In cooperation with the

VERMONT AGENCY OF TRANSPORTATION

Flow-Frequency Characteristics of

Vermont Streams

Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4238

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
Flow-Frequency Characteristics of 

Vermont Streams

By Scott A. Olson

Pembroke, New Hampshire

2002

Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4238

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Prepared in cooperation with the

VERMONT AGENCY OF TRANSPORTATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GALE A. NORTON, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Charles G. Groat, Director

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does 

not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

For additional information write to:

District Chief

U.S. Geological Survey

New Hampshire/Vermont District

361 Commerce Way

Pembroke, NH 03275-3718

http://nh.water.usgs.gov

Copies of this report can be purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey

Information Services

Building 810

Box 25286, Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225-0286
Contents iii

CONTENTS

Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

Streamflow Data Used in This Study .................................................................................................................. 2

Record Extension ................................................................................................................................................ 4

Record Extension Using Two-Station Comparison ................................................................................... 4

Record Extension Using Rainfall-Runoff Modeling .................................................................................. 4

Observed Data Used for Model Calibrations .................................................................................... 6

Rainfall-Runoff Model and Input Parameters ................................................................................... 6

Simulation of Streamflow Record ..................................................................................................... 7

Flow-Frequency Characteristics at Stream-Gaging Stations .............................................................................. 8

Drainage-Basin Characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 11

Flow-Frequency Characteristics at Ungaged Streams ........................................................................................ 11

Regression Analyses .................................................................................................................................. 11

Accuracy and Limitations .......................................................................................................................... 13

Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 14

Selected References ............................................................................................................................................. 14

Appendix 1. Use of Regression Equations With Metric Units ........................................................................... 44

References Cited ................................................................................................................................................. 45

Appendix 2.Areas of Vermont Above 1,200 Feet in Altitude ............................................................................ 46

Appendix 3.Northing of the Vermont State Plane Coordinate System ............................................................... 47

Appendix 4.Mean-Annual Precipitation in Vermont .......................................................................................... 48
iv Figures

FIGURES

Figure 1. Map showing distribution of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics 

for Vermont streams ......................................................................................................................... 3

Figure 2. Map showing location of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream-gaging stations, where 

streamflow and precipitation data were simultaneously collected, and the National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climate data-collection stations that were used for 

modeling the extended streamflow record ........................................................................................ 5

Figure 3. Graph showing annual maximum and non-snowmelt maximum frequency curves for Dog River 

at Northfield Falls, Vermont ............................................................................................................. 9

Figure 4. Map showing generalized skew coefficients of logarithms of annual maximum streamflow 

in Vermont ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Tables v

TABLES

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of 

Vermont streams ............................................................................................................................... 16

Table 2. Magnitude and frequency discharges at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow 

characteristics of Vermont streams ................................................................................................... 26

Table 3. Daily discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 75 percent of the time at stream-gaging stations used 

to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams ..................................................................... 32

Table 4. Precipitation-runoff modeling system modules used in rainfall-runoff modeling ............................ 6

Table 5. Values of parameters used in the calibrated rainfall-runoff models for selected stream-gaging 

stations in Vermont ........................................................................................................................... 35

Table 6. Accuracy of rainfall-runoff models for the 10 stream-gaging stations where the models were used 7

Table 7. Rain gages used for record extension of each modeled U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging 

station ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Table 8. Basin characteristics used in the regression-equation development ................................................. 37

Table 9. Standard error or residuals of the regression equations for estimating flow frequencies on 

ungaged, unregulated streams in rural drainage basins in Vermont ................................................. 13

Table 10. Range of explanatory variables used in the development of the regression equations for 

estimating flow-frequency characteristicis of ungaged, unregulated streams in Vermont ............... 14
vi Conversion Factors and Vertical Datum

CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM

CONVERSION FACTORS

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (oF) may be converted to degrees Celsius (oC) as follows:

oC=(oF-32)/1.8.

VERTICAL DATUM

Sea level: In this report, “sea level” refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)—

a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and 

Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. 

Multiply By To obtain

Length

inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm)

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

foot per mile (ft/mi) 0.1894 meter per kilometer (m/km)

Area

square mile (mi2) 2.589 square kilometer (km2)

Volume

cubic feet (ft3) 0.02832 cubic meter (m3)

Volume per unit time (includes flow)

cubic feet per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s)

cubic feet per square mile (ft3/mi2) 0.01094 cubic meter per square kilometer (m3/km2)
Abstract 1

By Scott A. Olson

ABSTRACT

The safe and economical design of 

infrastructure in and near waterways and the 

effective management of flood-hazard areas 

require information on streamflow that may not be 

readily available. This report provides estimates of 

flow-frequency characteristics for gaged streams 

in Vermont and describes methods for estimating 

flow-frequency characteristics for ungaged 

streams. The flow-frequency characteristics 

investigated are the magnitude of peak discharges 

at recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 

500 years, and the magnitude of daily-mean 

discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 75 percent of the 

time.

Peak-flow frequency characteristics for 

gaged streams were computed following the 

guidelines in Bulletin 17B of the U.S. Interagency 

Advisory Committee on Water Data. To determine 

the peak-flow exceedance probabilities at streamgaging stations in Vermont, a new generalized 

skew coefficient map for the State was developed. 

This new map has greater resolution and more 

current data than the existing National map. The 

standard error of the new map is 0.269.

Two methods of extending streamflow 

record were applied to improve estimates of peakflow frequency for streams with short flow records 

(10 to 15 years) in small drainage areas (sites less 

than 15 square miles). In the first method, a twostation comparison, data from a long-record site 

was used to adjust the frequency characteristics at 

the short-record site. This method was applied to 

31 crest-stage gages—stations at which only 

instantaneous peak discharges are determined—in 

Vermont. The second method used rainfall-runoff 

modeling. Precipitation and evapotranspiration 

data from 1948 to 1999 for numerous climate datacollection sites were used as input to a model to 

simulate flows at 10 stream-gaging stations in 

Vermont.

Also, methods are described to estimate 

flow-frequency characteristics for ungaged and 

unregulated rural streams in Vermont. The peakflow estimating methods were developed by 

generalized-least-squares regression procedures 

with data from 138 U.S. Geological Survey 

stream-gaging stations in Vermont and in adjacent 

areas of New York, New Hampshire, 

Massachusetts, and Quebec. The flow-duration 

(daily flow exceeded a given percentage of the 

time) estimating methods were developed by 

ordinary-least-squares regression procedures with 

data from 81 stream-gaging stations in Vermont 

and adjacent states.

INTRODUCTION

Estimates of the magnitude and frequency of 

streamflow are needed to safely and economically 

design bridges, culverts, and other structures in or near 

streams. These estimates also are used for managing 

floodplains, identifying flood-hazard areas, and 

establishing flood-insurance rates, but these estimates 

often are required at ungaged sites where no observed 

flood data are available for frequency analysis. To 

address this need, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 

in cooperation with the Vermont Agency of 

Transportation (VTrans), developed a study to estimate 

the peak-flow and selected flow-duration 

characteristics for ungaged streams in Vermont.

Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams
2 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

This report (1) provides estimates of peak-flow 

magnitudes for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 

100, and 500 years, and estimates of the 25-, 50-, and 

75-percent-flow duration (daily discharges exceeded 

25, 50, and 75 percent of the time) for gaged streams in 

Vermont; and (2) describes equations developed from 

regression analyses for estimating these flow 

magnitudes on ungaged, unregulated, rural Vermont 

streams.

Several investigations that provide equations for 

estimating peak-flow characteristics applicable to 

Vermont have been published. These include Benson 

(1962), Potter (1957a and b), Johnson and Tasker 

(1974), and Dingman and Palaia (1999). The estimates 

and estimating methods described in this report provide 

more accurate estimates of flow frequency than 

previous studies because of the additional flow data 

now available and improved statistical procedures.

The author thanks the following USGS 

colleagues for their help or guidance in analyzing and 

reviewing the data used in this study: Gary D. Tasker, 

William H. Kirby, Craig M. Johnston, and 

Laura Hayes.

STREAMFLOW DATA USED IN THIS STUDY

All streamflow data in Vermont and adjacent, 

physiographically similar areas of New Hampshire, 

New York, Massachusetts, and Quebec, collected by 

the USGS, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Army Cold 

Regions Research and Engineering, and Environment 

Canada were considered for this study. These data 

included records from continuously recording streamgaging stations and partial-record crest-stage gages, 

both current (2002) and discontinued.

Of the many sites considered, 138 stream-gaging 

stations were selected for use in this study (fig. 1; 

table 1, back of report). The selection criteria included 

a requirement of a minimum of 10 years of unregulated 

streamflow record unaffected by hydrologic or climatic 

trends or urbanization. Whether or not a station met the 

regulation criterion depended on the flow-frequency 

characteristics being investigated. For the purposes of 

the peak-flow frequency analysis, regulation was 

assumed to have a negligible effect on flood flows if 

the usable storage in the basin was less than 

4.5 million ft3/mi2 of drainage area (Benson, 1962). 

Peak-flow data from sites that had usable storage 

greater than 4.5 million ft3/mi2 of drainage area were 

not used. Site selection for the flow-duration (daily 

flows exceeded a given percentage of the time) 

analyses was more restrictive when considering 

regulation. For the flow-duration analyses, regulated 

sites were not included except in cases where the 

regulation was slight, such as regulation that may cause 

only diurnal fluctuations.

To maximize the number of stream-gaging 

stations included in the analyses, data from a station on 

a regulated stream was used if the station record 

included a period of at least 10 years when flows were 

unregulated. In these cases, only the data for the 

unregulated period were used to estimate flow 

frequencies. Thus, the flow-frequency estimates for 

several stations (tables 2 and 3, back of report) do not 

represent current regulated-flow conditions, but still 

provide valuable data for the regression analyses.

In addition to the unregulated streamflow data 

from sites that are now regulated, some peak discharges 

were estimated for sites currently affected by flood 

control. These sites were computed as if flood-control 

operations did not exist and were included as 

“historical” peaks in the peak-flow frequency analysis 

(table 2). These peak-flow estimates, provided by 

Greg Hanlon (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, written 

commun., 1999), were based on the rate a flood 

reservoir filled during a major flood, such as the 1973 

or 1987 floods.

Crest-stage gages are sites at which only the 

instantaneous peak discharge is determined. In 

Vermont, crest-stage gages are commonly located on 

streams with drainage areas of 10 mi2 or less, thus 

providing annual peak-flow data for basins with sizes 

not represented by the continuously recording gages. 

Furthermore, 29 discontinued gages, used in the 

analysis by Johnson and Tasker (1974), were 

re-established as crest-stage gages for this study, and 2 

additional years of peak-flow data were collected. 

Because only the instantaneous peak discharge is 

available at crest-stage gages, they cannot be used for 

determining flow duration, which is computed from 

daily discharge data. With this limitation, plus the more 

restrictive criteria on regulation, the number of stations 

used in the flow-duration analyses were limited to 81 

of the 138 stations used in the peak-flow analyses 

(table 3).
Streamflow Data Used in This Study 3

Figure 1. Distribution of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics for Vermont streams.
4 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

To ensure that increasing or decreasing trends in 

the streamflow data did not exist, a two-sided Kendall 

Tau trend test (Helsel and Hirsch, 1992) was 

completed. The trend test was done with a program 

developed by the USGS called SWSTAT, a Computer 

Program for Interactive Computation of Surface-Water 

Statistics (A.M. Lumb, W.O. Thomas, Jr., and 

K.M. Flynn, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 

1994). Trends were not tested on stream-gaging 

stations with less than 15 years of annual peak-flow 

data because a trend over a period of record this short 

cannot be distinguished from serial correlation. No 

significant trends were found for the stream-gaging 

station data utilized in this study. 

RECORD EXTENSION

Two record-extension methods were used to 

improve the estimates of the peak-streamflow statistics 

at sites with relatively short record (10 to 15 years). In 

the first method, the frequency characteristics of data 

from a stream-gaging station with a short record were 

adjusted by use of statistics from a nearby, 

hydrologically similar, station with a longer period of 

record (U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on 

Water Data, 1982). The second method used a rainfallrunoff model to focus on high-intensity storms that are 

generally the major causes of flood peaks on small 

upland drainage basins in Vermont. Rainfall-runoff 

models were developed for 10 Vermont drainage basins 

in which 15-minute rainfall was simultaneously 

recorded with streamflow by the USGS from 1964 to 

1974 (fig. 2). These simultaneous records allowed 

calibration of the models. The calibrated models were 

then used to simulate streamflow record from 1948 to 

1964, and from 1974 to 1999, at these 10 stations by 

use of climate data from hydrologically appropriate 

rain gages and pan-evaporation sites.

Record Extension Using Two-Station Comparison

By using a two-station comparison (U.S. 

Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 

1982), records were extended for 31 short-record creststage gages. Application of the two-station comparison 

method of record extension involves adjusting the 

logarithmic mean and standard deviation of a shortrecord stream-gaging station with statistics from a 

long-record station. The long-record station must be on 

an unregulated, rural stream. The data for the short- and 

long-record stream-gaging stations must show a 

significant correlation during their concurrent period. 

Minimum allowable correlation coefficients varied 

depending on the length of the concurrent record. The 

minimum correlation coefficient ranged from 0.65 for 

10 years of concurrent record to 0.54 for 15 years of 

concurrent record. This is the minimum requirement 

set by the U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on 

Water Data (1982) for improving the standard deviation 

of peaks from a short-record site. This requirement is 

more stringent than the requirement for improving the 

mean of the peaks. Peak-flow characteristics of the 31 

stream-gaging stations where this method was applied 

are in table 2 (back of report).

Record Extension Using Rainfall-Runoff Modeling

The USGS collected simultaneous 15-minute 

streamflow and precipitation data at 10 stations in 

Vermont from 1964 to 1974 (fig. 2). Precipitation data 

were not collected from December to March of these 

years because of freezing conditions. These data were 

used to calibrate rainfall-runoff models. The calibrated 

models then were used to extend the streamflow record 

beyond the 1964-74 data-collection period. 

Precipitation and pan-evaporation data from climate 

data-collection sites (fig. 2) operated by the National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 

were used as model input when simulating the 

extended streamflow record. The following 10 

modeled sites were well distributed around Vermont: 

(1) Kirby Brook at Concord, (2) Kent Brook near 

Killington, (3) Sacketts Brook near Putney, (4) Flood 

Brook near Londonderry, (5) Beaver Brook at 

Wilmington, (6) Mettawee River Tributary near 

Pawlet, (7) Lewis Creek Tributary at Starksboro, 

(8) Sunny Brook near Montpelier, (9) Stony Brook near 

Eden, and (10) Brownington Branch near Evansville. 

All modeled sites were in rural, upland drainage basins. 

Drainage areas for the 10 sites ranged from 2.1 to 

10.1 mi2, mean-basin altitudes ranged from 990 to 

2,340 ft, main channel slopes ranged from 115 to 432 

ft/mi, and mean-annual precipitation ranged from 40 to 

55 in.
Record Extension 5

Figure 2. Location of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream-gaging stations, where streamflow and precipitation data were 

simultaneously collected, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climate data-collection stations that were used 

for modeling the extended streamflow record.
6 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

Observed Data Used for Model Calibrations

Daily-mean discharge and precipitation data 

from the 11-year period of data collection by the USGS 

were used as input to the model for non-storm periods. 

Instantaneous 15-minute discharge and precipitation 

data were used for storms. A rain event was considered 

to be a storm if 1 in. or more of rain fell in 24 hours. 

Some storms were not used in the calibration if the 

rainfall data from the storm were not representative of 

the rain over the basin. For example, data for a 

particular storm were not used if runoff exceeded the 

rainfall, or if rainfall was greater than 10 times the 

runoff. The 15-minute and daily rainfall data were 

compared to data at nearby climate stations for quality 

assurance. Missing daily-rainfall totals were estimated 

with data from nearby rain gages.

Daily-evaporation data also were required input 

for calibrating the rainfall-runoff models. Continuous 

evaporation data for Vermont from 1964 to 1974 are 

not available. Instead, daily evaporation data from the 

three closest pan-evaporation stations operated by 

NOAA—Massebesic Lake, N.H.; Lakeport, N.H.; and 

Alcove Dam, N.Y.—were averaged and used for model 

calibration.

Rainfall-Runoff Model and Input Parameters

The rainfall-runoff modeling program used to 

simulate streamflow records was the Modular 

Modeling System (MMS) (Leavesley and others, 

1996). The MMS is not a model, but a framework and 

graphical-user interface for any model. Given a specific 

hydrologic problem, the MMS user can select 

established modules or subroutines that are 

hydrologically appropriate. In this study, the selected 

modules are primarily from the Precipitation-Runoff 

Modeling System (PRMS) (Leavesley and others, 

1983). Some of the principal subroutines used for 

modeling are listed in table 4. The model will be 

referred to as PRMS in this report.

The PRMS is a deterministic, physical-process 

modeling system designed to reproduce the hydrologic 

system as realistically as possible. It simulates basin 

response to normal and extreme precipitation through 

water-balance relations including base flow, storm 

runoff, evapotranspiration, ground-water recharge, and 

other components of the hydrologic cycle. Each 

component of the hydrologic cycle is expressed in the 

form of known physical laws or empirical relations that 

have some physical interpretation based on measurable

drainage-basin characteristics. Variations in drainagebasin characteristics, such as slope, aspect, vegetation, 

altitude, and soil type, also are accounted for in PRMS. 

In addition, kinematic routing of the runoff through a 

network of channel reaches is simulated when the 

model is in storm mode (Leavesley and others, 1983).

The drainage-basin characteristics used as input 

into the model were determined with a computer 

software called GIS Weasel (R.J. Viger, 

S.L. Markstrom, G.H. Leavesley, and D.W. Stewart, 

U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1996). The 

GIS Weasel, a graphical-user interface for a 

geographical information system (GIS), aids in the 

delineation of basin characteristics required by PRMS. 

