September 18,2009 

Terry Graumann, Manager 

Environmental Services 

Otter Tail Power Company 

PO Box 496 

Fergus Falls, MN 56538-0496 

Re: BART Modeling Protocol 

Dear Mr. Graumann: 

DEPARTMENT of ENVIRONMENT 

and NATURAL RESOURCES 

PMB 2020 

JOE FOSS BUILDING 

523 EAST CAPITOL 

PIERRE, SOUTH DAKOTA 57501·3182 

www.state.sd.us/denr 

The South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has been 

working with Otter Tail Power Company; the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 

8; Fish and Wildlife Service; Forest Service; and National Park Service to determine if Otter Tail 

Power Company's Big Stone I facility near Big Stone City, South Dakota is reasonably 

anticipated to cause or contribute to any impairment of visibility at a federal Class I area in South 

Dakota or in a neighboring state. This evaluation is required since DENR determined that Big 

Stone I is a BART eligible source. 

Otter Tail Power Company submitted an individual source analysis on March 19,2008, which 

was not acceptable by all parties. The end result was the request for a BART modeling protocol 

that was approval by everyone and once that was achieved, Otter Tail Power Company would 

run the model using the approved protocol and submit the results to DENR. Otter Tail Power 

Company submitted a modeling protocol for Big Stone I dated June 2009 (see Attachment A). 

After several submittals and conference calls, Otter Tail Power Company committed to make the 

following changes to the protocol in an email dated August 31, 2009 (see Attachment B): 

• Although Otter Tail Power Company attached the CALMET switches it would use, it 

committed to using the CALMET switches recommended and approved by EPA and 

Federal Land Managers (FLMs) dated August 20, 2009. However, to ensure the most upto-date CALMET switches are used, DENR is requiring Otter Tail Power Company to 

use the CALMET switches identified in EPA's memorandum dated August 31, 2009, 

from Tyler J Fox, Group Leader, Air Quality Modeling Group, to EPA Regional 

Modeling Contacts. The date on the listing of CAL MET switches is August 28, 2009. 

The memorandum may be viewed in Attachment C. 
• Otter Tail Power Company committed to use the CALPUFF switches that Penny 

Shamblin, with Hunton and Williams, submitted to DENR by email on August 19,2009. 

Although the document contains CALMET switches, only the CALPUFF switches (see 

Attachment D) in this email will be used by Otter Tail Power Company in the BART 

analysis. The CALMET switches mentioned above will be the ones used in the analysis. 

• Otter Tail Power Company proposes to revise the June 2009 modeling protocol by using 

a 12 kilometer MMS grid and a 4 kilometer CALMET grid rather than the 4 kilometer 

MMS grid and 4 kilometer CALMET grid identified in the June 2009 modeling protocol. 

DENR reviewed other acceptable modeling protocols and is acceptable to this change. 

• Although Otter Tail Power Company may run POSTUTIL option MNITRATE=2 for its 

own purposes, the modeling results DENR will accept for the BART analysis will be 

MNITRATE=I. 

The CALPUFF switches Otter Tail Power Company is recommending contains five switches that 

are different then those recommended by EPA as defaults. The following identifies the variable, 

EPA's default, recommended default by Otter Tail Power Company, and DENR's response: 

• "NSPEC" - Identifies the number of species modeled. The EPA default is S and Otter 

Tail Power Company is proposing 11, which follows the FLM guidance on particle 

speciation and size. DENR is agreeable to this change. 

• "NSE" - Number of species emitted. The EPA default is 3 and Otter Tail Power 

Company is proposing 9. 

• "MSPLIT" - Allows puffing. The EPA default is 0 (No) and Otter Tail Power 

Company is proposing 1 (Yes). Puff splitting in necessary due to the distance from Big 

Stone I to a federal Class I area. DENR is agreeable to this change. 

• "MESHDN" - Grid receptor spacing. The EPA default is 1; however, Otter Tail Power 

Company is stating this is "Not Applicable". DENR is agreeable to this change. 

• "BCKNH3" - Ammonia background. The EPA default is 10 parts per billion and Otter 

Tail Power Company is recommending 1 part per billion. During the June 3, 2009, 

conference call, EPA stated it was okay with this change. DENR is agreeable to this 

change. 

It appears that Otter Tail Power Company has addressed all ofDENR concerns and the concerns 

DENR received from EPA and the federal land managers. Therefore, DENR approves the 

modeling protocol as described above. 

It is DENR's understanding that Otter Tail Power Company has already run the CALPUFF 

modeling using the modeling protocol DENR is approving today. Otter Tail Power Company 

determined that Big Stone I is reasonably anticipated to contribute to an impairment of visibility 

at the Boundary Waters and Voyageurs federal Class I areas in northern Minnesota and the Isle 

Royale federal Class I area in Michigan. The "reasonably anticipated to contribute to an 

impairment is based on visibility impacts greater than O.S deciview based on the 98th percentile 

at the three federal Class I areas. DENR is requesting that Otter Tail Power Company submit a 

report describing this analysis, summarizing the results, and include the input and output files for 

all of the preprocessor, CALMET, CALPUFF, and postprocessor runs. 
It is also DENR's understanding that Otter Tail Power Company is in the process of conducting a 

Case-by-Case BART analysis, which includes determining the visibility improvements expected 

at each of these Class I areas. In this evaluation, any modeling should follow the modeling 

protocol that DENR is approving today. Once Otter Tail Power Company has completed its 

analysis, a report outlining the steps and summarizing the results must be submitted and include 

all modeling inputs and outputs for all of the preprocessor, CALMET, CAL PUFF, and 

postprocessor runs. 

I want to thank everyone for their time and effort in developing an approvable BART modeling 

protocol for Big Stone 1. If there are any questions, please contact me at 605-773-3151. 

Sincerely, 

Prn~ Brian Gustaf: 

Administrator 

Air Quality P 0 am 

cc: Kevin Golden, EPA Region 8 

Amy Platt, EPA Region 8 

Tim Allen, Fish and Wildlife Service 

John Notar, National Park Service 
Modeling Protocol for a BART 

Assessment of the Big Stone I 

Coal-Fired Power Plant, 

Big Stone City, South Dakota 

June 2009 

Prepared For: 

Big Stone I 

Otter Tail Power Company, 

Big Stone City, South Dakota 

Prepared By: 

TRC Environmental Corporation 

650 Suffolk Street 

Lowell, Massachusetts 0 I 854 

(978) 970-5600 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

1. INTRODUCTION I-I 

2. SOURCE DESCRIPTION 2-1 

3. GEOPHYSICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA 3-1 

3.1 Terrain 3-1 

3.2 Land Use 3-3 

3.3 Meteorological Data Base 3-6 

3.4 Air Quality Monitoring Data 3-10 

4. AIR QUALITY MODELING OPTIONS 4-1 

4.1 Modeling Domain 4-1 

4.2 Meteorological Modeling Options 4-1 

4.3 Dispersion Modeling Options 4-3 

4.4 Visibility Calculations 4-4 

5. REFERENCES 5-1 

APPENDIX A -CALPOST VISIBILITY METHOD 8 A-I 

APPENDIX B - MM5 CONFIGURATION B-1 
1. INTRODUCTION 

TRC Environmental Corporation will be conducting a site-specific BART (Best Available 

Retrofit Technology) modeling assessment of the Big Stone I coal-fired power plant facility 

located near Milbank and Big Stone City in South Dakota to determine if any sources of this 

facility are subject to BART. The current document is a modeling protocol for this BART 

assessment, which is specific to the Big Stone I power plant facility. This document has been 

prepared to address comments in an EPA memo dated May 15,2009 (Fox, 2009). 

On July 6,2005 the USEPA produced the Federal Register document, 40 CFR Part 51 in order to 

introduce new National Regional Haze Regulations for Best Available Retrofit Technology. The 

regional haze rule requires States to submit implementation plans (SIPs) to address regional haze 

visibility impairment in 156 Federally-protected parks and wilderness areas, commonly referred 

to as "Class I Areas". The final rule included a requirement for BART for certain large 

stationary sources that were put in place between 1962 and 1977. The regional haze rule uses the 

term "BART-eligible source" to describe those sources which have the potential to emit 250 tons 

or more of a visibility-impairing air pollutant, were put in place between August 7, 1962 and 

August 7 1977 and whose operations fall within one or more of 26 specifically listed source 

categories, of which Coal-Fired Power Plants are one. 

BART review is required when the source emits any air pollutant which may reasonably be 

anticipated to cause or contribute to any impairment of visibility in any Class 1 area. In 

identifying a level of control of BART, States are required by section 169A(g) of the CAA to 

consider; (a) the costs of compliance, (b) the energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of 

compliance, (c) any existing pollution control technology in use at the source, (d) the remaining 

useful life of the source and (e) the degree of visibility improvement which may reasonably be 

anticipated from the use of BART. 

The purpose of the modeling will be to assess the visibility impacts of sulfur dioxide (S02), 

particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NO.) emissions from the sources which are BARTeligible and compare their impacts to the 0.5 change in deciview threshold at all the federally 

mandatory Class I areas. Since there is no Class I areas within the 300 km radius usually applied, 

the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources requested that the Class I 

areas between 300 km and up to 625 km away from the Big Stone I facility sources be modeled. A 

total of eight Class I areas are located between these distances: two wilderness areas: Boundary 

Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Rainbow Lake Wilderness, one National Wildlife Refuge 

(NWR): Lostwood and five National Parks: Voyageurs NP, Theodore Roosevelt NP, Badlands NP, 

Wind Cave NP and Isle Royale NP. However, Rainbow Lake Wilderness is one of two Class I 

areas where the visibility analysis is not required (http://www.dnr.state.wLus/orgi 

aw/air/modelinglpsd.htm), so it will not be included in the modeling analysis. Although the MM5 

datasets distributed by WRAP did not extend far enough in the East to include the Isle Royale NP or 

cover all of the Boundary Waters Class I area, the proposed new MM5 domains will include these 

areas. 

Introduction I-I 
The CALMET and CALPUFF non-steady-state models (Scire et aI., 2000a,b) are recommended 

by the USEPA (Federal Register, 6 July 2005) to perform source-specific subject-to-BART 

screening. The CALPUFF system will therefore be used for this modeling analysis. The USEPA 

has promulgated the CALPUFF modeling system as a Guideline Model for Class I impact 

assessments and other long range transport applications or near field applications involving 

complex flows (USEPA, 2000), and the model is recommended by both the Federal Land 

Managers (FLM) Air Quality Workgroup (FLAG, 2000) and the Interagency Workgroup on Air 

Quality Modeling (IWAQM, 1998). The CALPUFF modeling system is also recommended in 

new proposed guidance by the FLMs (FLAG, 2008). A partially completed draft of proposed 

revisions to the IWAQM guidance dated May 27, 2009 has been released by EPA (EPA, 2009). 

The draft document does not contain a complete list of recommended switch settings but does 

contain some information on several model inputs which will be discussed in this protocol. 

The Big Stone I BART modeling analysis will be performed with the EPA-approved Version 5.8 of 

the CAL MET and CAL PUFF models. Version 6.221 of CALPOST is proposed because it contains 

the FLM-approved implementation of Method 8 (FLAG, 2008), but in other respects is identical to 

the EPA-approved Version 5.6394. 

CALMET is a diagnostic meteorological model that produces three-dimensional wind fields 

. based on parameterized treatments of terrain effects such as slope flows and terrain blocking 

effects. Normally, meteorological observations are blended with gridded data from the NCARPSU Mesoscale Model, Version 5 (MM5). In this application MM5 data will be generated by 

TRC with a 4-km grid spacing for three years (2002, 2006 and 2007) to define the initial guess 

wind fields. A quantitative evaluation ofthe MM5 datasets will be conducted using the 

statistical measures outlined in EPA (2009) to demonstrate the 4-km datasets have equal (or 

better) technical merit than the 36-km MM5 datasets recommended by WRAP (2006) in their 

approach to BART modeling in this area. In addition, two configurations of CAL MET will be 

tested quantitatively - one using CALMET at 4-km resolution using EPA (2009) switch settings 

and recommendations (except as described below) and in a second configuration using 2-km 

CALMET resolution with the traditional weighting factors given to the surface observations. The 

results of the meteorological model evaluations will be submitted to the SD DENR, FLMs and 

EPA for their review. The exceptions to the EPA (2009) configuration in the 4-km CAL MET 

simulation includes the use of 4-km rather than 36-km MM5 data and the use of a fixed set of 

vertical layers in CALMET because it is not possible to set the layers exactly to the MM5 values 

as recommended by EPA because CALMET and MM5 use different vertical layer structures. 

The two CALMET configurations will allow an quantitative test of many of the conclusions in 

the EPA memo regarding grid resolution and model switch settings. 

CALPUFF is a non-steady-state puff dispersion model. It accounts for spatial changes in the 

CALMET-produced meteorological fields, variability in surface conditions (elevation, surface 

roughness, vegetation type, etc.), chemical transformation, wet removal due to rain and snow, dry 

deposition, and terrain influences on plume interaction with the surface. CALPUFF contains a 

module to compute visibility effects, based on a humidity-dependent relationship between 

Introduction 1-2 
Introduction 

particulate matter concentrations and light extinction, as well as wet and dry acid deposition 

fluxes. The screening and refined meteorological and dispersion modeling simulations will be 

conducted for three years (2002, 2006 and 2007). S02, PM, and NO., emissions and their 

secondary products resulting from chemical conversions from the Big Stone I facility will be 

modeled at receptors in the Class I areas and their impacts on visibility evaluated. Visibility 

impacts will be estimated with the new FLM-recommended visibility algorithm and monthly 

average relative humidity adjustment factors (Method 8 in Version 6.221). 

This protocol outlines the techniques and data sources that will be used in the BART analyses. In 

Section 2, a general description of the source configuration is provided. Descriptions of the site 

characteristics and data bases (meteorological, geophysical, and aerometric) are provided in 

Section 3. Section 4 includes an overview of the CALMET and CALPUFF models settings and 

parameters that will be used in the analysis. 

/-3 
2. SOURCE DESCRIPTION 

The 450-megawatt Big Stone I facility is a coal-fired power plant situated close to Big Stone City 

and Milbank in Grant County, South Dakota, at the border of Minnesota State. A BART 

applicability analysis was completed for the facility to determine those sources subject to the 

BART controls. The BART-eligible sources include one stack approximately 152 meters high. 

Table 2-1 shows the source parameters and emission rates for the source considered in this 

application. The highest 24-hour average actual emission rates of S02, NOx and PM under 

normal conditions over the 2001-2003 period will be used for this analysis. As shown in Table 2-

2, the filterable PMlO will be divided into a particle size distribution based on AP-42, Table 1.1-6 

for baghouse controlled emissions because the facility currently uses a fabric filter for PM 

control. Approximately 57.6% of the filterable mass is in the fine (PM2.5) size category, and 

42.4% in the coarse (2.5 to 10 /lm diameter) size range. Each of the particle size categories will 

be modeled as a separate PM species in CALPUFF. The filterable PMIO emission rate is reported 

by the facility at 10.48 g/s (83.2 Ib/hr). Based on AP-42 Table 1.1-5, the total condensable PMlO 

would be approximately 0.01 Ib/mmBtu based on approximately 0.4% sulfur coal or 7.07 g/sec 

(56.llb/hr) assuming an heat input of 5609 mmBtu/hr. This estimate is consistent with the stack 

test data (August, 2006) at Otter Tail Power's Hoot Lake Plant, Unit 2, (which bums PRB coal) 

where the ratio of the filterable/total PM10 ratio was 0.66, resulting in a 2/3 filterable and 113 

condensable split to the total PMIO.l 

Elemental Carbon (EC) emissions will be assumed to be 3.7% of the fine filterable fraction based 

on EPA (2002) and will be assigned to the smallest particle size category. The primary H2S04 

emissions are 0.454 gls (3.604 lb/hr) based on annual emission inventories and Toxic Release 

Inventory reports. The remaining condensable emissions will be assigned to organic carbon and 

distributed equally into the two smallest particle size categories. 

