# Patent

## Title
Bifurcation stent and method of positioning in a body lumen

## Abstract

Disclosed is a stent that is useful for treating a vascular bifurcation, the stent having a plurality of segments extending coaxially end to end along a longitudinal axis of the stent from a first end to a second end of the stent, each segment having a plurality of struts extending in a zig-zag pattern around the circumference of the stent, wherein the stent is expandable from reduced diameter to an expanded diameter, the second end of the stent having a larger diameter than the first end when expanded; and an eyelet integrally formed with the segment positioned adjacent the second end, and configured to receive a radiopaque marker therein. The stent provides an improvement over prior stents for treating a vascular bifurcation by allowing the stent to be deployed in the widened transitional zone of a bifurcation such that the second end of the stent is accurately positioned at the carina.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/737,652, filed Apr. 19, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,686,846, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/225,484, filed Aug. 20, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,238,197, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/580,597, filed May 30, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,666,883, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/011,214, filed Apr. 3, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,655, which is the national stage of International Application No. PCT/FR97/00999, filed Jun. 5, 1997, which claims priority from French Application No. 2749500, filed Jun. 6, 1996, the disclosures of which are all incorporated by reference in their entireties.


BACKGROUND
1. Field
The present invention relates to an apparatus permitting the treatment of bodily conduits, typically blood vessels, in an area of a bifurcation, e.g., in an area where a principal conduit separates into two secondary conduits. It also relates to equipment and methods for positioning the apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is known to treat narrowing of a rectilinear blood vessel by means of a radially expandable tubular device, commonly referred to as a stent. This stent is introduced in the unexpanded state into the internal lumen of the vessel, in particular by the percutaneous route, as far as the area of narrowing. Once in place, the stent is expanded in such a way as to support the vessel wall and thus re-establish the appropriate cross section of the vessel.
Stent devices can be made of a non-elastic material, in which case the stent is expanded by an inflatable balloon on which it is engaged. Alternatively, the stent can be self-expanding, e.g., made of an elastic material. A self-expanding stent typically expands spontaneously when withdrawn from a sheath which holds it in a contracted state.
For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,733,065 and 4,806,062, which are incorporated by reference herein, illustrate existing stent devices and corresponding positioning techniques.
A conventional stent is not entirely suitable for the treatment of a narrowing situated in the area of a bifurcation, since its engagement both in the principal conduit and in one of the secondary conduits can cause immediate or delayed occlusion of the other secondary conduit.
It is known to reinforce a vascular bifurcation by means of a stent comprising first and second elements, each formed by helical winding of a metal filament. The first of the two elements has a first part having a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the principal vessel, and a second part having a diameter corresponding to the diameter of a first one of the secondary vessels. The first element is intended to be engaged in the principal vessel and the second element is intended to be engaged in the first secondary vessel. The second element has a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the second secondary vessel. After the first element has been put into place, the second element is then coupled to the first element by engaging one or more of its turns in the turns of the first element.
This equipment permits reinforcement of the bifurcation but appears unsuitable for treating a vascular narrowing or an occlusive lesion, in view of its structure and of the low possibility of radial expansion of its two constituent elements.
Moreover, the shape of the first element does not correspond to the shape of a bifurcation, which has a widened transitional zone between the end of the principal vessel and the ends of the secondary vessels. Thus, this equipment does not make it possible to fully support this wall or to treat a dissection in the area of this wall. Additionally, the separate positioning of these two elements is quite difficult.
SUMMARY
A method of deploying a bifurcation stent at a vascular bifurcation of a main vessel into first and second branch vessels includes positioning a bifurcation stent at a vascular bifurcation, the bifurcation stent expandable from a reduced diameter to an expanded diameter, the bifurcation stent comprising a first end, a second end, and a marker near the first end, wherein the first end diameter is larger than the second end diameter when the bifurcation stent is expanded, and wherein the bifurcation stent is positioned such that the marker is aligned with a carinal plane at the vascular bifurcation; partially expanding the first end of the bifurcation stent; adjusting the position of the bifurcation stent such that the marker is positioned past the carinal plane and towards the first branch vessel; and deploying the bifurcation stent at the bifurcation.
In one embodiment, the stent is self expandable. In another embodiment, the method further includes dilating the vascular bifurcation with a dilation balloon prior to said positioning, expanding the first end of the bifurcation stent with a dilation balloon after said deploying, delivering a branch stent to the first branch vessel, and/or delivering a second branch stent to the second branch vessel. In some embodiments, the branch stent is deployed such that it partially overlaps a portion of the bifurcation stent.
In one embodiment, the vascular bifurcation is selected from the group consisting of one or more of a coronary artery, a carotid artery, a femoral artery, an iliac artery, a popliteal artery, and a renal artery. In another embodiment, partially expanding the first end includes partially retracting a sheath that surrounds the bifurcation stent. The sheath can include one or more retaining bands.
In another embodiment, a method of deploying a stent at a bifurcation of a main vessel to two branch vessels, the two branch vessels forming a carina at the bifurcation, includes: partially deploying a stent at the bifurcation; advancing the stent towards the branch vessels so the stent at least partially straddles the carina; and deploying the stent at the bifurcation. The method can further include expanding a balloon at the bifurcation.
In another embodiment, a bifurcation stent includes: a plurality of cells extending along a longitudinal axis of the bifurcation stent from a first end to a second end of the bifurcation stent, each cell having a plurality of struts extending in a substantially linear, zig-zag pattern extending around the bifurcation stent, wherein the bifurcation stent is expandable from reduced diameter to an expanded diameter, the first end of the bifurcation stent having a larger diameter than the second end when expanded; and an eyelet integrally formed with the cell positioned adjacent the first end, and configured to receive a radiopaque marker therein.
In some embodiments, the bifurcation stent also includes a radiopaque marker, which can be mushroom-shaped. In some embodiments, the radiopaque marker is press-fit into the eyelet. The radiopaque marker can include gold or tantalum. In some embodiments, the radiopaque marker is selected to have an electromotive force to match the stent. In one embodiment, the bifurcation stent also includes a second eyelet integrally formed with the cell positioned adjacent the second end and configured to receive a second radiopaque marker therein.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Having thus summarized the general nature of the invention, certain preferred embodiments and modifications thereof will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description herein having reference to the attached figures, of which:
FIG. 1 is a side view of a first embodiment of a stent system shown in an expanded state;
FIG. 2 is a perspective, partial cutaway view of the stent system of FIG. 1 shown in a state of radial contraction, as disposed on a delivery catheter;
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of a bifurcation treatable by the stent system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a section view of the bifurcation of FIG. 3 showing a delivery catheter positioned therein;
FIG. 5 is a section view of the bifurcation of FIG. 3 showing an embodiment of a stent system shown in a partially contracted state on a portion of a delivery catheter;
FIG. 6 is a section view of the bifurcation of FIG. 3 showing an embodiment of a stent system shown in an expanded and fully deployed state;
FIG. 7 is a section view of a bifurcation presenting an aneurysm and an embodiment of a stent system shown deployed therein,
FIG. 8 is a side view of a stent system according to a second embodiment shown in an expanded state;
FIG. 9 is a plan view of a delivery catheter usable to deploy a stent system having certain features and advantages;
FIG. 9A is an alternative embodiment of a proximal handpiece of the delivery catheter of FIG. 9;
FIG. 9B is an alternative embodiment of the delivery catheter of FIG. 9;
FIG. 9C is a section view of a portion of the delivery catheter of FIG. 9 taken through line 9C-9C and specifically showing an alternative pull wire lumen;
FIG. 9D is a section view of a portion of the delivery catheter of FIG. 9 taken through line 9D-9D and specifically showing a retaining band;
FIG. 9E is a detail view of a retraction band retention assembly of the delivery catheter of FIG. 9;
FIG. 10 is a partial cutaway view of a distal portion of the catheter of FIG. 9 including a stent system disposed thereon;
FIG. 10A is an alternative embodiment of a distal end assembly of the delivery catheter of FIG. 9B;
FIG. 10B is a detail view of a distal portion of the outer sheath shown in FIG. 10;
FIG. 10C is a section view taken along the line 10C-10C of FIG. 10;
FIG. 11A is a plan view of a transitional portion of the catheter of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11B is a cross sectional view of the transitional portion taken along the line 11B-11B of FIG. 11A;
FIG. 11C is a transverse sectional view of the transitional portion taken along the line 11C-11C of FIG. 11A;
FIG. 11D is a cross sectional view of the proximal shaft taken along the line 11D-11D of FIG. 11A;
FIG. 12 is a side section view of a distal portion of an embodiment of a delivery catheter having certain features and advantages;
FIG. 13 is a section view of a bifurcation showing an embodiment of a delivery catheter positioned therein;
FIG. 14 is a section view of a bifurcation showing a first stent in a partially deployed state;
FIG. 15 is a section view of a bifurcation showing a first stent in a fully deployed state;
FIG. 16 is a section view of a bifurcation showing a second stent in a partially deployed state;
FIG. 17 is a section view of a bifurcation showing a second stent in a fully deployed state;
FIG. 18 is a section view of a bifurcation as in FIG. 17, with a second branch stent deployed in the second branch;
FIG. 19 is a schematic elevation view of a single-stent delivery system for delivering a cylindrical stent;
FIG. 20 is a schematic elevation view of the single-stent delivery system of FIG. 19 showing the sheath in a proximal detail view;
FIG. 21 is a schematic elevation view of a single-stent delivery system for delivering a conical stent;
FIG. 22 is a schematic elevation view of the single-stent delivery system of FIG. 21 showing the sheath in a proximal detail view;
FIG. 23A is a side view of a tapered bifurcation stent in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 23B is the sidewall pattern of the bifurcation stent of FIG. 23A shown in a compressed orientation;
FIG. 23C is a side view of an alternate tapered stent of the present invention.
FIG. 23D is an enlarged view of a marker retention band;
FIG. 23E is a side elevational view of a marker prior to mounting in a marker retention band;
FIG. 23F is a perspective view of a mounted marker in a stent of the present invention.
FIG. 24A is a side view of a tapered bifurcation stent in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 24B is the sidewall pattern of the bifurcation stent of FIG. 24A; and
FIGS. 25-31 illustrate the delivery of a bifurcation stent to a vascular bifurcation.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As described above, the attached Figures illustrate a stent system and corresponding delivery system for use in treating vessels (e.g., conduits) within the human body at areas of bifurcations. FIG. 3 shows a bifurcation 30 in which a main conduit or vessel 32 separates into two secondary branch conduits or vessels 34. The stent system generally includes a pair of dissimilar stents specifically designed for use in an area of a bifurcation 30. Such dissimilar stents are then disposed on an elongate catheter for insertion into the human body. The dissimilar stents may be self-expanding or manually expandable such as by a balloon about which the stents may be disposed as will be described in further detail below.
FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of an expandable stent system 10 permitting the treatment of bodily conduits in the area of a bifurcation such as that shown. The stent system 10, shown in an expanded state in FIG. 1, generally comprises first 12 and second 14 stent portions which may each be divided into two segments, thus creating four successive segments 22, 24, 26, 28, of meshwork structure. The first stent 12 is generally adapted to be disposed in a branch conduit or vessel 34 of a bifurcation, while the second stent 14 is generally adapted to be disposed in a main vessel 32 (see FIG. 3). If desired, the segments may be connected to one another via one or more bridges of material 18. The stents 12, 14 are generally movable between a contracted position and an expanded position. As will be clear to those skilled in the art, the stents may be self-expanding or balloon-expandable.
According to the illustrated embodiment, the stents 12, 14 generally comprise an expandable mesh structure which includes a plurality of mesh cells 36. The mesh cells 36 of these segments are in one embodiment elongated in the longitudinal direction of the stents 12, 14 and have in each case a substantially hexagonal shape in the embodiment shown. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the mesh used to form the stent segments 22, 24, 26, and 28 may comprise a variety of other shapes known to be suitable for use in stents. For example a suitable stent may comprise mesh with repeating quadrilateral shapes, octagonal shapes, a series of curvatures, or any variety of shapes such that the stent is expandable to substantially hold a vessel or conduit at an enlarged inner diameter.
The first stent 12 may be divided into two segments 22 and 24 which may be identical to each other and typically have a tubular shape with a diameter which is substantially greater than the diameter of one of the secondary branch conduits 34. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the first stent may comprise a variety of shapes such that it functions as described herein. The first stent 12 may be expandable to a substantially cylindrical shape having a constant diameter along its length. The first stent 12 may comprise a range of lengths depending on the specific desired location of placement. For example, the length of the first stent 12 will typically be between about 1 and about 4 centimeters as desired.
