# Patent

## Title
Rigid urethane self-skinning foam dolly

## Abstract

The present invention provides a top frame made from a thermoset foam material. The top frame includes a pair of substantially parallel sides and a pair of substantially parallel ends connected to the sides to form a generally rectangular frame structure. The frame structure has an inner layer and outer surface defining a thickness. The thermoset foam material varies in density along the frame structure thickness such that the density of the thermoset foam material is greatest near the frame structure outer surface to form a hard outer shell.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present Application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/290,601, filed Nov. 7, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/411,501, filed Nov. 9, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.


FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to an improved top frame, pallet support board, pallet, dolly, insulated tote, and other related items, and a material and process for making the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Plastic pallets have long been used to transport and store goods and other materials. Plastic top frames have been used with the plastic pallets to secure a load of goods or materials to the pallet. The frames allow for placement of bands or straps around the pallet and goods to prevent the load from slipping on or falling off the pallet.
The load is placed on the pallet, and the top frame is placed on top of the load. The load is then secured to the pallet by wrapping straps or banding around the pallet, the load, and the top frame. The banding can be plastic, metal or other suitable material. The top frame can also facilitate stacking of pallets during transport or storage.
Additionally, plastic pallet support boards have been used to allow pallets of different sizes to be more easily handled. For example, a warehousing operation may employ different sized pallets to move or store goods or materials. The different sized pallets are placed on pallet support boards to facilitate handling in a more standardized manner. Some users place goods or materials directly on the pallet support boards. Known plastic pallets can be heavy. Known plastic pallets, pallet support boards, and top frames are also more expensive than their wooden counterparts.
Plastic dollies are used to move materials from one place to another. Plastic dollies have casters to allow loads to be placed upon the dolly and more easily move the load from place to place. Known dollies are made from a thermoplastic material, and are roto-molded, making them hollow. Dollies made this way are subject to breakage due to use and abuse. These dollies are also heavy and expensive to manufacture.
Totes are currently sometimes used to carry materials requiring temperature control. This requires the materials to be placed in insulated bags, and the bags placed inside the totes. Also, styrofoam containers are sometimes used. Items are placed in the styrofoam containers, which are then placed inside the totes. Styrofoam containers do not stand up to repeated use.
Many of the prior transportation and storage components used in the industry have one or more problems. Some are formed with expensive and/or heavy materials, such as thermoplastic. Others are formed from wood or fiberboard, which can crack or rot. Some use multiple extruded pieces which require additional assembly and risk becoming loose (e.g., a top frame formed from extruded top frame arms connected by corner pieces). Others have hollow portions that can become contaminated if cracked. The present invention is an improvement on all of these.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an improved pallet, top frame, pallet support board, dolly, insulated tote, and other similar items formed from a thermoset foam material. The thermoset foam material provides sufficient strength characteristics while being lightweight and easy to handle.
In one embodiment, a top frame made from a thermoset foam material is provided. The top frame includes a pair of substantially parallel sides and a pair of substantially parallel ends connected to the sides to form a generally rectangular frame structure. The frame structure has an inner layer and an outer surface. The frame structure also has a thickness. The top frame is made from a thermoset foam material. The thermoset foam material varies in density along the frame structure thickness such that the density of the thermoset foam material is greatest nearest the outer surface to form a hard outer shell.
In another embodiment, the top frame for use in combination with a transport item, such as a pallet, carrying goods is provided. The top frame includes a unitary frame formed from a thermoplastic foam having an interior foam portion and an exterior surface foam portion. The interior foam portion has a first foam density. The exterior surface foam portion has a second foam density greater than the first foam density. The exterior foam portion forms a hard skin surrounding the interior foam portion.
In another embodiment, a pallet support board made from a thermoset foam material is provided. The pallet support board includes a generally rectangular deck having an inner layer and an outer surface defining a thickness. Again, the thermoset foam material varies in density along the pallet support board thickness such that the density of the thermoset foam material is greatest near the pallet support board outer surface to form a hard outer shell.