Note that since all Class I areas are more than 50 km away from the facility, as recommended by 

the Federal Land Managers (FLMs) (US Fish and Wildlife, National Park Service and U.S. Forest 

Service), no downwash computations will be performed. 

1 AP-42 Table 1.1-8 was not used to estimate the particulate matter size distribution for Big Stone I because the emission 

factors were derived for cyclones burning bituminous coal, not sub-bituminous coal which is burned at Big Stone 1. 

Source Description 2-1 
Table 2-1. Point Source Parameters and Emission Rates 

Filterable Condensable 

SO, H,S04 NO, PM .. PM •• 

LCC' LCC' Stack Base Stack Exit Exit Emission Emission Emission Emission Emission 

East North Ht Elevation Diameter Velocity Temp. Rate Rate Rate Rate Rate 

Source (km) (km) (m) (10) (10) (mls) (K) (gls) (gls) (gls) (gls) (gls) 

Main Stack 38.141 587.875 151.79 328.90 7.37 20.14 423.00 608.9 0.454 611.7 10.48 7.07 

I Lambert Conformal Projection with an origin of 40.0N, 97.0W and standard parallels at 33N and 45N. Datum is NWS-84. 

Table 2-2. PMIO Size Distribution' 

Particle Size2 Cumulative Mass (PM) Cumulative Mass (PMIO) 

(Jlm) (%) (%) 

15 97 -

10 92 100 

6 77 83.7 

2.5 53 57.6 

1.25 31 33.7 

1.00 25 27.2 

0.625 14 15.2 

1 From AP~42, Table 1.1·6, Cumulative particle size distribution and size-specific erni.ssion factors for dl)' bottom boilers burning pulverized bituminous and subbituminous coal. 

2 Expressed as aerodynamic equivalent diameter. 

2-2 
3. GEOPHYSICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA 

The South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources requested that the eight 

Class I areas shown in Figure 3-1 be considered in the BART analysis. Rainbow Lake Wilderness 

is one of two Class I areas where the visibility analysis is not required so it is has been removed 

from the present analysis (see http://www.dnr.state.wLus/org/aw/air/modeling/psd.htm). The 

MM5 dataset for this analysis will be extended to include the Isle Royale National Park as well as 

ail of the Boundary Waters Class I area. 

3.1 Terrain 

The topography of the domain areas consists of terrain increasing toward the southwest from 

approximately 300 meters at the facility to 900 meters at Badlands NP and 1200 meters at Wind 

Cave NP, resulting in 900 meters (-3,000 feet) of terrain relief. The terrain relief also increases 

towards the northeast. The terrain gets mountainous on the west side of the facility near Badlands 

and Wind Cave National Parks. 

The MM5 simulations will be conducted at 4-km grid spacing covering the modeling domain. 

CALMET will be run at the same 4-km resolution as MM5 using the EPA (2009) modeling 

options. A second simulation of CALMET using 4-km MM5 data as its initial guess field and 2-

km CALMET grid spacing will be conducted and evaluated quantitatively. The results of the 

model performance at the two grid resolutions will be presented in a separate summary report. 

Gridded terrain elevations for the refined modeling domain will be derived from 3 arc-second 

digital elevation models (DEMs) produced by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Data 

are provided in files covering I degree by I degree blocks oflatitude and longitude. The 1-

degree DEMs are produced by the Defense Mapping Agency using cartographic and 

photographic sources. USGS I :250,000 scale topographic maps are the primary source of 1-

degree DEMs. 

One degree DEM data consists of an array of 1201 by 1201 elevations referenced on the 

geographic (latitude/longitude) coordinate system of the World Geodetic System 1972 Datum. 

Elevations are in meters relative to mean sea level, and the spacing of the elevations along each 

profile is 3 arc-seconds, which corresponds to a spacing of approximately 90 meters. For the 

North part of the east domain and north west domain covering the. south side of Manitoba and 

Ontario, Canada, SRTM-3 data with also an approximate resolution of90 meters will be used. 

The USGS elevation records located within each grid cell in the computational domain are 

averaged to produce a mean elevation at each grid point. The CALPUFF computational domain 

is the same as the CAL MET domain. The CALMET and CALPUFF domains extend at least 50 

km beyond the Class I areasin order to provide an adequate buffer zone at the boundaries, and to 

allow the effects of flow curvature and possible small-scale recirculation to be evaluated. 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3·1 
-1200 -1000 -800 

CALMET Domain and Class I Areas 

CALMET Domain 

·Lostwood NWR 

-Theodore Roosevelt NP + 

.. BigStone Fac; ty 

-600 

., "Badlands NP 

Wind CilveNP 

-400 -200 

East (km) 

o 200 400 

• Big Stone Facility 

+ Class I Areas Modeled 

600 800 

Figure 3-1. Proposed CALMET and CALPUFF modeling domain. The locations of the Class I areas are also 

shown. 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3-2 
3.2 Land Use 

The Composite Theme Grid (CTG) land use data from the USGS, at a resolution of 

approximately 90m, will be processed to produce gridded fields of dominant land use categories 

for each grid celL For the northern part of the domain covering Canada (south part of Manitoba 

and Ontario), 900 meters Global USGS land use data will also be incorporated using a mesh 

density for sampling of 2. 

Land use data are first processed to produce fractional land use categories. The 37 USGS land 

use categories are then be mapped into 14 CALMET land use categories. Surface properties such 

as albedo, Bowen ratio, roughness length, and leaf area index are computed proportionally to the 

fractional land use. The USGS land use categories are described in Table 3-1. Table 3-2 displays 

the 14 CALMET land use categories and their associated geophysical parameters for summer 

conditions. Seasonal variations in surface properties will be considered as appropriate. 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3-3 
Table 3-1. U.S. Geological Survey Land Use and Land Cover Classification System 

Level I Level II 

10 Urban or Built-up Land II Residential 

12 Commercial and Services 

13 Industrial 

14 Transportation, Communications and Utilities 

15 Industrial and Commercial Complexes 

16 Mixed Urban or Built-up Land 

17 Other Urban or Built-up Land 

20 Agricultural Land 21 Cropland and Pasture 

22 Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and 

Ornamental Horticultural Areas 

23 Confined Feeding Operations 

24 Other Agricultural Land 

30 Rangeland 31 Herbaceous Rangeland 

32 Shrub and Brush Rangeland 

33 Mixed Rangeland 

40 Forest Land 41 Deciduous Forest Land 

42 Evergreen Forest Land 

43 Mixed Forest Land 

50 Water 51 Streams and Canals 

52 Lakes 

53 Reservoirs 

54 Bays and Estuaries 

55 Oceans and Seas 

60 Wetland 61 Forested Wetland 

62 Non-Forested Wetland 

70 Barren Land 71 Dry Salt Flats 

72 Beaches 

73 Sandy Areas Other than Beaches 

74 Bare Exposed Rock 

75 Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits 

76 Transitional Areas 

77 Mixed Barren Land 

80 Tundra 81 Shrub and Brush Tundra 

82 Herbaceous Tundra 

83 Bare Ground 

84 Wet Tundra 

85 Mixed Tundra 

90 Perennial Snow or Ice 91 Perennial Snowfields 

92 Glaciers 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3-4 
Table 3-2. Default CALMET Land Use Categories and Associated Geophysical Parameters based on the U.S. Geological Survey Land Use 

Classification System (14-Category System) 

Land Use TYJle DescriJltion Surface Albedo Boweu Ratio Soil Heat Anthropogenic Leaf Area 

Roughness (m) Flux Parameter Heat Flux (W/m2

) Index 

10 Urban or Built-up Land 1.0 0.18 1.5 .25 0.0 0.2 

20 Agricultural Land 0.25 0.15 1.0 .15 0.0 3.0 

Unirrigated 

-20' Agricultural Land - Irrigated 0.25 0.15 0.5 .15 0.0 3.0 

30 Rangeland 0.05 0.25 1.0 .15 0.0 0.5 

40 ForestLand 1.0 0.10 1.0 .15 0.0 7.0 

50 Water 0.001 0.10 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 

54 Small Water Body 0.001 0.10 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 

55 Large Water Body 0.001 0.10 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 

60 Wetland 1.0 0.10 0.5 .25 0.0 2.0 

61 Forested Wetland 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.0 2.0 

62 Nonforested Wetland 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.25 0.0 1.0 

70 Barren Land 0.05 0.30 1.0 .15 0.0 0.05 

80 Tundra .20 0.30 0.5 .15 0.0 0.0 

90 Perennial Snow or Ice .05 0.70 0.5 .15 0.0 0.0 

• Negative values indicate "irrigated" land use 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3-5 
3.3 Meteorological Data Base 

The CALMET model has the ability to assimilate meteorological information from surface 

stations, precipitation stations and upper air stations. Specifically, CALMET uses surface 

observations of wind speed, wind direction, temperature, cloud cover, ceiling height, surface 

pressure, relative humidity, and precipitation type (e.g., snow, rain, etc.). These variables are 

routinely measured at the National Weather Service (NWS) surface stations and will be directly 

included on an hourly basis into CALMET. Upper air observations however are only available 

twice-daily at a few stations throughout the domain. The locations of the upper air stations in and 

around the region of interest is displayed in Figure 3-2. 

As described in Section 4, CALMET will be run in two modes. The first mode is as described in 

Section 2.7 of the EPA (2009) draft report in IW AQM Phase 2 and with 4-km grid resolution. In 

this model the observed surface and upper air wind data are essentially not used because of the 

low weighting factors suggested by EPA. Because the EPA (2009) does not contain a complete 

list of recommended switch settings, additional clarification on EPA recommendations will be 

requested. In the second mode, the model will be run at higher resolution (2-km) and with more 

weight given to the observational data as has been the traditional mode of running CALMET in 

Class I analyses. 

The surface and precipitation stations that will be included in the modeling are displayed in 

Figure 3-3. For 2002, there are 272 surface stations and 265 precipitation stations available with 

similar numbers in 2006 and 2007. As recommended in the WRAP Protocol (2006) observed 

cloud cover and ceiling height from the surface meteorological stations will be used instead of 

cloud cover computed from relative humidity from MM5 (ICLOUD = 0). 

The three-dimensional gridded data from the prognostic numerical model MM5 with nested grids 

of36-km, l2-km and 4-km grid spacing will be conducted by TRC. An existing 12-km MM5 

dataset for 2006 will be used along with a new nested 4-km nest over the area of interest. 

Information about the existing MM5 model configuration is provided in Appendix B. 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3-6 
Table 3-3. Meteorological Data Sources and Parameters Available 

Type of Dataset Frequency Source Parameters available 

Surface Observations Hourly NWS Wind speed, wind 

direction, temperature, 

ceiling height, cloud 

cover, relative humidity, 

surface pressure, 

precipitation type 

Precipitation Observations Hourly NWS Precipitation rate 

Modeled Profiles Hourly TRC Hourly, gridded fields of 

MM5 for 2002, 2006 and winds, temperature, 

2007 pressure, and humidity and 

liquid water content on 4-

km grid. 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3-7 
Upper Air Stations and Class I Areas 

CALMET Domain 

94008 

+ 

-800 -600 

• lostwood NWR 

-TheOdore Roosevelt N P 

• 

-. 24011 

94043 

+ 

+ 

• "B.dlands NP 

Wind CaveNP 

24023 

+ 

14929 

+ 

East (km) 

Figure 3-2_ Plot of upper air stations available in the modeling domain. 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3-8 

• Big Stone Facility 

+ Class I Areas Modeled 
1~ 

Ipl 

IF 

'~' 

~ ",", 

'-' 11' ~ 

-" 

~ 

6 

:z. 68 III 

", 

JJ5 

'!' 142 • 

"l' 2" 

-1200 -1000 -800 

Surface Meteorological Stations and Class I Areas 

10 I.' 

~ALMETbql'1ain >30 

lp 119 

11 

161 

-600 

,~ 

• LO$~OdNWR 

" .TheOdOr~ ~ OOS6veit N P 

• 

-. '2 " 

" 

191 

137 

~ 1% 

~.. .B~dl"nd$ NP 2.1 

Wind Cave NP 2!S 

-400 -200 

Ea,t(kmj 

124 

155 

o 200 400 

• BigStoneFadlity 

+ Class I Areas Modeled 

Figure 3-3. Plot of surface stations available in the modeling domain. 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3-9 

600 800 
3.4 Air Quality Monitoring Data 

CALPUFF will use hourly ozone concentration measurements in the chemical transformation 

rates (S02 to S04, NOx to HN03IN03). The ambient ozone measurements are used in 

determining S02 loss rates due to chemical transformation to sulfate and in determining NOx loss 

rates to nitrate. Ambient ozone hourly concentrations from EPA AIRS and CASTNet networks 

for 2002, 2006 and 2007 will be processed into OZONE.DA T files and used as ozone background 

in CALPUFF. An 80 parts per billion (ppb) concentration will be used as backup when hourly 

ozone concentrations are missing, which given the number of ozone stations is unlikely to be 

used. 

A constant background ammonia concentration of 1 parts per billion (ppb) as recommended by 

the FLMs and EPA will be used in the CALPUFF runs. The output of CALPUFF will be 

postprocessed with POSTUTIL using the MNITRA TE= I switch. This eliminates the potential 

for double counting of ammonia by overlapping puffs from the modeled Big Stone source. 

A second postprocessing simulation will be conducted using full ammonia limiting calculations 

based on data from background monthly average sulfate, total nitrate and total ammonia data 

from the 2002 CMAQ model using the POSTUTIL option MNITRATE=2. This second option 

accounts for both overlapping puffs from the modeled source as well as spatial and monthly 

variability of ammonia and background sulfate and nitrate from sources not included in the 

CALPUFF simulations. The results from both sets of simulations will be presented. 

Geophysical and Meteorological Data 3-10 
4. AIR QUALITY MODELING OPTIONS 

4.1 Modeling Domain 

CALMET and CALPUFF use terrain-following coordinates. In order to cover a large enough 

area for the refined analysis covering all seven Class I areas within a single domain, and 

including a buffer of at least 50 Ian around each Class I area, the domain dimensions of 1300 Ian 

x 700 Ian will be used. For a 4-km grid spacing, this amounts to 325 x 175 grid cells. In the 

vertical, the CALMET domain will be designed to match the MM5 model parameters up to the 

4000 meters above the ground to the extent possible. Because MM5 uses a sigma coordinate 

system in the vertical and CALMET uses a fixed terrain following system, it is not possible to 

match the layers in the two models exactly as indicated should be done in the EPA (2009) 

guidance. However, the vertical grid spacing at the location of the source will be used in 

determining the CALMET vertical layer structure. Approximately 25 vertical levels will be used 

to match the number ofMM5 layers below 4000 meters. 

