COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Kelsey and McClanahan 

Argued by teleconference 

CYNTHIA LYNN WELCH 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 3152-03-4 JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY 

 OCTOBER 18, 2005 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

UPON REHEARING 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF STAFFORD COUNTY 

James W. Haley, Jr., Judge 

 Timothy W. Barbrow (Law Offices of Timothy Barbrow, on brief), 

for appellant. 

 Kathleen B. Martin, Assistant Attorney General (Judith Williams 

Jagdmann, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 We issued a memorandum opinion in this case on July 12, 2005, affirming in part and 

reversing in part the first-degree murder conviction of Cynthia Lynn Welch. Welch v. 

Commonwealth, No. 3152-03-4, slip op. at 15 (July 12, 2005). In that opinion, we held that the 

trial court did not err in denying Welch’s request for an expert. Id. We also concluded the 

evidence proved malice sufficient for second-degree murder, but not premeditation sufficient for 

first-degree murder. Id.

 Pursuant to Rule 5A:33(A), Welch requested that we reconsider our holding that the 

evidence proved malice. The Commonwealth also requested a rehearing, asking that we 

reconsider our holding that the evidence did not prove premeditation. This holding, the 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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Commonwealth argued, mistakenly assumed that premeditation was required under Code 

§ 18.2-32. In response, we stayed our mandate, ordered rebriefing, and reheard oral arguments.1

 Having reconsidered all aspects of our earlier decision, we now reaffirm our holding that 

the trial court did not err in denying Welch’s request for an expert for the reasons set forth in our 

earlier opinion. Welch, supra, slip op. at 2-4 (discussed in § I(A)). We likewise reaffirm our 

holding that the evidence proved malice and adopt the rationale of our earlier opinion on this 

ground as well. Id., slip op. at 6-13 (discussed in § I(B)(1)). On the issue of premeditation, 

however, we agree with the Commonwealth that Code § 18.2-32 does not require proof of 

premeditation for first-degree murder by starvation. We thus vacate that portion of our earlier 

opinion. Id., slip op. at 13-15 (§ I(B)(2)). 

 All murders require malice, but not all first-degree murders require premeditation. Code 

§ 18.2-32 provides that murder 

by poison, lying in wait, imprisonment, starving, or by any willful, 

deliberate, and premeditated killing, or in the commission of, or 

attempt to commit, arson, rape, forcible sodomy, inanimate or 

animate object sexual penetration, robbery, burglary or abduction, 

except as provided in § 18.2-31, is murder of the first degree, 

punishable as a Class 2 felony. 

Using disjunctive clauses, the literal text of Code § 18.2-32 separates first-degree murder into 

three vastly dissimilar groupings of types of murder: those usually 

called ‘enumerated’ crimes (murder by poison, by lying in wait, 

imprisonment or starvation); those committed as a result of willful, 

deliberate premeditation; and those murders committed in the 

commission of or attempt to commit specified felonies of violence. 

 1

 We did not, however, withdraw our prior opinion or order that it be vacated. Our 

practice upon panel reconsideration of a memorandum opinion is to leave the original opinion in 

place and to address on rehearing only those aspects of the opinion that we later conclude were 

in error. See, e.g., Carter v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 393, 523 S.E.2d 544 (2000); Wellmore 

Coal Co. v. Williamson, No. 1175-97-3, 1998 Va. App. LEXIS 10 (Jan. 13, 1998), reinstated in

part following reconsideration, Petition for Rehearing Order (May 19, 1998); Watts v. Watts, No. 

2426-93-2, 1995 Va. App. LEXIS 957 (March 8, 1995) (adopting in part and vacating in part prior 

memorandum opinion). 
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John L. Costello, Virginia Criminal Law & Procedure § 3.4, at 46 (3d ed. 2002). It is a 

prerogative of the legislature to “define categories and ranges of appropriate punishment” ⎯ just 

as it did “when it made deaths resulting from enumerated dangerous acts such as imprisonment 

and starvation first degree murder in Va. Code § 18.2-32.” Id. § 3.4-1, at 49-50. 

 These separate classes within the first-degree murder statute appeared in the earliest 

versions of the statute. Interpreting the predecessor statute to Code § 18.2-32, Howell v. 

Commonwealth, 67 Va. (26 Gratt.) 995, 997 (1875), explained that a malicious killing using any 

of the enumerated methods (“poison, lying in wait, imprisonment or starving”) would be 

murder in the first degree, whether there was any actual intent to 

kill or not. In other words, although the presence of an actual 

intention to kill would often exist in such a case, it would not 

necessarily constitute an ingredient of the offence, as it would be 

no part of its definition. 