In a further embodiment, a pallet made from a thermoset foam material is provided. The pallet includes a deck having an inner layer and an outer surface defining a thickness. Similar to the top frame and pallet support board, the thermoset foam material varies in density along the pallet thickness such that the density of the thermoset foam material is greatest near the pallet outer surface to form a hard outer shell. In other embodiments, the top frame, pallet support board, and pallet include a substrate coated with a polyurea material.
In another embodiment a tote made from a thermoset foam material is provided. The tote includes a pair of opposing side walls and a pair of opposing end walls. It also includes a lid having a first side and a second side. The tote includes a liner. The liner is sized and shaped to be inserted into the tote. The tote also includes a cover to be placed on top of the liner, and still allow the lid to completely close.
In a further embodiment a dolly made from a thermoset foam material is provided. The dolly has includes a body. The body includes a caster at each corner. The body includes an elevated edge and an opening in its center.
The pallet support board, top frame, pallet, tote, and dolly can be made of a “self-skinning” foam. Alternatively, they may also have a generally uniform density throughout their thickness.
Thermoset foam is lighter and less expensive than its plastic counterparts in the manufacture of pallets, top frames, or pallet support boards and other related components. Moreover, thermoset materials do not have the memory or “creep” inherent in thermoplastics, rather the material keeps its shape when heated and over extended use. Additionally, such items made according to the present invention are made of a single piece.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following specification taken in conjunction with the following Figures.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
To understand the present invention, it will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying Figures in which:
FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a pallet support board in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a side plan view of a pallet support board in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an end plan view of a pallet support board in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a pallet support board in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4A is a top perspective view of a pallet support board in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of a top frame in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a side plan view of a top frame in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is an end plan view of a top frame in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a top plan view of a top frame in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8A is a top perspective view of a top frame in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a top perspective view of a pallet in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a reinforcement in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a reinforcement in accord with an embodiment of the present invention
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a reinforcement in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a reinforcement in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a top frame in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a schematic view showing the process for making self-skinning foam in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a plan view of a dolly in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 17 is a side view of a dolly in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 18 is a perspective view of an insulated tote in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 19 is a perspective view of an insulated tote in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional perspective view of an insulated tote in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a dolly in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 22 is a perspective view of an insulated tote in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 23 is a perspective view of an insulated tote in accord with an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms, there is shown in the Figures, and will herein be described in detail, preferred embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention, and is not intended to limit the broad aspect of the invention to the embodiments illustrated.
FIGS. 1 through 4A show a pallet support board 10 made in accord with an embodiment of the present invention. The pallet support board 10 is made from a thermoset foam material. Suitable thermoset foam materials can include polyurethane foam, urethane foam, epoxy foam, phenolic foam, syntactic foam, polyaspartic foam, and hybrids of these foams. In a preferred embodiment, polyurethane foam is used. The pallet support board 10 includes a generally rectangular deck 12 having an inner layer 13 and an outer surface 15. The inner layer 13 and outer surface 15 define a thickness 18. A typical thickness 18 is on the order of 1⁄4 to 11⁄2 inches, however, the deck 12 can be of any suitable thickness for its intended application. The deck 12 also includes a pair of opposing ends 20, and a pair of opposing sides 22. The pallet support board 10 can be made in any size suitable for its application.