CALMET and CALPUFF will be run for three years, 2002, 2006 and 2007. A network of 

discrete receptors derived from the list of receptors developed by the National Park Service (NPS) 

are located within the boundaries of the seven Class I areas modeled: Boundary Water Canoe 

Area Wilderness, Voyageur National Park, Badlands National Park, Wind Cave National Park, 

Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, Theodore Roosevelt National Park and Isle Royale National 

Park. 

4.2 Meteorological Modeling Options 

4-km Simulation. EPA-approved Version 5.S Level 070623 of CAL MET will be run using the 

recommendations described in Section 2.7 of EPA (2009), except as noted above regarding 

vertical layer structure. This includes using the regulatory set of options, including Maul-Carson 

convective mixing height over land only (IMIXH= - I), OCD delta-T method for overwater 

fluxes (lCOARE=O), and no convective heat flux threshold overland (THRESHL= 0 W/m3

). 

These values oflMIXH, ICOARE and THRESHL, differ from the settings in the CALMET 

input files provided for sources located in South Dakota state on the WRAP Regional Modeling 

Center web page http://pah.cert.ucr.edulagml30Slbart.shtml. , but follow regulatory guidance set 

by EPA. In addition, NOOBS will be set to 0 and the MM5 data will be used as the initial guess 

field. Diagnostic adjustments will be turned off in the 4-km simulation and small values (i.e., 

0.001 Ian) will be used for the RMAXI, RMAX2, Rl and R2 parameters, effectively minimizing 

the use of the surface and upper air wind observations. The EPA document references additional 

CALMET parameters in Appendix A of the document, but that section is missing from the draft 

EPA report. Some additional guidance from EPA may be necessary on the switch settings that 

will conform to EPA recommendations. 

Initial Guess Field 

MM5 data will be used to define the initial guess field for the CALMET simulations 

(IPROG=14). For all three years hourly MM5 data with a grid spacing of 4 Ian will be used in 

Air Quality Modeling Options 4-1 
the modeling. The CALMET horizontal grid specifications will be set to match those of the 

MMS grid. 

2-km Simulation. As a test of the performance of the EPA (2009) recommended model switch 

setting, a simulation of CAL MET at higher grid resolution (2-km grid spacing) will be conducted 

using the traditional model options including diagnostic adjustments for terrain effects, more 

weight to surface observations with the typical 2:1 ratio of RMAX IIRI and RMAX2/R2. The 

switch settings will be similar to those used previously except because these new runs will have 

higher resolution MMS data available (4-km vs 36-km resolution), smaller RMAXI, RMAX2, RI 

and R2 parameters will be developed to allow the higher resolution data to be retained. In the 

previous simulations, RMAXI=lOO km and RMAX2=200 km were used with the 36-km MMS 

data. Values between Yz to Y. of these values will be evaluated in the 2-km simulation to strike a 

balance between smooth transitions from the observations to the MMS data without completely 

eliminating the influence ofthe observations. It is proposed that NOOBS=l be used in the 2-km 

simulations. As with the 4-km CALMET run, precipitation rates will be determined based on 

precipitation station measurements. Also, as with the 4-km runs, cloud amount and ceiling height 

will be derived from the surface station measurements. Overwater air-sea temperature difference 

will be derived from the MMS data (ITWPROG=2) and prognostic temperature data will 

determined based on the 3-D temperature fields from the high resolution MMS output. The 

performance of the CALMET simulations will be compared to that from the 4-km runs and 

presented to the regulatory agencies. 

Step 1 Field: Terrain Effects 

In developing the Step I wind field, CAL MET adjusts the initial guess field to terrain effects, 

including slope flows and blocking effects. Slope flows are a function of the local slope and 

altitude of the nearest crest. The crest is defined as the highest peak within a radius TERRAD 

around each grid point. A value of TERRAD of 10 km will be used in the CALMET simulations as 

it is recommended by the WRAP Protocol (2006) and in agreement with an analysis of the scale of 

the terrain. The Step I field produces a flow field consistent with the fine-scale CALMET terrain 

resolution (2 km). 

Step 2 Field: Objective Analysis 

In Step 2, observations are incorporated into the Step I wind field to produce a final wind field. 

Each observation site influences the final wind field within a radius of influence (parameters 

RMAXI at the surface and RMAX2 aloft). Observations and Step I wind fields are weighted by 

means of parameters Rl at the surface and R2 aloft: at a distance Rl from an observation site, the 

Step I wind field and the surface observations are weighted equally. As noted above, 

RMAXIIRI and RMAX21R2 will retain 2:1 ration, although the values ofRMAXI and RMAX2 

will be reduced t02S-S0% of the values used when 36-km MMS was used. This more typical use 

of a 2: 1 ratio with RI smaller than RMAX I is a deviation from the WRAP CALMET setting 

where RI was set to 100 km and RMAXI to SOkm. The WRAP setting with RMAXI being 

larger than RI inevitably creates bull-eye effects around each meteorological stations at the 

surface and thus should be avoided. Also vertical extrapolation for the surface meteorological 

Air Quality Modeling Options 4-2 
stations will be activated (IEXTRP=-4), which is a deviation from the WRAP protocol but in 

agreement with the EPA BART guidance_ This setting will insure that the surface observations, 

vertically extrapolated within the boundary layer, are blended with the MM5-based Step I field 

aloft. 

4.3 Dispersion Modeling Options 

CALPUFF simulations will be conducted generally following the WRAP Protocol 2006 

guidance, but with the EPA-approved Version 5.8 Level 070623 rather than Version 6 of the 

model. List of options to be used includes: 

- Gaussian near-field vertical distribution 

- Partial plume path adjustment method for terrain 

- Transitional plume rise will be modeled 

- Partial plume penetration of elevated inversion option will be activated 

- Stack tip downwash will be used 

- MESOPUFF II scheme will be used for the chemical transformation 

- Pasquill-Gifford (PG) dispersion coefficients (rural areas) and McElroy-Pooler 

coefficients (urban areas) will be used to compute dispersion coefficients. The 

probability density function (PDF) for convective conditions will not be used because 

this is available only with the turbulence-based dispersion option.) 

- Transition of O"y to time-dependent (Heffter) growth rates will be setto 550 meters 

- The switch for using Heffter equation for sigma z will not be activated 

- PG sigma-y, z adjustment for roughness will not be selected 

- Puff splitting (MSPLIT=I) will be activated 

- Wet deposition, dry deposition will be applied 

- The minimum turbulence velocities sigma-v for each stability class will be set to 0.5 

mls over land and 0.37 mls over water. 

The CALPUFF computational grid will be the same as the meteorological grid. The modeling 

domain include a buffer zone of 50 km around the source area and beyond the borders ofthe 

Class I areas. This minimizes edge effects and allows pollutants involved in flow reversals to be 

brought back into the Class I areas. Note that the CALMET modeling domain from previous 

studies will be extended to include the Isle Royale National Park 

Two important computational parameters in CALPUFF are XMXLEN (maximum length of an 

emitted puff, in grid units) and XSAMLEN (maximum travel distance of a puff, in grid units, 

during one time step). Both of these variables will be set to 1.0 in the CALPUFF simulations in 

order to allow the strong wind channeling effects to be accounted for in the puff trajectory 

calculations. The first parameter ensures that the length of an emitted puff does not become so 

large so that it cannot respond to changes in the wind field on the scale of the meteorological grid. 

The model automatically increases the frequency of puff releases to ensure the length of a single 

Air Quality Modeling Options 4-3 
puff is not larger than the grid size. The second parameter decreases the internal time step to 

ensure the travel distance during one time step does not exceed the grid size. 

The partial plume path adjustment option will be used in CALPUFF for this analysis 

(MCTADJ=3). The CALMET wind field incorporates the effect of the terrain on the plume 

trajectories. The plume path coefficient is used to characterize the local effect on ground-level 

concentrations. The default plume path coefficients (PPC) will be used for this analysis as listed 

below: 

Stability Class A 

PPC 0.5 

B 

0.5 

C 

0.5 

D 

0.5 

E F 

0.35 0.35 

Deposition and chemical transformation effects will be modeled using the default dry deposition 

model, the scavenging coefficient wet removal module, and the default chemical transformation 

mechanism. 

A total of five chemically active species will be modeled with CALPUFF for this analysis: S02, 

S04, NO" RN03 and N03., The chemical mechanism computes transformation rates of S02 to 

S04 and NOx to N031HN03• Hourly measured ozone concentrations will be provided in an 

external file for use with the chemical transformation module. These ozone concentrations, along 

with radiation intensity, are used as surrogates for the OH concentration during the day when the 

gas phase free radical chemistry is active. 

Six additional PMIO species will be modeled corresponding to the midpoint of each particle size 

bin shown in Table 2-2. The fine, coarse, elemental carbon and organic carbon species will be 

constructed in postprocessing steps using the POSTUTIL program from these six PM species 

according to the appropriate size weights for size bin as discussed in Section 2. 

4.4 Visibility Calculations 

Calculations of the impact of the simulated plume particulate matter component concentrations on 

light extinction will be carried out with the CALPOST postprocessor following the new proposed 

FLAG (2008) guidance. The procedure deviates from the WRAP protocol (2006). The original 

IMPROVEIEPA equation (I) described below was recommended to determine the change in light 

extinction due to changes in component concentrations. Using the notations of CAL POST: 

Bex! = 3f(RH)[(NH4)2S04] + 3f(RH)[NH4N03] + 4[0C] + I [Soil] + 0.6[Coarse Mass] 

+ I O[EC] + bray (I) 

The concentrations, in square brackets, are in ~g/m3 and bex! is in units of Mm' 1. 

But a revised new IMPROVE algorithm to compute the extinction (llMm) has been developed by 

the IMPROVE steering committee for estimating light extinction from particulate matter as 

described in equation (2) below. This algorithm provides a better correspondence between the 

Air Quality Modeling Options 4-4 
measured visibility and that calculated from particulate matter component concentrations 

(Tombach, 2006): 

bex, = 2.2/s(RH) - [small sulfate] + 4.81L (RH) - [I arge sulfate] 

+ 2.4/s (RH) - [small nitrate] + 5.1fL (RH) - [I arge nitrate] 

+ 2.8 - [small organics] + 6.1- [I arge organics] 

+ 10- [elemental carbon] 

+ I-[fine soil] 

+ 1.7 Iss(RH) - [sea salt] 

+ 0.6 - [coarse matter] 

+ Rayleigh scattering (site - specific) 

+0.17-[NOJ 

All of the brackets [] denote concentrations in ~g!m3. 

(2) 

In CALPOST, the new IMPROVE algorithm as proposed by FLAG (200S) is implemented as 

CALPOST Method S. The implementation of this method in CALPOST is described in more 

details in Appendix A. The proposed FLAG (200S) methodology is included in CALPOST 

V6.22l Level OS0724, which has been reviewed and approved by the FLMs. This version of 

CALPOST is publicly available on the TRC's CALPUFF website (http://www.src.com/calpuff/ 

calpuffl.htm) and will be used for this analysis. 

The Ray leigh scattering term (bray) will be site-specific and computed as a function of the 

elevation as shown in Table 4-1, following FLAG(200S) guidance. Note that organic carbon 

(OC), which consists of condensable particulates and elemental carbon (EC) for soot particulates 

will be modeled along with fine and coarse particulate matter as described in Section 2. 

To represent background natural conditions, monthly background concentrations must be entered 

into the CALPOST input control file for all aerosols defming the background. The WRAP Protocol 

(2006) recommendations are to use as natural conditions background, all three types of EPA default 

Natural Conditions: Best 20% Days, Annual Average and Worst 20% Days. In "Guidance for 

Estimating Visibility Conditions Under the Regional Haze Rule" (EPA2003), these three default 

values are defined only by their extinction coefficient in Mm·l

. For CALPOST Method S" explicit 

background concentrations are required to allow the computation ofthe small and large sulfate 

particulates, nitrate particulates and organic carbon. So, in this analysis, the annual averaged 

background conditions will be used to define the natural background for each of the six Class I 

areas, following FLAG(200S). The concentrations used as background for each of the six Class I 

areas are summarized in Table 4-2. These concentrations will be used to compute a natural 

background light extinction following the revised IMPROVE formulae described above, for each of 

the Class I areas. 

Tables 4-3, 4-4, and 4-5, provide the monthly f(RH) values for each ofthe 6 Class I areas, that 

are used to compute extinction coefficients for hygroscopic species, respectively for small 

Air Quality Modeling Options 4-5 
Table 4-1. Rayleigh Scattering Term (Mm .1) for each Class I area as a Function of Elevation 

Class I Area Highest Elevation in Rayleigh Scattering 

feet (meters) Term (Mm·l

) 

Boundary Water Canoe Area Wilderness 1998.0 (609) 11 

Voyageurs NP 13353 (407) 12 

Badlands NP 3031.5 (924) 11 

WindCaveNP 4796.6 (1462) IO 

Lostwood NWR 2427.8 (740) 11 

Theodore Roosevelt NP 29003 (884) 11 

Source: FLAG (2008) 

Table 4-2. Annual Averaged Conditions Levels of Aerosol Components (llg/m3) to 

Define Natural Background (FLAG 2008 - Method 8 values per Class I Area) 

. 

Class I Area SO. N03 OC EC Soil Coarse Mass 

Boundary Water Canoe 0.23 0.10 1.71 0.02 031 2.53 Area Wilderness 

Voyageurs NP 0.23 0.10 1.75 0.Q2 0.26 2.73 

Badlands NP 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.50 3.00 

WindCaveNP 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.49 2.98 

Lostwood NWR 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.50 3.00 

Theodore Roosevelt NP 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.50 3.00 

Isle Royale NP 0.23 0.10 1.55 0.02 0.24 2.89 

Source: FLAG (2008) 

Air Quality Modeling Options 4-7 
Table 4-3. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjustment factors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species -

Small ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles. Method 8 (FLAG (2008)) 

Class I area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

Boundary Water Canoe 3.23 2.81 2.93 

Area Wilderness 

Voyageurs NP 

Badlands NP 

Wind CaveNP 

Lostwood NWR 

Theodore Roosevelt 

NP 

Source: FLAG (2008) 

3.16 2.77 2.82 

2.94 2.96 3.0 I 

2.81 2.81 2.86 

3.21 3.15 3.36 

3.17 3.11 3.22 

2.63 2.89 3.22 3.44 3.71 3.83 3.08 3.49 3.49 

2.59 2.65 3.28 3.25 3.48 3.66 3.02 3.37 3.32 

2.87 3.1 2.91 2.64 2.59 2.56 2.58 3.11 2.98 

2.82 3.06 2.81 2.5 2.46 2.44 2.52 2.97 2.83 

2.6 2.54 2.86 2.89 2.6 2.53 2.72 3.6 3.52 

2.71 2.74 2.85 2.73 2.49 2.48 2.66 3.42 3.37 

Table 4-4. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjustment factors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species -

Large ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles- Method 8 (FLAG(2008)) 

Class I area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

Boundary Water Canoe 2.5 

Area Wilderness 

2.25 2.28 

Voyageurs NP 

BadlandsNP 

WindCaveNP 

Lostwood NWR 

Theodore Roosevelt 

NP 

Source: FLAG (2008) 

2.46 2.22 2.22 

2.31 2.31 2.31 

2.23 2.22 2.22 

2.51 2.45 2.54 

2.47 2.42 2.45 

2.09 2.2 

2.07 2.09 

2.21 2.34 

2.18 2.32 

2.06 2.03 

2.12 2.14 

2.43 2.57 2.71 2.78 2.38 2.64 2.64 

2.46 2.46 2.59 2.7 2.35 2.58 2.55 

2.25 2.08 2.05 2.02 2.05 2.38 2.33 

2.18 2 1.97 1.95 2 2.3 2.24 

2.221 2.23 2.05 2.02 2.13 2.69 2.67 

2.21 2.14 1.99 1.99 2.1 2.58 2.57 

Table 4-5. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjustment factors f(RR) values for hygroscopic species - Sea 

salt particles - Method 8 (FLAG(2008)) 

Class I area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

Boundary Water Canoe 3.73 3.35 3.29 2.91 3.0 

Area Wilderness 

Voyageurs NP 

Badlands NP 

Wind CaveNP 

Lostwood NWR 

Theodore Roosevelt 

NP 

Source: FLAG (2008) 

Air Quality Modeling Options 

3.69 3.31 3.2 

3.37 3.33 3.27 

3.25 3.2 3.13 

3.77 3.66 3.67 

3.67 3.56 3.51 

2.9 2.89 

3.05 3.25 

3.01 3.22 

2.86 2.79 

2.93 2.97 

4-8 

3.44 3.68 3.88 3.98 3.45 3.89 3.91 

3.46 3.55 3.71 3.87 3.42 3.83 3.8 

3.15 2.89 2.81 2.74 2.82 3.41 3.38 

3.06 2.75 2.68 2.63 2.75 3.28 3.24 

3.07 3.11 2.82 2.8 2.99 3.93 3.95 

3.09 2.96 2.72 2.72 2.93 3.75 3.78 
5. REFERENCES 

References 

Carson, D.l, 1973: The development ofa dry, inversion-capped, convectively unstable boundary layer. 

