but excluding space applications.

(s)=Less than 0.5 thousand square feet. 

Notes: • Data represent shipments from U.S. manufacturers only. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Renewable Energy Annual 2000 (March 2001), Table 19.
270 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 10.5.

Figure 10.5 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade

Trade, 1983-1999

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Thousand Peak Kilowatts

Exports

Imports

 1999: 

 77 thousand

peak kilowatts

Number of U.S. Companies Reporting Shipments, 1982-1999

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

19 18

23

15

17 17

14

17

19

23

21

19

22

24 25

21 21

19

Number

Total Shipments, 1982-1999

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

20

40

60

80

Thousand Peak Kilowatts
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 271

Table 10.5 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1982-1999

Year

Number of

U.S. Companies

Reporting Shipments

Shipments

Imports Exports

Prices 1

Crystalline

Silicon

Thin-Film

Silicon Total 2 Modules Cells

Peak Kilowatts Dollars per Peak Watt

1982 19 NA NA 6,897 NA NA NA NA

1983 18 NA NA 12,620 NA 1,903 NA NA

1984 23 NA NA 9,912 NA 2,153 NA NA

1985 15 5,461 303 5,769 285 1,670 NA NA

1986 17 5,806 516 6,333 678 3,109 NA NA

1987 17 5,613 1,230 6,850 921 3,821 NA NA

1988 14 7,364 1,895 9,676 1,453 5,358 NA NA

1989 17 10,747 1,628 12,825 826 7,363 5.14 3.08

1990 319 12,492 1,321 313,837 1,398 7,544 5.69 3.84

1991 23 14,205 723 14,939 2,059 8,905 6.12 4.08

1992 21 14,457 1,075 15,583 1,602 9,823 6.11 3.21

1993 19 20,146 782 20,951 1,767 14,814 5.24 5.23

1994 22 24,785 1,061 26,077 1,960 17,714 4.46 2.97

1995 24 29,740 1,266 31,059 1,337 19,871 4.56 2.53

1996 25 33,996 1,445 35,464 1,864 22,448 4.09 2.80

1997 21 44,314 1,886 46,354 1,853 33,793 4.16 2.78

1998 21 47,186 3,318 50,562 1,931 35,493 3.94 3.15

1999 19 73,461 3,269 76,787 4,784 55,562 3.62 2.32

1 Prices, in nominal dollars, equal shipment value divided by quantity shipped. Value includes charges

for advertising and warranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cost of freight or transportation for the

shipments. 2 Total shipments include all types of photovoltaic cells and modules (single-crystal silicon, cast silicon,

ribbon silicon, thin-film silicon, and concentrator silicon) and internationally traded cells and modules. 

Shipments of cells and modules for space and satellite applications are not included.

3 Data were imputed for one nonrespondent who exited the industry during 1990.

NA=Not available. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1982-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity,

annual reports. • 1993 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual, annual reports.
272 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

 1 Units designed for installations that are not grid-interactive.

 2 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling. 

3 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.

Source: Table 10.6.

Figure 10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1999

By End Use

Grid-Interactive Original Communications Remote Electric Transportation Water Consumer Health Other

0

5

10

15

20 24.8

12.4 12.1

10.8

8.5

4.1

2.3 1.5

0.3

Thousand Peak Kilowatts

Equipment

Manufacturers

Electric Generation Generation1

By Market Sector

Residential Commercial Government Industrial Transportation Electric Utility Other

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

19.8

17.3

3.1

25.0

4.3

5.9

1.4

Thousand Peak Kilowatts

Pumping Goods
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 273

Table 10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1989-1999

Year

End Use Market Sector

Total

CommunicationsConsumer

Goods

Electric

Generation 1

Health

Original

Equipment

Manufacturers 2

TransportationWater

Pumping Other 3

ResidentialCommercialGovernmentIndustrialTransportationElectric

Utility Other 4

GridInteractive Remote 

Amount Shipped

(peak kilowatts)

1989 2,590 2,788 1,251 2,620 5 1,595 1,196 711 69 1,439 3,850 1,077 3,993 1,130 785 551 12,825

1990 4,340 2,484 469 3,097 5 1,119 1,069 1,014 240 1,701 6,086 1,002 2,817 974 826 432 13,837

1991 3,538 3,312 856 3,594 61 1,315 1,523 729 13 3,624 3,345 815 3,947 1,555 1,275 377 14,939

1992 3,717 2,566 1,227 4,238 67 828 1,602 809 530 4,154 2,386 1,063 4,279 1,673 1,553 477 15,583

1993 3,846 946 1,096 5,761 674 2,023 4,238 2,294 74 5,237 4,115 1,325 5,352 2,564 1,503 856 20,951

1994 5,570 3,239 2,296 9,253 79 1,849 2,128 1,410 254 6,632 5,429 2,114 6,855 2,174 2,364 510 26,077

1995 5,154 1,025 4,585 8,233 776 3,188 4,203 2,727 1,170 6,272 8,100 2,000 7,198 2,383 3,759 1,347 31,059

1996 6,041 1,063 4,844 10,884 977 2,410 5,196 3,261 789 8,475 5,176 3,126 8,300 3,995 4,753 1,639 35,464

1997 7,383 347 8,273 8,630 1,303 5,245 6,705 3,783 4,684 10,993 8,111 3,909 11,748 3,574 5,651 2,367 46,354

1998 8,280 1,198 14,193 8,634 1,061 5,044 6,356 4,306 1,491 15,936 8,460 2,808 13,232 3,440 3,965 2,720 50,562

1999 12,147 2,292 24,782 10,829 1,466 12,400 8,486 4,063 322 19,817 17,283 3,107 24,972 4,341 5,876 1,392 76,787

Percent of Total

1989 20.2 21.7 9.8 20.4 (s) 12.4 9.3 5.5 0.5 11.2 30.0 8.4 31.1 8.8 6.1 4.3 100.0

1990 31.4 18.0 3.4 22.4 (s) 8.1 7.7 7.3 1.7 12.3 44.0 7.2 20.4 7.0 6.0 3.1 100.0

1991 23.7 22.2 5.7 24.1 0.4 8.8 10.2 4.9 0.1 24.3 22.4 5.5 26.4 10.4 8.5 2.5 100.0

1992 23.9 16.5 7.9 27.2 0.4 5.3 10.3 5.2 3.4 26.7 15.3 6.8 27.5 10.7 10.0 3.1 100.0

1993 18.4 4.5 5.2 27.5 3.2 9.7 20.2 10.9 0.4 25.0 19.6 6.3 25.5 12.2 7.2 4.1 100.0

1994 21.4 12.4 8.8 35.5 0.3 7.1 8.2 5.4 1.0 25.4 20.8 8.1 26.3 8.3 9.1 2.0 100.0

1995 16.6 3.3 14.8 26.5 2.5 10.3 13.5 8.8 3.8 20.2 26.1 6.4 23.2 7.7 12.1 4.3 100.0

1996 17.0 3.0 13.7 30.7 2.8 6.8 14.7 9.2 2.2 23.9 14.6 8.8 23.4 11.3 13.4 4.6 100.0

1997 15.9 0.7 17.8 18.6 2.8 11.3 14.5 8.2 10.1 23.7 17.5 8.4 25.3 7.7 12.2 5.1 100.0

1998 16.4 2.4 28.1 17.1 2.1 10.0 12.6 8.5 2.9 31.5 16.7 5.6 26.2 6.8 7.8 5.4 100.0

1999 15.8 3.0 32.3 14.1 1.9 16.1 11.1 5.3 0.4 25.8 22.5 4.0 32.5 5.7 7.7 1.8 100.0

1 Grid-interactive means connection to the electrical distribution system; remote means electricity, for

general use, that does not interact with the electrical distribution system, such as at an isolated residential

site or mobile home. The other end uses in this table also include electricity generation but only for the

specific use cited. 2 Original Equipment Manufacturers are non-photovoltaic manufacturers that combine photovoltaic

technology into existing or newly developed product lines. 3 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling.

4 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.

(s)=Less than 0.05 percent. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.

Sources: • 1989-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity,

annual reports. • 1993 forward—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual, annual reports.
274 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

 Liquefied natural gas.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.7.

Figure 10.7 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type

Fuel Consumption by Type, 2000

LPG CNG LNG Ethanol3 Electricity Methanol

0

50

100

150

200

250 243

98

Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons

7 3 2 1

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

2 Compressed natural gas.

3 Ethanol, 85 percent and ethanol, 95 percent.

 Methanol, 85 percent, and methanol, neat.

 

4

4 5 

5

5

Fuel Consumption, 1992-2000

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

100

200

300

400

230

293 281 277 296 313 325 339 354

Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons

4

Vehicles in Use, 1992-2000

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

251

315 324 333 352 368 384 407

432

Thousand Vehicles

Vehicles in Use by Fuel Type, 2000

LPG1 CNG 2 Ethanol 3 Methanol Electricity LNG 

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280 268

101

35

19 9 2

Thousand Vehicles
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 275

Table 10.7 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles and Fuel Consumption by Type, 1992-2000

Year

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases 1

Compressed

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Natural

Gas

Methanol,

85 Percent 2

Methanol,

Neat

Ethanol,

85 Percent 2

Ethanol,

95 Percent 2 Electricity Total

Estimated Number of Vehicles in Use

1992 221,000 23,191 90 4,850 404 172 38 1,607 251,352

1993 269,000 32,714 299 10,263 414 441 27 1,690 314,848

1994 264,000 41,227 484 15,484 415 605 33 2,224 324,472

1995 259,000 50,218 603 18,319 386 1,527 136 2,860 333,049

1996 263,000 60,144 663 20,265 172 4,536 361 3,280 352,421

1997 263,000 68,571 813 21,040 172 9,130 347 4,453 367,526

1998 266,000 78,782 1,172 19,648 200 12,788 14 5,243 383,847

1999 R267,000 R89,556 R1,681 R18,964 R198 R22,464 14 R6,964 R406,841

2000P 268,000 100,530 1,900 18,365 195 34,680 13 8,661 432,344

Estimated Fuel Consumption

(Thousand Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons)

1992 208,142 16,823 585 1,069 2,547 21 85 359 229,631

1993 264,655 21,603 1,901 1,593 3,166 48 80 288 293,334

1994 248,467 24,160 2,345 2,340 3,190 80 140 430 281,152

1995 232,701 35,162 2,759 2,023 2,150 190 995 663 276,643

1996 239,158 46,923 3,247 1,775 347 694 2,699 773 295,616

1997 238,356 65,192 3,714 1,554 347 1,280 1,136 1,010 312,589

1998 241,583 73,251 5,343 1,212 449 1,727 59 1,202 324,826

1999 R242,141 R86,286 R5,828 R1,073 R447 R2,075 59 R1,431 R339,340

2000P 242,695 97,568 6,847 996 437 3,344 54 1,819 353,760

1 Vehicles in use represent lower bound estimates, rounded to the nearest thousand. 2 Remaining portion is motor gasoline.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelalternate.html.
Renewable Energy

Table 10.2a Sources

Wood, Residential: • 1949-1979—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2. • 1980-1983—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption

1980-1983, Table ES1. • 1984—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 1. • 1985 and 1986—Values interpolated. • 1987—EIA,

Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987, Table 2.

• 1988—Value interpolated. • 1989—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 1. • 1990-1993—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1995, Table

6. • 1994-1997—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1999, Table 6. • 1998 and

1999—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2000, Table 6, 2000—EIA, Office of

Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels (CNEAF), estimates. Wood, Commercial: • 1949-1979—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption

from 1949 to 1981, Table A2. • 1980-1983—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood

Energy Consumption 1980-1983, Table ES1. • 1984—EIA, CNEAF, estimate. • 1985-1992—Values interpolated. • 1993—EIA, Renewable Energy

Annual 1995, Table 6. • 1994-1996—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual

1999, Table 6. • 1997—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2000, Table 6,

1998-2000—EIA, CNEAF, estimates. Wood, Industrial: • 1949-1979—EIA,

Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2.

• 1980-1983— EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption

1980-1983, Table ES1. • 1984—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 1. • 1985 and 1986—Values interpolated. • 1987—EIA,

Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987, Table

2. • 1988—Value interpolated. • 1989—American Paper Institute, Fact

Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July

1991), total pulp and paper industry wood consumption, minus

nonutility power producers’ use of wood to produce electricity (see Table

10.2b). • 1990-1993—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1995, Table 6, total

industrial wood consumption, minus nonutility power producers’ use of

wood to produce electricity (see Table 10.2b). • 1994-1997—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1999, Table 6, total industrial wood consumption, minus nonutility power producers’ use of wood to produce electricity (see

Table 10.2b). • 1998-2000—EIA, CNEAF, estimates for total industrial

wood consumption, minus nonutility power producers’ use of wood to produce electricity (see Table 10.2b). Waste, Industrial: • 1981—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8, total waste

consumption, minus electric utilities’ use of waste to produce electricity

(see Table 10.2b). • 1982 and 1983—EIA, CNEAF, estimates for total

waste consumption, minus electric utilities’ use of waste to produce electricity (see Table 10.2b). • 1984—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8, total waste consumption, minus electric utilities’ use of

waste to produce electricity (see Table 10.2b). • 1985 and 1986—Values interpolated. • 1987—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990,

Table 8, total waste consumption, minus electric utilities’ use of waste to

produce electricity (see Table 10.2b). • 1988—Value interpolated. •

1989-2000—EIA, CNEAF, estimates for total waste consumption, minus

electric utilities’ and nonutility power producers’ use of waste to produce

electricity (see Table 10.2b). Alcohol Fuels: • 1981— EIA, Estimates

of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 10. • 1982 and 1983—EIA,

CNEAF, estimates. • 1984—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption

1990, Table 10. • 1985 and 1986—Values interpolated. • 1987—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 10. • 1988—Value interpolated. • 1989—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 10. •

1990-1992—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1995, Table 6. • 1993-2000 EIA,

Petroleum Supply Monthly, Tables 2 an 28, and Table A1. Geothermal: •

1989-1999—John Lund, Oregon Institute of Technology Geoheat Center, unpublished data. Solar: • 1989-1991—EIA, CNEAF, estimates. • 1992 and

1993—EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1997, Table 2. • 1994-1998—EIA,

Renewable Energy Annual 1999, Table 2. • 1999—EIA, Renewable

Energy Annual 2000, Table 2, 2000—EIA, CNEAF, estimate.

Table 10.2b Sources

Electric Utilities: • 1949-2000—Tables 8.3 and A6. Nonutility Power

Producers, Hydropower: • 1949-1978—Federal Power Commission (FPC),

Form FPC-4, “Monthly Power Plant Report,” for plants with generating capacity exceeding 10 megawatts, and FPC, Form FPC-12C, “Industrial Electric

Generating Capacity,” for all other plants; and Table A6. • 1979—FPC, Form

FPC-4, “Monthly Power Plant Report,” for plants with generating capacity

exceeding 10 megawatts, and EIA estimates for all other plants; and Table

A6. • 1980-1988—Estimated by EIA as the average generation over the

6-year period of 1974-1979; and Table A6. • 1989-2000—Tables 8.4 and

A6. Nonutility Power Producers, All Other Fuels: • 1989-2000—Tables 8.4 and A6. Electricity Trade: • 1949-1988—Tables 8.1 and A6.

• 1989-2000Trade data from National Energy Board of Canada, the California Energy Commission, analysis by EIA, CNEAF, and Table A6.

276 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Drilling rig, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.

International Energy

11
278 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.1.

Figure 11.1 World Primary Energy Production

Top Producing Countries, 1999

United States Russia China Saudi Arabia Canada United Kingdom Iran Norway India Mexico Australia Venezuela

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

72.0

41.5

30.9

19.6 17.7

12.0 9.8 9.5 9.2 9.0 8.8 8.7

Quadrillion Btu

World Areas, 1990-1999

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

25

50

75

100

125

Quadrillion Btu

World and Leading Producers, 1990-1999

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100

200

300

400

Quadrillion Btu

Former

 U.S.S.R.

China

North, Central, and South America

Far East and Oceania

Western Europe

Middle East

Africa

Russia

United States

World

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 279

Table 11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1990-1999

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Region and Country 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999P

North, Central, and South America .......... R108.69 R110.12 R110.54 R110.81 R115.24 R117.46 R121.24 R123.54 R124.72 123.63

 Brazil ........................................................... 3.79 3.94 4.01 R4.15 R4.31 R4.51 R4.87 R5.14 R5.56 6.11

 Canada ....................................................... R13.40 13.94 14.48 15.40 R16.36 16.85 R17.31 R17.63 R17.58 17.71

 Mexico ........................................................ 7.71 8.01 8.01 8.11 8.10 8.04 8.74 R9.07 R9.31 9.03

 United States .............................................. R70.83 R70.53 R70.07 R68.38 R70.85 R71.30 R72.60 R72.55 R72.91 71.98

 Venezuela ................................................... 6.31 6.96 6.96 7.27 7.70 8.08 8.64 R9.51 R9.41 8.69

 Other ........................................................... R6.64 R6.73 R7.01 R7.50 R7.91 R8.67 R9.08 R9.64 R9.95 10.11

Western Europe .......................................... R38.46 R38.49 R38.90 39.52 R40.55 R41.66 R44.04 R44.10 R43.93 44.22

 France ........................................................ R4.27 4.47 4.63 R4.84 4.87 R4.97 5.04 R4.91 R4.80 4.94

 Germany 1 .................................................. 7.57 6.35 6.17 5.84 5.71 R5.58 R5.49 R5.56 R5.26 5.34

 Netherlands ................................................ 2.63 2.95 2.93 2.98 2.91 2.91 3.25 2.89 2.78 2.61

 Norway ....................................................... 5.94 6.23 7.09 7.28 7.65 R8.36 9.29 R9.61 R9.37 9.55

 United Kingdom .......................................... 8.96 9.26 9.07 9.40 R10.19 10.76 11.58 R11.35 R11.64 12.01

 Other ........................................................... 9.10 9.24 9.02 9.17 9.22 R9.07 9.39 R9.77 R10.08 9.77

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R81.89 R75.48 R71.37 R66.49 R61.38 R60.09 R60.02 R58.78 R57.81 58.98

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — — R3.77 R3.39 R2.57 R2.28 R2.36 R2.44 R2.24 2.33

 Poland ........................................................ 3.88 3.74 3.68 3.70 3.75 3.60 R3.25 R3.86 R3.37 3.26

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 72.11 66.43 — — — — — — — —

 Russia ......................................................... — — 48.96 45.51 R42.85 R41.86 R42.00 R40.64 R40.66 41.54

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — R4.38 R4.00 R3.50 R3.71 R3.43 R3.40 R3.37 3.50

 Other ........................................................... R5.90 R5.31 R10.58 R9.89 R8.70 R8.65 R8.98 R8.44 R8.18 8.35

Middle East .................................................. 41.02 40.31 43.57 45.76 46.94 47.97 49.03 R51.33 R54.49 53.13

 Iran ............................................................. 7.67 8.27 8.53 8.83 9.16 9.35 R9.65 9.84 9.89 9.84

 Iraq ............................................................. 4.54 0.69 1.02 1.21 1.33 1.35 1.39 2.60 4.71 5.48

 Kuwait ......................................................... 2.83 0.43 2.44 4.28 4.73 4.81 4.94 4.85 R5.02 4.58

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 15.92 19.75 20.39 20.11 20.00 20.25 20.39 20.82 21.00 19.64

 United Arab Emirates ................................. 5.51 6.24 6.11 5.78 5.84 6.14 6.34 6.50 6.61 6.25

 Other ........................................................... 4.55 4.94 5.08 5.54 5.88 6.06 6.32 R6.72 R7.27 7.35

Africa ........................................................... 21.63 R22.61 22.96 22.81 22.98 24.18 R24.74 R26.23 R26.40 26.83

 Algeria ........................................................ 4.73 5.04 5.06 4.87 4.79 5.13 5.28 5.63 5.75 6.06

 Libya ........................................................... 3.18 3.43 3.34 3.17 3.21 3.23 3.28 3.39 3.26 3.10

 Nigeria ........................................................ 4.07 4.30 4.43 4.45 4.37 4.53 4.57 4.85 R4.91 4.92

 South Africa ................................................ 4.05 4.12 4.26 4.41 4.61 4.85 4.86 R5.48 R5.54 5.54

 Other ........................................................... 5.60 R5.72 5.88 5.91 6.01 6.44 R6.76 R6.88 R6.93 7.21

Far East and Oceania ................................. R59.33 R60.99 R62.55 R65.45 R68.72 R73.36 R74.31 R77.14 R75.87 72.96

 Australia ...................................................... 6.14 6.29 6.59 6.63 R6.93 7.45 R7.59 R8.35 R8.63 8.78

 China .......................................................... 29.38 29.68 30.33 31.85 34.07 35.44 35.48 R36.75 R34.62 30.87

 India ............................................................ 6.57 6.86 7.17 7.37 R7.63 R9.01 R8.83 R9.05 R9.03 9.17

 Indonesia .................................................... R5.27 R5.85 R5.99 6.29 6.63 6.98 7.43 R7.44 R7.51 7.63

 Japan .......................................................... 3.44 3.61 3.54 3.90 3.81 4.19 4.29 4.55 R4.66 4.53

 Other ........................................................... R8.52 R8.70 R8.93 R9.41 R9.64 R10.29 R10.69 R11.01 R11.42 11.98

World .......................................................... R351.03 R348.01 R349.89 R350.84 R355.80 R364.72 R373.39 R381.13 R383.21 379.75

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • World primary energy production includes production of crude

oil (including lease condensate), natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, and coal; and net electricity

generation from hydroelectric power, nuclear electric power, geothermal, wood, waste, solar, and wind. 

Data for the United States also include renewable energy used for other than electricity generation.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Table 1.2. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1999 (February 2001), Table F1, and the International Energy Database.
280 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source

 • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 11.2.

By Source, 1999

Crude Oil Natural Coal Hydro- Nuclear Geothermal

0

40

80

120

160 150

87 85

27 25

6

Quadrillion Btu

By Source, 1970-1999

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

40

80

120

160

Quadrillion Btu

Total and Crude Oil and NGPL, 1970-1999

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

100

200

300

400

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Crude Oil and NGPL

Crude Oil and NGPL

Coal

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power, Geothermal, and Other1

Nuclear Power

and NGPL electric 

Power

Gas and Other1

1Net electricity generation from wood, waste, solar, and wind. Data for the United States 

also include other renewable energy.

Notes: • Crude oil includes lease condensate. • NGPL is natural gas plant liquids. 

Electric 

Power
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 281

Table 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1970-1999

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Crude Oil 2

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Nuclear Electric

Power 3

Hydroelectric

Power 3

Geothermal 3

and Other 4 Total

1970 62.96 37.09 97.09 3.61 0.90 12.15 1.59 215.39

1971 61.72 39.80 102.70 3.85 1.23 12.74 1.61 223.64

1972 63.65 42.08 108.52 4.09 1.66 13.31 1.68 234.99

1973 63.87 44.44 117.88 4.23 2.15 13.52 1.73 R247.83

1974 63.79 45.35 117.82 4.22 2.86 14.84 R1.76 250.64

1975 66.20 45.67 113.08 4.12 3.85 15.03 1.74 249.69

1976 67.32 47.62 122.92 4.24 4.52 15.08 1.97 263.67

1977 68.46 48.85 127.75 4.40 5.41 15.56 R2.11 272.54

1978 69.56 50.26 128.51 4.55 6.42 16.80 2.32 278.41

1979 73.83 53.93 133.87 4.87 6.69 17.69 2.48 293.36

1980 R72.72 54.73 128.12 5.10 7.58 18.06 2.95 R289.26

1981 R73.04 55.56 120.16 5.36 8.53 18.35 3.09 R284.09

1982 R75.64 55.49 114.51 5.34 9.51 18.83 3.24 R282.56

1983 R75.70 R56.12 113.97 5.34 10.72 19.73 3.51 R285.10

1984 R79.86 61.78 116.86 5.71 12.99 20.35 3.64 R301.19

1985 R83.64 64.22 115.40 5.82 15.37 20.57 3.67 R308.68

1986 R85.76 65.32 120.24 6.12 16.34 21.03 R3.73 R318.55

1987 R87.56 R68.48 121.16 6.32 17.80 21.10 R3.79 R326.21

1988 R89.22 R71.80 125.93 6.63 19.30 21.90 3.94 R338.73

1989 R90.61 74.24 127.98 6.67 19.82 21.76 R4.30 R345.38

1990 R91.87 75.91 129.50 6.85 20.37 22.57 R3.96 R351.03

1991 R87.11 76.68 128.77 7.13 21.29 R22.99 R4.04 R348.01

1992 R87.87 R76.89 129.13 7.38 21.36 R22.94 R4.33 R349.89

1993 R85.19 R78.40 128.86 7.67 22.07 R24.30 R4.37 R350.84

1994 R86.76 79.16 130.46 7.84 22.50 R24.48 R4.60 R355.80

1995 R89.24 80.23 133.32 8.14 R23.31 R25.71 R4.76 R364.72

1996 R89.24 R84.06 136.64 8.30 R24.13 R26.10 R4.93 R373.39

1997 R92.51 R84.01 140.52 8.49 R23.90 R26.73 R4.95 R381.13

1998 R89.58 R85.56 R143.15 R8.74 R24.41 R26.68 R5.10 R383.21

1999P 84.76 87.31 140.84 8.87 25.25 27.18 5.54 379.75

1 Dry production. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 Net generation, i.e., gross generation less plant use. 4 Includes net electricity generation from wood, waste, solar, and wind. Data for the United States also

include other renewable energy. 

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: • 1970-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Database.

• 1990 forward—EIA, International Energy Annual 1999 (February 2001), Tables F1-F8, and the

International Energy Database.
282 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Source: Table 11.3. .

Figure 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 2000

Crude Oil Reserves:

North, Western Eastern Middle East Africa Far East

0

150

300

450

600

750

145

19

59

676

75 44

Billion Barrels

Oil and Gas Journal

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Western Eastern Middle East Africa Far East

0

700

1,400

2,100

484

160

1,999

1,749

394 364

Trillion Cubic Feet

Oil and Gas Journal

Crude Oil Reserves:

North, Western Eastern Middle East Africa Far East

0

150

300

450

600

750

125

18

65

629

87 59

Billion Barrels

World Oil

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Western Eastern Middle East Africa Far East

0

700

1,400

2,100

489

153

1,948 1,836

410 375

Trillion Cubic Feet

World Oil

Central, and

South America Europe Europe and Former U.S.S.R. 

and Oceania Central, and

South America Europe Europe and Former U.S.S.R. 

and Oceania

Central, and

South America Europe and Oceania Central, and

South America

Europe Europe and and Oceania

Former U.S.S.R. 

Europe and Former U.S.S.R. 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 283

Table 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 2000

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Oil & Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil & Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil & Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil & Gas

Journal World Oil

North America ........................................... 55.1 55.6 261.3 261.3 Middle East ............................................... 675.6 629.2 1,749.2 1,836.2

 Canada ..................................................... 4.9 5.6 63.9 63.5 Bahrain .................................................... 0.1 NA 3.9 NA

 Mexico ...................................................... 28.4 28.3 30.1 30.4 Iran .......................................................... 89.7 93.1 812.3 790.0

 United States ............................................ 21.8 21.8 167.4 167.4 Iraq .......................................................... 112.5 100.0 109.8 112.6

 Kuwait ..................................................... 96.5 94.7 52.7 56.4

Central and South America ..................... 89.5 69.2 222.7 227.9 Oman ...................................................... 5.3 5.7 28.4 29.3

 Argentina .................................................. 2.8 2.6 24.2 24.3 Qatar ....................................................... 3.7 5.4 300.0 394.0

 Bolivia ....................................................... 0.1 0.2 4.3 5.5 Saudi Arabia ........................................... 263.5 261.4 204.5 208.0

 Brazil ......................................................... 7.4 8.1 8.0 8.2 Syria ....................................................... 2.5 2.3 8.5 8.4

 Colombia .................................................. 2.6 2.3 6.9 6.6 United Arab Emirates ............................. 97.8 63.8 212.0 209.0

 Ecuador .................................................... 2.1 3.0 3.7 3.9 Yemen .................................................... 4.0 2.1 16.9 17.0

 Peru .......................................................... 0.4 4.1 9.0 8.8 Other ...................................................... (s) 0.5 0.3 11.5

 Trinidad and Tobago ................................ 0.6 0.7 19.8 21.4 

 Venezuela ................................................. 72.6 47.1 142.5 145.8 Africa ........................................................ 74.9 86.5 394.2 409.7

 Other ......................................................... 1.0 1.0 4.2 3.5 Algeria ..................................................... 9.2 13.0 159.7 159.7

 Angola ..................................................... 5.4 8.5 1.6 3.8

Western Europe ........................................ 18.8 17.6 159.5 152.7 Cameroon ................................................ 0.4 0.6 3.9 3.9

 Denmark ................................................... 1.1 0.9 3.4 2.6 Congo ...................................................... 1.5 1.7 3.2 4.3

 Germany ................................................... 0.4 0.3 12.0 9.5 Egypt ....................................................... 2.9 3.8 35.2 42.5

 Italy ........................................................... 0.6 0.6 8.1 7.4 Libya ........................................................ 29.5 29.5 46.4 46.4

 Netherlands .............................................. 0.1 0.1 62.5 59.8 Nigeria ..................................................... 22.5 24.5 124.0 126.0

 Norway ..................................................... 10.8 10.0 41.4 42.9 Tunisia ..................................................... 0.3 0.3 2.8 2.8

 United Kingdom ........................................ 5.2 5.0 26.7 26.8 Other ....................................................... 3.1 4.7 17.4 20.3

 Other ......................................................... 0.7 0.7 5.5 3.7 

 Far East and Oceania .............................. 44.0 58.7 363.5 375.4

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ..... 58.9 64.7 1,999.2 1,947.6 Australia ................................................... 2.9 2.9 44.6 44.6

 Hungary .................................................... 0.1 0.1 2.9 1.1 Brunei ...................................................... 1.4 1.0 13.8 9.2

 Kazakhstan ............................................... 5.4 6.4 65.0 70.6 China ....................................................... 24.0 34.1 48.3 41.3

 Romania ................................................... 1.4 1.2 13.2 4.0 India ......................................................... 4.8 3.4 22.9 16.1

 Russia ...................................................... 48.6 52.7 1,700.0 1,705.0 Indonesia ................................................. 5.0 8.4 72.3 80.8

 Other 1 ...................................................... 3.3 4.3 218.1 166.9 Malaysia .................................................. 3.9 4.6 81.7 85.2

 New Zealand ........................................... 0.1 0.1 2.5 2.1

 Pakistan .................................................. 0.2 0.2 21.6 22.9

 Papua New Guinea ................................. 0.3 0.8 5.4 17.3

 Thailand .................................................. 0.3 0.3 12.5 11.1

 Other ...................................................... 1.1 2.9 37.9 44.7

 

 World ..................................................... 1,016.8 981.4 5,149.6 5,210.8

1 Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Poland,

Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion barrels. 

Notes: • Data for Kuwait and Saudi Arabia include one-half of the reserves in the Neutral Zone between

Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. • All reserve figures except those for the former U.S.S.R. and natural gas

reserves in Canada are proved reserves recoverable with present technology and prices at the time of

estimation. Former U.S.S.R. and Canadian natural gas figures include proved, and some probable

reserves. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural

Gas Liquids Reserves (December 2000). All Other Data: PennWell Publishing Company, Oil & Gas

Journal, December 20, 1999 and Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil, August 2000.
284 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.4 World Crude Oil Production

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.4.

OPEC's Share of World, 1960-2000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

25

50

75

Percent

World and OPEC, 1960-2000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

20

40

60

80

Million Barrels per Day

Leading Producers, 1960-2000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Million Barrels per Day

World

OPEC

Arabia States Kingdom

43% in

2000

Former U.S.S.R.