The GIS Weasel also divides the modeled basin into 

subbasins called hydrologic-response units. The GIS 

Weasel requires a digital-elevation model (DEM) of the 

basin. The DEM used in this application is the USGS 

National Elevation Dataset (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2001b). Grids of attribute data also are needed to 

determine other basin characteristics required by the 

model. The attribute data used were the State Soil 

Geographic Database (STATSGO) soil characteristics 

for the conterminous United States (U.S. Geological 

Table 4. Precipitation-runoff modeling system modules used in rainfallrunoff modeling

Module name Function

Precip_prms Distributes precipitation over basin

Smbal_prms Soil moisture accounting including 

infiltration, evapotranspiration, and 

seepage

Grnampt_infil_prms Computes infiltration during storms using a 

modified Green and Ampt equation

Intcp_prms Computes the amount of precipitation 

intercepted by vegetation and the 

evaporation from intercepted 

precipitation

Potet_ep_not_prms Computes potential evapotranspiration 

using the pan-evaporation data

Srunoff_smidx_prms Computes surface runoff and infiltration

Ssflow_prms Computes subsurface flow including inflow 

and outflow to ground water and 

streamflow

Gwflow_prms Computes ground-water flow including 

inflow and outflows

Krout_ofpl_prms Kinematic flow routing of overland flow

Krout_chan_prms Kinematic flow routing of channel flow

Strmflow_st_prms Calculates daily streamflow and individual 

storm flows
Record Extension 7

Survey, 1997), the Forest Land Distribution Data for 

the United States (U.S. Forest Service, 1992), and the 

Global Land Cover Characterization (U.S. Geological 

Survey, 2001a).

Once determined, the basin characteristics were 

entered into the models. Models were calibrated by 

adjusting some of these characteristics or parameters. 

The modeling system contains subroutines for 

calibration, which automatically optimizes selected 

parameters to correlate the observed and simulated 

streamflow. Selected optimized basin characteristics 

for use in the calibrated models are listed in table 5

(back of report). The standard error of estimate for 

each calibrated model, computed from the observed 

and simulated storm peaks, is shown in table 6.

Simulation of Streamflow Record

Streamflow was simulated for the 10 modeled 

stream-gaging stations by use of the calibrated models. 

The optimized parameter sets were used with the 

NOAA rainfall and evaporation data as model input to 

generate daily streamflow data and stormflow 

hydrographs. The annual instantaneous peak discharge 

was selected from the output. The simulated periods of 

record were water years 1948-63 and 1975-99. 

The rainfall data used as model input for the 

simulation were from selected NOAA climate datacollection stations. The station selected to represent 

rainfall in a particular modeled basin was based on how 

well its daily rainfall data correlated with the 

concurrent daily rainfall data from the rain gage 

operated by the USGS at the station location being 

modeled. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.61 to 

0.86. If data from more than one NOAA rain gage 

correlated well with this USGS rain gage, the final 

selection for inclusion in the simulation was based on 

similarities between altitudes and between the meanannual precipitations from an isohyets map (Randall, 

1996) at the location of the NOAA rain gage and the 

location of the basin that required record extension 

(table 7).

Selected NOAA rain gages were not in the 

modeled basin they were representing; therefore, 

adjustments were necessary to accurately represent the 

rainfall on the modeled basin. Because each selected 

NOAA rain gage had a record that correlated well with 

concurrent rainfall data from a USGS station, a simple 

linear regression was considered a possibility for 

adjusting the NOAA data. Forcing the y-intercept to be 

zero (no rain at either gage) resulted, however, in 

unreasonable relations between the gages and was not 

considered an acceptable adjustment. An alternative 

method similar to a double-mass analysis (Dingman, 

1994) was used with rainfall from the concurrent 

period of record accumulated at a daily time step. This 

adjustment was computed as the average ratio of 

accumulated rainfall for all days of concurrent record. 

Final adjustments and the NOAA rain gages selected 

for each modeled basin are shown in table 7. The 

adjustments were applied to daily and storm data.

Because NOAA rain-gage data previous to 1948 

were not available in an electronic format, which was 

necessary to accommodate the model, the start of 

simulation period was limited to that date. Most of the 

NOAA rainfall data were available at an hourly time 

step. A 15-minute time step, however, was desired for 

model input. A disaggregation model (Ormsbee, 1989) 

was coded in FORTRAN, a computer-programming 

language, to convert the hourly rainfall data to 

15-minute data during storms.

Daily-evaporation data for the simulation also 

were required input for the models. Because 

continuous evaporation data from Vermont are limited, 

available daily data from the five closest panevaporation stations operated by NOAA were averaged

Table 6. Accuracy of rainfall-runoff models for the 10 stream-gaging 

stations where the models were used

[No., number]

Streamgaging 

station No.

Station name No. of 

peaks

Standard 

error of 

estimate 

(logarithmic units)

01134800 Kirby Brook at Concord, Vt. 16 0.503

01150800 Kent Brook near Killington, Vt. 30 .249

01155200 Sacketts Brook near Putney, Vt. 22 .449

01155300 Flood Brook near Londonderry, Vt. 19 .326

01167800 Beaver Brook at Wilmington, Vt. 17 .416

04280300 Mettawee River Tributary near 

Pawlet, Vt.

19 .368

04282700 Lewis Creek Tributary at 

Starksboro, Vt.

15 .477

04287300 Sunny Brook near Montpelier, Vt. 20 .312

04292100 Stony Brook near Eden, Vt. 19 .347

04296200 Brownington Branch near 

Evansville, Vt.

17 .352
8 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

and used as input. These stations include Massebesic 

Lake, N.H. (1948-99); Lakeport, N.H. (1952-99); 

Alcove Dam, N.Y. (1948-77); Valatie, N.Y. (1978-92); 

and Essex Junction, Vt. (1972-99).

One disadvantage of the PRMS model, and all 

other models available at the time of this study, is that 

snowmelt cannot be computed when the model is in 

storm mode. Only a daily-time step can be solved for 

events involving snowmelt. Consequently, 

instantaneous peak flows associated with snowmelt 

could not be modeled, and the simulated peak-flow 

record was limited to events related to rainfall only. 

Even if snowmelt could be modeled at shorter 

intervals, the data needed for calibration—winter 

precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation—were 

incomplete.

Snowmelt-related events, however, may be left 

out of the frequency analysis without affecting the 

flood-frequency curves equal to or greater than a 

10-year recurrence interval at unregulated stations in 

Vermont. This fact was discovered when comparing 

the exceedance-probability curves of annual peak 

discharges to annual non-snowmelt peak discharges of 

22 unregulated stream-gaging stations in Vermont with 

drainage areas ranging from 2 to 310 mi2. The 

exceedance-probability curves were estimated with the 

Weibull plotting position formula (Maidment, 1992). 

An example of how the probability curves compared is 

shown in figure 3. The curves in figure 3, and the 

curves from all but 1 of the 22 stations, converged at a 

recurrence interval of 25 years or less (exceedance 

probability of 4 percent or greater). At 18 of the 

22 stations, the probability curves converged at a 

recurrence interval of 10 years or less (exceedance 

probability of 10 percent or greater).

Although most annual peaks on Vermont streams 

are snowmelt related, non-snowmelt peaks generally 

dominated the flood-frequency curve at recurrence 

intervals of 25 years and greater. Thus, the rainfallrunoff model results, without snowmelt floods, could 

be used to define the frequency curve. The average 

ratio between the annual maximum-discharge curve 

and annual maximum-non-snowmelt-discharge curve 

at the 2-, 5-, and 10-year recurrence intervals were 

1.35, 1.15, and 1.00, respectively, when rounded to the 

nearest 0.05. The peakflow frequency curves for the 10 

modeled sites were computed with observed and 

modeled non-snowmelt peaks. The 2- and 5-year flood 

discharges then were adjusted with the appropriate 

ratio to correct for the lack of snowmelt peaks. 

FLOW-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS AT 

STREAM-GAGING STATIONS

The 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year 

discharges for 138 streamflow-gaging stations used in 

this study (table 2) were computed using the guidelines 

in Bulletin 17B (U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee 

on Water Data, 1982). Bulletin 17B recommends the 

use of a log-Pearson Type III distribution for 

Table 7. Rain gages used for record extension of each modeled U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging station

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]

Modeled USGS streamgage NOAA rain gage 

(period of record)

Mean-annual precipitation from 

isohyets map, in inches Computed coefficient for 

adjusting NOAA data

USGS site NOAA site

Kirby Brook at Concord, Vt. St. Johnsbury, Vt. 37 37 1.155

Kent Brook at Killington, Vt. Stockbridge, Vt. (1948-92) 

Pittsfield, Vt. (1992-99)

50

50

43

46

 1.170

 1.170

Sacketts Brook near Putney, Vt. Grafton, Vt. 42 43 1.0

Flood Brook near Londonderry, Vt. Stockbridge, Vt. (1948-92) 

Pittsfield, Vt. (1992-99)

43

43

43

46

 0.888

 .888

Beaver Brook at Wilmington, Vt. Searsburg, Vt. 52 54 1.0

Mettawee River Tributary near Pawlet, Vt. Whitehall, N.Y. 36 36 1.081

Lewis Creek Tributary at Starksboro, Vt. Morrisville, Vt. 40 41 .973

Sunny Brook near Montpelier, Vt. Morrisville, Vt. 38 41 .938

Stony Brook near Eden, Vt. Morrisville, Vt. 50 41 1.121

Brownington Branch near Evansville, Vt. Newport, Vt. 40 40 1.124
Flow-Frequency Characteristics at Stream-Gaging Stations 9

estimating flow frequency, and provides procedures for 

weighting station skews, historical peaks, and detecting 

and treating outliers. Software developed by the USGS 

to analyze peak-flow frequency (PEAKFQ) was used 

for these computations (W.O. Thomas, Jr., A.M. Lumb, 

K.M. Flynn, and W.H. Kirby, U.S. Geological Survey, 

written commun., 1997).

Peak-flow frequency estimates are sensitive to 

skew—the measure of the lack of symmetry in a 

frequency distribution. Extreme floods commonly 

affect skews computed from a station record and the 

effect of an extreme flood on skew is greater the shorter 

the length of the record. To correct for this effect, the 

skew used in estimating peak-flow frequency 

characteristics at a stream-gaging station is weighted 

with a generalized skew estimated by pooling the 

information from nearby stations. The generalized 

skew can be taken from the generalized skew map in 

Bulletin 17B. That map, however, was prepared in 

1976, so it lacks data from the past quarter century, and 

the resolution desired for the study area. Consequently, 

a new method for obtaining a generalized skew was 

developed.

Several methods were used to determine the 

most accurate generalized skew for Vermont, including 

statewide averages of skew and a multiple-regression 

analysis between skew and basin characteristics. The 

most accurate generalized skew was found after 

developing a new generalized skew map by use of a 

GIS software ARC/INFO TREND command 

(Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 

1994). This ARC/INFO command interpolates trends 

on a dataset of points and provides results that can be 

converted into a contour map. This point dataset 

contained skews of stream-gaging stations with greater 

than 30 years of record. The skews were adjusted for 

bias (Tasker and Stedinger, 1986) and located at the 

centroid of the respective basin. The resulting map was 

then manually smoothed to remove unrealistic changes 

in the contours representing generalized skew. The 

final generalized skew map (fig. 4) has a standard error 

of prediction of 0.269, a small improvement over the 

standard error of prediction (0.283) of the National 

isoline skew map for Vermont (U.S. Interagency 

Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982).

Figure 3. Annual maximum and non-snowmelt maximum frequency curves for Dog River at Northfield Falls, Vermont (stream-gaging station 

number 4287000).
10 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

Figure 4. Generalized skew coefficients of logarithms of annual maximum streamflow in Vermont.
Drainage-Basin Characteristics 11

The daily discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 

75 percent of the time at 81 stream-gaging stations 

(table 3) were computed by use of the software 

program SWSTAT (A.M. Lumb, W.O. Thomas, Jr., and 

K.M. Flynn, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 

1994). The SWSTAT program does flow-duration 

analyses by counting occurrences of all daily-discharge 

values within flow intervals. All data used in the flowduration analyses were from sites with unregulated 

discharge.

DRAINAGE-BASIN CHARACTERISTICS

In flow-frequency analysis, the variations in 

flow-frequency characteristics are related to variations 

in drainage-basin characteristics through regression 

analysis. In this study, the flows are the dependent 

variables and the basin characteristics are the 

independent, or explanatory, variables. For this study, 

more than 100 basin characteristics were determined 

for each stream-gaging station. These included 

dimensional characteristics such as drainage area, 

channel slope, channel length, lake area, and altitude; 

physical properties such as forest cover and 

permeability; and climatic characteristics such as 

precipitation and temperature. 

When appropriate GIS datasets were available, 

basin characteristics were delineated with scripts 

written in Avenue computer programming language or 

Arc Macro Language (Environmental Systems 

Research Institute, Inc., 1994), with the computer 

software GIS Weasel (R.J. Viger, S.L. Markstrom, 

G.H. Leavesley, and D.W. Stewart, U.S. Geological 

Survey, written commun., 1996) or Basinsoft (Harvey 

and Eash, 1995). Basinsoft is a computer program 

written by the USGS in Arc Macro Language to use 

digital cartographic data for quantifying useful 

morphometric characteristics. The source datasets for 

computing dimensional basin characteristics were the 

National Elevation Dataset (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2001b) and the National Hydrography Dataset (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 2001c). The National Land Cover 

Dataset (U.S. Geological Survey, 2000) and STATSGO 

soil characteristics (U.S. Geological Survey, 1997) 

were the source datasets for land-surface properties. 

The data source for climate data was PRISM 

(Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent 

Slopes Model) (Daly, 2000). Several basin 

characteristics that had no GIS coverage, such as the 

24-hour rainfall with a 2-year recurrence interval 

(Wilks and Cember, 1993), were delineated manually.

FLOW-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS AT 

UNGAGED STREAMS

Multiple-regression methods, employing 

generalized least squares, were used to define relations 

between basin characteristics and flood peaks at the 

2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence 

interval and to develop the equations to estimate 

peak-flow characteristics at ungaged streams. The use 

of generalized least squares allows for weighting of 

streamflow data to compensate for the differences in 

record length and the cross-correlation of concurrent 

record among stream-gaging stations. Furthermore, 

Stedinger and Tasker (1985) showed that generalized 

least-squares regression equations are more accurate 

and provide better estimates of model error than 

ordinary least-squares regression equations. 

Regression Analyses

More than 100 drainage-basin characteristics 

were determined for each stream-gaging station used in 

the regression analysis. Logarithmic transformations of 

each basin characteristics doubled this number. In the 

first step of the peak-flow regression analysis, stepwise 

linear regression (Mathsoft, Inc., 1999) was used to 

reduce about 200 characteristics to approximately 12 

basin characteristics. Next, generalized least-squaresregression methods were used to determine the final 

basin characteristics and to compute the final 

regression equations. The generalized least-squaresregression analysis was completed with GLSNET, a 

hydrologic regression and streamflow-network analysis 

computer program that uses generalized least squares 

(G.D. Tasker, K.M. Flynn, A.M. Lumb, W.O. Thomas, 

Jr., U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1995). 

The basin characteristics used in the final regression 

equations for estimating peak-flow characteristics are 

included in table 8 (back of report). Regression 

equations used with metric units are listed in 

appendix 1. The final regression equations 

(equations 1-7) for estimating peak flows on ungaged, 

unregulated streams in rural drainage basins in 

Vermont are as follows:
12 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

Q2 = 38.1A0.914L-0.294E0.0776Y-0.180, (1)

Q5 = 61.8A0.902L-0.295E0.0835Y-0.253, (2)

Q10 = 79.7A0.897L-0.302E0.0890Y-0.298, (3)

Q25 = 106A0.883L-0.316E0.104Y-0.349, (4)

Q50 = 129A0.874L-0.327E0.115Y-0.385, (5)

Q100 = 153A0.865L-0.336E0.125Y-0.420, and (6)

Q500 = 217A0.846L-0.355E0.148Y-0.497. (7)

where

An attempt was made to group stream-gaging 

stations into subregions having similar geographic, 

peak-flow, or drainage-basin characteristics to reduce 

the standard error of the regression equations for each 

region. Residuals, the difference between observations 

and predictions, were determined for each station and 

plotted spatially in relation to flow and basin 

characteristics. No trends or patterns were found; 

therefore, the stations were not divided into subregions 

and the equations described in this report are intended 

for statewide use.

The regression analysis for the daily flows 

exceeded 25, 50, and 75 percent of the time was 

completed following the same procedures used to 

develop the peak-flow regression equations. The final 

regression equations, however, were determined with 

ordinary least-squares-regression methods (SAS 

Institute Inc., 1990). The final regression equations 

(equations 8-10) for estimating flow duration on 

ungaged, unregulated streams in rural drainage basins 

in Vermont are as follows:

D75 = 0.000627A1.08P1.55E0.101, (8)

D50 = 0.00152A1.04P1.58E0.0603, and (9)

D25 = 0.00431A1.01P1.55E0.0438. (10)

where

Qn is the calculated peak flow for recurrence 

interval n, in cubic feet per second;

A is the drainage area of the basin, in square 

miles, delineated with a GIS (boundaries 

for the drainage areas were from a 14-digit 

hydrologic unit coverage (Natural 

Resources Conservation Service, 1996) or 

digitized when a basin’s boundary was not 

defined by this GIS coverage);

L is the area of lakes and ponds in a basin 

as a percentage of drainage area, plus 

1 percent, determined with a GIS from the 

1:24,000 scale National Hydrography 

Dataset (U.S. Geological Survey, 2001c) 

and includes all features in the dataset 

having lake or pond boundaries, even ones 

as small as several hundreths of an acre 

and pooled areas of streams; 

E is the percent of the basin at or greater 

than 1,200 ft in altitude, plus 1 percent, 

computed from the National Elevation 

Dataset (U.S. Geological Survey, 2001b) 

with a GIS; and

Y is the northing of the centroid of the 

drainage basin determined with a GIS, in 

the Vermont State Plane coordinate 

system, divided by 100,000, then 

increased by 1.0.

Dn is the estimated daily discharge exceeded 

n percent of the time, in cubic feet per 

second;

A is the drainage area of the basin, in square 

miles, delineated with a GIS (boundaries 

for the drainage areas were from a 

14-digit hydrologic-unit coverage 

(Natural Resources Conservation Service, 

1996) or digitized when a basin’s 

boundary was not defined by this GIS 

coverage);
Flow-Frequency Characteristics at Ungaged Streams 13

Accuracy and Limitations

The standard error of residuals (the difference 

between actual and predicted values) for each 

regression equation is shown in table 9. The standard 

error of residuals is a measure of how the observed data 

deviate from the regression results and is an 

approximation of how well the regression equations 

will estimate streamflow. The probability that the 

discharge value of streamflow at a given recurrence 

interval is between the positive-percent and negativepercent standard error of residuals estimate is 

approximately 68 percent. For example, there is a 

68-percent chance that the true 10-year discharge at a 

site is between +49.7 percent and –33.2 percent of the 

estimated 10-year discharge.