In an embodiment, both of the opposing ends 20 and opposing sides 22 include tapered sections 24 along an outer edge 25. It will be understood that the tapered sections 24 need not be on both the opposing ends 20 and opposing sides 22. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 4A, the tapered sections 24 may extend substantially along the entire length of one or both of the opposing ends 20 and/or opposing sides 22.
In one embodiment, the tapered sections 24 are tapered across the thickness 18 from an upper surface 14 and lower surface 16. The tapered sections 24 are sized and located to accept forklift tines during handling and transport. The deck 12 also includes on at least one of the upper surface 14 or lower surface 16 banding slots 28 to accommodate bands used to secure the pallet support board 10 to an associated loaded pallet or other item placed on the board. In one embodiment, at least portions of the upper surface 14 and/or lower surface 16 of the pallet support board 10 have an exterior skin that is rubberized or texturized to help prevent slippage between the pallet support board 10 and the load with which it is used. The pallet support board 10 may include hand holds 26 which extend through at least part of the thickness 18.
In an embodiment of the pallet support board 10, the foam varies in density along the thickness 18 of the deck 12 such that the density is greater nearest the outer surface 15, including upper and lower surfaces 14 and 16, than in the center of the thickness 18. The density can vary continuously across the thickness 18, or there can be two or more discrete layers of similar density, e.g., an inner density and an outer (i.e., skin) density. The density of the foam material near the outer surface 15 such that the foam creates a hard outer shell. Such material may include a “self-skinning” foam further described below. The higher density foam at the outer surfaces provides impact resistance and deflection strength as well as a hard surface and a stiff structure. In other embodiments, the pallet support board 10 is a generally uniform density throughout the thickness 18.
In a preferred polyurethane foam embodiment, the foam is created from mixing two components: isocyanate and polyol. The formulation of the components is determined by the desired characteristics of the finished foam. In a preferred embodiment, the foam has a density in the range of 6 to 27 pounds per cubic foot, and more preferably in a range between 8 and 18 pounds per cubic foot, with higher densities at the outer surface 15, including upper and lower surfaces 14 and 16.
To make a polyurethane foam pallet support board 10, the isocyanate and polyol are mixed either mechanically or manually. The polyol is available from Burtin Polymer Laboratories of Cartersville, Ga. In an embodiment of the invention, fire retardant materials may be added into the foam mixture to enhance resistance to fire. Coloring agents can also be added to the foam mixture for any desired color. The mixture is injected or poured into a tool cavity, where it will remain until cured. The foam is preferably molded using either reactive injection molding (RIM) or resin transfer molding (RTM) processes, although any suitable molding process may be used, including manually mixing and pouring the mixture into a mold cavity. After the mixture is poured into the mold, it must cure for a specified time depending on the formulation of the components. After curing, the foam pallet support board is ejected from the tool cavity either mechanically or manually.
One embodiment of the process 600 by which the self-skinning urethane foam is made is shown in FIG. 15. The process 600 includes a first tank 602 containing isocyanate. A second tank 604 contains polyol. The materials from tanks 602 and 604 are directed to a meter 606. The meter 606 measures the desired amounts of isocyanate and polyol and their flow rates. The polyol is preferably heated at the meter 606 by a heater 608 to a temperature of approximately 125 degrees Fahrenheit. Thermally activated foam is preferable to chemically activated foam. After metering, the polyol and isocyanate are combined and inserted into an aluminum mold 610.
It has been found that eight pound per cubic foot density foam, constrained by the mold 610 creates the desired density and strength of material and the self-skinning feature of the foam. This desired density of the molded foam is between ten and nineteen pounds per cubic feet. Additionally, it has been found that maintaining the temperature of the mold 610 to between 80 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit results in the skin forming with the desired results. The closer to 80 degrees, the thicker the outer skin. It is believed that these temperatures result in the urethane in the foam solidifying where the foam meets the mold 610. It has also been found that keeping the temperature of the materials warmer than the mold 610 before the material is inserted into the mold 610 could be important to proper skin formation. The self-skinning can also be accomplished using a foam formulation that would provide such skinning.