The second stent 14 is preferably adapted to be deployed in close proximity to the first stent 12, and may also be divided into upper 26 and lower 28 segments. The lower segment 28 of the second stent 14 typically has a tubular cross-sectional shape and has an expanded diameter which is substantially greater than the diameter of the principal conduit 32 (FIG. 3). The upper segment 26 of the second stent 14 preferably comprises a larger diameter at its distal (upper) end 38 than at its proximal (lower) end 40. In one embodiment the upper segment of the second stent portion comprises a substantially conical shape. In an alternative embodiment, the second stent 14 may be tapered radially outward along its entire length in the distal direction. In either embodiment however, the expanded diameter of the distal end 38 of the second stent 14 is preferably substantially larger than the expanded diameter of the proximal end 42 of the first stent 12. For example, the distal end 38 of the second stent 14 may expand to a diameter that is at least about 105%, and preferably at least about 110%, and in some embodiments as much as 120% or more, of the diameter of the proximal end 42 of the first stent 12. The second stent 14 may comprise a range of lengths depending on the specific desired location of placement. For example, the second stent 14 will typically be between 1 and 4 centimeters as desired.
In its expanded state, as shown in FIG. 1, the upper segment 26 of the second stent 14 typically has mesh cells 36 whose width increases progressively, compared to that of the meshes of the lower segment 28, on the one hand in the longitudinal sense of the dual stent device 10, in the direction of the distal end 38 of the second stent 14, and, on the other hand, in the transverse sense of the second stent 14, in the direction of a generatrix diametrically opposite that located in the continuation of the bridge 18. Alternatively stated, the upper segment 26 of the second stent 14 preferably comprises a mesh with multiple cellular shapes 36 which may have larger dimensions at a distal end 38 of the stent 14 than those at the proximal end 40 such that the second stent 14 expands to a substantially funnel shape.
In the embodiment shown, this increase in the width of the mesh cells 36 results from an increase in the length of the edges 48 of the mesh cells 36 disposed longitudinally, as well as an increase in the angle formed between two facing edges 48.
This segment 26 thus may have a truncated shape with an axis which is oblique in relation to the longitudinal axis of the first stent 12 when expanded. This shape, for example, corresponds to the shape of the bifurcation shown in the area of the widened transitional zone 46 (FIG. 3) which separates the end of the principal conduit 32 (see FIG. 3) from the ends of the secondary conduits 34. In a preferred embodiment, the second stent 14 is placed in close proximity to the first stent 12. For example, the distal end 38 of the second stent 14 is preferably placed within a distance of about 4 mm of the distal end 42 of the first stent 12, more preferably this distance is less than about 2 mm, and most preferably the stents are placed within 1 mm of one another.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the distance between first and second stents 12, 14 is held substantially fixed by the provision of a bridge 18 between them. Bridges 18 may be provided to join the first and second stents 12, 14 to one another and/or to join the upper and lower segments 22, 24 and 26, 28 of each stent 12 and 14 together. If present, the bridges 18 may connect the adjacent ends of the segments 22, 24 and 26, 28 and typically have a small width, so that they can undergo a certain flexion, making it possible to orient these segments in relation to one another, in particular the lower segment 24 of the first stent 12 in relation to the upper segment 26 of the second stent 14.
In addition, in other embodiments, the bridges 18 could be integral with one of the connected segments and separately connected, such as by welding, to the other connected segment. For example, the bridge 18 which connects the first and second stents 12, 14 could be integral with the upper segment 26 of the second stent 14 and connected to lower segment 24 of the first segment 26. Alternatively, the bridge 18 could be integral with the lower segment 24 of the first stent 12 and connected to the upper segment 26 of the second stent 14.
In yet other embodiments, bridges 18 could be separate pieces of materials which are separately connected to segments 22, 24, 26, 28 such as by welding, adhesion, or other bonding method. In all of these embodiments, the first stent 12 can be made from different pieces of material than the second stent 14. A tube from which the first stent 12 may be made (e.g., by laser cutting techniques) may comprise a smaller diameter than a tube from which the second stent 14 may be made. The respective tubes may or may not be made of the same material. Alternatively, the first and second stent may be formed from a single piece of material.
When the segments 26 and 28 of the second stent 14 are made from tubes of a smaller diameter than the segments 22 and 24 of the first stent 12, the radial force of the first stent segments 22 and 24 is larger than the radial force of the second stent segments 26 and 28, especially at larger cross sections.
Accordingly, bridges 18 can be made from one of these tubes, and thus be integral with segments 22 and 24 or segments 26 and 28. Alternatively, the bridges 18 can be separate pieces of material.
In further embodiments, bridges 18 are omitted such that the individual segments are spaced as desired during installation and use. These individual segments are still delivered and implanted in the same core and sheath assembly.
The bridges 18 between two consecutive segments could be greater or smaller in number than six, and they could have a shape other than an omega shape, permitting their multidirectional elasticity, and in particular a V shape or W shape.
For example, FIG. 8 shows an alternative embodiment of the stent system 10 with first 12 and second 14 stents shown in their unconstrained, expanded states. According to this embodiment, each stent 12, 14 may be divided into two segments 22, 24 and 26, 28 and may include one or more flexible bridges 18 connecting the first 12 and second stents 14 to one another. In this embodiment, the two consecutive segments 22, 24 and 26, 28 of the first and second stents 12 and 14, are connected by a plurality (e.g., six) omega-shaped bridges 50. The curved central part 52 of these bridges 50 may have a multidirectional elasticity permitting the appropriate longitudinal orientation of the various segments in relation to one another. The advantage of these bridges 50 is that they provide the stent with longitudinal continuity, which facilitates the passage of the stent system into a highly curved zone and which eliminates the need to reduce this curvature, (which may be dangerous in the cases of arteriosclerosis).
Thus, the stent system 10 of FIG. 8 can comprise several segments 22, 24, 26, 28 placed one after the other, in order to ensure supplementary support and, if need be, to increase the hold of the stents in the bifurcation 30. The upper segment 26 of the second stent 14 could have an axis coincident with the longitudinal axis of the first stent, and not oblique in relation to this axis, if such is rendered necessary by the anatomy of the bifurcation which is to be treated.
Alternatively, the lower segment 24 of the first stent 12 could itself have, in the expanded state, a widened shape similar to that of the second stent and corresponding to the shape of the widened connecting zone (increasing diameter in the proximal direction) by which, in certain bifurcations, the secondary conduits 34 (see FIG. 3) are connected to the widened transition zone 46. Thus, the lower segment 24 of the first stent 12, or the entire first stent 12 may have a first diameter at its distal end, and a second, larger diameter at its proximal end with a linear or progressive curve (flared) taper in between. According to this embodiment, this segment 24 would thus have a shape corresponding to the shape of this widened connecting zone, and would ensure perfect support thereof.
One method of making a self-expanding stent is by appropriate cutting of a sheet of nickel/titanium alloy (for example, an alloy known by the name NITINOL may appropriately be used) into a basic shape, then rolling the resulting blank into a tubular form. The blank may be held in a cylindrical or frustroconical form by welding the opposing edges of this blank which come into proximity with each other. The stent(s) may also be formed by laser cutting from metal tube stock as is known in the art. Alternatively, a stent may be formed by selectively bending and forming a suitable cylindrical or noncylindrical tubular shape from a single or multiple wires, or thin strip of a suitable elastic material. Those skilled in the art will understand that many methods and materials are available for forming stents, only some of which are described herein.
Some Nickel Titanium alloys are malleable at a temperature of the order of 10° C. but can recover a neutral shape at a temperature substantially corresponding to that of the human body. FIG. 2 shows the stent system 10 (see FIG. 1) disposed on a delivery catheter in a state of radial contraction. In one embodiment, a self-expanding stent may be contracted by cooling its constituent material of nickel-titanium or other shape-memory alloy to a temperature below its transformation temperature. The stent may later be expanded by exposing it to a temperature above the transformation temperature. In the present use, a shape-memory alloy with a transformation temperature at or below normal body temperature may be used. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a self-expanding stent made of a substantially elastic material may also be mechanically contracted from its expanded shape by applying a radial compressive force. The stent may then be allowed to expand under the influence of the material's own elasticity. Nickel titanium and other alloys such as such as Silver-Cadmium (Ag—Cd), Gold-Cadmium (Au—Cd) and Iron-Platinum (Fe3—Pt), to name but a few offer desirable superelastic qualities within a specific temperature range.
In one embodiment, the contraction of a stent may cause the mesh cell edges 48 to pivot in relation to the transverse edges 49 of the mesh cells 36 (see FIG. 3) in such a way that the mesh cells 36 have, in this state of contraction, a substantially rectangular shape. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other materials and methods of manufacturing may be employed to create a suitable self-expanding stent.
Alternatively, the stents used may be manually expandable by use of an inflatable dilatation balloon with or without perfusion as will be discussed further below. Many methods of making balloon-expandable stents are known to those skilled in the art. Balloon expandable stents may be made of a variety of bio-compatible materials having desirable mechanical properties such as stainless steel and titanium alloys. Balloon-expandable stents preferably have sufficient radial stiffness in their expanded state that they will hold the vessel wall at the desired diameter. In the case of a balloon-expandable second stent 14, the balloon on which the second stent 14 is disposed may be specifically adapted to conform to the desired shape of the second stent 14. Specifically, such a balloon will preferably have a larger diameter at a distal end than at a proximal end.
The present discussion thus provides a pair of dissimilar stents permitting the treatment of a pathological condition in the area of a bifurcation 30. This system has the many advantages indicated above, in particular those of ensuring a perfect support of the vessel wall and of being relatively simple to position.
For the sake of simplification, the segment which has, in the unconstrained expanded state, a cross section substantially greater than the cross section of one of the secondary conduits will be referred to hereinafter as the “secondary segment”, while the segment which has, in the expanded state, a truncated shape will be referred to hereinafter as the “truncated segment.”
The secondary segment is intended to be introduced into the secondary conduit in the contracted state and when expanded will preferably bear against the wall of the conduit. This expansion not only makes it possible to treat a narrowing or a dissection situated in the area of the conduit, but also to ensure perfect immobilization of the apparatus in the conduit.
In this position, the truncated segment bears against the wall of the conduit delimiting the widened transitional zone of the bifurcation, which it is able to support fully. A narrowing or a dissection occurring at this site can thus be treated by means of this apparatus, with uniform support of the vascular wall, and thus without risk of this wall being damaged.
The two segments may be adapted to orient themselves suitably in relation to each other upon their expansion.
Advantageously, at least the truncated segment may be covered by a membrane (for example, DACRON® or ePTFE) which gives it impermeability in a radial direction. This membrane makes it possible to trap between it and the wall of the conduit, the particles which may originate from the lesion being treated, such as arteriosclerotic particles or cellular agglomerates, thus avoiding the migration of these particles in the body. Thus, the apparatus can additionally permit treatment of an aneurysm by guiding the liquid through the bifurcation and thereby preventing stressing of the wall forming the aneurysm.
The segments can be made from tubes of material of a different diameter, as discussed above, with the tube for the truncated segment having a larger diameter than the tube for the secondary segment. The tubes may be made from the same material. The use of tubes of different diameters can result in the truncated segment having a larger radial force, especially at larger diameters.
The apparatus can comprise several secondary segments, placed one after the other, to ensure supplementary support of the wall of the secondary conduit and, if need be, to increase the anchoring force of the stent in the bifurcation. To this same end, the apparatus can comprise, on that side of the truncated segment directed toward the principal conduit, at least one radially expandable segment having, in the expanded state, a cross section which is substantially greater than the cross section of the principal conduit.
These various supplementary segments may or may not be connected to each other and to the two aforementioned segments by means of flexible links, such as those indicated above.
The flexible links can be integral with one of the segments and separately connected to the other segment, or the flexible links can be separate pieces of material separately connected to both segments, such as by welding.
Preferably, the flexible link between two consecutive segments is made up of one or more bridges of material connecting the two adjacent ends of these two segments. Said bridge or bridges are advantageously made of the same material as that forming the segments.
Each segment may have a meshwork structure, the meshes being elongated in the longitudinal direction of the stent, and each one having a substantially hexagonal shape; the meshes of the truncated segment may have a width which increases progressively in the longitudinal sense of the stent, in the direction of the end of this segment having the greatest cross section in the expanded state.
This increase in the width of the meshes is the result of an increase in the length of the edges of the meshes disposed longitudinally and/or an increase in the angle formed between two facing edges of the same mesh.
In addition, the truncated segment can have an axis not coincident with the longitudinal axis of the secondary segment, but oblique in relation to this axis, in order to be adapted optimally to the anatomy of the bifurcation which is to be treated. In this case, the widths of the meshes of the truncated segment also increase progressively, in the transverse sense of the stent, in the direction of a generatrix diametrically opposite that located in the continuation of the bridge connecting this segment to the adjacent segment.