United

 States

Russia

Saudi

Arabia

Iran

Emirates

Peak: 55%

in 1973

Selected Producing Countries, 2000

Saudi Russia United Iran China Norway Mexico Venezuela Iraq United United Arab Nigeria

0

3

6

9 8.4

6.5

5.8

3.7

3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.1

Million Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 285

Table 11.4 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2000

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Persian

Gulf

Nations 2

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Iran Iraq Kuwait 3 Nigeria World

Saudi

Arabia 3

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Canada China Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

Non-OPEC 4

1960 5.27 1.07 0.97 1.69 0.02 1.31 0.00 2.85 8.70 0.52 0.10 0.27 0.00 2.91 — (s) 7.04 12.29 20.99

1961 5.65 1.20 1.01 1.74 0.05 1.48 0.00 2.92 9.36 0.61 0.11 0.29 0.00 3.28 — (s) 7.18 13.09 22.45

1962 6.19 1.33 1.01 1.96 0.07 1.64 0.01 3.20 10.51 0.67 0.12 0.31 0.00 3.67 — (s) 7.33 13.84 24.35

1963 6.82 1.49 1.16 2.10 0.08 1.79 0.05 3.25 11.51 0.71 0.13 0.31 0.00 4.07 — (s) 7.54 14.62 26.13

1964 7.61 1.71 1.26 2.30 0.12 1.90 0.19 3.39 12.98 0.75 0.18 0.32 0.00 4.60 — (s) 7.61 15.20 28.18

1965 8.37 1.91 1.32 2.36 0.27 2.21 0.28 3.47 14.35 0.81 0.23 0.32 0.00 4.79 — (s) 7.80 15.98 30.33

1966 9.32 2.13 1.39 2.48 0.42 2.60 0.36 3.37 15.77 0.88 0.29 0.33 0.00 5.23 — (s) 8.30 17.19 32.96

1967 9.91 2.60 1.23 2.50 0.32 2.81 0.38 3.54 16.85 0.96 0.28 0.36 0.00 5.68 — (s) 8.81 18.54 35.39

1968 10.91 2.84 1.50 2.61 0.14 3.04 0.50 3.60 18.79 1.19 0.30 0.39 0.00 6.08 — (s) 9.10 19.84 38.63

1969 11.95 3.38 1.52 2.77 0.54 3.22 0.63 3.59 20.91 1.13 0.48 0.46 0.00 6.48 — (s) 9.24 20.79 41.70

1970 13.39 3.83 1.55 2.99 1.08 3.80 0.78 3.71 23.30 1.26 0.60 0.49 0.00 6.99 — (s) 9.64 22.59 45.89

1971 15.77 4.54 1.69 3.20 1.53 4.77 1.06 3.55 25.21 1.35 0.78 0.49 0.01 7.48 — (s) 9.46 23.31 48.52

1972 17.54 5.02 1.47 3.28 1.82 6.02 1.20 3.22 26.89 1.53 0.90 0.51 0.03 7.89 — (s) 9.44 24.25 51.14

1973 20.67 5.86 2.02 3.02 2.05 7.60 1.53 3.37 30.63 1.80 1.09 0.47 0.03 8.32 — (s) 9.21 25.05 55.68

1974 21.28 6.02 1.97 2.55 2.26 8.48 1.68 2.98 30.35 1.55 1.32 0.57 0.04 8.91 — (s) 8.77 25.37 55.72

1975 18.93 5.35 2.26 2.08 1.78 7.08 1.66 2.35 26.77 1.43 1.49 0.71 0.19 9.52 — 0.01 8.37 26.06 52.83

1976 21.51 5.88 2.42 2.15 2.07 8.58 1.94 2.29 30.33 1.31 1.67 0.83 0.28 10.06 — 0.25 8.13 27.01 57.34

1977 21.73 5.66 2.35 1.97 2.09 9.25 2.00 2.24 30.89 1.32 1.87 0.98 0.28 10.60 — 0.77 8.24 28.82 59.71

1978 20.61 5.24 2.56 2.13 1.90 8.30 1.83 2.17 29.46 1.32 2.08 1.21 0.36 11.11 — 1.08 8.71 30.70 60.16

1979 21.07 3.17 3.48 2.50 2.30 9.53 1.83 2.36 30.58 1.50 2.12 1.46 0.40 11.38 — 1.57 8.55 32.09 62.67

1980 17.96 1.66 2.51 1.66 2.06 9.90 1.71 2.17 26.61 1.44 2.11 1.94 0.53 11.71 — 1.62 8.60 32.99 59.60

1981 15.25 1.38 1.00 1.13 1.43 9.82 1.47 2.10 22.48 1.29 2.01 2.31 0.50 11.85 — 1.81 8.57 33.60 56.08

1982 12.16 2.21 1.01 0.82 1.30 6.48 1.25 1.90 18.78 1.27 2.05 2.75 0.52 11.91 — 2.07 8.65 34.70 53.48

1983 11.08 2.44 1.01 1.06 1.24 5.09 1.15 1.80 17.50 1.36 2.12 2.69 0.61 11.97 — 2.29 8.69 35.76 53.26

1984 10.78 2.17 1.21 1.16 1.39 4.66 1.15 1.80 17.44 1.44 2.30 2.78 0.70 11.86 — 2.48 8.88 37.05 54.49

1985 9.63 2.25 1.43 1.02 1.50 3.39 1.19 1.68 16.18 1.47 2.51 2.75 0.79 11.59 — 2.53 8.97 37.80 53.98

1986 11.70 2.04 1.69 1.42 1.47 4.87 1.33 1.79 18.28 1.47 2.62 2.44 0.87 11.90 — 2.54 8.68 37.95 56.23

1987 12.10 2.30 2.08 1.59 1.34 4.27 1.54 1.75 18.52 1.54 2.69 2.55 1.02 12.05 — 2.41 8.35 38.15 56.67

1988 13.46 2.24 2.69 1.49 1.45 5.09 1.57 1.90 20.32 1.62 2.73 2.51 1.16 12.05 — 2.23 8.14 38.42 58.74

1989 14.84 2.81 2.90 1.78 1.72 5.06 1.86 1.91 22.07 1.56 2.76 2.52 1.55 11.72 — 1.80 7.61 37.79 59.86

1990 15.28 3.09 2.04 1.18 1.81 6.41 2.12 2.14 23.20 1.55 2.77 2.55 1.70 10.98 — 1.82 7.36 37.37 60.57

1991 14.74 3.31 0.31 0.19 1.89 8.12 2.39 2.38 23.27 1.55 2.84 2.68 1.89 9.99 — 1.80 7.42 36.94 60.21

1992 15.97 3.43 0.43 1.06 1.94 8.33 2.27 2.37 24.40 1.61 2.85 2.67 2.23 — 7.63 1.83 7.17 35.81 60.21

1993 16.71 3.54 0.51 1.85 1.96 8.20 2.16 2.45 25.12 1.68 2.89 2.67 2.35 — 6.73 1.92 6.85 35.12 60.24

1994 16.96 3.62 0.55 2.03 1.93 8.12 2.19 2.59 25.51 1.75 2.94 2.69 2.52 — 6.14 2.37 6.66 35.48 60.99

1995 17.21 3.64 0.56 2.06 1.99 8.23 2.23 2.75 26.00 1.81 2.99 2.62 2.77 — 6.00 2.49 6.56 36.33 62.33

1996 17.37 3.69 0.58 2.06 2.00 8.22 2.28 2.94 26.46 1.84 3.13 2.86 3.10 — 5.85 2.57 6.46 37.25 63.71

1997 R18.10 3.66 1.16 R2.01 R2.13 R8.36 2.32 R3.28 R27.71 1.92 3.20 3.02 3.14 — 5.92 2.52 6.45 R37.98 R65.69

1998 R19.34 3.63 2.15 2.09 2.15 8.39 2.35 3.17 R28.77 1.98 3.20 3.07 3.02 — R5.85 2.62 6.25 R38.19 R66.96

1999 R18.67 3.56 2.51 1.90 2.13 7.83 2.17 2.83 R27.58 1.91 R3.19 2.91 3.02 — R6.08 R2.68 R5.88 R38.29 R65.87

2000P 19.94 3.72 2.57 2.13 2.14 8.40 2.35 2.95 29.11 1.98 3.25 3.01 3.20 — 6.48 2.47 5.83 38.87 67.98

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Persian Gulf Nations are Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 3 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 4 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew on

December 31,1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day. 

Notes: • Includes lease condensate, excludes natural gas plant liquids. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: China: • 1960-1972—Central Intelligence Agency, unpublished data. • 1973-1999—

Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual, annual reports, and the International

Energy Database. • 2000—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 2001), Table 10.1b. United States:

• 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1981-1999—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Annual. • 2000—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2001). Former U.S.S.R.:

• 1960-1969—U.S.S.R. Central Statistical Office, Narodnoye Khozyaystvo SSSR (National Economy

USSR). • 1970-1991—EIA, International Petroleum Monthly, February 2001, Table 4.1c. Russia:

• 1992-1999—EIA, International Petroleum Monthly, February 2001. • 2000—EIA, Monthly Energy

Review (March 2001), Table 10.1b. OPEC Nations: • 1960-1972—Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries, Annual Statistical Bulletin 1979. • 1973-1999—EIA, International Energy Annual, annual

reports, and the International Energy Database. • 2000—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 2001),

Table 10.1a. All Other Countries: • 1960-1969—Bureau of Mines, International Petroleum Annual, 1969.

• 1970-1972—EIA, International Petroleum Annual, 1978. • 1973-1999—EIA, International Energy

Annual, annual reports, and the International Energy Database. • 2000—EIA, Monthly Energy Review

(March 2001), Table 10.1b.
286 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

Notes: • Crude oil includes lease condensate. • NGPL is natural gas plant liquids. Sources: Tables 11.4 and 11.5.

• Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

World and OPEC NGPL Production, 1973-1999

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

2

4

6

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil

NGPL

World

OPEC

States Arabia Kingdom Emirates

28% of World

Total in 1999

Crude Oil and NGPL Production, 1973-1999

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Million Barrels per Day

Top NGPL Producing Countries, 1999

United Saudi Canada Mexico United Russia Algeria Venezuela United Arab Norway

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

2,000 1,850

666 653

439

238 231 190 171 160 121

Thousand Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 287

Table 11.5 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1999

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OPEC 1 Producers Selected Non-OPEC Producers

Algeria Indonesia Kuwait 2 Qatar World

Saudi

Arabia 2

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela

Total

OPEC Australia Canada Malaysia Mexico Norway

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

Non-OPEC 3

1973 9 (s) 60 (s) 90 (s) 89 324 50 314 0 75 (s) 170 — 5 1,738 2,462 2,786

1974 12 (s) 50 5 130 (s) 84 347 50 314 0 80 (s) 190 — 5 1,688 2,443 2,790

1975 20 (s) 50 10 140 (s) 76 372 50 309 0 80 5 205 — 15 1,633 2,419 2,791

1976 24 10 50 10 185 (s) 77 442 50 289 0 95 20 220 — 15 1,604 2,425 2,867

1977 19 10 55 5 215 15 78 482 55 290 0 105 20 235 — 30 1,618 2,502 2,984

1978 25 30 75 5 250 30 61 566 60 281 0 115 35 255 — 40 1,567 2,514 3,080

1979 30 40 95 10 303 30 69 637 60 331 0 150 40 270 — 45 1,584 2,650 3,287

1980 36 70 95 10 369 35 60 732 60 331 0 193 40 285 — 45 1,573 2,712 3,444

1981 49 95 60 24 433 60 55 825 60 330 0 241 31 300 — 50 1,609 2,800 3,625

1982 58 80 40 30 430 90 60 842 52 318 0 255 33 315 — 78 1,550 2,784 3,626

1983 56 94 55 25 330 120 57 780 52 309 0 265 38 330 — 111 1,559 2,855 3,635

1984 105 75 67 28 355 130 57 869 54 336 10 257 36 340 — 136 1,630 3,000 3,869

1985 120 44 54 30 375 160 63 892 65 337 10 271 41 350 — 145 1,609 3,046 3,938

1986 120 30 75 22 385 185 97 969 60 328 9 352 53 440 — 152 1,551 3,181 4,150

1987 140 30 95 24 418 145 94 1,006 65 367 11 338 55 430 — 162 1,595 3,273 4,279

1988 120 30 100 30 499 130 98 1,077 67 381 11 370 75 450 — 159 1,625 3,404 4,481

1989 130 72 105 24 503 130 108 1,188 65 410 11 384 74 425 — 140 1,546 3,314 4,502

1990 130 77 65 40 620 135 114 1,281 63 426 12 428 78 425 — 108 1,559 3,351 4,632

1991 140 76 0 50 680 146 117 1,299 61 431 12 457 94 420 — 141 1,659 3,528 4,827

1992 140 75 34 55 713 144 113 1,364 56 460 13 454 95 — 230 160 1,697 3,610 4,974

1993 145 78 53 55 704 146 143 1,435 55 506 17 459 100 — 220 169 1,736 3,745 5,180

1994 140 80 85 50 698 150 146 1,465 56 529 17 461 103 — 200 218 1,727 3,827 5,292

1995 145 76 95 55 701 160 149 1,506 52 581 20 447 137 — 180 267 1,762 3,979 5,485

1996 150 80 85 50 697 160 150 1,501 62 596 20 423 138 — 185 259 1,830 4,075 5,576

1997 160 85 109 70 712 160 143 R1,589 71 636 50 388 139 — 195 233 1,817 R4,132 5,721

1998 155 87 115 85 755 170 145 R1,662 R70 651 90 424 131 — 220 241 1,759 R4,212 R5,874

1999P 190 87 115 111 666 160 171 1,648 72 653 85 439 121 — 231 238 1,850 4,336 5,984

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, and Gabon, which withdrew on

December 31, 1994, are included in "Non-OPEC" for all years.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: • 1973-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual, annual

reports, and the International Energy Database. • 1990 forward—EIA, International Energy Annual 1999

(February 2001), Table 2.3, and the International Energy Database.
288 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.6 Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type

 Source: Table 11.6.

Selected Types, 1970-2001

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

Dollars1 per Barrel

Nigerian Bonny

Light

Indonesian Minas

Saudi Arabian Light

34°API 34°API 37°API Light-37°API 34°API Tia Juana Light-31°API 22°API Brent Blend-38°API

1 Nominal dollars.

API=API gravity.

Notes: • Prices are as of the Friday that is closest to January 1, except in 1987, when 

prices are as of the first Friday in February. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should 

not be compared.

Selected Types, 2001

Saudi Arabian Light Iranian Light Libyan Es Sider Nigerian Bonny Indonesian Minas Venezuelan Mexico Maya United Kingdom

0

10

20

30

20.90 21.15

23.75 23.35 23.05 23.57

17.21

24.52

Dollars1 per Barrel
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 289

Table 11.6 Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-2001

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Saudi Arabian

Light-34° API

Iranian

Light-34° API

Libyan 2

Es Sider-37° API

Nigerian 3

Bonny Light-37° API

Indonesian

Minas-34° API

Venezuelan

Tia Juana Light 4

Mexico 

Maya-22° API

United Kingdom 

Brent Blend-38° API

1970 1.35 1.36 2.09 2.10 1.67 2.05 NA NA

1971 1.75 1.76 2.80 2.65 2.18 2.45 NA NA

1972 1.90 1.91 2.80 2.80 2.96 2.45 NA NA

1973 2.10 2.11 3.10 3.10 2.96 2.60 NA NA

1974 9.60 10.63 14.30 12.60 10.80 9.30 NA NA

1975 10.46 10.67 11.98 11.80 12.60 11.00 NA NA

1976 11.51 11.62 12.21 12.84 12.80 11.12 NA NA

1977 12.09 12.81 13.74 14.33 13.55 12.72 NA NA

1978 12.70 12.81 13.80 14.33 13.55 12.82 NA NA

1979 13.34 13.45 14.52 14.80 13.90 13.36 15.45 15.70

1980 26.00 530.37 34.50 29.97 27.50 25.20 28.00 26.02

1981 32.00 37.00 40.78 40.00 35.00 32.88 34.50 39.25

1982 34.00 34.20 36.50 36.50 35.00 32.88 26.50 36.60

1983 34.00 31.20 35.10 35.50 34.53 32.88 25.50 33.50

1984 29.00 28.00 30.15 30.00 29.53 27.88 25.00 30.00

1985 29.00 28.00 30.15 28.00 29.53 27.88 25.50 28.65

1986 28.00 28.05 30.15 28.65 28.53 28.05 21.93 26.00

1987 16.15 16.14 16.95 17.13 16.28 15.10 14.00 18.25

1988 17.52 15.55 18.52 18.92 17.56 17.62 11.10 18.00

1989 13.15 12.75 15.40 15.05 15.50 12.27 10.63 15.80

1990 18.40 18.20 20.40 21.20 18.55 24.69 17.05 21.00

1991 24.00 23.65 26.90 27.80 26.50 28.62 20.00 27.20

1992 15.90 15.50 17.20 18.20 18.65 19.67 10.75 17.75

1993 16.80 16.70 17.55 18.50 19.10 17.97 12.50 17.90

1994 12.40 12.40 12.55 13.50 14.15 12.97 9.01 13.15

1995 16.63 16.18 16.05 16.15 16.95 16.57 13.77 16.15

1996 18.20 17.73 19.20 19.70 20.05 18.52 15.79 19.37

1997 22.98 22.63 24.10 24.65 24.95 26.62 19.33 24.05

1998 15.50 14.93 16.72 16.50 16.50 15.93 10.81 15.89

1999 10.03 9.83 10.65 10.60 9.95 9.45 6.38 10.44

2000 24.78 24.63 25.85 25.55 24.15 24.85 20.20 25.10

2001 20.90 21.15 23.75 23.35 23.05 23.57 17.21 24.52

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Prices for 1974 and 1975 are for crude oil with 40° API gravity. Prices for 1980 include $4.72 in

retroactive charges and market premiums. 3 Prices from 1977 forward include 2 cents per barrel harbor dues. 4 1970-1985—26° API; 1986 forward—31° API. 5 Price for 1980 includes $1.87 market premiums and credit charges.

API=API gravity. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Based on official government-selling prices, netback values, or spot market quotations.

• Prices are usually f.o.b. at the foreign port of lading. • Prices are as of the Friday that is closest to

January 1, except in 1987, when prices are as of the first Friday in February. • See Tables 5.16, 5.17, and

5.19 for other types of crude oil prices for the United States, such as Domestic First Purchase Prices,

Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports, and Refiner Acquisition Costs.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: • 1970-1978—Petroleum and Energy Intelligence Weekly, Inc., Petroleum Intelligence

Weekly. • 1979 forward—Energy Information Administration, Weekly Petroleum Status Report.
290 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.7 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1999

1 Nominal dollars.

2 Research Octane Number (RON) of 95.

Source: Table 11.7.

Premium Unleaded2

United Kingdom Italy France South Korea Spain United States

0

1

2

3

4

5

4.29

3.86 3.84 3.80

2.82

Dollars

1.36

1 per Gallon

Regular Unleaded

Germany Japan Taiwan Mexico Australia Canada United States

0

1

2

3

4

5

3.42 3.27

1.86 1.80 1.72

1.51

Dollars 

1.17

1 per Gallon
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 291

Table 11.7 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1990-1999

 (Dollars1 per Gallon)

Year

Regular Unleaded Premium Unleaded 2

Australia Brazil Canada China Germany Japan Mexico Taiwan

United

States France Italy

South

Africa

South

Korea Spain Thailand

United

Kingdom

United

States

1990 NA 3.82 1.87 NA 2.65 3.17 1.00 2.49 1.16 3.63 4.60 NA 2.03 NA NA 2.82 1.35

1991 1.96 2.91 1.92 NA 2.90 3.46 1.29 2.39 1.14 3.45 4.50 NA 2.49 NA 1.40 3.01 1.32

1992 1.89 2.92 1.73 NA 3.27 3.59 1.50 2.42 1.13 3.57 4.53 NA 2.70 3.49 1.35 3.06 1.32

1993 1.73 2.40 1.57 NA 3.07 4.02 1.56 2.27 1.11 3.41 3.68 NA 2.88 3.02 1.26 2.84 1.30

1994 1.84 2.80 1.45 0.96 3.52 4.39 1.48 2.14 1.11 3.59 3.71 NA 2.87 2.99 1.21 2.99 1.31

1995 1.95 2.16 1.53 1.03 3.96 4.43 1.12 2.23 1.15 4.26 4.00 NA 2.93 3.24 1.25 3.21 1.34

1996 2.12 2.31 1.61 1.03 3.94 3.65 1.26 2.15 1.23 4.41 4.39 1.74 3.15 3.32 1.31 3.34 1.41

1997 2.05 2.61 1.62 1.07 3.54 3.27 1.47 2.23 1.23 4.01 4.06 1.72 3.34 3.01 1.22 3.83 1.42

1998 1.63 2.80 1.38 1.08 3.34 2.82 1.50 R1.86 1.06 3.87 3.84 R1.51 R3.03 2.81 1.03 4.06 1.25

1999 1.72 NA 1.51 NA 3.42 3.27 1.80 1.86 1.17 3.84 3.86 NA 3.80 2.82 NA 4.29 1.36

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Research Octane Number (RON) of 95.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • Prices are those actually paid, i.e., net of rebates, and include transport costs and taxes which

are not refundable. Prices in national currencies are converted to U.S. dollars using exchange rates

published by the International Monetary Fund. • Prices for all countries, except the United States, have

been converted from dollars per liter to dollars per gallon at 3.786 liters per gallon. Comparisons between

prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of

fluctuations in exchange rates, differences in product quality, marketing practices, market structures, and

the extent to which the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given

period.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: • United States: Table 5.22. • All Other Data: International Energy Agency, Organization

for Economic Cooperation and Development, Energy Prices and Taxes, Part II, Section D, and Part III,

Section B, quarterly reports.
292 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity

Source: Table 11.8.

World and OECD,1 1970-2000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

20

40

60

80

100

 Million Barrels per Day

Leading Countries, 1970-2000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

5

10

15

20

 Million Barrels per Day

World

OECD1

United States

Former U.S.S.R.

Japan

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for 

membership.

Notes: • Capacity is as of January 1. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.

Russia

54% of World

Total in 2000

Selected OECD1 Countries, 2000

United States Japan South Korea Italy Germany Canada France United Kingdom Mexico Spain

0

5

10

15

20

16.5

5.0

2.5 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.3

 Million Barrels per Day

China
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 293

Table 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-2000

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Countries Selected Non-OECD Countries

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 World

South

Korea 3 Spain

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD 4 Brazil China

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

Saudi

Arabia Ukraine

Total

Non-OECD

1970 1.40 2.32 2.36 2.96 3.14 0.50 0.18 0.69 2.30 12.02 32.18 0.50 0.30 5.64 — 0.38 — 14.92 47.10

1971 1.45 2.53 2.54 3.24 3.70 0.57 0.25 0.85 2.39 12.86 35.18 0.51 0.42 6.27 — 0.91 — 16.73 51.91

1972 1.45 2.69 2.56 3.68 3.82 0.59 0.22 0.87 2.59 13.29 37.22 0.56 0.48 6.68 — 0.51 — 17.92 55.14

1973 1.73 2.95 2.70 3.59 4.53 0.63 0.43 1.03 2.47 13.64 39.48 0.72 0.50 7.26 — 0.43 — 18.72 58.20

1974 1.79 3.14 2.83 3.88 5.15 0.63 0.42 1.16 2.76 14.36 42.41 0.79 0.60 7.81 — 0.43 — 20.74 63.15

1975 1.88 3.34 2.99 3.95 5.35 0.76 0.43 1.17 2.78 14.96 44.07 0.96 0.85 8.24 — 0.61 — 22.45 66.52

1976 2.02 3.31 3.10 4.08 5.63 0.76 0.44 1.32 2.89 15.24 46.16 0.99 1.01 9.23 — 0.54 — 23.77 69.93

1977 2.10 3.52 3.08 4.26 5.76 0.94 0.42 1.28 3.01 16.40 48.34 1.12 1.40 9.10 — 0.60 — 26.77 75.11

1978 2.17 3.46 3.08 4.23 5.67 1.38 0.48 1.27 2.91 17.05 49.37 1.16 1.46 9.98 — 0.59 — 28.09 77.46

1979 2.23 3.47 3.10 4.20 5.68 1.24 0.54 1.43 2.53 17.44 49.31 1.21 1.58 10.48 — 0.49 — 29.27 78.58

1980 2.22 3.40 2.99 4.13 5.71 1.39 0.60 1.46 2.53 17.99 50.07 1.21 1.60 10.95 — 0.49 — 29.78 79.85

1981 2.17 3.34 3.02 4.09 5.66 1.39 0.61 1.46 2.63 18.62 50.57 1.40 1.81 11.40 — 0.49 — 30.99 81.56

1982 2.20 3.29 2.94 4.00 5.81 1.47 0.76 1.52 2.48 17.89 49.70 1.41 1.81 11.60 — 0.49 — 30.93 80.63

1983 2.02 2.87 2.47 3.28 5.73 1.29 0.76 1.52 2.26 16.86 45.79 1.22 2.00 11.75 — 0.71 — 31.42 77.21

1984 1.81 2.67 2.39 3.05 5.17 1.27 0.78 1.49 2.09 16.14 43.41 1.30 2.05 12.00 — 0.86 — 32.01 75.42

1985 1.87 2.39 2.17 3.10 4.97 1.27 0.78 1.49 2.01 15.66 42.10 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 0.84 — 33.02 75.12

1986 1.86 1.95 1.93 2.74 4.72 1.27 0.78 1.37 1.79 15.46 40.00 1.31 2.15 12.20 — 1.12 — 32.55 72.55

1987 1.76 1.83 1.72 2.68 4.79 1.35 0.86 1.31 1.78 15.57 39.64 1.32 2.20 12.26 — 1.13 — 32.93 72.57

1988 1.87 1.94 1.65 2.56 4.57 1.35 0.82 1.31 1.80 15.92 40.03 1.41 2.20 12.26 — 1.38 — 33.54 73.57

1989 1.86 1.88 1.52 2.45 4.36 1.35 0.88 1.29 1.80 15.65 39.35 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.38 — 33.99 73.34

1990 1.85 1.82 1.51 2.80 4.20 1.51 0.87 1.29 1.83 15.57 39.66 1.40 2.20 12.30 — 1.48 — 34.20 73.86

1991 1.88 1.82 2.07 2.39 4.38 1.68 0.87 1.32 1.87 15.68 40.16 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 — R34.75 R74.91

1992 1.91 1.82 2.06 2.39 4.61 1.57 1.16 1.32 1.86 15.70 R41.26 1.41 2.20 12.30 — 1.86 — 34.17 R75.43

1993 1.87 1.85 2.23 2.42 4.74 1.52 1.15 1.30 1.84 15.12 R40.82 1.40 2.20 — 6.46 1.86 1.24 32.29 R73.11

1994 1.88 1.86 2.27 2.26 4.81 1.52 1.15 1.28 1.87 15.03 R40.98 1.25 2.20 — 6.46 1.61 1.24 32.09 R73.07

1995 1.91 1.77 2.32 2.26 4.85 1.52 1.17 1.28 1.87 15.43 41.42 1.25 2.87 — 6.53 1.66 1.26 32.83 74.25

1996 1.85 1.78 2.13 2.28 4.87 1.52 1.24 1.33 1.89 15.33 R41.19 1.26 2.87 — 6.72 1.66 1.26 33.20 R74.39

1997 1.85 1.79 2.11 2.26 4.99 1.52 2.21 1.30 1.94 15.45 R42.36 1.26 2.87 — 6.73 1.66 1.25 33.63 R75.99

1998 1.85 1.87 2.18 2.45 4.97 1.52 2.54 1.29 1.83 15.71 R43.31 1.66 2.97 — 6.87 1.65 1.25 34.91 R78.22

1999 1.87 1.95 2.25 2.45 5.06 1.53 2.54 1.32 1.85 16.26 R44.08 1.77 4.35 — 6.75 1.69 1.09 R36.00 R80.08

2000 1.91 1.90 2.28 2.34 5.00 1.53 2.54 1.32 1.79 16.51 44.21 1.78 4.35 — 6.67 1.71 1.15 37.32 81.53

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD on

December 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table. 4 Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,

are included in Total OECD beginning in 1992, the first year that data for these countries were available. 

The Czech Republic, which joined the OECD on December 21, 1995, is included in Total OECD beginning

in 1994, the first year that data for the country were available.

R=Revised. — = Not applicable.

Notes: • Capacity data represent distillation capacity. • Capacity for all years is as of January 1.

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: • 1970-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum

Refineries, Annual, annual reports. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territories. • 1982 forward—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Annual, annual reports. China and Former U.S.S.R.: • 1970-1976—Ballinger Publishing

Company, The Energy Decade, 1970-1980, A Statistical and Graphic Chronicle. • 1977

forward—PennWell Publishing Company, Oil & Gas Journal. All Other Countries: PennWell Publishing

Company, Oil & Gas Journal.
294 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for 

membership. 

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 11.9.

World and OECD,1 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20

40

60

80

Million Barrels per Day

World

OECD1

United States

Former U.S.S.R.

Japan

Russia

64% of World

Total in 1999

China

Leading Consumers, 1960-1999

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

5

10

15

20

Million Barrels per Day

Selected OECD1 Consumers, 1999

United States Japan Germany South Korea France Italy Mexico Canada United Kingdom Spain

0

5

10

15

20

25

19.5

5.6

2.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.4

Million Barrels per Day
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 295

Table 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1999

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Selected OECD 1 Consumers Selected Non-OECD Consumers

Canada France Germany 2 Italy Japan Mexico 3 World

South

Korea 3 Spain

United

Kingdom

United

States

Total

OECD 4 Brazil China India

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

Total

Non-OECD

1960 0.84 0.56 0.63 0.44 0.66 0.30 0.01 0.10 0.94 9.80 15.78 0.27 0.17 0.16 2.38 — 5.56 21.34

1961 0.87 0.63 0.79 0.54 0.82 0.29 0.02 0.12 1.04 9.98 16.77 0.28 0.17 0.17 2.57 — 6.23 23.00

1962 0.92 0.73 1.00 0.67 0.93 0.30 0.02 0.12 1.12 10.40 18.06 0.31 0.14 0.18 2.87 — 6.83 24.89

1963 0.99 0.86 1.17 0.77 1.21 0.31 0.03 0.12 1.27 10.74 19.60 0.34 0.17 0.21 3.15 — 7.32 26.92

1964 1.05 0.98 1.36 0.90 1.48 0.33 0.02 0.20 1.36 11.02 21.05 0.35 0.20 0.22 3.58 — 8.03 29.08

1965 1.14 1.09 1.61 0.98 1.74 0.34 0.03 0.23 1.49 11.51 22.81 0.33 0.23 0.25 3.61 — 8.33 31.14

1966 1.21 1.19 1.80 1.08 1.98 0.36 0.04 0.31 1.58 12.08 24.60 0.38 0.30 0.28 3.87 — 8.96 33.56

1967 1.25 1.34 1.86 1.19 2.14 0.39 0.07 0.36 1.64 12.56 25.94 0.38 0.28 0.26 4.22 — 9.65 35.59

1968 1.34 1.46 1.99 1.40 2.66 0.41 0.10 0.46 1.82 13.39 28.56 0.46 0.31 0.31 4.48 — 10.40 38.96

1969 1.42 1.66 2.33 1.69 3.25 0.45 0.15 0.49 1.98 14.14 31.54 0.48 0.44 0.34 4.87 — 11.35 42.89

1970 1.52 1.94 2.83 1.71 3.82 0.50 0.20 0.58 2.10 14.70 34.49 0.53 0.62 0.40 5.31 — 12.32 46.81

1971 1.56 2.12 2.94 1.84 4.14 0.52 0.23 0.64 2.14 15.21 36.07 0.58 0.79 0.42 5.66 — 13.35 49.42

1972 1.66 2.32 3.13 1.95 4.36 0.59 0.23 0.68 2.28 16.37 38.74 0.66 0.91 0.46 6.12 — 14.35 53.09

1973 1.73 2.60 3.34 2.07 4.95 0.67 0.28 0.78 2.34 17.31 41.53 0.78 1.12 0.49 6.60 — 15.71 57.24

1974 1.78 2.45 3.06 2.00 4.86 0.71 0.29 0.86 2.21 16.65 40.12 0.86 1.19 0.47 7.28 — 16.56 56.68

1975 1.78 2.25 2.96 1.86 4.62 0.75 0.31 0.87 1.91 16.32 38.82 0.92 1.36 0.50 7.52 — 17.38 56.20

1976 1.82 2.42 3.21 1.97 4.84 0.83 0.36 0.97 1.89 17.46 41.39 1.00 1.53 0.51 7.78 — 18.28 59.67

1977 1.85 2.29 3.21 1.90 4.88 0.88 0.42 0.94 1.91 18.43 42.43 1.02 1.64 0.55 8.18 — 19.40 61.83

1978 1.90 2.41 3.29 1.95 4.95 0.99 0.48 0.98 1.94 18.85 43.62 1.11 1.79 0.62 8.48 — 20.54 64.16

1979 1.97 2.46 3.37 2.04 5.05 1.10 0.53 1.02 1.97 18.51 44.01 1.18 1.84 0.66 8.64 — 21.21 65.22

1980 1.87 2.26 3.08 1.93 4.96 1.27 0.54 0.99 1.73 17.06 41.41 1.15 1.77 0.64 9.00 — 21.66 63.07

1981 1.77 2.02 2.80 1.87 4.85 1.40 0.54 0.94 1.59 16.06 39.14 1.09 1.71 0.73 8.94 — 21.76 60.90

1982 1.58 1.88 2.74 1.78 4.58 1.48 0.53 1.00 1.59 15.30 37.45 1.06 1.66 0.74 9.08 — 22.05 59.50

1983 1.45 1.84 2.66 1.75 4.40 1.35 0.56 1.01 1.53 15.23 36.59 0.98 1.73 0.77 8.95 — 22.15 58.74

1984 1.47 1.75 2.66 1.65 4.58 1.45 0.59 0.91 1.85 15.73 37.43 1.03 1.74 0.82 8.91 — 22.41 59.84

1985 1.50 1.78 2.70 1.72 4.38 1.47 0.57 0.85 1.63 15.73 37.23 1.08 1.89 0.90 8.95 — 22.87 60.10

1986 1.51 1.77 2.86 1.74 4.44 1.49 0.61 0.88 1.65 16.28 38.28 1.24 2.00 0.95 8.98 — 23.48 61.76

1987 1.55 1.79 2.77 1.86 4.48 1.52 0.64 0.90 1.60 16.67 38.96 1.26 2.12 0.99 9.00 — 24.04 63.00

1988 1.69 1.80 2.74 1.84 4.75 1.55 0.73 0.98 1.70 17.28 40.24 1.30 2.28 1.08 8.89 — 24.58 64.82

1989 1.73 1.86 2.58 1.93 4.98 1.64 0.84 1.03 1.74 17.33 40.88 1.32 2.38 1.15 8.74 — 25.04 65.92

1990 1.69 1.82 2.66 1.87 5.14 1.68 1.03 1.01 1.75 16.99 40.92 1.34 2.30 1.17 8.39 — R25.05 R65.97

1991 1.62 1.94 2.83 1.86 5.28 1.70 1.20 1.07 1.80 16.71 41.40 1.35 2.50 1.19 8.35 — R25.16 R66.56

1992 1.64 1.93 2.84 1.94 5.45 1.72 1.46 1.11 1.80 17.03 42.42 1.37 2.66 1.28 — 4.42 24.34 66.76

1993 1.69 1.88 2.90 1.85 5.40 1.71 1.69 1.06 1.82 17.24 42.98 1.43 2.96 1.31 — 3.75 24.02 67.00

1994 1.73 1.83 2.88 1.84 5.67 1.80 1.86 1.13 1.84 17.72 44.17 1.51 3.16 1.41 — 3.18 R24.12 R68.29

1995 1.76 1.90 2.88 2.05 5.71 1.72 2.03 1.26 1.85 17.72 44.96 1.60 3.36 1.58 — 2.98 R24.92 R69.88

1996 1.80 1.94 2.91 2.06 5.87 1.76 2.18 1.18 1.85 18.31 46.07 1.72 3.61 1.68 — 2.62 R25.34 R71.41

1997 1.86 1.96 2.90 2.05 5.71 1.87 2.39 1.30 1.80 18.62 46.83 1.82 3.92 1.77 — 2.56 R26.23 R73.06

1998 R1.86 2.03 2.92 2.07 5.51 R1.94 R1.97 1.39 R1.77 18.92 R46.93 R1.92 4.11 1.84 — R2.45 R26.71 73.64

1999P 1.93 2.03 2.82 1.98 5.57 1.98 2.04 1.43 1.72 19.52 47.61 1.95 4.32 1.93 — 2.40 27.30 74.91

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 2 Through 1969, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. For 1970 through 1990,

this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD on

December 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table. 4 Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,

are included in Total OECD beginning in 1970, the first year that data for these countries were available. 

