UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA 

Miami Division 

SEAPOWER, INC, 

Plaintiff, 

vs. 

Case Number: 20-61342-CIV-MORENO 

TONBO IMAGING PTE LTD, 

Defendant. 

I ------------------

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS 

THIS CAUSE came before the Court upon Defendant's Motion for Judgment on the 

Pleadings (D.E. 40), filed on August 18, 2021. THE COURT has considered the motion, the 

Plaintiffs Response in Opposition, Defendant's Reply to the Response, pertinent portions of the 

record, and being otherwise fully advised in the premises, it is ADJUDGED that the motion is 

DENIED. 

I. Introduction 

Seapower, Inc. filed this breach of contract action against Tonbo Imaging PTE LTD in 

July 2020. Tonbo Imaging PTE LTD moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, 

improper venue, and insufficient service of process. The Court granted the motion without 

prejudice on service of process grounds, permitting Seapower to re-attempt service, and leaving 

jurisdiction and venue to be addressed later. Seapo_wer then properly served Tonbo Imaging PTE 

LTD in March 2021. 

After, Tonbo Imaging PTE LTD again moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction 

and improper venue. The Court held a hearing, denied the motion as to venue, and denied the 

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motion to as to personal jurisdiction, with leave to amend following the completion of limited 

jurisdictional discovery. The parties deposed the following individuals: Arvind Lakshmikumar, 

the CEO of Tonbo Imaging PTE LTD, Vishal Kamal, the President of Seapower, and Jagrut 

Patel and Sumeet Suri, who were both directors at Tonbo Imaging, Inc. and Kamal's supervisors. 

After the discovery was completed, Tonbo Imaging PTE LTD moved for judgment on the 

pleadings for lack of personal jurisdiction. That motion is denied for the reasons explained 

below. 

II. Factual Background 

The facts here are construed in a light most favorable to Seapower, the non-movant. See 

Gen. Cigar Holdings, Inc. v. Altadis, S.A., 205 F. Supp. 2d 1335, 1340 (S.D. Fla. 2012). 

In May 2018, Vishal Kamal began working for Tonbo Imaging, Inc., a United Statescompany, in his personal capacity. Tonbo Imaging, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tonbo 

Imaging, PTE LTD, the Singaporean entity that is the defendant in this suit. For the sake of 

clarity, the Singaporean parent company is referred to as Tonbo Singapore, and the U.S.-based 

subsidiary is referred to as Tonbo USA. Tonbo Singapore builds technology for "electropix 

surveillance and security," and Tonbo Singapore set up Tonbo USA to explore selling these 

systems to U.S. customers. 

Kamal's contract with Tonbo USA was titled "Agreement for Consultancy Services." 

The contract did not give much detail about Kamal's responsibilities to Tonbo Singapore, but the 

parties agree that Kamal functioned as a salesperson. Tonbo USA's office was located in 

Broward County, Florida. Kamal says that, throughout his employment with Tonbo USA, 

employees from both Tonbo USA and Singapore used the office. 

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In July 2019, the CEO of Tonbo Singapore, named Arvind Lakshmikumar, texted Kamal 

that he was going to "move [Kamal's] employment to [Tonbo Singapore]." Lakshmikumar then 

traveled to Florida to meet with Kamal and other employees at the Broward office. There, 

Lakshmikumar informed the employees that Tonbo USA would be winding down its business. 

According to Kamal, the employees of Tonbo USA and Tonbo Singapore in Broward had their 

contracts changed to a new company, called Pixels on Target, LLC. Kamal, however, was not 

transferred to Pixels, and signed a new contract with Tonbo Singapore instead-this time on 

behalf of his business entity, Seapower. 

After the transition to Tonbo Singapore, not much changed for Kamal. He was doing the 

same work, at the same location, with the same desk, company email, title, and responsibilities, 

with largely the same contractual terms. Kamal adds that his immediate supervisors remained 

Jagrut Patel and Sumeet Suri. And he was still required to report to the Broward location for 

work each day. Employees of Tonbo Singapore, including Lakshmikumar, continued to use the 

Broward office. 

Additionally, after the transition, Tonbo Singapore paid Kamal for monies owed to him 

by Tonbo USA. Tonbo Singapore rendered payment personally to Kamal's account in Broward. 