The apparatus can be made of a metal with shape memory, which becomes malleable, without elasticity, at a temperature markedly lower than that of the human body, in order to permit retraction of the apparatus upon itself, and to allow it to recover its neutral shape at a temperature substantially corresponding to that of the human body. This metal may be a nickel/titanium alloy known by the name NITINOL.
The deployment catheter for positioning the stent or stents comprises means for positioning the stents and means for permitting the expansion of the stents when the latter are in place. These means can comprise a catheter having a removable sheath in which the stent is placed in the contracted state, when this stent is made of an elastic material, or a support core comprising an inflatable balloon on which the stent is placed, when this stent is made of a nonelastic material.
In either case, this equipment comprises, according to the invention, means with which it is possible to identify and access, through the body of the patient, the longitudinal location of the truncated segment, so that the latter can be correctly positioned in the area of the widened zone of the bifurcation.
In the case where the expansion of this same segment is not uniform in relation to the axis of the stent, the equipment additionally comprises means with which it is possible to identify, through the body of the patient, the angular orientation of the stent in relation to the bifurcation to be treated, so that the part of this segment having the greatest expansion can be placed in a suitable manner in relation to the bifurcation.
Referring to FIG. 9, the stent system is generally deployed using an elongate flexible stent deployment catheter 100. Although primarily described in the context of a multiple stent placement catheter without additional functional capabilities, the stent deployment catheter described herein can readily be modified to incorporate additional features such as an angioplasty balloon or balloons, with or without perfusion conduits, radiation or drug delivery capabilities, or stent sizing features, or be simplified to deploy only a single stent, or any combination of these features.
The elongate delivery catheter 100 generally includes a proximal end assembly 102, a proximal shaft section 110 including a tubular body 111, a distal shaft section 120 including a distal tubular body 113, and a distal end assembly 107. The proximal end 102 may include a handpiece 140 (see FIG. 9B), having one or more hemostatic valves and/or access ports 106, such as for the infusion of drugs, contrast media or inflation media in a balloon expandable stent embodiment, as will be understood by those of skill in the art. In addition, a proximal guidewire port 172 may be provided on the handpiece 140 in an over the wire embodiment (see FIG. 9A). The handpiece 140 (see FIG. 9B) disposed at the proximal end of the catheter 100 may also be adapted to control deployment of the stents disposed on the catheter distal end 107 as will be discussed.
The length of the catheter depends upon the desired application. For example, lengths in the area of about 120 cm to about 140 cm are typical for use in coronary applications reached from a femoral artery access. Intracranial or lower carotid artery applications may call for a different catheter shaft length depending upon the vascular access site, as will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
The catheter 100 preferably has as small an outside diameter as possible to minimize the overall outside diameter (e.g., crossing profile) of the delivery catheter, while at the same time providing sufficient column strength to permit distal transluminal advancement of the tapered tip 122 (see FIG. 9). The catheter 100 also preferably has sufficient column strength to allow an outer, axially moveable sheath 114 (see FIG. 5) to be proximally retracted relative to the central core 112 (see FIG. 7) in order to expose the stents 118 (see FIG. 12). The delivery catheter 100 may be provided in either “over-the-wire” or “rapid exchange” types as will be discussed further below, and as will generally be understood by those skilled in the art.
In a catheter intended for peripheral vascular applications, the outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 5) will typically have an outside diameter within the range of from about 0.065 inches to about 0.092 inches. In coronary vascular applications, the outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 5) may have an outside diameter with the range of from about 0.039 inches to about 0.065. Diameters outside of the preferred ranges may also be used, provided that the functional consequences of the diameter are acceptable for the intended purpose of the catheter. For example, the lower limit of the diameter for any portion of catheter 100 in a given application will be a function of the number of guidewire, pullwire or other functional lumen contained in the catheter, together with the acceptable minimum flow rate of dilatation fluid, contrast media or drugs to be delivered through the catheter and minimum contracted stent diameter.
The ability of the catheter 100 to transmit torque may also be desirable, such as to avoid kinking upon rotation, to assist in steering, and in embodiments having an asymmetrical distal end on the proximal stent 14. The catheter 100 may be provided with any of a variety of torque and/or column strength enhancing structures, for example, axially extending stiffening wires, spiral wrapped support layers, or braided or woven reinforcement filaments which may be built into or layered on the catheter 100. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,114 to Chien, et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
Referring to FIG. 11D, there is illustrated a cross-sectional view through the proximal section 106 of the catheter shaft 100 of FIG. 9B. The embodiment shown in FIG. 11D represents a rapid exchange embodiment, and may comprise a single or multiple lumen extrusion or a hypotube including a pull wire lumen 220. In an over-the-wire embodiment, the proximal section 106 additionally comprises a proximal extension of a guidewire lumen 132 and a pull wire lumen 220. See FIG. 11C. The proximal tube 111 may also comprise an inflation lumen in a balloon catheter embodiment as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
At the distal end 107, the catheter is adapted to retain and deploy one or more stents within a conduit of a human body. With reference to FIGS. 10A and 12, the distal end assembly 107 of the delivery catheter 100 generally comprises an inner core 112 (see FIG. 7), an axially moveable outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 5), and optionally one or more inflatable balloons 116 (FIG. 12). The inner core 112 (see FIG. 7) is preferably a thin-walled tube at least partially designed to track over a guidewire, such as a standard 0.014 inch guidewire. The outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 5) preferably extends along at least a distal portion 120 of the central core 112 (see FIG. 10) on which the stents 118 (see FIG. 12) are preferably disposed.
The outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 5) may extend over a substantial length of the catheter 100, or may comprise a relatively short length, distal to the proximal guidewire access port 172 as will be discussed. In general, the outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 5) is between about 5 and about 25 cm long.
Referring to FIG. 10, the illustrated outer sheath 114 comprises a proximal section 115, a distal section 117 and a transition 119. The proximal section 115 has an inside diameter which is slightly greater than the outside diameter of the tubular body 113. This enables the proximal section 115 to be slideably carried by the tubular body 113. Although the outer sheath 114 may be constructed having a uniform outside diameter throughout its length, the illustrated outer sheath 114 steps up in diameter at a transition 119. The inside diameter of the distal section 117 of outer sheath 114 is dimensioned to slideably capture the one or more stents as described elsewhere herein. In a stepped diameter embodiment such as that illustrated in FIG. 10, the axial length of the distal section 117 from the transition 119 to the distal end is preferably sufficient to cover the stent or stents carried by the catheter 100. Thus, the distal section 117 in a two stent embodiment is generally at least about 3 cm and often within the range of from about 5 cm to about 10 cm in length. The axial length of the proximal section 115 can be varied considerably, depending upon the desired performance characteristics. For example, proximal section 115 may be as short as one or two centimeters, or up to as long as at least about 75% or 90% or more of the entire length of the catheter. In the illustrated embodiment, the proximal section 115 is generally within the range of from about 5 cm to about 15 cm long.
The outer sheath 114 and inner core 112 may be produced in accordance with any of a variety of known techniques for manufacturing rapid exchange or over the wire catheter bodies, such as by extrusion of appropriate biocompatible polymeric materials. Known materials for this application include high and medium density polyethylenes, polytetrafluoroethylene, nylons, PEBAX, PEEK, and a variety of others such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,973 to Saab, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. Alternatively, at least a proximal portion or all of the length of central core 112 and/or outer sheath 114 may comprise a metal or polymeric spring coil, solid walled hypodermic needle tubing, or braided reinforced wall, as is understood in the catheter and guidewire arts.
The distal portion 117 of outer sheath 114 is positioned concentrically over the stents 118 (see FIG. 12) in order to hold them in their contracted state. As such, the distal portion 117 of the outer sheath 114 is one form of a releasable restraint. The releasable restraint preferably comprises sufficient radial strength that it can resist deformation under the radial outward bias of a self-expanding stent. The distal portion 117 of the outer sheath 114 may comprise a variety of structures, including a spring coil, solid walled hypodermic needle tubing, banded, or braided reinforced wall to add radial strength as well as column strength to that portion of the outer sheath 114. Alternatively, the releasable restraint may comprise other elements such as water soluble adhesives or other materials such that once the stents are exposed to the fluid environment and/or the temperature of the blood stream, the restraint material will dissolve, thus releasing the self-expandable stents. A wide variety of biomaterials which are absorbable in an aqueous environment over different time intervals are known including a variety of compounds in the polyglycolic acid family, as will be understood by those of skill in the art. In yet another embodiment, a releasable restraint may comprise a plurality of longitudinal axial members disposed about the circumference of the stents. According to this embodiment anywhere from one to ten or more axial members may be used to provide a releasable restraint. The axial members may comprise cylindrical rods, flat or curved bars, or any other shape determined to be suitable.
In some situations, self expanding stents will tend to embed themselves in the inner wall of the outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 5) over time. As illustrated in FIGS. 9D and 10A, a plurality of expansion limiting bands 121 may be provided to surround sections of the stents 12, 14 (see FIG. 6) in order to prevent the stents from becoming embedded in the material of the sheath 114 (see FIG. 5). The bands 121 may be provided in any of a variety of numbers or positions depending upon the stent design. FIG. 10A illustrates the bands positioned at midpoints of each of the four proximal stent sections 127 and each of the five distal stent sections. In an alternative embodiment, the bands 121 are positioned over the ends of adjacent stent sections. The bands 121 may be made of stainless steel, or any other suitable metal or relatively non compliant polymer. Of course, many other structures may also be employed to prevent the self-expanding stents from embedding themselves in the plastic sheath. Such alternative structures may include a flexible coil, a braided tube, a solid-walled tube, or other restraint structures which will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure herein.
The inner surface of the outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 10), and/or the outer surface of the central core 112 (see FIG. 10) may be further provided with a lubricious coating or lining such as Paralene, Teflon, silicone, polyimide-polytetrafluoroethylene composite materials or others known in the art and suitable depending upon the material of the outer sheath 114 and/or central core 112 (see FIG. 10).
FIG. 10B shows a distal portion of sheath 114 received in an annular recess 230 in the distal tip. As shown, at least the distal portion of the sheath 114 may comprise a two layer construction having an outer tube 213 and an inner tube or coating 212. The exterior surface of the outer tube 213 is preferably adapted to slide easily within the vessels to be treated, while the inner surface is generally adapted to have a low coefficient of static friction with respect to the stents, thus allowing the sheath to slide smoothly over the stents. The outer tube 213 may, for example, be made of or coated with HDPE or PEBAX, and the inner tube 212 may, for example, be made of or coated with HDPE, PTFE, or FEP. In an embodiment in which the inner tube is made with a PTFE liner, however, the distal end 214 of the lubricious inner layer or tube 212 is preferably spaced proximally from the distal end 216 of the outer tube 213 by a distance within the range of from about 1 mm to about 3 mm. This helps prevent the stent from prematurely jumping distally out of the sheath during deployment due to the high lubricity of the PTFE surface.
FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a sheath retraction system. The system illustrated generally includes a sheath pull wire 222, a pull wire slot 224, a sheath retraction band 226, and an outer sheath 114. The sheath retraction band 226 may be a tubular element thermally or adhesively bonded or otherwise secured to a portion of the outer sheath 114. In the illustrated embodiment, the retraction band 226 comprises a section of stainless steel tubing having an outside diameter of about 0.055 inches, a wall thickness of about 0.0015 inches and an axial length of 0.060 inches. However, other dimensions may be readily utilized while still accomplishing the intended function. The sheath retraction band 226 is positioned within the distal portion 117 of the outer sheath 114, just distally of the diameter transition 119. The retraction band 226 may be connected to the interior surface of the outer sheath 114 by heat fusing a pair of bands 225 (see FIG. 9E) to the inside surface of the outer sheath at each end of the retraction band. Alternatively, the retraction band 226 can be attached to the outer sheath by using adhesives, epoxies, or by mechanical methods such as crimping and swaging or a combination of these. In this manner, the pull force which would be required to proximally dislodge the retraction band 226 from the outer sheath 114 is greatly in excess of the proximal traction which will be applied to the pull wire 222 in clinical use. The distal end of the pull wire 222 is preferably welded, soldered, bonded, or otherwise secured to the sheath retraction band 226. The pull wire 222 may alternatively be bonded directly to the outer sheath.
Referring to FIG. 10, the pull wire slot 224 is preferably of sufficient length to allow the sheath 114 to be fully retracted. Thus, the pull wire slot 224 is preferably at least as long as the distance from the distal end of the stent stop 218 to the distal end of the sheath 114. Slot lengths within the range of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm are presently contemplated for a two stent deployment system. With the sheath 114 in the distal position as shown, the pull wire slot 224 is preferably entirely covered by the proximal portion 115 of the sheath 114. Alternatively, in an embodiment in which the proximal extension of sheath 114 extends the entire length of the catheter 100, discussed above, sheath 114 can be directly attached to the control 150 (see FIG. 9B), in which case a pull wire 222 and slot 224 as shown might not be used.