The Czech Republic, which joined the OECD on December 21, 1995, is included in Total OECD beginning

in 1993, the year that it came into existence.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: • 1960-1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Database.

• 1980-1989—EIA, International Energy Annual, annual reports, and the International Energy Database.

• 1990 forward—EIA, International Energy Annual 1999 (February 2001), Tables 1.1 and 1.2, and the

International Energy Database.
296 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.10.

Figure 11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production

World Areas, 1990-1999

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

10

20

30

40

Trillion Cubic Feet

World Areas, 1999

North, E. Europe Middle East W. Europe Far East

0

10

20

30

40

29.49

25.41

10.91 9.90

Trillion Cubic Feet

8.98

World

Former U.S.S.R.

Russia

United States

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R.

North, Central, and

South America

Western Europe

Far East and Oceania

Middle East and Africa

and 

Former 

U.S.S.R.

Central,

and 

So. America

and Africa and Oceania

World and Leading Producers, 1990-1999

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

30

60

90

Trillion Cubic Feet
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 297

Table 11.10 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1990-1999

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Region and Country 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 P

North, Central, and South America ............................... 24.58 24.81 25.38 26.26 27.50 27.74 28.46 R28.85 R29.14 29.49

 Argentina ........................................................................ 0.63 0.70 0.71 0.76 0.79 0.88 0.94 0.97 R1.04 1.22

 Canada ........................................................................... 3.85 4.06 4.52 4.91 5.27 5.60 5.78 R5.86 R6.05 6.26

 Mexico ............................................................................ 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.95 0.97 0.96 1.06 R1.17 1.27 1.29

 United States .................................................................. 17.81 17.70 17.84 18.10 18.82 18.60 18.85 18.90 R18.87 18.62

 Venezuela ....................................................................... 0.76 0.79 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.89 0.96 0.99 R1.11 1.09

 Other ............................................................................... 0.62 0.65 0.66 0.73 0.78 0.81 0.86 0.96 R0.96 1.01

Western Europe .............................................................. 7.24 7.83 7.92 8.33 8.44 8.80 10.09 R9.71 R9.64 9.90

 Germany 1 ...................................................................... 0.72 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.74 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.82

 Italy ................................................................................. 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.68 0.67 0.62

 Netherlands .................................................................... 2.69 3.04 3.06 3.11 2.95 2.98 3.37 2.99 2.84 2.65

 Norway ........................................................................... 0.98 0.97 1.04 0.97 1.04 1.08 1.45 1.62 1.63 1.76

 United Kingdom .............................................................. 1.75 2.01 1.96 2.31 2.47 2.67 3.18 3.03 R3.14 3.49

 Other ............................................................................... 0.49 0.53 0.54 0.57 0.55 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.58 0.56

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ........................... 30.13 29.85 28.58 27.98 26.47 25.93 26.28 24.85 25.16 25.41

 Romania ......................................................................... 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.63 0.61 0.52 0.50

 Former U.S.S.R. ............................................................. 28.78 28.62 — — — — — — — —

 Russia ............................................................................. — — 22.62 21.81 21.45 21.01 21.23 20.17 20.87 20.83

 Turkmenistan .................................................................. — — 2.02 2.29 1.26 1.14 1.31 0.90 0.47 0.79

 Ukraine ........................................................................... — — 0.74 0.68 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.63

 Uzbekistan ...................................................................... — — 1.51 1.59 1.67 1.70 1.70 1.74 1.94 1.96

 Other ............................................................................... 0.35 R0.36 R0.92 R0.87 0.76 R0.79 0.76 0.79 0.74 0.70

Middle East and Africa ................................................... 6.17 6.52 6.91 7.24 7.41 7.99 8.76 9.74 R10.30 10.91

 Algeria ............................................................................ 1.79 1.93 1.97 1.90 1.81 2.05 2.19 2.43 2.60 2.90

 Egypt .............................................................................. 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.55

 Iran ................................................................................. 0.84 0.92 0.88 0.96 1.12 1.25 1.42 1.66 1.77 1.87

 Qatar ............................................................................... 0.28 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.61 0.69 0.85

 Saudi Arabia ................................................................... 1.08 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.33 1.34 1.46 1.60 1.65 1.63

 United Arab Emirates ..................................................... 0.78 0.92 1.02 0.94 0.91 1.11 1.19 1.28 1.31 1.34

 Other ............................................................................... 1.13 0.98 1.08 1.30 1.34 1.33 1.53 1.67 R1.79 1.77

Far East and Oceania ..................................................... 5.44 5.76 6.06 6.55 7.11 7.50 R8.13 R8.47 R8.55 8.98

 Australia .......................................................................... 0.72 0.75 0.80 0.86 0.93 1.03 R1.06 R1.06 1.10 1.10

 China .............................................................................. 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.60 0.67 0.75 0.78 0.85

 India ................................................................................ 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.53 0.59 0.63 0.70 0.72 0.76 0.75

 Indonesia ........................................................................ 1.53 1.72 1.79 1.97 2.21 2.24 2.35 2.37 R2.27 2.34

 Malaysia ......................................................................... 0.65 0.75 0.80 0.88 0.92 1.02 1.23 1.36 R1.37 1.45

 Pakistan .......................................................................... 0.48 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.65 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.78

 Other ............................................................................... 1.15 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.23 1.33 1.42 1.52 R1.56 1.70

World ............................................................................... 73.57 74.78 74.84 76.36 76.93 77.96 R81.71 81.61 R82.79 84.69

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1999 (February 2001), Table 2.4, and the International Energy Database.
298 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.11.

Selected Consuming Countries, 1999

United Russia United Canada Germany Ukraine Japan Italy Iran Nether- Saudi Uzbekistan France Indonesia

0

5

10

15

20

25

21.7

14.0

3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.0

Trillion Cubic Feet

World and Leading Consumers, 1980-1999

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

30

60

90

Trillion Cubic Feet

World

Former U.S.S.R.

United States Russia

States Kingdom lands Arabia
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 299

Table 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1999

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year Canada France Germany 1 Indonesia Iran Italy Japan

NetherlandsFormer

U.S.S.R. Russia

Saudi

Arabia Ukraine

United

Kingdom

United

States

Uzbekistan Other World

1980 1,883 981 2,621 195 232 972 903 1,493 13,328 — 334 — 1,702 19,877 — 8,369 52,890

1981 1,842 1,003 2,513 232 155 942 925 1,421 14,440 — 564 — 1,740 19,404 — 8,333 53,513

1982 1,859 979 2,334 218 200 944 956 1,511 15,522 — 430 — 1,743 18,001 — 8,931 53,628

1983 1,863 999 2,397 302 310 967 1,020 1,451 16,822 — 418 — 1,815 16,835 — 9,427 54,626

1984 2,017 1,079 2,584 365 476 1,135 1,372 1,540 18,512 — 620 — 1,851 17,951 — 10,189 59,692

1985 2,165 1,110 2,546 513 600 1,151 1,468 1,624 20,302 — 716 — 1,991 17,281 — 10,777 62,244

1986 2,130 1,129 2,595 441 536 1,217 1,494 1,620 21,522 — 890 — 2,020 16,221 — 11,303 63,118

1987 2,112 1,038 2,733 542 565 1,346 1,543 1,672 22,462 — 946 — 2,079 17,211 — 12,062 66,312

1988 2,331 963 2,716 492 706 1,460 1,618 1,513 24,092 — 1,028 — 1,972 18,030 — 12,628 69,548

1989 2,427 984 2,835 546 784 1,581 1,731 1,550 24,529 — 1,052 — 1,951 18,801 — 13,549 72,320

1990 2,378 997 2,669 547 837 1,674 1,851 1,535 24,961 — 1,077 — 2,059 18,716 — 13,611 72,912

1991 2,400 1,131 2,776 557 811 1,775 1,976 1,715 25,014 — 1,130 — 2,218 19,035 — 13,841 74,380

1992 2,596 1,146 2,739 673 883 1,760 2,023 1,669 — 16,482 1,201 3,503 2,170 19,544 1,095 16,868 74,352

1993 2,736 1,158 2,830 850 938 1,801 2,034 1,714 — 16,185 1,268 3,871 2,412 20,279 1,541 16,960 76,576

1994 2,824 1,157 2,965 965 1,123 1,748 2,180 1,654 — 15,214 1,331 3,327 2,542 20,708 1,229 17,397 76,365

1995 2,791 1,183 3,172 1,061 1,243 1,921 2,207 1,701 — 14,507 1,343 2,970 2,690 21,581 1,349 R18,297 R78,016

1996 3,000 1,314 R3,163 1,108 1,416 1,984 2,390 1,874 — 14,504 1,460 2,935 3,182 21,966 1,434 R19,922 R81,652

1997 R2,981 1,300 R3,012 1,125 1,663 2,048 R2,439 1,763 — 13,434 1,601 2,832 3,013 21,959 1,455 R20,784 R81,409

1998 R2,868 R1,313 R3,029 R983 1,828 R2,205 R2,535 1,752 — R14,045 1,653 2,606 R3,072 21,262 1,409 R21,337 R81,896

1999P 3,095 1,346 3,035 974 1,941 2,396 2,646 1,704 — 14,013 1,632 2,755 3,259 21,703 1,423 22,275 84,196

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), International Energy Annual, annual reports, and the International Energy Database. • 1990

forward—EIA, International Energy Annual 1999 (February 2001), Table 1.3, and the International Energy

Database.
300 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1996

Figure 11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

Notes: • Recoverable reserves are as of December 31, 1996, except for U.S. recoverable 

reserves, which are as of January 1, 1998. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.

Source: Table 11.12.

By Type

Anthracite Subbituminous 

0

200

400

600

800

567

522

Billion Short Tons

and Bituminous

 Coal

Coal and

Lignite

By Region

North America Central Western Eastern Africa Middle East,

0

100

200

300

400

287

24

100

288

68

322

Billion Short Tons

and South

America

Europe and

Former U.S.S.R. Europe Far East,

and Oceania

Top Reserves Countries

United States Russia China Australia India Germany South Africa Ukraine Kazakhstan

0

100

200

300 276

173

126

100

82 74 61

38 37

Billion Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 301

Table 11.12 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal and Lignite Total

North America ............................................................. R133,666 R152,948 R 286,614 

 Canada ....................................................................... 4,970 4,535 9,505

 Greenland ................................................................... 0 202 202

 Mexico ........................................................................ 948 387 1,335

 United States 1 ........................................................... R127,748 R147,824 R 275,572 

Central and South America ....................................... 8,641 15,140 23,781

 Brazil ........................................................................... 0 13,173 13,173

 Chile ........................................................................... 34 1,268 1,302

 Colombia .................................................................... 7,020 420 7,439

 Peru ............................................................................ 1,058 110 1,168

 Other ........................................................................... 529 170 699

Western Europe .......................................................... 29,022 70,636 99,658

 Germany ..................................................................... 26,455 47,399 73,855

 Greece ........................................................................ 0 3,168 3,168

 Serbia and Montenegro .............................................. 71 18,087 18,157

 Turkey ......................................................................... 495 690 1,185

 United Kingdom .......................................................... 1,102 551 1,653

 Other ........................................................................... 898 741 1,639

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....................... 124,354 164,032 288,386

 Bulgaria ...................................................................... 14 2,974 2,988

 Czech Republic .......................................................... 2,880 3,929 6,809

 Hungary ...................................................................... 657 4,260 4,917

 Kazakhstan ................................................................. 34,172 3,307 37,479

 Poland ........................................................................ 13,352 2,421 15,773

 Romania ..................................................................... 1 3,979 3,980

 Russia ......................................................................... 54,110 118,964 173,074

 Ukraine ....................................................................... 18,065 19,806 37,871

 Uzbekistan .................................................................. 1,102 3,307 4,409

 Other ........................................................................... 0 1,085 1,085

Africa ........................................................................... 67,420 276 67,695

 Botswana .................................................................... 4,754 0 4,754

 South Africa ................................................................ 60,994 0 60,994

 Zimbabwe ................................................................... 809 0 809

 Other ........................................................................... 862 276 1,138

Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......................... 203,534 118,934 322,468

 Australia ...................................................................... 52,139 47,510 99,649

 China .......................................................................... 68,564 57,651 126,215

 India ............................................................................ 80,174 2,205 82,379

 Indonesia .................................................................... 849 4,905 5,754

 Japan .......................................................................... 865 0 865

 Pakistan ...................................................................... 0 3,228 3,228

 Thailand ...................................................................... (s) 2,205 2,205

 Other ........................................................................... 942 1,231 2,174

World ........................................................................... R566,637 R521,965 R1,088,602 

1 U.S. data are more current than other data on this table. They represent recoverable reserves as of 

December 31, 1998; data for the other countries are as of December 31, 1996, the most recent period for

which they are available.

R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.5 million short tons. 

Notes: • World Energy Council data represent "Proved Recoverable Reserves," which are the tonnage

within the Proved Amount in Place that can be recovered (extracted from the earth in raw form) under

present and expected local economic conditions with existing, available technology. • The EIA does not

certify the international reserves data but reproduces the information as a matter of convenience for the

reader. • U. S. reserves represent estimated recoverable reserves from the Demonstrated Reserve Base

which includes both measured and indicated tonnage. The U.S. term "measured" approximates the term

"proved," used by the World Energy Council. The U.S. "measured and indicated" data have been

combined and cannot be recaptured as "measured alone." • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration, Coal Reserves Database (December

2000), data are as of December 31, 1998. All Other Data: World Energy Council, 1998 Survey of Energy

Resources, data are as of December 31, 1996.
302 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.13 World Coal Production

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.13.

World Areas, 1990-1999

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

Billion Short Tons

World and Leading Producers, 1990-1999

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

2

4

6

Billion Short Tons

Top Producing Countries, 1999

China United India Australia Russia South Germany Poland Ukraine North Canada Turkey

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.118 1.100

0.328 0.321 0.276 0.248 0.226 0.190

0.091 0.085 0.080 0.074

Billion Short Tons

World

China

United States

Middle East, Far East,

and Oceania

Eastern Europe

North, Central, and

South America

Western Europe

Africa

States Africa Korea
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 303

Table 11.13 World Coal Production, 1990-1999

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999P

North, Central, and South America ........... 1,146 R1,115 R1,111 1,064 1,160 1,165 1,202 R1,237 R1,264 1,242

 Canada ....................................................... 75 78 72 76 80 83 83 87 83 80

 Colombia .................................................... 23 R22 R24 23 25 28 33 36 R37 36

 Mexico ........................................................ 9 8 7 8 10 10 11 R11 R12 11

 United States .............................................. 1,029 996 998 945 1,034 1,033 1,064 1,090 1,118 1,100

 Other ........................................................... 10 11 10 11 11 11 R11 13 R14 14

Western Europe .......................................... 873 738 672 R611 571 R555 548 R536 R522 495

 France ........................................................ 15 14 13 12 R11 R11 9 8 R7 6

 Germany1 ................................................... R413 388 346 315 292 R274 265 252 R233 226

 Greece ........................................................ 57 58 61 60 R62 64 66 65 R67 67

 Macedonia .................................................. — — 88888 R8 R9 8

 Serbia and Montenegro .............................. — — 44 41 42 44 42 45 48 36

 Slovenia ...................................................... — — 66555665

 Spain .......................................................... 40 37 37 35 33 31 31 29 29 27

 Turkey ......................................................... 52 51 57 54 60 61 62 R66 R74 74

 United Kingdom .......................................... 104 105 94 75 54 52 55 54 R46 41

 Other ........................................................... R191 R84 R7 R6 R5 R5 R4 R4 R4 4

Eastern Europe ........................................... 1,339 1,129 1,115 1,030 939 R893 R853 R856 R774 765

 Bulgaria ...................................................... 39 31 33 32 32 34 34 33 R34 29

 Czech Republic .......................................... — — — 94 85 82 84 84 83 65

 Hungary ...................................................... R20 19 17 16 16 R16 R17 R17 16 16

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — — 139 123 115 92 R85 80 R66 64

 Poland ........................................................ 237 231 218 218 220 220 R193 R222 R197 190

 Romania ..................................................... 42 36 42 44 45 45 46 37 29 28

 Russia ......................................................... — — 406 364 313 296 304 290 R257 276

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — 147 128 R104 R99 R83 R85 83 91

 Uzbekistan .................................................. — — 54433333

 Other ........................................................... R1,002 R812 R106 R7 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 3

Africa ........................................................... 202 205 212 216 R225 236 235 R253 255 256

 South Africa ................................................ 193 196 203 207 216 227 227 246 R248 248

 Zimbabwe ................................................... 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 4 5 5

 Other ........................................................... R3 R3 R3 R3 R3 R3 R2 R3 R3 3

Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......... R1,826 R1,870 R1,939 R2,030 R2,131 R2,312 R2,326 R2,301 R2,191 1,980

 Australia ...................................................... 226 236 249 248 248 267 272 R292 314 321

 China .......................................................... 1,190 1,199 1,229 1,304 1,404 1,537 1,515 1,461 R1,337 1,118

 India ............................................................ 233 253 270 281 R280 R298 R315 R326 R322 328

 Indonesia .................................................... R12 R16 R25 30 34 46 55 60 66 71

 Mongolia ..................................................... 8 8 7 6 6 6 6 5 6 5

 North Korea ................................................ R99 R103 R105 R109 R108 R107 R106 R99 R94 85

 South Korea ................................................ 19 17 13 10 8 6 5 5 5 5

 Thailand ...................................................... 14 16 17 17 19 20 24 26 22 22

 Vietnam ...................................................... 5 5 5 7 6 9 11 13 12 12

 Other ........................................................... R20 R19 R19 R18 R18 R17 R17 15 R14 15

World ........................................................... R5,386 R5,056 R5,049 R4,952 R5,026 R5,161 R5,165 R5,184 R5,006 4,738

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and

brown coal. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Table 7.1. All Other Data: Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Annual 1999 (February 2001), Table 2.5, and the International Energy Database.
304 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.14 World Coal Consumption

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.14.

World Total, 1980-1999

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

4.13 4.21 4.31 4.42 4.67 4.92 5.00 5.15 5.31 5.31 5.29 5.04 4.98 5.03 5.07 5.18 5.24 5.17 5.01 4.74

Billion Short Tons

Peak

Year

Top Consuming Countries, 1999

China United States India Russia Germany Poland South Africa Japan Australia

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

1.08 1.05

0.35

0.27 0.26

0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14

Billion Short Tons
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 305

Table 11.14 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1999

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Australia China Germany 1 Greece India Japan

North

Korea Poland

Former

U.S.S.R. Russia

South

Africa Turkey Ukraine

United

Kingdom

United

States Other World

1980 74 679 535 26 130 98 R40 221 751 — 105 20 — 134 703 618 R4,133

1981 75 680 544 30 139 106 R40 200 748 — 116 23 — 130 733 R641 R4,206

1982 79 726 548 31 147 105 R41 208 771 — 124 26 — 122 707 R673 R4,307

1983 78 768 549 36 160 100 R44 213 764 — 127 29 — 123 737 R693 R4,421

1984 81 845 573 36 178 113 61 227 770 — 137 35 — 88 791 R737 R4,672

1985 86 921 579 42 193 119 R66 238 779 — 142 46 — 116 818 772 R4,917

1986 84 962 576 44 209 109 R71 247 803 — 145 54 — 123 804 770 R5,002

1987 93 1,027 565 49 208 111 R80 258 807 — 148 54 — 129 837 R789 R5,155

1988 96 1,098 562 56 215 123 R91 253 821 — 151 51 — 123 884 785 R5,308

1989 104 1,113 553 59 226 123 R96 242 777 — 140 60 — 126 R895 796 R5,312

1990 104 1,124 528 59 242 125 R102 202 848 — 139 60 — 119 R903 739 R5,294

1991 108 1,165 R402 59 252 128 R105 202 672 — 144 64 — 118 R899 R722 R5,040

1992 R114 1,199 359 62 274 126 R107 192 — 375 149 65 R152 111 R907 R790 R4,981

1993 109 1,276 335 62 286 129 R112 194 — 361 153 60 135 96 R943 R778 R5,029

1994 110 1,390 R303 66 R291 133 R110 184 — 316 160 66 109 91 R950 R787 R5,066

1995 112 1,498 R298 64 R308 140 R109 R184 — R296 162 67 R114 79 962 R792 R5,185

1996 R120 1,486 296 66 R327 R143 R108 R160 — R317 165 R73 R94 79 1,006 R797 R5,238

1997 R127 R1,404 280 66 R337 R147 R101 R182 — R290 173 R80 R92 70 R1,030 789 5,169

1998 R140 R1,300 R269 R68 R333 R144 R96 R168 — R256 R168 R86 90 R70 R1,038 R781 R5,007

1999P 142 1,075 258 68 348 149 88 164 — 268 163 84 98 65 1,045 725 4,741

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Table 7.1. All Other Data: • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration

(EIA), International Energy Annual, annual reports, and the International Energy Database. • 1990

forward—EIA, International Energy Annual 1999 (February 2001), Table 1.4, and the International Energy

Database.
306 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1999

64

Power

Net Generation by Type

Fossil Hydroelectric Nuclear Electric Other1

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

8,814

2,615 2,396

232

Billion Kilowatthours

Middle East and Africa Far East and Oceania2

Net Generation by Type by Region

(Percent of Regional Total)

North America Central and South America 2

Western Europe Eastern Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.2

1 Geothermal, wood, other biomass, waste, solar, wind, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, 

and chemicals.

2 Sum of components does not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.

Net Generation in Leading Countries

United States China Japan Canada Germany

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000 3,706

1,173 1,018

Billion Kilowatt

567 531

hours

Fuel Power

72

26 64

18

31

17

72

16 10

2

Fossil

Fuels

Hydroelectric

Power 

and Other1

Nuclear

Electric

Power

1

16

Net Generation by Type by Region

(Percent of Regional Total)

Notes: • Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources. • Because 

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.15.

66 48

88

18

21

13
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 307

Table 11.15 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1980, 1998, and 1999

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country

Fossil Fuel Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 1 Total 2

1980 1998 1999 P 1980 1998 1999 P 1980 1998 1999 P 1980 1998 1999 P

North America ............................................. 1,880.3 R2,833.8 2,863.1 287.0 R 750.2 807.6 546.9 R 671.8 685.9 R2,718.4 R 4,342.5 4,456.6

 Canada ....................................................... 79.8 R 148.7 149.6 35.9 R 67.7 69.8 251.0 R 328.6 340.3 367.9 R 551.1 567.2

 Mexico ........................................................ 46.0 R 134.2 135.3 0.0 8.8 9.5 16.7 R 24.4 32.4 63.6 R 172.8 182.5

 United States ............................................. R1,753.8 R2,550.0 2,577.4 251.1 673.7 728.3 279.2 318.9 313.2 R2,286.4 3,617.9 3,706.1

 Other ........................................................... 0.5 R 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 R 0.8 0.8

Central and South America ....................... 99.8 R 177.3 197.7 2.2 10.3 10.5 201.5 R 521.4 528.5 R 308.2 R 723.4 752.2

 Argentina .................................................... 22.2 R 37.5 46.5 2.2 7.1 6.7 17.3 35.8 23.7 R 41.5 R 80.6 77.1

 Brazil ........................................................... 7.5 15.6 17.8 0.0 3.1 3.8 128.4 288.5 305.9 138.3 316.9 337.4

 Paraguay .................................................... (s) 0.1 (s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 50.3 51.4 0.8 50.4 51.6

 Venezuela ................................................... 17.6 R 21.6 26.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.4 52.5 55.1 32.0 R 74.0 81.2

 Other ........................................................... R 52.4 R 102.5 107.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 40.6 R 94.4 92.3 R 95.7 R 201.4 204.9

Western Europe .......................................... 1,180.1 R1,327.1 1,346.7 219.2 R 841.0 850.2 431.7 R 519.8 523.1 1,844.5 R 2,746.6 2,785.0

 Belgium ....................................................... 38.3 33.4 31.9 11.9 43.9 46.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 50.8 78.7 79.8

 Finland ........................................................ 22.0 R 31.2 31.7 6.6 20.8 21.8 10.1 R 14.9 12.7 38.7 R 76.2 75.8

 France ........................................................ 118.0 R 52.9 48.2 63.4 R 368.6 375.1 68.3 R 61.4 71.6 250.8 R 485.7 497.3

 Germany ..................................................... 390.3 R 347.0 336.3 55.6 R 153.6 161.0 18.8 R 17.0 19.1 469.9 R 530.2 531.4

 Italy ............................................................. 125.5 R 194.8 195.9 2.1 0.0 0.0 45.0 R 40.8 44.8 176.4 R 241.7 247.7

 Netherlands ................................................ 58.0 R 81.2 77.0 3.9 3.6 3.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 62.9 R 89.2 85.3

 Norway ....................................................... 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.7 R 114.2 120.0 82.9 R 115.2 121.1

 Spain .......................................................... 74.5 R 93.2 114.1 5.2 56.0 55.9 29.2 R 33.7 23.9 109.2 R 186.4 197.7

 Sweden ....................................................... 10.1 R 9.4 8.1 25.3 R 69.9 66.6 58.1 R 73.6 69.3 94.3 R 156.1 146.6

 Switzerland ................................................. 0.9 2.3 2.3 12.9 24.5 23.7 32.5 R 33.1 39.5 46.4 61.1 66.8

 Turkey ......................................................... 12.0 64.6 77.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.2 41.8 34.3 23.3 106.7 111.5

 United Kingdom .......................................... 228.9 R 235.3 237.8 32.3 R 95.1 91.5 3.9 R 5.2 5.3 265.1 R 341.9 342.8

 Other ........................................................... R 101.4 R 181.1 185.6 R 0.0 R 5.0 4.5 R 71.7 R 83.6 82.3 R 173.8 R 277.6 281.3

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,309.3 R1,010.0 999.5 83.2 239.3 245.7 211.3 R 261.3 261.7 1,604.1 R 1,512.3 1,508.6

 Czech Republic .......................................... — R 46.6 45.3 — 12.5 12.7 — R 1.7 1.6 — 61.5 60.7

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — R 40.4 38.6 — 0.1 0.1 — R 6.1 5.6 — R 46.6 44.4

 Poland ........................................................ 111.1 R 130.2 129.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 4.3 4.2 114.7 R 135.0 134.4

 Romania ..................................................... 51.4 R 27.5 26.5 0.0 4.9 4.8 12.5 R 18.7 17.7 63.9 R 51.1 49.0

 Russia ......................................................... — R 530.1 529.2 — 98.3 110.9 — R 157.9 157.9 — R 786.3 798.1

 Ukraine ....................................................... — R 83.2 76.0 — 70.6 67.4 — R 15.8 15.2 — R 163.2 157.8

 Other ........................................................... 1,146.8 R 152.0 154.4 83.2 52.8 49.8 195.5 R 56.9 59.4 1,425.6 R 268.5 264.3

Middle East .................................................. 82.8 R 379.8 401.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.6 R 15.8 16.0 92.4 R 395.6 417.7

 Iran ............................................................. 15.7 R 90.6 96.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 R 6.9 7.1 21.3 R 97.6 103.1

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 20.5 R 116.5 120.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.5 R 116.5 120.0

 Other ........................................................... 46.6 R 172.7 185.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 R 8.9 8.9 50.7 R 181.6 194.6

Africa ........................................................... 129.1 R 311.0 315.3 0.0 13.6 12.8 60.6 63.1 65.6 189.7 R 388.0 394.1

 Egypt .......................................................... 8.6 R 47.1 49.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.7 R 12.1 15.1 18.3 R 59.2 64.7

 South Africa ................................................ 92.1 R 176.5 173.3 0.0 13.6 12.8 1.0 1.6 0.7 93.1 R 191.7 186.9

 Other ........................................................... 28.4 R 87.4 92.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.9 R 49.4 49.7 78.4 R 137.1 142.5

Far East and Oceania ................................. 907.7 R2,544.9 2,689.8 92.7 R 460.8 469.1 275.2 R 513.7 534.1 1,280.5 R 3,565.4 3,742.2

 Australia ...................................................... 74.5 R 167.8 172.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 15.6 16.0 87.7 R 186.6 191.7

 China .......................................................... 227.9 R 880.2 936.5 0.0 13.5 14.1 57.6 202.9 222.8 285.5 R 1,096.5 1,173.4

 India ............................................................ 69.7 R 337.2 361.0 3.0 10.6 11.5 46.5 R 75.5 80.8 119.3 R 424.3 454.6

 Indonesia .................................................... 10.6 R 58.6 63.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 R 10.5 11.5 13.5 R 72.7 78.7

 Japan .......................................................... 381.6 R 571.3 599.9 78.6 R 315.7 308.7 87.8 R 91.6 85.0 549.1 R 1,002.4 1,018.3

 South Korea ................................................ 29.8 R 132.9 148.2 3.3 85.2 97.9 1.5 R 4.1 4.1 34.6 R 222.3 250.3

 Taiwan ........................................................ 31.3 R 91.7 93.9 7.8 R 35.4 36.9 2.9 R 9.9 8.8 42.0 R 137.0 139.7

 Thailand ...................................................... 12.3 R 76.8 81.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 R 5.1 3.4 13.6 R 85.0 89.4

 Other ........................................................... 70.1 R 228.3 233.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 61.8 R 98.5 101.7 135.3 R 338.6 346.1

World ........................................................... 5,589.0 R8,583.9 8,813.9 684.4 R2,315.3 2,396.0 1,736.8 R2,566.9 2,614.8 R8,037.9 R13,673.9 14,056.3

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, wood, other biomass, waste, solar, wind, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals are

included in total.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Data include both electric utility and nonutility sources. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Tables 1.2 and 8.2. All Other Data: • 1980—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), International Energy Database. • 1998 and 1999—EIA, International Energy Annual

1999 (February 2001) .
308 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1999

1Geothermal, wood, other biomass, waste, solar, wind, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and 

chemicals.

 

Comparison of Installed Capacity and Net Generation Shares by Type

Fossil Fuels Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Other1

0

20

40

60

80

66

21

11

1

63

19 17

2

Percent of Total

By Type

Fossil Fuel Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Other1

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2,110

683

354

34

Million Kilowatts

Power

 Net Generation, 1999

 Installed Capacity, January 1, 1999

Power

Note: • Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources. • Shares are 

based on data prior to rounding for publication and may not sum exactly to 100 percent.