The mold 610 interior surfaces may be textured using known means such as sandblasting or acid etching. This creates a corresponding texture 612 (see FIG. 14) in the exterior surface of the outer skin of a product formed in the mold.
In addition, the mixture of polyol and isocyanate can have one or more fillers added to reduce the cost of manufacture. Suitable fillers include ceramic microballoons, recycled glass, calcium carbonate and wollastonite. Ceramic microballoons provide an additional advantage in that they are 20% lighter than the foam, and add strength to the foam. Additionally, differing formulations for the polyol and isocyanate formulations can provide differing outer skin thickness.
In operation, the process includes the steps of providing a desired formulation of isocyanate and polyol. At least one of the isocyanate and polyol are heated to a temperature of between 80 and 125 degrees Fahrenheit. The isocyanate and polyol are combined to form a foam solution. The foam solution is injected into the mold 610. Alternatively, the isocyanate and polyol are injected separately and mixed within the mold 610. The mold 610 is heated to a temperature of between eighty and one hundred degrees Fahrenheit, preferably nearer eighty degrees. After injection, the foam mixture expands to fill the mold 610. The mixture is left to cure within the mold 610. The mold 610 constricts the expansion of the foam mixture to increase its density to the desired density. After curing, the finished product is removed from the mold.
In another embodiment, the finished foam pallet support board 10 may be coated with a polyurea material coating. The polyurea coating will increase the deflection strength of the pallet support board 10, as well as increase its impact resistance, surface toughness, and wear resistance. In addition, the polyurea coating can have a textured surface to meet any desired friction characteristics. In an embodiment of the invention, a substrate such as a low, medium, or high density fiber board, or plywood can be coated with polyurea foam. A contemplated polyurea coating that may be used is Line-X or Bullet-Liner, available from Burtin Polymer Laboratories of Cartersville, Ga.
FIGS. 5 through 8A and 14 show a top frame 100 formed from a structural thermoset foam material in accord with an embodiment of the present invention. The top frame 100 has a pair of substantially parallel sides or legs 102 and a pair of substantially parallel ends or legs 104. The sides 102 and ends 104 are connected to form a generally rectangular unitary frame structure 106 having a central opening 107. The frame structure 106 can be sized in accord with its intended use. The frame structure 106 has an inner layer 105 and outer surface 109, including upper surface 108 and a lower surface 110. The upper surface 108 and lower surface 110 are separated by foam having a thickness 112. The thickness 112 typically is on the order of 1⁄4 to 11⁄2 inches, but may be any thickness suitable for its intended application. In an embodiment, the top frame 100 includes one or more bracing members extending between the sides 102 and/or ends 104 and/or corners.
At least one of the sides 102 or ends 104 includes a tapered section 114 along an outer edge. It will be understood that the tapered sections 114 need not be on both the sides 102 and ends 104. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 8A, the tapered sections 114 may extend substantially along the entire length of the ends 104 and/or sides 102. In one embodiment, the tapered sections 114 are tapered from both the upper surface 108 and lower surface 110. The tapered sections 114 are sized and located to accept forklift tines during handling and transport. The frame structure 106 also includes banding slots 116 on at least one of its upper surface 108 or lower surface 110 to accommodate bands used to secure the top frame 100 to an associated pallet.
Suitable thermoset foam materials can include polyurethane foam, urethane foam, epoxy foam, phenolic foam, syntactic foam, polyaspartic foam, and hybrids of these foams. In a preferred embodiment, polyurethane foam is used. The polyurethane foam material is made in the same general process and with the same general characteristics as described above with respect to the pallet support board 10.
In an embodiment, the frame 100 is formed such that the foam varies in density along the thickness 112 of the frame structure 106 to have a density greater nearest the outer surface 109, including upper and lower surfaces 108 and 110, than in the center of the thickness 112. The density can vary continuously across the thickness 112, or there can be two or more discrete layers of similar density, e.g., an inner density and an outer (i.e., skin) density. In other embodiments, the top frame 100 is a generally uniform density throughout the thickness 112. The density of the foam material near the outer surface 109, and upper and lower surfaces 108 and 110 are such that the foam creates a hard outer shell. Such material may include a “self-skinning” foam as described above. A frame 100 made by this method weighs approximately seven to eight pounds. In one embodiment, at least portions of the upper surface 108 and/or lower surface 110 of the top frame 100 have an exterior skin which is rubberized or texturized to help prevent slippage between the top frame 100 and the load with which it is used.