Basin characteristics used to develop equations 1 

through 10 were determined with a GIS (table 8, back 

of report). Basin characteristics that had been 

determined manually, without a GIS, were eliminated 

during the stepwise linear-regression step because they 

were insignificant as explanatory variables. 

Determining the basin characteristics with alternative 

data sources, or without a GIS for use in the regression 

equations, may introduce bias and produce flow 

estimates that have errors outside the ranges shown in 

table 9. Appendixes 2-4 show areas of Vermont equal 

to or greater than 1,200 ft, the northing of the Vermont 

State Plane coordinate system used in GIS, and the 

mean-annual precipitation.

The regression equations are applicable only to 

sites on ungaged, unregulated streams in rural Vermont 

drainage basins. Use of the equations should also be 

limited to sites with basin characteristics that are within 

the range of explanatory variables used in the 

development of the equations. The ranges of basin 

characteristics used in the analysis are shown in

table 10. If explanatory variables used in the regression 

equations were outside of these ranges, the accuracy of 

the predictions of flow frequency decreased.

P is the basinwide mean of the mean-annual 

precipitation, in inches, determined with a 

GIS and the PRISM dataset (Daly, 2000), 

resampled with bilinear interpolation to a 

30-m-cell resolution with the GIS, 

ARC/INFO RESAMPLE command 

(Environmental Systems Research 

Institute, Inc., 1994). Precipitation data 

from Canada (Ghislain Jacques, 

Environment Quebec, written commun., 

January 17, 2002) were used along the 

northern Vermont border where the 

PRISM data are not available); and

E is the percentage of the basin that is equal 

to or greater than 1,200 ft in altitude, plus 

1 percent, computed from the National 

Elevation Dataset (U.S. Geological 

Survey, 2001b) with a GIS.

Table 9. Standard error or residuals of the regression equations for 

estimating flow frequencies on ungaged, unregulated streams in rural 

drainage basins in Vermont

Flow-frequency characteristic

Standard error of 

estimate

(in log 

units) (in percent)

Peak flow with 2-year recurrence 

interval

0.171 48.4 to –32.6

Peak flow with 5-year recurrence 

interval

.170 48.0 to –32.4

Peak flow with 10-year recurrence 

interval

.175 49.7 to –33.2

Peak flow with 25-year recurrence 

interval

.182 52.0 to –34.2

Peak flow with 50-year recurrence 

interval

.190 54.9 to –35.4

Peak flow with 100-year recurrence 

interval

.200 58.4 to –36.9

Peak flow with 500-year recurrence 

interval

.227 69.0 to –40.8

Daily discharge exceeded 75 percent 

of the time

 .0540 13.2 to –11.7

Daily discharge exceeded 50 percent 

of the time

 .0832 21.1 to –17.4

Daily discharge exceeded 25 percent 

of the time

.124 33.2 to –24.9
14 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This report, prepared by the U.S. Geological 

Survey in cooperation with the Vermont Agency of 

Transportation, describes flow-frequency 

characteristics of rural Vermont streams. The 

magnitudes of daily-mean discharges exceeded 25, 50, 

and 75 percent of the time were computed at 81 streamgaging stations in and adjacent to Vermont. The 

magnitude of peak flows at recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 

10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years were determined for 138 

stream-gaging stations with unregulated streamflow 

data. Record-extension methods were applied to 

improve the peak-flow frequency characteristics on 41 

short-record length (10 to 15 years) stream-gaging 

stations in small basins (less than 10 mi2). Two-station 

comparisons were used to extend the peak-streamflow 

record at 31 crest-stage gages, and rainfall-runoff 

modeling simulated 42 years of additional streamflow 

record at 10 stream-gaging stations that had only 

10 years of record.

Equations for estimating peak flows at the 2-, 

5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence 

intervals and daily discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 

75 percent of the time on ungaged, unregulated streams 

in Vermont are presented. These equations were 

developed by regression procedures between basin 

characteristics and flow-frequency characteristics of 

unregulated gaged streams.

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Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1580-B, 64 p.

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Table 10. Range of explanatory variables used in the development of the 

regression equations for estimating flow-frequency characteristicis of 

ungaged, unregulated streams in Vermont

Equation and explanatory 

variable Minimum Maximum Mean

Peak flow, drainage area 

(square miles)

0.211 850 96.8

Peak flow, percent lake area 0 6.86 .641

Peak flow, percent of basin 

greater than 1,200 feet in 

altitude

0 100 58.9

Peak flow, centroid northing 

(Vermont State Plane)

-87 296,194 151,420

Flow duration, drainage 

area (square miles)

2.09 850 148

Flow duration, mean-annual 

precipitation (inches)

32.8 63.8 44.5

Flow duration, percent of 

basin greater than 

1,200 feet in altitude

0 100 63.8
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evapotranspiration in the glaciated northeastern United 

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Investigations, book 4, chap. A1, 39 p.

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analysis 1. Ordinary, weighted, and generalized least 

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16 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location

01052500 Diamond River near 

Wentworth Location, 

N.H.

Lat 44°52'39", long 71°03'28", Coos County, on left bank, 0.8 mi downstream of the confluence of the 

Swift Diamond River and Dead Diamond River, 0.8 mi upstream from mouth, 1.3 mi north of 

Wentworth Location, and 7.7 northeast of Errol.

01127880 Big Brook near 

Pittsburg, N.H.

Lat 45°08'06", long 71°12'23", Coos County, on left bank, 10 ft downstream from culvert on 

US Highway 3, 0.3 mi upstream from mouth, 8.2 mi south of the US Highway 3 border crossing at 

the US and Canada Border, and 10.7 mi northeast of US Highway 3 and State Highway 145 

intersection in Pittsburg.

01129300 Halls Stream near East 

Hereford, Quebec

Lat 45°02'41", long 71°29'54", Compton County, on right bank, opposite Alain’s farm, 2.3 mi south of 

East Hereford, Quebec, Canada, 2.5 mi north of Post Office in Beecher Falls, 3.7 mi upstream from 

mouth, and 5.2 mi west of US Highway 3 and State Highway 145 intersection in Pittsburg.

01129400 Black Brook at 

Averill, Vt.

Lat 45°00'14", long 71°41'34", Essex County, at culvert on State Highway 114, at Averill-Canaan 

town line, 0.6 mi south of the US-Canada Border Monument #530, 1.1 mi northeast of Averill, 

1.3 mi upstream of mouth on Leach Creek, 3.3 mi west of Wallace Pond, and 7.6 mi west of 

Canaan.

01129440 Mohawk River near 

Colebrook, N.H.

Lat 44°52'28", Long 71°24'38", Coos County, on right bank, upstream of Bungy Road bridge, south of 

the intersection of State Highway 26 and Bungy Road, 0.8 mi upstream of Read Brook, 1.7 mi 

downstream of Roaring Brook, 5 mi east of Colebrook, and 5.5 mi west of Dixville Notch.

01129700 Paul Stream Tributary 

near Brunswick, Vt.

Lat 44°41'06", long 71°37'18", Essex County, at culvert on Maidstone Lake Road, 400 ft upstream of 

mouth at Paul Stream, 1.7 mi west of Mason, N.H., 1.9 mi northeast of Maidstone Lake outlet, 

3.5 mi south of Brunswick Springs, and 4.6 mi south of North Stratford, N.H.

01130000 Upper Ammonoosuc 

River near 

Groveton, N.H.

Lat 44°37'30", long 71°28'10", Coos County, on left bank, 75 ft upstream from Emerson Road bridge, 

0.2 mi downstream from Nash Stream, 2.8 mi northeast of Groveton, and 3.4 mi northwest of 

Stark, N.H.

01133000 East Branch Passumpsic 

River near 

East Haven, Vt.

Lat 44°38'02", long 71°53'53", Caledonia County, on right bank, in Town of Burke, downstream of 

Watkins Road, 0.5 mi upstream from Flower Brook, 0.9 mi south of Hartwellville, 2.1 mi south of 

East Haven, 4.2 mi east of Post Office in West Burke, and 8.4 mi upstream from mouth.

01133200 Quimby Brook near 

Lyndonville, Vt.

Lat 44°34'52", long 71°59'11", Caledonia County, at culvert on Sutton Road, 0.1 mi north of Sutton 

Road and US 5 intersection, 2.0 mi west of Post Office in East Burke, and 3.3 mi north of Lyndon 

Town Hall in Lyndonville.

01133300 Cold Hill Brook near 

Lyndon, Vt.

Lat 44°31'47", long 72°02'57", Caledonia County, at culvert on Brown Brady Road that runs along 

Cold Hill Brook, 100 ft east of Brown Bradley Road and Penton Chester Road intersection, 0.3 mi 

upstream of junction with South Wheelock Branch, 2.1 mi northwest of Interstate 91 and US 

Highway 5 intersection in Lyndon, 2.3 mi west of Lyndon Town hall in Lyndonville, and 2.3 mi 

southeast of South Wheelock.

01133500 Passumpsic River near 

St. Johnsbury, Vt.

Lat 44°29'10", long 72°00'35", Caledonia County, on right bank, 200 ft below Pierce Dam, 0.5 mi 

upstream of Pierce Mill Road Bridge, 2.2 mi downstream of Sheldon Brook, 4.6 mi north of Post 

Office in St. Johnsbury, and 5.2 mi above mouth of Moose River.

01134500 Moose River at 

Victory, Vt.

Lat 44°30'42", long 71°50'13", Essex County, on right bank, 0.5 mi northeast of Victory, 0.8 mi 

downstream from Cold Brook, 1.1 mi upstream from Stanley Brook, 3.1 mi north of North 

Concord, and 5.0 mi southwest of Burke Road and River Road intersection in Gallup Mills.

01134800 Kirby Brook at 

Concord, Vt.

Lat 44°26'32", long 71°52'44", Essex County, at culvert on US 2, 600 ft southwest of Kirby Road and 

US 2 intersection, 700 ft upstream from mouth, 1.1 mi northeast of High Street and US 2 

intersection in Concord, 2.1 mi southwest of Victory Road and US 2 intersection in North Concord, 

and 7.2 mi east of Town Hall in St. Johnsbury.

01135000 Moose River at 

St. Johnsbury, Vt.

Lat 44°25'22", long 72°00'02", Caledonia County, on left bank, 750 ft downstream of US Highway 2 

bridge, 0.5 mi upstream from mouth, and 1.1 mi east of Town Hall in St. Johnsbury.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams

[All streamgages are located on figure 1; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; No., number; lat, latitude; long, longitude; °, degrees; ', minutes; ", seconds; mi, mile; 

ft, foot]
Tables 17

01135150 Pope Brook near 

N. Danville, Vt.

Lat 44°28'35", long 72°07'31", Caledonia County, on left bank, 200 ft upstream of Morrill Flat Road, 

0.3 mi north of Pope Cemetery, 1.1 mi upstream of North Brook, 1.7 mi northwest of North 

Danville, 4.5 mi north of Danville, and 6.4 mi northwest of Court House in St. Johnsbury.

01135300 Sleepers River near 

St. Johnsbury, Vt.

Lat 44°26'07", long 72°02'20", Caledonia County, on left bank, just upstream of Emerson Falls, 

0.6 mi upstream of US 2 bridge, 1.5 mi northwest of Post Office in St. Johnsbury, and 2.7 mi above 

mouth.

01135500 Passumpsic River at 

Passumpsic, Vt.

Lat 44°21'56", long 72°02'23", Caledonia County, on right bank, 0.7 mi upstream from Water Andric, 

1.1 mi downstream from dam, bridge, and village of Passumpsic, 3.8 mi south of Town Hall in 

St. Johnsbury, 4.0 mi upstream from mouth, and 4.8 mi north of Post Office in Barnet.

01135700 Joes Brook Tributary 

near East Barnet, Vt.

Lat 44°20'40", long 72°03'52", Caledonia County, at culvert on Joes Brook Road, just southeast of 

Warden Pond Road and Joes Brook Road intersection, 100 ft upstream of mouth, 1.8 mi northwest 

of East Barnet, 2.9 mi southwest of Passumpsic, 3.4 mi north of Post Office in Barnet, 5.3 mi east 

of Peacham.

01137500 Ammonoosuc River at 

Bethlehem Junction, 

N.H.

Lat 44°16'08", long 71°37'52, Grafton County, on left bank, 0.2 mi upstream from Pierce Bridge and 

Bethlehem Junction, 0.8 mi upstream from unnamed tributary entering from left, 3.0 mi east of 

US 302 and State Highway 142 intersection in Bethlehem, 3.4 mi downstream from Little River, 

4.5 mi west of US 3 and 302 intersection in Twin Mountain, and at mi 35.0.

01138000 Ammonoosuc River 

near Bath, N.H.

Lat 44°09'14", long 71°59'10", Grafton County, on left bank, 0.4 mi downstream from Wild 

Ammonoosuc River, 1.4 mi southwest of Bath, 2.5 mi east of US 302 and State Highway 135 

intersection in Woodsville, and 3.1 mi upstream from mouth.

01138800 Keenan Brook at 

Groton, Vt.

Lat 44°12'08", long 72°12'03", Caledonia County, at downstream culvert on Topsham Road, 0.6 mi 

south of US 302 and Topsham Road intersection in Groton, 1.1 mi upstream of mouth on Wells 

River, and 3.0 mi west of South Ryegate.

01139000 Wells River at Wells 

River, Vt.

Lat 44°09'03", long 72°03'55", Orange County, on right bank, 0.8 mi west of village of Wells River, 

1.3 mi southeast of I-91 and US 302 intersection in Four Corners, and 1.5 mi upstream from mouth.

01139700 Waits River Tributary 

near West Topsham, 

Vt.

Lat 44°08'29", long 72°18'52", Orange County, at culvert on US Highway 302, 800 ft upstream of 

Waits River, 0.3 mi east of US Highway 302 and State Highway 25 intersection, 2.0 mi north of 

West Topsham, and 7.6 mi southwest of Groton.

01139800 East Orange Branch at 

East Orange, Vt.

Lat 44°05'34", long 72°20'10", Orange County, on left bank, 0.3 mi east of East Orange Road and Fish 

Pond Road intersection in East Orange, 1.7 mi upstream from mouth, 2.0 mi southwest of West 

Topsham, 5.0 mi southwest of Orange, and 11.0 mi southeast of Barre.

01140000 South Branch Waits 

River near 

Bradford, Vt.

Lat 44°01'05", long 72°12'28", Orange County, on left bank, 50 ft downstream from Cookville Road 

bridge, 1.2 mi upstream from mouth, 3.2 mi south of East Corinth, and 4.2 mi west of Bradford.

01140100 South Branch Waits 

River Tributary near 

Bradford Center, Vt.

Lat 44°01'14", long 72°12'14", Orange County, at culvert on Cookville Road, 300 ft upstream of 

South Branch Waits River, 0.3 mi northeast of USGS Station 01140000, 1.7 mi west of Bradford 

Center, 4.1 mi northeast of Bradford Town Hall, and 4.3 mi east of Corinth.

01140800 West Branch 

Ompompanoosuc 

River 

Tributary at 

South Strafford, Vt.

Lat 43°49'56", long 72°22'20", Orange County, at culvert on Prestonville Road, 500 ft north of 

Prestonville Road intersection with State Highway 132, 0.4 mi southwest of Tunbridge Road and 

State Highway 132 intersection in South Strafford, 0.6 mi upstream of West Branch 

Ompompanoosuc River, 2.4 mi south of Strafford, and 5.3 mi northeast of State Highway 14 and 

132 intersection in Sharon.

01141500 Ompompanoosuc River 

at Union Village, Vt.

Lat 43°47'24", long 72°15'19", Orange County, on right bank, 400 ft downstream from Avery Brook, 

600 ft upstream from covered bridge at Union Village, 0.2 mi downstream from Union Village 

Reservoir, 3.5 mi upstream from mouth, and 3.7 mi southwest of State Highway 113 and US 5 

intersection in East Thetford.

01141800 Mink Brook near 

Etna, N.H.

Lat 43°42'08", long 72°11'l5", Grafton County, on left bank, 0.1 mi west of Three Mile Road and 

Ruddsboro Road intersection, 1.6 mi northeast of Etna Road and King Road intersection in Etna, 

4.8 mi northwest of City Hall in Enfield, and 5.1 mi east of Post Office in Hanover.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location
18 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

01142000 White River near 

Bethel, Vt.

Lat 43°48'45", long 72°39'25", Windsor County, on right bank, 0.3 mi upstream from Locust Creek, 

0.3 mi northwest of the State Highway 12S and 107W intersection, 1.8 mi southwest of State 

Highway 12N and 107E intersection in Bethel, and 3.1 mi northeast of Gaysville.

01142400 Third Branch White 

River Tributary at 

Randolph, Vt.

Lat 43°55'54", long 72°40'54", Orange County, at culvert on State 12A, 0.3 mi upstream of mouth, 

0.8 mi west of junction of State Highways 12 and 12A in Randolph, and 0.8 mi northwest of Town 

Hall in Randolph.

01142500 Ayers Brook at 

Randolph, Vt.

Lat 43°56'04", long 72°39'30", Orange County, on right bank, 135 ft upstream from bridge on State 

Highway 12, 0.4 mi upstream from Adams Brook, 0.7 mi upstream from mouth, and 0.9 mi 

northeast of Town Hall in Randolph.

01144000 White River at 

West Hartford, Vt.

Lat 43°42'51", long 72°25'07", Windsor County, on left bank, 700 ft upstream from Quechee West 

Hartford Road bridge at West Hartford, 0.2 mi south of the State Highway 14 and Tigertown Road 

intersection in West Hartford, 5.1 mi south of State Highways 14 and 132 intersection in Sharon, 

5.5 mi west of Post Office in Norwich, and 7.4 mi upstream from mouth.

01145000 Mascoma River at 

West Canaan, N.H.

Lat 43°39'04", long 72°05'07", Grafton County, on right bank, 45 ft downstream from Boston and 

Maine Railroad bridge, 0.6 mi east of US Route 4 and South Road intersection in West Canaan, 

1.4 mi downstream from Indian River, 3.0 mi east of City Hall in Enfield, 3.7 mi west of Post Office 

in Canaan, and at mi 19.3.

01150800 Kent Brook near 

Killington, Vt.

