,W"R ,BRO!RS





































    ,W"R ,BRO!RS ,NA;NAL
         ,MEMORIAL
       ,NOR? ,C>OL9A

    ,NA;NAL ,P>K ,S]VICE
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          ,9T]IOR

    ,PUBLI%$ BY ,NA;NAL
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        ,PUBLICA;NS
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     ,,,SPECIAL SYMBOLS
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.= ,DOT LOCATOR = 8M5;N0
.=_4 ,BULLET
.=" ,L9E 3T9UA;N 9DICATOR
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.="> ,CLOS+ P>5!SIS

















      ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS

,! ,W"RS ( ,"DTON1 PAGE #A
,%[+ ! ,_W1 PAGE #F
,SOLV+ ! ,PROBLEMS ( ,FLI<T1
  PAGE #I
,! ,W"RS3 ,ME?OD &
  ,9SPIRA;N1 PAGE #AD
,PLANN+ ,YR ,VISIT1 PAGE #BF
,A3ESSIBIL;Y1 PAGE #BG
,= ,YR ,SAFETY1 PAGE #BI
,M ,9=MA;N1 PAGE #BI

     ,! ,W"RS ( ,"DTON

  ,9 ! E>LY #AHIJS ! ,W"R
BRO!RS1 ,ORVILLE & ,WILBUR
"<PICTUR$">1 _H SETTL$ 9TO A
RESPECTABLE LIFE Z
PROPRIETORS ( A SMALL BUSI;S
9 ,"DTON1 ,OHIO4 ,B ! ,W"R
BRO!RS NURTUR$ A DR1M1 : AT
! "T 0 B>ELY RESPECTABLE3 !
POSSIBIL;Y ( HUMAN FLI<T4
,WILBUR1 F\R YE>S OLD]1   #A
0 QUIET & 9T5SE1 A DR1M] :O
CD LOSE HMF 9 BOOKS4
,ORVILLE 0 \TGO+1 TALKATIVE1
& AN IMMACULATE DRESS]4 ,BO?
COMB9$ 9TUITIVE ME*ANICAL
ABIL;Y ) ANALYTICAL
9TELLIG;E4
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%OP "<BICYCLE ILLU/RAT$">4
,! ,W"R ,CYCLE ,COMPANY
O3UPI$ "P ( ? BUILD+
"<PICTUR$"> 9 ,"DTON1 ,OHIO1
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PICTUR$ "W+ 9 #AHIG4 ,:ILE
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RE/.S1 ESPECIALLY ,WILBUR4
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,LILI5?AL1 ,G]MAN GLID]
EXP]I;T]1 9 A FLY+ A3ID5T1 &
! SU3ESS;L UNMANN$ P[]$
MODEL FLI<TS ( ,SAMUEL
,LANGLEY4
  ,! ,W"RS' S]I\S "W 9
A]ONAUTICS 2GAN 9 #AHII :5
,WILBUR WROTE ! ,SMI?SONIAN
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EXHIL>AT$ BY ! R1LIZA;N T !Y
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E>LY ON1 B ,ORVILLE 0 SOON
DRAWN 9 Z AN EQUAL
COLLABORATOR4 ,!Y DEVELOP$
_! [N !ORIES1 & = ! NEXT F\R
YE>S DEVOT$ !MVS TO ! GOAL (
HUMAN FLI<T4
  ,! ,W"RS LABOR$ 9 RELATIVE
OBSCUR;Y1 :ILE ! EXP]I;TS (
,SAMUEL ,LANGLEY ( !
,SMI?SONIAN ,9/ITU;N 7
FOLL[$ 9 ! PRESS & "UWRITT5
BY ! ,,US ,DE"P;T ( ,W>4
,YET ,LANGLEY1 Z O!RS 2F HM1
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FLI<T4 ,!Y RELI$ ON BRUTE
P[] TO KEEP _! !ORETICALLY
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,WILBUR'S ^WS1 8,X IS
POSSIBLE TO FLY )\T MOTORS1
B N )\T K & SKILL40
  ,! ,W"RS LE>N$ TO FLY ON
OP5 S&S NE> ! ,KILL ,DEVIL
,HILLS "<PICTUR$">1 ,NOR?
,C>OL9A4 ,! SITE PROVID$
ISOLA;N1 HI< DUNES1 /R;G
W9DS1 & S(T L&+S4 ,AT _!
#AIJB CAMP ! ,W"RS %>$ _!
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GLID]4 ,!Y SLEPT AL(T 9
BURLAP SL+S HUNG F ! RAFT]S4
,) OV] A ?\S& GLIDES F ! TOP
( ,KILL ,DEVIL ,HILL1 !
,W"RS MADE !MVS ! F/ TRUE
PILOTS4 ,^! FLY+ SKILLS 7 A
CRUCIAL COMPON5T ( _! 9V5;N4
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( ! AIR4
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#AIJC1 ,ORVILLE BROKE \R
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TIES T ,DECEMB] MORN+,-A T\*
( PRIVATE C]EMONY = AN EV5T
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& ! 4T.E ( ! FLI<T 0 LESS
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L&$ ON A PO9T Z HI< Z T F :
X />T$4 ,)9 ! NEXT TWO
G5]A;NS1 P FLEW = R\T9E
TRAVEL1 HE>D AN           #E
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WAT*$ A MAN WALK ON ! MOON4