Sources: Tables 11.15 and 11.16.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 309

Table 11.16 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1980, 1998, and 1999

 (Million Kilowatts)

Region and Country

Fossil Fuel Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 1 Total 2

1980 1998 1999 P 1980 1998 1999 P 1980 1998 1999 P 1980 1998 1999 P

North America ............................................. R 470.4 621.7 621.5 55.6 114.4 109.0 136.9 175.8 174.9 R663.8 929.4 924.5

 Canada ....................................................... 27.4 32.4 32.3 5.9 R 13.4 10.6 47.9 66.6 66.8 81.1 112.5 109.8

 Mexico ........................................................ 10.8 26.0 26.7 0.0 1.3 1.3 6.1 10.0 9.7 17.0 38.1 38.5

 United States 3 ........................................... R 432.1 563.0 562.1 49.7 99.7 97.1 82.9 99.1 98.5 R565.5 778.5 775.9

 Other ........................................................... 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3

Central and South America ....................... 36.0 R 58.9 60.3 0.4 1.7 1.7 43.0 R107.2 108.7 81.2 R 170.2 173.3

 Argentina .................................................... 8.0 11.6 12.9 0.4 1.0 1.0 3.6 9.2 9.3 12.0 21.8 23.2

 Brazil ........................................................... 4.1 5.2 5.5 0.0 0.7 0.7 27.5 R 54.9 56.8 33.4 R 63.0 65.2

 Paraguay .................................................... 0.1 (s) (s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 7.3 7.4 0.2 7.4 7.5

 Venezuela ................................................... 5.8 8.5 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 14.0 13.0 8.5 22.5 21.5

 Other ........................................................... R 18.0 R 33.5 33.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 R 9.0 R 21.7 22.1 R 27.1 R 55.5 55.9

Western Europe .......................................... 294.9 R 340.2 338.3 44.7 127.9 126.6 126.7 R143.2 141.4 467.0 R 617.0 613.5

 Belgium ....................................................... 8.2 7.6 8.3 1.7 5.7 5.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 10.6 13.4 14.1

 Finland ........................................................ 6.3 10.3 10.6 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.9 2.9 11.0 15.7 16.1

 France ........................................................ 30.0 R 25.9 25.6 14.4 62.9 61.7 16.4 20.8 20.8 61.0 R 109.9 108.3

 Germany ..................................................... 84.0 80.9 79.8 10.4 22.3 22.3 7.9 4.3 3.0 102.4 109.5 107.8

 Italy ............................................................. 29.1 49.7 51.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 15.8 13.1 13.1 46.8 63.5 65.5

 Netherlands ................................................ 16.8 19.3 13.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.0 (s) (s) 17.3 20.1 14.2

 Norway ....................................................... 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.8 R 27.3 27.4 20.0 R 27.6 27.6

 Spain .......................................................... 15.4 R 24.2 25.2 1.1 R 7.3 7.3 13.5 R 11.6 11.5 29.9 R 43.5 44.9

 Sweden ....................................................... 7.9 R 7.9 6.5 4.6 10.1 10.1 14.9 R 16.4 16.2 27.4 R 34.4 32.9

 Switzerland ................................................. 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.9 3.1 3.1 11.5 10.3 10.4 14.1 14.5 14.6

 Turkey ......................................................... 3.0 11.8 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 10.1 10.3 5.1 21.9 23.4

 United Kingdom .......................................... 64.7 R 55.2 55.7 6.5 12.9 12.6 2.5 1.5 1.5 73.6 R 69.8 69.9

 Other ........................................................... R 28.4 R 46.2 47.4 R 0.0 R 0.7 0.7 R19.3 R 24.9 24.3 R 47.7 R 73.2 74.2

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 261.1 R 299.7 298.3 14.2 R 48.2 48.3 61.6 R 80.0 80.5 336.9 R 427.9 427.2

 Czech Republic .......................................... — 11.3 11.1 — 1.8 1.8 — 0.9 0.9 — 14.0 13.7

 Kazakhstan ................................................. — R 15.2 15.1 — 0.1 0.1 — 2.2 2.0 — R 17.5 17.4

 Poland ........................................................ 23.4 27.9 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.0 2.1 24.7 29.9 30.1

 Romania ..................................................... 12.7 R 15.3 15.6 0.0 0.7 0.7 3.5 5.9 5.9 16.1 R 21.9 22.2

 Russia ......................................................... — 140.5 138.7 — 21.2 21.2 — 43.9 43.9 — R 205.7 203.9

 Ukraine ....................................................... — R 36.3 36.3 — 13.9 13.8 — 4.7 4.7 — R 54.9 54.8

 Other ........................................................... 225.0 R 53.2 53.5 14.2 R 10.5 10.8 56.9 20.3 20.9 296.1 R 84.0 85.0

Middle East .................................................. 27.9 R 90.1 94.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 R 4.1 4.1 30.4 R 94.2 98.7

 Iran ............................................................. 9.4 R 27.4 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 R 2.0 2.0 11.2 R 29.4 30.0

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... 5.9 R 21.7 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 R 21.7 25.0

 Other ........................................................... 12.5 R 41.0 41.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.1 2.1 13.3 R 43.1 43.7

Africa ........................................................... 30.5 R 71.0 71.1 0.0 1.8 1.8 13.9 R 20.5 20.7 44.5 R 93.4 93.7

 Egypt .......................................................... 2.4 R 10.5 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 R 2.8 2.8 4.9 R 13.3 13.3

 South Africa ................................................ 17.8 R 35.2 35.5 0.0 1.8 1.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 18.4 R 37.7 38.0

 Other ........................................................... 10.3 R 25.2 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.9 R17.1 17.2 21.2 R 42.3 42.3

Far East and Oceania ................................. 223.1 R 592.2 625.5 18.5 65.2 66.9 74.4 R147.7 152.5 316.7 R 809.2 849.3

 Australia ...................................................... 18.1 31.5 31.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 7.0 6.0 24.2 38.5 37.9

 China .......................................................... 45.6 R 192.4 209.9 0.0 2.2 2.2 20.3 59.7 65.1 65.9 R 254.3 277.1

 India ............................................................ 20.7 75.2 77.8 0.9 2.2 2.2 11.8 21.9 22.4 33.3 R 100.2 103.4

 Indonesia .................................................... 3.9 16.1 17.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.4 3.1 4.9 19.9 21.4

 Japan .......................................................... 98.1 152.2 159.1 15.7 45.2 45.2 19.6 21.3 21.5 133.4 19.3 226.4

 South Korea ................................................ 6.5 31.9 32.8 0.6 10.3 12.0 0.8 1.5 1.5 7.9 43.7 46.4

 Taiwan ........................................................ 6.9 R 16.3 16.3 1.3 5.1 5.1 1.4 4.3 4.3 9.6 R 25.7 25.7

 Thailand ...................................................... 2.6 14.3 14.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.9 2.9 3.8 17.3 17.5

 Other ........................................................... 20.8 R 62.2 65.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 12.1 R 25.7 25.8 33.6 R 90.2 93.4

World ........................................................... 1,344.1 R2,073.8 2,109.5 133.5 R359.3 354.3 459.1 R678.5 682.8 1,941.0 R3,141.2 3,180.1

1 Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States. 2 Geothermal, wood, other biomass, waste, solar, wind, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, and chemicals are

included in total. 3 Net summer capability at end of previous year. See Table 8.5.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts. — = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Capacity for all years is as of January 1. • Data include both electric utility and nonutility

sources. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Sources: United States: Table 8.5. All Other Data: • 1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

International Energy Database. • 1998 and 1999—EIA, International Energy Annual 1999 (February

2001), Table 6.4, and the International Energy Database.
310 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation

1 Argentina, Armenia, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Lithuania, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Pakistan, Romania, South Africa, and Slovenia.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.17.

By Major Producer, 1990-2000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

0

200

400

600

800

Billion Kilowatthours

and South

America Europe and Africa

United States

France

Japan

Germany

States Countries1

and Former

U.S.S.R.

Korea Kingdom

By Region, 2000

North, Central, Western E. Europe Far East

0

300

600

900 872 893

285

511

Billion Kilowatthours

land garia

By Country, 2000

United France Japan Germany Russia South United Ukraine Canada Spain Sweden Belgium Taiwan Switzer- Finland Bul- Slovakia Other

0

200

400

600

800 778

415

320

168

129 109 85 75 74 62 57 48 39 26 22 21 16

116

Billion Kilowatthours
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 311

Table 11.17 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1990-2000

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

North America ........................................... 681.3 733.4 735.2 744.6 787.3 E816.1 E806.4 E752.8 E781.0 E837.3 E860.3

 Canada ..................................................... 75.8 86.1 81.3 97.6 110.7 100.4 95.2 84.1 E72.7 E73.9 73.8

 Mexico ...................................................... 2.1 4.2 3.9 4.9 4.2 7.9 7.9 10.4 9.5 10.0 8.2

 United States 1 ......................................... 603.4 643.0 650.0 642.0 672.4 E707.7 E703.3 E658.3 E698.7 E753.4 E778.3

Central and South America ..................... 9.4 9.2 8.8 8.1 8.2 9.6 9.8 11.1 10.8 E11.1 E11.5

 Argentina .................................................. 7.4 7.7 7.1 7.7 8.2 7.1 7.4 8.0 7.5 E7.1 E6.3

 Brazil ......................................................... 2.0 1.4 1.8 0.4 0.0 2.5 2.4 3.2 3.3 E4.0 5.2

Western Europe ........................................ 738.6 769.7 E787.8 820.9 820.2 E835.7 E879.5 E886.5 E884.2 E878.1 E893.1

 Belgium ..................................................... 42.7 42.9 43.5 41.9 40.6 41.4 43.3 47.4 46.1 49.0 E47.8

 Finland ...................................................... 18.9 19.2 19.0 19.6 19.1 18.9 19.5 20.9 21.9 23.0 22.5

 France ...................................................... 314.1 331.4 337.6 366.7 359.1 377.6 397.0 389.3 E384.4 E377.4 2415.2

 Germany 3 ................................................ 147.2 147.3 158.8 153.5 151.1 154.3 161.7 170.4 161.0 E167.8 E168.3

 Netherlands .............................................. 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.2 3.1 3.8 3.8 3.9

 Slovenia .................................................... NA NA E4.0 4.0 4.6 4.8 4.6 5.4 5.3 4.7 E5.0

 Spain ........................................................ 54.3 55.6 55.8 56.1 55.1 54.5 59.1 55.4 E58.6 58.9 E62.0

 Sweden ..................................................... 68.2 76.8 63.5 61.4 72.8 69.9 76.2 E70.6 73.8 E74.5 57.2

 Switzerland ............................................... 23.6 22.9 23.4 23.3 24.2 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.7 24.8 E26.3

 United Kingdom ........................................ 66.1 70.4 78.5 90.4 89.5 E85.5 E88.8 E98.8 E103.7 E94.1 E84.9

Eastern Europe 4 and Former U.S.S.R. ... NA NA E267.5 E259.0 E227.8 E234.9 E261.6 E247.1 E248.9 E264.7 E285.3

 Armenia .................................................... — — — — — NA NA 1.4 1.6 E2.4 E1.9

 Bulgaria .................................................... NA NA E12.2 14.0 14.9 17.2 18.7 E15.5 E19.2 E19.0 E21.3

 Czech Republic ........................................ NA NA E12.9 E13.2 E12.7 E12.8 E13.5 NA 7.6 13.4 E13.8

 Hungary .................................................... NA NA E13.8 13.8 14.0 14.0 14.2 14.0 13.9 E14.2 14.2

 Kazakhstan ............................................... NA NA E0.5 E0.4 E0.4 E0.4 E0.1 E0.3 NA NA 0.0

 Lithuania ................................................... NA NA E16.4 E12.9 E7.0 E9.7 E13.6 12.1 13.5 9.9 E8.7

 Romania .................................................. — — — — — — E1.0 3.9 5.1 E5.2 E5.5

 Russia ....................................................... NA NA E125.6 120.4 97.7 98.3 108.8 108.1 103.7 118.0 128.9

 Slovakia .................................................... NA NA E11.7 E11.6 E12.7 E12.0 E11.8 11.0 10.3 10.5 16.2

 Ukraine ..................................................... NA NA E74.6 E72.7 68.4 70.4 80.0 80.8 E74.0 72.2 E74.8

Africa ......................................................... 8.9 9.7 9.9 7.7 10.3 11.9 E12.5 13.3 14.3 13.5 13.6

 South Africa .............................................. 8.9 9.7 9.9 7.7 10.3 11.9 E12.5 13.3 14.3 13.5 13.6

Far East ..................................................... 284.3 303.3 315.2 E345.2 E366.7 E407.0 E426.4 E456.2 E477.2 E478.0 E497.1

 China ........................................................ — — — E2.6 E14.2 E13.0 E14.3 E11.4 E14.5 E14.6 E14.7

 India .......................................................... 6.3 5.4 6.3 6.2 5.0 E8.0 8.3 E11.0 E11.2 E13.2 E14.8

 Japan ........................................................ 191.9 205.8 218.0 243.5 253.8 286.1 293.2 318.0 326.9 317.4 319.8

 Pakistan .................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4

 South Korea .............................................. 52.8 56.3 56.4 58.1 58.3 64.0 72.5 78.9 87.3 94.6 108.9

 Taiwan ...................................................... 32.9 35.3 33.8 34.3 34.8 35.3 37.8 36.6 36.9 38.2 38.5

World ......................................................... 1,722.5 1,825.2 E,52,124.5 E2,185.6 E2,220.4 E2,315.1 E2,396.3 E2,367.0 E2,416.4 E2,482.6 E2,560.9

1 See Note 2 at end of section. 2 Based on data from the Ministry of Industry, General Directorate for Energy and Raw Material, France. 3 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany. 4 The gross generation estimates for 1992 through 1997 for Eastern European countries are calculated

as 5 percent more than the annual net nuclear generation reported by the International Atomic Energy

Agency and published annually in Nuclear Power Reactors in the World.

5 There is a data discontinuity between 1991 and 1992; beginning with 1992, data for Eastern Europe

and the Former U.S.S.R. are included for the first time.

R=Revised. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: Based on data from Nucleonics Week, a copyrighted publication of The McGraw-Hill Publishing

Companies, Inc. Used with permission.
312 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

1 Tons of carbon equivalent can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by 

multiplying by 3.667. One ton of carbon equivalent = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.18.

Figure 11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring 

World by Region, 1999

Far East North Western Middle East Africa

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

1,776 1,772

1,016

789

287 267 237

Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent

World, 1990-1999 1

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

2

4

6

8

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent1

and

 Oceania

America Europe

Eastern

 Europe 

and Former

U.S.S.R.

Central

and South

America

Kingdom

6.14 billion metric tons in 1999

Leading Countries, 1999

United States China Russia Japan India Germany United Canada Italy France South Korea Ukraine

0

400

800

1,200

1,600 1,520

669

400

307 243 230

152 151 121 109 107 104

Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 313

Table 11.18 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Flaring, 1990-1999

(Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent 1

)

Region and Country 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999P

North America ............................................. R1,567 R1,552 R1,577 R1,609 R1,643 R1,653 R1,713 R1,744 R1,757 1,772

 Canada ....................................................... R128 R125 R124 R130 R135 R135 139 R145 R148 151

 Mexico ........................................................ R84 R84 86 85 90 88 93 R96 R105 101

 United States 2 ........................................... R1,355 R1,342 R1,366 R1,393 R1,418 R1,430 R1,481 R1,502 R1,504 1,520

 Other ........................................................... (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)

Central and South America ....................... R192 R197 R200 R210 R217 R227 R236 R248 R263 267

 Argentina .................................................... R28 R30 R31 R33 R32 R33 R35 35 R37 39

 Brazil ........................................................... R63 R65 R65 R67 R71 R74 R76 R80 R88 89

 Venezuela ................................................... 30 R31 R31 31 33 34 36 37 R38 38

 Other ........................................................... R71 R72 75 79 81 86 89 R95 R100 100

Western Europe .......................................... R1,006 R1,000 R964 R957 R945 R972 R995 R1,012 R1,027 1,016

 Belgium ....................................................... R34 R35 R34 R34 R35 35 37 R38 R40 38

 France ........................................................ R102 R108 R104 R100 R97 R101 R105 R104 R110 109

 Germany 3 .................................................. R271 R249 R241 R241 R230 R239 240 R238 R237 230

 Italy ............................................................. R112 R114 R114 R110 R108 R118 116 R118 R122 121

 Netherlands ................................................ R58 R59 R58 60 60 R61 62 R66 R66 64

 Spain .......................................................... R62 R64 R66 62 64 R67 63 R73 R77 82

 Turkey ......................................................... R35 38 R37 39 38 41 R45 R50 R50 50

 United Kingdom .......................................... R164 R166 R157 157 155 R153 159 R154 R155 152

 Other ........................................................... R168 R167 R155 R154 R158 R157 R166 R171 R172 170

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R1,298 R1,192 R1,123 1,030 R914 R879 R858 R820 R791 789

 Former Czechoslovakia .............................. 80 73 65 — — — — — — —

 Poland ........................................................ R89 R89 R89 R92 R87 R83 R78 R91 R85 85

 Romania ..................................................... R48 R37 R35 34 32 33 34 33 R27 26

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... R1,037 R957 — — — — — — — —

 Russia ......................................................... — — R574 536 477 R444 R444 R408 R398 400

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — R156 145 121 R124 R108 R102 R98 104

 Other .......................................................... 43 R37 R205 R224 R197 R195 R194 R186 R183 174

Middle East ................................................ R203 R216 R222 233 242 R250 255 R272 R282 287

 Iran ........................................................... R56 62 64 65 68 71 71 R81 R81 84

 Saudi Arabia ............................................... R59 R63 R64 65 67 R69 71 R72 R74 74

 Other ...................................................... R89 R90 R94 102 107 R110 113 R119 R127 129

Africa .......................................................... R198 R204 R208 R216 222 R225 R231 R238 R237 237

 Egypt .......................................................... 26 26 26 26 27 27 30 31 32 33

 South Africa ................................................ R81 R84 R88 90 94 94 96 R105 102 99

 Other .......................................................... R92 R94 R95 R99 R101 R104 R105 R102 R103 105

Far East and Oceania ................................. R1,410 R1,473 R1,537 R1,632 R1,729 R1,812 R1,849 R1,899 R1,841 1,776

 Australia ...................................................... R72 R73 R77 77 77 80 R82 R89 R92 94

 China .......................................................... R617 R646 R668 712 768 788 794 R808 R765 669

 India ............................................................ R156 R161 R176 186 R190 R224 R224 R228 R232 243

 Indonesia .................................................... R41 R43 R47 54 56 R59 65 R69 R65 64

 Japan .......................................................... R269 R280 R286 R283 R299 R298 R301 R308 R300 307

 North Korea ................................................ R36 R36 R36 R36 R36 R36 R35 R33 R34 33

 South Korea ................................................ R61 R70 R74 R86 R96 R103 R107 R117 R101 107

 Taiwan ........................................................ R32 34 R35 43 44 49 53 58 R60 63

 Thailand ...................................................... 23 25 27 32 35 43 46 47 R44 45

 Other .......................................................... 103 R105 R111 123 129 134 R142 R141 R147 150

World ......................................................... R5,873 R5,834 R5,831 R5,886 R5,913 R6,018 R6,136 R6,231 R6,198 6,144

1 Tons of carbon equivalent can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. 

One ton of carbon equivalent = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Data, when converted to million metric tons of carbon dioxide gas, may differ from the values shown

for the United States in Table 12.1 because they exclude carbon dioxide emissions from geothermal,

cement production, other industrial sources, waste combustion, and U.S. Territories, and include emissions

from bunker fuels consumption. 3 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 million metric tons.

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 1999 (February 2001), Table

H1, and the International Energy Database.
International Energy

Note 1. World primary energy production includes production of crude oil

(including lease condensate), natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas,

and coal; and net electricity generation from hydroelectric power, nuclear

electric power, geothermal, wood, waste, solar, and wind. Data for the

United States also include wood, waste, geothermal, and solar energy not

used for electricity generation. Crude oil production is measured at the

wellhead and includes lease condensate. Natural gas plant liquids are

products obtained from processing natural gas at natural gas processing

plants, including natural gas plants, cycling plants, and fractionators. Dry

natural gas production is that amount of natural gas produced that is available to be marketed and consumed as a gas. Coal (anthracite, bituminous,

subbituminous, and lignite) production is the sum of sales, mine consumption, issues to miners, and issues to coking, briquetting, and other

ancillary plants at mines. Coal production data include quantities extracted from surface and underground mines and normally exclude wastes

removed at mines or associated preparation plants. The data on generation of electricity from hydroelectric power, nuclear electric power, wood,

waste, geothermal, solar, and wind include data on both electric utility

and nonutility generation reported on a net basis, thus excluding electricity that is generally used by the electric power plant for its own operating

purposes or electricity losses in the transformers that are considered integral parts of the station.

Note 2. Nuclear electricity generation data in Table 11.17 are for gross

output of electricity (measured at the generator terminals). Data on the

gross generation of electricity in the United States are derived from data

for net generation, which is gross output of electricity minus power plant

use.

Note 3. Data for carbon dioxide emissions include anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions from the consumption of petroleum, natural gas,

and coal, and the flaring of natural gas. They do not include carbon dioxide emissions from cement production and other industrial sources. Hydrocarbon consumption and flaring statistics for each country have been

reduced to account for the fraction of fuels not combusted and, in the case

of petroleum, for the fraction of sequestration of non-fuel uses. Carbon dioxide emissions have been determined by applying carbon emission coefficients to the adjusted consumption and flaring data. Carbon emission

coefficients for petroleum, natural gas, and flared gas are from Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States 1999, DOE/EIA-0573(99), October 2000, Table B1 at:

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/tblb1.html. Carbon emission coefficients for coal are from Energy Information Administration, Emissions

of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1985-1990, DOE/EIA-0573, October 1993, Table 11.

314 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
“Harpers Ferry, Junction of the Rivers Shenandoah and Potomac.” Engraving by W. Goodacre and James Archer, published in The History and Topography of the United States of North America, by John Howard Hinton, 1852. From the

collection of the National Park Service, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Accession #1297.

Environmental Indicators

12
316 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

(s)=Less than 0.005 billion metric tons of gas.

Notes: • HFCs=hydrofluorocarbons; PFCs=perfluorocarbons; and SF =sulfur 

hexafluoride. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 12.1.

Figure 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

Emissions by Type of Gas, 1999

Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs

0

1

2

3

4

5

6 5.60

0.03

Billion Metric Tons of Gas

Change 1990-1999 in Emissions Based on Global Warming Potential

Carbon Methane Nitrous Total

-25

0

25

50

75

13

-9

4

58

11

Percent

PFCs

SF6

Emissions, Based on Global Warming Potential, by Type of Gas, 1998

Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs

0.00

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60 1.53

0.17 0.10 0.04

Billion Metric Tons

Carbon Equivalent Billion Metric Tons

Emissions, Based on Global Warming Potential, by Type of Gas, 1999

(s) (s)

PFCs

SF6

+

+

Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

2

4

6

8

Billion Metric Tons of Gas

Oxide

 

HFCs

PFCs

SF6

6

1999: 5.6

1990: 5.0

+

+

+

+

+
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 317

Table 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1980-1999

Year

Greenhouse Gases

(million metric tons of gas)

Greenhouse Gases, Based on Global Warming Potential 1

(million metric tons carbon equivalent)

Carbon

Dioxide Methane

Nitrous

Oxide

HFCs

PFCs

SF6

Carbon

Dioxide Methane

Nitrous

Oxide

HFCs

PFCs

SF6 Total

1980 4,783.8 27.5 1.0 (s) 1,305 158 82 20 1,565

1981 4,661.2 28.1 1.0 (s) 1,271 161 84 21 1,537

1982 4,417.6 28.4 1.0 (s) 1,205 163 82 16 1,466

1983 4,383.9 28.2 0.9 (s) 1,196 162 77 19 1,454

1984 4,619.0 29.0 1.0 (s) 1,260 166 85 21 1,532

1985 R4,595.8 29.3 1.1 (s) R1,253 168 96 20 R1,537

1986 R4,602.7 R28.8 1.1 (s) R1,255 165 93 21 R1,534

1987 R4,753.6 29.3 1.1 (s) R1,296 168 93 22 R1,579

1988 R4,961.8 R29.7 1.1 (s) R1,353 170 91 26 R1,640

1989 R5,012.4 R29.9 1.1 (s) R1,367 171 96 26 R1,660

1990 R4,951.9 R31.7 1.2 (s) R1,351 R182 99 R24 R1,655

1991 R4,907.6 R31.9 1.2 (s) R1,338 R183 101 22 R1,644

1992 R5,005.3 R32.0 1.2 (s) R1,365 R183 103 R24 R1,675

1993 R5,121.6 R31.1 1.2 (s) R1,397 R178 103 24 R1,702

1994 R5,215.7 R31.2 1.3 (s) R1,422 R179 111 R25 R1,737

1995 R5,260.6 R31.2 1.3 (s) R1,435 R179 106 R29 R1,748

1996 R5,441.6 R30.2 1.2 (s) R1,484 R173 105 R33 R1,796

1997 R5,519.0 R30.1 1.2 (s) R1,505 R172 104 R35 R1,816

1998 R5,527.1 R29.3 1.2 (s) R1,507 R168 103 40 R1,818

1999P 5,598.2 28.8 1.2 (s) 1,527 165 103 38 1,833

1 Emissions of greenhouse gases were weighted based upon their relative global warming potential,

with carbon dioxide gas equal to a weight of one, and were converted to carbon equivalent by dividing by

3.667.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million metric tons. 

Notes: • HFCs = hydrofluorocarbons; PFCs = perfluorocarbons; and SF6 = sulfur hexafluoride.

• Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of human

activities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from natural

sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included. • Because estimation methods for

greenhouse gases are currently being developed, data are frequently revised on an annual basis in keeping

with the latest findings of the international scientific community. For some of the gases, such as carbon

dioxide, revisions are a small percentage of the total (on the order of 1 percent), but for other gases, such

as nitrous oxide, they may be on the order of 100 percent.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in

the United States, annual reports. • 1990 forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States 1999 (October 2000), Tables ES1 and ES2.
318 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Total, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent1

1 Tons of carbon equivalent can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying 

by 3.667. One ton of carbon equivalent = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

2 Based on chained (1996) dollars.

Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Index 1990=100

By Sector, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

200

400

600

Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent1

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 1.5 and 12.2.

Figure 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1999

Transportation

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

1999: 1.5 Billion 

Metric Tons

Inflation-Adjusted Gross Domestic Product2

Energy-Related

Carbon Dioxide

Emissions

By Sector, 1999

Transportation Industrial Residential Commercial

0

200

400

600

496 481

290

244

Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent1
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 319

Table 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1999

 (Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent 1)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Total

1980 R247.9 R178.0 R484.2 378.1 R1,288.2

1981 R239.4 R177.9 R463.3 374.1 R1,254.7

1982 R237.9 R178.4 R408.2 365.6 R1,190.1

1983 R236.3 R180.1 R399.6 366.9 R1,182.9

1984 R241.6 R189.2 R436.5 379.0 R1,246.3

1985 R245.4 R189.3 R424.1 384.3 R1,243.1

1986 R244.2 R190.6 R412.5 399.0 R1,246.2

1987 R251.5 R197.6 R427.9 411.0 R1,287.9

1988 R264.5 R207.3 R447.9 427.3 R1,347.0

1989 R267.4 R209.8 R450.0 432.6 R1,359.8

1990 R254.2 R207.7 R454.8 431.8 R1,348.6

1991 R259.0 R208.0 R444.1 424.3 R1,335.3

1992 R258.6 R207.8 R461.6 431.1 R1,359.1

1993 R274.3 R213.6 R461.0 436.4 R1,385.3

1994 R272.2 R217.1 R471.0 449.3 R1,409.6

1995 R273.4 R220.6 R469.2 R457.8 R1,421.0

1996 R289.6 R229.2 R483.8 R468.9 R1,471.5

1997 R288.6 R241.5 R489.7 473.6 R1,493.4

1998 R288.8 R244.5 R480.2 R481.9 R1,495.4

1999P 290.1 243.5 481.2 496.1 1,510.8

1 Tons of carbon equivalent can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. 

One ton of carbon equivalent = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Includes energy from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in

the United States, annual reports. • 1990 forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States 1999 (October 2000), Table 5.
320 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1999

1 Tons of carbon equivalent can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying 

by 3.667. One ton of carbon equivalent = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.

3 Aviation gasoline, kerosene, and other products.

Coal used in the transportation sector is included in the industrial sector.

Source: Table 12.3.

( )

0 100 200 300 400

304

150

66

25

40

4

58

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

By End-Use Sector

Resi- Com- Indus- Trans0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

290

243

481 496

Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent1

dential mercial trial portation

By Fuel

Petro- Natural Coal

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700 650

312

549

Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent1

leum Gas

By End-Use Sector and Source

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

26 14

104

486

70 45

142

1 2 10

56

193 183 180

1

Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent1

By Petroleum Product

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

LPG2

Lubricants

Other3

4

4

 Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Electricity
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 321

Table 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 1999

 (Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent 1)

Energy Source

End-Use Sectors

Electric

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Total Utilities Total

Petroleum ..................................................... 26.0 13.7 104.2 485.8 629.7 20.0 649.7

 Aviation Gasoline ....................................... — — — 0.7 0.7 — 0.7

 Distillate Fuel ............................................. 16.0 8.6 22.7 100.1 147.4 2 2.5 149.9

 Jet Fuel ...................................................... — — — 66.3 66.3 — 66.3

 Kerosene ................................................... 2.0 0.6 0.4 — 3.0 — 3.0

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ....................... 8.1 1.4 14.9 0.3 24.7 — 24.7

 Lubricants .................................................. — — 1.9 1.8 3.7 — 3.7

 Motor Gasoline .......................................... — 0.9 3.9 299.1 303.9 — 303.9

 Residual Fuel ............................................. — 2.2 3.9 17.5 23.6 3 16.2 39.8

 Other .......................................................... — — 56.4 — 56.4 4 1.3 57.7

Natural Gas .................................................. 69.5 45.4 141.6 9.5 266.0 45.8 311.8

Coal .............................................................. 1.1 1.7 5 56.0 6 ( ) 58.8 490.5 549.3

Electricity ...................................................... 193.4 182.6 179.5 0.8 556.3 — —

Total .............................................................. 290.1 243.5 481.2 496.1 1,510.8 7 556.3 1,510.8

1 Tons of carbon equivalent can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. 

One ton of carbon equivalent = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Light fuel oil. 3 Heavy fuel oil. 4 Petroleum coke. 5 Industrial coal includes net imports of coke. 6 Included in the industrial sector.

7 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.

— = Not applicable. 

Notes: • Data are preliminary. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States

1999 (October 2000), Tables 6-9 and EIA estimates.
322 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 12.4.

Figure 12.4 Methane Emissions

1 Animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels emit methane as a product of 

digestion.

By Source, 1999

Energy Waste Agricultural Industrial

0

3

6

9

12

10.6

9.1 9.0

0.1

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Agricultural Sources by Type, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

2

4

6

8

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Total, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

10

20

30

40

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Energy Sources by Type, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

2

4

6

8

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Coal Mining

Crude Oil and Natural Gas

Stationary Combustion

Enteric Fermentation1

Animal Waste

Rice Paddies

Sources Management Sources Processes

Transportation

28.8 in

1999

31.7 in

1990
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 323

Table 12.4 Methane Emissions, 1980-1999

 (Million Metric Tons of Methane)

Year

Energy Sources

Waste

Management Agricultural Sources

Industrial

Processes Total

Crude Oil

and

Natural Gas

Coal

Mining Transportation

Stationary

Combustion Total Landfills

Wastewater

Treatment Total

Enteric

Fermentation 1

Animal

Waste

Rice

Paddies

Crop

Residue

Burning Total

1980 4.42 3.05 0.28 0.81 8.56 9.85 0.14 9.99 5.47 2.88 0.48 0.03 8.86 0.13 27.54

1981 5.02 2.80 0.27 0.82 8.92 10.07 0.14 10.21 5.56 2.75 0.54 0.04 8.89 0.14 28.15

1982 5.05 3.23 0.27 0.88 9.42 10.12 0.14 10.26 5.50 2.66 0.47 0.04 8.66 0.10 28.44

1983 5.01 3.02 0.27 0.86 9.17 10.30 0.14 10.45 5.46 2.71 0.31 0.03 8.51 0.11 28.23

1984 5.12 3.60 0.26 0.86 9.85 10.46 0.14 10.60 5.33 2.64 0.40 0.04 8.41 0.11 28.97

1985 R5.05 3.88 R0.24 R0.84 R10.01 R10.70 0.14 R10.84 5.27 2.64 0.36 0.04 8.31 0.11 R29.27

1986 R4.93 3.73 R0.23 R0.82 R9.71 R10.75 0.15 R10.90 5.13 2.58 0.34 0.03 8.09 0.10 R28.80

1987 R5.03 4.01 R0.23 0.80 R10.07 R10.99 0.15 R11.14 5.08 2.63 0.33 0.03 8.07 0.11 R29.39

1988 R5.18 3.93 R0.23 0.83 R10.17 R11.09 0.15 R11.24 5.10 2.64 0.41 0.03 8.18 0.12 R29.71

1989 R,25.34 3.96 R0.23 0.86 R10.39 R11.19 0.15 R11.34 5.11 2.54 0.38 0.04 8.08 0.12 R29.92

1990 R6.87 4.26 0.25 0.56 R11.94 R11.25 0.15 R11.40 R5.16 R2.69 0.40 0.04 R8.29 0.12 R31.74

1991 R7.10 4.12 0.23 0.59 R12.04 R11.11 0.15 R11.26 5.30 R2.79 0.39 R0.03 R8.52 0.11 R31.93

1992 R7.12 3.97 0.24 0.62 R11.95 R11.06 0.15 R11.22 5.39 R2.81 0.44 0.04 R8.68 0.12 R31.96

1993 R7.05 3.34 0.24 0.54 R11.17 R10.92 0.16 R11.08 R5.46 R2.87 0.40 0.03 R8.76 0.12 R31.14

1994 R7.03 3.36 0.24 0.53 R11.16 R10.68 0.16 R10.83 R5.59 R2.95 0.47 0.04 R9.05 0.13 R31.17

1995 R7.11 3.43 0.25 0.58 R11.38 R10.47 0.16 R10.63 R5.61 R2.95 0.44 0.03 R9.03 0.13 R31.18

1996 R7.11 2.95 0.24 0.58 R10.88 R10.16 0.16 R10.32 R5.46 R2.93 0.40 0.04 R8.83 0.13 R30.16

1997 R7.26 R3.10 0.24 0.44 R11.03 R9.80 0.16 R9.97 5.42 R3.08 0.44 0.04 R8.98 0.13 R30.11

1998 R7.06 R3.02 0.24 R0.39 R10.70 R9.29 0.16 R9.45 5.41 R3.09 0.47 0.04 R9.00 0.13 R29.29

1999P 7.03 2.88 0.24 0.41 10.56 8.94 0.16 9.11 5.40 3.03 0.50 0.04 8.96 0.13 28.76

1 Animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels emit methane as a product of digestion. 2 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

the emissions from oil production beginning in 1990.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic means produced as the result of

human activities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from

natural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included. • Estimates of methane emissions

are, in general, highly uncertain. The level of precision is probably on the order of 30 to 50 percent. For

additional information, see "Appendix C, "Uncertainty in Emission Estimates" in the source report. • Under

certain conditions, methane may be produced via anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in landfills,

animal wastes, and rice paddies. • Because inventory methods for greenhouse gases are currently being

developed, data are frequently revised on an annual basis in keeping with the latest findings of the

international scientific community. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in

the United States, annual reports. • 1990 forward—EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United

States 1999 (October 2000), Table 14.
324 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 12.5 Ozone Depleting Substances and Criteria Pollutants

(s)=Less than 0.5 thousand metric tons of gas.

Notes: • CFC=chlorofluorocarbons; HCFC=chlorodifluoromethane; VOCs=volatile 

organic compounds. • Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 12.5.