Lat 43°40'24", long 72°48'33", Rutland County, at culvert on State Highway 100, 0.4 mi north of 

junction of State Highway 100 and US Route 4, 1.6 mi upstream from mouth, 2.0 mi northwest of 

River Road and US 4 intersection in Killington, 9.3 mi east of US 4E and 7N intersection in 

Rutland.

01150900 Ottauquechee River 

near West 

Bridgewater, Vt.

Lat 43°37'20", long 72°45'34", Rutland County, on right bank, 50 ft upstream from Mission Chapel 

Road bridge, 1.6 mi north of State Highway 100 and US Route 4 intersection in West Bridgewater, 

and 2.6 mi south of River Road and US 4 intersection in Sherburne Center.

01151200 Ottauquechee River 

Tributary near 

Quechee, Vt.

Lat 43°39'37", long 72°25'55", Windsor County, at culvert on West Hartford-Quechee Road, 0.2 mi 

upstream of mouth, 1.2 mi northwest of Quechee Main Street, Deweys Mills Road and Waterman 

Hill Road intersection in Quechee, and 2.8 mi northeast of Happy Valley Road and US 4 

intersection in Taftsville.

01151500 Ottauquechee River at 

North Hartland, Vt.

Lat 43°36'09", long 72°21'17", Windsor County, on left bank, 100 ft upstream from US 5 bridge, 

0.3 mi downstream from North Hartland Dam, 0.7 mi north of Depot Road and US 5 intersection in 

North Hartland, 1.2 mi upstream from mouth, and 3.7 mi southwest of Courthouse in White River 

Junction.

01152500 Sugar River at 

West Claremont, 

N.H.

Lat 43°23'15", long 72°21'45", Sullivan County, on right bank, 0.2 mi downstream from Redwater 

Brook, 0.7 mi southeast of Clay Hill Road and Paddy Hollow Road intersection in West Claremont, 

1.6 mi northwest of City Hall in Claremont, and 2.4 mi upstream from mouth.

01153000 Black River at 

North Springfield, 

Vt.

Lat 43°20'00", long 72°30'55", Windsor County, on right bank, 600 ft upstream of State Highway 106, 

0.3 mi upstream from Great Brook, 0.6 mi downstream from North Springfield Dam, 0.9 mi east of 

State Highway 10 and 106 intersection in North Springfield, 2.9 mi northwest of State Highways 11 

and 143 intersection in Springfield, and 7.8 mi upstream of mouth.

01153300 Middle Branch 

Williams River 

Tributary at 

Chester, Vt.

Lat 43°16'13", long 72°36'32", Windsor County, at culvert on Lover Lane Road, 0.2 mi south of Lover 

Lane Road and State Highway 11 intersection, 0.8 mi northeast of intersection of State Highways 

11 and 35 in Chester, 1.5 mi upstream of mouth, and 6.7 mi west of Springfield.

01153500 Williams River at 

Brockways Mills, Vt.

Lat 43°12'31", long 72°31'05", Windham county, on left bank, 25 ft upstream from road bridge at 

Brockways Mills, 1.0 mi downstream of Stream Brook, 2.2 mi upstream of Station 01153550, 

“Williams River near Rockingham”, 3.9 mi downstream from Hall Brook, 4.4 mi upstream from 

mouth and 6.2 mi northwest of Bellows Falls.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location
Tables 19

01153550 Williams River near 

Rockingham, Vt.

Lat 43°11'30", Long 72°29'08", Windham county, on left bank, 50 ft downstream from Parker Hill 

Road bridge, 0.2 mi downstream from Divoll Brook, 0.3 mi northeast of Rockingham, 2.2 mi 

upstream from mouth, 2.2 mi downstream of Station 01153500, “Williams River at Brockways 

Mills”, and 4.5 mi northwest of City Hall in Bellows Falls.

01154000 Saxtons River at 

Saxtons River, Vt.

Lat 43°08'15", Long 72°29'19", Windham County, on right bank, 130 ft upstream from Hall Bridge 

Road bridge, 1.1 mi east of Saxtons River, 1.3 mi upstream from Bundy Brook, 2.2 mi west of City 

Hall in Bellow Falls, and 3.9 mi upstream from mouth.

01155000 Cold River at 

Drewsville, N.H.

Lat 43°07'54", long 72°23'23", Cheshire County, on left bank, 50 ft upstream from bridge on State 

Highway 123 at Drewsville, 0.9 mi upstream from Great Brook, 1.9 mi southwest of Alstead, 

2.7 mi east of Bellows Falls, Vt., 3.0 mi east of North Walpole, and 3.2 mi upstream from mouth.

01155200 Sacketts Brook near 

Putney, Vt.

Lat 42°59'57", long 72°31'59", Windham County, on left bank, 50 ft upstream from highway bridge 

on the Westminster West Road, 1.8 mi north of Westminster West Road and US Route 5 

intersection in Putney, and 7.5 mi southeast of State Highway 30 and 35 intersection in Townshend.

01155300 Flood Brook near 

Londonderry, Vt.

Lat 43°14'11", long 72°51'23", Windham County, on left bank, 20 ft downstream from bridge on State 

Highway 11, 0.9 mi upstream from Burnt Meadow Brook, 2.5 mi west of State Highway 11E and 

100N intersection in Londonderry, 3.6 mi northwest of Main Street and State Highway 100 

intersection in South Londonderry, 7.8 mi east of Mad Tom Road and US Route 7 intersection in 

East Dorset.

01155350 West River Tributary 

near Jamaica, Vt.

Lat 43°07'33", long 72°48'46", Windham County, at culvert on State Highway 30/100, 800 ft north of 

Stratton Gate Road and State Highway 100 intersection, 0.5 mi upstream of mouth, 1.9 mi west of 

Ball Mountain Dam, 2.0 mi southeast of State Highway 30W and 100N intersection in 

Rawsonville, and 2.5 mi northwest of Depot Street and State Highway 30/100 intersection in 

Jamaica.

01155500 West River at 

Jamaica, Vt.

Lat 43°06'32", long 72°46'33", Windham County, on left bank, 0.3 mi upstream from Depot Street 

bridge, 0.4 mi upstream from Ball Mountain Brook, 0.7 mi north of Depot Street and State 

Highway 30/100 intersection in Jamaica, 2.5 mi downstream from Ball Mountain Dam, and 7.0 mi 

northwest of State Highways 30 and 35 intersection in Townshend.

01156000 West River at 

Newfane, Vt.

Lat 42°59'43", long 72°38'13", Windham County, on left bank, 400 ft downstream from Grassy Brook 

Road bridge, 1.2 mi northeast of West Road and State Highway 30 intersection in Newfane, 3.9 mi 

southeast of State Highways 30 and 35 intersection in Townshend, and at mi 12.7.

01156300 Whetstone Brook 

Tributary near 

Marlboro, Vt.

Lat 42°52'42", long 72°42'32", Windham County, at culvert on State Highway 9, 600 ft southwest of 

Sunset Lake Road and State Highway 9 intersection, 800 ft upstream of mouth, 0.5 mi southeast of 

mouth of Hidden Lake, 1.5 mi northeast of Marlboro, and 7.6 mi west of Town Hall in Brattleboro.

01156450 Connecticut River 

Tributary near 

Vernon, Vt.

Lat 42°47'01", long 72°31'57", Windham County, at downstream culvert on Tyler Hill Road, 0.3 mi 

west of Tyler Hill Road and State Highway 142 intersection, 0.6 mi upstream of mouth, 1.3 mi 

northwest of Vernon Dam, and 1.8 mi northwest of West Road and State Highway 142 intersection 

in Vernon.

01157000 Ashuelot River near 

Gilsum, N.H.

Lat 43°02'21", long 72°16'14", Cheshire County, on right bank, 50 ft downstream from White Brook, 

60 ft upstream from stone-arch bridge on Surry Road, 200 ft west of Surry Road and State Highway 

10 intersection, 0.8 mi southwest of Post Office in Gilsum, 7.2 mi north of Courthouse in Keene, 

and at mi 43.4.

01158500 Otter Brook near 

Keene, N.H.

Lat 42°57'55", long 72°14'00", Cheshire County, on left bank, 10 ft downstream from unnamed road 

bridge, 0.2 mi south of unnamed road and State Highway 9 intersection, 1.3 mi north of Otter 

Brook Flood Control Dam, 1.4 mi east of State Highways 9 and 10 intersection, 1.5 mi upstream of 

station 01158600, Otter Brook below Otter Brook Dam, near Keene, 3.1 mi northeast of City Hall 

in Keene, and 3.8 mi upstream from confluence with Minnewawa Brook to form The Branch.

01160000 South Branch Ashuelot 

River at Webb, near 

Marlborough, N.H.

Lat 42°52'20", long 72°12'51", Cheshire County, on right bank, 15 ft downstream from bridge 

(destroyed) at Webb, 400 ft upstream of State Highway 12 bridge, 2.3 mi south of Town Hall in 

Marlborough, 3.5 mi northwest of Town Hall in Troy, and at mi 10.9.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location
20 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

01161000 Ashuelot River at 

Hinsdale, N.H.

Lat 42°47'09", long 72°29'12", Cheshire County, on left bank, 40 ft upstream from State Highway 63 

bridge in Hinsdale, 200 ft south of State Highway 63 and 119 intersection in Hinsdale, 0.2 mi 

downstream from dam, and 1.3 mi upstream from mouth.

01161300 Millers Brook at 

Northfield, Mass.

Lat 42°41'07", long 72°27'11", Franklin County, at culvert on Beers Plain Road, 0.8 mi south of 

Northfield.

01165000 East Branch Tully River 

near Athol, Mass.

Lat 42°38'32", long 72°13'34", Worcester County, on right Bank 300 ft downstream of Tully Dam, 

1.3 mi downstream from Lawrence Brook, 3.5 mi north of Athol, and 4.9 mi upstream from mouth.

01165500 Moss Brook at 

Wendell Depot, 

Mass.

Lat 42°36'10", long 72°21'36", Franklin County, on left bank 0.2 mi upstream from mouth, 0.2 mi 

north of Wendell Depot, and 2.5 mi west of Orange.

01167800 Beaver Brook at 

Wilmington, Vt.

Lat 42°51'38", long 72°51'06", Windham County, on right bank 20 ft downstream from bridge on 

State Highway 9, 0.1 mi east of State Highway 9E and 100S intersection, 1.2 mi southeast of State 

Highway 9W and 100N intersection in Wilmington, and 1.6 mi upstream from mouth.

01169000 North River at 

Shattuckville, Mass.

Lat 42°38'18", long 72°43'32", Franklin County, on right bank in Shattuckville, 1.2 mi south of 

Griswoldville and 1.3 mi upstream from mouth.

01169900 South River near 

Conway, Mass.

Lat 42°32'31", long 72°41'39", Franklin County, on left bank at upstream side of Reeds Bridge just off 

Bardwell Road, 2.2 mi north of Conway, and 2.6 mi upstream from mouth.

01170100 Green River near 

Colrain, Mass.

Lat 42°42'12", long 72°40'16", Franklin County, on right bank 0.5 mi upstream from bridge on 

West Leyden Road and 2.5 mi northeast of Colrain.

01170200 Allen Brook near 

Shelburne Falls, 

Mass.

Lat 42°36'46", long 72°40'02", Franklin County, at culvert on Peckville Road, 3.5 mi east of 

Shelburne Falls.

01170900 Mill River near 

South Deerfield, 

Mass.

Lat 42°28'09", long 72°38'31", Franklin County, at culvert on North Street, 2.0 mi southwest of 

South Deerfield.

01178230 Mill Brook at 

Plainfield, Mass.

Lat 42°30'57", long 72°55'30", Hampshire County, at culvert on High Street, 0.4 mi west of 

Plainfield.

01196990 Windsor Brook 

Tributary at 

Windsor, Mass.

Lat 42°30'41", long 73°04'37", Berkshire County, at culvert on State Highway 9, 0.9 mi west of 

Windsor.

01328000 Bond Creek at 

Dunham Basin, N.Y.

Lat 43°18'22", long 73°32'56", Washington County, on left bank, approximately 400 ft upstream from 

bridge on State Route 196, 1,000 ft upstream of mouth, 0.8 mi east of intersection of State Routes 

196 and 32, and 1.8 mi east of Hudson Falls, N.Y.

01328900 Tanner Brook near 

Sunderland, Vt.

Lat 43°07'48", long 73°05'44", Bennington County, at culvert on State Highway 7A, 400 ft south of 

State Highway 7A and Muddy Lane intersection, 1.3 mi northeast of Sunderland Borough Road 

and North Road intersection in Sunderland, 2.5 mi southwest of Courthouse in Manchester.

01329000 Batten Kill at 

Arlington, Vt.

Lat 43°04'34", long 73°09'26", Bennington County, on left bank, 5 ft upstream (destroyed in new 

bridge construction) from bridge on State Highway 313, 0.2 mi northwest of State Highway 7A and 

313 intersection in Arlington, 0.9 mi downstream from Warm Brook, 7.4 mi southwest of 

Courthouse in Manchester.

01329154 Steele Brook at 

Shushan, N.Y.

Lat 43°05'35", long 73°19'38", Washington County, at bridge on county road, 1.1 mi upstream from 

mouth, and 0.8 mi east of Shushan.

01329500 Batten Kill at 

Battenville, N.Y.

Lat 43°06'05", long 73°25'55", Washington County, on left bank 1.2 mi upstream from Trout Brook 

and 1.0 mi southwest of Battenville.

01331400 Dry Brook near 

Adams, Mass.

Lat 42°35'20", long 73°06'48", Berkshire County, on right bank 20 ft upstream from bridge on State 

Highway 116, just south of junction of Wells Road and State Highway 116, and 2.5 mi south of 

Adams.

01331500 Hoosic River at 

Adams, Mass.

Lat 42°36'37", long 73°07'32", Berkshire County, on right bank at Adams, just downstream from 

Dry Brook and 0.5 mi upstream from Pecks Brook.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location
Tables 21

01332000 North Branch Hoosic 

River at North 

Adams, Mass.

Lat 42°42'08", long 73°05'37", Berkshire County, on left bank at North Adams, 0.4 mi downstream 

from Hudson Brook, and 1.5 mi upstream from mouth.

01332500 Hoosic River near 

Williamstown, Mass.

Lat 42°42'21", long 73°10'50", Berkshire County, on left bank 1.0 mi upstream from Green River and 

1.2 mi east of Williamstown.

01333000 Green River at 

Williamstown, Mass.

Lat 42°42'32", long 73°11'50", Berkshire County, on left bank 0.1 mi upstream from bridge on State 

Highway 2 at Williamstown and 0.8 mi upstream from mouth.

01333500 Little Hoosic River at 

Petersburg, N.Y.

Lat 42°45'50", long 73°20'16", Rensselaer County, on left bank 100 ft downstream from highway 

bridge on dirt road, 1.0 mi downstream from Petersburg, and 4.9 mi upstream from mouth.

01333800 South Stream near 

Bennington, Vt.

Lat 42°49'53", long 73°10'04", Bennington County, at culvert on South Stream Road, 900 ft southeast 

of South Stream Road and Maple Grove Road intersection, 0.4 mi upstream of mouth of Roaring 

Brook, and 3.5 mi southeast of Town Hall in Bennington.

01333900 Paran Creek near 

South Shaftsbury, Vt.

Lat 42°58'13", long 73°11'19", Bennington County, at culvert on Hallow Road, 400 ft upstream of 

right bank tributary, 400 ft north of Hallow Road and Airport Road intersection, 1.3 mi southeast of 

State Highway 7A and West Mount Road intersection in Shaftsbury Center, and 1.8 mi northeast of 

State Highways 7A (north) and 67N intersection in South Shaftsbury.

01334000 Walloomsac River near 

North Bennington, 

Vt.

Lat 42°54'47", long 73°15'25", Bennington County, on left bank, 500 ft downstream of River Road 

Covered bridge, 700 ft downstream of old mill dam, 0.6 mi downstream from Paran Creek, 1.4 mi 

southwest of State Highway 67 and 67A intersection in North Bennington, and 3.9 mi northwest of 

Town Hall in Bennington.

01334500 Hoosic River near 

Eagle Bridge, N.Y.

Lat 42°56'19", long 73°22'39", Rensselaer County, on right bank 0.5 mi upstream from Case Brook, 

1.2 mi downstream from Walloomsac River, and 1.2 mi southeast of Eagle Bridge.

04270800 English River near 

Mooers Forks, N.Y.

Lat 44°58'32", long 73°39'49", Clinton County, on right bank at downstream side of highway bridge, 

1.6 mi upstream from unnamed tributary, 1.7 mi northwest of Mooers Forks, and 2.5 mi upstream 

of the international boundary.

04271815 Little Chazy River near 

Chazy, N.Y.

Lat 44°54'08", long 73°24'56", Clinton County, on right bank at downstream side of bridge on 

Stetson Road, 0.2 mi upstream from abandoned dam, 1.4 mi northeast of Chazy, and 2.2 mi 

upstream from mouth.

04273500 Saranac River at 

Plattsburgh, N.Y.

Lat 44°40'54", long 73°28'18", Clinton County, on right bank at Plattsburgh, 600 ft downstream from 

Imperial Paper and Color Corporation dam, 3.0 mi upstream from mouth, and 5.5 mi downstream 

from Mead Brook.

04273700 Salmon River at South 

Plattsburgh, N.Y.

Lat 44°38'24", long 73°29'43", Clinton County, on left bank at South Plattsburgh, 32 ft upstream from 

bridge on Salmon River Road, 0.4 mi west of State Highway 22, and 3.9 mi upstream from mouth.

04276200 Bouquet River at 

New Russia, N.Y.

Lat 44°09'51", long 73°36'30", Essex County, on right bank at bridge on Simonds Hill Road in 

New Russia, 0.2 mi northeast of the intersection of Simonds Hill Road and US Route 9, 4.5 mi 

south of Elizabethtown, N.Y.

04276500 Bouquet River at 

Willsboro, N.Y.

Lat 44°21'30", long 73°23'50", Essex County, on right bank at Willsboro, 0.5 mi upstream from bridge 

on State Highway 22, 2.5 mi downstream from North Branch Bouquet River, and 3.0 mi upstream 

from mouth.

04276770 Mill Brook at 

Port Henry, N.Y.

Lat 44°03'09", long 73°28'47", Essex County, on left bank at Port Henry, 30 ft downstream from 

bridge on Forge Hollow Road, and 2.0 mi upstream from mouth. 