    ,! ,F/ ,F\R ,FLI<TS
#A4 #AB SECONDS1 #ABJ FEET
#B4 #AB SECONDS1 #AGE FEET
#C4 #AE SECONDS1 #BJJ FEET
#D4 #EI SECONDS1 #HEB FEET

         ,%[+ ! ,_W

  8,!Y H D"O X6 ,DAMN$ IF !Y
A9'T FLEW60 SD A WIT;S TO !
F/ HUMAN FLI<T4 ,B S (T5 _H
? CLAIM PROV5 HOLL[ T !
PUBLIC 0 SKEPTICAL ( YET
ANO!R1 ESPECIALLY AF !
SPECTACUL> FAILURE (
,LANGLEY'S FLY+ MA*9E N9E
"DS E>LI]4 ,! ,W"RS BUILT AN
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MAK+ #AJE FLI<TS 9 #AIJD4 ,9
! #AIJE ,FLY]1 ! F/
PRACTICAL AIRPLANE1 CIRCL+
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,PAU1 ,FR.E1 ! #AIJH ,FLY]
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DUBI\S ( _! A*IEVE;T1 REFUS$
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TO %[ _! 3TROL SY/EM )\T A
3TRACT 9 H&1 ! ,W"RS DID N
FLY = ANO!R ?REE YE>S4 ,!
GAP 2T ! ,W"RS & ,EUROP1N
AVIATORS REMA9$ SUB/ANTIAL4
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FLY]S BAS$ ON ! ,W"R #AIJB
,GLID]4 ,B BY #AIJF N"O _H
REMA9$ AL(T = M ?AN A     #G
FEW SECONDS4 ,N UNTIL #AIJG
DID A ,EUROP1N PLANE /AY 9 !
AIR Z L;G Z ! ,W"RS _H 9
#AIJC4
  ,! ,W"RS' REFUSAL TO FLY
CAUS$ EV5 E>LY 2LIEV]S TO
D\BT _! SU3ESS4 ,BY #AIJH A
,FR5* PILOT _H FL[N = OV]
#BJ M9UTES4 ,T YE> ! ,W"RS
SIGN$ 3TRACTS ) ! ,,US ,>MY
& ,FR.E & %[$ ! _W :AT !Y CD
D,-,WILBUR 9 ,FR.E1 ,ORVILLE
9 ,AM]ICA4
  ,AF ,WILBUR FLEW A CIRCLE
"U GD LAT]AL 3TROL & L&$
G5TLY1 NO "O "Q$ T ! ,W"RS
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0 EF=T.S1 GRACE;L1 DECISIVE4
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TWO H\RS & R1*$ AN ALTITUDE
( #CFJ FEET1 %[+ ! ,FLY]'S
RELIABIL;Y & 5DUR.E4 8,WE >E
Z *N COMP>$ ) ! ,W"RS10 SD
"O ,FR5* PILOT4