Ozone Depleting Substances, 1999

CFC-11 HCFC-22 Methyl

0

25

50

75

100

37.8

73.2

Thousand Metric Tons of Gas

Ozone Depleting Substances, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100

200

300

400

Thousand Metric Tons of Gas

Criteria Pollutants, 1980-1999

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Million Metric Tons of Gas

CFC-12

CFC-113

Chloroform

(s)

Monoxide Oxides VOCs

Carbon Monoxide

Nitrogen Oxides

Nonmethane VOCs

CFC-11

CFC-12

CFC-113

Methyl Chloroform

HCFC-22

Criteria Pollutants, 1999

Carbon Nitrogen Nonmethane

0

20

40

60

80

100

88

23

16

Million Metric Tons of Gas
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 325

Table 12.5 Ozone Depleting Substances and Criteria Pollutants, 1980-1999

Year

Ozone Depleting Substances

(thousand metric tons of gas)

Criteria Pollutants

(million metric tons of gas)

CFC-11

CFC-12

CFC-113 HCFC-22

Methyl

Chloroform

Carbon

Monoxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Nonmethane

VOCs 

1980 169.8 58.6 294.8 106.5 22.1 23.9

1981 183.9 64.4 283.8 105.7 22.4 22.5

1982 185.6 67.8 252.5 99.2 21.8 21.5

1983 216.3 73.2 252.6 98.3 21.7 22.6

1984 243.7 73.6 276.4 107.2 22.6 23.5

1985 260.7 70.3 261.1 105.7 20.9 22.2

1986 271.4 70.3 296.1 99.2 20.5 21.2

1987 278.5 68.1 261.1 98.3 20.6 21.0

1988 278.2 74.0 323.4 107.2 21.8 22.0

1989 271.9 76.4 295.6 96.0 21.5 20.4

1990 192.5 79.8 158.3 R89.3 R21.8 R19.1

1991 172.4 79.5 154.7 R91.7 R21.9 R19.3

1992 142.7 79.5 108.3 R89.2 R22.3 R18.9

1993 141.8 71.2 92.9 R89.8 R22.6 R19.1

1994 102.8 71.4 77.4 R93.4 R22.9 R19.7

1995 96.6 R72.3 46.4 R84.6 R22.5 R19.0

1996 62.1 R73.2 (s) R91.1 R23.4 R17.6

1997 48.2 R74.2 (s) R91.2 R23.7 R17.9

1998 R45.9 R75.1 (s) R87.1 R23.4 R16.9

1999P 37.8 73.2 (s) 87.5 22.8 16.4

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 thousand metric tons. 

Notes: • CFC = chlorofluorocarbons; HCFC = chlorodifluoromethane; and VOCs = volatile organic

compounds. • Ozone depleting substances are gases containing chlorine that are being controlled

because they deplete ozone. They are thought to have some indeterminate impact on greenhouse gases. 

• Criteria pollutants are regulated as urban air pollutants. They are thought to have indirect effects on

climate because they promote the formation of ozone, itself a greenhouse gas. • Because estimation

methods for greenhouse gases are currently being developed, data are frequently revised on an annual

basis in keeping with the latest findings of the international scientific community.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.

Sources: Ozone Depleting Substances: • 1980-1989—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, annual reports. • 1990 forward—EIA, Emissions of

Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1999 (October 2000). Criteria Pollutants: • 1980 forward—EIA,

Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting estimates based upon data obtained from the Environmental

Protection Agency. 
326 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 12.6 Emissions From Electricity Generation 

1 Plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, 

and refuse. 

2 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of 

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by 

dividing by 1.102.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.

Note: Because horizontal and vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 12.6.

Carbon Dioxide

Fired

Fired

Fired

Other1

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

2,021

125

341

15

Million Short Tons of Gas2

Emissions by Generating Unit Type, 1995

Sulfur Dioxide

Fired

Other

0 5 10 15

12.2

0.9

0

0.1

Million Short Tons of Gas

(s)

Carbon Dioxide

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0.0

0.7

1.4

2.1

2.8

Billion Short Tons of Gas2

Total Emissions, 1985-1996

Sulfur Dioxide

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

6

12

18

Million Short Tons of Gas

Nitrogen Oxides

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

0

3

6

9

12

Million Short Tons of Gas

Coal

Petroleum

Gas

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Total

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Electric Utilities

Nonutility Power Producers

Emissions by Type of Generating Unit, 1999

Total

Total Emissions, 1989-1999

Nitrogen Oxides

02468

6.9

0.2

0.7

0.1

Million Short Tons of Gas
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 327

Table 12.6 Emissions From Electricity Generation, 1989-1999

 (Thousand Short Tons of Gas)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum Fired Gas Fired Other 1 Total

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide 2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Electric Utilities

1989 1,651,813 15,196 6,764 135,734 819 221 161,051 1 359 4,092 4 8 1,952,691 16,020 7,352

1990 1,655,344 14,972 6,600 102,003 648 164 158,227 1 341 4,711 5 9 1,920,285 15,626 7,114

1991 1,653,114 14,838 6,548 97,246 662 156 159,816 1 335 3,756 4 8 1,913,932 15,505 7,047

1992 1,668,404 14,643 6,449 77,516 554 118 160,296 1 306 4,333 4 8 1,910,548 15,202 6,882

1993 1,738,068 14,378 6,625 82,459 625 126 154,141 1 297 3,362 3 6 1,978,029 15,007 7,054

1994 1,737,512 13,836 6,399 75,959 537 111 168,314 1 323 3,415 7 6 1,985,200 14,382 6,840

1995 1,753,974 11,254 6,340 52,702 334 78 179,631 1 363 3,322 10 6 1,989,628 11,599 6,787

1996 1,851,875 11,821 6,651 58,122 384 83 153,085 1 320 3,608 2 6 2,066,691 12,207 7,060

1997 R1,894,000 R11,771 R6,795 R71,814 R544 R96 R175,396 R1 R330 R,3909 R1 R7 R2,142,118 R12,317 R7,227

1998 R1,911,624 R11,652 R6,701 R100,895 R759 R137 R195,866 R1 R377 R897 R1 R7 R2,209,281 R12,413 R7,221

1999P 1,898,133 11,294 6,534 91,912 671 123 198,860 2 376 863 1 5 2,189,769 11,968 7,038

Nonutility Power Producers

1989 72,360 548 282 14,884 90 36 142,974 1 531 114,944 27 89 345,162 665 938

1990 71,957 740 280 17,408 193 40 158,355 1 577 150,930 230 113 398,651 1,164 1,011

1991 83,461 661 323 18,704 160 44 174,315 1 617 164,794 281 116 441,274 1,102 1,100

1992 91,833 668 367 23,510 254 56 204,158 1 704 179,943 288 127 499,444 1,211 1,254

1993 97,281 709 395 27,304 266 62 219,859 1 749 185,343 296 132 529,787 1,272 1,337

1994 102,914 797 413 33,612 327 73 232,485 1 763 194,879 301 133 563,889 1,425 1,382

1995 99,500 689 404 29,287 305 65 232,808 1 839 185,514 283 136 547,110 1,278 1,444

1996 105,508 788 422 31,445 410 71 248,891 1 904 207,676 319 148 593,520 1,518 1,545

1997 R,463,705 R,4369 R,4225 R,418,372 R,4191 R,426 R,4108,639 R,40 R,4249 R,427,961 R,4106 R,482 R,4218,677 R,4666 R,4582

1998 72,254 352 259 20,632 204 25 125,163 0 307 14,086 90 86 232,135 646 677

1999P 123,021 864 400 33,295 271 44 142,139 0 300 14,504 103 90 312,959 1,238 834

Total

1989 1,724,173 15,744 7,046 150,618 909 257 304,025 2 890 119,036 31 97 2,297,852 16,686 8,290

1990 1,727,301 15,711 6,881 119,411 842 204 316,583 2 918 155,641 235 122 2,318,936 16,790 8,125

1991 1,736,575 15,499 6,870 115,950 822 200 334,131 2 953 168,550 285 124 2,355,207 16,607 8,147

1992 1,760,237 15,311 6,816 101,027 808 174 364,454 2 1,010 184,275 292 135 2,409,992 16,413 8,136

1993 1,835,349 15,087 7,019 109,763 891 188 374,000 2 1,046 188,705 299 138 2,507,817 16,279 8,391

1994 1,840,426 14,633 6,812 109,571 864 185 400,799 2 1,086 198,294 308 139 2,549,089 15,807 8,221

1995 1,853,473 11,943 6,744 81,989 639 143 412,439 2 1,203 188,836 293 141 2,536,738 12,877 8,231

1996 1,957,384 12,609 7,072 89,567 793 155 401,976 2 1,224 211,283 322 154 2,660,210 13,726 8,604

1997 R,41,957,705 R,412,140 R,47,020 R,490,186 R,4735 R,4122 R,4284,035 R,41 R,4579 R,428,870 R,4107 R,489 R,42,360,795 R,412,983 R,47,809

1998 1,983,878 12,004 6,960 121,527 963 162 321,029 1 684 14,983 91 93 2,441,416 13,059 7,898

1999P 2,021,154 12,158 6,934 125,207 942 167 340,999 2 676 15,367 104 95 2,502,728 13,206 7,872

1 Plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse. 2 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon =

3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by dividing by 1.102. 3 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to revised Air Pollutant

Emissions Factors (AP-42, 5th edition, Supplement E, Environmental Protection Agency). 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997. Prior to 1997, nonutility emissions

data are for the production of electricity and useful thermal output. Beginning in 1997, data are for the

production of electricity only.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: Electric Utilities: • 1989-1994—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power

Annual, annual reports. • 1995 forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1999, Volume II, annual reports.

Nonutility Power Producers: • 1989 forward—EIA, Form EIA-860B "Annual Electric Generator

Report-Nonutility."
328 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Figure 12.7 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants

 With Environmental Equipment

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 12.7.

By Fuel and Equipment Type, 1998

Particulate Cooling Towers Scrubbers Particulate Cooling Towers Scrubbers

0

100

200

300

400

324

146

90

29 29

0

Thousand Megawatts

Collectors Collectors

Coal-Fired Units Petroleum- and Gas-Fired Units

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

By Fuel and Equipment Type, 1999

Total Units by Equipment Type, 1985-1999

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100

200

300

400

Thousand Megawatts

Coal-Fired Units by Equipment Type, 1985-1999

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

100

200

300

400

Thousand Megawatts

Petroleum- and Gas-Fired Units

by Equipment Type, 1985-1999

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

0

25

50

75

100

Thousand Megawatts
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 329

Table 12.7 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants

 With Environmental Equipment, 1985-1999

 (Megawatts)

Year

Coal-Fired Petroleum- and Gas-Fired Total

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

1985 302,056 120,591 56,955 304,706 36,054 28,895 65 62,371 338,110 149,486 57,020 367,078

1986 308,566 126,731 63,735 311,217 34,258 27,919 65 59,618 342,825 154,650 63,800 370,835

1987 311,043 127,875 65,688 312,885 33,431 27,912 65 58,783 344,474 155,786 65,753 371,668

1988 311,776 129,366 67,156 313,618 34,063 27,434 65 58,937 345,839 156,800 67,221 372,555

1989 313,708 131,697 67,506 315,549 33,975 28,386 65 59,736 347,655 160,087 67,534 375,257

1990 315,681 134,199 69,057 317,522 33,639 28,359 65 59,372 349,319 162,557 69,122 376,894

1991 319,127 136,270 70,294 319,189 33,864 29,067 260 59,773 352,990 165,337 70,554 378,963

1992 320,016 136,542 71,157 320,078 33,509 28,764 195 59,116 353,525 165,306 71,351 379,194

1993 318,830 136,028 70,890 318,893 32,620 28,922 0 58,580 351,451 164,951 70,890 377,473

1994 319,309 137,266 80,617 319,600 31,695 28,186 0 57,123 351,180 165,452 80,617 376,899

1995 320,268 137,825 84,260 320,467 30,513 27,187 0 54,942 351,198 165,295 84,677 375,691

1996 321,721 139,065 86,359 321,785 30,349 27,685 0 55,275 352,254 166,749 86,359 377,244

1997 320,832 138,120 86,605 320,896 31,422 28,766 0 56,485 352,254 166,886 86,605 377,381

1998 321,082 139,082 87,783 321,353 30,708 27,814 0 55,764 351,790 166,896 87,783 377,117

1999P 324,109 146,377 89,666 331,379 29,371 29,142 0 55,812 353,480 175,520 89,666 387,192

1 Components are not additive because some generators are included in more than one category.

P=Preliminary. 

Notes: • Historical data are revised to include emissions from other fuels (including light oil, methane,

coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse); to incorporate reevaluation and

resubmission of data by respondents to The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990; and to reflect revisions to

the methodology used to estimate emissions. • All data are preliminary and may be revised in future

publications. • Data cover only plants with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100 megawatts or

greater.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.

Sources: • 1985-1987—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant

Operation and Design Report." • 1988-1993—EIA, Electric Power Annual, annual reports. • 1994

forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual Volume II, annual reports.

Appendix A

Thermal Conversion Factors

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 331

Energy Source Heat Content

Asphalt ...................................................... 6.636

Aviation Gasoline .............................................. 5.048

Butane....................................................... 4.326

Butane-Propane Mixture (60 percent-40 percent) ..................... 4.130

Distillate Fuel Oil............................................... 5.825

Ethane....................................................... 3.082

Ethane-Propane Mixture (70 percent-30 percent) ..................... 3.308

Isobutane .................................................... 3.974

Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type......................................... 5.670

Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type ......................................... 5.355

Kerosene..................................................... 5.670

Lubricants .................................................... 6.065

Motor Gasoline

Conventional1 ............................................... 5.253

Oxygenated1 ................................................ 5.150

Reformulated1 ............................................... 5.150

Fuel Ethanol2 ............................................... 3.539

Natural Gasoline ............................................... 4.620

Pentanes Plus................................................. 4.620

Petrochemical Feedstocks

Naphtha less than 401o F...................................... 5.248

Other Oils equal to or greater than 401o F......................... 5.825

Still Gas ................................................... 6.000

Petroleum Coke ............................................... 6.024

Plant Condensate .............................................. 5.418

Propane ..................................................... 3.836

Residual Fuel Oil............................................... 6.287

Road Oil ..................................................... 6.636

Special Naphthas .............................................. 5.248

Still Gas...................................................... 6.000

Unfinished Oils ................................................ 5.825

Unfractionated Stream .......................................... 5.418

Waxes....................................................... 5.537

Miscellaneous ................................................. 5.796

Table A1. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products

(Million Btu per Barrel)

1

See Table A3 for motor gasoline annual weighted averages beginning in 1994.

2

Fuel ethanol, which is derived from agricultural feedstocks (primarily corn), is not a petroleum product

but is blended into motor gasoline. Its gross heat content (3.539 million Btu per barrel) is used in Annual

Energy Review calculations; its net heat content (3.192 million Btu per barrel) is used in the Energy Information Administration’s Renewable Energy Annual calculations.

Source: See “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which follows Table A6.

Using Thermal Conversion Factors

The thermal conversion factors presented in the following tables can be used

to estimate the heat content in British thermal units (Btu) of a given amount of

energy measured in physical units, such as barrels or cubic feet. For example,

10 barrels of asphalt has a heat content of approximately 66.36 million Btu

(10 barrels x 6.636 million Btu per barrel = 66.36 million Btu).

The heat content rates (i.e., thermal conversion factors) provided in this section represent the gross (or upper) energy content of the fuels. Gross heat content rates are

applied in all Btu calculations for the Annual Energy Review and are commonly

used in energy calculations in the United States; net (or lower) heat content rates

are typically used in European energy calculations. The difference between the two

rates is the amount of energy that is consumed to vaporize water that is created during the combustion process. Generally, the difference ranges from 2 percent to 10

percent, depending on the specific fuel and its hydrogen content. Some fuels, such

as unseasoned wood, can be more than 40 percent different in their gross and net

heat content rates.

In general, the annual thermal conversion factors presented in Tables A2

through A6 are computed from final annual data or from the best available data

and are labeled “preliminary.” Often, the previous year’s factor is used as the

preliminary value until data become available to calculate the factor appropriate

to the year. The source of each factor is described in the section entitled

“Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which follows Table A6

in this appendix.

Thermal conversion factors for hydrocarbon mixes are weighted averages of

the thermal conversion factors for each hydrocarbon included in the mix. For

example, in calculating the thermal conversion factor for a 60-40 butane-propane mixture, the thermal conversion factor for butane is weighted 1.5

times the thermal conversion factor for propane.

More information about British thermal units (the standardized unit of measure for energy) can be found in the Glossary.
332 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table A2. Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-2000

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Crude Oil Only Crude Oil and Products Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Production Imports Exports Imports Exports Production

1949 5.800 5.952 5.800 6.059 5.692 4.544

1950 5.800 5.943 5.800 6.080 5.766 4.522

1951 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.075 5.762 4.495

1952 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.067 5.774 4.464

1953 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.052 5.742 4.450

1954 5.800 5.931 5.800 6.052 5.745 4.415

1955 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.040 5.768 4.406

1956 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.024 5.754 4.382

1957 5.800 5.918 5.800 6.023 5.780 4.369

1958 5.800 5.916 5.800 5.993 5.779 4.366

1959 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.020 5.829 4.311

1960 5.800 5.911 5.800 6.021 5.834 4.295

1961 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.991 5.832 4.283

1962 5.800 5.890 5.800 6.004 5.841 4.273

1963 5.800 5.894 5.800 6.002 5.840 4.264

1964 5.800 5.882 5.800 5.998 5.844 4.268

1965 5.800 5.872 5.800 5.997 5.743 4.264

1966 5.800 5.863 5.800 5.993 5.729 4.259

1967 5.800 5.838 5.800 5.999 5.777 4.232

1968 5.800 5.836 5.800 5.977 5.763 4.218

1969 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.974 5.714 4.170

1970 5.800 5.822 5.800 5.985 5.810 4.146

1971 5.800 5.824 5.800 5.961 5.775 4.117

1972 5.800 5.809 5.800 5.935 5.741 4.070

1973 5.800 5.817 5.800 5.897 5.752 4.049

1974 5.800 5.827 5.800 5.884 5.774 4.011

1975 5.800 5.821 5.800 5.858 5.748 3.984

1976 5.800 5.808 5.800 5.856 5.745 3.964

1977 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.834 5.797 3.941

1978 5.800 5.802 5.800 5.839 5.808 3.925

1979 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.810 5.832 3.955

1980 5.800 5.812 5.800 5.796 5.820 3.914

1981 5.800 5.818 5.800 5.775 5.821 3.930

1982 5.800 5.826 5.800 5.775 5.820 3.872

1983 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.774 5.800 3.839

1984 5.800 5.823 5.800 5.745 5.850 3.812

1985 5.800 5.832 5.800 5.736 5.814 3.815

1986 5.800 5.903 5.800 5.808 5.832 3.797

1987 5.800 5.901 5.800 5.820 5.858 3.804

1988 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.820 5.840 3.800

1989 5.800 5.906 5.800 5.833 5.857 3.826

1990 5.800 5.934 5.800 5.849 5.833 3.822

1991 5.800 5.948 5.800 5.873 5.823 3.807

1992 5.800 5.953 5.800 5.877 5.777 3.804

1993 5.800 5.954 5.800 5.883 5.779 3.801

1994 5.800 5.950 5.800 5.861 5.779 3.794

1995 5.800 R5.938 5.800 R5.855 R5.746 3.796

1996 5.800 R5.947 5.800 R5.847 R5.736 3.777

1997 5.800 5.954 5.800 5.862 R5.734 3.762

1998 5.800 5.953 5.800 R5.861 R5.720 3.769

1999 5.800 R5.942 5.800 R5.840 R5.699 R3.744

2000P 5.800 5.958 5.800 5.858 5.658 3.733

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 333

Table A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-2000

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Consumption

Imports Exports

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Consumption

Motor

Gasoline

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Consumption

Electric

Utilities Total

1949 5.493 5.858 5.947 5.465 6.254 5.649 6.261 5.651 4.011 5.253

1950 5.482 5.865 5.940 5.461 6.254 5.649 6.263 5.751 4.011 5.253

1951 5.492 5.856 5.913 5.458 6.254 5.634 6.265 5.753 4.011 5.353

1952 5.488 5.849 5.905 5.442 6.254 5.621 6.261 5.768 4.011 5.253

1953 5.465 5.845 5.897 5.426 6.254 5.608 6.268 5.732 4.011 5.253

1954 5.475 5.832 5.883 5.412 6.254 5.595 6.252 5.738 4.011 5.253

1955 5.480 5.832 5.866 5.408 6.254 5.591 6.234 5.765 4.011 5.253

1956 5.474 5.828 5.856 5.406 6.254 5.585 6.225 5.744 4.011 5.253

1957 5.462 5.813 5.842 5.405 6.254 5.577 6.219 5.774 4.011 5.253

1958 5.465 5.802 5.832 5.393 6.254 5.567 6.091 5.778 4.011 5.253

1959 5.408 5.803 5.811 5.389 6.254 5.557 6.142 5.830 4.011 5.253

1960 5.430 5.849 5.800 5.388 6.267 5.555 6.161 5.835 4.011 5.253

1961 5.432 5.847 5.795 5.386 6.268 5.552 6.102 5.833 4.011 5.253

1962 5.418 5.835 5.784 5.386 6.267 5.545 6.138 5.842 4.011 5.253

1963 5.396 5.818 5.759 5.384 6.266 5.534 6.126 5.841 4.011 5.253

1964 5.375 5.811 5.728 5.388 6.267 5.528 6.129 5.845 4.011 5.253

1965 5.380 5.837 5.728 5.387 6.267 5.532 6.123 5.742 4.011 5.253

1966 5.354 5.839 5.722 5.388 6.266 5.532 6.112 5.728 4.011 5.253

1967 5.291 5.818 5.682 5.391 6.266 5.515 6.128 5.758 13.838 5.253

1968 5.272 5.797 5.646 5.394 6.263 5.504 6.095 5.762 3.818 5.253

1969 5.213 5.769 5.603 5.394 6.259 5.492 6.093 5.713 3.805 5.253

1970 5.216 5.773 5.604 5.393 6.252 5.503 6.088 5.811 3.779 5.253

1971 5.212 5.758 5.600 5.389 6.245 5.504 6.062 5.775 3.772 5.253

1972 5.193 5.733 5.564 5.388 6.233 5.500 6.045 5.741 3.760 5.253

1973 5.205 5.749 5.568 5.395 6.245 5.515 5.983 5.752 3.746 5.253

1974 5.196 5.740 5.538 5.394 6.238 5.504 5.959 5.773 3.730 5.253

1975 5.192 5.704 5.528 5.392 6.250 5.494 5.935 5.747 3.715 5.253

1976 5.215 5.726 5.538 5.395 6.251 5.504 5.980 5.743 3.711 5.253

1977 5.213 5.733 5.555 5.400 6.249 5.518 5.908 5.796 3.677 5.253

1978 5.213 5.716 5.553 5.404 6.251 5.519 5.955 5.814 3.669 5.253

1979 5.298 5.769 5.418 5.428 6.258 5.494 5.811 5.864 3.680 5.253

1980 5.245 5.803 5.376 5.440 6.254 5.479 5.748 5.841 3.674 5.253

1981 5.191 5.751 5.313 5.432 6.258 5.448 5.659 5.837 3.643 5.253

1982 5.167 5.751 5.263 5.422 6.258 5.415 5.664 5.829 3.615 5.253

1983 5.022 5.642 5.273 5.415 6.255 5.406 5.677 5.800 3.614 5.253

1984 5.129 5.700 5.223 5.422 6.251 5.395 5.613 5.867 3.599 5.253

1985 5.115 5.660 5.221 5.423 6.247 5.387 5.572 5.819 3.603 5.253

1986 5.130 5.691 5.286 5.427 6.257 5.418 5.624 5.839 3.640 5.253

1987 5.095 5.659 5.253 5.430 6.249 5.403 5.599 5.860 3.659 5.253

1988 5.118 5.657 5.248 5.434 6.250 5.410 5.618 5.842 3.652 5.253

1989 5.057 5.615 5.233 5.440 6.241 5.410 5.641 5.869 3.683 5.253

1990 4.952 5.612 5.272 5.445 6.247 5.411 5.614 5.838 3.625 5.253

1991 4.912 5.591 5.192 5.442 6.248 5.384 5.636 5.827 3.614 5.253

1992 4.943 5.579 5.188 5.445 6.243 5.378 5.623 5.774 3.624 5.253

1993 4.943 5.573 5.200 5.438 6.241 5.379 5.620 5.777 3.606 5.253

1994 4.940 5.583 5.170 5.427 6.231 5.361 5.534 5.777 3.635 25.230

1995 4.928 5.549 R5.140 5.419 6.210 5.341 R5.483 R5.740 3.623 5.215

1996 4.871 5.497 R5.136 5.421 6.212 5.336 R5.468 R5.728 3.613 5.216

1997 4.873 5.463 R5.139 5.417 6.220 5.336 R5.469 R5.726 3.616 5.213

1998 4.844 5.447 R5.156 R5.416 6.220 5.349 R5.462 R5.710 3.614 5.212

1999 4.751 5.368 R5.115 5.419 R6.208 5.328 R5.421 R5.684 3.616 R5.211

2000P 4.760 5.395 5.089 5.427 6.193 5.326 5.445 5.651 3.603 5.210

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1966 and 1967; beginning in 1967, the single

constant factor is replaced by a quantity-weighted average of liquefied petroleum gases’ major

components. 2 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1993 and 1994; beginning in 1994, the single

constant factor is replaced by a factor that is a quantity-weighted average of motor gasoline’s major

components. See Table A1.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. 

Note: Weighted averages of the products included in each category are calculated by using heat content

values shown in Table A1.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.
334 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table A4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-2000

 (Btu per Cubic Foot)

Year

Production Consumption

Dry Marketed Imports Exports

Sectors Other Than

Electric Utilities

Electric

Utilities Total

1949 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1,035

1950 1,035 1,119 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1,035

1951 1,035 1,114 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1,035

1952 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1953 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1954 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1955 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1956 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1957 1,035 1,113 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1958 1,035 1,110 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1959 1,035 1,109 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1960 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1961 1,035 1,108 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1962 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035

1963 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1964 1,032 1,102 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032

1965 1,032 1,101 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032

1966 1,033 1,103 1,033 1,033 1,033 1,033 1,033

1967 1,032 1,105 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032

1968 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1969 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1970 1,031 1,102 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1971 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031

1972 1,027 1,100 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027

1973 1,021 1,093 1,020 1,024 1,021 1,026 1,023

1974 1,024 1,097 1,024 1,022 1,024 1,027 1,016

1975 1,021 1,095 1,020 1,026 1,021 1,026 1,014

1976 1,020 1,093 1,019 1,023 1,020 1,025 1,013

1977 1,021 1,093 1,019 1,029 1,021 1,026 1,013

1978 1,019 1,088 1,016 1,034 1,019 1,030 1,013

1979 1,021 1,092 1,018 1,035 1,021 1,037 1,013

1980 1,026 1,098 1,024 1,035 1,026 1,022 1,013

1981 1,027 1,103 1,025 1,035 1,027 1,014 1,011

1982 1,028 1,107 1,026 1,036 1,028 1,018 1,011

1983 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,024 1,010

1984 1,031 1,109 1,030 1,035 1,031 1,005 1,010

1985 1,032 1,112 1,031 1,038 1,032 1,002 1,011

1986 1,030 1,110 1,029 1,034 1,030 997 1,008

1987 1,031 1,112 1,031 1,032 1,031 999 1,011

1988 1,029 1,109 1,029 1,028 1,029 1,002 1,018

1989 1,031 1,107 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,004 1,019

1990 1,031 1,106 1,030 1,034 1,031 1,012 1,018

1991 1,030 1,108 1,031 1,024 1,030 1,014 1,022

1992 1,030 1,110 1,031 1,022 1,030 1,011 1,018

1993 1,027 1,106 1,028 1,022 1,027 1,020 1,016

1994 1,028 1,105 1,029 1,022 1,028 1,022 1,011

1995 1,027 1,106 1,027 1,025 1,027 1,021 1,011

1996 1,027 1,109 1,027 1,024 1,027 1,022 1,011

1997 1,026 1,107 1,027 1,019 1,026 1,023 1,011

1998 1,031 1,110 1,033 1,022 1,031 1,023 1,011

1999 R1,027 R1,111 R1,028 R1,019 R1,027 R1,022 R1,006

2000P 1,027 1,111 1,028 1,019 1,027 1,022 1,006

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. — = Not applicable. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 335

Table A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-2000

 (Million Btu per Short Ton)

Year

Coal Coal Coke

Production

Consumption

Imports Exports

Imports

and

Exports

End-Use Sectors Electric Power Sector

Total

Residential

and

Commercial

Industrial

Electric

Utilities

Other

Power Producers 2

Coke

Plants Other 1

1949 24.916 24.263 26.797 24.612 23.761 NA 24.793 25.000 26.759 24.800

1950 25.090 24.461 26.798 24.820 23.937 NA 24.989 25.020 26.788 24.800

1951 25.019 24.281 26.796 24.521 23.701 NA 24.813 25.034 26.848 24.800

1952 25.096 24.371 26.796 24.724 23.885 NA 24.901 25.040 26.859 24.800

1953 25.147 24.383 26.796 24.785 23.964 NA 25.006 25.048 26.881 24.800

1954 25.054 24.362 26.795 24.788 23.996 NA 24.913 25.012 26.865 24.800

1955 25.201 24.373 26.794 24.821 24.056 NA 24.982 25.000 26.907 24.800

1956 25.117 24.195 26.792 24.664 23.943 NA 24.843 25.000 26.886 24.800

1957 25.213 24.238 26.792 24.707 23.980 NA 24.905 25.001 26.914 24.800

1958 24.983 24.287 26.794 24.606 23.897 NA 24.716 25.005 26.931 24.800

1959 24.910 24.224 26.790 24.609 23.924 NA 24.719 25.003 26.927 24.800

1960 24.906 24.226 26.791 24.609 23.927 NA 24.713 25.003 26.939 24.800

1961 24.849 24.248 26.792 24.580 23.904 NA 24.653 25.002 26.937 24.800

1962 24.828 24.173 26.788 24.562 23.911 NA 24.627 25.013 26.928 24.800

1963 24.831 24.033 26.784 24.509 23.897 NA 24.588 25.007 26.894 24.800

1964 24.840 24.037 26.785 24.477 23.864 NA 24.602 25.000 26.949 24.800

1965 24.775 24.028 26.787 24.385 23.780 NA 24.537 25.000 26.973 24.800

1966 24.629 23.915 26.786 24.226 23.648 NA 24.396 25.000 26.976 24.800

1967 24.475 23.685 26.781 24.040 23.506 NA 24.243 25.000 26.981 24.800

1968 24.445 23.621 26.780 24.014 23.486 NA 24.186 25.000 26.984 24.800

1969 24.280 23.474 26.779 23.724 23.240 NA 23.976 25.000 26.982 24.800

1970 23.842 23.203 26.784 22.983 22.573 NA 23.440 25.000 26.982 24.800

1971 23.507 23.090 26.784 22.670 22.301 NA 23.124 25.000 26.981 24.800

1972 23.389 22.998 26.782 22.550 22.204 NA 23.036 25.000 26.979 24.800

1973 23.376 22.831 26.780 22.586 22.246 NA 23.057 25.000 26.596 24.800

1974 23.072 22.479 26.778 22.419 21.781 NA 22.677 25.000 26.700 24.800

1975 22.897 22.261 26.782 22.436 21.642 NA 22.506 25.000 26.562 24.800

1976 22.855 22.774 26.781 22.530 21.679 NA 22.498 25.000 26.601 24.800

1977 22.597 22.919 26.787 22.322 21.508 NA 22.265 25.000 26.548 24.800

1978 22.248 22.466 26.789 22.207 21.275 NA 22.017 25.000 26.478 24.800

1979 22.454 22.242 26.788 22.452 21.364 NA 22.100 25.000 26.548 24.800

1980 22.415 22.543 26.790 22.690 21.295 NA 21.947 25.000 26.384 24.800

1981 22.308 22.474 26.794 22.585 21.085 NA 21.713 25.000 26.160 24.800

1982 22.239 22.695 26.797 22.712 21.194 NA 21.674 25.000 26.223 24.800

1983 22.052 22.775 26.798 22.691 21.133 NA 21.576 25.000 26.291 24.800

1984 22.010 22.844 26.799 22.543 21.101 NA 21.573 25.000 26.402 24.800

1985 21.870 22.646 26.798 22.020 20.959 NA 21.366 25.000 26.307 24.800

1986 21.913 22.947 26.798 22.198 21.084 NA 21.462 25.000 26.292 24.800

1987 21.922 23.404 26.799 22.381 21.136 NA 21.517 25.000 26.291 24.800

1988 21.823 23.571 26.799 22.360 20.900 NA 21.328 25.000 26.299 24.800

1989 21.765 23.650 26.800 22.347 20.848 R21.474 R21.268 25.000 26.160 24.800

1990 21.822 23.137 26.799 22.457 20.929 R20.539 R21.324 25.000 26.202 24.800

1991 21.681 23.114 26.799 22.460 20.755 R19.933 R21.131 25.000 26.188 24.800

1992 21.682 23.105 26.799 22.250 20.787 R18.983 21.107 25.000 26.161 24.800

1993 21.418 22.994 26.800 22.123 20.639 R19.040 20.947 25.000 26.335 24.800

1994 21.394 23.112 26.800 22.068 20.673 R19.485 R20.979 25.000 26.329 24.800

1995 21.326 23.118 26.800 21.950 20.495 R19.471 R20.815 25.000 26.180 24.800

1996 21.322 23.011 26.800 22.105 20.525 R19.427 R20.826 25.000 26.174 24.800

1997 21.296 22.494 26.800 22.172 20.548 19.596 R20.836 25.000 26.251 24.800

1998 R21.418 R21.620 R27.426 R23.164 R20.513 20.143 R20.868 25.000 R26.800 24.800

1999 R21.070 R23.880 R27.426 R22.489 R20.401 R20.718 R20.753 25.000 R26.081 24.800

2000P 21.072 23.880 27.426 22.489 20.401 20.718 20.753 25.000 26.117 24.800

1 Includes transportation. 2 Nonutility wholesale producers of electricity, and nonutility cogeneration plants that are not included in

the end-use sectors.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels. See

"Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.
336 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table A6. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-2000

 (Btu per Kilowatthour)

Year

Electricity Net Generation

Electricity

Consumption

Fossil-Fueled

Steam-Electric Plants 1

Nuclear

Steam-Electric Plants

Geothermal Energy

Plants 2

1949 15,033 — — 3,412

1950 14,030 — — 3,412

1951 13,641 — — 3,412

1952 13,361 — — 3,412

1953 12,889 — — 3,412

1954 12,180 — — 3,412

1955 11,699 — — 3,412

1956 11,456 — — 3,412

1957 11,365 11,629 — 3,412

1958 11,085 11,629 — 3,412

1959 10,970 11,629 — 3,412

1960 10,760 11,629 23,200 3,412

1961 10,650 11,629 23,200 3,412

1962 10,558 11,629 23,200 3,412

1963 10,482 11,877 22,182 3,412

1964 10,462 11,912 22,182 3,412

1965 10,453 11,804 22,182 3,412

1966 10,415 11,623 22,182 3,412

1967 10,432 11,555 21,770 3,412

1968 10,398 11,297 21,606 3,412

1969 10,447 11,037 21,606 3,412

1970 10,494 10,977 21,606 3,412

1971 10,478 10,837 21,655 3,412

1972 10,379 10,792 21,668 3,412

1973 10,389 10,903 21,674 3,412

1974 10,442 11,161 21,674 3,412

1975 10,406 11,013 21,611 3,412

1976 10,373 11,047 21,611 3,412

1977 10,435 10,769 21,611 3,412

1978 10,361 10,941 21,611 3,412

1979 10,353 10,879 21,545 3,412

1980 10,388 10,908 21,639 3,412

1981 10,453 11,030 21,639 3,412

1982 10,454 11,073 21,629 3,412

1983 10,520 10,905 21,290 3,412

1984 10,440 10,843 21,303 3,412

1985 10,447 10,813 21,263 3,412

1986 10,446 10,799 21,263 3,412

1987 10,419 10,776 21,263 3,412

1988 10,324 10,743 21,096 3,412

1989 10,432 10,724 21,096 3,412

1990 10,402 10,680 21,096 3,412

1991 10,436 10,740 20,997 3,412

1992 10,342 10,678 20,914 3,412

1993 10,309 10,682 20,914 3,412

1994 10,316 10,676 20,914 3,412

1995 10,312 10,658 20,914 3,412

1996 10,340 10,623 20,960 3,412

1997 10,357 10,623 20,960 3,412

1998 10,346 10,623 21,017 3,412

1999 10,346 10,623 21,017 3,412

2000P 10,346 10,623 21,017 3,412

1 Used as the thermal conversion factor for hydroelectric power generation, and for wood and waste,

wind, and solar energy consumed for the generation of electricity. 2 Used as the thermal conversion factor for geothermal energy consumed for the generation of

electricity.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. 