After that, because the contract was formally between Tonbo Singapore and Seapower, Tonbo 

Singapore rendered payment to Seapower in Broward. 

In October 2019, Lakshmikumar emailed Kamal to inform him that his contract with 

Tonbo Singapore was being terminated. The termination letter alleged that Kamal had accessed 

and photographed sensitive materials, including trade secrets and other intellectual property 

located at the Broward office, which he intended to offer to competitors for a higher salary. Two 

days later, Kamal received a cease-and-desist letter from a law firm that had been retained by 

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Pixels on Target, alleging that he'd stolen trade secrets and intellectual property from the Pixels 

office in Broward. The parties do not say how the issue of the intellectual property was resolved. 

Seapower filed this breach of contract action, alleging that it is owed unpaid 

compensation, commission, and reimbursements, under the contract with Tonbo Singapore. 

III. Legal Standard 

The plaintiff carries the initial burden to plead sufficient facts for personal jurisdiction. 

Miller v. Gizmodo Media Grp., LLC, 383 F. Supp. 3d 1365, 1370-71 (S.D. Fla. 2019). The 

defendant may then rebut jurisdiction, relying on materials like affidavits, testimony, and other 

documents. Id If the defendant is successful, the burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to 

provide evidence supporting jurisdiction. Gen. Cigar Holdings, Inc., SA., 205 F. Supp. 2d at 

1340. 

In considering the supporting materials, the court must construe all reasonable inferences 

in favor of the plaintiff. Id Indeed, because both parties rely on material outside the pleadings, 

the motion is treated as one for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). Factual assertions must be supported by citations to record materials, and 

the court need only consider the cited materials. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(l)(A), (c)(3). 

IV. Analysis 

A federal court sitting in diversity follows a two-step test to determine whether personal 

jurisdiction exists. First, the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with the relevant state's longarm statute. United Techs. Corp. v. Mazer, 556 F.3d 1260, 1274 (11th Cir. 2009). Second, it 

must not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. 

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A. Florida's Long-Arm Statute 

Under Florida's long-arm statute, a person subjects themselves to Florida's courts if they 

breach a contract in the state by failing to perform acts required by contract to be performed in 

the state. Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1)(a)(7). This means that there must be a duty to perform in 

Florida-a duty to tender performance to a Florida resident is not sufficient by itself. Posner v. 

Essex Ins. Co., 178 F.3d 1209, 1218 (11th Cir. 1999). Relevant here, Florida courts have 

repeatedly held that when the contract is silent on the place of payment, "it is presumed to be the 

place of residence of the payee." Glob. Satellite Commc'n Co. v. Sudline, 849 So. 2d 466, 468 

(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003). This presumption is sufficient to satisfy Florida's longarm statute. 

Id. 

As a result, Florida's longarm statute is satisfied in this case. Seapower's residence is 

Florida because its principal place of business is in Florida. See Goodyear Dunlop Tires 

Operations, SA. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924 (2011). Payment was thus due in Florida, Glob. 

Satellite Commc'n Co., 849 So. 2d at 468, and Tonbo Singapore is alleged to have breached the 

contract by failing to tender that payment. 1 That leaves only the question of whether jurisdiction 

over Tonbo Singapore would offend due process. 

B. Personal Jurisdiction 

There are two types of personal jurisdiction: general and specific. Stubbs v. Wyndham 

Nassau Resort & Crystal Palace Casino, 447 F.3d 1357, 1360 n. 3 (11th Cir. 2006). This suit is 

predicated on specific personal jurisdiction, which "arises out of a party's activities in the forum 

that are related to the cause of action." Consol. Dev. Corp. v. Sherritt, Inc., 216 F.3d 1286, 1291 

1 Tonbo Singapore's argument-that it was not required to tender payment in Florida 

because the contract did not explicitly say so-misses the mark. With the presumption that 

payment must be tendered in the payee's state of residence (here, Florida), it is immaterial that 

the contract did not expressly require payment in Florida. 

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(11th Cir. 2000). We thus apply the three-part due process test, which asks: (1) whether the 

plaintiffs claims arise out of or relate to at least one of the defendant's contacts with the forum; 

(2) whether the nonresident defendant purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting 

activities within the forum state, thus invoking the benefit of the forum state's laws; and (3) 

whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction comports with "traditional notions of fair play and 

substantial justice." Louis Vuitton Malletier, S.A. v. Mosseri, 736 F.3d 1339, 1355 (11th Cir. 