In yet another embodiment illustrated for example in FIGS. 9B and 9C, a pull wire lumen 220 (see FIG. 9C) may terminate sufficiently proximally from the retraction band 226 that a slot as shown may not be used.
The pull wire 222 may comprise a variety of suitable profiles known to those skilled in the art, such as round, flat straight, or tapered. The diameter of a straight round pull wire 222 may be between about 0.008′′ and about 0.018′′ and in one embodiment is about 0.009′′. In another embodiment, the pull wire 222 has a multiple tapered profile with successively distal diameters of 0.015′′, 0.012′′, and 0.009′′ and a distal flat profile of 0.006′′×0.012′′. The pull wire 222 may be made from any of a variety of suitable materials known to those skilled in the art, such as stainless steel or nitinol, and may be braided or single strand and may be coated with a variety of suitable lubricious materials such as Teflon, Paralene, etc. The wire 222 has sufficient tensile strength to allow the sheath 114 to be retracted proximally relative to the core 112. In some embodiments, the wire 222 may have sufficient column strength to allow the sheath 114 to be advanced distally relative to the core 112 and stents 12, 14. For example, if the distal stent 12 has been partially deployed, and the clinician determines that the stent 12 should be re-positioned, the sheath 114 may be advanced distally relative to the stent 12 thereby re-contracting and capturing that stent on the core.
In general, the tensile strength or compressibility of the pull wire 222 may also be varied depending upon the desired mode of action of the outer sheath 114. For example, as an alternative to the embodiment described above, the outer sheath 114 may be distally advanced by axially distally advancing the pull wire 222, to release the stent 118 (see FIG. 12). In a hybrid embodiment, the outer sheath 114 is split into a proximal portion and a distal portion. A pull wire is connected to the proximal portion, to allow proximal retraction to release the proximal stent. A push wire is attached to the distal portion, to allow distal advance, thereby releasing the distal stent. These construction details of the catheter 100 and nature of the wire 222 may be varied to suit the needs of each of these embodiments, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure herein.
The stents 118 (see FIG. 12) are carried on the central support core 112, and are contracted radially thereon. By virtue of this contraction, the stents 118 (see FIG. 12) have a cross section which is smaller than that of the conduits 32 and 34 (see FIG. 3), and they can be introduced into these as will be described below. The stents 118 are preferably disposed on a radially inwardly recessed distal portion 129 of the central core 112 having a smaller diameter than the adjacent portions of the core 112. See FIG. 12. This recess 129 is preferably defined distally by a distal abutment such as a shoulder 124 which may be in the form of a proximally facing surface on a distal tip 122. See FIG. 12. Distal tip 122 has an outer diameter smaller than that of the stents 118 when the stents are expanded, but greater than the diameter of the stents 118 when they are contracted. See FIG. 12. This abutment 124 consequently prevents distal advancement of the stents 118 from the core 112 when the stents 118 are contracted. See FIG. 12.
Proximal movement of the stents 118 (see FIG. 12) relative to the core 112 is prevented when the stents are in the radially contracted configuration by a proximal abutment surface such as annular shoulder 125. The distal abutment 124 (see FIG. 12) and proximal abutment 125 may be in the form of annular end faces formed by the axial ends of annular recess 129 (see FIG. 12) in the core 112, for receiving the compressed stents 118. See FIG. 12. In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 10A, the proximal abutment 125 is carried by a stent stop 218. Stent stop 218 may be integral with or attached to the central core 112 (see FIG. 10), and has an outside diameter such that it is in sliding contact with the inside surface of outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 10). The compressed stent 14 will thus not fit between the stop 218 and the outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 10).
The deployment device 100 typically has a soft tapered tip 122 secured to the distal end of inner core 112 (see FIG. 10), and usually has a guidewire exit port 126 as is known in the art. The tapered distal tip 122 facilitates insertion and atraumatic navigation of the vasculature for positioning the stent system 118 (see FIG. 12) in the area of the bifurcation to be treated. The distal tip 122 can be made from any of a variety of polymeric materials well known in the medical device arts, such as polyethylene, nylon, PTFE, and PEBAX. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the distal tip 122 comprises an annular recess 230 sized and adapted to allow a distal portion of the outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 10) to reside therein such that the transition between the tip and the outer sheath comprises a smooth exterior surface.
The distal tip 122 tapers in one embodiment from an outside diameter which is substantially the same as the outer diameter of the outer sheath 114 (see FIG. 10) at the proximal end 128 of the tip 122 to an outside diameter at its distal end 130 of slightly larger than the outside diameter of a guidewire. The overall length of the distal tip 122 in one embodiment of the delivery catheter 100 is about 3 mm to about 12 mm, and in one embodiment the distal tip is about 8 mm long. The length and rate of taper of the distal tip 122 can be varied depending upon the desired trackability and flexibility characteristics. The tip 122 may taper in a linear, curved or any other manner known to be suitable.
With reference to FIGS. 11B and 12, a distal portion of the central core 112 preferably has a longitudinal axial lumen 132 permitting slideable engagement of the core 112 on a guidewire 170. The guidewire lumen 132 preferably includes a proximal access port 172 and a distal access port 126 through which the guidewire may extend. The proximal access port 172 may be located at a point along the length of the catheter 100, as shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, and discussed below (rapid exchange), or the proximal access port 172 may be located at the proximal end 102 of the catheter 100 (over the wire) (see FIG. 9B). In a rapid exchange embodiment, the proximal access port 172 is generally within about 25 cm of the distal access port 126, and preferably is between about 20 cm and about 30 cm of the distal access port 126. The guidewire lumen 132 may be non-concentric with the catheter centerline for a substantial portion of the length of the guidewire lumen 132.
FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate a transition between a proximal shaft tube 111 and a distal shaft tube 113 including a proximal guidewire access port 172 and a guidewire lumen 132 (see FIG. 11B). The guidewire lumen 132 (see FIG. 11B) may extend through a coextrusion, or may be a separate section of tubing which may be bonded, bound by a shrink wrap tubing, or otherwise held relative to the proximal shaft tube 111.
In the construction shown in cross-section in FIG. 11B, a proximal shaft tube 111 having a pull wire lumen 220 is joined to a distal shaft tube 113 having a continuation of pull wire lumen 220 as well as a guidewire lumen 132. In the illustrated embodiment, the proximal shaft tube 111 extends distally into the proximal end of connector tubing 230. A mandrel is positioned within each lumen, and shrink tubing 236 is heated to bond the joint. An opening is subsequently formed in the shrink wrap to produce proximal access port 172 which provides access to the guidewire lumen 132.
In one embodiment, the proximal shaft tube 111 comprises a stainless steel hypodermic needle tubing having an outside diameter of about 0.025′′ and a wall thickness of about 0.003′′. The distal end 123 of the hypotube is cut or ground into a tapered configuration. The axial length of the tapered zone may be varied widely, depending upon the desired flexibility characteristics of the catheter 100 (see FIG. 9B). In general, the axial length of the taper is within the range of from about 1 cm to about 5 cm, and, in one embodiment, is about 2.5 cm. Tapering the distal end of the hypotube at the transition with the distal portion of the catheter provides a smooth transition of the flexibility characteristics along the length of the catheter, from a relatively less flexible proximal section to a relatively more flexible distal section as will be understood by those of skill in the art.
Referring to FIG. 12, the distal end of a dual stent deployment catheter is illustrated, which is also provided with an optional balloon. A guidewire 170 is illustrated as positioned within the guidewire lumen 132. As can be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the diameter of the guidewire 170 is illustrated as slightly smaller (e.g., by about 0.001-0.003 inches) than the inside diameter of the guidewire lumen 132. Avoiding a tight fit between the guidewire 170 and inside diameter of guidewire lumen 132 enhances the slideability of the catheter over the guidewire 170. In ultra small diameter catheter designs, it may be desirable to coat the outside surface of the guidewire 170 and/or the inside walls of the guidewire lumen 132 with a lubricous coating to minimize friction as the catheter 100 is axially moved with respect to the guidewire 170. A variety of coatings may be utilized, such as Paralene, Teflon, silicone, polyimide-polytetrafluoroethylene composite materials or others known in the art and suitable depending upon the material of the guidewire 170 or central core 112.
As shown in FIG. 12, an inflation lumen 134 may also extend throughout the length of the catheter 100 to place a proximal inflation port in fluid communication with one or more inflatable balloons 116 carried by the distal end of the catheter.
The inflatable balloon 116, if present, may be positioned beneath one or both stents, such as stent 14 as illustrated in FIG. 12 or proximally or distally of the stent, depending upon the desired clinical protocol. In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 12, the stent may be a self expandable stent which is initially released by proximal retraction by the outer sheath 114 as has been discussed. The balloon 16 is thereafter positioned in concentrically within the stent, such that it may be inflated without repositioning the catheter to enlarge and/or shape the stent. Post stent deployment dilatation may be desirable either to properly size and or shape the stent, or to compress material trapped behind the stent to increase the luminal diameter (e.g., angioplasty). In an alternate mode of practicing the invention, angioplasty is accomplished prior to deployment of the stent either by a balloon on the stent deployment catheter 100 or by a separate angioplasty balloon catheter (or rotational artherectomy, laser or other recanalization device). The stent deployment catheter 100 is thereafter positioned within the dilated lesion, and the stent is thereafter deployed. Thus, balloon dilatation can be accomplished using either the deployment catheter 100 or separate procedural catheter, and may be accomplished either prior to, simultaneously with, or following deployment of one or more stents at the treatment site.
As seen in FIGS. 9 and 9B, the catheter also includes a handpiece 140 at the proximal end of the catheter 100. The handpiece 140 is adapted to be engaged by the clinician to navigate and deploy the stent system 118 (see FIG. 12) as will be described below. The handpiece 140 preferably includes a control 150 adapted to control and indicate a degree of deployment of one or both stents. The control 150 is typically in mechanical communication with the sheath 114 such that proximal retraction of the control 150 results in proximal retraction of the sheath 114. Those skilled in the art will recognize that distal motion, rotational movement of a rotatable wheel, or other motion of various controls 150 may alternatively be employed to axially move such as distally advance or proximally retract the sheath 114 to expose the stent or stents.
The illustrated control 150 is preferably moveable from a first position to a second position for partial deployment of the first stent 12, and a third position for complete deployment of the first stent 12. A fourth and a fifth positions may also be provided to accomplish partial and complete deployment of an optional second stent 14. The control 150 may include indicia 160 adapted to indicate the amount of each stent 12 or 14 which has been exposed as the sheath 114 is retracted relative to the core 112. The indicia 160 may include dents, notches, or other markings to visually indicate the deployment progress. The control 150 may also or alternatively provide audible and/or tactile feedback using any of a variety of notches or other temporary catches to cause the slider to “click” into positions corresponding to partial and full deployment of the stents 12, 14. Alignable points of electrical contact may also be used. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many methods and structures are available for providing a control 150 as desired.
The catheter 100 may include a plurality of radiopaque markers 250 (seen best in FIGS. 2, 10, and 10A) impressed on or otherwise bonded to it, containing a radiopaque compound as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. Suitable markers can be produced from a variety of materials, including platinum, gold, barium compounds, and tungsten/rhenium alloy. Some of the markers 250A (see FIG. 2) may have an annular shape and may extend around the entire periphery of the sheath 114. The annular markers 250A (see FIG. 2) may be situated, in the area of the distal end of the first stent 12, the distal end of the second stent 14, and in the area of the bridge 18 (FIG. 1) or space separating the stents 12, 14. A fourth marker 252 may be situated at substantially the halfway point of the generatrix of the lower segment of the second stent 14 situated in the continuation of the bridge 18 and of the diametrically opposite generatrix. FIG. 2 shows a marker 252 with a diamond shape and a small thickness provided along the outer sheath 114 at a desirable position for determining the rotational position of the catheter within the bifurcation. The markers 250 and 252 (see FIG. 2) may be impressed on the core 112, on the sheath 114, or directly on the stents 12, 14 such as on the bridge 18, and not on the sheath 114.
With reference to FIGS. 10 and 10A, three markers 253 are shown disposed at a distal end of the second stent 14 and spaced at 120° relative to one another. Three markers 254 are also disposed at a proximal end of the first stent 12, and spaced at 120° relative to one another. Each stent 12, 14 also includes a single marker 210 at its opposite end (e.g., the first stent 12 has a single marker 210 at its distal end, and the second stent 14 has a single marker 210 at its proximal end). Of course, other marker arrangements may be used as desired by the skilled artisan.
A central marker 252 makes it possible to visualize, with the aid of a suitable radiography apparatus, the position of a bridge 18 separating the two stents 12, 14. Thus allowing a specialist to visualize the location of the second stent 14 so that it can be correctly positioned in relation to the widened zone 46 and carina. The end markers 250A (see FIG. 2) allow a specialist to ensure that the stents 12, 14 are correctly positioned, respectively, in the main/principal conduit 32 (see FIG. 3) and the secondary/branch conduit 34 (see FIG. 3).