04276842 Putnam Creek East of 

Crown Point Center, 

N.Y.

Lat 43°56'31", long 73°27'54", Essex County, on right bank 200 ft upstream from bridge at Fish 

Hatchery, 200 ft downstream from Rennie Brook, and 0.2 mi east of Crown Point Center.

04278300 Northwest Bay Brook 

near Bolton Landing, 

N.Y.

Lat 43°39'48", long 73°36'14", Warren County, on left bank 10 ft downstream from county bridge on 

Padanarum Road and 7.7 mi north of Bolton Landing.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location
22 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

04279400 Poultney River 

Tributary at East 

Poultney, Vt.

Lat 43°32'13", long 73°12'33, Rutland County, at culvert on Lewis Road, 0.5 mi west of Town Hill, 

0.5 mi northwest of Lewis, Thrall and Hillside Roads intersection, 0.8 mi north of State Highway 

140 and Thrall Road intersection in East Poultney, and 1.8 mi northeast of Town Hall in Poultney. 

04280000 Poultney River below 

Fair Haven, Vt.

Lat 43°37'27", long 73°18'43", Rutland County, on right bank, 0.4 mi downstream from Carver Falls 

and Dam, 2.0 mi upstream from Hubbardton River, 3.0 mi northwest of Town Hall in Fair Haven, 

and 6.6 mi northeast of Whitehall, N.Y.

04280200 Mettawee River 

Tributary #2 at 

East Rupert, Vt.

Lat 43°16'16", long 73°07'23", Bennington County, at culvert on State Highway 30, 400 ft upstream 

of junction with Mettawee River, 0.1 mi east of State Highway 30 and 315 intersection in East 

Rupert, 1.7 mi northwest of State Highway 30 and Church Street intersection in Dorset, and 5.9 mi 

southeast of State Highway 30 and 133 intersection in Pawlet.

04280300 Mettawee River 

Tributary near 

Pawlet, Vt.

Lat 43°19'35", long 73°10'20", Rutland County, on left bank, 20 ft downstream from culvert on State 

Highway 30, 200 ft upstream from mouth, 1.4 mi south of State Highway 30 and 133 intersection in 

Pawlet, and 7.1 mi southeast of New York State Highways 31 and 149 intersection in Granville, 

N.Y.

04280350 Mettawee River near 

Pawlet, Vt.

Lat 43°22'14", long 73°13'00", Rutland County, on left bank, 10 ft downstream from Betts Bridge 

Road bridge, 20 ft southwest of Betts Bridge Road and Offesend Road intersection, 0.8 mi 

upstream of State Highway 153 bridge, 1.0 mi southwest of Offesend Road and State Highway 30 

intersection at Butternut Bend, and 2.6 mi northwest of State Highways 30 and 133 intersection in 

Pawlet.

04280450 Mettawee River near 

Middle Granville, 

N.Y.

Lat 43°27'50", long 73°17'05", Washington County, on right bank 110 ft downstream from bridge on 

County Highway 21 and 2.2 mi north of Middle Granville, N.Y.

04280900 Moon Brook at 

Rutland, Vt.

Lat 43°36'33", long 72°57'25", Rutland County, at culvert on Stratton Road, 0.6 mi south of Stratton 

Road and US Route 4 intersection, and 0.8 mi east of US Routes 7 and 4 intersection in Rutland.

04282000 Otter Creek at Center 

Rutland, Vt.

Lat 43°36'13", long 73°00'49", Rutland County, on right bank 200 ft downstream from dam, 500 ft 

upstream from bridge on US Route 4 (Business) in Center Rutland, 0.3 mi upstream of Clarendon 

River, 1.2 mi downstream from East Creek, and 2.1 mi west of US Routes 7 and 4 intersection in 

Rutland.

04282200 Neshobe River at 

Brandon, Vt.

Lat 43°48'37", long 73°04'36", Rutland County, at bridge on Stone Mill Dam Road, 300 ft north of 

Stone Mill Dam Road and State Highway 73 intersection, 1.0 mi northeast of Town Hall in 

Brandon, 1.7 mi southwest of State Highways 53 and 73 intersection in Forest Dale, and 3.1 mi 

upstream of mouth on Otter Creek.

04282300 Brandy Brook at 

Bread Loaf, Vt.

Lat 43°57'19", long 72°59'47", Addison County, at culvert on State Highway 125, 300 ft southeast of 

Kirby Road and State Highway 125 intersection, 0.2 mi west of Bread Loaf, 0.3 mi upstream of 

South Branch Middlebury River, 2.3 mi southeast of National Turnpike and State Highway 125 in 

Ripton, and 9.5 mi southeast of Town Hall in Middlebury.

04282500 Otter Creek at 

Middlebury, Vt.

Lat 44°00'47", long 73°10'06", Addison County, on right bank 150 ft upstream from State Highway 

125 bridge in Middlebury, 0.1 mi southwest of US Route 7 and State Highway 125 intersection, and 

3.6 mi downstream from Middlebury River.

04282525 New Haven River at 

Brooksville near 

Middlebury, Vt.

Lat 44°03'42", long 73°10'16", Addison County, on left bank at downstream side of Dog Team Road 

bridge, 0.2 mi south of Brooksville, 0.6 mi upstream from mouth, 1.5 mi downstream of Muddy 

Branch, 3.3 mi north of US Route 7 and State Highway 125 intersection in Middlebury.

04282550 Beaver Brook at 

Cornwall, Vt.

Lat 43°57'29", long 73°12'51", Addison County, at culvert on State Highway 74, 0.2 mi southwest of 

State Highway 30 and 74 intersection in Cornwall, 1.5 mi northeast North and South Bingham 

Roads and State Highway 74 intersection in West Cornwall, and 4.5 mi southwest of US Route 7 

and State Highway 125 intersection in Middlebury.

04282600 Little Otter Creek 

Tributary near 

Bristol, Vt.

Lat 44°08'35", long 73°07'03", Addison County, at culvert on Plank Road, 300 ft east of East Road 

and Plank Road intersection, 2.0 mi northwest of Town Hall in Bristol, 2.2 mi northeast of North 

Street, South Street, and State Highway 17 intersection in New Haven, and 9.1 mi northeast of State 

Highway 125 and US Route 7 intersection in Middlebury.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location
Tables 23

04282650 Little Otter Creek at 

Ferrisburg, Vt.

Lat 44°11'53", long 73°14'58", Addison County, on left bank at downstream side of US Route 7 

Highway bridge, 0.5 mi south of Middle Brook Road and US Route 7 intersection in Ferrisburg, 

2.0 mi north of Town Hall in Vergennes, and 2.4 mi downstream of Mud Creek.

04282700 Lewis Creek Tributary 

at Starksboro, Vt.

Lat 44°13'00", long 73°03'21", Addison County, at culvert on State Highway 116, 0.4 mi upstream of 

mouth, 0.7 mi south of Big Hollow Road and State Highway 116 intersection in Starksboro, 0.9 mi 

west of East Mountain, and 5.9 mi north of Town Hall in Bristol.

04282750 Lewis Creek 

Tributary #2 near 

Rockville, Vt.

Lat 44°15'54", long 73°04'02", Addison County, at culvert on State Highway 116, 50 ft south of 

unnamed road intersection with State Highway 116, 500 ft upstream of mouth, 1.3 mi north of State 

Prison Hollow Road and Cemetery Road intersection in Rockville, 1.9 mi south of Hollow Road 

and State Highway 116 intersection in South Hinesburg, and 4.8 mi southeast of Silver Road and 

State Highway 116 intersection in Hinesburg.

04282780 Lewis Creek at 

North Ferrisburg, Vt.

Lat 44°14'57", long 73°13'44", Addison County, on right bank 100 ft upstream of US Route 7 

Highway bridge, 1.1 mi southwest of Four Winds Road and Hollow Road intersection in North 

Ferrisburg, 1.2 mi south of Mount Philo peak, and 5.7 mi north of Town Hall in Vergennes.

04282795 Laplatte River at 

Shelburne Falls, Vt.

Lat 44°22'12", long 73°13'00", Chittenden County, on left bank 150 ft upstream of small right bank 

tributary, 300 ft upstream of Falls Road bridge, 500 ft southwest of Falls Road and Thomas Road 

intersection in Shelburne Falls, 0.8 mi southeast of Town Hall in Shelburne, and 3.4 mi above 

mouth.

04282850 Winooski River 

Tributary #2 near 

Cabot, Vt.

Lat 44°25'53", long 72°18'11", Washington County, at culvert on South Walden Road, 200 ft upstream 

of mouth, 600 ft south of South Walden Road and Walbridge Road intersection, 2.1 mi north of Elm 

Street and State Highway 215 intersection in Cabot, 6.0 mi southeast of Town Hall in Hardwick, 

and 6.1 mi north of Calais Road and US Route 2 intersection in Marshfield. 

04283470 Stevens Branch 

Tributary at 

South Barre, Vt.

Lat 44°10'51", long 72°31'11", Washington County, at culvert on abandoned Lower Usle Road (road 

has been moved downstream), 1,200 ft west of Lower Usle Road and Jensen Road intersection, 

0.7 mi west of Post Office in South Barre, 1.4 mi southeast of Post Office in Barre.

04286000 Winooski River at 

Montpelier, Vt.

Lat 44°15'23", long 72°35'36", Washington County, on right bank, 0.4 mi upstream from Dog River, 

0.6 mi downstream of Bailey Road Bridge, 0.8 mi southwest of the Vermont State Capitol Building 

in Montpelier, and 1.0 mi downstream of the North Branch Winooski River.

04286500 Dog River at 

Northfield, Vt.

Lat 44°08'19", long 72°40'02", Washington County, on left bank downstream of Dole Hill Road 

Bridge, 0.4 mi west of Dole Hill Road and State Highway 12 intersection at Norwich University, 

0.8 mi southwest of Town Hall in Northfield, 0.9 mi upstream of Union Brook, 1.3 mi downstream 

of Sunny Brook, and 4.2 mi upstream of Station 04287000, Dog River at Northfield Falls.

04287000 Dog River at 

Northfield Falls, Vt.

Lat 44°10'58", long 72°38'27", Washington County, on right bank just downstream of New England 

Central Railroad bridge, 0.9 mi northeast of Cox Brook Road and State Highway 12 intersection in 

Northfield Falls, 1.1 mi downstream from Cox Branch, and 4.2 mi downstream of Station 

04286500, Dog River at Northfield.

04287300 Sunny Brook near 

Montpelier, Vt.

Lat 44°16'05", long 72°37'28", Washington County, at culvert on US Highway 2, 600 ft northeast of 

Interstate 89 overpass over US Route 2, 0.3 mi upstream from mouth, 0.7 mi east of the mouth of 

Jones Brook, and 2.2 mi west of Vermont State Capitol Building in Montpelier.

04288000 Mad River near 

Moretown, Vt.

Lat 44°16'38", long 72°44'35", Washington County, on left bank, at downstream side of Munns Road 

bridge, 0.4 mi downstream of Welder Brook, 2.0 mi northeast of Moretown Mountain Road and 

State Highway 100B intersection in Moretown, 3.2 mi west of State Highway 100B bridge across 

Winooski River in Middlesex, and 3.8 mi upstream from mouth.

04288400 Bryant Brook at 

Waterbury Center, 

Vt.

Lat 44°22'41", long 72°43'29", Washington County, at culvert on State Highway 100, 100 ft north of 

Howard Road and State Highway 100 intersection, 0.4 mi west of Maple Road and Loomis Hill 

Road intersection in Waterbury Center, 3.0 mi north of US Route 2 and State Highway 100 

intersection in Waterbury.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location
24 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

04289600 Winooski River 

Tributary near 

Richmond, Vt.

Lat 44°26'09", long 72°58'46", Chittenden County, at culvert on Browns Trace Road, 1400 ft north of 

Jerico-Richmond Town Line, 0.3 mi south of Browns Trace Road and Governor Peck Road 

intersection, 2.2 mi north of Jerico Road and US Highway 2 intersection in Richmond, and 2.3 mi 

south of Browns Trace Road and Bolger Hill Road intersection in Jerico Center.

04290700 Bailey Brook at 

East Hardwick, Vt.

Lat 44°31'41", long 72°18'16", Caldonia County, at culvert on Hardwick Street, 800 ft north of 

railroad crossing, 0.4 mi upstream of mouth, 0.5 mi northeast of Brochu Road and Church Street 

intersection in East Hardwick, and 3.6 mi northeast of Town Hall in Hardwick.

04291000 Green River at 

Garfield, Vt.

Lat 44°36'10", long 72°32'08", Lamoille County, on left bank in pool of dam, 200 ft west of Garfield 

Road and Green River Dam Road intersection in Garfield, 1.6 mi downstream of Green River 

Reservoir Dam, and 3.4 mi northeast of State Highways 15 and 100 intersection in Morrisville.

04292000 Lamoille River at 

Johnson, Vt.

Lat 44°37'22", long 72°40'36", Lamoille County, on right bank, above falls, 0.8 mi south of State 

Highways 15 and 100C intersection in Johnson, 0.8 mi upstream from Railroad Street bridge in 

Johnson, 0.9 mi upstream from Gihon River, and 1.0 mi downstream of Waterman Brook.

04292100 Stony Brook near 

Eden, Vt.

Lat 44°41'37, long 72°34'58", Lamoille County, at culvert on State Highway 100, 500 ft upstream of 

mouth, 2.0 mi southwest of State Highways 100 and 118 intersection in Eden, 2.2 mi northeast of 

State Highway 100 and 100C intersection in North Hyde Park, and 6.2 mi northeast of State 

Highways 15 and 100C intersection in Johnson.

04292150 Gihon River Tributary 

near Johnson, Vt.

Lat 44°39'36", long 72°37'44", Lamoille County, at culvert on State Highway 100C, at intersection of 

Ober Hill Road and State Highway 100C, 2,000 ft upstream of mouth, 1.2 mi southwest of State 

Highways 100 and 100C intersection in North Hyde Park, and 3.0 mi northeast of State Highways 

15 and 100C intersection in Johnson.

04292200 Lamoille River 

Tributary at 

Jeffersonville, Vt.

Lat 44°39'13", long 72°49'42", Lamoille County, at culvert on State Highway 108, 200 ft north of 

State Highways 108 and 109 intersection, 1,800 ft upstream of mouth, 0.6 mi north of Town Hall in 

Jeffersonville, and 0.8 mi west of Junction Hill Road and State Highway 15 intersection in 

Cambridge Junction.

04292500 Lamoille River at 

East Georgia, Vt.

Lat 44°40'45", long 73°04'23", Franklin County, on right bank 0.5 mi upstream from New England 

Central Railroad bridge at East Georgia, 0.9 mi downstream from Beaver Meadow Brook, and 

3.3 mi northeast of Main Street and US Route 7 intersection in Milton.

04292700 Stone Bridge Brook 

near Georgia 

Plains, Vt.

Lat 44°42'14", long 73°10'55", Franklin County, on left bank 20 ft upstream from Lake Road culvert, 

0.1 mi downstream of small left bank tributary, 1.0 mi upstream of large right bank tributary, 1.3 mi 

west of Sodom Road and Sandy Birch Road intersection in West Georgia, 1.4 mi southwest of 

Stone Bridge Road and Plains Road intersection in Georgia Plains, 2.6 mi upstream of mouth, and 

5.6 mi northwest of Main Street and US Route 7 intersection in Milton.

04293000 Missisquoi River near 

North Troy, Vt.

Lat 44°58'22", long 72°23'09", Orleans County, on right bank 200 ft upstream from Big Falls, 1.5 mi 

downstream from Jay Branch, 1.8 mi southeast of Town Hall in North Troy, 2.2 mi upstream from 

State Highway 105 bridge in North Troy, and 8.8 mi west of State Highway 105 and US Route 5 

intersection in Newport.

04293400 Whittaker Brook at 

Richford, Vt.

Lat 44°59'14", long 72°39'15", Franklin County, at culvert on State Highway 105, 100 ft upstream of 

mouth, 0.3 mi east of Canadian Pacific Railroad and State Highway 105 crossing, 1.0 mi southeast 

of the junction of State Highways 105 and 139 in Richford.

04293500 Missisquoi River near 

East Berkshire, Vt.

Lat 44°57'36", long 72°41'49", Franklin County, on left bank, 0.4 mi upstream of State Highway 105 

bridge, 1.9 mi north of intersection of State Highways 105 and 118 in East Berkshire, 1.9 mi 

upstream from Trout River, 2.6 mi southwest of Town Hall in Richford, and 3.6 mi downstream 

from North Branch.

04293800 Missisquoi River 

Tributary at 

Sheldon Junction, Vt.

Lat 44°54'01", long 72°57'40", Franklin County, at culvert on State Highway 105, 40 ft west of the 

State Highway 105 and Bergeron Road intersection, 0.5 mi upstream of mouth, 0.8 mi west of State 

Highways 78 and 105 intersection in Sheldon Junction, and 0.9 mi east of Catholic Church Road 

and Mill Road intersection in Sheldon Springs.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location
Tables 25

04294000 Missisquoi River at 

Swanton, Vt.

Lat 44°55'00", long 73°07'44", Franklin County, on left bank, at old railroad abutment, 0.3 mi 

upstream of dam and Depot Street (State Highway 78) bridge, 0.3 mi southwest of Post Office in 

Swanton, 1.1 mi west of State Highway 78 and Interstate 89 interchange, and 7.9 mi upstream of 

mouth.

04294200 Saxe Brook near 

Highgate Springs, Vt.

Lat 44°59'38", long 73°03'59", Franklin County, at culvert on Ballard Road, 100 ft north of Ballard 

Road and St. Armand Road intersection, 0.4 mi upstream of mouth at Rock River, 1.5 mi south of 

US-Canada Border Bench Mark 629A, 2.4 mi northeast of US Route 7 and Tyler Road intersection 

in Highgate Springs, and 4.0 mi north of State Highways 78 and 207 intersection in Highgate 

Center.

04295900 Ware Brook near 

Coventry, Vt.

Lat 44°51'02", long 72°17'30", Orleans County, at culvert on Metcalf Flat Road, 1.1 mi southwest of 

Metcalf Flat Road covered bridge over the Black River, 1.4 mi upstream of mouth, 1.7 mi 

southwest of Metcalf Flat Road and Loop Road intersection in Coventry, and 3.3 mi north of State 

Highways 14 and 58 intersection in Irasburg.