Quart.l Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 450-467. 

Escoffier-Czaja, C., and J. Scire, 2002: The Effects of Ammonia Limitation on Nitrate Aerosol 

Formation and Visibility Impacts in Class I Areas. Paper J5.13, 12th AMS/AWMA Conference 

on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Norfolk, VA, May 2002. 

Escoffier-Czaja, C. and J. Scire, 2007: Use of Eulerian Model outputs as background concentrations for 

Nitrate Predictions in CALPUFF system. II th International Conference in Harmonisation within 

Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling for Regulatory Purposes, Cambridge, UK, July 2007. 

FLAG,2000. Federal Land Manager' Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG). Phase I Report. 

U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

FLAG,200S. Federal Land Manager' Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG). Phase I Report 

--Revised. U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, June 27, 

2008, Draft. 

Fox, T, 2009. Modeling Clearinghouse Review of CAL PUFF Modeling Protocol for BART. Memo 

dated May 15,2009. 

Maul, P.R., 19S0: Atmospheric transport of sulfur compound pollutants. Central Electricity Generating 

Bureau MID/SSD/SO/00261R. Nottingham, England. 

Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis, and R.J. Yamartino, 2000a: A User's Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion 

Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA 

Scire, I.S., F.R. Robe, M.E. Fernau, and R.J. Yamartino, 2000b: A User's Guide for the CALMET 

Meteorological Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA. 

Tombach, I, 2006: Instructions: A Postprocessor for Recalculating CALPOST Visibility Outputs with 

the New IMPROVE Algorithm, Version 2,14 October, 2006. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1998: Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling 

(IWAQM), Phase 2 Report: Summary Report and Recommendation for Modeling Long Range 

Transport and Impacts on Regional Visibility. EPA-4541R-98-019. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2000: Federal Register Notice dated April 21, 2001. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2003: Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility 

Conditions Under the Regional Haze Program. EPA-4541B-03-005, September 2003. 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2005: Regional Haze Regulations and Guidelines for 

Best Available Technology (BART) Determinations. Fed. Reg.No!. 70, No. I 28/Wed. July 6, 

2005, Rules and Regulations, pp. 39104-39172. 40 CFR Part 51, FRL-7925-9, RIN ABl. 

5-1 
The revised visibility algorithm developed for the IMPROVE Steering Committee (IMPROVE 

2005) as recommended by FLAG (2008) has been implemented in CALPOST. It differs from the 

previous IMPROVE algorithm as used in Methods 2 and 6 in six areas: 

• Extinction efficiencies of sulfates, nitrates, and organics vary with concentration, as there 

are distinct efficiencies for "small" and "large" particles and the ratio of small-to-Iarge 

particle fraction decreases as the concentration increases. Furthermore, the extinction 

efficiency for sulfates no longer equals that for nitrates. 

• A separate hygroscopic humidity enhancement factor curve is prescribed for "small" and 

"large" particles, fs(RH) and fL(RH). These curves apply to sulfates and nitrates. 

• Light extinction due to scattering by sea salt (with its own hygroscopic humidity 

enhancement factor fss(RH» is included. 

• Light absorption by N02 gas is included in the extinction. 

• Background particulate organic matter concentration is taken to be 1.8 times measured 

organic carbon concentrations. 

• Rayleigh scattering extinction varies with site elevation and mean temperature. 

Items 5 and 6 remain direct inputs to CALPOST, and require no structural changes to the 

postprocessor. The user must confirm that appropriate values are provided. 

Item 4, the introduction oflight extinction due to N02 gas absorption, has been added to 

CALPOST as a discrete component independent of the visibility method chosen. New control 

file inputs associated with N02 are: 

Modeled species to be included in computing the light extinction 

Include N02 absorption? (LVN02) -- Default: F ! LVN02 = T 

With Visibility Method 8 -- Default: T 

Source of N02 (when LVN02=T) may be from CALPUFF N02 concentrations 

and from a fraction of CALPUFF NOx concentrations. Specify the 

fraction of NOx that is treated as N02. 

(FN02NOX) -- Default: 1.0 ! FN02NOX = 0.75 

Extinction Efficiency (l/Mm per ug/m**3) 

N02 GAS (EEN02) -- Default: .17 EEN02 .17 

Items 1 through 3 are implemented as visibility method 8 in CALPOST, along with the specific 

choice of the new f(RH) curves. Selection of the revised IMPROVE algorithm requires the 

following new control file selections: 

A-2 
Particle growth curve f(RH} for hygroscopic species 

(MFRH) -- Default: 2 MFRH = 4 

1 IWAQM (1998) f(RH} curve (originally used with MVISBK=l) 

2 FLAG (2000) f(RH} tabulation 

3 EPA (2003) f(RH} tabulation 

4 IMPROVE (2006) f(RH} tabulations for sea salt, and for 

small and large SULFATE and NITRATE particles; 

Used with Visibility Method 8 (MVISBK = 8) 

Method used for background light extinction 

(MVISBK) -- Default: 2 ! MVISBK = 8 

1 Supply single light extinction and hygroscopic fraction 

2 Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements (A) 

3 Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements (B) 

4 Read hourly transmissometer background extinction measurements 

5 Read hourly nephelometer background extinction measurements 

6 Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements 

7 Use observed weather or prognostic weather information for 

background extinction during weather events; otherwise, Method 2 

8 Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements using the 

IMPROVE (2006) variable extinction efficiency formulation 

(MFRH must be set to 4) 

_ Split between small and large particle concentrations of 

SULFATES, NITRATES, and ORGANICS is a function of concentration 

and different extinction efficiencies are used for each 

_ Source-induced change in visibility includes the increase in 

extinction of the background aerosol due to the change in the 

extinction efficiency that now depends on total concentration. 

_ Fsmall(RH} and Flarge(RH} adjustments for small and large 

particles are applied to observed and modeled sulfate and 

nitrate concentrations 

Fsalt(RH} adjustment for sea salt is applied to background 

sea salt concentrations 

- F(RH} factors are capped at F(RHMAX} 

_ RH for Fsmall(RH), Flarge(RH), and Fsalt(RH) may be 

obtained from hourly data as in Method 2 or from the FLAG 

monthly RH adjustment factor used for Method 6 where EPA 

F(RH) tabulation is used to infer RH, or monthly Fsmall, 

Flarge, and Fsalt RH adjustment factors can be directly 

entered. Furthermore, a monthly RH factor may be applied 

to either hourly concentrations or daily concentrations 

to obtain the 24-hourextinction. 

These choices are made using the M8 MODE selection. 

A-3 
Additional inputs used for MVISBK = 8: 

Extinction coefficients for hygroscopic species (modeled and 

background) may be computed using hourly RH values and hourly 

modeled concentrations, or using monthly RH values inferred from 

the RHFAC adjustment factors and either hourly or daily modeled 

concentrations, or using monthly RHFSML, RHFLRG, and RHFSEA 

adjustment factors and either hourly or daily modeled 

concentrations. 

Default: 5 

FLAG (2008) 

M8 MODE= 5 

1 Use hourly RH values from VISB.DAT file with hourly 

modeled and monthly background concentrations. 

2 Use monthly RH from monthly RHFAC and EPA (2003) f(RH) 

tabulation with hourly modeled and monthly background 

concentrations. 

(VISB.DAT file is NOT needed). 

3 Use monthly RH from monthly RHFAC with EPA (2003) f(RH) 

tabulation with daily modeled and monthly background 

concentrations. 

(VISB.DAT file is NOT needed). 

4 Use monthly RHFSML, RHFLRG, and RHFSEA with hourly 

modeled and monthly background concentrations. 

(VISB. DAT fil.e is NOT needed) . 

5 Use monthly RHFSML, RHFLRG, and RHFSEA with daily modeled 

and monthly background concentrations. 

(VISB.DAT file is NOT needed). 

The last of these selections, M8_MODE, provides options for how concentrations are averaged, 

and how the relative humidity enhancement factors for hygroscopic species are determined. 

M8_MODE has a default value of5, which is consistent with the new FLAG (2008) guidance 

A-4 
1. MM5 Domain Configuration (36-km, 12-km Resolution) 

MM5 simulations have been run for 1996 for North America for two domains: a 

coarse Domain I (36-1an resolution), and a nested Domain 2 (12-km resolution). The 

Lambert Conical Conformal (LCC) mapping projection is used in modeling. The 

center of the coordinate system is located at the center of Domain I at 40"N and 

98°W. Two standard latitudes ofLCC are set to 20"N and 60"N. The coarse domain 

(Domain 1) covers an area of 7488 km in the west-east (X) direction by 6768 Ian in 

the south-north (Y) direction with grid spacing of 36 Ian (Table B-1). 

An additional nest at 4 Ian grid spacing will be developed to cover the modeling area 

of interest for the Big Stone BART modeling. One way nesting will be used as in the 

other nests. Figure B-1 shows the two initial modeling domains and the new 4-km 

inner nest (Domain 3). 

There are forty-one sigma levels in the vertical direction from the surface up to 100 

hPa (Table B-2). The first sigma level is about 11 m above the ground, very close to 

the anemometer height at operational weather stations. The vertical spatial resolution 

varies from the surface to the model top. About twenty levels are below 1500 m 

above the ground for better resolving the atmospheric boundary layer in the model. 

B-2 
Table S-1 Domain Configuration and Parameterizations for 2006 MM5 Simulations. The 

Lambert Conical Conformal (LCC) map projection is used in the MM5 modeling. 

Settings Domain I Domain 2 

Grid number 209 x 189 388 x 250 

Grid size (km) 36 12 

Nesting NA One-way 

Sigma levels 41 41 

Moisture Reisner 2 Reisner 2 

Cumulus Kain-Fritsch 2 Kain-Fritsch 2 

Boundary layer ETA ETA 

Radiation RRTM RRTM 

Soil model NOAH LSM NOAHLSM 

FDDA 3D and Surface 3D and Surface 

Analysis Analysis 

Run Length 2.5 days 2.5 days 

Spin-up time 12 hours 12 hours 

Terrain and land-use USGS lO-minute USGS 5-minute 

data H9km) (-9 km) 

B-3 
USA MMS Dmnalns (36-km, 12-km, 4-km) Coverage 

Map 1':ojo.OOI1: LCC; Cente,.: 40N, 98W 

Stalldanls: 20N, 60N 

Datum: NWS-84 

3000 -f."', "iQ~~ 

Domain 1 (36 km) 

-3000 -2000 -1000 

MM5 Domains: 

Dl: X: -3744- 3744 km, Y: -3384 - 3384 km; dxy- 36km; 209 x 189 iI= l,il= 1 

D2: X: -2196 - 2448 km, Y: -1656 - 1332km; dxy- 12km; 388 x 250 il= 44,il= 49 

D3:X: -612- 864km, Y: -48- 1080km;dxy= 4km;370x283il=133,jl=135 

o 1000 2000 

Figure B-2, Map showing the MM5 Domain 1 (36-km) and Domain 2 (12-km) and the new 

Domain 3 (4-km), 

B-4 

3000 
Table 8-2. Sigma Levels used in the North American MM5 Simulations for 2006. 

Level Sigma Half Sigma Ref. Pressure (mb) Height(m) 

surface 1.0000 1010.0 0.0 

1 0.9970 0.9985 1008.6 10.9 

2 0.9936 0.9953 1005.7 34.1 

3 0.9898 0.9917 1002.4 60.3 

4 0.9856 0.9877 998.8 89.6 

5 0.9808 0.9832 994.7 122.5 

6 0.9754 0.9781 990.1 160.0 

7 0.9694 0.9724 984.9 202.1 

8 0.9626 0.9660 979.1 249.6 

9 0.9549 0.9588 972.5 303.7 

10 0.9463 0.9506 965.0 364.8 

11 0.9367 0.9415 956.8 433.5 

12 0.9258 0.9313 947.4 511.5 

13 0.9136 0.9197 936.9 600.1 

14 0.8999 0.9068 925.1 700.4 

15 0.8845 0.8922 911.9 814.4 

16 0.8672 0.8759 897.0 944.1 

17 0.8477 0.8575 880.3 1092.1 

18 0.8258 0.8368 861.4 1261.5 

19 0.8012 0.8135 840.3 1455.3 

20 0.7736 0.7874 816.5 1677.7 

21 0.7425 0.7581 789.8 1934.1 

22 0.7076 0.7251 759.8 2230.9 

23 0.6683 0.6880 726.0 2576.1 

24 0.6242 0.6463 688.1 2980.0 

25 0.5746 0.5994 645.5 3455.7 

26 0.5188 0.5467 597.5 4021.9 

27 0.4688 0.4938 549.4 4628.0 

28 0.4284 0.4486 508.2 5180.4 

29 0.3879 0.4082 471.4 5705.6 

30 0.3474 0.3677 434.6 6265.0 

31 0.3065 0.3270 397.5 6866.0 

32 0.2620 0.2843 358.7 7545.5 

33 0.2175 0.2398 318.2 8317.4 

34 0.1675 0.1925 275.2 9224.7 

35 0:1175 0.1425 229.7 10311.2 

36 0.0783 0.0979 189.1 11426.7 

37 0.0588 0.0686 162.4 12261.6 

38 0.0392 0.0490 144.6 12875.1 

39 0.0196 0.0294 126.8 13547.3 

40 0.0000 0.0098 108.9 14290.2 

B-5 
2. Model Parameterizations and Schemes 

The MM5 model was run in the non-hydrostatic mode using the upper radiative 

boundary condition. MM5 physical schemes and parameterizations are listed in 

Table B-1. The Reisner graupel scheme was used for the explicit moisture 

parameterization. It predicts all five water contents in the atmosphere. This scheme 

includes additional equation to predict graupel. It is an expansive scheme compared 

with simple ice scheme, but it is affordable with the improved computer power at 

TRC. The cumulus scheme used in MM5 is the Kain-Fritsch 2 scheme (Kain, 2002). 