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows this table.
Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation

Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum

and Natural Gas Plant Liquids

Asphalt. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.636 million British thermal units (Btu) per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Aviation Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.048

million Btu per barrel as adopted by the Bureau of Mines from the Texas

Eastern Transmission Corporation publication Competition and Growth in

American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.

Butane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

4.326 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Butane-Propane Mixture. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines calculation

of 4.130 million Btu per barrel based on an assumed mixture of 60 percent

butane and 40 percent propane. See Butane and Propane.

Crude Oil, Exports. Assumed by EIA to be 5.800 million Btu per barrel

or equal to the thermal conversion factor for crude oil produced in the

United States. See Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Production.

Crude Oil, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the thermal conversion factor of each type of crude oil imported by the quantity

imported. Thermal conversion factors for each type were calculated on a

foreign country basis, by determining the average American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of crude imported from each foreign country from

Form ERA-60 in 1977 and converting average API gravity to average Btu

content by using National Bureau of Standards, Miscellaneous Publication

No. 97, Thermal Properties of Petroleum Products, 1933.

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Production. EIA adopted the thermal

conversion factor of 5.800 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of

Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating

Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950. ”

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Exports. Calculated annually by

EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum

product exported and crude oil exported weighted by the quantity of each

petroleum product and crude oil exported. See Crude Oil, Exports and

Exports Petroleum Products.

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Imports. Calculated annually by

EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum

product and each crude oil imported weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product and each type of crude oil imported. See Crude Oil, Imports and Petroleum Products, Imports.

Distillate Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion

factor of 5.825 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values

of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Ethane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

3.082 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Ethane-Propane Mixture. EIA calculation of 3.308 million Btu per barrel based on an assumed mixture of 70 percent ethane and 30 percent propane. See Ethane and Propane.

Isobutane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

3.974 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Jet Fuel, Kerosene Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.670 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Commercial”

as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report

Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968

release of historical and projected statistics.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 337
Jet Fuel, Naphtha Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.355 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Military” as

published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report

Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968

release of historical and projected statistics.

Kerosene. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

5.670 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal

memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) Consumption. Ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, and isobutane produced at refineries or natural gas processing plants, including plants that fractionate new

natural gas plants liquids.

Lubricants. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.065 million

Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in

the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Miscellaneous Products. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of

5.796 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first

published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Motor Gasoline. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion

factor of 5.253 million Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release

of historical and projected statistics. Conversion factors for reformulated

and oxygenated motor gasolines are calculated by EIA based on data published in the Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources,

National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory report EPA 420-F-95-003

Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of Reformulated Gasoline. Both of the factors are currently 5.150 million Btu per barrel.

Natural Gas Plant Liquids, Production. Calculated annually by EIA as

the average of the thermal conversion factors of each natural gas plant liquid produced, weighted by the quantity of each natural gas plant liquid

produced.

Natural Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 4.620

million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Pentanes Plus. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 4.620

million Btu or equal to that for natural gasoline. See Natural Gasoline.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Naphtha less than 401° F. Assumed by EIA

to be 5.248 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor

for special naphthas. See Special Naphthas.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Other Oils equal to or greater than 401° F.

Assumed by EIA to be 5.825 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal

conversion factor for distillate fuel oil. See Distillate Fuel Oil.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Still Gas. Assumed by EIA to be 6.000 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor for still gas. See

Still Gas.

Petroleum Coke. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.024

million Btu per barrel as reported in Btu per short ton in the Bureau of

Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating

Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.” The Bureau of Mines

calculated this factor by dividing 30.120 million Btu per short ton, as

given in the referenced Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, by 5.0 barrels per short ton, as given in the Bureau of Mines Form 6-1300-M and

successor EIA forms.

Petroleum Products, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA

as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products

consumed, weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product consumed.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed at electric utilities, weighted by the quantity

of each petroleum product consumed at electric utilities. The quantity of

petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Industrial Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all

338 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
petroleum products consumed in the industrial sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the industrial sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State

Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Residential and Commercial

Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed by the residential and

commercial sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleum

product consumed in the residential and commercial sector. The quantity

of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Consumption by Transportation Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for

all petroleum products consumed in the transportation sector, weighted by

the estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the transportation sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State

Energy Data Report.

Petroleum Products, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average

of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product, weighted by

the quantity of each petroleum product exported.

Petroleum Products, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average

of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product imported,

weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product imported.

Plant Condensate. Estimated to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel by EIA

from data provided by McClanahan Consultants, Inc., Houston, Texas.

Propane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

3.836 million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and

Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.

Residual Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.287

million Btu per barrel as reported in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various

Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

Road Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of

6.636 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to that of asphalt (see Asphalt) and was first published by the Bureau of Mines in the

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.

Special Naphthas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion

factor of 5.248 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to

that of the total gasoline (aviation and motor) factor and was first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.

Still Gas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimated thermal conversion

factor of 6.000 million Btu per barrel, first published in the Petroleum

Statement, Annual, 1970

Unfinished Oils. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 5.825

million Btu per barrel or equal to that for distillate fuel (see Distillate Fuel

Oil) and first published it in EIA’s Annual Report to Congress, Volume 3,

1977.

Unfractionated Stream. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be

5.418 million Btu per barrel or equal to that for plant condensate (see

Plant Condensate) and first published it in EIA’s Annual Report to Congress, Volume 2, 1981.

Waxes. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.537 million Btu

per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas

Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1949-1962: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 1,035 Btu per cubic foot as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual,

1956. • 1963-1979: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor calculated

annually by the American Gas Association (AGA) and published in Gas

Facts, an AGA annual publication. • 1980 forward: Calculated annually

by EIA by dividing the total heat content of natural gas consumed by the

total quantity of natural gas consumed.

Natural Gas, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by

EIA by dividing the total heat content of natural gas received at electric

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 339
utilities by the total quantity received at electric utilities. The heat contents

and receipts are from Form FERC-423 and predecessor forms.

Natural Gas, Consumption by Sectors Other Than Electric Utilities.

Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of all natural gas

consumed less the heat content of natural gas consumed at electric utilities

by the quantity of all natural gas consumed less the quantity of natural gas

consumed at electric utilities. Data are from Forms EIA-176, FERC-423,

EIA-759, and predecessor forms.

Natural Gas, Exports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the

thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. (See

Natural Gas, Total Consumption). • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by

EIA by dividing the heat content of exported natural gas by the quantity of

natural gas exported, both reported on Form FPC-14.

Natural Gas Imports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the

thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. See Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by

EIA by dividing the heat content of imported natural gas by the quantity of

natural gas imported, both reported on Form FPC-14.

Natural Gas, Production (Dry). Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. See Natural

Gas, Total Consumption.

Natural Gas, Production, Marketed (Wet). Calculated annually by EIA

by adding the heat content of natural gas, dry production, and the total heat

content of natural gas plant liquids production and dividing this sum by the

total quantity of marketed (wet) natural gas production.

Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke

Coal, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the

sum of the heat content of coal consumption by the total tonnage.

Coal, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by EIA by

dividing the sum of the heat content of coal received at electric utilities by

the sum of the total tonnage received.

Coal, Consumption by Other Power Producers. Calculated annually by

dividing the total heat content of coal consumed by other power producers

by their total consumption tonnage.

Coal, Consumption by the Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually

by dividing the total heat content of coal by total consumption tonnage of

the electric power sector.

Coal, Consumption by End-Use Sectors. Calculated annually by EIA by

dividing the sum of the heat content of coal consumed by the end-use sectors by the sum of the total tonnage.

Coal, Exports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the

heat content of coal exported by the sum of the total tonnage.

Coal, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the

heat content of coal imported by the sum of the total tonnage.

Coal, Production. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum of the

total heat content of coal produced by the sum of the total tonnage.

Coal Coke, Imports and Exports. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimate of 24.800 million Btu per short ton.

Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity

Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Plant Generation. There is no generally

accepted practice for measuring the thermal conversion rates for power

plants that generate electricity from hydroelectric, wood and waste, wind,

photovoltaic, or solar thermal energy sources. Therefore, EIA used data

from Form EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report,”

to calculate a rate factor that is equal to the prevailing annual average

heat rate factor for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the

United States. By using that factor, it is possible to evaluate fossil fuel

requirements for replacing those sources during periods of interruption,

such as droughts. The heat content of a kilowatthour of electricity produced, regardless of the generation process, is 3,412 Btu. • 1949-1955:

The weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric

power plants in the United States, as published by EIA in Thermal-Electric Plant Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses–1981 and Steam-Electric Plant Construction Cost and Annual

340 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Production Expenses–1978. • 1956-1988: The weighted annual average

heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the United States,

as published in EIA, Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses

1991, Table 9. • 1989 forward: Calculated by EIA on the basis of data

from Form EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report.”

Geothermal Energy Plant Generation. • 1960-1981: Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the annual average heat rates of operating geothermal units by the installed nameplate capacities as reported on Form

FPC-12, “Power System Statement.” • 1982 forward: Estimated annually

by EIA on the basis of an informal survey of relevant plants.

Nuclear Steam-Electric Plant Generation. • 1957-1991: Calculated annually by dividing the total heat content consumed in nuclear generating

units by the total (net) electricity generated by nuclear generating units.

The heat content and electricity generation are reported on Form FERC-1,

“Annual Report of Major Electric Utilities, Licensees, and Others”; Form

EIA-412, “Annual Report of Public Electric Utilities”; and predecessor

forms. The factors for 1982 through 1991 are published in the following

EIA reports—1982: Historical Plant Cost and Annual Production Expenses for Selected Electric Plants 1982, page 215. 1983-1991: Electric

Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 13. 1992 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content of

the steam leaving the nuclear generating units to generate electricity by

the total (net) electricity generated by nuclear generating units. The

heat content and electricity generation data are reported in Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Licensed Operating Reactors—Status Summary Report,

Appendix B.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 341

Appendix B

Metric and Other Physical Conversion Factors

Data presented in the Annual Energy Review and in other Energy Information Administration publications are expressed predominately in

units that historically have been used in the United States, such as

British thermal units, barrels, cubic feet, and short tons. However, because U.S. commerce involves other nations, most of which use metric

units of measure, the U.S. Government is committed to the transition

to the metric system, as stated in the Metric Conversion Act of 1975

(Public Law 94-168), amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-418), and Executive Order

12770 of July 25, 1991.

The metric conversion factors presented in Table B1 can be used to calculate

the metric-unit equivalents of values expressed in U.S. customary units. For

example, 500 short tons is the equivalent of 453.6 metric tons (500 short

tons x 0.9071847 metric tons/short ton = 453.6 metric tons).

In the metric system of weights and measures, the names of multiples and

subdivisions of any unit may be derived by combining the name of the unit

with prefixes, such as deka, hecto, and kilo, meaning, respectively, 10,

100, 1,000, and deci, centi, and milli, meaning, respectively, one-tenth,

one-hundredth, and one-thousandth. Common metric prefixes can be

found in Table B2.

The conversion factors presented in Table B3 can be used to calculate

equivalents in various physical units commonly used in energy analyses.

For example, 10 barrels is the equivalent of 420 U.S. gallons (10 barrels x

42 gallons/barrel = 420 gallons).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 343
344 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

U.S. Unit multiplied

by

Conversion

Factor equals Metric Unit U.S. Unit multiplied

by

Conversion

Factor equals Metric Unit

Mass Volume

short tons (2,000 lb) x 0.907 184 7 = metric tons (t) barrels of oil (bbl) x 0.158 987 3 = cubic meters (m3)

long tons x 1.016 047 = metric tons (t) cubic yards (yd3) x 0.764 555 = cubic meters (m3)

pounds (lb) x 0.453 592 37a = kilograms (kg) cubic feet (ft3) x 0.028 316 85 = cubic meters (m3)

pounds uranium oxide x 0.384 647b = kilograms U.S. gallons (gal) x 3.785 412 = liters (L)

(lb U3O8 ) uranium (kgU) ounces, fluid (fl oz) x 29.573 53 = milliliters (mL)

ounces, avoirdupois x 28.349 52 = grams (g) cubic inches (in3) x 16.387 06 = milliliters (mL)

(avdp oz)

Length Area

miles (mi) x 1.609 344a = kilometers (km) acres x 0.404 69 = hectares (ha)

yards (yd) x 0.914 4a = meters (m) square miles (mi2) x 2.589 988 = square kilometers (km2)

feet (ft) x 0.304 8a = meters (m) square yards (yd2) x 0.836 127 4 = square meters (m2)

inches (in) x 2.54a = centimeters (cm) square feet (ft2) x 0.092 903 04a = square meters (m2)

square inches (in2) x 6.451 6a = square centimeters (cm2)

Energy

British Thermal Units (Btu) x 1,055.055 852 62a,c = joules (J) Temperature

calories (cal) x 4.186 8a = joules (J) degrees x 5/9 (after = degrees

kilowatthours (kWh) x 3.6a = megajoules (MJ) Fahrenheit (oF) subtracting 32)a,d Celsius (oC)

Table B1. Metric Conversion Factors

a

Exact conversion.

b

Calculated by the Energy Information Administration.

c

The Btu used in this table is the International Table Btu adopted by the Fifth International Conference

on Properties of Steam, London, 1956. d

To convert degrees Celsius ( oC) to degrees Fahrenheit ( oF) exactly, multiply by 9/5, then add 32.

Notes: • Spaces have been inserted after every third digit to the right of the decimal for ease of reading. • Most metric units shown belong to the International System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare, and

metric ton are accepted for use with the SI units. For more information about the SI units, contact Dr. Barry

Taylor at Building 221, Room B610, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

20899, or on telephone number 301–975–4220.

Sources: General Services Administration, Federal Standard 376B, Preferred Metric Units for General Use by the Federal Government (Washington, DC, January 27, 1993), pp. 9–11, 13, and 16. National

Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publications 330, 811, and 814. American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANSI/IEEE Std. 268–1992, pp. 28 and 29.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 345

Energy Source Original

Unit

multiplied

by

Conversion

Factor equals Final

Unit

Petroleum barrels (bbl) x 42a = U.S. gallons (gal)

Coal short tons x 2,000a = pounds (lb)

long tons x 2,240a = pounds (lb)

metric tons (t) x 1,000a = kilograms (kg)

Wood cords (cd) x 1.25b = short tons

cords (cd) x 128a = cubic feet (ft3)

Table B3. Other Physical Conversion Factors

a

Exact conversion.

b

Calculated by the Energy Information Administration.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Specifications, Tolerances and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, NIST Handbook 44, 1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), pp. B-10, C-17, and C-21.

Unit

Multiple Prefix Symbol Unit

Multiple Prefix Symbol

101 deka da . 10-1 deci d

102 hecto h . 10-2 centi c

103 kilo k . 10-3 milli m

106 mega M . 10-6 micro

109 giga G . 10-9 nano n

1012 tera T . 10-12 pico p

1015 peta P . 10-15 femto f

1018 exa E . 10-18 atto a

1021 zetta Z . 10-21 zepto z

1024 yotta Y . 10-24 yocto y

Table B2. Metric Prefixes

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August 1991), p.

10.

Appendix C

Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

Table C1 presents U.S. average carbon dioxide emission factors for coal by

sector. The factors measure the emissions produced during the combustion of

coal and were derived by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) from

5,426 sample analyses in EIA’s Coal Analysis File. The factors are ratios of

the carbon dioxide emitted to the heat content of the coal burned, assuming

complete combustion. Factors vary according to the rank and geographic origin of the coal. Sectoral factors reflect the rank and origin of

the coal consumed in the sector.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 347

Year

Residential and

Commercial

Industrial

Electric Utilities U.S. Averageb Coke Plantsa Other Coal

1980 210.6 205.8 205.9 206.7 206.5

1981 212.0 205.8 205.9 206.9 206.7

1982 210.4 205.7 206.0 207.0 206.9

1983 209.2 205.5 205.9 207.1 207.0

1984 209.5 205.6 206.2 207.1 207.0

1985 209.3 205.6 206.4 207.3 207.1

1986 209.2 205.4 206.5 207.3 207.1

1987 209.4 205.2 206.4 207.3 207.2

1988 209.1 205.3 206.4 207.6 207.3

1989 209.7 205.3 206.6 207.5 207.3

1990 209.5 206.2 206.8 207.6 207.4

1991 210.2 206.2 206.9 207.7 207.5

1992 211.2 206.2 207.1 207.7 207.6

1993 209.9 206.2 207.0 207.8 207.7

1994 209.8 206.3 207.2 207.9 207.8

1995 210.2 206.4 207.2 208.1 207.9

1996 209.5 206.5 207.0 208.1 208.0

1997 210.2 206.6 207.2 208.2 208.0

1998 209.7 206.7 206.9 204.4 206.9

1999 208.8 206.7 207.0 204.6 204.8

Table C1. Average Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Sector, 1980-1999

(Pounds of Carbon Dioxide per Million Btu)

a

No allowances have been made for carbon retained in non-energy coal chemical byproducts from the

carbonization process. b

Weighted average. The weights used are consumption values by sector.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 349

Appendix D

U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

Note: Map not to scale.

Source: Adapted from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical

Abstract of the United States, 2000 (Washington, DC, December 2000), Figure 1.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 351

Table E1. Population and U.S. Gross Domestic Product, 1949-2000

Year

Population U.S. Gross Domestic Product

United States 1 World

Billion

Nominal Dollars

Billion

Chained (1996) Dollars

Implicit Price Deflator 2

Million People (1996 = 1.0000)

1949 148.7 NA 267.7 1,550.9 0.1726

1950 151.3 R2,555.1 294.3 1,686.6 0.1745

1951 154.0 R2,592.9 339.5 1,815.1 0.1871

1952 156.4 R2,634.9 358.6 1,887.3 0.1900

1953 159.0 R2,680.3 379.9 1,973.9 0.1925

1954 161.9 R2,728.2 381.1 1,960.5 0.1944

1955 165.1 R2,779.7 415.2 2,099.5 0.1978

1956 168.1 R2,832.6 438.0 2,141.1 0.2045

1957 171.2 R2,888.4 461.5 2,183.9 0.2113

1958 174.1 R2,944.9 467.9 2,162.8 0.2164

1959 177.1 R2,997.3 507.4 2,319.0 0.2188

1960 179.3 R3,039.3 527.4 2,376.7 0.2219

1961 183.0 3,080.1 545.7 2,432.0 0.2244

1962 185.7 R3,136.2 586.5 2,578.9 0.2274

1963 188.4 R3,205.7 618.7 2,690.4 0.2300

1964 191.1 R3,276.8 664.4 2,846.5 0.2334

1965 193.5 R3,345.8 720.1 3,028.5 0.2378

1966 195.5 R3,416.1 789.3 3,227.5 0.2446

1967 197.4 R3,485.8 834.1 3,308.3 0.2521

1968 199.3 R3,557.7 911.5 3,466.1 0.2630

1969 201.3 R3,632.3 985.3 3,571.4 0.2759

1970 203.3 R3,707.6 1,039.7 3,578.0 0.2906

1971 206.8 R3,785.2 1,128.6 3,697.7 0.3052

1972 209.3 R3,862.2 1,240.4 3,898.4 0.3182

1973 211.4 R3,938.7 1,385.5 4,123.4 0.3360

1974 213.3 R4,014.6 1,501.0 4,099.0 0.3662

1975 215.5 R4,088.2 1,635.2 4,084.4 0.4003

1976 217.6 R4,160.4 1,823.9 4,311.7 0.4230

1977 219.8 R4,232.9 2,031.4 4,511.8 0.4502

1978 222.1 R4,305.4 2,295.9 4,760.6 0.4823

1979 224.6 R4,380.8 2,566.4 4,912.1 0.5225

1980 226.5 R4,456.7 2,795.6 4,900.9 0.5704

1981 229.5 R4,533.0 3,131.3 5,021.0 0.6237

1982 231.7 R4,613.4 3,259.2 4,919.3 0.6625

1983 233.8 R4,693.9 3,534.9 5,132.3 0.6888

1984 235.8 R4,773.6 3,932.7 5,505.2 0.7144

1985 237.9 R4,854.6 4,213.0 5,717.1 0.7369

1986 240.1 R4,937.6 4,452.9 5,912.4 0.7531

1987 242.3 R5,023.6 4,742.5 6,113.3 0.7758

1988 244.5 R5,110.2 5,108.3 6,368.4 0.8021

1989 246.8 R5,196.3 5,489.1 6,591.8 0.8327

1990 R248.7 R5,283.8 5,803.2 6,707.9 0.8651

1991 252.2 R5,366.9 5,986.2 6,676.4 0.8966

1992 255.0 R5,449.7 6,318.9 6,880.0 0.9184

1993 257.8 R5,531.0 6,642.3 7,062.6 0.9405

1994 260.3 R5,611.0 7,054.3 7,347.7 0.9601

1995 262.8 R5,690.9 7,400.5 7,543.8 0.9810

1996 265.2 R5,768.6 7,813.2 7,813.2 1.0000

1997 267.8 R5,846.8 8,318.4 R8,159.5 R1.0195

1998 270.2 R5,924.6 8,790.2 R8,515.7 R1.0322

1999 272.7 R6,002.5 9,299.2 R8,875.8 R1.0477

2000 281.4 6,080.1 9,963.1 9,318.5 1.0692

1 Resident population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year,

except for the April 1 decennial census counts. 2 See Glossary.

R=Revised. NA=Not available. 

Note: See "Chained Dollars" in the Glossary. 

Web Pages: • http://www.bea.doc.gov/. • http://www.census.gov/.

Sources: See next page. 

Appendix E
Appendix E

Sources: U.S. Population: • 1949-1989–Department of Commerce

(DOC), U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports Series

P-25, November 1998. • 1990 forward–DOC, U.S. Bureau of the Census,

State Population Estimates. World Population: • 1950 forward–DOC,

U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Database. U.S. Gross Domestic

Product: • 1949 forward–DOC, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National

Income and Product Accounts.

352 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 353

Appendix F

Table F1a. Energy Consumption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635-1945

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power Wood

1635 NA — — — — (s)

1645 NA — — — — 0.001

1655 NA — — — — 0.002

1665 NA — — — — 0.005

1675 NA — — — — 0.007

1685 NA — — — — 0.009

1695 NA — — — — 0.014

1705 NA — — — — 0.022

1715 NA — — — — 0.037

1725 NA — — — — 0.056

1735 NA — — — — 0.080

1745 NA — — — — 0.112

1755 NA — — — — 0.155

1765 NA — — — — 0.200

1775 NA — — — — 0.249

1785 NA — — — — 0.310

1795 NA — — — — 0.402

1805 NA — — — — 0.537

1815 NA — — — — 0.714

1825 NA — — — — 0.960

1835 NA — — — — 1.305

1845 NA — — — — 1.757

1850 0.219 — — — — 2.138

1855 0.421 — — — — 2.389

1860 0.518 — 0.003 — — 2.641

1865 0.632 — 0.010 — — 2.767

1870 1.048 — 0.011 — — 2.893

1875 1.440 — 0.011 — — 2.872

1880 2.054 — 0.096 — — 2.851

1885 2.840 0.082 0.040 — — 2.683

1890 4.062 0.257 0.156 — 0.022 2.515

1895 4.950 0.147 0.168 — 0.090 2.306

1900 6.841 0.252 0.229 — 0.250 2.015

1905 10.001 0.372 0.610 — 0.386 1.843

1910 12.714 0.540 1.007 — 0.539 1.765

1915 13.294 0.673 1.418 — 0.691 1.688

1920 15.504 0.813 2.676 — 0.775 1.610

1925 14.706 1.191 4.280 — 0.701 1.533

1930 13.639 1.932 5.897 — 0.785 1.455

1935 10.634 1.919 5.675 — 0.831 1.397

1940 12.535 2.665 7.760 — 0.917 1.358

1945 15.972 3.871 10.110 — 1.486 1.261

NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. 

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. • See end of section for discussion of geographic

coverage of data.

Sources: Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum, and Hydroelectric Power: • 1850-1945: Energy in the

American Economy, 1850-1975, Table VII. Wood: • 1635-1845: U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular

No. 641, Fuel Wood Used in the United States 1630-1930, February 1942. This source estimates fuelwood

consumption in cords per decade, which were converted to Btu using the conversion factor of 20 million Btu

per cord. The annual average value for each decade was assigned to the fifth year of the decade on the

assumption that annual use was likely to increase during any given decade and the average annual value

was more likely to reflect mid-decade yearly consumption than use at either the beginning or end of the

decade. Values thus begin at 1635 and are plotted at 10-year intervals. • 1850-1945: Energy in the

American Economy, 1850-1975, Table VII (see Bibliography). Values are plotted at 5-year intervals. There

is a discontinuity in the wood plot between 1945 and 1949 due to changes in definitions. Data through

1945 are for fuelwood only, while thereafter include wood-derived fuel and wood byproducts burned as fuel.
354 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

Table F1b. Energy Consumption in the United States, 1949-2000

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal Natural Gas 1 Petroleum 2 Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power 3 Wood

1949 11.981 5.145 11.883 0 1.449 1.549

1950 12.347 5.968 13.315 0 1.440 1.562

1951 12.553 7.049 14.428 0 1.454 1.535

1952 11.306 7.550 14.956 0 1.496 1.474

1953 11.373 7.907 15.556 0 1.439 1.419

1954 9.715 8.330 15.839 0 1.388 1.394

1955 11.167 8.998 17.255 0 1.407 1.424

1956 11.350 9.614 17.937 0 1.487 1.416

1957 10.821 10.191 17.932 (s) 1.557 1.334

1958 9.533 10.663 18.527 0.002 1.629 1.323

1959 9.518 11.717 19.323 0.002 1.587 1.353

1960 9.838 12.385 19.919 0.006 1.657 1.320

1961 9.623 12.926 20.216 0.020 1.680 1.295

1962 9.906 13.731 21.049 0.026 1.822 1.300

1963 10.413 14.403 21.701 0.038 1.772 1.323

1964 10.964 15.288 22.301 0.040 1.907 1.337

1965 11.581 15.769 23.246 0.043 2.058 1.335

1966 12.143 16.995 24.401 0.064 2.073 1.369

1967 11.914 17.945 25.284 0.088 2.344 1.340

1968 12.331 19.210 26.979 0.142 2.342 1.419

1969 12.382 20.678 28.338 0.154 2.659 1.440

1970 12.265 21.795 29.521 0.239 2.654 1.429

1971 11.598 22.469 30.561 0.413 2.861 1.430

1972 12.077 22.698 32.947 0.584 2.944 1.501

1973 12.971 22.512 34.840 0.910 3.010 1.527

1974 12.663 21.732 33.455 1.272 3.309 1.538

1975 12.663 19.948 32.731 1.900 3.219 1.497

1976 13.584 20.345 35.175 2.111 3.066 1.711

1977 13.922 19.931 37.122 2.702 2.515 1.837

1978 13.766 20.000 37.965 3.024 3.141 2.036

1979 15.040 20.666 37.123 2.776 3.141 2.150

1980 15.423 20.394 34.202 2.739 3.118 2.483

1981 15.908 19.928 31.931 3.008 3.105 2.495

1982 15.322 18.505 30.232 3.131 3.572 2.477

1983 15.894 17.357 30.054 3.203 3.899 2.639

1984 17.071 18.507 31.051 3.553 3.800 2.629

1985 17.478 17.834 30.922 4.149 3.398 2.576

1986 17.260 16.708 32.196 4.471 3.446 2.518

1987 18.008 17.744 32.865 4.906 3.117 2.465

1988 18.846 18.552 34.222 5.661 2.662 2.552

1989 R19.043 19.384 34.211 5.677 R3.014 2.635

1990 R19.253 19.296 33.553 6.162 R3.110 2.188

1991 R18.998 19.606 32.845 6.580 R3.112 2.188

1992 R19.152 20.131 33.527 6.608 R2.775 2.288

1993 R19.763 20.827 33.841 6.520 R3.077 2.226

1994 R19.933 21.288 34.670 6.838 R2.958 2.314

1995 R20.025 22.163 34.553 7.177 R3.453 2.418

1996 R20.957 22.559 35.757 7.168 R3.860 2.465

1997 R21.464 22.530 36.266 6.678 R3.919 2.348

1998 R21.667 21.921 36.934 7.157 R3.523 R2.326

1999 R21.693 R22.289 R37.960 R7.736 R3.447 R2.565

2000P 22.407 23.325 37.964 8.009 3.050 2.596

1 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 2 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. 3 Conventional hydroelectric power and hydroelectric pumped storage (pumped storage facility

production minus energy used for pumping). Through 1988, includes all electricity net imports. From 1989,

includes only electricity net imports derived from hydroelectric power.

P=Preliminary. R=Revised data. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu. 

Sources: Wood: Table 10.1. All Other Data: Table 1.3.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 355

Geographic Coverage Note

Tables F1a and F1b present estimates of U.S. energy consumption by energy source for a period that begins a century and a half before the original

13 colonies formed a political union and continues through the decades

during which the United States was still expanding territorially. The question thus arises, what exactly is meant by “U.S. consumption” of an energy

source for those years when the United States did not formally exist or consisted of less territory than is now encompassed by the 50 States and the

District of Columbia?

The documents used to assemble the estimates, and (as far as possible) the

sources of those documents, were reviewed carefully for clues to geographic coverage. For most energy sources, the extent of coverage expanded more rapidly than the Nation, defined as all the official States and

the District of Columbia. Estimates or measurements of consumption of

each energy source generally appear to follow settlement patterns. That is,

they were made for areas of the continent that were settled enough to have

economically significant consumption even though those areas were not to

become States for years. The wood data series, for example, begins in 1635

and includes 12 of the original colonies (excepting Georgia), as well as

Maine, Vermont, and the area that would become the District of Columbia.

By the time the series reaches 1810, the rest of the continental States are

all included, though the last of the lower-48 States to achieve statehood did

not do so until 1912. Likewise, the coal data series begins in 1850 but includes consumption in areas, such as Utah and Washington (State), which

were significant coal-producing regions but had not yet attained statehood.

(Note: No data were available on State-level historical coal consumption.

The coal data shown in Table F1a through 1945 describe apparent consumption, i.e., production plus imports minus exports. The geographic

coverage for coal was therefore based on a tally of coal-producing States

listed in various historical issues of Minerals Yearbook. It is likely that

coal was consumed in States where it was not mined in significant

quantities.)

By energy source, the extent of coverage can be summarized as follows:

! Wood—All 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia by 1810;

Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1949. • Coal—35 coal-producing States by

1885. • Petroleum and natural gas—All 48 contiguous States, the District

of Columbia, and Alaska by 1885; Hawaii beginning in 1949. • Hydroelectric power—Coverage for 1890 and 1895 is uncertain, but probably the 48

contiguous States and the District of Columbia. Coverage for 1900 through

1945 is the 48 contiguous States, and the District of Columbia; Alaska and

Hawaii beginning in 1949. • Nuclear electric power—Coverage is all 50

States and the District of Columbia throughout.

Glossary

Account of Others (Natural Gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account

of others. The transporters that make such deliveries do not own the gas

but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are quantities covered by

long-term contracts and quantities involved in short-term or spot market

sales.

Alcohol: The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The series of molecules vary

in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group:

CH3-(CH2)n-OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol).

Alternative-fuel Vehicle (AFV): A vehicle designed to operate on alternative fuel (fuel other than gasoline or diesel) either in dedicated or

nondedicated mode. A dedicated AFV is designed to operate exclusively

on alternative fuel. A nondedicated AFV can operate on alternative fuel

and/or a traditional fuel.

Anthracite: The highest rank of coal; used primarily for residential and

commercial space heating. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon

and a low percentage of volatile matter. The moisture content of

fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content

of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu per short ton on a moist,

mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in

the United States averages 25 million Btu per short ton, on the as-received

basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). Note:

Since the 1980’s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for

steam-electric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of

15 million Btu per short ton or less.

Anthracite Culm: Waste from Pennsylvania anthracite preparation plants,

consisting of coarse rock fragments containing as much as 30 percent

small-sized coal; sometimes defined as including very fine coal particles

called silt. Its heat value ranges from 8 to 17 million Btu per short ton.

Anthropogenic: Made or generated by a human or caused by human activity. The term is used in the context of global climate change to refer to gaseous emissions that are produced as the result of human activities.

API: The American Petroleum Institute, a trade association.

API Gravity: An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. A lighter, less dense product has a higher API gravity.