04296000 Black River at 

Coventry, Vt.

Lat 44°52'08", long 72°16'14", Orleans County, on right bank, 15 ft downstream from Loop Road 

bridge, 800 ft upstream from Stony Brook, 0.3 mi northwest of Loop Road and Main Street 

intersection in Coventry, and 4.6 mi north of State Highways 14 and 58 intersection in Irasburg.

04296150 Lord Brook near 

Evansville, Vt.

Lat 44°46'59", long 72°07'08", Orleans County, at culvert on State Highway 16, 0.2 mi east of Fisk 

Road and State Highway 16 intersection, 1.2 mi upstream of mouth, 1.5 mi south of Chase Road 

and State Highway 58 intersection in Evansville, and 3.7 mi northeast of US Route 5 and State 

Highway 16 intersection in Barton.

04296200 Brownington Branch 

near Evansville, Vt.

Lat 44°50'02", long 72°04'00", Orleans County, at culvert on State Highway 5A, 0.5 mi upstream of 

mouth of Moody Brook, 2.8 mi north of State Highways 5A and 58 intersection, 3.8 mi northeast of 

Chase Road and State Highway 58 intersection in Evansville, and 10.0 mi east of Loop Road and 

Main Street intersection in Coventry.

04296300 Pherrins River 

Tributary near 

Island Pond, Vt.

Lat 44°50'34", long 71°54'31", Essex County, at culvert on State Highway 114, 200 ft upstream of 

mouth, 800 ft south of State Highway 111 and 114 junction, 2.3 mi northwest of State Highways 

105 and 114 intersection in Island Pond, and 4.0 mi east of Echo Pond Road and State Highway 105 

intersection in East Charleston.

Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name Station location
26 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams Table 2. Magnitude and frequency discharges at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams USGS stream- gaging station No. Station name Drainage area (mi2) Peak flow for given recurrence intervals (ft3/s) 

2-year 5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year 

01052500 Diamond River near Wentworth Location, N.H. 153 4,790 6,320 7,310 8,550 9,460 10,400 01127880 Big Brook near Pittsburg, N.H. 6.52 264 341 389 447 489 530 01129300 Halls Stream near East Hereford, Quebec 84.8 3,130 4,420 5,480 7,090 8,500 10,100 01129400 Black Brook at Averill, Vt. .88 30.1 39.5 46.3 55.3 62.3 69.7 01129440 Mohawk River near Colebrook, N.H. 35.3 2,310 3,500 4,360 5,510 6,410 7,350 01129700 Paul Stream Tributary near Brunswick, Vt. 1.48 46.1 61.6 72.2 85.9 96.4 107 01130000 Upper Ammonoosuc River near 

Groveton, N.H.

230 4,840 6,530 7,600 8,890 9,830 10,700 

01133000 East Branch Passumpsic River near 

East Haven, Vt.

51.3 1,320 1,920 2,380 3,050 3,610 4,230 

01133200 Quimby Brook near Lyndonville, Vt. 2.15 73.2 121 160 219 271 329 01133300 Cold Hill Brook near Lyndon, Vt. 1.64 58.3 94.2 124 171 213 262 01133500 Passumpsic River near St. Johnsbury, Vt. 232 3,830 5,530 7,010 9,370 11,500 14,100 01134500 Moose River at Victory, Vt. 75.2 2,070 2,770 3,260 3,920 4,440 4,980 01134800 Kirby Brook at Concord, Vt. 8.13 225 371 464 688 892 1,130 01135000 Moose River at St. Johnsbury, Vt. 129 2,650 3,790 4,610 5,730 6,630 7,570 01135150 Pope Brook near N. Danville, Vt. 3.27 146 188 216 254 283 314 01135300 Sleepers River near St. Johnsbury, Vt. 42.5 1,430 2,390 3,260 4,670 6,010 7,620 01135500 Passumpsic River at Passumpsic, Vt. 434 7,600 10,100 11,700 13,800 15,400 16,900 01135700 Joes Brook Tributary near East Barnet, Vt. .7 25.1 38.3 49 65.2 79.3 95.3 01137500 Ammonoosuc River at Bethlehem 

Junction, N.H.

88.2 4,270 6,230 7,680 9,680 11,300 13,000 

01138000 Ammonoosuc River near Bath, N.H. 396 10,600 15,700 19,600 25,200 29,700 34,700 

Table 2. Magnitude and frequency discharges at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams[All streamgages are located on figure 1; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ft3/s, cubic feet per second; No., number; mi2, square miles; Frequency-analysis comments: 

period of record; 2, Frequency curve computed using complete period of record plus historical peak(s); 3, Frequency curve adjusted using two-station comparison recousing observed peaks from period of record, plus peaks simulated by rainfall-runoff modeling; 5, Frequency curve computed using unregulated peaks only and does n

gaging station; 6, Frequency curve computed using unregulated peaks plus peaks estimated by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers (written commun., 1999) based upon 

curve does not represent current conditions at this stream-gaging station; 7, Frequency curve for Williams River at Brockways Mills was computed using its complete 

from Williams River at Rockingham adjusted for drainage area]
Tables 27

01138800 Keenan Brook at Groton, Vt. 4.72 93.5 161 216 298 369 449 01139000 Wells River at Wells River, Vt. 98.7 1,700 2,520 3,130 3,980 4,670 5,400 01139700 Waits River Tributary near West 

Topsham, Vt.

1.21 47.7 75.7 96.9 127 151 177 

01139800 East Orange Branch at East Orange, Vt. 8.79 245 388 498 657 789 933 01140000 South Branch Waits River near 

Bradford, Vt.

43.8 961 1,410 1,740 2,210 2,590 2,990 

01140100 South Branch Waits River Tributary near 

Bradford Center, Vt.

.21 5.4 7.3 8.6 10.2 11.5 12.8 

01140800 West Branch Ompompanoosuc River 

Tributary at South Strafford, Vt.

1.35 76.4 98.8 115 138 156 175 

01141500 Ompompanoosuc River at Union 

Village, Vt.

131 2,620 3,790 4,660 5,870 6,860 7,910 

01141800 Mink Brook near Etna, N.H. 4.88 216 367 485 657 800 957 01142000 White River near Bethel, Vt. 239 10,100 15,400 19,600 25,800 31,000 36,800 01142400 Third Branch White River Tributary at 

Randolph, Vt.

.83 46.7 68.3 86 113 136 162 

01142500 Ayers Brook at Randolph, Vt. 30.5 703 1,070 1,380 1,850 2,270 2,750 01144000 White River at West Hartford, Vt. 689 17,300 25,300 31,800 41,600 50,100 59,800 01145000 Mascoma River at West Canaan, N.H. 80.4 1,630 2,310 2,770 3,350 3,790 4,220 01150800 Kent Brook near Killington, Vt. 3.26 117 150 167 224 275 335 01150900 Ottauquechee River near West 

Bridgewater, Vt.

23.3 944 1,340 1,630 2,050 2,390 2,750 

01151200 Ottauquechee River Tributary near 

Quechee, Vt.

.77 14.7 25 34.1 48.6 61.9 77.7 

01151500 Ottauquechee River at North Hartland, Vt. 222 7,760 12,500 16,600 23,300 29,400 36,600 01152500 Sugar River at West Claremont, N.H. 270 4,630 6,510 7,870 9,720 11,200 12,700 01153000 Black River at North Springfield, Vt. 158 5,590 8,920 11,600 15,600 19,100 23,000 01153300 Middle Branch Williams River Tributary at 

Chester, Vt.

3.18 148 204 244 298 342 387 

01153500 Williams River at Brockways Mills, Vt. 102 4,380 6,440 7,910 9,890 11,400 13,100 

Table 2. Magnitude and frequency discharges at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS 

streamgaging

station

No.

Station name

Drainage

area 

(mi2)

Peak flow for given recurrence intervals

(ft3/s) 

2-year 5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year 
28 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams 01153550 Williams River near Rockingham, Vt. 112 6,190 8,580 10,200 12,300 14,000 15,700 

01154000 Saxtons River at Saxtons River, Vt. 72.1 2,640 4,180 5,420 7,270 8,860 10,600 01155000 Cold River at Drewsville, N.H. 83.4 1,970 3,020 3,830 5,000 5,990 7,060 01155200 Sacketts Brook near Putney, Vt. 10.2 140 235 296 446 586 753 01155300 Flood Brook near Londonderry, Vt. 9.28 217 357 454 703 947 1,250 01155350 West River Tributary near Jamaica, Vt. .93 46.6 83 117 177 235 307 01155500 West River at Jamaica, Vt. 177 8,180 13,800 18,800 27,100 35,000 44,500 01156000 West River at Newfane, Vt. 306 12,800 20,800 28,000 39,600 50,500 63,500 101156300 Whetstone Brook Tributary near 

Marlboro, Vt.

1.08 107 184 246 337 414 498 

01156450 Connecticut River Tributary near 

Vernon, Vt.

1.1 52.7 79.8 100 128 151 176 

01157000 Ashuelot River near Gilsum, N.H. 70.9 1,610 2,420 3,040 3,930 4,660 5,460 01158500 Otter Brook near Keene, N.H. 41.9 1,150 2,020 2,770 3,960 5,040 6,310 01160000 South Branch Ashuelot River at Webb, 

near Marlborough, N.H.

35.8 961 1,690 2,340 3,420 4,420 5,630 

01161000 Ashuelot River at Hinsdale, N.H. 421 6,350 8,890 10,800 13,500 15,700 18,100 01161300 Millers Brook at Northfield, Mass. 2.31 108 190 266 393 514 661 01165000 East Branch Tully River near Athol, Mass. 50.6 754 1,320 1,840 2,710 3,550 4,580 01165500 Moss Brook at Wendell Depot, Mass. 12.2 261 432 573 784 967 1,170 01167800 Beaver Brook at Wilmington, Vt. 6.36 360 633 805 1,210 1,580 2,010 01169000 North River at Shattuckville, Mass. 89.6 4,690 7,380 9,440 12,400 14,800 17,400 01169900 South River near Conway, Mass. 24.1 1,830 2,830 3,600 4,710 5,630 6,650 01170100 Green River near Colrain, Mass. 41.3 2,480 3,330 3,890 4,580 5,100 5,610 01170200 Allen Brook near Shelburne Falls, Mass. .72 25.1 46.6 64.2 90.4 113 137 01170900 Mill River near South Deerfield, Mass. 6.4 140 198 238 293 335 379 01178230 Mill Brook at Plainfield, Mass. 4.43 181 302 396 528 636 751 01196990 Windsor Brook Tributary at Windsor, Mass. .3 24.3 35.9 45 58.5 70 82.9 

Table 2. Magnitude and frequency discharges at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS 

streamgaging

station

No.

Station name

Drainage

area 

(mi2)

Peak flow for given recurrence intervals

(ft3/s) 

2-year 5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year 
Tables 29

01328000 Bond Creek at Dunham Basin, N.Y. 14.4 691 938 1,090 1,270 1,400 1,520 01328900 Tanner Brook near Sunderland, Vt. 2.34 33.4 49.9 62.7 81.2 96.7 114 01329000 Batten Kill at Arlington, Vt. 150 3,220 4,520 5,500 6,870 8,000 9,230 01329154 Steele Brook at Shushan N.Y. 2.81 67.1 103 128 160 185 209 01329500 Batten Kill at Battenville, N.Y. 397 5,930 8,770 11,000 14,200 16,900 20,000 01331400 Dry Brook near Adams, Mass. 7.68 476 693 848 1,050 1,220 1,390 01331500 Hoosic River at Adams, Mass. 46.7 1,120 1,710 2,190 2,930 3,570 4,320 01332000 North Branch Hoosic River at 

North Adams, Mass.

41.1 2,390 3,920 5,230 7,260 9,100 11,200 

01332500 Hoosic River near Williamstown, Mass. 132 3,810 5,690 7,210 9,510 11,500 13,800 01333000 Green River at Williamstown, Mass. 42.4 1,500 2,200 2,720 3,440 4,020 4,640 01333500 Little Hoosic River at Petersburg, N.Y. 55.3 2,000 2,990 3,790 4,950 5,950 7,060 01333800 South Stream near Bennington, Vt. 7.71 85 119 143 175 199 224 01333900 Paran Creek near South Shaftsbury, Vt. 2.38 76.5 124 159 209 249 292 01334000 Walloomsac River near North 

Bennington, Vt.

116 3,310 4,870 5,980 7,480 8,660 9,890 

01334500 Hoosic River near Eagle Bridge, N.Y. 515 11,400 16,900 21,400 28,300 34,300 41,200 04270800 English River near Mooers Forks, N.Y. 39.4 913 1,270 1,510 1,830 2,080 2,330 04271815 Little Chazy River near Chazy, N.Y. 50.4 737 1,270 1,720 2,420 3,030 3,730 04273500 Saranac River at Plattsburgh, N.Y. 608 5,580 7,780 9,240 11,100 12,500 13,900 04273700 Salmon River at South Plattsburgh, N.Y. 63.4 882 1,560 2,110 2,940 3,650 4,450 04276200 Bouquet River at New Russia, N.Y. 37.6 1,460 2,080 2,550 3,180 3,700 4,250 04276500 Bouquet River at Willsboro, N.Y. 272 4,620 6,900 8,410 10,300 11,700 13,000 04276770 Mill Brook at Port Henry, N.Y. 27.1 692 1,050 1,290 1,590 1,810 2,020 04276842 Putnam Creek East of Crown Point 

Center, N.Y.

51.7 1,240 1,810 2,200 2,700 3,070 3,440 

Table 2. Magnitude and frequency discharges at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS 

streamgaging

station

No.

Station name

Drainage

area 

(mi2)

Peak flow for given recurrence intervals

(ft3/s) 

2-year 5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year 
30 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams 04278300 Northwest Bay Brook near Bolton Landing, N.Y. 22 1,030 1,390 1,610 1,850 2,020 2,180 

04279400 Poultney River Tributary at East Poultney, Vt. 1.14 66.2 84.7 95.7 108 117 125 04280000 Poultney River below Fair Haven, Vt. 188 4,080 6,090 7,490 9,320 10,700 12,200 04280200 Mettawee River Tributary #2 at East Rupert, Vt. 1.66 71 106 131 164 191 220 04280300 Mettawee River Tributary near Pawlet, Vt. 2.09 34.4 55.5 67.1 94.8 118 144 04280350 Mettawee River near Pawlet, Vt. 70.5 2,040 3,400 4,480 6,060 7,380 8,850 04280450 Mettawee River near Middle Granville, N.Y. 167 4,560 7,810 10,400 14,100 17,100 20,500 04280900 Moon Brook at Rutland, Vt. 1.84 76.8 112 137 171 198 227 04282000 Otter Creek at Center Rutland, Vt. 308 5,370 7,490 8,890 10,700 12,000 13,300 04282200 Neshobe River at Brandon, Vt. 17.9 657 807 893 990 1,060 1,120 04282300 Brandy Brook at Bread Loaf, Vt. 1.88 105 190 264 384 494 624 04282500 Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt. 630 4,270 5,840 6,970 8,480 9,680 10,900 04282525 New Haven River at Brooksville near 

Middlebury, Vt.

116 4,410 6,980 8,870 11,500 13,500 15,700 

04282550 Beaver Brook at Cornwall, Vt. 1.06 62.2 69.9 74.4 79.5 82.9 86.2 04282600 Little Otter Creek Tributary near Bristol, Vt. 1.52 30.1 46.1 57.5 72.6 84.3 96.4 04282650 Little Otter Creek at Ferrisburg, Vt. 57.3 1,120 1,640 1,990 2,440 2,790 3,130 04282700 Lewis Creek Tributary at Starksboro, Vt. 5.34 118 207 266 409 543 704 04282750 Lewis Creek Tributary #2 near 

Rockville, Vt.

1.23 45.8 63.4 75.3 90.8 103 115 

04282780 Lewis Creek at North Ferrisburg, Vt. 77.4 2,280 2,990 3,420 3,920 4,270 4,590 04282795 Laplatte River at Shelburne Falls, Vt. 44.3 1,040 1,650 2,120 2,770 3,310 3,880 04282850 Winooski River Tributary #2 near 

Cabot, Vt.

.58 18.2 28.9 37.4 49.9 60.5 72.4 

04283470 Stevens Branch Tributary at South 

Barre, Vt.

.49 24.3 37.8 48.6 64.3 77.8 92.8 

04286000 Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt. 395 9,170 12,500 15,200 19,300 22,900 26,900 

Table 2. Magnitude and frequency discharges at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS 

streamgaging

station

No.

Station name

Drainage

area 

(mi2)

Peak flow for given recurrence intervals

(ft3/s) 

2-year 5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year 
Tables 31

04286500 Dog River at Northfield, Vt. 52 1,910 3,060 4,040 5,550 6,910 8,480 04287000 Dog River at Northfield Falls, Vt. 76.6 3,100 4,930 6,300 8,200 9,730 11,400 04287300 Sunny Brook near Montpelier, Vt. 2.38 72.9 110 135 199 262 338 04288000 Mad River near Moretown, Vt. 139 5,780 8,180 10,000 12,700 14,800 17,300 04288400 Bryant Brook at Waterbury Center, Vt. 2.63 146 210 255 313 358 403 04289600 Winooski River Tributary near 

Richmond, Vt.

.71 33.1 50.1 63.3 82.2 98 115 

04290700 Bailey Brook at East Hardwick, Vt. 2.55 87.1 135 174 235 289 352 04291000 Green River at Garfield, Vt. 15.9 429 668 874 1,200 1,490 1,840 04292000 Lamoille River at Johnson, Vt. 310 7,190 9,600 11,200 13,300 14,900 16,500 04292100 Stony Brook near Eden, Vt. 4.24 212 365 467 717 952 1,240 04292150 Gihon River Tributary near Johnson, Vt. .47 44.9 61.6 74.3 92.3 107 123 04292200 Lamoille River Tributary at 

Jeffersonville, Vt.

.58 33 42.2 48 55.2 60.5 65.7 

04292500 Lamoille River at East Georgia, Vt. 688 13,200 16,500 18,700 21,400 23,300 25,300 04292700 Stone Bridge Brook near Georgia 

Plains, Vt.

8.41 168 317 450 663 858 1,090 

04293000 Missisquoi River near North Troy, Vt. 133 4,370 5,670 6,540 7,650 8,500 9,350 04293400 Whittaker Brook at Richford, Vt. .88 62.7 93.1 116 147 172 199 04293500 Missisquoi River near East Berkshire, Vt. 478 10,100 13,300 15,600 18,600 21,000 23,500 04293800 Missisquoi River Tributary at Sheldon 

Junction, Vt.