A diamond-shaped marker 252 as shown in FIG. 2 is, for its part, visible in a plan view or an edge view, depending on whether it is oriented perpendicular or parallel to the radius of the radiography apparatus. It thus makes it possible to identify the angular orientation of the stents 12, 14 in relation to the bifurcation 30, so that the part of the second stent 14 having the greatest expansion can be placed in an appropriate manner in relation to the widened transition zone 46.
Methods of positioning and deploying a pair of dissimilar stents in an area of a bifurcation will now be discussed with reference to FIGS. 3-6 and 13-17. Although portions of the following discussion refer to delivery of two dissimilar stent portions, those skilled in the art will recognize that a larger or smaller number of stents, and/or stents having similar expanded configurations may also be used while realizing certain aspects of the present invention.
A method of delivering a stent system as described above generally and illustrated in FIGS. 13-17 includes locating the bifurcation 30 to be treated, providing a suitable delivery catheter 100, positioning the distal portion 107 (see FIG. 9) of a delivery catheter with stents 12, 14 (see FIG. 16) disposed thereon in the branch of the bifurcation to be treated, partially deploying the first stent 12 in a branch vessel 34, observing and adjusting the position of the first stent 12 if necessary, then fully deploying the first stent 12. See FIG. 14. The second stent 14 is partially deployed (see FIG. 16), and preferably the position is again observed such as by infusing contrast media through the pull wire lumen 220 (see FIG. 11B) under fluoroscopic visualization. The position of the second stent 14 (see FIG. 16) may be adjusted if necessary, and finally the second stent 14 is fully deployed (see FIG. 17). Methods of navigating catheters through blood vessels or other fluid conduits within the human body are well known to those skilled in the art, and will therefore not be discussed herein.
The delivery catheter 100 may be constructed according to any of the embodiments described above such that the stents 12, 14 may be selectively deployed (see FIG. 17) by axially displacing the outer sheath 114 along the delivery catheter, thereby selectively exposing the stent system 10. This may be accomplished by holding the sheath 114 fixed relative to the bifurcation, and selectively distally advancing the central core 112. Thus, the present invention contemplates deploying one or more stents by distally advancing the central core (inner sheath) rather than proximally retracting the outer sheath as a mode of stent deployment. The stent system may alternatively be deployed by holding the central core fixed relative to the bifurcation and selectively proximally retracting the sheath 114. The catheter may also be adapted to allow the sheath to be advanced distally, thereby re-contracting the partially deployed stents on the central core 112 to allow repositioning or removal.
In order to visualize the position of a partially-deployed stent with a suitable radiographic apparatus, a contrast media may be introduced through the catheter to the region of the stent placement. Many suitable contrast media are known to those skilled in the art. The contrast media may be introduced at any stage of the deployment of the stent system 10. For example, a contrast media may be introduced after partially deploying the first stent 12, after fully deploying the first stent 12 (see FIG. 15), after partially deploying the second stent 14 (see FIG. 16), or after fully deploying the second stent 14 (see FIG. 17).
The degree of deployment of the stent system 10 is preferably made apparent by the indicators on the handpiece 140 (see FIG. 9) as described above. The handpiece 140 (see FIG. 9) and outer sheath are preferably adapted such that a motion of a control on the handpiece 140 (see FIG. 9) results in proximal motion of the outer sheath 114 relative to the distal tip 122 and the stents 12, 14 (see FIG. 17). The handpiece 140 (see FIG. 9) and sheath 114 may also be adapted such that the sheath may be advanced distally relative to the stents 12, 14 (see FIG. 17), thus possibly re-contracting one of the stents 12, 14 (see FIG. 17) on the core 112. This may be accomplished by providing a pull wire 222 having a distal end 223 (see FIG. 9E) attached to a portion of the outer sheath 114, and a proximal end adapted to be attached to the handpiece 140 (see FIG. 9). Alternatively, the handpiece 140 (see FIG. 9) may be omitted, and the retraction wire 222 may be directly operated by the clinician.
In an alternative embodiment, indicated by FIGS. 4-6, the first and/or second stent 12, 14 (see FIG. 6) may be deployed in a single motion, thus omitting the step of re-positioning the stent 12, 14 (see FIG. 6) before fully deploying it. The sheath 114 is then progressively withdrawn, as is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, in order to permit the complete expansion of the stents 12, 14.
In a preferred embodiment, the second stent 14 (see FIG. 6) is placed in close proximity to the first stent 12 (see FIG. 6). For example, the distal end 38 (see FIG. 6) of the second stent 14 (see FIG. 6) may be placed within a distance of about 4 mm of the proximal end 42 (see FIG. 6) of the first stent 12 (see FIG. 6), more preferably this distance is less than about 2 mm, and most preferably the first and second stents 12, 14 (see FIG. 6) are placed within 1 mm of one another. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the relative positioning of the first and second stents 12, 14 (see FIG. 6) will at least partially depend on the presence or absence of a bridge 18 (see FIG. 6) as discussed above. The axial flexibility of any bridge 18 (see FIG. 6) will also affect the degree of mobility of one of the stents relative to the other. Thus, a stent system 10 (see FIG. 5) will preferably be chosen to best suit the particular bifurcation to be treated.
As mentioned above, the stents 12, 14 (see FIG. 6) may be self-expanding or balloon-expandable (e.g., made of a substantially non-elastic material). Thus the steps of partially deploying the first and/or the second stent may include introducing an inflation fluid into a balloon on which a stent is disposed, or alternatively the stent may be allowed to self-expand. In the case of a balloon-expandable second stent 14 (see FIG. 6), the balloon 116 (FIG. 12) on which the second stent 14 (see FIG. 6) is disposed may be specifically adapted to correspond to the particular shape of the second stent 14 (see FIG. 6). Specifically, such a balloon will preferably have a larger diameter at a distal end than at a proximal end.
After complete expansion of the stents 12, 14 (see FIG. 6), the distal end of the delivery catheter 100 including the core 112 and the guidewire 170 may be withdrawn from the conduits and the vasculature of the patient. Alternatively, additional stents may also be provided on a delivery catheter, which may also be positioned and deployed in one or both branches of the bifurcation. For example, after deploying the second stent 14 as shown in FIG. 6 or 17, the catheter 100 and guidewire 170 may be retracted and re-positioned in the second branch vessel such that a third stent may be positioned and deployed therein.
Referring to FIG. 18, a second branch stent 13 may be deployed in the second branch, such that both branch vessels in the bifurcation are fully stented. The second branch stent 13 may be either a self expandable or balloon expandable stent such as those well known in the art and disclosed in part elsewhere herein. The second branch stent 13 may be deployed before or after the main stent 14 and/or first branch stent 12. In one application of the invention, the main vessel stent 14 and first branch stent 12 are positioned as has been described herein. A stent deployment catheter (not illustrated) such as a balloon catheter or self expanding stent deployment catheter is transluminally advanced to the bifurcation, and advanced through the main vessel stent 14. The second branch vessel stent 13 may then be aligned in the second branch vessel, such that it abuts end to end, is spaced apart from, or overlaps with the distal end of the main branch stent 14. The second branch vessel stent 13 may then be deployed, and the deployment catheter removed.
As will be clear to those skilled in the art, the stent system 10 and stent delivery system 100 described herein is useful in treating a number of pathological conditions commonly found in vascular systems and other fluid conduit systems of human patients. Treatment with the apparatus can include re-establishing the appropriate diameter of a bifurcation in cases of arteriosclerosis or internal cell proliferation, or in rectifying a localized or nonlocalized dissection in the wall of the conduit, or in re-creating a bifurcation of normal diameter while eliminating the aneurysmal pouch in cases of aneurysm.
One or more of the stents deployed in accordance with the present invention may be coated with or otherwise carry a drug to be eluted over time at the bifurcation site. Any of a variety of therapeutically useful agents may be used, including but not limited to, for example, agents for inhibiting restenosis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, or encouraging endothelialization. Some of the suitable agents may include smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibitors such as rapamycin, angiopeptin, and monoclonal antibodies capable of blocking smooth muscle cell proliferation; anti-inflammatory agents such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, corticosterone, budesonide, estrogen, sulfasalazine, acetyl salicylic acid, and mesalamine, lipoxygenase inhibitors; calcium entry blockers such as verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine; antineoplastic/antiproliferative/anti-mitotic agents such as paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, cyclosporine, cisplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, colchicine, epothilones, endostatin, angiostatin, Squalamine, and thymidine kinase inhibitors; L-arginine; antimicrobials such astriclosan, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and nitorfurantoin; anesthetic agents such as lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine; nitric oxide (NO) donors such as lisidomine, molsidomine, NO-protein adducts, NO-polysaccharide adducts, polymeric or oligomeric NO adducts or chemical complexes; anti-coagulants such as D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethyl ketone, an RGD peptide-containing compound, heparin, antithrombin compounds, platelet receptor antagonists, anti-thrombin antibodies, anti-platelet receptor antibodies, enoxaparin, hirudin, Warafin sodium, Dicumarol, aspirin, prostaglandin inhibitors, platelet inhibitors and tick antiplatelet factors; interleukins, interferons, and free radical scavengers; vascular cell growth promoters such as growth factors, growth factor receptor antagonists, transcriptional activators, and translational promotors; vascular cell growth inhibitors such as growth factor inhibitors (e.g., PDGF inhibitor—Trapidil), growth factor receptor antagonists, transcriptional repressors, translational repressors, replication inhibitors, inhibitory antibodies, antibodies directed against growth factors, bifunctional molecules consisting of a growth factor and a cytotoxin, bifunctional molecules consisting of an antibody and a cytotoxin; Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, chymase inhibitors, e.g., Tranilast, ACE inhibitors, e.g., Enalapril, MMP inhibitors, (e.g., Ilomastat, Metastat), GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors (e.g., Intergrilin, abciximab), seratonin antagnonist, and 5-HT uptake inhibitors; cholesterol-lowering agents; vasodilating agents; and agents which interfere with endogeneus vascoactive mechanisms. Polynucleotide sequences may also function as anti-restenosis agents, such as p15, p16, p18, p19, p21, p27, p53, p57, Rb, nFkB and E2F decoys, thymidine kinase (“TK”) and combinations thereof and other agents useful for interfering with cell proliferation. The selection of an active agent can be made taking into account the desired clinical result and the nature of a particular patient's condition and contraindications. With or without the inclusion of a drug, any of the stents disclosed herein can be made from a bioabsorbable material.
The bifurcation 30 shown in FIG. 3 has excrescences 35 which create a narrowing in cross section, which impedes the flow of the liquid circulating in the conduits 32 and 34. In the case of a vascular bifurcation, these excrescences are due, for example, to arteriosclerosis or cellular growth. The stent system described herein permits treatment of this bifurcation by re-establishing the appropriate diameter of the conduits 32, 34 and of the widened transition zone 46.
As shown in FIG. 7, the stent system 10 can also be used to treat an aneurysm 242. An aneurysm 242 is defined as a localized, pathological, blood-filled dilatation of a blood vessel caused by a disease or weakening of the vessel's wall. Thus it is desirable to provide a “substitute” vessel wall in an area of an aneurysm. For this purpose, the first or second stent 12, 14 may be at least partially covered by a film 240 which is substantially impermeable to the fluid circulating in the conduits 32, 34. Many suitable films are known to those skilled in the art such as polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), high and medium density polyethylenes, etc. The film may be sewn onto the stents 12, 14, or it may be folded around a stent such that as the stent is expanded within the vessel 32, the film 240 is trapped and held between the stent and the vessel wall. The stent then guides the liquid through the bifurcation 30 and consequently prevents stressing of the wall forming the aneurysm 242.
In some embodiments, each of the first (cylindrical) stent 12 and second (tapered) stent 14 can be provided on its own individual delivery catheter. With reference to FIGS. 19-22, embodiments of stent delivery systems for use in deploying a single stent for treatment of a pathology at a bifurcation are described below.
FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate a system configured to deploy a single stent having a substantially straight or cylindrical shape when in its expanded condition, for example, the stent 12 could be substantially the same as the cylindrical stent 12 of the above embodiments. The system generally includes an elongate delivery catheter 100 substantially as described above and having a single stent 12 disposed on the distal end of the catheter. The stent 12 is surrounded by a retractable sheath 114 having a plurality of radial restraints such as retaining bands 121. In the illustrated embodiment, five retaining bands 121 are provided to retain the stent 12 in a compressed condition. Alternatively, other numbers of retention bands 121 may also be used. For example, one, two, three, four, or six or more retention bands 121 may be used as desired for a particular stent.
FIG. 20 shows the system of FIG. 19 with a proximal detail of the outer sheath 114. The delivery system for use with the straight stent 12 typically includes a stent stop 218 with an annular shoulder 125 which the proximal end of the stent 12 will abut as the sheath 114 is retracted. As shown in FIG. 20, the stent stop 218 will abut the proximal markers 254 (in an embodiment having such markers) as the sheath is retracted by a proximal force on the pull wire 222 which is attached to the sheath 114 at a retraction band 226.
FIGS. 21 and 22 illustrate a system configured to deploy a single stent having a substantially conical or otherwise tapered shape when in its expanded condition. For example, the conical stent 14 may be the same or similar to the main branch stent 14 described above. The system of FIG. 21 generally includes an elongate delivery catheter 100 substantially as described above and having a single conical stent 14 disposed on the distal end of the catheter 100. The stent 14 is surrounded by a retractable sheath 114, which can include a radial retention structure such as a plurality of retaining bands 121. In the illustrated embodiment, four retaining bands 121 are provided to retain the stent 14 in a compressed condition and resist imprinting into the sheath 114. This number of retaining bands is particularly suited to the conical stent 14 according to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 23A. Alternatively, other numbers of retention bands 121 may also be used. For example, one, two, three, five, or six or more retention bands 121 may be used as desired for a particular conical stent.