In another embodiment, the finished foam top frame 100 may be coated with a polyurea material coating. The polyurea coating will increase the deflection strength of the top frame 100, as well as increase its impact resistance, surface toughness, and wear resistance. In addition, the polyurea coating can have a textured surface to meet any desired friction characteristics. In an embodiment of the invention, a substrate such as a low, medium, or high density fiber board, or plywood can be coated with polyurea foam. A contemplated polyurea coating that may be used is Line-X or Bullet-Liner, available from Burtin Polymer Laboratories of Cartersville, Ga.
In an embodiment, the top frame 100 is molded using the same process as described above with respect to the pallet support board 10. Similarly, the top frame 100 can be made from a foam or other substrate, and coated with polyurea material as disclosed above with respect to the pallet support board 10. The polyurea material may be textured to include any desirable friction characteristics.
FIG. 14 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a top frame 100 made in accord with an embodiment of the present invention in which a self-skinning foam is used. The top frame 100 includes an outer layer or skin 111 formed by the process 600 of the present invention. The top frame 100 also includes an inner layer 105. The inner layer 105 is essentially uniform in density, while the outer skin 111 is more dense than the inner layer 105. The outer skin 111 is durable and hard to withstand and resist cuts, abrasions and wear. The pallet board 10, pallet 200, insulated tote 400, and dolly 500 made with the self-skinning foam of this method will have a similar structure.
FIG. 9 shows a pallet 200 in accord with an embodiment of the present invention. The pallet 200 has a deck 202 with an inner layer 203 and outer surface 205 having an upper surface 204 and a lower surface 206. Extending from the lower surface 206 are a plurality of legs 208. The legs 208 support a load placed on the upper surface 204. A thickness 210 extends between the upper surface 204 and lower surface 206. A typical thickness 210 is on the order of 1⁄4 to 11⁄2 inches, but the deck 202 can be of any suitable thickness for its intended application. The deck 202 also includes a pair of opposing ends 212, and a pair of opposing sides 214. The pallet 200 can be made in any size suitable for its application.
In one embodiment, at least portions of the upper surface 204 and/or lower surface 206 of the pallet 200 have an exterior skin that is rubberized or texturized to help prevent slippage between the pallet 200 and the load with which it is used. In another embodiment, the upper surface 204 includes indented portions 218 corresponding to the legs 208 of a second pallet 200 for stacking one pallet 200 on top of another.
The pallet 200 is also made of a thermoset foam material. Suitable thermoset foam materials can include polyurethane foam, urethane foam, epoxy foam, phenolic foam, syntactic foam, polyaspartic foam, and hybrids of these foams. In a preferred embodiment, polyurethane foam is used. The polyurethane foam material is made in the same general process and with the same general characteristics as described above with respect to the pallet support board 10.
In an embodiment, the foam varies in density along the thickness 210 of the deck 202 such that the density is greater nearest the outer surface 205, including surfaces 204 and 206, than in center of the thickness 210. The density can vary continuously across the thickness 210, or there can be two or more discrete layers of similar density, e.g., an inner density and an outer (i.e., skin) density. In other embodiments, the pallet 200 is a single density throughout the thickness 210. The density of the foam material near the outer surface 205, including surfaces 204 and 206 are such that the foam creates a hard outer shell. Such material may include a “self-skinning” foam as described above.
In another embodiment, the finished foam pallet 200 may be coated with a polyurea material coating. The polyurea coating will increase the deflection strength of the pallet 200, as well as increase its impact resistance, surface toughness, and wear resistance. In addition, the polyurea coating can have a textured surface to meet any desired friction characteristics. In an embodiment of the invention, a substrate such as a low, medium, or high density fiber board, or plywood can be coated with polyurea foam. A contemplated polyurea coating that may be used is Line-X or Bullet-Liner, available from Burtin Polymer Laboratories of Cartersville, Ga.
FIGS. 18 through 20 and 22 through 23 show an insulated tote 400 of embodiments of the present invention. The tote 400 includes a pair of opposing side walls 402 and a pair of opposing end walls 404 and lid 406. As shown in FIGS. 22 and 34, it also can include a lid 406 having a first side 408 and a second side 410.
In one embodiment, the tote 400 includes a liner 412 made of a self-skinning rigid urethane foam as described above to form an inner layer 413 and outer surface 415. It has been found that the self-skinning rigid urethane foam insulates better than current polystyrene liners, or other insulating materials. Moreover, the self-skinning foam is much more durable. Its hard outer skin is resistant to abrasions, cuts and wear. The liner 412 is sized and shaped to be inserted into the tote 400. The tote 400 also includes a self-skinning urethane foam cover 414 to be placed on top of the liner 412, and still allow the lid 406 to completely close.