Asphalt: A dark-brown to black cement-like material obtained by petroleum processing and containing bitumens as the predominant component;

used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as

the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of

emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is

5.5 barrels per short ton.

ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials, a trade

association.

Aviation Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that are used for

blending or compounding gasoline into finished aviation gasoline (e.g.,

straight-run gasoline, alkylate, and reformate). Excluded are oxygenates

(alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus.

Aviation Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatile

hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to

form a fuel suitable for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifications are provided in ASTM Specification D910 and Military Specification MIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending components are not counted in

data on finished aviation gasoline. See Jet Fuel, Finished; Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type; and Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type.

Barrel (Petroleum): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons.

Barrels per Calendar Day: The amount of input that a distillation facility

can process under usual operating conditions. The amount is expressed in

terms of capacity during a 24-hour period and reduces the maximum processing capability of all units at the facility under continuous operation to

account for the following limitations that may delay, interrupt, or slow

down production: 1) the capability of downstream processing units to

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 357
absorb the output of crude oil processing facilities of a given refinery (no

reduction is necessary for intermediate streams that are distributed to other

than downstream facilities as part of a refinery’s normal operation); 2) the

types and grades of inputs to be processed; 3) the types and grades of products expected to be manufactured; 4) the environmental constraints associated with refinery operations; 5) the reduction of capacity for scheduled

downtime due to such conditions as routine inspection, maintenance, repairs, and turnaround; and 6) the reduction of capacity for unscheduled

downtime due to such conditions as mechanical problems, repairs, and

slowdowns.

Base (C) Gas: The volume of gas needed as a permanent inventory to

maintain adequate underground storage reservoir pressures and

deliverability rates throughout the withdrawal season. All native gas is included in the base gas volume.

Biomass: Nonfossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable

energy source.

Bituminous Coal: A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as

fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also

used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and making coke.

Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in active U.S. mining regions.

Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 to 30 million Btu per short ton on a moist,

mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of bituminous coal consumed

in the United States averages 24 million Btu per short ton, on the

as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral

matter).

British Thermal Unit (Btu): The quantity of heat needed to raise the

temperature of 1 pound of water by 1degree Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit. (See Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross, and

Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Net.)

Bunker Fuel: Fuel supplied to ships and aircraft, both domestic and foreign, consisting primarily of residual and distillate fuel oil for ships and

kerosene-based jet fuel for aircraft. The term “international bunker fuels”

is used to denote the consumption of fuel for international transport activities. Note: For the purposes of greenhouse gas emissions inventories,

emissions from combustion of international bunker fuels are subtracted

from national emissions totals.

Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon (C4H10). It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It

includes isobutane and normal butane and is designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications for commercial butane. Isobutane: A normally gaseous branched-chain hydrocarbon.

It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 10.9 degrees

Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. Normal Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 31.1 degrees Fahrenheit.

It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams.

Butylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C4H8) recovered from refinery

processes.

Capability: The maximum output, commonly expressed in megawatts

(MW), which electricity generating equipment can produce, as demonstrated by a multi-hour test for a given period of time.

Capacity Factor: The ratio of the electrical energy produced by a generating unit for a given period of time to the electrical energy that could have

been produced at continuous full-power operation during the same period.

Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the Earth’s atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil-fuel combustion as well as other processes. It is considered a

greenhouse gas as it traps the earth’s heat and contributes to the potential

for global warming. Other greenhouse gases are measured in relation to

the global warming potential (GWP) of carbon dioxide, which, by international scientific convention, is assigned the value of 1. See Global

Warming Potential (GWP).

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent: The amount of carbon dioxide by weight

emitted into the atmosphere that would produce the same estimated radiative forcing as a given weight of another radiatively active gas. Carbon dioxide equivalents are computed by multiplying the weight of the gas being

measured (for example, methane) by its estimated global warming potential (which is 21 for methane). “Carbon equivalent units” are defined as

358 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
carbon dioxide equivalents multiplied by the carbon content of carbon dioxide (i.e., 12/44).

Chained Dollars: A measure used to express real prices. Real prices are

those that have been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar; they usually reflect buying power relative to a

reference year. Prior to 1996, real prices were expressed in constant dollars, a measure based on the weights of goods and services in a single year,

usually a recent year. In 1996, the U.S. Department of Commerce introduced the chained-dollar measure. The new measure is based on the average weights of goods and services in successive pairs of years. It is

“chained” because the second year in each pair, with its weights, becomes

the first year of the next pair. The advantage of using the chained-dollar

measure is that it is more closely related to any given period covered and is

therefore subject to less distortion over time.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): A family of inert, non-toxic, easily liquefied chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, and insulation, or as solvents or aerosol propellants.

CIF: See Cost, Insurance, Freight.

City Gate: A point or measuring station at which a distribution gas utility

receives gas from a natural gas pipeline company or transmission system.

Climate Change: A term used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but especially to significant change from one prevailing climatic

condition to another. In some cases, “climate change” has been used synonymously with the term “global warming”; scientists, however, tend to

use the term in a wider sense to include natural changes in climate as well

as climatic cooling.

Coal: A readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition, including inherent moisture, consists of more than 50 percent by

weight and more than 70 percent by volume of carbonaceous material. It is

formed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time.

See Coal Rank.

Coal Coke: See Coke, Coal.

Coal Rank: The classification of coals according to their degree of progressive alteration from lignite to anthracite. In the United States, the standard ranks of coal include lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal,

and anthracite and are based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, heating

value, and agglomerating (or caking) properties. See Anthracite, Bituminous Coal, Lignite, and Subbituminous Coal.

Coal Stocks: Coal quantities that are held in storage for future use and disposition. Note: When coal data are collected for a particular reporting period (month, quarter, or year), coal stocks are commonly measured as of

the last day of this period.

Cogenerator: A generating facility that produces electricity and another

form of useful energy (such as heat or steam) used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. See Electric Utility and Nonutility

Power Producer.

Coke, Coal: A solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash,

low-sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven

off by baking in an oven at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Coke is

used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Coke from coal is gray, hard, and porous and has a heating value of

24.8 million Btu per short ton.

Coke, Petroleum: A residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen

that is the final product of thermal decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This product is reported as marketable coke or catalyst

coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (of 42 U.S. gallons each) per short ton.

Coke from petroleum has a heating value of 6.024 million Btu per barrel.

Commercial Building: A building with more than 50 percent of its

floorspace used for commercial activities. Commercial buildings include,

but are not limited to, stores, offices, schools, churches, gymnasiums, libraries, museums, hospitals, clinics, warehouses, and jails. Government

buildings are included, except buildings on military bases or reservations.

Commercial Sector: Business establishments that are not engaged in

transportation or in manufacturing or other types of industrial activity (agriculture, mining, or construction). Commercial establishments include

hotels, motels, restaurants, wholesale businesses, retail stores, laundries,

and other service enterprises; religious and nonprofit organizations; health,

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 359
social, and educational institutions; and Federal, State, and local governments. Street lights, pumps, bridges, and public services are also included

if the establishment operating them is considered commercial.

Completion: The installation of permanent equipment for the production

of oil or gas. If a well is equipped to produce only oil or gas from one zone

or reservoir, the definition of a well (classified as an oil well or gas well)

and the definition of a completion are identical. However, if a well is

equipped to produce oil and/or gas separately from more than one reservoir, a well is not synonymous with a completion.

Conversion Factor: A number that translates units of one system into corresponding values of another system. Conversion factors can be used to

translate physical units of measure for various fuels into Btu equivalents.

See British Thermal Unit.

Cooling Tower: A common type of environmental equipment installed at

power plants used to transfer heat, produced by burning fuel, to the atmosphere. Cooling towers are installed where there is insufficient cooling

water available or where waste heat discharged into cooling water would

affect marine life.

Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF): A sales transaction in which the seller

pays for the transportation and insurance of the goods to the port of destination specified by the buyer.

Criteria Pollutant: A pollutant determined to be hazardous to human

health and regulated under the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA)

National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The 1970 amendments to the

Clean Air Act require EPA to describe the health and welfare impacts of a

pollutant as the “criteria” for inclusion in the regulatory regime.

Crude Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after

passing through surface separating facilities. Depending upon the characteristics of the crude stream, it may also include: 1) small amounts of hydrocarbons that exist in gaseous phase in natural underground reservoirs

but are liquid at atmospheric pressure after being recovered from oil well

(casinghead) gas in lease separators and are subsequently commingled with

the crude stream without being separately measured. Lease condensate recovered as a liquid from natural gas wells in lease or field separation facilities and later mixed into the crude stream is also included; 2) small

amounts of nonhydrocarbons produced with the oil, such as sulfur and various metals; and 3) drip gases, and liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar

sands, gilsonite, and oil shale.

Liquids produced at natural gas processing plants are excluded. Crude oil

is refined to produce a wide array of petroleum products, including heating

oils; gasoline, diesel and jet fuels; lubricants; asphalt; ethane, propane, and

butane; and many other products used for their energy or chemical content.

Crude Oil Landed Cost: The dollar-per-barrel price of crude oil at the

port of discharge. Included are the charges associated with the purchase,

transporting, and insuring of a cargo from the purchase point to the port of

discharge. Not included are charges incurred at the discharge port (e.g.,

import tariffs or fees, wharfage charges, and demurrage charges).

Crude Oil Refinery Input: The total crude oil put into processing units at

refineries.

Crude Oil Stocks: Stocks of crude oil and lease condensate held at refineries, in pipelines, at pipeline terminals, and on leases.

Crude Oil Used Directly: Crude oil consumed as fuel by crude oil pipelines and on crude oil leases.

Cubic Foot (Natural Gas): A unit of volume equal to 1 cubic foot at a

pressure base of 14.73 pounds standard per square inch absolute and a temperature base of 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Culm: See Anthracite Culm.

Degree-Days, Cooling (CDD): A measure of how warm a location is over

a period of time relative to a base temperature, most commonly specified

as 65 degrees Fahrenheit. The measure is computed for each day by subtracting the base temperature (65 degrees) from the average of the day’s

high and low temperatures, with negative values set equal to zero. Each

day’s cooling degree-days are summed to create a cooling degree-day measure for a specified reference period. Cooling degree-days are used in energy analysis as an indicator of air conditioning energy requirements or

use.

Degree-Days, Heating (HDD): A measure of how cold a location is over

a period of time relative to a base temperature, most commonly specified

360 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
as 65 degrees Fahrenheit. The measure is computed for each day by subtracting the average of the day’s high and low temperatures from the base

temperature (65 degrees), with negative values set equal to zero. Each

day’s heating degree-days are summed to create a heating degree-day measure for a specified reference period. Heating degree-days are used in energy analysis as an indicator of space heating energy requirements or use.

Degree-Days, Population-Weighted: Heating or cooling degree-days

weighted by the population of the area in which the degree-days are recorded. To compute State population-weighted degree-days, each State is

divided into from one to nine climatically homogeneous divisions, which

are assigned weights based on the ratio of the population of the division to

the total population of the State. Degree-day readings for each division are

multiplied by the corresponding population weight for each division and

those products are then summed to arrive at the State population-weighted

degree-day figure. To compute national population-weighted degree-days,

the Nation is divided into nine Census regions, each comprising from three

to eight States, which are assigned weights based on the ratio of the population of the region to the total population of the Nation. Degree-day readings for each region are multiplied by the corresponding population weight

for each region and those products are then summed to arrive at the national population-weighted degree-day figure.

Demand-Side Management: The planning, implementation, and monitoring of utility activities designed to encourage consumers to modify patterns of electricity usage, including the timing and level of electricity

demand.

Demonstrated Reserve Base (Coal): A collective term for the sum of

coal in both measured and indicated resource categories of reliability, representing 100 percent of the in-place coal in those categories as of a certain

date. Includes beds of bituminous coal and anthracite 28 or more inches

thick and beds of subbituminous coal 60 or more inches thick that can occur at depths of as much as 1,000 feet. Includes beds of lignite 60 or more

inches thick that can be surface mined. Includes also thinner and/or deeper

beds that currently are being mined or for which there is evidence that they

could be mined commercially at a given time. Represents that portion of

the identified coal resource from which reserves are calculated.

Design Electrical Rating, Net: The nominal net electrical output of a nuclear unit as specified by the electric utility for the purpose of plant design.

Development Well: A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas

reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive.

Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation operations. It includes diesel

fuels and fuel oils. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuel

are used in on-highway diesel engines, such as those found in cars and

trucks, as well as off-highway engines, such as those in railroad locomotives and agricultural machinery. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No.

4 fuel oils are used primarily for space heating and electric power

generation.

Distillation Unit (Atmospheric): The primary distillation unit that processes crude oil (including mixtures of other hydrocarbons) at approximately atmospheric conditions. It includes a pipe still for vaporizing the

crude oil and a fractionation tower for separating the vaporized hydrocarbon components in the crude oil into fractions with different boiling

ranges. This is done by continuously vaporizing and condensing the components to separate higher boiling point material. The selected boiling

ranges are set by the processing scheme, the properties of the crude oil, and

the product specifications.

District Heat: Steam or hot water from an outside source used as an energy source in a building. The steam or hot water is produced in a central

plant and is piped into the building. District heat may be purchased from a

utility or provided by a physical plant in a separate building that is part of

the same facility (for example, a hospital complex or university).

Dry Hole: An exploratory or development well found to be incapable of

producing either oil or gas in sufficient quantities to justify completion as

an oil or gas well.

Dry Natural Gas Production: See Natural Gas (Dry) Production.

Dual Fired Unit: A generating unit that can produce electricity using two

or more input fuels. In some of these units, only the primary fuel can be

used continuously; the alternate fuel(s) can be used only as a start-up fuel

or in emergencies.

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R.: Includes Albania, Azerbaijan,

Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary,

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania,

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 361
Russia, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. See

U.S.S.R.

Electrical System Energy Losses: The amount of energy lost during generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, including plant and unaccounted-for uses.

Electricity: A form of energy characterized by the presence and motion of

elementary charged particles generated by friction, induction, or chemical

change.

Electricity Capability: The maximum output, commonly expressed in

megawatts, that generating equipment can produce, as demonstrated by a

multi-hour test for a given period of time.

Electricity Capacity: The maximum load of electric power, commonly expressed in megawatts, at which generators, turbines, transformers, transmission circuits, stations, or systems are rated.

Electricity Generation: The process of producing electric energy or the

amount of electric energy produced by transforming other forms of energy,

expressed in kilowatthours (kWh) or megawatthours (MWh).

Electricity Generation, Gross: The total amount of electric energy produced by a generating facility, as measured at the generator terminals.

Electricity Generation, Net: The amount of gross generation less the electrical energy consumed at the generating station(s) for station service or

auxiliaries. Note: Electricity required for pumping at pumped-storage

plants is regarded as station use and is deducted from gross generation.

Electricity Sales: The amount of kilowatthours sold in a given period of

time; usually grouped by classes of service, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and other. “Other” sales include sales for public street and

highway lighting and other sales to public authorities and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Electric Power: The rate at which electric energy is transferred. Electric

power is used as a measurement of capacity, which is expressed in megawatts (MW).

Electric Power Plant: A station containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical,

and/or fission energy into electric energy.

Electric Utility: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal

entity or instrumentality that owns and/or operates facilities within the

United States, its territories, or Puerto Rico for the generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy, primarily for use by the public, and that files forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18,

Part 141. Facilities that qualify as cogenerators or small power producers

under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act are not considered electric

utilities.

Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load: The sum of two or more

peak loads on individual systems that do not occur in the same time interval. Meaningful only in the context of loads within a limited period of

time, such as day, week, month, a heating or cooling season, and usually

for not more than 1 year.

Electric Utility Sector: Privately- and publicly-owned establishments that

generate, transmit, distribute, or sell electricity primarily for use by the

public and that meet the definition of an electric utility. Nonutility power

producers are not included in the electric utility sector.

Eliminations: Revenues and expenses resulting from transactions between segments of the energy industry. Consolidated company accounts

do not include intersegment revenues and expenses. Therefore, such

intersegment transactions must be eliminated.

Emissions: Anthropogenic releases of gases to the atmosphere. In the context of global climate change, they consist of radiatively important greenhouse gases (e.g., the release of carbon dioxide during fuel combustion).

End-Use Sectors: The residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors of the economy.

Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion

(kinetic energy). Energy has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form useful for work. Most of the

world’s convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that are burned to

362 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
produce heat that is then used as a transfer medium to mechanical or other

means in order to accomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured

in kilowatthours, while heat energy is usually measured in British thermal

units.

Energy Consumption: The use of energy as a source of heat or power or

as an input in the manufacturing process.

Energy Expenditures: The money spent directly by consumers to purchase energy. Expenditures equal the amount of energy used by the consumer times the price per unit paid by the consumer.

Energy Source: Any substance or natural phenomenon that can be consumed or transformed to supply heat or power. Included are petroleum,

coal, natural gas, nuclear, biomass, electricity, wind, sunlight, geothermal,

and water movement.

Ethane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C2H6). It is a

colorless, paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -127.48 degrees

Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams.

Ethylene: A colorless, flammable, gaseous, olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from natural gas and petroleum. Ethylene is used as a petrochemical

feedstock for numerous chemical applications and the production of consumer goods.

Exploratory Well: A well drilled to find and produce oil or gas in an area

previously considered unproductive, to find a new reservoir in a known

field (i.e., one previously producing oil or gas in another reservoir), or to

extend the limit of a known oil or gas reservoir.

Exports: Shipments of goods from the 50 States and the District of Columbia to foreign countries and to Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and

other U.S. possessions and territories.

Extraction Loss: The reduction in volume of natural gas due to the removal of natural gas liquid constituents, such as ethane, propane, and butane, at natural gas processing plants.

FAS: See Free Alongside Ship.

Federal Energy Administration: A predecessor of the Energy Information Administration.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): The Federal agency

with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,

hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. FERC is an independent regulatory agency within the

Department of Energy and is the successor to the Federal Power

Commission.

Federal Power Commission (FPC): The predecessor agency of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. The Federal Power Commission

was created by an Act of Congress under the Federal Water Power Act on

June 10, 1920. It was charged originally with regulating the electric power

and natural gas industries. It was abolished on September 30, 1977,

when the Department of Energy was created. Its functions were divided

between the Department of Energy and the Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission, an independent regulatory agency.

Financial Reporting System (FRS): The Energy Information Administration’s statutory requirement to identify major energy-producing companies

and develop and implement a data-reporting program for energy financial

and operating information from these companies. Companies are selected

if they are within the top 50 publicly-owned U.S. crude oil producers that

have at least 1 percent of either production or reserves of oil, gas, coal, or

uranium in the United States, or 1 percent of either refining capacity or petroleum product sales in the United States.

First Use: Manufacturing establishments’ consumption of the energy that

was originally produced offsite or was produced onsite from input materials not classified as energy.

First Purchase Price: The marketed first sales price of domestic crude

oil, consistent with the removal price defined by the provisions of the

Windfall Profits Tax on Domestic Crude Oil (Public Law 96-223, Sec.

4998 [c]).

Fiscal Year: The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 1

through September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in

which it ends; e.g., fiscal year 2000 began on October 1, 1999, and ended

on September 30, 2000.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 363
Flared Natural Gas: Natural gas burned in flares on the base site or at

gas processing plants.

FOB: See Free on Board.

Footage Drilled: Total footage for wells in various categories, as reported

for any specified period, includes (1) the deepest total depth (length of well

bores) of all wells drilled from the surface, (2) the total of all bypassed

footage drilled in connection with reported wells, and (3) all new footage

drilled for directional sidetrack wells. Footage reported for directional

sidetrack wells does not include footage in the common bore, which is reported as footage for the original well. In the case of old wells drilled

deeper, the reported footage is that which was drilled below the total depth

of the old well.

Former U.S.S.R.: See U.S.S.R.

Forward Costs (Uranium): The operating and capital costs that will be

incurred in any future production of uranium from in-place reserves. Included are costs for labor, materials, power and fuel, royalties, payroll

taxes, insurance, and general and administrative costs that are dependent

upon the quantity of production and, thus, applicable as variable costs of

production. Excluded from forward costs are prior expenditures, if any, incurred for property acquisition, exploration, mine development, and mill

construction, as well as income taxes, profit, and the cost of money. Note:

By use of forward costing, estimates of reserves for ore deposits in differing geological settings can be aggregated and reported as the maximum

amount that can theoretically be extracted to recover the specified costs of

uranium oxide production under the listed forward cost categories.

Fossil Fuel: An energy source formed in the Earth’s crust from decayed

organic material, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

Fossil Fueled Steam-Electric Power Plant: An electricity generation

plant in which the prime mover is a turbine rotated by high-pressure steam

produced in a boiler by heat from burning fossil fuels.

Fractionation: The process by which saturated hydrocarbons are removed

from natural gas and separated into distinct parts, or “fractions” such as

propane, butane, and ethane.

Free Alongside Ship (FAS): The value of a commodity at the port of exportation, generally including the purchase price, plus all charges incurred

in placing the commodity alongside the carrier at the port of exportation.

Free on Board (FOB): A sales transaction in which the seller makes the

product available at a given port and price and the buyer pays for the transportation and insurance.

Fuel Ethanol: An anhydrous, denatured aliphatic alcohol (C2H5OH) intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Fuelwood: See Wood Energy.

Full-Power Operation: Operation of a nuclear generating unit at 100 percent of its design capacity. Full-power operation precedes commercial

operation.

Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline containing alcohol (generally

ethanol but sometimes methanol) at a concentration of 10 percent or less

by volume. Data on gasohol that has at least 2.7 percent oxygen, by weight,

and is intended for sale inside carbon monoxide nonattainment areas are

included in data on oxygenated gasoline. See Oxygenates.

Gas-Turbine Electric Power Plant: A plant in which the prime mover is

a gas turbine. A gas turbine typically consists of an axial-flow air compressor and one or more combustion chambers where liquid or gaseous fuel is

burned. The hot gases expand to drive the generator and then are used to

run the compressor.

Gas Well: A well completed for the production of natural gas from one or

more gas zones or reservoirs. (Wells producing both crude oil and natural

gas are classified as oil wells.)

Gas Well Productivity: Derived annually by dividing gross natural gas

withdrawals from gas wells by the number of producing gas wells on December 31 and then dividing the quotient by the number of days in the

year.

Generator Nameplate Capacity (Installed): The maximum rated output

of a generator, prime mover, or other electric power production equipment

under specific conditions designated by the manufacturer. Installed

364 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
generator nameplate capacity is expressed in megawatts (MW) and is usually indicated on a nameplate physically attached to the generator.

Geothermal Energy: Hot water or steam extracted from geothermal reservoirs in the earth’s crust and used for geothermal heat pumps, water heating, or electricity generation.

Global Warming: An increase in the near-surface temperature of the

Earth. Global warming has occurred in the distant past as the result of natural influences, but the term is most often used to refer to the warming predicted to occur as a result of increased anthropogenic emissions of

greenhouse gases. See Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change.

Global Warming Potential (GWP): An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the

changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWPs are calculated as the ratio of

the radiative forcing that would result from the emission of one kilogram

of a greenhouse gas to that from the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a period of time, such as 100 years.

Greenhouse Gases: Those gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons

(PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride, that are transparent to solar (short-wave)

radiation but opaque to long-wave radiation, thus preventing long-wave radiant energy from leaving the atmosphere. The net effect is a trapping of

absorbed radiation and a tendency to warm the planet’s surface.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services

produced by labor and property located in the United States. As long as

the labor and property are located in the United States, the supplier (that

is, the workers and, for property, the owners) may be either U.S. residents

or residents of foreign countries.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Implicit Price Deflator: A measure

used to convert nominal prices to real prices. See Chained Dollars.

Gross Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Gross.

Gross Input to Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Units: Total input to

atmospheric crude oil distillation units. Includes all crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, liquefied refinery gases,

slop oils, and other liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite,

and oil shale.

Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross: The total amount of heat released when a fuel is burned. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas all include

chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. When those fuels are

burned, the carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide and water. Some of the energy released in burning

goes into transforming the water into steam and is usually lost. The amount

of heat spent in transforming the water into steam is counted as part of

gross heat content but is not counted as part of net content. Gross heat content is also referred to as the higher heating value. Btu conversion factors

typically used by Energy Information Administration represent gross heat

content.

Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Net: The amount of usable heat energy released when a fuel is burned under conditions similar to those in

which it is normally used. Net heat content is also referred to as the lower

heating value. Btu conversion factors typically used by the Energy Information Administration represent gross heat content.

Heavy Oil: The fuel oils remaining after the lighter oils have been distilled off during the refining process. Except for start-up and flame stabilization, virtually all petroleum used in steam-electric power plants is heavy

oil.

Hogged Fuel: Wood energy that is the result of chopping, shredding,

and/or mincing wood and wood products.

Household: A family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated

persons occupying the same housing unit. “Occupy” means the housing

unit was the person’s usual or permanent place of residence. The household includes babies, lodgers, boarders, employed persons who live in the

housing unit, and persons who usually live in the household but are away

traveling or in a hospital. The household does not include persons who are

normally members of the household but who are away from home as college students or members of the armed forces. The household does not include persons temporarily visiting with the household if they have a place

of residence elsewhere, persons who take their meals with the household

but usually lodge or sleep elsewhere, domestic employees or other persons

employed by the household who do not sleep in the same housing unit, or

persons who are former members of the household, but have since become

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 365
inmates of correctional or penal institutions, mental institutions, homes for

the aged or needy, homes or hospitals for the chronically ill or handicapped, nursing homes, convents or monasteries, or other places in which

residents may remain for long periods of time. By definition, the number

of households is the same as the number of occupied housing units.

Housing Unit: A structure or part of a structure where a household lives.

It has access from the outside of the building either directly or through a

common hall. Housing units do not include group quarters, such as prisons

or nursing homes, where 10 or more unrelated persons live. Hotel and motel rooms are considered housing units if occupied as the usual or permanent place of residence.

Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon in

the gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. The molecular structure of hydrocarbon

compounds varies from the simplest (methane, a constituent of natural gas)

to the very heavy and very complex.

Hydroelectric Power: The production of electricity from the kinetic energy of falling water.

Hydroelectric Power Plant: A plant in which the turbine generators are

driven by falling water.

Hydroelectric Pumped Storage: Hydroelectricity that is generated during

peak load periods by using water previously pumped into an elevated storage reservoir during off-peak periods when excess generating capacity is

available to do so. When additional generating capacity is needed, the water can be released from the reservoir through a conduit to turbine generators located in a power plant at a lower level.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): A group of anthropogenic chemicals composed of one or two carbon atoms and varying numbers of hydrogen and

fluorine atoms. Most HFCs have 100-year Global Warming Potentials in

the thousands.

Implicit Price Deflator: See Chained Dollars.

Imports: Receipts of goods into the 50 States and the District of Columbia

from foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other

U.S. possessions and territories.

Independent Power Producer: A corporation, person, agency, authority,

or other legal entity or instrumentality which is a wholesale electricity producer that operates within the franchised service territory of a host electric

utility and is usually authorized to sell at market-based rates. Unlike traditional electric utilities, independent power producers do not possess transmission facilities or, unless authorized by law, sell electricity in the retail

market. Independent power producers are considered to be nonutility

power producers.

Indicated Resources, Coal: Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality,

and quantity are based partly on sample analyses and measurements and

partly on reasonable geologic projections. Indicated resources are computed partly from specified measurements and partly from projection of

visible data for a reasonable distance on the basis of geologic evidence.

The points of observation are 1⁄2 to 11⁄2 miles apart. Indicated coal is projected to extend as a 1⁄2-mile-wide belt that lies more than 1⁄4 mile from the

outcrop or points of observation or measurement.

Industrial Sector: Manufacturing industries, which make up the largest

part of the sector, along with mining, construction, agriculture, fisheries,

and forestry. Establishments in this sector range from steel mills, to small

farms, to companies assembling electronic components.

Internal Combustion Electric Power Plant: A power plant in which the

prime mover is an internal combustion engine. Diesel or gas-fired engines

are the principal types used in electric power plants. The plant is usually

operated during periods of high demand for electricity.

International Bunkers: Storage compartments, found on vessels and aircraft engaged in international commerce, where fuel to be used by the vessel or aircraft is stored.

Jet Fuel: A refined petroleum product used in jet aircraft engines. It includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet fuel.

Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type: A kerosene-based product with a maximum

distillation temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10-percent recovery point and a final maximum boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit and

meeting ASTM Specification 1655 and Military Specifications

MIL-T-5624P and MIL-T-83133D (Grades JP-5 and JP-8). It is used for

commercial and military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.

366 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type: A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range, with

an average gravity of 52.8o API, 20 to 90 percent distillation temperature

of 290 to 470 degrees Fahrenheit, and meeting Military Specification

MIL-T-5624L (Grade JP-4). It is used primarily for military turbojet and

turboprop aircraft engines because it has a lower freeze point than other

aviation fuels and meets engine requirements at high altitudes and speeds.

Kerosene: A light petroleum distillate that is used in space heaters, cook

stoves, and water heaters and is suitable for use as a light source when

burned in wick-fed lamps. Kerosene has a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10-percent recovery point, a final

boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit, and a minimum flash point of 100

degrees Fahrenheit. Included are No. 1-K and No. 2-K, the two grades recognized by ASTM Specification D3699 as well as all other grades of kerosene called range or stove oil, which have properties similar to those of No.

1 fuel oil. See Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type.

Kilowatthour: A measure of electricity defined as a unit of work or energy, measured as 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power expended for 1 hour.

One kilowatthour is equivalent to 3,412 Btu.

Landed Cost: See Crude Oil Landed Cost.

Lease and Plant Fuel: Natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations (such as gas used in drilling operations, heaters, dehydrators, and

field compressors), and used as fuel in natural gas processing plants.

Lease Condensate: A mixture consisting primarily of pentanes and

heavier hydrocarbons which is recovered as a liquid from natural gas in

lease separation facilities. This category excludes natural gas plant liquids, such as butane and propane, which are recovered at downstream natural gas processing plants or facilities.

Light Oil: Lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Virtually all petroleum used in internal combustion and gas-turbine engines is

light oil.

Lignite: The lowest rank of coal, often referred to as brown coal, used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is brownish-black and has a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as

45 percent. The heat content of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million Btu per

short ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of lignite

consumed in the United States averages 13 million Btu per short ton, on

the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral

matter).

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): Natural gas (primarily methane) that has

been liquefied by reducing its temperature to -260 degrees Fahrenheit at atmospheric pressure.

Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): A group of hydrocarbon-based gases

derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. They include

ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane,

and isobutylene. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.

Liquefied Refinery Gases (LRG): Liquefied petroleum gases fractionated from refinery or still gases. Through compression and/or refrigeration, they are retained in the liquid state. The reported categories are

ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, normal butane/butylene, and isobutane. Excludes still gas.

Losses: See Electrical System Energy Losses.

Low-Power Testing: The period of time between a nuclear generating

unit’s initial fuel loading date and the issuance of its operating (full-power)

license. The maximum level of operation during that period is 5 percent of

the unit’s design thermal rating.

Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces

or incorporated into other materials used as processing aids in the manufacture of other products, or used as carriers of other materials. Petroleum

lubricants may be produced either from distillates or residues. Lubricants

include all grades of lubricating oils, from spindle oil to cylinder oil, and

those used in greases.

Major Energy Producers: The top publicly-owned crude oil and natural

gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting

System. See Financial Reporting System.

Manufacturing Establishment: An economic unit at a single physical location where the mechanical or chemical transformation of materials or

substances into new products is performed. Those operations are generally

conducted in facilities described as plants, factories, or mills and

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 367
characteristically use power-driven machines and material-handling equipment. In addition, the assembly of components of manufactured products is

considered manufacturing, as is the blending of materials, such as lubricating

oil, plastics, resins, or liquors. Manufacturing establishments are covered by

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 31 through

33.

Manufacturing Sector: The universe of manufacturing establishments

within the 50 States and the District of Columbia. North American Industry

Classification System (NAICS) codes used to classify an establishment as

a manufacturer are 31 through 33.

Marketed Production, Natural Gas: Gross withdrawals less gas used for

repressuring, quantities vented and flared, and nonhydrocarbon gases removed in treating or processing operations. Includes all quantities of gas

used in field and processing operations.

Measured Resources, Coal: Coal resources for which estimates of the

rank, quality, and quantity have been computed, within a margin of error of

less than 20 percent, from sample analyses and measurements from closely

spaced and geologically well known sample sites. Measured resources are

computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, mine workings,

and drill holes. The points of observation and measurement are so closely

spaced and the thickness and extent of coals are so well defined that the

tonnage is judged to be accurate within 20 percent. Although the spacing

of the point of observation necessary to demonstrate continuity of the coal

differs from region to region, according to the character of the coalbeds,

the points of observation are no greater than 1⁄2 mile apart. Measured coal

is projected to extend as a belt 1⁄4 mile wide from the outcrop or points of

observation or measurement.

Metallurgical Coal: Coal that meets the requirements for making coke. It

must be low in ash and sulfur and form a coke that is capable of supporting

the charge of iron ore and limestone in a blast furnace. A blend of two or

more bituminous coals is usually required to make coke.

Methane: A colorless, flammable, odorless hydrocarbon gas (CH4), which

is the major component of natural gas. It is also an important source of hydrogen in various industrial processes.

Methanol: A light, volatile alcohol (CH3OH) eligible for motor gasoline

blending. See Oxygenates.

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE): An ether, (CH3)3COCH3, intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Miscellaneous Petroleum Products: All finished petroleum products not

classified elsewhere—for example, petrolatum, lube refining byproducts

(aromatic extracts and tars), absorption oils, ram-jet fuel, petroleum

rocket fuels, synthetic natural gas feedstocks, and specialty oils.

Motor Gasoline Blending: Mechanical mixing of motor gasoline blending

components, and oxygenates, when required, to produce finished motor

gasoline. Finished motor gasoline may be further mixed with other motor

gasoline blending components or oxygenates, resulting in increased volumes of finished motor gasoline and/or changes in the formulation of finished motor gasoline (e.g., conventional motor gasoline mixed with MTBE

to produce oxygenated motor gasoline).