FIG. 22 shows the system of FIG. 21 with a proximal detail of the outer sheath 114. The delivery system for use with the conical stent 14 can include a stent stop 218 with an annular shoulder 125 disposed within the outer sheath configured to provide an edge against which the stent 14 may abut as the sheath is retracted. The stent stop 218 of the present embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 22, comprises a slot 211 in which the proximal marker 210 of the conical stent 14 may rest. By contrast, this slot 211 may be omitted in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20 configured for use with a cylindrical stent, or if unnecessary in view of the particular conical stent design.
A delivery system adapted for use with a single stent will often be sized differently from the two-stent delivery system described above as will be apparent to those of skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein. For example, the axial length of the stent receiving recess 129 (see FIG. 12) in a single stent delivery catheter will often be somewhat shorter than a dual-stent catheter. In general, the axial length of the stent receiving recess 129 (see FIG. 12) in a single, tapered stent system for use in a bifurcation of the coronary artery will be within the range of from about 8 mm to about 18 mm, and often within the range of from about 10 mm to about 13 mm. The tapered stent for use in coronary applications is generally at least 10 mm in axial length, for example, 10 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm, and 13 mm can be used. For coronary applications, the proximal unconstrained expanded diameter is typically in the range of from about 3 mm to about 6 mm, and often from about 3.5 mm to about 5.5 mm, and in one embodiment the proximal expanded diameter is about 4.5 mm. The distal unconstrained expanded diameter is typically in the range of from about 5 mm to about 8 mm, and often from about 5.5 mm to about 7.5 mm. In one embodiment of a tapered stent for use in coronary applications, the distal expanded diameter is about 6.5 mm. In one embodiment, the outer sheath 114 and the inner stent receiving recess of a single stent catheter can be about 11 mm shorter than the corresponding parts in a two-stent system.
A tapered stent for use in carotid or biliary applications generally has an axial length in the range of about 15 mm up to about 20 mm, and often between about 17 mm and about 19 mm. In one particular embodiment a tapered stent for use in carotid or biliary applications has an axial length of about 18 mm. For carotid or biliary applications, the proximal expanded diameter is typically in the range of from about 8 mm to about 12 mm, and often from about 9 mm to about 11 mm, and in one embodiment the proximal expanded diameter is about 10 mm. The distal expanded diameter is typically in the range of from about 11 mm to about 15 mm, and often from about 12 mm to about 14 mm. In one embodiment of a tapered stent for use in coronary applications, the distal expanded diameter is about 13 mm. In general, the distal expanded diameter is generally at least about 40% of the axial length, and often the distal expanded diameter is more than 50% of the axial length.
FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate a bifurcation stent 300 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The bifurcation stent 300 has a first end 302 (see FIG. 23A) (which is sometimes referred to as the proximal end 302) and a second end 304 (which is sometimes referred to as the distal end 304). The bifurcation stent 300 is generally formed from a series of segments 306 that are connected to one another by links 312. Each segment 306 is formed from struts 308 that generally extend in a zigzag pattern, although the struts 308 can be provided in any of a number of curved, sinusoidal or other shapes and patterns. In one embodiment, the struts 308 extend substantially linearly from a proximal apex to a distal apex.
The proximal end 302 (see FIG. 23A) of the bifurcation stent 300 includes a proximal marker support 328 for holding a proximal marker 330. The proximal end 302 (see FIG. 23A) can include more than one proximal marker support 328, such as two or three proximal marker supports 328, five proximal marker supports 328, seven proximal marker supports 328, or more. The proximal end 302 (see FIG. 23A) of the bifurcation stent 300 generally includes at least one proximal marker support 328, and often includes an odd number of proximal marker supports 328.
The distal end 304 (see FIG. 23A) of the bifurcation stent 300 includes at least one distal marker support 324 for holding at least one distal marker 326. More than one distal marker support 324 can be provided at the distal end 304 (see FIG. 23A). For example, three distal marker supports 324 can be provided as is illustrated in FIG. 23A. In other embodiments more than three distal marker supports 324 are provided at the distal end 304 (see FIG. 23A) of the bifurcation stent 300, such as five distal marker supports 324, seven distal marker supports 324, or more.
In the illustrated embodiment, the marker support 324 is in the form of an annular band 325 (see FIG. 23D) of material, defining an opening 327 (see FIG. 23D) there through for receiving marker 326. The marker support 324 may be formed separately from the stent and bonded thereto, using any of a variety of techniques known in the art such as brazing, soldering, welding and the like. Preferably, however, the marker support 324 is integrally formed with the stent such as by cutting from tube stock using laser cutting or other etching procedure in the same process as the formation of the wall pattern of the stent. This avoids the need to have a bonded joint.
Referring to FIG. 23D, the annular band 325 defines an opening 327 for receiving the marker 326. The annular band 325 and opening 327 may have any of a variety of shapes, such as round, square, rectangular, oval, or other. In the illustrated embodiment, the opening 327 has an elongated or oval configuration having a major axis extending in a circumferential direction and a minor access extending in an axial direction. The circumferential dimension of the opening 327 is greater than the axial dimension of the opening 327 in the illustrated embodiment, which allows maximization of the mass of the marker while minimizing the axial length thereof. The circumferential dimension of the opening 327 may be anywhere within the range of from about 0.5 mm to about 1.0 mm and, in one embodiment, is about 0.7 mm. The axial dimension of the opening 327 may be anywhere within the range of from about 0.3 mm to about 0.8 mm, and, in one embodiment, is about 0.5 mm. The width of the annular band 325 taken in plan view as illustrated in FIG. 23D may be anywhere within the range of from about 0.08 mm to about 0.250 mm. In one embodiment, the width is about 0.12 mm. The width of the adjacent strut 329 taken from the same perspective may be anywhere within the range of from about 0.075 mm to about 0.250 mm. In general, the width of the annular band 325 is slightly greater than the width of the adjacent strut 329. In one embodiment, the width of the adjacent strut 329 is about 0.1 mm.
Referring to FIG. 23E, there is illustrated a side elevational view of a marker 326 prior to attachment to a stent. The marker 326 generally comprises a body portion 331 having a first cross sectional area and a head 333 having a second, greater cross sectional area, to form a generally mushroom shaped component. The body 331 has a leading end 335 on the opposite end of the body from the head 333. The body 331 may have a generally cylindrical configuration, or may have a non-round cross sectional configuration such as oval, elliptical square or other. The body 331 is generally contemplated to have a diameter within the range of from about 0.3 mm to about 0.75 mm and, in one embodiment, about 0.5 mm. The axial length of the component from the leading end 335 through the head 333 may be anywhere within the range of from about 0.25 mm to about 0.5 mm and, in one embodiment, is about 0.38 mm. The diameter of the head 333 is preferably greater than the diameter of the body 331 by at least about 0.1 mm and, preferably, at least about 0.15 mm. In one embodiment, the diameter of the head 333 is within the range of from about 0.5 mm to about 0.9 mm, and, in one embodiment, is about 0.7 mm. The axial length of the head 333 is preferably at least about 0.05 mm and no greater than about 0.2 mm. In one embodiment, the length is about 0.08 mm. Dimensions outside of the recited ranges may also be used, depending upon stent dimensions and design.
In assembly, the marker 326 is positioned within the lumen of the stent and leading end 335 is advanced through the opening 327 of the annular band 325 from the inside (“lumenal side”) of the stent to the outside (ablumenal side) of the stent. This positions the integrally pre formed head 333 against the inside surface of the stent. The body 331 is thereafter axially compressed such as by impact or other compression against the surface 335, to reconfigure the surface 335 into a corresponding mushroom shape, thereby increasing its radial diameter relative to the diameter of the body 331, and provides a locking surface on the outside surface of the stent. A marker starting with an axial length of approximately 0.38 mm will be reduced in axial length to somewhere within the range of from about 0.2 mm to about 0.3 mm following compression. In one embodiment, the axial length of the marker post compression is approximately 0.24 mm, when mounted in a stent having a wall thickness of about 0.160 mm. Compression may it be accomplished by positioning the head 333 against an anvil surface within the stent, and impacting the surface 335 with a compression pin. The surface of the anvil and the compression pin may be planer or may be radiused, to curve the resulting end surfaces of the marker with a radius that corresponds to the radius of the stent.
A mounted marker is illustrated in FIG. 23F. In one implementation of the invention, the axial length through the marker is about 0.244 mm, in a stent having a wall thickness of about 0.160 mm. In one implementation, the marker 326 comprises gold, having a mass of about 1.70 mg. Gold markers will generally have a mass in excess of at least about 1.0 mg, although the mass of the marker may be varied depending upon the desired degree of visibility during the procedure.
The marker support 324 is positioned “off board” or beyond the end of the stent. In this context, the end of the stent is the plane which extends transversally to the longitudinal axis of the stent, and contains a plurality of apexes or peaks 320. This orientation positions the radiopaque marker 326 slightly beyond the end of the stent measured in an axial direction. The length or diameter of the marker support 324 measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the stent is generally at least 10%, in some embodiments at least about 20%, and may be at least about 30% or more of the axial length of the adjacent segment 306.
The proximal and distal markers 330, 326 can be any of a variety of markers known to those of skill in the art, and can have any of a variety of shapes. The proximal and distal markers 330, 326 can include any of the markers described herein. For example, the markers 330, 326 can be radiopaque or have radiopaque properties. The markers 330, 326 can be cylindrical (circular in a side view), diamond-shaped, square, frustoconical, or any other shape suitable for use with the bifurcation stent 300. The markers 330, 326 can be attached to the bifurcation stent in any of a variety of ways, including crimping, press-fitting, locking, screwing, or twisting them into the proximal and distal marker supports 328, 324 with or without soldering, brazing, adhesives or other attachment feature. In other embodiments the markers 328, 324 are painted onto the segments 306, stents 308, and/or proximal and distal marker supports 328 of the bifurcation stent 300.
The struts 308 of each cell segment of the bifurcation stent 300 form distal peaks 320 and proximal peaks 322 as the struts 308 extend around the perimeter of the bifurcation stent 300 in a zigzag pattern. Links 312 connect adjacent segments 306 by extending in a distal direction from the distal peak 320 of one segment 306 to a proximal peak 322 of an adjacent segment 306.
The links 312 can have any of a variety of cross sectional shapes known to those of skill in the art, such as rectangular, cylindrical, tapered, or any other shape. In one embodiment, the links 312 have a constant transverse area through their length, and in other embodiments the links 312 taper to a smaller cross-sectional area (e.g., diameter) along their length to increase flexibility of the bifurcation stent 300. For example, in one embodiment, the links 312 or at least some of the links, have an hourglass shape, such that they are wider at the link ends than at the link middle portion. In other embodiments, the links 312 are wider at one end than at the other end. The link 312 can have a cross-sectional area substantially equal to, less than, or greater than the diameter of an adjacent strut 308. The links 312 may be selected in a variety of lengths. For example, in some embodiments, the links 312 are no more than about 0.5 mm, no more than about 0.75 mm, or less than about 1 mm in length.
The bifurcation stent 300 can be enlarged from a collapsed, or reduced-diameter configuration to an expanded, or enlarged-diameter configuration, such as illustrated in FIG. 23A. When expanded, the bifurcation stent 300 has a proximal (upstream, as deployed) diameter 316 that is smaller than its distal (downstream, as deployed) diameter 318. A central lumen 334 extends through the bifurcation stent 300 from its proximal end 302 to distal end 304. In some embodiments, the stent 300 proximal diameter 316 is no more than about 3.25 mm, no more than about 4.75 mm, or no more than about 5.25 mm and the distal diameter 318 is at least about 5.5 mm, at least about 7 mm, or at least about 8 mm. In some embodiments the stent 300 has a proximal diameter 316 in the range of about 2-4 mm and a distal diameter of about 4-7 mm. In other embodiments, the proximal diameter 316 is in the range of about 3-5 mm and distal diameter 318 is in the range of about 5-9 mm. In other embodiments, the proximal diameter is in the range of about 4-7 mm and the distal diameter 318 is in the range of about 8-14 mm.
The length of each strut 308 from its distal peak 320 to its proximal peak 322 defines a strut length 310. In addition, the distance between distal and proximal peaks 320, 322 of adjacent segments 306 defines a link length 314. Links 312 can be uniform in link length 314, or non-uniform, as may be clinically desired. For example, varying link length 314 can provide control over the flexibility of the bifurcation stent 300 between each segment 306. In addition, providing more links 312 between adjacent cells 306 can improve repositionability of the bifurcation stent 300. For example, when a link 312 connects every pair of adjacent distal and proximal peaks 320, 322, the bifurcation stent 300 will not bind up when deployed, and will exit the deployment catheter as an even cone (or flare).
FIG. 23B shows a rolled out flat view of the bifurcation stent 300 of FIG. 23A to clearly illustrate one embodiment of a sidewall pattern of a bifurcation stent 300. Strut length 310 and link length 314 are clearly shown in FIG. 23B. In some embodiments, the struts 308 all have about the same strut length 310. In other embodiments, the strut length 310 of the struts 308 of the distal most segment 306 are greater than the strut length 310 of the struts 308 of the other segments. Strut lengths 310 are often in the range of about 1-3 mm. The link lengths 314 are sometimes in the range of 0.5-0.75 mm, or less than about 1 mm.