See also Souther v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. (7 Gratt.) 673, 680-81 (1851). Another early 

Virginia case explained it this way: 

In all these enumerated cases, the legislature has declared the law, 

that the perpetrator shall be held guilty of murder in the first 

degree, without further proof that the death was the ultimate result, 

which the will, deliberation and premeditation of the party accused 

sought. 

Commonwealth v. Jones, 28 Va. (1 Leigh) 598, 611 (1829); see Whiteford v. Commonwealth, 27 

Va. (6 Rand.) 721, 723 (1828); see generally Gilreath v. Robinson, 544 F. Supp. 569, 575 (E.D. 

Va. 1982), aff’d on other grounds, 705 F.2d 109 (4th Cir. 1983); Roger D. Groot, Criminal 

Offenses & Defenses in Virginia 432-34 (2005).2

 2

 For examples of analogous first-degree murder statutes, similarly interpreted, see State 

v. Evangelista, 353 S.E.2d 375, 380 (N.C. 1987) (observing that “murder perpetrated by means 

of starvation” is “specifically declared to be first degree murder” and thus it is unnecessary “that 

the State prove a specific intent to kill”); State v. Harper, 365 S.E.2d 69, 72 (W. Va. 1987) 

(confirming that the statutory language “‘murder by poison, lying in wait, imprisonment, 

starving,’ does not require that premeditation or a specific intent to kill has to be shown”); see

also United States v. Shaw, 701 F.2d 367, 393 n.20 (5th Cir. 1987) (interpreting a conviction for 
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Under Virginia law, therefore, a murder by one of the methods enumerated in Code 

§ 18.2-32 constitutes murder in the first degree. That so, the act of “starving” someone to death 

makes one “guilty of murder in the first degree, without further proof that the death was the 

ultimate result, which the will, deliberation and premeditation of the party accused sought.” 

James M. Matthews, Virginia Criminal Laws 155-56 n.2 (2d ed. 1878) (emphasis in original) 

(paraphrasing Jones, 28 Va. (1 Leigh) at 611). 

Because the evidence in this case proved a murder by starvation, we affirm Welch’s 

conviction for murder in the first degree under Code § 18.2-32. 

Affirmed.

 

first-degree murder under 18 U.S.C. § 1111 to require proof of a killing with “malice 

aforethought” and the “additional proof of premeditation, poisoning, or lying in wait” (emphasis 

added)); People v. Merkouris, 297 P.2d 999, 1012 (Cal. 1956) (noting that “if the killing was 

committed by lying in wait, it was murder of the first degree by force of the statute and the 

question of premeditation was not further involved”). 
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Elder, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part. 

I concur in the majority’s conclusion that the trial court’s denial of appellant’s request for 

appointment of a second medical expert was not error. However, I would hold the evidence, 

viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, failed to support a finding that 

appellant acted with malice rather than merely with criminal negligence. Thus, I would reverse 

the conviction for first-degree murder and remand for retrial for an offense no greater than 

involuntary manslaughter without reaching the issue of premeditation. 

Any element of a crime may be proved by circumstantial evidence, e.g., Servis v. 

Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 507, 524, 371 S.E.2d 156, 165 (1988), provided the evidence as a 

whole “is sufficiently convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt,” 

Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 53, 307 S.E.2d 864, 876 (1983). 

Code § 18.2-32 provides that “[m]urder . . . by . . . starving, or by any willful, deliberate, 

and premeditated killing . . . is murder of the first degree . . . .” Malice, an essential element of 

all grades of murder, “is the touchstone by which murder and manslaughter cases are 

distinguished.” Essex v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 273, 280, 322 S.E.2d 216, 219-20 (1984). 

Malice may be either express or implied by conduct. Pugh v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 

663, 668, 292 S.E.2d 339, 341 (1982). “Express malice is evidenced when ‘one person kills 

another with a sedate, deliberate mind, and formed design.’ Implied malice exists when any 

purposeful, cruel act is committed by one individual against another without any, or without 

great provocation . . . .” Id. (quoting M’Whirt’s Case, 44 Va. (3 Gratt.) 594, 604 (1846)). 

Implied malice may be inferred from “conduct likely to cause death or great bodily harm, 

wilfully or purposefully undertaken.” Essex, 228 Va. at 281, 322 S.E.2d at 220. 

“[W]hether a defendant acted with malice is generally a question to be decided by the 

trier of fact.” Pugh, 223 Va. at 667, 292 S.E.2d at 341. “In making the determination whether 
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malice exists, the fact-finder must be guided by the quality of the defendant’s conduct, its 

likelihood of causing death or great bodily harm, and whether it was volitional or inadvertent 

. . . .” Essex, 228 Va. at 282, 322 S.E.2d at 221. If 

a killing results from negligence, however gross or culpable, and 

the killing is contrary to the defendant’s intention, malice cannot 

be implied. In order to elevate the crime to . . . murder, the 

defendant must be shown to have wilfully or purposefully, rather 

than negligently, embarked upon a course of wrongful conduct 

likely to cause death or great bodily harm. 