In another embodiment, the tote 400 is completely made of self-skinning rigid urethane foam, including the side walls 402, end walls 404, and lid 406. In a third embodiment, all but the lid 406 is made of self-skinning rigid urethane foam. The tote 400 in these two embodiments does not require a liner 412, but one may be provided for additional insulation.
In a further embodiment a dolly 500 is provided in FIGS. 16, 17 and 21. The dolly 500 has includes a body 502. The body 502 includes a caster 504 at each corner. The body 502 includes an elevated edge 506 and an opening 508 in its center. The body has an inner layer 510 and outer surface 512. Current dollies are made using a rotomold process known in the art. Current dollies are hollow and made of a thermoplastic. Dollies are subject to rough treatment. The dolly 500 of an embodiment of the present invention is made of the self-skinning urethane foam as described above to create the inner layer 510 and outer surface 512. This provides a more durable dolly. The outer skin is hard and resists abrasions, cuts and wear better than thermoplastic dollies.
In one embodiment of the invention, the decks 12, frame structure 106 and deck 202 of the pallet support board 10, top frame 100, and pallet 200 can include a reinforcing material disposed within their respective thicknesses 18, 112, and 210. The reinforcing material can be any one or more of woven or continuous strand glass matting, glass fiber, chopped fiberglass, metal tubing, plastic tubing, pultruded glass rod, graphite fibers, Honeywell's Spectra® brand polyethylene fibers, microballoons, nanomaterials, wood or balsa fragments or dust, polyester fibers or components, and shaped metal plates. Other suitable reinforcing materials can also be used. In a preferred embodiment, the reinforcing material is a fiberglass or polyester continuous strand mat or Hi-Lo fiberglass mesh. These reinforcing materials can be provided by Superior Fibers, LLC, of Bremen, Ohio or Fiberboard Industries of Amsterdam, N.Y. The material is placed in the mold before either injection or pouring.
FIGS. 10 through 13 show several examples of reinforcing materials that may be used with either of the pallet support board 10, top frame 100, or pallet 200. FIG. 10 shows in cross-section of thickness 18 of a deck 12 with a fiberglass matting or other fiber reinforcing material 300 disposed within. The matting or fiber 300 can be oriented to extend along one or more directions of the deck, or in a cross-hatch pattern. The matting 300 may or may not extend the entire length of the deck.
FIG. 11 shows in cross-section of thickness 18 of a deck 12 with a plurality of tubes 302 for reinforcing the deck 12. The tubes 302 extend along preferably either the length or width of the deck 12, but may be arranged in both directions. The tubes 302 may or may not extend the entire length of the deck. In embodiments of the invention, the tubes 302 can be made of plastic or metal, preferably steel, and can be in a variety of shapes. These shapes can include round, square, T-shapes, L-shapes, I-shaped, or any other suitable shape.
FIG. 12 shows in cross-section of thickness 18 of a deck 12 with a plurality of pultruded glass rods 304 for reinforcing the deck 12. The rods 304 extend along preferably either the length or width of the deck 12, but may be arranged in both directions. The rods 304 can be in a variety of shapes. These shapes can include round, square, T-shapes, L-shapes, I-shaped, or any other suitable shape.
FIG. 13 shows in cross-section of thickness 18 of a deck 12 with a plurality of plates 306 for reinforcing the deck 12. The plates 306 extend along preferably either the length or width of the deck 12, but may be arranged in both directions. The plates 306 may or may not extend the entire length of the deck. In embodiments of the invention, the plates 306 can be made of plastic or metal, preferably steel, and can be in a variety of shapes. These shapes can include M-shaped as shown, V-shaped, X-shaped, or any other suitable shape.
It will be understood that although FIGS. 10 through 13 were discussed with respect to a deck 12 of a pallet support board 10, the principles will apply equally to frame structure 106 and deck 202 of the top frame 100, pallet 200, insulated tote 400, and dolly 500 embodiments. In an embodiment of the invention, the reinforcing materials are placed by hand in the tool cavity before the foam mixture is poured or injected into the tool cavity. Hand placement would be appropriate for larger reinforcing materials such as steel rods and glass matting. Alternatively, where the reinforcing material would permit, the reinforcing material can be mixed with foam mixture either prior to or during the injection molding process.
While the invention has been particularly described with respect to pallet support boards, top frames, pallets, dollies, and totes, the invention may also be used with other materials used to transport and store goods and materials, including top caps, bulk bins, or other suitable applications. Many of these items will be in one piece with each of the components integrally connected or formed with the other components.
While the specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications come to mind without significantly departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of protection is only limited by the scope of the accompanying Claims.