The stent illustrated in FIGS. 23A and 23B has a tapered configuration in the unconstrained expanded configuration, and comprises four segments 306. Depending upon the desired performance characteristics and dimensions of the stent, anywhere from one segment 306 to 10 or 12 or more segments 306 may be utilized. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 23C, for example, a stent having five segments 306 is illustrated in an expanded configuration.
The bifurcation stent 300 illustrated in FIG. 23A has a tapered shape in its unconstrained, expanded configuration. However, any of a variety of configurations may be used as a bifurcation stent 300, generally sharing the characteristic that the distal and 304 has a greater cross sectional area than the proximal end 302 in an unconstrained expansion. For example, a flared bifurcation stent 300 is illustrated in FIGS. 24A-C. The flared bifurcation stent 300 of FIG. 24A includes, in one embodiment, many of the same components as the bifurcation stent 300 of FIG. 23A. However, the flared bifurcation stent 300 can have longer strut length 310 (see FIG. 24A) segments 306 located at its distal end 304 than at its proximal end 302.
The taper angle or flare configuration may be selected to accommodate the particular bifurcation into which the bifurcation stent 300 is to be deployed. For example, a bifurcation stent 300 can have a half-angle taper of at least about 20°, at least about 25°, or at least about 30°. In other embodiments the bifurcation stent 300 has a half-angle taper more than 35°.
The bifurcation stent 300 often has a symmetrical taper angle or flare configuration such that the unconstrained, expanded taper angle or flare configuration is uniform about its outer surface. Such configurations may be advantageous when deploying the bifurcation stent 300 into a substantially cylindrical bifurcation having a near circular cross section. However, in other embodiments, where the cross section of the bifurcation is non-cylindrical (e.g., oval, elliptical, elongated, etc.), the bifurcation stent 300 can have a corresponding asymmetrical taper angle or flare configuration. When asymmetrical, the taper angle or flare configuration as viewed from one side view of the bifurcation stent 300 is different than the taper angle or flare configuration as viewed from a different side view of the bifurcation stent 300. In either case, the stent can be configured to adopt the configuration of the native anatomy upon deployment.
Additional links 312 may be provided between adjacent segments 306 of the bifurcation stent 300. For example, in the bifurcation stent of FIG. 23A, as best seen in FIG. 23B, the tapered bifurcation stent 300 has seven links 312 connecting the most proximal segment 306 and the segment 306 adjacent to it. The distal-most segment 306 is connected to the segment 306 adjacent to it with four links 312. However, in the flared bifurcation stent 300 of FIGS. 24A-C, the most proximal segment 306 is connected to its adjacent segment with seven links 312, and the distal-most segment 306 is connected to its adjacent segment 306 with seven links 312 as well.
In the illustrated embodiment, each segment 306 has approximately 14 proximal apexes 322 and 14 distal apexes 320. Depending upon the desired stent performance and intended anatomy, the number of apexes may be varied considerably. Anywhere from approximately 6 apexes to 20 apexes or more may be used, depending upon desired performance. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 23A, the proximal segment 306 has 14 distal apexes 320 and 7 links 312. The links 312 are spaced apart evenly around the circumference of the stent, such that every other apex is provided with a link 312. Alternatively, links 312 may be provided on every third apex, every fourth apex, or more. Typically, no fewer than two or three links 312 will be positioned between two adjacent segments 306. In higher link density configurations, links 312 may be provided on every two out of three adjacent apexes, three out of four, or four out of five or more, including providing a link 312 on every apex around the circumference of a segment 306. As the ratio of links 312 to apexes increases, certain functional characteristics of the stent may be improved, however at the cost of reduced stent flexibility as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
When expanded, such as illustrated in FIGS. 23A and 24A, the bifurcation stent 300 has an expanded length 332 extending from its proximal end 302 to its distal end 304. When compressed, the bifurcation stent 300 has a compressed length 336 extending from its proximal end 302 and distal end 304 as well. In some embodiments, the expanded length 332 and compressed length 336 are equal or substantially the same. In such cases, the bifurcation stent 300 is non-foreshortening or substantially non-foreshortening. In other embodiments, the expanded length 332 of the bifurcation stent 300 is less than the compressed length 336. The difference between the compressed length 336 and the expanded length 332 can be no more than about 1%, no more than about 1.5%, no more than about 5%, or less than about 7%.
The bifurcation stent 300 is often self-expanding, although it can be balloon inflatable when desired. A self-expandable bifurcation stent 300 can be made from pseudoelastic alloys, such as nickel titanium, or NITINOL®, or Elgiloy, any other pseudoelastic alloy known to those of skill in the art. In addition, the bifurcation stent can be made from stainless steel, polymers, or plastics.
In some embodiments, the bifurcation stent 300 is cut from tube, such as by laser cutting techniques known in the art. However, the bifurcation stent 300 can alternatively be formed by cutting the desired pattern into a sheet of material and wrapping the sheet into a cylindrical, frustoconical, or flared form. In other embodiments, the bifurcation stent is formed by weaving wire into the desired shape.
FIG. 25 illustrates a vascular bifurcation 400 into which a bifurcation stent in accordance with any embodiments disclosed herein may be delivered. The vascular bifurcation 400 typically occurs at the branching of a main vessel 402 into a first branch vessel 404 and a second branch vessel 406. Fluid generally flows through the vasculature from the main vessel 402 into each of the first and second branch vessels 404, 406. The direction of fluid flow 408 is generally in a downstream orientation from a proximal location 410 with respect to the bifurcation 400 to distal locations 412 with respect to the bifurcation 400.
The carina 414 is formed at the point where the first branch vessel 404 and second branch vessel 406 meet. The carina 414 generally has a saddle-like shape, and in many cases can provide smooth blood flow from the main vessel 402 into each of the branch vessels 404, 406.
A reference diameter 416 is sometimes determined as the inside diameter of the main vessel 402 at a location proximal of the first and second branch vessels 404, 406 and carina 414. For example, the reference diameter 416 can be the diameter of the main vessel 410 at a location about 2-4 mm, about 4-6 mm, about 5-7 mm, or about 5 mm proximal of the carina 414.
In some cases, a lesion (not shown) is formed along the inside wall of the main vessel 402 proximal to the bifurcation 400. In such cases, the reference diameter 416 is generally the inside diameter of the main vessel 402 at a location proximal to the lesion. For example, the reference diameter 416 can be the diameter of the main vessel 410 at a location about 2-4 mm, about 4-6 mm, about 5-7 mm, or about 5 mm proximal of the lesion. In other embodiments, the reference diameter 416 is the diameter of the main vessel 402 just proximal or upstream from the widening transitional zone. In situations where there is a lesion at the bifurcation, the reference diameter 416 can be the diameter of the main vessel 402 just proximal or upstream from the lesion.
A carinal plane 418 extends in a direction transverse to the main vessel 402 intersecting the main vessel 402 as it branches into both the first and second branch vessels 404, 406 tangential to the carina 414. The ostium diameter 420 is generally the diameter of the main vessel 402 at the carinal plane 418, across both branch vessels.
In some embodiments, it may be advantageous or clinically indicated to dilate the stenosed aspect of bifurcation 400 before deploying the bifurcation stent 300. For example, a balloon catheter (not shown) can be delivered to the bifurcation 400 and deployed such that when inflated, the wall of the balloon contacts and applies outward force to the vessel wall to either branch or the main vessel at the bifurcation 400. This pre-dilation may be performed using any of a variety of techniques, including using two guide wires and sequential and/or kissing inflations or balloons.
FIG. 26 illustrates the deployment of a bifurcation stent at a bifurcation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. A second guidewire, which may be used to facilitate a predilation, has been omitted for simplicity. A guidewire 430 is inserted into a branch vessel via a main vessel 402. The guidewire 430 acts as a rail over which a delivery catheter 432 may be advanced through a patient's vasculature. The distal end of the delivery catheter 432 can include an atraumatic tip 434 to minimize or to reduce damaging the inside wall of the vasculature as the delivery catheter 432 is advanced over the guidewire 430. A retractable sheath 436 covers a bifurcation stent 300 that is mounted to the delivery catheter 432. When the bifurcation stent 300 is self-expandable, retraction of the retractable sheath 436 allows the bifurcation stent 300 to expand from its compressed configuration (as shown in FIG. 26) to its expanded configuration (as shown in FIG. 23A). The distal and proximal markers 326, 330 allow visualization of the bifurcation stent 300 and determination of its exact location within the vasculature.
To deliver the bifurcation stent 300 to the bifurcation 400 the delivery catheter 432 is advanced along the guidewire 430 until the distal markers 326 of the bifurcation stent 300 are adjacent the carina 414, as illustrated in FIG. 27. Any of a variety of techniques well known to those of skill in the art may be used to visualize the markers 326 within the patient's vasculature.
Once the distal marker 326 of the bifurcation stent 300 is approximately aligned with the carinal plane 418 or just on the distal side of the carinal plane 418, the retractable sheath 436 is partially retracted as illustrated in FIG. 28. The retractable sheath 436 is retracted enough to expose the distal-most segment 306 of the bifurcation stent 300. When the bifurcation stent 300 is self-expandable, the distal-most segment 306 will partially self-expand as shown in FIG. 28. At the distal-most segment 306 expands, its distal markers 326 move apart from one another. The distal markers 326 are positioned approximately within the carinal plane 418 so that the distal peaks 320 of the bifurcation stent's distal-most segment 306 are at a location proximal of and adjacent the carina 414.
The retractable sheath 436 is then further retracted in a proximal direction to expose the second segment 306 adjacent the distal-most segment 306 of the bifurcation stent 300. The catheter 432 is also moved in a slight distal direction to advance the distal peaks 320 and distal markers 326 passed the carinal plane 418 so that at least the markers and optionally the distal peaks 320 are distal to the carinal plane 418, as illustrated in FIG. 29. At this point two adjacent struts 308 of the distal-most segment 306 which form a distally open “v” or other concavity begin to straddle the carina 414. When straddling the carina 414 a first strut 308 can reside at least partially within the first branch vessel 404, and a second strut 308 (which can be adjacent to the first strut 308) can reside at least partially within the second branch vessel 406. In other embodiments, when straddling the carina 414 a first strut 308 is directed towards the first branch vessel 404 and a second strut 308 is directed towards the second branch vessel 406. The first strut 308 can be adjacent the second strut 308. The exact position and orientation of the bifurcation stent 300 can be confirmed using any of a variety of visualization techniques as are known to those of skill in the art.
The bifurcation stent 300 is advanced distally until the carina 414 contacts the inside walls of the distally facing concavity leading to proximal peak 322, which is formed between adjacent first and second struts 308 (see FIG. 27) that are positioned within the first and second branch vessels 404, 406, respectively, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 30. The retractable sheath 436 may then be fully retracted to completely release the bifurcation stent 300 from the catheter 432. When released from the catheter 432, the bifurcation stent 300 will expand to its fully expanded configuration and will generally conform to the inside surface of the vascular bifurcation 400. When fully expanded, the distal peaks 320 of the distal-most segment 306 of the bifurcation stent 300 are positioned at least about 1 mm, and in some implementations from about 2 mm to about 4 mm distal of the carinal plane 418.
Once deployed, the bifurcation stent 300 can be post dilated to assure proper stent placement and orientation. For example, a balloon catheter can be advanced to the bifurcation 400 and inflated at least partially within the bifurcation stent 300. The balloon can be shaped such that when inflated it provides additional expansion to the distal segment 306 of the bifurcation stent 300. In addition, a balloon catheter can be used to expand a balloon expandable bifurcation stent 300 from its compressed state to its expanded stated when delivered to the bifurcation, to achieve the deployed tapered configuration described herein.
A branch stent 500 may optionally be delivered to either or both of the branch vessels 404, 406, as illustrated in FIG. 31. The branch stent 500 generally has a cylindrical shape when fully expanded in an unconstrained configuration. The branch stent 500 can include any of a variety of wall patterns or designs well known to those of skill in the art and may include cells having struts and peaks such as used with the bifurcation stent described in FIGS. 23A and 24A.
The branch stent 500 can be delivered over the guidewire 430 with the same catheter 432 used to deliver the bifurcation stent 300. Alternatively, the catheter 432 used to deliver the bifurcation stent 300 may be removed from the vasculature and a second catheter containing the branch stent 500 may thereafter be provided. Any of the catheters described herein may be used to deliver the bifurcation stent 300 and/or the branch stent 500.
In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 31, a cylindrical branch stent 500 is delivered to a branch vessel of the bifurcation 400 through the lumen 334 of the previously deployed bifurcation stent 300. The branch stent 500 is deployed such that the proximal end 504 of the branch stent 500 partially overlaps the distal end 304 of the bifurcation stent 300. Proximal peaks 502 of the branch stent 500 can be positioned proximal of the carinal plane 418, thereby at least partially overlapping the distal-most cell 306 of the bifurcation stent 300.
The stents, stent deployment systems, and methods described herein may be adapted as mentioned above to treat any of a number of bifurcations within a human patient. For example, bifurcations of both the left and right coronary arteries, the bifurcation of the carotid, femoral, iliac, popliteal, renal or other coronary bifurcations. Alternatively this apparatus may be used for nonvascular bifurcations, such as tracheal or biliary bifurcations, for example between the common bile and cystic ducts, or in the area of the bifurcation of the principal bile tract.
Although certain preferred embodiments and examples have been described herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present inventive subject matter extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present inventive subject matter herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above, but should be determined only by a fair reading of the claims that follow.