     ,SOLV+ ! ,PROBLEMS
          ( ,FLI<T

  ,BY #AIAJ ! RE/ ( ! _W _H
CAU<T UP TO ! ,W"R BRO!RS4
,! ,FR5* REF9$ ! ,W"R DESIGN
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FRONT PROPELL]1 RE>
ELEVATOR1 S+LE /ICK 3TROL1
:EELS1 & AIL]ONS4 ,B !
PR9CIPLE 2H ! ,W"RS' 3TROL
SY/EM 0 UN*ANG$4 ,A #AIAA
,W"R ,MODEL ;,B
"<ILLU/RAT$"> REFLECT+ "S (
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PLANES TD4

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TO SOLVE ?REE CRITICAL
PROBLEMS3

#A4 ,LIFT3 ,G5]AT+ AN     #I
  UPW>D =CE GRT] ?AN ! WEI<T
  ( ! PLANE2
#B4 ,?RU/3 ,PROPELL+ ! PLANE
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#C4 ,3TROL3 ,/ABILIZ+ &
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A*IEVE ^! RESULTS1 B NATURAL
SELEC;N ELIM9AT$ E>LY
DESIGNS T FAIL$ TO MEET !
REQUIRE;TS ( E6ICI5CY1
RELIABIL;Y1 & DURABIL;Y4 ,!
DESIGN RAPIDLY EVOLV$ 9TO !
FAMILI>1 BASIC 3FIGURA;N T
VIRTUALLY ALL AIRPLANES %>E4
  ,ILLU/RA;N3 ,BASIC
AIRPLANE DESIGN %[+ !
PR9CIPLES ( FLI<T4 ,"PS ( !
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;,H "<EXPLA9$ 2L">4 ,F\R O!R
ILLU/RA;NS %[ ! DIREC;NAL
=CES T MAKE A PLANE PIT*1
ROLL1 & YAW & R5D] ?RU/ VIA
A PROPELL]4
      ,LIFT
  ,AIR PASS+ OV] ! UPP]
SURFACE ( A W+ "<,A"> HAS A
GRT] *ANGE 9 VELOC;Y "<SPE$
& DIREC;N">1 MAK+ ! AIR
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PRESSURE "U ! W+4
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CR1T$4
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"<;,C"> A6ECT ! LIFT4
  ,! ANGLE ( ATTACK1 ! ANGLE
AT : A W+ MEETS ! AIR
"<;,D">1 AL A6ECTS LIFT4 ,!
GRT] ! ANGLE1 ! GRT] !
LIFT,-UP TO A PO9T4
  ,PA/ A C]TA9 ANGLE1 !
SMOO? FL[ ( AIR OV] ! W+
SUDD5LY 2COMES TURBUL5T
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IS1 LIFT IS LO/4 ,AT HI<]
SPE$S1 LESS ANGLE IS     #AA
NE$$ TO G5]ATE ! SAME AM.T (
LIFT4

      ,3TROL
  ,A W+ IS 9H]5TLY UN/ABLE
=E-&-AFT1 2C LIFT "<;,B"> IS
GRTE/ 2H ! C5T] ( GRAV;Y
"<;,F">1 MAK+ ! W+ ROTATE
>.D T PO9T4 ,! NOSE PIT*ES
D[N1 ! TAIL COMES UP4
  ,TO C.T]ACT ?1 !
HORIZONTAL /ABILIZ] "<;,G">
ACTS Z AN 9V]T$ W+1 CR1T+
NEGATIVE LIFT TO HOLD ! TAIL
D[N4
  ,! PLANE'S LAT]AL /ABIL;Y
IS A6ECT$ BY ! AM.T (
DIH$RAL "<;,H">1 ! DEFLEC;N
F ! HORIZONTAL BUILT 9TO !
W+S4
  ,MOVABLE 3TROL SURFACES
PRODUCE ! ?REE AIRCRAFT
MOVE;TS NE$$ TO MA9TA9 3TROL
& *ANGE DIREC;N4

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  = DIREC;NAL 3TROL4

  ,9 COMB9A;N1 ^! MOVE;TS
TURN ! AIRCRAFT4

      ,?RU/
  ,J Z AIRFL[ OV] ! W+S
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RAPIDLY TURN+ BLADES ( A
PROPELL]-DRIV5 PLANE
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MO;N4 ,EA* BLADE ( !
PROPELL] ACTS Z A SMALL
AIRFOIL1 OR W+4 ,Z ! BLADE
ROTATES1 ! AIR FL[S OV] XS
CURV$ SURFACE4 ,!        #AC
RESULT+ HORIZONTAL 8LIFT0
PROPELS ! AIRCRAFT =W>D4 ,2C
! VELOC;Y ( ! BLADE 9CR1SES
F HUB TO TIP1 ! BLADE IS
TWI/$1 PROVID+ ! MO/ E6ICI5T
ANGLE ( ATTACK AT EA* PO9T
AL;G XS L5G?4