2013) (citations omitted). 

1. Seapower's claim and Tonbo Singapore's contacts with Florida 

Under the first step, Seapower's claim must arise out of or relate to at least one of Tonbo 

Singapore's contacts with Florida. See id. at 1355-56. This step focuses on the "direct causal 

relationship between" Tonbgo Singapore, Florida, and this suit. Id. (simplified). 

Seapower alleges that Tonbo Singapore contracted with Seapower, which maintains its 

principal place of business in Florida. Under Florida law, payment was to be tendered in Florida, 

see Glob. Satellite Commc'n Co., 849 So. 2d at 468, and when Tonbo Singapore did tender 

payment, it did so in Florida. It is this contract that is the subject of Seapower's breach of 

contract claim. Seapower's claim thus arises out of at least one of Tonbo Singapore's contact 

with Florida: contracting with and rendering payment to a Florida entity. See Sinclair & Wilde, 

Ltd. v. TWA Int'!, Inc., 2020 WL 1929262, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 21, 2020) (prong 1 satisfied 

where nonresident defendant contracted with plaintiff and performance was in part due in 

Florida). 

2. Purposeful Availment 

Under step two, often referred to as the "purposeful availment" test, the court must assess 

Tonbo Singapore's contacts with Florida and ask whether those contacts: (1) are related to 

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Seapower's cause of action; (2) involve some act by which Tonbo Singapore purposefully 

availed itself of the privileges of doing business in Florida; and (3) are such that Tonbgo 

Singapore should reasonably anticipate being haled into court here. Louis Vuitton Malletier, 

S.A., 736 F.3d at 1357. In short, we isolate the contacts between Tonbo Singapore and Florida 

and ask whether, individually or collectively, those contacts satisfy the three requirements. Id. 

The Eleventh Circuit follows what it calls a "highly realistic approach" when searching a 

contractual relationship for minimum contacts-one that focuses on the "substance of the 

transaction: prior negotiations, contemplated future consequences, the terms of the contract, and 

the actual course of dealing." Diamond Crystal Brands, Inc. v. Food Movers Int'!, Inc., 593 F.3d 

1249, 1268 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 105 S. Ct. 2174, 2185 

(1985)). Importantly, the focus must remain be on the non-resident defendant's conduct, that is, 

"whether the defendant deliberately engaged in significant activities within a state or created 

continuing obligations with residents of the forum." Id. Jurisdiction must not be premised on 

contacts that are random, fortuitous, or attenuated. Id. 

Generally, contracting with a forum resident who performs there is insufficient for 

minimum contacts. Id. (citing Borg-Warner Acceptance Corp. v. Lovett & Tharpe, Inc., 786 

F.2d 1055, 1063 (11th Cir.1986)). Yet jurisdiction may be found where there are additional 

contacts or "plus factors." Id Examples of plus factors are the defendant's initiating the 

contractual relationship, visiting the plaintiffs worksite for business purposes, establishing a 

relationship through multiple transactions, requiring performance in the forum, and negotiating 

the contract telephonically with the plaintiff. Id at 1268-69 (collecting cases). At bottom, the 

goal is ensuring that the defendant deliberately affiliated with the forum. Id. at 1269. 

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In this case, we have-at least-a defendant that contracted with a plaintiff-forum 

resident. Tonbo Singapore entered into a contract for consulting services with Seapower, a 

company with its principal place of business in Florida. While this fact by itself would not be 

enough to subject Tonbo Singapore to personal jurisdiction, there are several plus factors that 

counsel in favor of jurisdiction. 