## Claims

1. A stent for treating a vascular bifurcation, comprising:
a first proximal end, a second distal end and a longitudinal axis therebetween;
a plurality of segments extending coaxially end to end along the longitudinal axis, each segment consisting of a single ring which forms a circumference of the stent, wherein each single ring comprises a plurality of struts extending in an end to end manner creating a zig zag pattern in which each strut extends from a proximal end of said each single ring to a distal end of said each single ring,
wherein the stent is expandable from a reduced diameter to an expanded diameter and configured to provide support to the vascular bifurcation when expanded, the second distal end having a larger diameter than the first proximal end when expanded;
wherein the plurality of segments consists of four segments and adjacent segments of said four segments are connected to each other by only straight links; and
wherein one of the single rings is positioned adjacent the second distal end and comprises three and no more than three eyelets integrally formed on a distal end of said single ring, and one of the single rings is positioned adjacent the first proximal end and comprises one and no more than one eyelet integrally formed on a proximal end of said single ring, wherein each eyelet comprises an opening configured to receive a radiopaque marker therein, and the opening is oval in shape and has a circumferential dimension greater than an axial dimension.

2. The stent of claim 1, further comprising a radiopaque marker.

3. The stent of claim 2, wherein the radiopaque marker is mushroom-shaped.

4. The stent of claim 2, wherein the radiopaque marker is press-fit into one of said eyelets.

5. The stent of claim 2, wherein the radiopaque marker comprises gold.

6. The stent of claim 2, wherein the radiopaque marker comprises tantalum.

7. The stent of claim 2, wherein the radiopaque marker is selected to have an electromotive force to match an electromotive force of a remainder of the stent.

8. The stent of claim 1, wherein the eyelets integrally formed on the distal end of said single ring positioned adjacent the second distal end extend beyond a first plane extending transversally to the longitudinal axis of the stent, the stent having a plurality of apexes on said single ring positioned adjacent the second distal end, the plurality of apexes substantially positioned on the first plane, and the eyelet integrally formed on the proximal end of said single ring positioned adjacent the first proximal end extends beyond a second plane extending transversally to the longitudinal axis of the stent, the stent having a plurality of apexes on said single ring positioned adjacent the first proximal end, the plurality of apexes substantially positioned on the second plane.

9. The stent of claim 1, wherein the stent is coated with a drug capable of being eluted over time.

10. The stent of claim 1, wherein the stent has a tapered shape when expanded to the expanded diameter.

11. The stent of claim 10, wherein the stent tapers along its entire length from the first proximal end to the second distal end.

12. The stent of claim 1, wherein the stent is substantially conical in shape.

13. The stent of claim 1, wherein the single ring positioned adjacent the first proximal end is substantially cylindrical and the single ring positioned adjacent the second distal end is substantially conical.

14. The stent of claim 1, wherein the stent is configured to conform to a shape of the vascular bifurcation in an area of a widened transition zone when expanded.

15. A stent for treating a vascular bifurcation, comprising:
a first proximal end, a second distal end and a longitudinal axis therebetween;
a plurality of segments extending coaxially end to end along the longitudinal axis, each segment consisting of a single ring which forms a circumference of the stent, wherein each single ring comprises a plurality of struts extending in an end to end manner creating a zig zag pattern in which each strut extends from a proximal end of the said each single ring to a distal end of said each single ring,
wherein the stent is expandable from a reduced diameter to an expanded diameter and configured to provide support to the vascular bifurcation when expanded, the second distal end having a larger diameter than the first proximal end when expanded;
wherein the plurality of segments consists of five segments and adjacent segments of said five segments are connected to each other by only straight links; and
wherein one of the single rings is positioned adjacent the second distal end and comprises three and no more than three eyelets integrally formed on a distal end of said single ring, and one of the single rings is positioned adjacent the first proximal end and comprises one and no more than one eyelet integrally formed on a proximal end of said single ring, wherein each eyelet comprises an opening configured to receive a radiopaque marker therein, and the opening is oval in shape and has a circumferential dimension greater than an axial dimension.

16. The stent of claim 15, wherein the stent has a tapered shape when expanded to the expanded diameter.

17. The stent of claim 15, wherein the stent tapers along its entire length from the first proximal end to the second distal end.

18. The stent of claim 15, wherein the stent is substantially conical in shape.

19. The stent of claim 15, wherein the single ring positioned adjacent the first proximal end is substantially cylindrical and the single ring positioned adjacent the second distal end is substantially conical.