     ,! ,W"RS3 ,ME?OD &
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  ,A "TL9E ( ! ,W"R BRO!RS'
SU3ESS;L J\RNEY TO SU/A9$1
3TROLL$ HUMAN FLI<T IS
DESCRIB$ 2L4

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_4 ,GEORGE ,CAYLEY
  "<#AGGC-#AHEG2 PICTUR$"> 0
  ! "F ( A]ODYNAMICS4 ,8
  #AHJD GLID] MODEL
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_4 ,ALPHONSE ,P5AUD
  "<#AHEJ-#HJ2 PICTUR$">
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  ,W"RS 7 9SPIR$ TO TAKE UP
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_4 ,OCTAVE ,*ANUTE
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  GLID] DESIGN "<PICTUR$ 9
  GLIDE">4

    #AHII3 ,EXP]I;TS 9
    W+-W>P+
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T ! SOLU;NS TO LIFT &    #AE
PROPUL.N NE$$ REF9+1 B NO "O
_H A*IEV$ LAT]AL 3TROL4
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/ABIL;Y1 ! 3V5;NAL WISDOM1
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W+-W>P+,-! =ERUNN] (
AIL]ONS,-ON A FIVE-FOOT
BIPLANE KITE4

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FLY+ EXP]I;E1 B ! W+S G5]AT$
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FLEW ! GLID] MO/LY Z A KITE1
"W+ ! 3TROL SURFACES F !
GR.D4 ,WILBUR'S TOTAL "T
AL(T 9 FREE FLI<T 0 ONLY #AJ
SECONDS4 ,!Y WD G HOME "S:AT
4C\RAG$1 B 3V9C$ !Y _H
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GLID] ANY"O _H ATTEMPT$ TO
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ONLY A ?IRD ( T PR$ICT$ BY !
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DESIGN 0 BAS$4 ,!        #AG
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TAKE-(F ATTEMPT"> EMBODI$ !
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TAILS TO C.T]ACT ADV]SE YAW4
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T YE> SATISFI$ !M T !Y   #AI
_H ! F/ "W+ AIRPLANE
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AIRCRAFT4 ,GASOL9E 5G9E
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TO ": XS USE 9 AIRPLANES 0
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SUITABLE LI<TWEI<T COMM]CIAL
5G9E1 ! BRO!RS DESIGN$ _!
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PROPELL]S 7 N AVAILABLE1
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SCI5TIFIC A*IEVE;TS4
  ,RETURN+ TO ,KILL ,DEVIL
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BALKY 5G9E & BROK5 PROPELL]
%AFTS SL[$ !M1 UNTIL !Y 7
F9ALLY R1DY ON ,DECEMB] #AD4
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LO/ 8 *.E TO 2 ! F/ TO FLY
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FLY] CLIMB$ TOO /EEPLY1
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F/ FLI<T WD H TO WAIT =
REPAIRS4
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SCREW10 SEE+ X 9/1D Z    #BA
A ROT>Y W+4
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,KILL ,DEVIL ,HILL4 ,>R[S %[
! DIREC;NS ( =CE & ! #AIJC
GLID]'S ME?ODS ( 3TROL AT !
PLANE'S W+S1 W>P+ WIRES
"<ROLL">1 RUDD] "<YAW">1
PROPELL]S1 ELEVATOR
"<PIT*">1 & 5VIRON;TAL W9D4
,LI/ ( ILLU/RA;N LABELS1
G5]ALLY LEFT TO "R1 FOLL[3