This scheme includes shallow convection. For planetary boundary layer (PBL) 

scheme, the Mellor-Yamada schem~ used in the ETA model (Janjic, 1990, 194) was 

used in this MM5 modeling. This scheme was implemented in the NCEP MRF 

model. It is efficient and suitable for high-resolution PBL. The Rapid Radiative 

Transfer Model was used for the radiation scheme in both Domains (Malwer et aI., 

1997). This scheme is a highly accurate and efficient method developed by AER Inc. 

Multiple-layer soil temperatures were computed using the NOAH land surface model 

(National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Oregon State University, Air Force, 

and Hydrologic Research Laboratory). Additional geographical data, such as soil 

types, vegetation fraction, and annual deep soil temperatures are needed for the land 

surface model; and these data were obtained from NCAR. 

One way nesting is used in the MM5 simulation, meaning that the mother domain is 

not affected by its child-domain. Such nesting allows adding new domains later 

without re-running all the other domains. 

Analysis Four Dimensional Data Assimilation (FDDA) was applied to both Domain 

I and Domain 2, but it will not be applied to the Domain 3. Typically the effect of 

assimilated data is passed into high resolution domains such as the 4-krn domain 

through the lower resolution nests, rather than directly in the high resolution domain. 

B-6 
3. Initial Data and Simulation 

MM5 is initialized using the 1

0 x 10 Final Analysis (FNL) data from NCEP at 

NCAR. It is an improvement of the original 2.5-degree by 2.5-degree data 

set. The FNL data were archived at NCAR with temporal resolution of six 

hours at the surface and 26 standard pressure levels under 10 hPa: 1000, 975, 

950, 925, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 

250, 200, 150, 100, 70, 50, 30, 20, and 10 hPa. The data set includes twodimensional variables of snow cover, sea surface temperature (SST), sea 

level pressure, and three-dimensional variables of temperature, geopotential 

height, U and V components, and relative humidity. 

The SST spatial resolution of lOx lOin FNL data is too coarse in the coastal 

area. To improve SST in MM5, a better SST data set, the daily 4-km 

MODIS SSTs, is ingested into the simulation. The MODIS (MODerate 

Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) SSTs are derived from the sensors 

onboard the NASA Terra and Aqua platforms. The MODIS SSTs include 

from both the sensors of mid-infrared (IR) and thermal IR channels. The 

product used in the simulation is the MODIS Global Level 3 Mapped mid-IR 

SSTs. 

MM5 is run for 2.5-day periods with 12 hours for spin-up time. The initial 

FNL data are model output and already in the dynamically-consistent state. 

The spin-up time of 12 hours is enough to allow MM5 reach dynamical 

balance in its domains. The 2.5-day simulation length can reduce the 

divergence between forecasts and analyses. MM5 output covers the period 

from 2005123112 to 2007010111, so that any conversion between local and 

UTC times can be properly processed. There are 183 2.5-day simulations in 

total for the annual period. 

B-7 
Page 1 of2 

Gustafson, Brian 

From: TGraumann@otpco.com 

Sent: Monday, August 31,2009 12:40 PM 

To: Gustafson, Brian 

Cc: pshamblin@hunton.com 

Subject: Big Stone Plant - Proposed BART Modeling Protocol - 8.31.2009 

Brian, 

Otter Tail Power Company has considered the questions and concems expressed by the participants on the July 

22, 2009 conference call regarding the Big Stone I BART modeling protocol, and EPA Region 8's July 30th 

summary of that call. 

In an effort to move the process along on a schedule that will enable the Department of Environment and Natural 

Resources to complete its Regional Haze State Implementation Plan in a timely manner, Otter Tail offers the 

following revisions to its "Modeling Protocol for a BART Assessment of the Big Stone I Coal-Fired Power Plant, 

Big Stone City, South Dakota June 2009", which Penny Shamblin submitted to you electronically on July 1, 2009 

(copy attached). 

During the July 22, 2009 call, EPA and the Federal Land Managers requested that Big Stone provide a detailed 

justification for using our proposed 4 km MM5 grid and a 4 km CALMET grid. While it is our opinion that our 

proposal could be justified, we are concerned that the demonstration could evolve into a research project that 

would not be satisfactorily resolved with all parties in a timeframe necessary to complete the modeling. 

Consequently, Otter Tail proposes to use a 12 km MM5 grid and a 4 km CALMET grid rather than the 4 km MM5 

grid and the 4 km CALMET grid. Our proposal is consistent with those modeling proposals adopted by Wyoming, 

North Dakota, VISTAS and WRAP. The 2-km simulation as described in section 4.2 page 4-2 will be eliminated 

from the Big Stone modeling protocol. Consistent with Section 3.4 page 3-10, we may however perform 

additional supplemental modeling using full ammonia limiting calculations using the POSTUTIL option 

MNITRATE=2. The results from both the approved modeling protocol and the supplemental modeling simulations 

will be presented. 

The proposed CALMET and CALPUFF switch settings are attached. Otter Tail has accepted the EPA-FLM 

Recommended CALMET Input File Values dated August 20, 2009. The proposed CALPUFF Inputs are those 

that we had initially proposed to you on August 19, 2009. 

We look forward to moving forward with the modeling on an expedited schedule. Thank you for your review and 

approval of these revisions. 

Regards, 

Terry 

Terry Graumann 

Terry Graumann 

Manager, Environmental Services 

Otter Tail Power Company 

P.O. Box 496 

215 S. Cascade 

Fergus Falls, MN 56538-0496 

Telephone: 218-739-8407 Fax: 218-739-8629 

E-Mail: tgraumann@otpco.com 

0911812009 
UNITEPSTATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC27711 

AUG J 12009 

MEMORANDUM 

. SUBJECT: Clarification on EPA-FLM Recommended Settings for CALMET 

TO: RegionalModeling Contacts. 

FROM: Tyler J Fox, Group Leader y~ J.~ Air Quality Modeling Group, C439'-6i. 

OFFICE OF. 

AIR QUALITY PLANNING 

AND STANDARDS 

The purpose of this memorandum is to update the draft recommendations for CALMET settings 

that were provided previously with the draft Reassessment of thelnteragency Workgroup on Air 

Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary Report: Revisions to Phase 2 Recommendations 

(EPA, 2009). .. . .. 

. On May 15, 2009, the EPA Model Clearinghouse issued a memorandum addressing a number of 

issues related to the operation of the CALMET diagnostic meteorological model in regulatory 

modeling applications for long-range transport (LRT). Additionally, a draft ve!sionofrevisions 

to the existing IWAQMPlulse 2 guidance was released on May 27, 2009 to provide technical 

context for the Clearinghouse memorandum. This draftdocUIlient outIin.ed a series of . 

recommendations for CALMET settings.thiltwere.intended to facilitate the direCt "pass-through" . . '.", . , . .. ' .. 

of prognostic meteorological data to the CALPUFFmodeling system using the same horizontal 

and vertical grid structure of the parent pr0f:0stic data set. This purpose is consistent with one 

of our overarching goals expressed at the 8 Conference on Air Quality Modelmg promoting the 

use of prognostic meteorological model products in regulatory dispersion modeling applications. 

. . . . 

Due to the tnne sensitive nature ofthe Clearinghouse memorandum, it was not possible to 

complete extensive testingofthe recommendedCALMET operational settmgs prior to release of 

· the memorandum and draft IWAQM reassessment report .• Subsequent testing of the CALMET 

• model with the proposed settings against mesosCale tracer dat.abases indicates. that . ." 

CALMET ICALPUFFperfonnance using the draft recommendations deteriorates . somewhat in 

comparison to other MMSICALMEThorizoniiu grid· configurations that were tested. 

SpeCifically, testing against the Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX) mesoscale 

tracer study dataset showed that when MM5artd CALMET were run on thesanie horizontal grid 

resolution, performance was poorer than other MM5ICALM'ET grid configurations tested .. 

While the performance deterioration was not drastic, it was significant. These results have · caused us to reconsider our interim guidance because it is inconsistent with oUr desire to promote 

the use of both the best meteorological products and progn()stic data in general. The use ()f . 

1 

hltemet AddreSs (URL). http://WWW.epa.gov 

RecycledIRecyclable .P~nled wllh Vegelable 011 Based Inks on Recycled Paper (Minimum 25% Postconsurnor) 
CALMET as. a vehicle. to ''pass-throughl

; MM5 or other nuinerical weather prediction (NWP) 

model data is no long~consideredviable.·· '" . 

The EPA has. dedicated considerable time and r~ources to the evaluatioIl of the use ofNWP data 

m conjunction withthe CALMET/CALPUFF modelmgsystem. As discussed itithe draft ' 

IWAQMreassessment report, there are techDicallimitatioristo theapplicabHity of diagnostic 

wind field models that together with advances m NWP lUodeltechnology and resolution make 

the fuller useofNWP mOdel data an attiactivealteinative. The draftIWAQM reasseSsment 

· document also discusses EPA'smtention to transition to the full use.ofNWP model data rather 

'. than Continue reliance uponwmd fields from DWMs for LRTapplicatjouS; Therefore, rather 

· than contmue to dedicate time and reSources to evaluating configunitions for CALMET that 

· wouldfacilitatea direct ''pass-through'' ofNWP data, EPA will focus its effOrts toward . 

expeditmg the testmg arid.review of its MM51WRF"to-CALPUFF, software prototype discussed 

· at the 9th Conference on Air Quality Modeling in anticipation ofan early 2010 release. 

In the mterim, it revised series of recommendations for CALMET settings were agreed upon 

· . during a recent meetilig·with modelers . from EP p,,:.and the Federal Land Manager (FLM) 

community .. Therefore,as discussed durmg the EPA modelers' conrertmce call on August 19th, . 

the EPA Model Clearinghouse is providing alloftheRegional Modelmg Contacts withthe 

attached. revised list ofrecommended switch settmgsfor CALMET. These recommendations are 

based m large part upon the understanding welulv.edeve~opedfromthe nl,lmerous tracer . 

evall,lations we have conducted m addition to the collective experienceofthe National Park 

.' Service, Forest Service, and US Fish andwildlife frolU the BART process. lngi:meralthe 

· recommendations are based upon values from the VISTAS BART modeling protocol with . 

. . limited modification(based on our internal testing. .' ( . ' 

. \ '.. . .'. ...... '. ...... ... . . .. ' 

As attached,. these updated reCommendations sttpersedethe recommendations from the draft 

IWAQM reaSsessment report': While the draft IWAQMrecommend.ations intended to cOnfigure . 

. . CAL MET to fitcilitatea direct ''pass-tbrough'' ofMMSdataare no longyr cOnSidered ,hable, our •......•.... 

. . position regardmg grid resolution presented m the May 15, 2009, Model Clearinghouse . ' ... . l - . - -." ," :,.' .' \ . , . (, . _ . 

memorandum ha~e not changeq.'· In particular, we wish to callto your attention that m lUost 

circumstances it iscorisidered inapproppate to consider CALMET horizontal grid resolutions of '. 

less than four (4)kilometers, consistcip.t" With oUI' discussion in the May 15;2009 Mod~l .. 

.. Clearmghouse meinorandum. It is anticipated that theFLMs will Hk~wlse require adherence to . 

these recommendations fur niodelmg conducted pui-suant to the Class I AQRV requirements of' 

th<;: PSD program. IilJhosecases, it is important to rememberthatthe. FLMshave the . . 

affumativetesponsibiiity forAQRV related studies, and usually take the lead m;negotiating the 

. '. protocOl for model settings (per Section 6.2.3 ofthe Guideline on Air Quality Models, Appendix' 

'. Wt040 CFRPart 51). .• . \ . ..' 

j 

2' . ( 
.J 

REFERENCES , 

USEPA, 2009: 'Reassessmentqfthelnter!lgency Workgro\jpon Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM),' 

Phase 2 SUllII1i.ary Report: Revisions to, Phase 2 Recommendations (Draft). EPAe EPAA541B- ' 

09-XXX, Research TrianglePark,NC, 56 pp. 

cc: "Richard W;ayJand, 

, Bill Harnett, 

, Ra:jRao' 

Dan Detoeck' 

Roger Brodb 

Bret Anderson 

'JohnYimont 

Tim Allen 

John Notar 

RickGraw 

.>:" 
.... t" 

·Input Group 

0" Ihputand .• .oirtpulfile 

. 

'. 

. names' 

" . 

': 

.. 

. '.' 

. 

.. .. 

'EPA-FL.M . Recommended CALMETlnputFileValues 

August28,2009 

./ 

", ',' 

SUi:)grollP . . Varl~ble , Description Default EPA·FlM 

a.. GEODAT . . 

.... .. .' . 

Inpirt filenl;lri1e ofgeophysieal data .' 'GEO.DAT. ' . 

SURF.DAT 

User defiried . 

b 

c 

d 

e 

f' 

SRFDAT . ". . 

" . .... . 

Inpirt flJ.!'l1ameqf hourly m~eorological.data User defined 

CU:>DAT '. ,.Input filename Of giidded cloud data' '. , , .. ' CLOUP.DAT' 

. 

PRCDAJ ' .... 'Inpirt fil$hame Of hourly predpHationdata . .". PRECIP.DAT ' User defined' 

WTDAT 

. ."_' .. . . .. Inpirt filename Of gridded fleld~ of terrain weighting factors WT.DAT 

. '" 

Qt,Jtpu!/filEinam7of list file 

.---C 

. METLSr ' .. . CALMET.LsT 

---c, 

. U,ser defined 

METDAT 

'. -. ' 

Ot,Jtputfilename Ofgenl'rated gridded rna fields CALMET.DAT , . User defined / 

PACDAT· ._ 

.'. .' ,..... .... " .' 

OiJlllirt fllenajnel'of generatadgrldded met liies:(MESEOPUFF iI) PACOUT.DAT 

T -

':. . LCFILES, ., . -.' ' . . '.. " . : - .. ' 

'Convert names-to upper or lower case .. User defined' 

'.' 

. . ... . - '. 

Number of iJpper air SI<'!Iions " .. , . ' User definoo ' . , User definE.d(>oY 

I-.;;:N:.:6:.:W;.;ST:;;.A':'·_";';'_--'-4.:.'N;:,:.U:;m;:,:b;,:~;.;O:;f..:o:.:v:;er..:wat;:,:·:.:.er::..;;m;:,:a:.:.··.:.Siat;=·O::,h:.:.·~.~~\.,-.:....'''-_''''';';'';''·'''·_· ..;.;.p:U.:.ser.:.:..;d;,:efi;,::n;:,:ed;,:'_·"",",",-",-+-u:..s;,,:er:..d.:.efi::,·;:;ri.:.ed:..· '-'-_-1' . , ." . . . . .' .., NM3D 'NumberQtMM4/MM5/3D.DATfiles • User defined User defined (>0) . 

"." -' .'., .. ' ,-

NIGF '. NUlJiber of coarse grid CAL MET fields a~initial guess fields 

, 

. .. UPDAT ,Input filenames Of upper air datil .. '. ' 

.SEADAT- . . .'.' .'. .' 

'Input filenal1le Of over .water staliClnS . 