Id. at 280-81, 322 S.E.2d at 220. “[I]f death is the direct consequence of the malicious omission 

of the performance of a duty, such as of a mother to feed her child, this is a case of murder; but if 

the omission is not willful, and arose out of neglect only, it is manslaughter.” Biddle v. 

Commonwealth, 206 Va. 14, 20, 141 S.E.2d 710, 714 (1965). 

 In Biddle, relied upon by appellant, the Supreme Court reversed a conviction for 

first-degree murder in a case involving failure to feed an infant. Id. at 21, 141 S.E.2d at 715. 

The defendant in Biddle, a twenty-five-year-old mother of six, told police her husband frequently 

claimed none of the children was his. Id. at 15-16, 141 S.E.2d at 711-12. She said that she did 

not feed the infant when she and her husband were not getting along and that “during the period 

of approximately a month prior to the baby’s death, several days elapsed between feedings.” Id.

at 16, 141 S.E.2d at 712. She said that, because her husband claimed none of the children was 

his, “she ‘figured’ he wouldn’t care if the baby died,” thereby acknowledging an awareness that 

failure to feed the infant regularly could result in the infant’s death. Id. On the infant’s death at 

approximately three months of age, it weighed less than it had at birth, it was dehydrated, and its 

intestinal tract and stomach were entirely empty. Id. at 19, 141 S.E.2d at 714. The defendant 

admitted she knew the baby had lost weight and that she had not taken the baby to a doctor. Id. 

The Court held that the evidence showed the defendant “neglected the baby and was careless and 

indifferent in the performance of her duties not only to the baby, but to other members of her 
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family as well,” and that the evidence failed to “prove[] beyond a reasonable doubt that [the] 

defendant willfully or maliciously withheld food and liquids from the baby.” Id. at 21, 141 

S.E.2d at 715. As a result, it reversed her conviction for first-degree murder. Id. 

 Biddle establishes that a parent’s failure to feed an infant regularly, even with knowledge 

that this failure might cause death, may result from neglect rather than willfulness. Id. Further, 

the evidence in appellant’s case, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, fails 

to prove beyond a reasonable doubt anything more than the general knowledge and neglect 

apparent in Biddle. Although the evidence established that Terrance’s physician and babysitter 

expressed concern to appellant about Terrance’s health and the rate at which Terrance had been 

gaining weight, the evidence established that when Terrance died at approximately three months 

of age, he weighed over one-and-one-half pounds more than the seven pounds ten ounces he 

weighed at birth. The infant in Biddle, by contrast, who was also three months old at the time of 

its death, actually weighed one pound less at the time of death than it had weighed at birth. Id. at 

19, 141 S.E.2d at 714. Appellant admitted to her cellmate that because she and Terrance’s 

father, Gibson, “were just always high” and “didn’t want to deal with [the baby],” Terrance 

would “sometimes” “go” “a couple of days” without being fed. This behavior, although legally 

neglectful and morally reprehensible, comes no closer to establishing malice than did Biddle’s 

admission that “during the period of a month prior to [her] baby’s death, several days elapsed 

between feedings” and that she knew failing to feed her infant regularly could result in death. 

Although appellant admitted to her cellmate that she and Gibson planned to explain the absence 

of food in Terrance’s digestive tract by saying it resulted from an inherited disorder related to 

Gibson’s, no evidence established that appellant and Gibson had formulated this plan before

Terrance’s death. 
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 I would conclude that, however neglectful appellant’s behavior, “the Commonwealth has 

not proved beyond a reasonable doubt that [appellant] willfully or maliciously withheld food and 

liquids from the baby.” Id. Thus, I would hold the evidence fails to establish that appellant 

acted with malice rather than with gross negligence, and I would reverse her conviction for 

murder and remand for retrial on a charge no greater than involuntary manslaughter. Because I 

believe the holding in Biddle compels the conclusion that the evidence failed to prove malice, I 

would not consider the Commonwealth’s argument that, under Code § 18.2-32, a conviction for 

first-degree murder based on an act of murder by starvation does not require separate proof of 

premeditation. 

 For these reasons, I concur in the majority’s holding that appellant’s request for 

appointment of a second medical expert was not error. However, because I believe the evidence 

was insufficient to prove appellant acted with malice, I dissent from the majority’s decision to 

affirm the conviction for first-degree murder.