Motor Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, xylene) used for blending or

compounding into finished motor gasoline. These components include reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) but exclude oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Note:

Oxygenates are reported as individual components and are included in the

total for other hydrocarbons, hydrogens, and oxygenates.

Motor Gasoline, Conventional: Finished motor gasoline not included in

the oxygenated or reformulated gasoline categories. Note: This category

excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending

(RBOB) as well as other blendstock. Conventional motor gasoline can be

leaded or unleaded; regular, midgrade, or premium. See Motor Gasoline

Grades.

Motor Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a

fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline, as defined

in ASTM Specification D4814 or Federal Specification VV-G-1690C, is

characterized as having a boiling range of 122 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit at

the 10-percent recovery point and from 365 to 374 Fahrenheit at the

90-percent recovery point. “Motor gasoline” includes conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; reformulated

gasoline; and all grades of leaded and unleaded gasoline; but it excludes

aviation gasoline. Note: Volumetric data on blending components, as well

368 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
as oxygenates, are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the

blending components are blended into the gasoline.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline

containing 10 percent of alcohol by volume (generally ethanol but sometimes

methanol) or less. See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Leaded: Motor gasoline that contains more

than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus

per gallon. Premium, midgrade, and regular grades are included, depending

on the octane rating. Includes leaded gasohol. Blendstock is excluded until blending has been completed. Alcohol that is to be used in the blending

of gasohol is also excluded.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded: Motor gasoline containing not

more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of

phosphorus per gallon. Premium, midgrade, and regular grades are included, depending on the octane rating. Includes unleaded gasohol.

Blendstock is excluded until blending has been completed. Alcohol that is

to be used in the blending of gasohol is also excluded.

Motor Gasoline Grades: The classification of gasoline by octane ratings.

Each type of gasoline (conventional, oxygenated, and reformulated; leaded

or unleaded) is classified by three grades: regular, midgrade, and premium.

Note: Gasoline sales are reported by grade in accordance with their classification at the time of sale. In general, automotive octane requirements are

lower at high altitudes. Therefore, in some areas of the United States, such

as the Rocky Mountain States, the octane ratings for the gasoline grades

may be 2 or more octane points lower.

Regular Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 85 and less than 88.

Midgrade Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 88 and less than or equal to

90.

Premium Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than 90.

Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated: Finished motor gasoline other than reformulated gasoline, having an oxygen content of 2.7 percent or higher by

weight and required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

to be sold in areas designated by EPA as carbon monoxide (CO)

nonattainment areas. Note: Oxygenated gasoline excludes reformulated

gasoline, oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG), and reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenated blending (RBOB). It can be

formulated for regular, midgrade, or premium grade. See Motor Gasoline

Grades.

Motor Gasoline, Reformulated: Finished motor gasoline formulated for

use in motor vehicles, the composition and properties of which meet the requirements of the reformulated gasoline regulations promulgated by the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Section 211(k) of the Clean

Air Act. Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG) but excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for

oxygenate blending (RBOB). It can be formulated for regular, midgrade,

and premium grades. See Motor Gasoline Grades.

Motor Gasoline Retail Prices: Motor gasoline prices calculated each month

by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in conjunction with the construction

of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). These prices are collected in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers—about 80 percent of the total

U.S. population. The service stations are selected initially, and on a replacement basis, in such a way that they represent the purchasing habits of the CPI

population. Service stations in the current sample include those providing all

types of service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-service).

Motor Gasoline, Total: For stock-level data, a sum including finished motor gasoline stocks plus stocks of motor gasoline blending components but

excluding stocks of oxygenates.

MTBE: See Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether.

NAICS: See North American Industry Classification System.

Naphtha: A generic term applied to a petroleum fraction with an approximate boiling range between 122 and 400 degrees Fahrenheit.

Natural Gas: A gaseous mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, primarily

methane, used as a fuel for electricity generation and in a variety of ways

in buildings, and as raw material input and fuel for industrial processes.

Natural Gas, Dry: Natural gas which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field,

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 369
370 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000

and/or plant separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have

been removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Note: Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas.

The parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit

and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Natural Gas (Dry) Production: The process of producing consumer-grade

natural gas. Natural gas withdrawn from reservoirs is reduced by volumes

used at the production (lease) site and by processing losses. Volumes used

at the production site include 1) the volume returned to reservoirs in cycling, repressuring of oil reservoirs, and conservation operations; and 2)

gas vented and flared. Processing losses include 1) nonhydrocarbon gases

(e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen)

removed from the gas stream; and 2) gas converted to liquid form, such as

lease condensate and plant liquids. Volumes of dry gas withdrawn from gas

storage reservoirs are not considered part of production. Dry natural gas

production equals marketed production less extraction loss.

Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals: Full well stream volume of produced

natural gas, excluding condensate separated at the lease.

Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that are

separated as liquids from the gas. Natural gas liquids include natural gas

plant liquids (primarily ethane, propane, butane, and isobutane) and lease

condensate (primarily pentanes produced from natural gas at lease separators and field facilities).

Natural Gas Marketed Production: See Marketed Production, Natural

Gas.

Natural Gas Plant Liquids (NGPL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas

that are separated as liquids at downstream gas processing plants,

fractionating and cycling plants, and in some instances at field facilities.

Lease condensate is excluded. Products obtained include liquefied petroleum gases and pentanes plus.

Natural Gas Processing Plants: Facilities designed to recover natural gas

liquids from a stream of natural gas that may or may not have passed

through lease separators and/or field separation facilities. These facilities

also control the quality of the natural gas to be marketed. Cycling plants are

classified as natural gas processing plants.

Natural Gas Wellhead Price: Price of natural gas calculated by dividing the total reported value at the wellhead by the total quantity produced as reported by the appropriate agencies of individual producing

States and the U.S. Mineral Management Service. The price includes all

costs prior to shipment from the lease, including gathering and compression costs, in addition to State production, severance, and similar

charges.

Natural Gas, Wet: A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small

quantities of various nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase or

in solution with crude oil in porous rock formations at reservoir conditions. The principal hydrocarbons normally contained in the mixture

are methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes. Typical

nonhydrocarbon gases that may be present in reservoir natural gas are

water vapor, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen.

Under reservoir conditions, natural gas and the liquefiable portions occur either in a single gaseous phase in the reservoir or in solution with

crude oil and are not distinguishable at the time as separate substances.

Natural Gasoline: A term used in the gas processing industry to refer to

a mixture of hydrocarbons (mostly pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons

containing 5 or more carbon molecules) extracted from natural gas. It

includes isopentane.

NERC: See North American Electric Reliability Council.

Net Internal Demand: Internal Demand less Direct Control Load

Management and Interruptible Demand.

Net Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Net.

Net Income: Operating income plus earnings from unconsolidated affiliates; gains from disposition of property, plant, and equipment; minority interest income; and foreign currency translation effects less income

taxes, extraordinary items, and the cumulative effect of accounting

changes.

Net Investment in Place: Net property, plant, and equipment plus investments and advances to unconsolidated affiliates.
Net Ownership Interest: Net working interest plus own royalty interest.

Net Summer Capability: The maximum output, commonly expressed in

megawatts (MW), that generating equipment can supply to system load, as

demonstrated by a multi-hour test, at the time of summer peak demand.

This output reflects a reduction in capacity due to electricity use for station

service or auxiliaries.

Neutral Zone: A 6,200 square-mile area shared equally between Kuwait

and Saudi Arabia under a 1992 agreement.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Compounds of nitrogen and oxygen produced by

the burning of fossil fuels.

Nominal Dollars: A measure used to express nominal prices.

Nominal Price: The price paid for goods or services at the time of the

transaction. Nominal prices are those that have not been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar; they

reflect buying power in the year in which the transaction occurred.

Noncoincidental Peak Load: The sum of two or more peak loads on individual systems that do not occur in the same time interval.

Nonhydrocarbon Gases: Typical nonhydrocarbon gases that may be present in reservoir natural gas are carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide,

and nitrogen.

Nontraceables: Energy companies’ revenues, costs, assays, and liabilities

that cannot be directly attributed to a type of business by use of a reasonable allocation method developed on the basis of operating-level utilities.

Nonutility Power Producer: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or

other legal entity or instrumentality that owns electric generating capacity

and is not an electric utility. Nonutility power producers include qualifying cogenerators, qualifying small power producers, and other nonutility

generators (including independent power producers) without a designated,

franchised service area that do not file forms listed in the Code of Federal

Regulations, Title 18, Part 141. See Cogenerator, Independent Power

Producer, and Small Power Producer.

North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC): A council

formed in 1968 by the electric utility industry to promote the reliability

and adequacy of bulk power supply in the electric utility systems of North

America. The NERC consists of ten regional reliability councils and encompasses essentially all the power systems of the contiguous United

States and Canada. The NERC regions are as follows: (1) East Central

Area Reliability Coordination Agreement (ECAR); (2) Electric Reliability

Council of Texas (ERCOT); (3) Florida Reliability Coordinating Council

(FRCC); (4) Mid-America Interpol Network (MAIN); (5) Mid-Atlantic

Area Council (MAAC); (6) Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP); (7)

Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC); (8) Southeastern Electric

Reliability Council (SERC); (9) Southwest Power Pool (SPP); and (10)

Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC); and Alaska Systems Coordinating Council (ASCC), which is an affiliate NERC member.

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). A coding

system developed jointly by the United States, Canada, and Mexico to classify businesses and industries according to the type of economic activity in

which they are engaged. NAICS replaces the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes.

Nuclear Electric Power: Electricity generated by an electric power plant

whose turbines are driven by steam generated in a reactor by heat from the

fissioning of nuclear fuel.

Nuclear Electric Power Plant: A single-unit or multi-unit facility in

which heat produced in one or more reactors by the fissioning of nuclear

fuel is used to drive one or more steam turbines.

Nuclear reactor: An apparatus in which a nuclear fission chain reaction

can be initiated, controlled, and sustained at a specific rate. A reactor includes fuel (fissionable material), moderating material to control the rate

of fission, a heavy-walled pressure vessel to house reactor components,

shielding to protect personnel, a system to conduct heat away from the reactor, and instrumentation for monitoring and controlling the reactor’s

systems.

Octane Rating: A number used to indicate motor gasoline’s antiknock performance in motor vehicle engines. The two recognized laboratory engine

test methods for determining the antiknock rating, i.e., octane rating, of

gasoline are the Research method and the Motor method. To provide a single number as guidance to the consumer, the antiknock index ® + M)/2,

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 371
which is the average of the Research and Motor octane numbers, was developed. See Motor Gasoline Grades.

OECD: See Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development.

Offshore: That geographic area that lies seaward of the coastline. In general, the coastline is the line of ordinary low water along with that portion

of the coast that is in direct contact with the open sea or the line marking

the seaward limit of inland water.

Oil: See Crude Oil.

Oil Well: A well completed for the production of crude oil from one or

more oil zones or reservoirs. Wells producing both crude oil and natural

gas are classified as oil wells.

Operable Unit (Nuclear): In the United States, a nuclear generating unit

that has completed low-power testing and has been issued a full-power operating license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or equivalent permission to operate.

Operable Refineries: Refineries that were in one of the following three

categories at the beginning of a given year: in operation; not in operation

and not under active repair, but capable of being placed into operation

within 30 days; or not in operation, but under active repair that could be

completed within 90 days.

Operating Income: Operating revenues less operating expenses. Excludes

items of other revenue and expense, such as equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, dividends, interest income and expense, income taxes, extraordinary items, and cumulative effect of accounting changes.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD):

Members as of December 31, 1999 were Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands,

New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Current members are Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar,

Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. (Ecuador withdrew

from OPEC on December 31, 1992 and Gabon withdrew on December 31,

1994.)

Other Hydrocarbons (Petroleum): Other materials processed at refineries. Includes coal tar derivatives, hydrogen, gilsonite, and natural gas received by the refinery for reforming into hydrogen.

Oxygenated Motor Gasoline: See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.

Oxygenates: Substances which, when added to motor gasoline, increase

the amount of oxygen in that gasoline blend. Ethanol, methyl tertiary butyl

ether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), and methanol are common oxygenates. See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.

Ozone: A molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen. It occurs naturally

in the stratosphere and provides a protective layer shielding the Earth from

harmful ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere, it is a chemical oxidant, a

greenhouse gas, and a major component of photochemical smog.

Ozone-Depleting Substance: Gases containing chlorine that are being

controlled because they deplete ozone. They are thought to have some indeterminate impact on greenhouse gases.

Particulate Collectors: Equipment used to remove fly ash from the combustion gases of a boiler plant before discharge to the atmosphere. Particulate collectors include electrostatic precipitators, mechanical collectors

(cyclones, fabric filters [baghouses]), and wet scrubbers.

Pentanes Plus: A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes and heavier,

extracted from natural gas. Includes isopentane, natural gasoline, and plant

condensate.

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs): A group of anthropogenic chemicals composed

of one or two carbon atoms and four to six flourine atoms, containing no

chlorine. PFCs have no commercial uses and are emitted as a byproduct of

aluminum smelting and semiconductor manufacturing. PFCs have very

high 100-year Global Warming Potentials and are very long-lived in the

atmosphere.

Petrochemical Feedstocks: Chemical feedstocks derived from petroleum

principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a

372 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
variety of plastics. Categories reported are naphthas with less than

401degrees Fahrenheit endpoint and other oils equal to or greater than

401 degrees Fahrenheit endpoint.

Petroleum: A broadly defined class of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. Included are crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, refined products obtained from the processing of crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids.

Nonhydrocarbon compounds blended into finished petroleum products,

such as additives and detergents, are included after blending has been

completed.

Petroleum Coke: See Coke, Petroleum.

Petroleum Coke, Catalyst: The carbonaceous residue that is deposited on

and deactivates the catalyst used in many catalytic operations (e.g., catalytic cracking). The catalyst is reactivated by burning off the carbon, which

is used as a fuel in the refining process. That carbon or coke is not recoverable in a concentrated form.

Petroleum Coke, Marketable: Those grades of coke produced in delayed

or fluid cokers that may be recovered as relatively pure carbon. Marketable petroleum coke may be sold as is or may be further purified by

calcining.

Petroleum Consumption: The sum of all refined petroleum products supplied. For each refined petroleum product, the amount supplied is calculated by adding production and imports, then subtracting changes in

primary stocks (net withdrawals are a plus quantity and net additions are a

minus quantity) and exports.

Petroleum Imports: Imports of petroleum into the 50 States and the District of Columbia from foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the Virgin

Islands, and other U.S. territories and possessions. Included are imports

for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and withdrawals from bonded warehouses for onshore consumption, offshore bunker use, and military use.

Excluded are receipts of foreign petroleum into bonded warehouses and

into U.S. territories and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones.

Petroleum Products: Products obtained from the processing of crude oil

(including lease condensate), natural gas, and other hydrocarbon compounds. Petroleum products include unfinished oils, liquefied petroleum

gases, pentanes plus, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, naphtha-type jet

fuel, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil,

petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum

coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and miscellaneous products.

Petroleum Products Supplied: An approximate measure of consumption.

It measures the disappearance of the products from primary sources, i.e.,

refineries, blending plants, and bulk terminals. In general, products supplied in any given period are computed as follows: field production, plus

imports, plus unaccounted-for crude oil (plus net receipts when calculated

on a PAD District basis) minus stock change, minus crude oil losses, minus

refinery inputs, and minus exports. See also Petroleum Consumption.

Petroleum Sludge: See Sludge.

Petroleum Stocks, Primary: For individual products, quantities that are

held at refineries, in pipelines, and at bulk terminals that have a capacity of

50,000 barrels or more, or that are in transit thereto. Stocks held by product

retailers and resellers, as well as tertiary stocks held at the point of consumption, are excluded. Stocks of individual products held at gas processing

plants are excluded from individual product estimates but are included in

other oil estimates and total.

Photovoltaic Energy: Direct-current electricity generated from sunlight

through solid-state semiconductor devices that have no moving parts.

Photovoltaic Module: A group of photovoltaic cells. (Cells are

solid-state devices that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight.)

The electricity is used primarily in applications requiring remote power,

such as radio communication, cathodic protection, and navigational aids.

Pipeline Fuel: Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.

Pipeline, Natural Gas: A continuous pipe conduit, complete with such

equipment as valves, compressor stations, communications systems, and

meters, for transporting natural gas and/or supplemental gaseous fuels

from one point to another, usually from a point in or beyond the producing

field or processing plant to another pipeline or to points of utilization. Also

refers to a company operating such facilities.

Pipeline, Petroleum: Crude oil and product pipelines (including interstate,

intrastate, and intracompany pipelines) used to transport crude oil and

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 373
petroleum products, respectively, within the 50 States and the District of

Columbia.

Plant Condensate: One of the natural gas liquids, mostly pentanes and

heavier hydrocarbons, recovered and separated as liquids at gas inlet separators or scrubbers in processing plants.

Prime Mover: The engine, turbine, water wheel, or similar machine that

drives an electric generator; or, for reporting purposes, a device that converts energy to electricity directly.

Process Fuel: All energy consumed in the acquisition, processing, and

transportation of energy. Quantifiable process fuel includes three categories: natural gas lease and plant operations, natural gas pipeline operations, and oil refinery operations.

Processing Gain: The amount by which total volume of refinery output is

greater than the volume of input for a given period of time. The processing

gain arises when crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less dense than the input.

Processing Loss: The amount by which total volume of refinery output is

less than input for a given period of time. The processing loss arises when

crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on

average, more dense than the input.

Processing Plant (Natural Gas): A surface installation designed to separate and recover natural gas liquids from a stream of produced natural gas

through the processes of condensation, absorption, refrigeration, or other

methods, and to control the quality of natural gas marketed or returned to

oil or gas reservoirs for pressure maintenance, repressuring, or cycling.

Propane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C3H8). It is a

colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -43.67 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes

all products designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors

Association Specifications for commercial propane and HD-5 propane.

Propylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C3H6) recovered from refinery or

petrochemical processes.

Proved Reserves, Crude Oil: The estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil that geological and engineering data demonstrate with

reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.

Proved Reserves, Lease Condensate: The volumes of lease condensate

expected to be recovered in future years in conjunction with the production

of proved reserves of natural gas based on the recovery efficiency of lease

and/or field separation facilities installed.

Proved Reserves, Natural Gas: The estimated quantities of natural gas

that analysis of geological and engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.

Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids: Those volumes of natural gas

liquids (including lease condensate) demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be separable in the future from proved natural gas reserves, under

existing economic and operating conditions.

Pumped Storage: See Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.

Real Price: A price that has been adjusted to remove the effect of

changes in the purchasing power of the dollar. Real prices, which are expressed in chained dollars in this report, reflect buying power relative to a

reference year. See Chained Dollars.

Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil: The cost of crude oil to the refiner, including transportation and other fees. The composite cost is the

weighted average of domestic and imported crude oil costs. The refiner acquisition cost does not include the cost of crude oil purchased for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

Refinery Input: The raw materials and intermediate materials processed at

refineries to produce finished petroleum products. They include crude oil,

products of natural gas processing plants, unfinished oils, other hydrocarbons

and alcohol, motor gasoline and aviation gasoline blending components, and

finished petroleum products.

Refinery Output: The total amount of petroleum products produced at a

refinery. Includes petroleum consumed by the refinery.

374 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 375

Refinery (Petroleum): An installation that manufactures finished petroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.

Renewable Energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example, fossil fuels, which are in finite supply).

Renewable sources of energy include conventional hydroelectric power,

wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy.

Repressuring: The injection of a pressurized fluid (such as air, gas, or water) into oil and gas reservoir formations to effect greater ultimate recovery.

Residential Sector: All private residences, whether occupied or vacant,

owned or rented, including single-family homes, multifamily housing units,

and mobile homes. Secondary homes, such as summer homes, are also included. Institutional housing, such as school dormitories, hospitals, and

military barracks, generally are not included in the residential sector; they

are included in the commercial sector.

Residential Vehicles: Motorized vehicles used by U.S. households for personal transportation. Excluded are motorcycles, mopeds, large trucks, and

buses. Included are automobiles, station wagons, passenger vans, cargo

vans, motor homes, pickup trucks, and jeeps or similar vehicles. In order to

be included, vehicles must be: (1) owned by members of the household, or

(2) company cars not owned by household members but regularly available

to household members for their personal use and ordinarily kept at home, or

(3) rented or leased for 1 month or more.

Residual Fuel Oil: The heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils,

that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled

away in refinery operations. Residual fuel oil conforms to ASTM Specifications D396 and D975 and Federal Specification VV-F-815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is

defined in Military Specification MIL-F-859E, including Amendment 2

(NATO Symbol F-770). It is used in steam-powered vessels in government

service and inshore powerplants. No. 6 fuel oil includes Bunker C fuel oil

and is used for the production of electric power, space heating, vessel bunkering, and various industrial purposes.

Road Oil: Any heavy petroleum oil, including residual asphaltic oil, used

as a dust palliative and surface treatment on roads and highways. It is generally produced in six grades, from 0, the most liquid, to 5, the most viscous.

Rotary Rig: A machine used for drilling wells that employs a rotating

tube attached to a bit for boring holes through rock.

Royalty Interest: An interest in a mineral property provided through a

royalty contract.

Scrubber: Equipment used to remove sulfur oxides from the combustion

gases of a boiler plant before discharge to the atmosphere. Chemicals,

such as lime, are used as scrubbing media.

Short Ton (Coal): A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.

Sludge: A dense, slushy, liquid- to semifluid product that accumulates as

an end result of an industrial or technological process designed to purify a

substance. Industrial sludges are produced from the processing of energy-related raw materials, chemical products, water, mined ores, sewage,

and other natural and man-made products. Sludges can also form from

natural processes, such as the runoff produced by rainfall, and accumulate

on the bottom of bogs, streams, lakes, and tidelands.

Small Power Producer: Under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies

Act, a small power producer generates electricity by using renewable energy (wood, waste, conventional hydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal) as a primary energy source. Fossil fuels can be used, but renewable

resources must provide at least 75 percent of the total energy input. See

Nonutility Power Producer.

Solar Collector: Equipment that actively concentrates thermal energy

from the sun. The energy is usually used for space heating, for water

heating, or for heating swimming pools. Either air or liquid is the working fluid.

Solar Thermal Collector: A device designed to receive solar radiation

and convert it to thermal energy. Normally, a solar thermal collector includes a frame, glazing, and an absorber, together with appropriate insulation. The heat collected by the solar thermal collector may be used

immediately or stored for later use. Solar collectors are used for space

heating, domestic hot water heating, and heating wrimming pools, hot

tubs, or spas.

Solar Thermal Collector, High-Temperature: A collector that generally operates at temperatures above 180 degrees Fahrenheit.
Solar Thermal Collector, Low-Temperature: A collector that generally operates at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Typically, it has no

glazing or insulation and is made of plastic or rubber, although some are

made of metal.

Solar Thermal Collector, Medium-Temperature: A collector that generally operates at temperatures of 140 to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also

operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Typically, it has

one or two glazings, a metal frame, a metal absorption panel with integral

flow channels or attached tubing (liquid collector) or with integral ducting

(air collector) and insulation on the sides and back of the panel.

Solar Thermal Collector, Special: An evacuated tube collector or a concentrating (focusing) collector. Special collectors operate in the temperature range from just above ambient temperature (low concentration for

pool heating) to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit (high concentration

for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes).

Solar Thermal Energy: The radiant energy of the sun that can be converted into other forms of energy, such as heat or electricity. Electricity

produced from solar energy heats a medium that powers an electricity-generating device.

Space Heating: The use of mechanical equipment (including wood stoves

and active solar heating devices) to heat all, or part, of a building to at least

50 degrees Fahrenheit.

Special Naphthas: All finished products within the naphtha boiling range

that are used as paint thinners, cleaners, or solvents. Those products are refined to a specified flash point. Special naphthas include all commercial hexane and cleaning solvents conforming to ASTM Specifications D1836 and

D484, respectively. Naphthas to be blended or marketed as motor gasoline or

aviation gasoline, or that are to be used as petrochemical and synthetic natural

gas (SNG) feedstocks, are excluded.

Spent Liquor: The liquid residue left after an industrial process; can be a

component of waste materials used as fuel.

Spot Market Price: See Spot Price.

Spot Price: The price for a one-time open market transaction for immediate deliver of the specific quantity of product at a specific location where

the commodity is purchased “on the spot” at current market rates.

Steam-Electric Power Plant: A plant in which the prime mover is a

steam turbine. The steam used to drive the turbine is produced in a boiler

where fossil fuels are burned.

Still Gas (Refinery Gas): Any form or mixture of gas produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal

constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, and propylene. It is used primarily as refinery fuel and petrochemical feedstock.

Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): Petroleum stocks maintained by

the Federal Government for use during periods of major supply

interruption.

Stripper Well (Natural Gas): A well that produces 60 thousand cubic

feet per day or less of gas-well gas for a period of 3 consecutive months

while producing at its maximum rate flow. In determining abandonments, a

stripper well is one that produced less than 22.5 million cubic feet in its

last 12 months of production.

Stripper Well Property (Petroleum): A property whose average daily

production of crude oil per well (excluding condensate recovered in natural

gas production) did not exceed an average of 10 barrels per day during any

preceding consecutive 12-month period beginning after December 31,

1972.

Stocks: Supplies of fuel or other energy source(s) stored for future use.

Stocks are reported as of the end of the reporting period.

Subbituminous Coal: A coal with properties ranging from those of lignite

to those of bituminous coal and used primarily as fuel for steam-electric

power generation. At the lower end of the range it may be dull, dark brown

or black, soft, and crumbly, while at the upper end it may be bright, jet

black, hard, and relatively strong. Subbituminous coal contains 20 to 30

percent inherent moisture by weight. The heat content of subbituminous

coal ranges from 17 to 24 million Btu per short ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of subbituminous coal consumed

in the United States averages 17 to 18 million Btu per short ton, on the

376 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral

matter).

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): A toxic, irritating, colorless gas soluble in water,

alcohol, and ether. Used as a chemical intermediate, in paper pulping and

ore refining, and as a solvent.

Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6): A colorless gas soluble in alcohol and ether,

and slightly less soluble in water. It is used as a dielectric in electronics.

Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: Any gaseous substance that, introduced

into or commingled with natural gas, increases the volume available for

disposition. Such substances include, but are not limited to, propane-air,

refinery gas, coke oven gas, still gas, manufactured gas, biomass gas, or air

or inert gases added for Btu stabilization.

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): A manufactured product chemically similar in most respects to natural gas, resulting from the conversion or reforming of petroleum hydrocarbons. It may easily be substituted for, or

interchanged with, pipeline quality natural gas. Also referred to as substitute natural gas.

Tall Oil: The oily mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids, and other materials

obtained by acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the digesting (pulping) of pine wood.

Transportation Sector: Private and public vehicles that move people and

commodities. Included are automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, railroads, and railways (including streetcars), aircraft, ships, barges, and

natural gas pipelines.

Unaccounted-for Crude Oil: Represents the arithmetic difference between the calculated supply and the calculated disposition of crude oil. The

calculated supply is the sum of crude oil production and imports, less

changes in crude oil stocks. The calculated disposition of crude oil is the

sum of crude oil input to refineries, crude oil exports, crude oil burned as

fuel, and crude oil losses.

Unaccounted-for Natural Gas: Quantities lost, the net result of flow data

metered at varying temperature and pressure conditions and converted to a

standard temperature and pressure base; metering inaccuracies; differences

between the billing cycle and calendar period timeframes; the effect of

variations in company accounting and billing practices; and imbalances

from the merger of data reporting systems which vary in scope, format,

definitions, and type of respondents.

Underground Storage: The storage of natural gas in underground reservoirs at locations other than those from which it was produced.

Undiscovered Recoverable Reserves (Crude Oil and Natural

Gas): Those economic resources of crude oil and natural gas, yet undiscovered, that are estimated to exist in favorable geologic settings.

Unfinished Oils: All oils requiring further refinery processing, except

those requiring only mechanical blending. In most cases, these are produced by partial refining or are purchased in an unfinished state for conversion to finish products by further refining.

Unfractionated Streams: Mixtures of unsegregated natural gas liquid

components, excluding those in plant condensate. This product is extracted

from natural gas.

United States: Unless otherwise noted, United States in this publication

means the 50 States and the District of Columbia. U.S. exports include

shipments to U.S. territories, and imports include receipts from U.S.

territories.

Uranium: A heavy, naturally radioactive, metallic element (atomic number 92). Its two principally occurring isotopes are uranium-235 and uranium-238. Uranium-235 is indispensable to the nuclear industry, because it

is the only isotope existing in nature to any appreciable extent that is fissionable by thermal neutrons. Uranium-238 is also important, because it

absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isotope that subsequently decays

to plutonium-239, an isotope that also is fissionable by thermal neutrons.

Uranium Concentrate: A yellow or brown powder obtained by the milling of uranium ore, processing of in situ leach mining solutions, or as a byproduct of phosphoric acid production.

Uranium Ore: Rock containing uranium mineralization (typically 1 to 4

pounds of U3O8 per ton or 0.05 percent to 0.2 percent U3O8) that can be

mined economically.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 377
Uranium Resource Categories: Three categories of uranium resources defined by the international community to reflect differing levels of confidence in the existence of the resources. Reasonably assured resources

(RAR), estimated additional resources (EAR), and speculative resources (SR) are described below.

Reasonably assured resources (RAR): Uranium that occurs in

known mineral deposits of such size, grade, and configuration that it

could be recovered within the given production cost ranges, with

currently proven mining and processing technology. Estimates of

tonnage and grade are based on specific sample data and

measurements of the deposits and on knowledge of deposit

characteristics. Note: RAR corresponds to DOE’s uranium

reserves category.

Estimated additional resources (EAR): Uranium in addition to

RAR that is expected to occur, mostly on the basis of geological

evidence, in extensions of well-explored deposits, in little-explored

deposits, and in undiscovered deposits believed to exist along

well-defined geological trends with known deposits. This uranium

can subsequently be recovered within the given cost ranges.

Estimates of tonnage and grade are based on available sampling data

and on knowledge of the deposit characteristics, as determined in the

best-known parts of the deposit or in similar deposits. Note: EAR

corresponds to DOE’s probable potential resources category.

Speculative resources (SR): Uranium in addition to EAR that is

thought to exist, mostly on the basis of indirect evidence and

geological extrapolations, in deposits discoverable with existing

exploration techniques. The location of deposits in this category can

generally be specified only as being somewhere within given regions

or geological trends. The estimates in this category are less reliable

than estimates of RAR and EAR. Note: SR corresponds to the

combination of DOE’s possible potential resources and speculative

potential resources categories.

Useful Thermal Output: The thermal energy made available for use in

any industrial or commercial process, or used in any heating or cooling application, i.e., total thermal energy made available for processes and applications other than electrical generation.

U.S.S.R.: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of

15 constituent republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia,

Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova,

Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. As a

political entity, the U.S.S.R. ceased to exist as of December 31,

1991.

Vented Natural Gas: Gas released into the air on the base site or

at processing plants.

Vessel: Tankers used to transport crude oil and petroleum products. Vessel categories are as follows: Ultra Large Crude Carrier

(ULCC), Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC), Other Tanker, and

Specialty Ships (LPG/LNG).

Vessel Bunkering: Includes sales for the fueling of commercial or

private boats, such as pleasure craft, fishing boats, tugboats, and

ocean-going vessels, including vessels operated by oil companies.

Excluded are volumes sold to the U.S. Armed Forces.

Waste Energy: Garbage, bagasse, sewerage gas, and other industrial, agricultural, and urban refuse used to generate electricity.

Watt (W): The unit of electrical power equal to 1 ampere under a

pressure of 1 volt. A watt is equal to 1/746 horsepower.

Watthour (Wh): An electrical energy unit of measure equal to 1

watt of power supplied to, or taken from, an electric circuit

steadily for 1 hour.

Waxes: Solid or semisolid materials derived from petroleum

distillates or residues. Waxes are light-colored, more or less

translucent crystalline masses, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons in which the paraffin

series predominates. Included are all marketable waxes,

whether crude scale or fully refined. Waxes are used primarily

as industrial coating for surface protection.

Well: A hole drilled in the Earth for the purpose of finding or producing crude oil or natural gas; or providing services related to the

production of crude oil or natural gas. Wells are classified as oil

378 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000
wells, gas wells, dry holes, stratigraphic test wells, or service wells. The

latter two types of wells are counted for Federal Reporting System data reporting. Oil wells, gas wells, and dry holes are classified as exploratory

wells or development wells. Exploratory wells are subclassified as

new-pool wildcats, deeper-pool tests, shallow-pool tests, and outpost (extension) tests. Well classifications reflect the status of wells after drilling

has been completed.

Wellhead Price: The value of crude oil or natural gas at the mouth of the

well.

Well Servicing Unit: Truck-mounted equipment generally used for

downhole services after a well is drilled. Services include well completions and recompletions, maintenance, repairs, workovers, and well plugging and abandonments. Jobs range from minor operations, such as pulling

the rods and rod pumps out of an oil well, to major workovers, such as

milling out and repairing collapsed casing. Well depth and characteristics

determine the type of equipment used.

Western Europe: Includes Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia (The Former Yugoslav Republic of), Malta,

Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.

Wind Energy: The kinetic energy of wind converted into mechanical energy by wind turbines (i.e., blades rotating from a hub) that drive generators to produce electricity.

Wood Energy: Wood and wood products used as fuel, including round

wood (cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues,

charcoal, pulp waste, and spent pulping liquor.

Wood Sludge: See Sludge.

Working Gas: The gas in a reservoir that is in addition to the base (cushion) gas. It may or may not be completely withdrawn during any particular

withdrawal season. Conditions permitting, the total working capacity could

be used more than once during any given season.

Working Interest: An interest in a mineral property that entitles the

owner to explore, develop, and operate a property. The working interest

owner bears the costs of exploration, development, and operation of the

property and, in return, is entitled to a share of the mineral production from

the property or to a share of the proceeds.

Yellowcake: A natural uranium concentrate that takes its name from its

color and texture. Yellowcake typically contains 70 to 90 percent U3O8 by

weight. It is used as feedstock for uranium fuel enrichment and fuel pellet

fabrication

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 2000 379