. 

, 

" ... M3DDAT .. ' '.'. inpirtmenameofMM4/MM5i3p.DAT --

IGFOAT ....•...•. ' .lnPut filemmie of IGF-CALMET files'. '.' 

DIAQAT '. 

'. .: . --. . . 

Inpirt filename of pr"llrqcess~ sfcJUA data . 

PRGDA{ ...•. 

... ". .' .. ' ..... 

.' . Input filename 6f' prognostic.gridded wind fields 

". .. '. .'. '. ;. 

Oufpirt filenamE> of intermedia!~ winds, and misc,.;ac 

. 

--.. 

. 

. 

'" . 

User defined 

. . . UPn.DAT (n=1.2,:L) . 

SEAn:DAT(n=1,2,3; .. ) , 

,.---C 

MM50n.DAT 

c-. . IGFn.DAT (n,,1,2,3.;.) 

DIAG.DAT . 

- .--c. 

PROG.D.AT '. 

TEST.PRT. , 

o . . 

User detinE.d 

User defined 

User defined , ., < 

/ 

. .. ' 

. 

. 
. -'- . , .. . . . 

Input Group . Subgroup. . ·Variabi" 

". . .'. . . D.es~iption Default .EPA-FLM 

.. 

'1- GeneiBI . 

. run and . : 

tontrol' . . t ' 

.. 

'. 

" .' 

. 

. param!'lers· ." 

. '. 

'.' 

.. ' . .", . 

.2~ Map, 

projectiori ' 

and grid 

control, 

parameters . 

, ... 

I . I' ,. " ...•. , 

-' , . 

. 

" . . . .'. '. .. . ' 

'Output filename Of·final wind. fields ' .' . '. '.-'. TEST.QUT t, 'TSTOUT' '. . '.' . 

TSTKI~ '.' '. '. 

TEST.KIN 

. ,. " ' . . . 

. Output filen!lrneOf wind fields'afterkinematic winds .. , .,. '. ' .' 

TSTFRD . 

TEST;SLP, . . 

TSTSLp . 

bCST,GRD 

. 

'. 

. .".' ." '. ..... . 

Output filename Of distance land Internal. variables . 

DCSTGD- . 

Liser defined ' .' 

User defined .. 

. ." . 

8eginningyear ' IBYR .' 

, User defined 

. 

'. User defined .. • ', 

.. '. '. 

. BeginnIng month 

, 

" . IBMO., 

IBDY , . , 'Beginnlng da~.· , , " . , User.defined User defined 

. . . '., uSer ~efined, . ,User defined / r-IB_H_R_'_"·~_'_. __ .' ____ ~'~·~'B_eg~·~In_n_ln~g_h~O_ur ____ ~ __ ~_'~"'. ____ ~ __ ~.~ .. __ ~ __ ~~~~~~ __ ~~~~ ________ ~~~ 

iBn 

·IRLG. . 

IRTYPE " 

.. - " . . 

iTEST, 

MREG 

FEAST 

... 

Basetime zone',.. ' . ' 

. Length Of run (hourS) .. ' .. 

'. . . " " 

. 'Output type to create' 

,.' .. : ., •....... ;,: 

fl,equire fields for'CALGRID 

Flag tosto~run after setup phase 

':.... . '" .. " " 

Conformity to reguliltOryv;llues 

'. '. . .... c, Map projection. ' 

.. ' 

. . ' 

. ' 

.. . 

, . 

.... ..... ' 

lJS~ defiPE.:i 

T 

.... 2 

. ' 

" Ullerdefin!!d 

. .. ". 

UTM, . 

.. 

. . 

User defined 

. .' User'defined 

. 

T 

, . 

2. 

", . .1.'. 

. 

. 

' .. '. ·.LCC·· 

'0.0 b.o 

.. ..,' . .,'.. '. . .' .... . . 

.. 

.... 

. 

. , 

FNOR,TH .' . False northing at projection origfn.(km) . ' 0:0 '.. 0:0 '.' f-,..--;..;...--.,--,..;.r,.;-..,....~~'---'..;...;;.""-.,-..,....-=-..;......;....-----'-'--..,......,....-+ '.' ,..----'-----''--+-......,"'----''----1 

IUTMZN ' '. . UTM zone... User dlOfinea -999 .. 

. UTMHEM .. .. '. ,HernispbereOf UTM p~jection . ", '. N-" N 

.'. ' . 

. Userdefined 

. . 

RLATO ... Latitude a/projection ongin (decimal degrees, Nf .. User defined 

.. ' .". '. ,'I 

RLONO •.• ' Longitudeofprojectiort oqgin(deqimal degrees _ W) . . ." . . . , User defined' . User defined . 

. XLAT1 . User 'defin~ . . , 

. , . . . 

. : . 
. .~ .. ... . ' .' .. '.- . 

Input Group: Subgroup . :: Variable. . ' . . Descriptio,n Default EPA'FLM . 

XLAT2 . Matching latitude ~ projection (decimal degrees~ N) : User defin.ed . Usei-~efined . '. ", .' , . , .o'. '. , . Datum Datum-region ofoutpul coordinates " WG~84·_c :. User defined 

.. 

NX . Number'of east 10 wesl or X grid cells User defined . 'User defined 

. , .- .. 

NY ,,-- NUmber of north to south or Y grid cells User defined ' , User defined 

. . . DGRIDKM .. Grid spacing in kiiometer's(km) 

. 

.-

User defined User defined (;,Ikm ) 

· . : . .. .' .. ' 

:XORIGKM Southwest C9mer o/grid cell (1,1), X-coordinate (km)" User den ned User defined 

: SOU.thwest comer of grid 'cell (1,1),Y"coordinate (km) . . User defined .. ," YORIGKM User defined .' 

NZ · .' .. Nif~ber of vertic:allayers . U"erqefi~ed 10. 

'. 

" ZFACE Cell face heights in arbitrary vertical grid (ZFACE (NZ+1» (m) User defined 0,20.,40,80.,160,320., -, 640.,120.0.,2000,3000., 

.. . . 40.0.0. 

'.' ' .... 

LsAVE . 3 - Output Save met fields .In unfor.matted file' T T '. '. 

options' . 

IFORMO .:. ~ TyP.e of uiifor:inatted outpui file . 1 1 

.... . 

'Print met fields F " .. 

/ 'LPRINT. F . " 

.. .. 

,: 'IPRINF 'Print Intenial.ln h<lUrs :. 1 1 --'- . 

IUVbLJT layers of LJ, V""nct componefrts toprlnt (IUVOUT~Z)) '. NZ'O WO .. ' , ." 

· ..... ',' . '. . .. " '.' 

·'IWOUT Levels of W. Wind component to print (IWOUT (NZ)) . NrC L.WC. . ...:. ... " 

ITOUT LeVelsofWtemps to print (lTOUT (NZ)) NZ·o.. .10.'0. 

I ' .. . 

STABI[lTY PrintPGT Stability 0 0. 

Priritfridion ye;ocity , . 

USTAR ".:. 0. 0 . ' . --'- . 

. . '. ,MONIN. prlrii Moriin-Obukhov . . ." a )1. .. 

MIXHT · - . Print mixing height : 0. , ...:. 0.....:. ':- '. .' '. : 1 

I, WSTAR . Print c9nvec!iV'l velocity scale . . 

...:. 0. '. 0. 

.. 

" : . ' Print precipitation' rate/ ' . IPRECIP 0. ", 0. . 

, . , . . ' 
I 

. 

. 

I 

' .. 

InputGr~u p . 

,-

. . 

' ... 

4-

, MSteorolO-: 

glcal d..ta: 

~ptions 

. '. 

.'. 

.. ~~. 

. . . , . ' . . '.' 

. . 

. 

.' 

Default 

. - " .. Subgroup· .... '. '. Variable 

; SEN SHEA T,Prlnt sensible heat flux o .. 

CONVZI' . /.. ~.rint conyecti~e mixing helght (Zic) , '. . 

'. 

LOB .... ',' 'Prinimet d..taandinter~alvariablesJ ' F . ' .. 

NN1 .... .•.. Test~~d<:lebU9prl~t~pii~ms: first time Step .... '.1 

.,r-~~~ __ ----~ .. ~,---.~ .. --.~.--~~,~~-~.~.~. --'~----~-.-.-_-.-'~--~~--__ '~.' ~.-r~~--~~~ NN2 '" Test.and debug print oPti~ns:-last time step l' 

'. '. 

'~DBCST 

. ··IIOUTD' . . 

'NZPRN2 

IPRO 

IPR1·. ' ...... . 

'WR2 

IPR3 ... ~.' 

. 

IPR4 .. 

IPR5 .. ' .' 

fPR6' ' . 

·IPR7 

. tPR8 ":' 

' ... 

N90Bs '- .. NSSTA .. ' 

NPSTA' 

-- . -- '. . ... " . . ',' .' .... . 

Test and debug print options: diStance to land Intern.al vatiables . 

Test ~nd debug prihtoptiorys: control ~riables forwiltlng winds 

. ..',., ..... .... . 

Test and'debug print 'options: numberof levels starting at sfc 

Test and debug print o~ions:intetPolatedwindS ..... , . ,... '.' 

. Test and debug prilJloptions: terrain .adjusted.surfacElwind 

.. + est and debug print oPtions: smOothed wind a~d:di"Eirge fields 

. . ,,' ' .. 

Test and debug print options: final ~ndsPeed and direction, 

. '. 

, Test and debug print options: flnal divergence .' 

." . . . . '..' . .... .-. . Test and debug print options: winds after Kinematic effeCts 

Test and debug pl1nt.opt.io~s: winds after Froude No, adjUstment 

:TeSt and debug pri~.optlons: v;;nds after slope flow' .' . ~ . 

Test and ~eb\Jg print (jptioris:fin"lJ,.;nds .' .' , 

. 

. .' ' ... No.obsE!t'r.itlon mOde.. . 

'-

.", Number of 5urfacestStions 

. . .. ' . Number of precipitation stationS, .' . 

ICLOUD .'. ..-. Gridded cloud fields ..... . '. , .. 

• IFORMS , .• ' ...... • SUrfape m.e! d..ta file format . . . ' 

'iFQRMP ." .' .f>rl'CipiIBtJon d..ta file forma; '.. . . , 

. ' . . 

F 

0 0 " 

.. ' 

.. ' 

1 0 .. . ~ 

0 ·0 . -'- . 

a 0 .' . 

ci .' , 

,0 ' .. 

o. :. 0 .. 

:0 0 . 

' . 

a 0 

a -

a ., -,-' -'-

a . 0 

,. ·0 a .. . ." 

, ... 

o ·0 . 

" User defined (>0 ) 

User defined User defined ( >0) 

o 

" .' . 2 

2' 2. 

;- . 
.. ~ .' 

Input Group 

5-.Wind 

field options .. aoo' . param~Ws I . 

. 

. 

. 

.. 

. .... 

.. -~ .. 

f . 

.. ~ 

. 

SubgrOl!P .... Variable Description ' .. 

IFORMC Cloud data format . '-. .. .. 

. ' 

IWFCOD .' Wind. model options 

IFRAD~ . 

IKINE : Compute Kiner!1atic effectS . ~ .. " 

IOBR . .' . Use o:Bri&rtpiocedures for adjust vertical velocity 

. . 

. . 

- . 

" .. ' 

2 

0 

0 

-:-

Default 

. 

. 

EPA-F.LM 

2 .' 

1 

" .. . 

" O . 

0 

.. ' , . 

.. .--:-

.. ' ISLOPE '. ·Compute.slope effects .... ~~--~~~~~~~~~--~~~~--~~~~~--~~~~~~-4 

. . IEXTRP I . ElIIrapolate sfc wind o.bs to uppoir levels' '. " .' -4 

0 . . . 

. .... .. .. 

ICALM . . . ElIIrapolate sfcwinds even if ~m .. ...... 0···:' '.' -:- .. 

BIAS Surfaceiupper-'9h!1ng faCtors (BIAS (NZi) .' . , NZ*O " 10'0 .' 

-:c . ' 

.. 

-1 '. ..... '. . .' 

RMiN2' . M.inimul]i·distan~for. extrapolation of winds . 4 '. 

.IPROG '. : :"U~e prognosticmodelwindS~S input to diagnostic wind model o .. 14 

- . 

1 ISTEPPG " 

. .' .' .' 

Timestep(hours)ofprognostic model data' 

". IGFMET .' .... Use coarse.CALMET fi~ds as i,,;tial guess .' . , . ·0 0 

LVAAY 'F .' U~e varyi.ng radius Of influence ..... 

RMAA1 MaJCimurrifadius of influenCe in surface layer (km) I.)ser defined 100 ....... 

'. . . ." ... ,. I RAM)(4' , . MaJQrilum radius of influence over land al<?ft(km) '. '. . . · User defined· ,200 

Maxirriumf<\dius of inflOElilc;e over watpi- (km) . User defined 200 

.RMIN 0.1 . '., '. .... ' .. ' 

Minimum r~dius of influence in wind field interpolation (km) 

.' 

0:1 

15 . '.. . ....' . - .' . 

Radius of influen~e of terrain features (km) . . 

. 

'. User defined ... 

R1 ... ' .. . •. RElative w,eight ~t surface of 1;' guesS fields and obs (kml User .defined 50 . 

. 100 ,. . ... 

-: 

Relative:welght alOft. of 1" guess fields andobs(Kmj . . · U~er defined '.R2 . . ' . .'. . ..... . . 

RPROG Weightinsitactors of prognOStic wind field data (km) ... .. User defined . .' . 0 .' . . . 

·S.OE-06 

. . ".. .. ' ..... , 

, Maximum accep\able.dlvergence 

.... '. 

·D1VlIM .. , .... · 5.OE-06 .' 

. • .. . .' 

, . 
· 

· 

/ 

.. . . 

. . InpuiGroup' Subg~ouP . . '.' Varia~le '~criPtion' . . Default .. 

.-- .. , 

. 

... , 

· .: ,-'. 

. 

:NITER . "'Maximum numberOtiteratfonsindive,gence minimum 50. 50. . '. I . 

". '.' . .'.' ' 

· NSMTH . Numbe(of passes in smoothing (NSMITH (NZ» 

.... . .. 

... ' "2, (nxnz-l)* 4' . ' 2,9*4. ", '" 

NINTR2 ... . Ma~mum numberot siations fo~ int6rJ?oiation (NINTR2(Nz») .',' 99 ... " 10."99 .'. 

1 _ .. 

0..1 . '0.1 

· FEXTR2. MujjjplicativE!' scali~g fact~r for ext.ap. of Sfc obS to' upper layers 

. . (FEXTRS(NX)', . . . . . . . 

. ": . NZ*o.:O 

-" 

NI3AR Number of ba~~ tointerP<ilatfonofwind fields Q . . , '.. . D... >. 

~K_B_AR~· __ ~ __ ._. ____ ~~.L_·~_·eI~(~l_to_N~~~:~.U~P_ro_wh_· ~im __ ·ba~m_'e_m_ .. ~ap~p~IY ___ ·_'~ ______ ~_~·'~N_Z_' ______ ~ ____ ~1_0 __ ~~~ ____ -;i 

· x.cooritinat~Ot beginning ;ieach bamer(km) User defined 0. '.' .. · XBBAR(NBAA>:o.) 

' .. Yili:lAA p\lBAR>O) 

. )<EBAR(NBAR>6j 

'" .' veBAR (NBAR~o.) 