1.73 61.1 82.6 96.1 113 124 136 

04294000 Missisquoi River at Swanton, Vt. 850 21,300 28,800 33,800 40,100 44,900 49,700 04294200 Saxe Brook near Highgate Springs, Vt. 2.65 66.3 121 164 225 273 325 04295900 Ware Brook near Coventry, Vt. 2.84 116 139 153 172 185 199 04296000 Black River at Coventry, Vt. 122 2,040 2,670 3,080 3,590 3,980 4,360 04296150 Lord Brook near Evansville, Vt. 4.61 196 303 380 487 571 660 04296200 Brownington Branch near Evansville, Vt. 2.21 34.6 57 74.1 119 166 227 04296300 Pherrins River Tributary near Island 

Pond, Vt.

1.02 45.9 69.5 89.1 119 146 176 

Table 2. Magnitude and frequency discharges at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams--Continued

USGS 

streamgaging

station

No.

Station name

Drainage

area 

(mi2)

Peak flow for given recurrence intervals

(ft3/s) 

2-year 5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year 
32 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

Table 3. Daily discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 75 percent of the time at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams

USGS

streamgaging

station No.

Station name

Drainage 

area,

(mi2)

Daily discharge exceeded 

n percent of the time 

(ft3/s)

Period of record used 

(water years)

75 percent 50 percent 25 percent

01052500 Diamond River near Wentworth Location, N.H. 153 83.4 162 358 1941-2000

01127880 Big Brook near Pittsburg, N.H. 6.52 4.2 7.6 17.2 1964-85

01129300 Halls Stream near East Hereford, Quebec 84.8 40.1 81.2 183 1963-92

01129440 Mohawk River near Colebrook, N.H. 35.3 24.7 41.6 73.6 1987-2000

01130000 Upper Ammonoosuc River near Groveton, N.H. 230 143 252 524 1940-81, 1983-2000

01133000 East Branch Passumpsic River near East Haven, Vt. 51.3 42.2 64.6 119 1939-46, 1949-79, 

1998-2000

01134500 Moose River at Victory, Vt. 75.2 38.4 73.8 160 1947-2000

01134800 Kirby Brook at Concord, Vt. 8.13 2.4 5.0 12.0 1963-74

01135000 Moose River at St. Johnsbury, Vt. 129 51.9 101 233 1928-83

01135150 Pope Brook near N. Danville, Vt. 3.27 2.4 3.7 6.5 1991-2000

01135300 Sleepers River near St. Johnsbury, Vt. 42.5 23.7 42.3 79.2 1991-2000

01135500 Passumpsic River at Passumpsic, Vt. 434 257 435 853 1929-2000

01137500 Ammonoosuc River at Bethlehem Junction, N.H. 88.2 65.0 109 224 1939-2000

01138000 Ammonoosuc River near Bath, N.H. 396 187 337 730 1935-80

01139000 Wells River at Wells River, Vt. 98.7 47.5 84.2 171 1940-2000

01139800 East Orange Branch at East Orange, Vt. 8.79 4.4 8.7 19.8 1958-2000

01140000 South Branch Waits River near Bradford, Vt. 43.8 20.3 38.2 80.2 1940-51

01141500 Ompompanoosuc River at Union Village, Vt. 131 54.9 112 242 11940-49

01141800 Mink Brook near Etna, N.H. 4.88 1.1 3.1 8.1 1962-98

01142000 White River near Bethel, Vt. 239 134 261 548 1931-55

01142500 Ayers Brook at Randolph, Vt. 30.5 13.9 27.5 56.3 1939-75, 1976-2000

01144000 White River at West Hartford, Vt. 689 330 644 1,360 1915-27, 1929-2000

01150800 Kent Brook near Killington, Vt. 3.26 2.4 4.5 8.9 1964-74

01150900 Ottauquechee River near West Bridgewater, Vt. 23.3 18.4 33.2 64.7 1985-2000

01151500 Ottauquechee River at North Hartland, Vt. 222 104 205 437 11931-60

01153500 Williams River at Brockways Mills, Vt. 102 32.3 74.9 190 1940-84

01153550 Williams River near Rockingham, Vt. 112 48.7 107 214 1987-2000

01154000 Saxtons River at Saxtons River, Vt. 72.1 22.7 54.9 134 1940-82

01155000 Cold River at Drewsville, N.H. 83.4 22.1 52.4 134 1940-78

01155200 Sacketts Brook near Putney, Vt. 10.2 3.9 8.5 20.1 1963-74

01155300 Flood Brook near Londonderry, Vt. 9.28 4.1 9.4 22.0 1963-74

01155500 West River at Jamaica, Vt. 177 60.5 156 384 11947-60

01156000 West River at Newfane, Vt. 306 114 253 625 1920-23, 11929-60

01157000 Ashuelot River near Gilsum, N.H. 70.9 24.6 57.7 144 1922-80

01158500 Otter Brook near Keene, N.H. 41.9 14.6 36.7 83.3 1924-58

Table 3. Daily discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 75 percent of the time at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams

[All streamgages are located on figure 1; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ft3/s, cubic feet per second; No., number; mi2, square miles]
Tables 33

01165000 East Branch Tully River near Athol, Mass. 50.6 18.6 46.4 104 11916-48

01165500 Moss Brook at Wendell Depot, Mass. 12.2 3.9 10.6 24.8 1916-82

01167800 Beaver Brook at Wilmington, Vt. 6.36 2.5 6.8 16.9 1963-77

01169000 North River at Shattuckville, Mass. 89.6 41.3 94.8 204 1940-2000

01169900 South River near Conway, Mass. 24.1 13.8 31.0 61.9 1966-2000

01170100 Green River near Colrain, Mass. 41.3 22.1 49.9 103 1968-2000

01328000 Bond Creek at Dunham Basin, N.Y. 14.4 2.3 5.3 15.4 1948-82

01329000 Batten Kill at Arlington, Vt. 150 130 214 400 1929-84

01329500 Batten Kill at Battenville, N.Y. 397 234 426 874 1923-68, 1998-2000

01331400 Dry Brook near Adams, Mass. 7.68 2.8 7.3 16.6 1963-74

01332000 North Branch Hoosic River at North Adams, Mass. 41.1 23.5 49.2 105 1931-90

01332500 Hoosic River near Williamstown, Mass. 132 99.8 171 317 1940-2000

01333000 Green River at Williamstown, Mass. 42.4 23.4 49.3 103 1949-2000

01333500 Little Hoosic River at Petersburg, N.Y. 55.3 19.8 52.7 119 1951-96

01334000 Walloomsac River near North Bennington, Vt. 116 87.7 145 260 1931-2000

01334500 Hoosic River near Eagle Bridge, N.Y. 515 293 573 1,180 1910-2000

04271815 Little Chazy River near Chazy, N.Y. 50.4 11.7 29.3 65.3 1990-2000

04273500 Saranac River at Plattsburgh, N.Y. 608 445 649 1,020 1903-30, 1944-2000

04273700 Salmon River at South Plattsburgh, N.Y. 63.4 18.5 33.0 61.0 1959-68, 1990-2000

04276500 Bouquet River at Willsboro, N.Y. 272 87.6 157 332 1923-68, 1990-2000

04276842 Putnam Creek East of Crown Point Center, N.Y. 51.7 16.5 36.8 86.2 1990-2000

04278300 Northwest Bay Brook near Bolton Landing, N.Y. 22 6.9 17.6 40.2 1966-97

04280300 Mettawee River Tributary near Pawlet, Vt. 2.09 0.7 1.8 4.3 1963-74

04280350 Mettawee River near Pawlet, Vt. 70.5 42.6 80.1 145 1985-2000

04280450 Mettawee River near Middle Granville, N.Y. 167 73.4 168 342 1990-2000

04282500 Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt. 630 382 646 1,350 1903-07, 1911-20, 

1929-2000

04282525 New Haven River at Brooksville near 

Middlebury, Vt.

116 77.7 129 232 1990-2000

04282650 Little Otter Creek at Ferrisburg, Vt. 57.3 11.0 25.7 60.4 1990-2000

04282700 Lewis Creek Tributary at Starksboro, Vt. 5.34 0.9 2.4 7.5 1963-74

04282780 Lewis Creek at North Ferrisburg, Vt. 77.4 31.8 61.2 120 1990-2000

04282795 Laplatte River at Shelburne Falls, Vt. 44.3 7.2 19.7 48.6 1990-2000

04286500 Dog River at Northfield, Vt. 52 17.5 34.7 80.6 1909-21, 1929-35

04287000 Dog River at Northfield Falls, Vt. 76.6 31.5 64.4 134 1935-2000

04287300 Sunny Brook near Montpelier, Vt. 2.38 0.5 1.1 3.1 1964-74

04288000 Mad River near Moretown, Vt. 139 71.7 140 292 1929-2000

Table 3. Daily discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 75 percent of the time at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams

--Continued

USGS

streamgaging

station No.

Station name

Drainage 

area,

(mi2)

Daily discharge exceeded 

n percent of the time 

(ft3/s)

Period of record used 

(water years)

75 percent 50 percent 25 percent
34 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

04291000 Green River at Garfield, Vt. 15.9 9.8 16.7 36.6 1916-21, 1923-32

04291500 Lamoille River at Cadys Falls, Vt. 268 142 229 454 1914-23

04292000 Lamoille River at Johnson, Vt. 310 190 298 566 1910-14, 1929-2000

04292100 Stony Brook near Eden, Vt. 4.24 3.2 5.6 11.0 1963-74

04292500 Lamoille River at East Georgia, Vt. 688 433 722 1,390 1929-2000

04292700 Stone Bridge Brook near Georgia Plains, Vt. 8.41 2.6 4.8 9.0 1963-74, 1990-2000

04293000 Missisquoi River near North Troy, Vt. 133 73.7 132 280 1931-2000

04293500 Missisquoi River near East Berkshire, Vt. 478 255 471 1,060 1915-23, 1929-2000

04294000 Missisquoi River at Swanton, Vt. 850 424 840 1,930 1990-2000

04296000 Black River at Coventry, Vt. 122 63.2 108 225 1952-2000

1Statistics computed using only the period of record with unregulated flows and discharge does not represent current conditions.

Table 3. Daily discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 75 percent of the time at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams

--Continued

USGS

streamgaging

station No.

Station name

Drainage 

area,

(mi2)

Daily discharge exceeded 

n percent of the time 

(ft3/s)

Period of record used 

(water years)

75 percent 50 percent 25 percent
Tables 35

Table 5. Values of parameters used in the calibrated rainfall-runoff models for selected stream-gaging stations in Vermont

Stream-gaging stations are shown in figure 2.

na, not applicable; 

carea_max, Maximum drainage area contributing to surface runoff in decimal percent of basin area; 

cecn_coef, Convection condensation energy coefficient, monthly, in calories per degrees Celsius above 0; 

chan_type, 1=rectangular open channel, 4=explicit specification of the kinematic parameters; 

chan_alpha, Kinematic parameter alpha for routing channel flow; 

chan_cmp, Kinematic parameter m for routing channel flow; 

chan_rough, Channel roughness parameter; 

cov_type, Vegetation cover type, 3=trees; 

drnpar, Drainage factor for redistribution of saturated moisture storage to soil recharge as a function of hydraulic conductivity, 

in inches per hour; 

emis_noppt, Emissivity of air on days without precipitation; 

epan_coef, Pan-evaporation coefficient; 

gwflow_coef, Ground-water routing coefficient for computing ground-water flow contribution to streamflow, in 1 per day; 

gwsink_coef, Ground-water sink coefficient to compute seepage from ground-water storage to sink, in 1 per day; 

gwstor_init, Initial storage in ground-water reservoir, in inches; 

hc, Parametric coefficient in raindrop flow-depth soil detachment relation; 

kf, Parametric coefficient in runoff detachment relation; 

Kpar, Hydraulic conductivity of the transmission zone, in inches per hour; 

kr, Parametric coefficient in raindrop flow-depth soil detachment relation; 

nchan, Number of channels; 

nhru, Number of hydrologic response units or subbasins; 

ofp_alpha, Kinematic parameter alpha for routing overland flow; 

ofp_cmp, Kinematic parameter m for routing overland flow; 

psp, The product of moisture deficit and capillary drive for soil recharge equal to field capacity, in inches; 

rain_adj, Monthly factor to adjust measured precipitation to account for differences in altitude; 

sfres_coef, Coefficient to route reservoir storage to streamflow; 

sfres_init, Initial storage of each surface reservoir, in cubic feet per second per day; 

sfres_qro, Initial outflow from each surface storage reservoir, in cubic feet per second; 

smidx_coef, Coefficient in non-linear contributing area algorithm; 

smidx_exp, Exponent in non-linear contributing area algorithm; 

soil_moist_init, Initial value of available water in soil profile, in inches; 

soil_moist_max, Maximum available water holding capacity of soil profile, in inches; 

soil_rechr_init, Initial value for soil recharge zone, in inches; 

soil_rechr_max, Maximum value for soil recharge zone, in inches; 

soil_type, 1=sand, 2=loam, 3=clay; 

soil2gw_max, Maximum amount of the soil water excess that is routed directly to the ground-water reservoir each day, in inches; 

srain_intcp, Summer rain interception storage, in inches; 

ssr2gw_exp, Coefficient in equation used to route water from subsurface to ground-water reservoirs; 

ssr2gw_rate, Coefficient in equation used to route water from subsurface to ground-water reservoirs; 

ssrcoef_lin, Coefficient to route subsurface storage to streamflow; 

ssrcoef_sq, Coefficient to route subsurface storage to streamflow; 

ssrmax_ceof, Coefficient to route subsurface storage to ground water; 

ssstor_init, Initial storage of subsurface reservoirs, in inches; 

strain_adj, Monthly factor to adjust measured precipitation to account for differences in altitude during storm runoff routing.
36 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

Table 5. Values of parameters used in the calibrated rainfall-runoff models for selected stream-gaging stations in Vermont--Continued

Parameter Kirby Brook Kent Brook Sacketts Brook Flood Brook Beaver 

Brook

Mettawee 

River 

Tributary

Lewis Creek 

Tributary Sunny Brook Stony Brook Brownington Branch

carea_max 0.96 0.99 0.98 0.7 0.9 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.96

cecn_coef 4.7 5 5 5.8 5 5.1 5 5 5.7 5

chan_type 4 1 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1

chan_alpha 99.3 na 51.4-100 1.1-1.4 .2-.9 na na na na na

chan_cmp 1.8 na .86 1.6 1.8 na na na na na

chan_rough na .11 na na na .01 .001 .0013 .01 .019

cov_type 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

drnpar 1.13 .3 1 1.87 1.98 1 2 1 2 .13

emiss_noppt .757 .757 .757 .757 .757 .757 .757 .757 .757 .757

epan_coef .37-.78 .38-.79 .47-.99 .44-.93 .72-1.51 .63-1.31 .47-.99 .46-.95 .44-.92 .37-.77

gwflow_coef .046 .056 .025 .0082 .04 .048 .048 .019 .021 .014

gwsink_coef 0 .0037 0 .029 0 0 0 .013 0 .049

gwstor_init .69 .41 .69 .71 .7 .5 .49 1.2 .5 .5

hc 10 .000001 10.6 9.9 10 10 10 10.5 9.9 10

kf 1 1 .99 .99 1 1 1 .39 1 1

kpar .59 .011 1.7 19.2 1.32 .5 3 .058 1.1 1.4

kr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.7 .69 1

nchan 5 1 5 3 5 1 1 1 1 1

nhru 10 2 10 6 10 2 2 2 2 2

ofp_alpha .014-.025 .001 .001-.0016 1.7-2.7 1.4-2.5 .003 .0094 .001 .2 .0011

ofp_cmp 2.3 3 3 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.6 3 1.1 3

psp .0022 12.3 .11 41.3 0 .5 .46 2.7 .46 .41

rain_adj 1 1.27 1 1 1 1.03 1 1.08 1 1.07

sfres_coef .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .12 .1 .1

sfres_init 0 0 1 .01 0 0 0 1.1 0 0

sfres_qro .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1

smidx_coef .0017 .0001 .00056 .031 .0052 .0001 .00053 .00014 .0066 .0055

smidx_exp .41 .26 .2 .2 .34 .2 .2 .26 .2 .28

soil_moist_init 1 1 1 1.3 1 1 1 1 1 1

soil_moist_max 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 1 1 1

soil_rechr_init 1 1 1 1.3 1 1 1 1 1 1

soil_rechr_max 1 1.7 1 .8 1 1 1 1 1 1

soil_type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

soil2gw_max .082 .15 .15 .15 2.1 .38 .016 .0011 0 .046

srain_intcp .0018 .0000001 -.049 .21 .051 .015 .45 3.8 .28 .33

ssr2gw_exp 1.2 .53 2.6 2.9 .33 3 .75 .77 2.1 1.3

ssr2gw_rate .076 .7 .045 .49 .0048 .36 .11 .29 .22 .11

ssrcoef_lin .00001 1 .031 .0038 .00013 .089 .1 .000024 .0055 .15

ssrcoef_sq .43 .28 .096 .3 .48 .15 .17 1 .16 .12

ssrmax_coef .92 .49 .83 1 1 1 1.1 .71 .97 .15

ssstor_init .6 .01 .59 .6 .6 .001 0 .62 0 .05

strain_adj .99 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.06 1 3.3
Tables 37

Table 8. Basin characteristics used in the regression-equation development

USGS 

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name

Drainage 

area,

(mi2

)

Percent of 

basin area that 

is lake or pond

Percent of 

basin area 

above 

1,200 feet

Northing of basin 

centroid in 

Vermont State 

Plane Coordinates

Mean annual 

precipitation 

(inches)

01052500 Diamond River near Wentworth Location, N.H. 153 0.336 100 274,367 48.6

01127880 Big Brook near Pittsburg, N.H. 6.52 .965 100 296,194 48.8

01129300 Halls Stream near East Hereford, Quebec 84.8 .040 95.8 293,409 43.6

01129400 Black Brook at Averill, Vt. 0.88 0 100 279,226 44.3

01129440 Mohawk River near Colebrook, N.H. 35.3 .407 100 266,508 47.2

01129700 Paul Stream Tributary near Brunswick, Vt. 1.48 .208 83.7 242,002 40.4

01130000 Upper Ammonoosuc River near Groveton, N.H. 230 .615 87.2 235,261 47.4

01133000 East Branch Passumpsic River near East Haven, Vt. 51.3 .791 89.5 245,264 44.7

01133200 Quimby Brook near Lyndonville, Vt. 2.15 .016 55.1 231,996 39.1

01133300 Cold Hill Brook near Lyndon, Vt. 1.64 .061 76.2 224,877 40.5

01133500 Passumpsic River near St. Johnsbury, Vt. 232 .462 71.4 236,275 42.7

01134500 Moose River at Victory, Vt. 75.2 .202 93.3 230,866 46.3

01134800 Kirby Brook at Concord, Vt. 8.13 .361 74.0 220,716 41.8

01135000 Moose River at St. Johnsbury, Vt. 129 .361 75.3 225,353 43.7

01135150 Pope Brook near N. Danville, Vt. 3.27 .038 98.7 220,797 44.0

01135300 Sleepers River near St. Johnsbury, Vt. 42.5 .095 62.5 219,474 41.9

01135500 Passumpsic River at Passumpsic, Vt. 434 .369 67.9 229,842 42.6

01135700 Joes Brook Tributary near East Barnet, Vt. .7 .045 14.2 204,569 37.6

01137500 Ammonoosuc River at Bethlehem Junction, N.H. 88.2 .038 100 195,295 63.8

01138000 Ammonoosuc River near Bath, N.H. 396 .263 69.8 190,917 48.1

01138800 Keenan Brook at Groton, Vt. 4.72 .107 86.0 187,270 42.2

01139000 Wells River at Wells River, Vt. 98.7 1.41 64.5 191,057 40.7

01139700 Waits River Tributary near West Topsham, Vt. 1.21 .047 100 184,057 43.4

01139800 East Orange Branch at East Orange, Vt. 8.79 .162 100 177,164 41.7

01140000 South Branch Waits River near Bradford, Vt. 43.8 .172 69.3 169,051 39.8

01140100 South Branch Waits River Tributary near 

Bradford Center, Vt.