First, Tonbo Singapore required that Kamal work out of the Broward office even after 

Tonbo USA was dissolved. 2 Second, Lakshmikumar physically visited Florida to meet with 

employees, including Kamal, to discuss Tonbo's operations. Third, Tonbo Singapore and Kamal 

negotiated the contract, at least in part, in Florida. Fourth, Tonbo Singapore repeatedly rendered 

payment to Seapower in Florida. All of these are plus factors under the demonstrative list in 

Diamond Crystal Brands, Inc., 593 F.3d at 1268-69. And they all evidence that Tonbo 

Singapore "deliberately affiliated" with Florida. Id. at 1269.3 

All in all, Tonbo Singapore had multiple contacts. with Florida related to this suit, in 

which it deliberately reached into Florida, availing itself of the privilege of doing business in 

Florida, such that it shouldn't be surprised to be litigating here. See Elfus v. Impact Sports 

Basketball LLC, 2019 WL 330862, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 25, 2019) (purposeful availment found 

2 Relying in part on this contact to support jurisdiction might at first appear to contravene 

the "well-established proposition[]" that "the forum resident's unilateral acts can[not] establish 

sufficient minimum contacts." Diamond Crystal Brands, Inc., 593 F.3d at 1268. The focus here, 

however, is not on Kamal's actual using of the Broward office, but rather Tonbo Singapore's 

requiring that he use the Broward office. See id. at 1269 (explaining that "requiring performance 

in the forum" is a "plus factor"). 

3 Tonbo Singapore denies that it has deliberately affiliated with Florida, and the crux of 

its argument is that the contract with Seapower was for sales in the Middle East. It insists that 

litigation in Florida regarding a contract to conduct international sales was not foreseeable. 

Were the contract with Seapower the only alleged contact, this argument might be persuasive. 

But as detailed above, Tonbo Singapore had multiple other contacts with Florida. So the 

purposeful availment prong is still satisfied notwithstanding the fact that the goal of the contract 

was to obtain sales in the Middle East. 

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where defendant had meetings in and placed phone calls to Florida related to contract 

negotiations). The purposeful availment prong is satisfied. 

3. Traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice 

Next, the Court must decide whether exercising personal jurisdiction over Tonbo 

Singapore would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Posner, 178 F.3d 

at 1221, "[W]here a defendant who purposefully has directed his activities at forum residents 

seeks to defeat jurisdiction, he must present a compelling case that the presence of some other 

considerations would render jurisdiction unreasonable." Burger King Corp., 105 S. Ct. at 2184-

85. Factors to consider are "'the burden on the defendant,' 'the forum State's interest in 

adjudicating the dispute,' 'the plaintiff's interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief,' 

'the interstate judicial system's interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of 

controversies,' and the 'shared interest of the several States in furthering fundamental 

substantive social policies."' Id. at 2184 (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 

100 S. Ct. 559, 564 (1980)). 

On this score, Tongo Singapore has presented no argument. See Diamond Crystal 

Brands, Inc., 593 F.3d at 1274 (finding that jurisdiction comports with traditional notions of fair 

play and substantial justice where foreign defendant did not attempt to explain why litigating in 

the forum state would be too onerous). And given that Tonbo Singapore has conducted business 

in south Florida for over a year, it is not unreasonable that it would have to litigate here. See 

Sapa Precision Tubing Rockledge, LLC v. Tex-Mmex Recycling, LLC, 2016 WL 3917491, at *6 

(M.D. Fla. July 20, 2016) (reaching the same conclusion when the foreign defendant did "not 

give th[ e] issue more than a passing mention in its motion"); see also Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. 

Superior Court of Cal., 480 U.S. 102, 114 (1987) ("When minimum contacts have been 

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established, often the interests of the plaintiff and the forum in the exercise of jurisdiction will 

justify even the serious burdens placed on the alien defendant."); Diamond Crystal Brands, Inc., 

593 F.3d at 1274 (explaining that a state has a "manifest interest in providing an effective means 

of redress" when a non-resident breaches a contract with a forum resident by failing to make 

payments required to made in the forum). 

V. Conclusion 

Because the requirements for exercising personal jurisdiction over Tonbo Singapore are 

satisfied, its motion for judgment on the pleadings for lack of personal jurisdiction is DENIED.4 

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, this j ~ of November 

2021. 

FEDEAft~~ 

UNITED SJATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

Copies furnished to: 

Counsel of Record 

4 Because Tonbo Singapore by itself has sufficient contacts with Florida to satisfy 

personal jurisdiction in this case, its arguments that personal jurisdiction cannot be established 

through its subsidiary, Tonbo USA, or successor liability through Pixels on Target, are not 

relevant. 

For the same reason, Seapower's requested alternative relief-that the case be transferred 

to the Eastern District of Virginia-needn't be addressed. 

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