. . b' 

·ISURFT,· :" 

· y c60rdina;~ otbegillning of each barrier (km) ": Userdefired 

Xcoordinat~ of ~dingofeam bamer(kni)" . .... .' U~erdefi~ed .. ' . 

Ycoordinaleof ending OFead,bami,(kmj : Userdefin.ed ' • 

.\'" 

Compute surface temperature 

Sfqmfit station to "se.for sfc temp 

.... >. 

. ' . 

tiserdefined .. ,' . 

IOIOPT2 .. . . ".;' .... Domain_averaged temp lapse.rate .. 

.. ' IIJPT(IOIOPTi=o.) b 

. ..........• ' ... ' 

· UA st.i(ion louse f~ the domain-scale. lapse rate . User defined 

,ZUPT (IDIOPT2=O) .. . 'Ollfl\h thrciugl) Which domairi~scafe iaps~rate is'computed (m) 

fDIOPT3, . Oomain_averaged wihdcompo~ent .' . o. 

IUPWIND(iDIOPT3=O) .' . UAstationto useford~~airl-scale winds 

'.:,'. ; 

:-1 . . . . .. 

.. ' . ZUPWINO (iDIOPT3"o.) . Bpttom and top of layer thruwhich domain winds rio,pput6d (rn) 

IDIOPT4 Read obServed Surface wind components, .' 

..... . .. . ·IDIOPT5· ..... . Read obServed upper wind c9mponents .' 

. .' 

9· 

1.,10.0..0 

I) 

o 

. ' 

.' 

' .. 

" 

0. 

'. '. 

',' 

" U .' 

I,Jser defined' ., . 

0. 

Userdefined . 

20.0. '.' 

.". ,. 0.. ". .... . .... 1. 

.. 

.. ' _1 

. , .' . 

'. 1.,10.0.0.' . . 

0. 

0. 
. 

" .. 

. 

:-

.. ~-., 

.. c· . : . 

. IriputGr6ilp. Subgroup Variable' ·oescriptlon . Default· .. 

j 

1 

6~Mixing 

height, 

temperature' '. 

and 

prEicipitation 

parameters 

. 

, 

. 

LLBREZE . '. :Use lake br:eeze mOdule F .. F ' . . . 

NBOX '. User defined .' o 

. XG1 _x grid line 1 defining \heregio~ of ihierest 

. :.' 

' .. _ Us'erdefin'ed . o _ .... 

XG2 ' .. -' . 

. 'Xllrid . ~ne 2 deftnlngthe region Ofinter~t .. User. defined - .:. 0 ...... -I 

yG1·: '. .: 

0 . y grfdlin~1defining th~region Of ihterest .. . . ........ . , , .. :.... - Userdeftned 

yC;;2 :. -0 :: '. 

: 

.....- . .- Y grid line 2 defining lhe region of inter~ . User·defined 

XBCST .-" . 

Xpointdefjning,the ';oastlin~ (kin) 0 . User defined 

~ .. 

.YBCST 0 .' 

Y point definingti-le Coastline (km) . User defined, '.' . . 

XEGST "_c 

.' --

· X ~oint defining the coastline (km) . User defined 0 . ," 

. 

'. ypilitltdSftninglhecoaStlIne (km) : '. . '. Userdefined: . 0 

·>NLB .... NumberOfsta~ons inth~ region, (~ + upPer ~ir) 

.... St3tio~IIYs i",the r~iOn(METBXlO(NLB» 

. - User defined . . 0 , '. : .' 

.' 

:METBX\O> . - User defined 

CONSTB-: .. ' ...... MixhiCOristant;neutral, mechanical equation '. 1,41. ". . . 1.41- ..' 

. CONSTE . . Miicht,ccinstant: cOnvective equation . '. 0.15 '.' . 0.19: 

~C·~O~N·~ST-N-.~~'~~~~·M-·~ht~~·-t·~nt~st-b-I--~ti~~--~--~~~--~~--24-0-0.-· ----.:::,~~~r·-24-00~·--~-·-~··-·~I· ... )x ~ons a :. . a e equa on . ... 

. .' 

,~,C_O_~~S_nN __ :_.·~-.. ·.~--~-M-i-X~h_teq~U_a_tio_-n~:-ov~:"'~Wat~·,_.~~· __ ~ ______ ~~ __ ~~ __ :~~. -b~a~.1~6_:~::~: __ ~ .. ~. ___ .~:0_._16 __ '~ __ ~ __ ~1 ,.. .' . , ~,' '. I' 

FCClI:UOL.·. ,AbsOlute~iu'eOfCoriolisparameter .' :. . ." 1.0E-04: 1.010'04 '. 

.IAVezI.· ..•.. Spatial averaging of Mile: ht: conductspatiai avera~ilig. c·i : 1 .. 

• MNtvlDAV :' sp~al averaging of iW~ht: M';,Se<;irchradiUS(# of grid cells) .1 

. 

HAFANG .' .. " · .: .' ',', '. ,.' 

· Spatial avg'n of iWxht:. 0.5,-8ngle of upwind cone for avg (deg) . 30' , 30·· . -: I 

ILEvZI . . .:: Spatial averagin~ of Mi~ ht:LayerOf wi~d~uSed jrllipwind -1 
. 

. -'- . 

: Input Group SIJ!lgroup . . ~scription " .. . .. Variable Default. EPA-FLM· ~ 

'. 

'THRESHl: Zie Mix Ht.OPti~ns: Th~eshold.buoyancyfluxreqrd to susfain 0.05 .. 0.0' 

over lanc! (W/m3) ' ... ' .' .' . . ... 

THRESHW Zic Mix HI-OPtIons: Threshold bU~ya~cY flux reqrd sustain over . ' .. 0.05 . 

0.05 , "'. . water ryv 1m3) .. 

\ .' ' ..... ' ... :. '.' 

• 

. 'rrWPROG Zie MiiHt Options: Ove..waterl!lPserates used in Zic growth .0 0 .. 

· ILUOC3D · Zie Mix Ht Options: Limd'use'category in 3D:DAT 16 16 . , .' . \ .. . 

Min potel'ltial ~p lapse rate in stable layer above Zie (deg- , DPTMIN 0.001 0.001·. 

.... · KIm) ' . I 

- , .' . . .D?ZI • ..... · Depth of computing,capping l.aPse rate (m) : , 200 .. '200 . ' 

, ' ... 

Minimum'over I.and mixlngl1eight (m): . . 

50. .' 21MIN· '. ". . 50 . 

.. •.... . .... 

.' .. 

c· . ZIMAX Maximum.ov.er land miXing height (m) 3000 3000 

· .... ·c· • ... " I 'Z!MINW, .. Minimum over wat",r mixlngheighl (m) .. ' . 50 - 50 

.·ZIMAXW .. · Maximum over water mixing height (m) 300ci . 3000 ... . 

ICOARE. OVer water surface fluXes meihods and parameters .' . . . 10 . . O· .. 

· ", • DSELF 

. ' . . . .... . . . ... 

'Coastal/shallow waterlenSth scale (km) ~ ... 0 0 ... ' .. . . .. ·IWARM ". . COARE warm l!lyer computation .,': 0, 0 , ... 

ICOOL COME cool skinlayercomputalicln 0 .. 0 . '. . 

; 

ITPROG . .. 3D temp from obs or-from prognostic data .. '0 0 . . . 

.. IRAe 1 ". Temp interpolation type'. 1 · 

TRADKM Radius of influence of temp interpolation (km) . '500 . 500 

NU¥TS Maxnumber·of stations to. include hinterpolation • 5 5 '1 

. . .. . ',' , .' ( , . '.(. IAVET . Conduct spatial aVer8ging 'of temp . . 1 . . 

. . .. 

TGDEFS' . Default temp gradient b.Eliowroix .hl overwater (deg-Klm)' . -0.0098 -0.0098' . . 

.·'TGDEFA . ... ..... .'. ....; 

-O.OQ45 -0.0045 . ' . Default temp gradient~bove mix ht over water (deg-Klm) ' . 

. -. .. 

11 
, 

. 1 . Input Group. 

'.' 

. . 

. 

7··Surface 

meteorolOglcai Station". 

Parameters 

s: Upper air 

m'eteorolo- .. , 

.. gcal~cm 

~paramEiters, 

Subgrc;iup 

.. ' ',: . 

.. 

i, 

9-'1· 

Prepipitiltion 

station . '. para!f\eters .. 

. 

. 

'/ 

,'-. .. 

.. - ---," . .. , .' 

. .. ' Vai'iaille .... :. . ... 

'" . 

. 

Description ., ,: . 

JWAT1 ',' ,. ..:" '. ". . . : 

Beginning laOduse categories forternp interpolatiOn civer water 

JWAT2 .. ". '.. '. '. '. ..' . . " 

. Ending land use categori!'S for temp ihterPolation over weier 

. 

NFLAGP. Molthod of precipitation interpolation .... . . 

CUTP. Mini;';umpredipitatiori ':"te wtoff (mmihr) .,' 

CSNAM . 

'-, . . . ' Station name ' .. ' . 

. 

IDSSTA .' . 

' .. 

XSSTA 

. 

X'coordinate (km).· ::. . 

. 

YSSTA .' .. . ' Y=ordinate' (km) . 

. ' . 

. XSTZ·· .. '. ': . 

zAN EM . 'AnemOrTieter,h9;ght (m) .' 

CUNAM '.' St8tlon name' :: . . . : : . . 

. . . - . ! 

· Station identiftc8lion humber 

. . ..' . 

XUSTA : .. X-eoOrdinate(km) 

YUSTA 

. . .'. . 

· Y-coordinate (km) ... 

.. ULm; . '". : Time zone '. 

'CPNAM .,: ...... 

IDPSTA 

ypSTA . 

'. 

'.' 

.... ' . 

Station name 

'. . .,. . 

:Station identifiqation number 

X-eoordinate-(km) .. .' 

I, ", .: .... 

· .y ,coordJnate (km) . , 

. . 

. 

. '. 

. .. .. 

,. 

... 

.. 

. 

. 

. . ' 

. ',' ' . 

[)efault 

User defined - 999 55 ", . 

User defined - 999 . ',55 . 

2 2 . 

. 

100 

0,01·' , :01 .... : . 

U'ser defined . User defined 

, 

User defined· ·User defined· 

. 

.. ' lJser defiried . 

User defined " 

User defined US.er defined 

User defin$:! User defined '.' 

:. " User defined ' .. ' , '" 

User defined 

. . User defined . 

User. defined ..: 

User defined , 

. .. 

Userdefihed 

User defirieo 

.. '. 

'User defined . . '. 

User. defined ., 

. 

. 

. 

. 

' . 

User defined. 

User d6ftned 

Userder;necJ 

" 

.. User detined 

. . 

.'. 

.' . 

'. 

' .. 

: . 

:,:, 

. 
CAlMET Inputs 

Variable Description EPA Default WRAP Values IWAQM09 Bia Stone Notes 

GEO.DAT Name of Geophysical data file GEO.DAT GEO.DAT GEO.DAT WRAP 

SURF.DAT Name of Surface data file SURF.DAT SURF.DAT SURF.DAT WRAP 

PRECIP.DAT Name of Precipitation data file PRECIP.DAT PRECIP.DAT PRECIP.DAT WRAP 

NUSTA Number of upper air data sites User Defined 0 0 WRAP 

UPN.DAT Names of NUSTA upper air data files UPN.DAT NA NA WRAP 

IBYR Beainnina vear User Defines User Defines User Defines Based on 12 Km ISMO Beginning month User Defines User Defines User Defines MM5 data IBDY Beginning day User Defines User Defines User Defines availability IBHR Beginning hour User Defines User Defines User Defines 

IBTZ Base time zone User Defines User Defines User Defines 

IRLG Number of hours to simulate User Defines User Defines User Defines 

Output file type to create (must be 1 for 

IRTYPE CALPUFE)" 1 1 1 WRAP 

LCALGRD Are w-components and temperature needed? T T T WRAP 

Domain specific 

based on MM5 

grid spacing 

NX Number of east-west grid cells User Defines Table 3-1 313 resolution 

Domain specific 

based on MM5 

grid spacing 

NY Number of north-south grid cells User Defines Table 3-1 181 resolution 

DGRIDKM Grid spacing User Defines 4 4 WRAP 

Domain specific 

based on MM5 

XORIGKM Southwest arid cell X coordinate User Defines Table 3-1 -506 data 

Domain specific 

based on MM5 

YORIGKM Southwest grid cell Y coordinate User Defines Table 3-1 298 data 

Domain specific 

based on MM5 

XLATO Southwest grid cell latitude User Defines Table 3-1 User Defines data 

Domain specific 

based on MM5 

YLONO Southwest arid ceilionaitude User Defines Table 3-1 User Defines data 

IUTMZN UTM Zone User Defines NA NA WRAP 

\lVhen using lambert Confonnal map 

coordinates, rotate winds from true north to 

LLCONF map north? F F F WRAP 

XLAT1 latitude of 1 st standard parallel 30 33 33 WRAP 

XLAT2 Latitude of 2nd standard parallel 60 45 45 WRAP 

RLONO Lon itude used if LLCONF = T 90 97 97 WRAP 

RLATO Latitude used if LlCONF - T 40 40 40 WRAP 

NZ Number of vertical Lay~rs User Defines 11 -24 -24 IWAQM09 

0.20.46.72, 104. 

136,178,220, 

272,326. 394. 

460.548, 636, 

0,20. 100.200, 746.860.1002. 

350.500. 750, 1152.1336.1534, 

1000.2000.3000, 1774. 2040. 2358, IWAQM, based on 

ZFACE Vertical cell face heiQhts (NZ+l values) User Defines 4000. and 5000 2720, 3154. 3656 MM51eveis 

LSAVE Save met. Data fields in an unformatted file? T T T WRAP 

IFORMO Format of unformatted fil~ (1 for CALPUFF) 1 1 1 WRAP 

Domain 

dependent, see 2002 - 204 

Figure 3-1 for 2006 - 250 

NSSTA Number of stations in SURF .DAT file User Defines locations 2007 - 250 Domain specific 

Domain 

dependent, see 2002 - 263 

Figure 3-1 for 2006 - 267 

NPSTA Number of stations in PRECIP.DAT User Defines locations 2007 - 267 Domain specific 

Is doud data to be input as gridded fields? 

ICLOUD O=No) 0 0 0 WRAP 

IFORMS Format of surface data (2 = formatted) 2 2 2 WRAP 

IFORMP Fonnat of precipitation data 2= formatted 2 2 2 WRAP 

IFORMC Format of doud data (2= formatted 2 2 2 WRAP 

Generate winds by diagnostic wind module? 

IWFCOD 111 = Yes) 1 1 1 1 WRAP 

WRAP, VISTAS, 

Adjust winds using Froude number effects? Montaha, North 

IFRADJ 1'1= Yes) 1 1 0 1 Dakota 

Adjust winds using Kinematic effects? (1 = 

IKINE Yes) 0 0 0 0 WRAP 

Use O'Brien procedure for vertical winds? (O 

IOBR = NO) 0 0 0 0 WRAP 

1/4 
Variable Description EPA Default WRAP Values IWAQM09 Big Stone Notes 

WRAP. VISTAS. 