0.21 0 6.0 168,480 37.8

01140800 West Branch Ompompanoosuc River Tributary at 

South Strafford, Vt.

1.35 .093 83.1 147,717 40.5

01141500 Ompompanoosuc River at Union Village, Vt. 131 .905 56.0 154,356 39.0

01141800 Mink Brook near Etna, N.H. 4.88 .289 90.6 133,909 40.8

01142000 White River near Bethel, Vt. 239 .070 86.4 149,394 47.8

01142400 Third Branch White River Tributary at Randolph, Vt. 0.83 0 55.3 160,525 39.6

01142500 Ayers Brook at Randolph, Vt. 30.5 .199 65.0 167,034 40.6

01144000 White River at West Hartford, Vt. 689 .192 68.9 154,018 43.2

01145000 Mascoma River at West Canaan, N.H. 80.4 1.54 64.6 133,345 41.6

01150800 Kent Brook near Killington, Vt. 3.26 .490 100 128,291 55.0

Table 8. Basin characteristics used in the regression-equation development

[All station locations are shown on figure 1; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; No., number; mi2, square miles]
38 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

01150900 Ottauquechee River near West Bridgewater, Vt. 23.3 0.841 97.8 128,834 52.6

01151200 Ottauquechee River Tributary near Quechee, Vt. .77 .126 8.7 130,162 38.8

01151500 Ottauquechee River at North Hartland, Vt. 222 .357 69.8 124,490 45.7

01152500 Sugar River at West Claremont, N.H. 270 4.31 53.4 100,439 41.2

01153000 Black River at North Springfield, Vt. 158 1.08 70.3 103,696 45.9

01153300 Middle Branch Williams River Tributary at 

Chester, Vt.

3.18 .058 56.4 88,259 43.0

01153500 Williams River at Brockways Mills, Vt. 102 .127 56.7 85,781 44.7

01153550 Williams River near Rockingham, Vt. 112 .129 52.3 85,113 44.4

01154000 Saxtons River at Saxtons River, Vt. 72.1 .208 55.6 72,567 45.7

01155000 Cold River at Drewsville, N.H. 83.4 3.63 65.3 76,618 40.9

01155200 Sacketts Brook near Putney, Vt. 10.2 .486 22.4 57,835 43.3

01155300 Flood Brook near Londonderry, Vt. 9.28 .403 100 83,942 51.2

01155350 West River Tributary near Jamaica, Vt. .93 .075 100 68,954 47.3

01155500 West River at Jamaica, Vt. 177 .662 93.3 80,594 50.4

01156000 West River at Newfane, Vt. 306 .501 84.6 73,352 49.8

01156300 Whetstone Brook Tributary near Marlboro, Vt. 1.08 1.04 100 40,691 50.3

01156450 Connecticut River Tributary near Vernon, Vt. 1.1 .083 0 31,703 44.7

01157000 Ashuelot River near Gilsum, N.H. 70.9 3.36 90.0 71,144 44.3

01158500 Otter Brook near Keene, N.H. 41.9 2.12 89.1 57,814 43.9

01160000 South Branch Ashuelot River at Webb, near 

Marlborough, N.H.

35.8 1.79 57.4 38,205 43.6

01161000 Ashuelot River at Hinsdale, N.H. 421 1.99 42.0 48,752 42.0

01161300 Millers Brook at Northfield, Mass. 2.31 .057 21.6 19,597 44.3

01165000 East Branch Tully River near Athol, Mass. 50.6 2.49 14.2 23,921 43.0

01165500 Moss Brook at Wendell depot, Mass. 12.2 1.18 0.50 16,273 42.9

01167800 Beaver Brook at Wilmington, Vt. 6.36 .520 100 39,854 53.0

01169000 North River at Shattuckville, Mass. 89.6 .326 74.6 26,424 49.3

01169900 South River near Conway, Mass. 24.1 .406 42.8 777 45.9

01170100 Green River near Colrain, Mass. 41.3 .450 65.1 32,903 49.0

01170200 Allen Brook near Shelburne falls, Mass. .72 1.11 0 12,253 43.5

01170900 Mill River near South Deerfield, Mass. 6.4 .033 0 -87 43.1

01178230 Mill Brook at Plainfield, Mass. 4.43 .424 100 3,391 47.9

01196990 Windsor Brook Tributary at Windsor, Mass. .3 0 100 2,328 52.8

01328000 Bond Creek at Dunham Basin, N.Y. 14.4 .075 0 93,990 37.2

01328900 Tanner Brook near Sunderland, Vt. 2.34 0 72.9 72,432 50.0

01329000 Batten Kill at Arlington, Vt. 150 .342 62.3 69,235 53.0

Table 8. Basin characteristics used in the regression-equation development--Continued

USGS 

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name

Drainage 

area,

(mi2)

Percent of 

basin area that 

is lake or pond

Percent of 

basin area 

above 

1,200 feet

Northing of basin 

centroid in 

Vermont State 

Plane Coordinates

Mean annual 

precipitation 

(inches)
Tables 39

01329154 Steele Brook at Shushan N.Y. 2.81 0 0 68,855 38.5

01329500 Batten Kill at Battenville, N.Y. 397 0.549 40.0 73,684 46.7

01331400 Dry Brook near Adams, Mass. 7.68 .163 98.6 7,591 50.0

01331500 Hoosic River at Adams, Mass. 46.7 2.10 71.5 6,560 46.9

01332000 North Branch Hoosic River at North Adams, Mass. 41.1 .276 84.7 29,678 51.9

01332500 Hoosic River near Williamstown, Mass. 132 .961 69.6 17,604 48.1

01333000 Green River at Williamstown, Mass. 42.4 .072 67.5 15,585 46.2

01333500 Little Hoosic River at Petersburg, N.Y. 55.3 .239 67.5 22,612 44.7

01333800 South Stream near Bennington, Vt. 7.71 1.11 69.4 33,294 48.2

01333900 Paran Creek near South Shaftsbury, Vt. 2.38 0 64.3 53,287 46.6

01334000 Walloomsac River near North Bennington, Vt. 116 .300 59.5 43,892 50.1

01334500 Hoosic River near Eagle Bridge, N.Y. 515 .368 54.4 30,814 45.7

04270800 English River near Mooers Forks, N.Y. 39.4 .105 9.1 273,087 32.1

04271815 Little Chazy River near Chazy, N.Y. 50.4 .431 7.7 260,180 32.8

04273500 Saranac River at Plattsburgh, N.Y. 608 5.68 88.6 220,074 38.3

04273700 Salmon River at South Plattsburgh, N.Y. 63.4 .274 31.3 235,849 33.1

04276200 Bouquet River at New Russia, N.Y. 37.6 .146 82.2 180,544 40.5

04276500 Bouquet River at Willsboro, N.Y. 272 .881 41.6 195,052 36.9

04276770 Mill Brook at Port Henry, N.Y. 27.1 1.61 63.7 174,784 38.3

04276842 Putnam Creek East of Crown Point Center, N.Y. 51.7 2.23 49.2 156,433 39.0

04278300 Northwest Bay Brook near Bolton Landing, N.Y. 22 1.19 54.1 132,885 41.8

04279400 Poultney River Tributary at East Poultney, Vt. 1.14 0 0 116,877 38.0

04280000 Poultney River below Fair Haven, Vt. 188 2.70 21.2 121,848 40.1

04280200 Mettawee River Tributary #2 at East Rupert, Vt. 1.66 0 86.0 84,510 54.4

04280300 Mettawee River Tributary near Pawlet, Vt. 2.09 .018 48.9 93,099 45.8

04280350 Mettawee River near Pawlet, Vt. 70.5 .036 59.1 91,677 48.2

04280450 Mettawee River near Middle Granville, N.Y. 167 1.15 34.6 96,691 43.7

04280900 Moon Brook at Rutland, Vt. 1.84 .268 29.1 124,370 44.4

04282000 Otter Creek at Center Rutland, Vt. 308 .759 72.2 110,502 48.8

04282200 Neshobe River at Brandon, Vt. 17.9 .091 66.3 150,054 45.5

04282300 Brandy Brook at Bread Loaf, Vt. 1.88 .062 100 162,601 48.2

04282500 Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt. 630 .758 54.4 128,144 44.9

04282525 New Haven River at Brooksville near 

Middlebury, Vt.

116 .122 63.0 176,729 44.2

04282550 Beaver Brook at Cornwall, Vt. 1.06 .150 0 164,217 35.3

04282600 Little Otter Creek Tributary near Bristol, Vt. 1.52 .041 0 184,921 36.7

Table 8. Basin characteristics used in the regression-equation development--Continued

USGS 

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name

Drainage 

area,

(mi2)

Percent of 

basin area that 

is lake or pond

Percent of 

basin area 

above 

1,200 feet

Northing of basin 

centroid in 

Vermont State 

Plane Coordinates

Mean annual 

precipitation 

(inches)
40 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

04282650 Little Otter Creek at Ferrisburg, Vt. 57.3 0.124 0.2 185,175 35.4

04282700 Lewis Creek Tributary at Starksboro, Vt. 5.34 .189 70.5 194,167 45.1

04282750 Lewis Creek Tributary #2 near Rockville, Vt. 1.23 .147 20.7 194,818 39.1

04282780 Lewis Creek at North Ferrisburg, Vt. 77.4 .820 22.4 194,096 39.2

04282795 Laplatte River at Shelburne Falls, Vt. 44.3 1.10 1.8 204,271 36.3

04282850 Winooski River Tributary #2 near Cabot, Vt. .58 0 100 215,714 44.9

04283470 Stevens Branch Tributary at South Barre, Vt. .49 .526 16.5 187,615 35.3

04286000 Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt. 395 1.20 62.8 199,451 40.5

04286500 Dog River at Northfield, Vt. 52 .243 81.6 178,943 41.8

04287000 Dog River at Northfield Falls, Vt. 76.6 .192 74.7 181,468 41.3

04287300 Sunny Brook near Montpelier, Vt. 2.38 0 31.1 198,551 39.8

04288000 Mad River near Moretown, Vt. 139 .047 73.4 186,136 46.8

04288400 Bryant Brook at Waterbury Center, Vt. 2.63 .039 33.5 211,456 45.9

04289600 Winooski River Tributary near Richmond, Vt. .71 0 34.3 215,233 38.2

04290700 Bailey Brook at East Hardwick, Vt. 2.55 1.04 95.8 227,357 42.8

04291000 Green River at Garfield, Vt. 15.9 6.86 97.6 239,564 45.5

04291500 Lamoille River at Cadys Falls, Vt. 268 1.69 67.9 228,695 43.3

04292000 Lamoille River at Johnson, Vt. 310 1.49 63.7 229,198 43.7

04292100 Stony Brook near Eden, Vt. 4.24 .644 82.4 246,254 48.5

04292150 Gihon River Tributary near Johnson, Vt. .47 .058 20.8 240,796 42.4

04292200 Lamoille River Tributary at Jeffersonville, Vt. .58 0 5.9 240,171 41.6

04292500 Lamoille River at East Georgia, Vt. 688 .883 46.5 234,270 45.1

04292700 Stone Bridge Brook near Georgia Plains, Vt. 8.41 .478 0 245,095 36.9

04293000 Missisquoi River near North Troy, Vt. 133 0.129 62.0 262,556 45.4

04293400 Whittaker Brook at Richford, Vt. .88 0 7.6 275,343 48.4

04293500 Missisquoi River near East Berkshire, Vt. 478 .717 35.4 280,419 45.3

04293800 Missisquoi River Tributary at Sheldon Junction, Vt. 1.73 .350 0 264,664 43.8

04294000 Missisquoi River at Swanton, Vt. 850 .614 27.8 272,042 46.0

04294200 Saxe Brook near Highgate Springs, Vt. 2.65 .391 0 274,996 37.7

04295900 Ware Brook near Coventry, Vt. 2.84 1.37 64.7 262,302 42.7

04296000 Black River at Coventry, Vt. 122 1.38 52.8 247,849 43.2

04296150 Lord Brook near Evansville, Vt. 4.61 .013 100 251,504 43.3

04296200 Brownington Branch near Evansville, Vt. 2.21 0 98.2 257,480 44.4

04296300 Pherrins River Tributary near Island Pond, Vt. 1.02 0 100 261,065 42.7

Table 8. Basin characteristics used in the regression-equation development--Continued

USGS 

streamgaging 

station No.

Station name

Drainage 

area,

(mi2)

Percent of 

basin area that 

is lake or pond

Percent of 

basin area 

above 

1,200 feet

Northing of basin 

centroid in 

Vermont State 

Plane Coordinates

Mean annual 

precipitation 

(inches)
APPENDIXES
42 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

APPENDIX 1: USE OF REGRESSION 

EQUATIONS WITH METRIC UNITS

The equations for estimating peak flow at 

recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 

500 years, and daily-mean discharges exceeded 25, 50, 

and 75 percent of the time when using metric units for 

drainage area and precipitation are as follows:

Q2 = 0.452A0.914L-0.294E0.0776Y-0.180, (1)

Q5 = 0.742A0.902L-0.295E0.0835Y-0.253, (2)

Q10 = 0.962A0.897L-0.302E0.0890Y-0.298, (3)

Q25 = 1.30A0.883L-0.316E0.104Y-0.349, (4)

Q50 = 1.59A0.874L-0.327E0.115Y-0.385, (5)

Q100 = 1.90A0.865L-0.336E0.125Y-0.420, (6)

Q500 = 2.75A0.846L-0.355E0.148Y-0.497, (7)

D75 = (4.28x10-8)A1.08P1.55E0.101, (8)

D50 = (9.73x10-8)A1.04P1.58E0.0603, and (9)

D25 = (3.08x10-7)A1.01P1.55E0.0438. (10)

where

Qn is the calculated peak flow for recurrence 

interval n, in cubic meters per second;

Dn is the estimated daily discharge exceeded 

n percent of the time, in cubic meters per 

second;

A is the drainage area of the basin, in square 

kilometers, delineated with a GIS (boundaries 

for the drainage areas were from a 14-digit 

hydrologic-unit coverage (Natural Resources 

Conservation Service, 1996) or digitized when 

a basin’s boundary was not defined by this GIS 

coverage);

L is the area of lakes and ponds in a basin as a 

percentage of drainage area, plus 1 percent, 

determined using a GIS from the 1:24,000 

scale National Hydrography Dataset (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 2001c) and includes all 

features in the dataset having lake or pond 

boundaries even ones as small as several 

hundreths of an acre and pooled areas of 

streams;

E is the percentage of the basin at or greater than 

1,200 feet (365.7 meters) in altitude, plus 

1 percent, computed from the National 

Elevation Dataset (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2001b) with a GIS.

Y is the northing of the centroid of the drainage 

basin determined with a GIS, in the Vermont 

State Plane coordinate system, divided by 

100,000, then increased by 1; and

P is the basinwide mean of the mean-annual 

precipitation, in millimeters, determined with a 

GIS and the PRISM dataset (Daly, 2000), 

resampled with bilinear interpolation to a 

30-m-cell resolution using the GIS, 

ARC/INFO RESAMPLE command 

(Environmental Systems Research Institute, 

Inc., 1994). Precipitation data from Canada 

(Ghislain Jacques, Environment Quebec, 

written commun., January 17, 2002) were used 

along the northern Vermont border where the 

PRISM data are not available).
Appendixes 43

REFERENCES CITED

Daly, Christopher, 2000, PRISM (Parameter-elevation 

Regressions on Independent Slopes Model), U.S. 

Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources 

Conservation Service Climate Mapping Project: 

National Water and Climate Center, Oregon State 

University Partnership.

Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI), 

1994, ARC/INFO users guide, version 7.0: Redlands, 

Calif. 

Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1996, Watershed 

boundaries of Vermont based on U.S. hydrologic units, 

accessed December 21, 2001, at URL http://geovt.uvm.edu/cfdev2/warehouse_new/data/moreinfoquer

y.cfm?covername=WATSHED/.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2001a, National elevation dataset, 

accessed December 21, 2001, at URL 

http://edcnts12.cr.usgs.gov/ned/.

———2001b, National hydrography dataset, accessed 

December 21, 2001, at URL http://nhd.usgs.gov/.
44 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

Appendix 2. Areas of Vermont above 1,200 feet in altitude.
Appendixes 45

Appendix 3. Northing of the Vermont State Plane coordinate system.
46 Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

Appendix 4. Mean-annual precipitation in Vermont. (Modified from Daly, 2000)