## Claims

1. A dolly comprising:
a generally planar body having a top side and a bottom side, the top side adapted to support an item,
the body having first and second opposing side members and first and second opposing end members extending between the opposing side members forming a generally planar frame having a central opening bordered by the frame;
a plurality of wheels extending from the bottom side of the frame;
the frame having an inner layer and an outer surface, and having a thickness and being made from a thermoset foam material varying in density along the thickness such that the density of the thermoset foam material is greatest at approximately the outer surface.

2. The dolly of claim 1 wherein the thermoset foam material includes at least one foam material selected from the group consisting of polyurethane foam, urethane foam, epoxy foam, phenolic foam, syntactic foam, and polyaspartic foam.

3. The dolly of claim 1 further including a fire retardant material mixed with the thermoset foam material.

4. The dolly of claim 1 wherein the density varies continuously across the thickness.

5. The dolly of claim 1 wherein the density is generally uniform across the thickness.

6. The dolly of claim 1 wherein the thermoset material includes a filler.

7. The dolly of claim 6 wherein the filler is selected from the group consisting of ceramic microballoons, calcium carbonate, wollastonite, and glass.

8. The dolly of claim 6 wherein the filler comprises ceramic microballoons.

9. The dolly of claim 1 wherein the thermoset foam material is self-skinning.

10. The dolly of claim 1 wherein the body further comprises an elevated edge extending upward a first distance along a periphery of each of the side and end members.

11. The dolly of claim 10 wherein the body includes four corners and each corner includes an extension extending upward a second distance greater than the first distance.

12. A dolly comprising:
a generally planar unitary body having a top side and a bottom side, the top side adapted to support an item, a first side member, a second side member opposing the first side member, a first end member, a second end member opposing the first end member, the first and second end members extending between the opposing first and second side members to form a single piece frame structure having a central opening bordered by the frame structure, the opposing first and second sides and first and second ends formed from a thermoset foam and having an interior foam portion and an exterior surface foam portion, the interior foam portion having a first foam density and the exterior surface foam portion having a second foam density greater than the first foam density, the exterior foam portion forming a hard skin surrounding the interior foam portion.

13. The dolly of claim 12 wherein the thermoset foam is self-skinning.

14. The dolly of claim 12 wherein the thermoset foam includes at least one foam material selected from the group consisting of polyurethane foam, urethane foam, epoxy foam, phenolic foam, syntactic foam, and polyaspartic foam.

15. The dolly of claim 12 wherein the thermoset foam includes a filler.

16. The dolly of claim 15 wherein the filler is selected from the group consisting of ceramic microballoons, calcium carbonate, wollastonite, and glass.

17. The dolly of claim 12 further including a wheel generally at each corner of the body.

18. The dolly of claim 12 further comprising a central opening in the body.

19. The dolly of claim 12 wherein the body further comprises an elevated edge extending upward a first distance along a periphery of each of the side and end members.

20. The dolly of claim 19 wherein the body includes four corners and each corner includes an extension extending upward a second distance greater than the first distance.