Montana, North 

ISLOPE Compute SI~~-flOWS? (1 = Yes) 1 1 0 1 Dakota 

Extrapolate surface winds to upper layers? ( 

4 = use similarity theory and ignore layer 1 of 

IEXTRP upper air station data) -4 1 1 -4 VISTAS, Montana 

Extrapolate surface calms to upper layers? (0 

ICALM = No) 0 0 0 0 WRAP 

Surface/upper-air weighting factors (NZ 

BIAS values) NZ'O NZ'O NZ'O WRAP 

IPROG Using prognostic or MM-FDOA data7JO = No) 0 14 14 14 WRAP 

LVARY Use varvinQ radius to develop surface winds? F F F WRAP 

Domain specific 

based on MM5 

Max surface over-land extrapolation radius grid spacing 

RMAXl km) User Defines 50 0.001 25 resolution 

Domain specific 

based on MM5 

grid spacing 

RMAX2 Max aloft over-land extrapolations radius (km User Defines 100 0.001 50 resolution 

Maximum over-water extrapolation radius 

RMAX3 km) User Defines 100 0.001 100 WRAP 

RMIN Minimum extrapolation radius (km) 0.1 0.1 0.1 WRAP 

Distance (km) around an upper air site where Not relevant if not 

vertical extrapolation is excluded (Sel to - 1 if using upper air 

RMIN2 IEXTRP= ±4) 4 4 NA stations 

TERRAD Radius of influence of terrain features km User Defines 10 10 WRAP 

Rl hall 01 RMAXl 

Relative weight at surface of Step 1 field and consistent with 

Rl obs User Defines 100 0.001 12.5 Montana 

R2 hall 01 RMAX2 

consistent with 

R2 Relative weiaht aloft of Step 1 field and obs User Defines 200 0.001 25 Montana 

DIVlIM Maximum acceptable divergence 5.00E-06 5.00E-06 5.00E-06 WRAP 

Max number of passes in divergence 

NITER minimization 50 50 50 WRAP 

NSMTH Number of passes in smoothing (NZ values) 2,4'(NZ-l) 2,4'(NZ-l) 2.4·(NZ-l) WRAP 

Max number of stations for interpolations (NA 

NINTR2 values) 99 99 99 WRAP 

CRITFN Critical Froude number 1 1 1 WRAP 

AlPHA Empirical factor triggering kinematic effects 0.1 0.1 0.1 WRAP 

Compute temperatures from obselVations (0 

IDIOPTl = True) 0 0 0 WRAP 

Surface station to use for surface temperature most 

ISURFT (between 1 and NSSTA) User Defines 1 211 representative 

Compute domain-average lapse rates? (0 = IDIOPT2 Truei 0 0 0 WRAP 

Not relevant ~ not 

Station for lapse rates (between 1 and using upper air 

IUPT NUSTA) User Defines 1 NA stations 

ZUPT Depth of domain-average lapse rate (m 200 200 200 WRAP 

Compute internally initial guess winds? (0 = IDIOPT3 True) 0 0 0 WRAP 

Upper air station for domain winds (-1 = 1/r**2 

IUPWND interpolation of all stations) -1 -1 -1 WRAP 

Bottom and top of layer for 1 st guess winds 

ZUPWND m) 1 .• 1000. 1 .. 1000. 1 .. 1000. WRAP 

Read surface winds from SURF.DAT? (0 = IDIOPT4 True) 0 0 0 WRAP 

IDIOPT5 Read aloft winds from UPn.DAT? (0 = True) 0 0 0 WRAP 

CONSTB Neutral mixing h~lgtlt B constant 1.41 1.41 1.41 WRAP 

CONSTE Convective mixing height E constant 0.15 0.15 0.15 WRAP 

CONSTN Stable mixina height N constant 2400 2400 2400 WRAP 

CONSTW Over-water mixing height W constant 0.16 0.16 0.16 WRAP 

FCORIOL Absolute value of Canales parameter 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 1.00E-04 WRAP 

Spatial averaging of mixing heights? ( 1 = 

IAVEZI True) 1 1 1 WRAP 

MNMDAV Max averagin radius (number of grid cells 1 1 1 WRAP 

HAFANG Half-angle for looking upwind degrees 30 30 30 WRAP 

Layer to use in upwind averaging (between 1 

ILEVZI and NZ) 1 1 1 WRAP 

Minimum capping potential temperature lapse 

DPTMIN rate 0.001 0.001 0.001 WRAP 

DZZI Depth lor COIl1!>l1ti"9_ capping lapse rale (m) 200 200 200 WRAP 

ZIMIN Mtnimum over-land mixing height {mJ 50 50 50 WRAP 

2/4 
'able EPA Default WRAP lalues IWAQM09 Big lone Notes 

Maximum over-land I'! j i t(m) _~gQO 4500 10 WRAP 

N Minimum . mixing ,ight(m) 50 5C 

:W Maximum i t(m) 3000 4500 10 WRAP 

fonn of temperature I (1 = llr) 1 WKA.!' 

TRAI DKM Radius ofl I (km) 500 500 500 WRAP 

Max number 01 stations in . 

NUMTS I 5 5 5 WRAP 

Conduct spatial averagmg /(1 

IAVET = True) 1 a a WRAP 

r mixed layer lapse rate 

TGD ,FB (Kim) -0.0098 -0.01198 -0.0098 WRAP 

TG ,FA r capping lapse rate (Kim) -0.0045 -0.01 145 -0.0045 WRAP 

JWA I Ilanduse type dellning 999 5' 51 WRAP 

JWA End ling landuse tvpe defining water 999 5l 55 WRAP 

1~~.'!'2~d I 1 (2= 

INFLAGP 2 2 2 WRAP 

ISIGMAI IPrecip I "or ,(km\ 100 100 100 WRAP 

~UTP I Minimum cut off precip rate (mmlhr) 1.01 1.01 0.01 WRAP 

2002 - 204 Specific to 

ISSn I NSST A input records " "'0 ,stalions User Defines Figure 3-1 2007 - 250 mOdel:/ 

Usn INUSTA input records for upper-air stations User Defines NA NA WRAP 

I NPST A input records for precipitations ~gg~: ~~~ .spe~=I~~ear 

IPSn Istations User Defines Figure 3-1 2007 - 267 modeled 

INOOBS a 1 1 WRAP 

I.Addresseslack of 

I ~?~O~_ for overw~t~~:~~_:(ates used in , mixing I i I arowth 0 2 waler 

!ITPROG_ 13D •• " ." •• ;~.;;::rom • .,,; or from 

0 2_ Ma=~e~ol 

c AlPUFF Inputs 

Variable Description EPA Default WRAP Values IWAQM09 Big Stone Notes 

METDAT CALMET input data filename CALMET.DAT CALMET.DAT CALMET.DAT WRAP 

PUFLST Filename for general outout from CALPUFF CALPUFF.LST CALPUFF .LST CAlPUFF .LST WRAP 

CONDAT Filename for output concentration data CONC.DAT CONC.DAT CONC.DAT WRAP 

DFDAT Filename for output dry deposition fluxes DFLX.DAT DFLX.DAT DFLX.DAT WRAP 

WFDAT Filename for output wet deposition fluxes WFLX.DAT WFLX.DAT WFLX.DAT WRAP 

Filename for output relative humidities (for 

VISDAT visibility) VlSB.DAT VlSB.DAT VISB.DAT WRAP 

METRUN Do we run all periods (1) or a subset (O)? a a a WRAP 

IBYR Be innin I year User Defined User Defined User Defined 

IBMO Beginning month User Defined User Defined User Defined Based on 12 km 

IBDY Beginning day User Defined User Defined User Defined MM5 data 

IBHR Beginning hour User Defined User Defined User Defined availability 

IRlG LenQth of runs (hours) User Defined User Defined User Defined 

Follov-nng FlM 

guidance on 

'particle speciation 

Number of species modeled (for MESQPUFF and size to 

NSPEC II chemistry)- 5 5-9 11 address comments 

NSE Number of species emitted 3 2-9 9 WRAP 

Restart options (0 = no restart), allows 

MRESTART splitting runs into smaller segments 0 20r3 20r3 WRAP 

METFM Fonno! of input meteorology (1 = CALMET) 1 1 1 WRAP 

Averaging time lateral dispersion parameters 

AVET minutes)- 60 60 60 WRAP 

MGAUSS Near-field vertical distribution (1 = Gaussian) 1 1 1 WRAP 

MCTADJ Terrain ad"ustments to plume patlr(3 = Plume 3 3 3 WRAP 

Do we have subgrid hUls? (0 = No), allows 

MCTSG CTDM-Jike treatment for subgrid scale hills a 0 0 WRAP 

MSLUG Near-field puff treatmenliO = No slu s) a 0 0 WRAP 

MTRANS Model transitional plume rise? 1 - Yes 1 1 1 WRAP 

MTIP Treat stack tiD downwash? (1 = Yes 1 1 1 WRAP 

MSHEAR Treat vertical wind shear? {O = No a 0 a WRAP 

EPA Region 8 

recommendation; 

necessary due to 

distance from 

source to Class I 

MSPLIT Allow Duffs to split? (0 = No) a a 1 areas 

MCHEM MESOPUFF-II ChemisW/ (1 = Yes) 1 1 1 WRAP 

MWET Model wet de osition? 1 = Yes 1 1 1 WRAP 

MDRY Model dry deposition? 1 = Yes 1 1 1 WRAP 

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Variable DescriDtion EPA Default WRAP Values IWAQM09 Bia Stone Notes 

MDISP Method for dispersion coefficients (3 = PG & 3 3 3 WRAP 

MTURBVW Turbulence characterization? OnlY if MDiSP 3 3 3 WRAP 

MDISP2 Backup coefficien~ (Only if MDISP = 1 or 5 3 3 3 WRAP 

MROUGH Ad'ust PG for surface roughness? (0 = No 0 0 0 WRAP 

MPARTL Model partial plume oenetration? (0 = No)_ 1 1 1 WRAP 

MTINV Elevated inversion strength (0 =: compute frOIT 0 0 0 WRAP 

MPDF Use PDF for convective disDersion? 0 = Not 0 0 0 WRAP 

MSGTIBL Use TIBL module? (0 = No) allows treatment 0 0 0 WRAP 

MREG Reaulatorv default checks? 1 = Yes 1 1 1 WRAP 

Names of species modeled (for MESOPUFF 

CSPECn II. must be S02. S04. NOx. HN03. N031 User Defined 5 11 

S02. S04. NOX. S02. S04. NOX. Following FLM 

N03. HN03. N03. HN03. guidance on 

PM25 (depends on PM800. PM425. particle speciation 

Species emissions data PM187. PM112, and size to 

Names Species that will be modeled User Defined provide ~ States) PM081, PM056 address comments 

Specie 

Groups Groupina of species, if any. User Defined NA No QroupinQ 

NX Number of east-west grids of input meteorolo User Defined Table 3-1 313 Domain s ecific 

NY Number of north-south Qrids of input meteorol User Defined Table 3-1 181 Domain specific 

NZ Number of vertical layers of in ut meteorology User Defined 11 24 24 IWAQM09 

DGRIDKM Meteorology grid spacing (kmJ User Defined 4 4 WRAP 

ZFACE Vertical cell face heiahts of input meteoroloav User Defined Table 3-2 User Defined Domain .$pecific 

XORIGKM Southwest comer east-west) of input meteon: User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific 

YORIGIM Southwest comer north-south) of input meteo User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific 

IUTMZN UTM zone User Defined NA User Defined Domain specific 

XLAT Latitude of center of meteorology dO(J1ain User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific 

XLONG Longitude of center of meteoroloQV domain User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain .$pecific 

XBTZ Base time zone of input meteorology User Defined MST User Defined Domain specific 

IBCOMP Southwest of Xindex of computational domain User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain ~pedfic 

JBCOMP Southwest of Y -index of computational domai User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific 

IECOMP Northeast of Xindex of computational domain User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain specific 

JECOMP Northeast of Y - index of cOrripytational domai User Defined Table 3-1 User Defined Domain ~pecific 

LSAMP Beeptors (T -= Yes) F F F WRAP 

~ of Xindex of receptor arid User Defined NA User Defined Domain ~pecific 

of V-index of receptor rid User Defined NA User Defined Domain specific 

Northeast of Xindex of receptor Qrid User Defined NA User Defined Domain specific 

Northeast of Y -index of rece tor grid User Defined NA User Defined Domain specific 

MESHDN Gridded receptor spacing = DGRIDKMlMESH 1 NA NA WRAP 

ICON Output concentrations? (1 - Yes) 1 1 1 WRAP 

IDRY Output dry deposition flux? (1 = Ves 1 1 1 WRAP 

IWET Output wet depOSition flux? (1 = Yes 1 1 1 WRAP 

IViS Output RH for visibility calculations 1 =Yes 1 1 1 WRAP 

LCOMPRS Use compression oPtion in output? T=Ves T T T WRAP 

ICPRT Print concentrations? 0 = No 0 0 0 WRAP 

IDPRT Print dry deposition fluxes 0 = No) 0 0 0 WRAP 

IWPRT Print wet deposition fluxes 0 - No 0 0 0 WRAP 

ICFRQ Concentration print interval (1 = hour1y) 1 1 1 WRAP 

IDFRQ Drv deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) __ 1 1 1 WRAP 

IWFRQ Wet deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) 1 1 1 WRAP 

IPRTU Print output units (1 = g/m-3; Q/m**2/s} 1 1 1 WRAP 

IMESG Status messages to screen? (1 = Yes) 1 1 1 WRAP 

Output Specie VVhere to output various species User Defined Default Default WRAP 

LDEBUG Tum on debl!9Jracking? F = No F F F WRAP 

DIY Gas Dep Chemical parameters of gaseous deposition s User Defined Default Default WRAP 

Dry Part. Oep Chemical parameters of particulate de osition User Defined Default Default WRAP 

RCUTR Reference cuticle resfstance stem 30 30 30 WRAP 

RGR Reference around resistance (s/em) 10 10 10 WRAP 

REACTR Reference reactivity 8 8 8 WRAP 

NINT Number of partide-size intervals 9 9 9 WRAP 

IVEG V~getative state {1 = active and unstressed 1 1 1 WRAP 

WelDep Wet deposition parameters User Defined TBD Default Default 

MOZ Ozone background? (1 ::: read from ozone.dat 1 1 1 WRAP 

BCK03 Ozone default (ppb) {Use only for missing dat 80 80 80 WRAP 

BCKNH3 Ammonia background (ppb) 10 1 1 WRAP 

RNITE1 IIS0210ssrate %lhr 0.2 0.2 0.2 WRAP 

RNITE2 NOx loss rate %lhr 2 2 2 WRAP 

RNITE3 HN03 loss rate %/hr 2 2 2 WRAP 

SYTDEP HOrizontal size (m) to switch to time depende 550 550 550 WRAP 

MHFTSZ I Use Heffler for vertical dispersion? (0 = No 0 0 0 WRAP 

JSUP E'bove mixed layer 5 5 5 WRAP 

CONK1 constant (EQ. 2.7-3 0.Q1 0.01 0.01 WRAP 

CONK2 constant (Eq. 2.7-4 0.1 0.1 0.1 WRAP 

TBO Transition for downwash alaorithms (0.5 = IS 0.5 0.5 0.5 WRAP 

IURB1 rBeginning urban landuse type 10 10 10 WRAP 

IURB2 lEnding urban landuse type 19 19 19 WRAP 

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