_4 ,WILBUR ,W"R "</&+ TO !
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_4 ,W+ W>P+ WIRES "<3TROL
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_4 ,BRAC+ WIRE
_4 ,RUDD] 3TROLS YAW
_4 ,PROPELL]S
_4 ,PROPELL] DRIVE *A9
_4 ,/>T+ TRACK
_4 ,DOLLY
_4 ,5G9E3 ,! AIRPLANE 5G9E !
  ,W"RS DESIGN$ G5]AT$ ALM
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_4 ,RADIATOR
_4 ,GAS TANK
_4 ,ORVILLE ,W"R "<LY+ ON !
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_4 ,HIP CRADLE TO 3TROL W+
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_4 ,/OPWAT* & W9D VANE =
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_4 ,ELEVATOR "<3TROLS PIT*">
_4 ,ELEVATOR 3TROL
_4 ,W9D DIREC;N

  ,5D ( LABEL LI/4

    ,DECEMB] #AG1 #AIJC
  ,?REE "DS LAT]1 !Y 7 R1DY
= ! SECOND ATTEMPT4 ,!
#BG-MPH W9D 0 H>D] ?AN !Y
PREF]R$1 2C _! PR$ICT$
CRUIS+ SPE$ 0 ONLY #CJ TO
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GR.DSPE$ TO A CRAWL1 B   #BC
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NE>BY LIFESAV+ /A;N T !Y 7
AB TO TRY AG4 ,N[ X 0
,ORVILLE'S TURN4
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MOV$ ! HORIZONTAL ELEVATOR
3TROLL$ CLIMB & DESC5T4 ,!
CRADLE T HE SWUNG ) 8 HIPS
W>P$ ! W+S & SWUNG ! V]TICAL
TAILS1 : 9 COMB9A;N TURN$ !
MA*9E4 ,A L"E 3TROLL$ ! GAS
FL[ & AIRSPE$ RECORD]4 ,!
3TROLS 7 SIMPLE & FEW1 B
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ALL 8 FI;SE TO H&LE ! NEW &
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RE/RA9+ WIRE4 ,! FLY] MOV$
D[N ! RAIL Z ,WILBUR /1DI$ !
W+S4 ,Z ,ORVILLE LEFT !
GR.D1 ,JOHN ,DANIELS F !
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ON A PRESET CAM]A1 CAPTUR+ !
IMAGE "<PICTUR$"> ( !
AIRBORNE AIRCRAFT ) ,WILBUR
RUNN+ AL;GSIDE4
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TOTAL AIRSPE$ ( #CD MPH4 ,!
BRO!RS TOOK TURNS FLY+ ?REE
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FLI<T4 ,WILBUR'S SECOND
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_! "F A MATT]-(-FACT
TELEGRAM "<PICTUR$"> REPORT+
! MODE/ NUMB]S 2H _! EPO*AL
A*IEVE;T4

     ,PLANN+ ,YR ,VISIT

  ,MAP3 ,W"R ,BRO!RS ,NA;NAL
,MEMORIAL
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NA;NAL MEMORIAL IS ON ,NOR?
,C>OL9A'S ,\T] ,BANKS AT
,KILL ,DEVIL ,HILLS "<!
T[N">1 ON ,,US #AEH1 2T
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,C.TY ,REGIONAL ,AIRPORT 9
,MANTEO1 ,,NC2 GAS & R5TAL
C>S AVAILABLE4
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9=MA;N1 EXHIBITS1 & A
BOOK/ORE4 ,EXHIBITS &
PROGRAMS TELL ! ,W"R BRO!RS'
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,OP5 DAILY EXCEPT ,DECEMB]
#BE4
  ,ANNIV]S>Y ,CELEBRA;N3 ,E
YE> ON ,DECEMB] #AG1 WE
3T9UE ! TRADI;N ( HONOR+
,WILBUR & ,ORVILLE ,W"R AT !
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H1VI]-?AN-AIR P[]$ FLI<T4

    ,A3ESSIBIL;Y
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FACILITIES1 S]VICES1 &
PROGRAMS A3ESSIBLE TO ALL4
,= 9=MA;N G TO ! VISITOR
C5T]1 ASK A RANG]1 CALL1 OR
*ECK \R WEBSITE4         #BG
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B\LD] "<PICTUR$"> M>KS ": !
F/ PLANE LEFT ! GR.D ON
,DECEMB] #AG1 #AIJC4 ,SMALL]
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ATOP ,KILL ,DEVIL ,HILL
HONORS ! ,W"R BRO!RS & M>KS
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FLI<T4 ,GRASS /ABILIZES !
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DEPICTS ! HANG> US$ = !
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ITEMS L ^? ! ,W"RS US$4
  ,DECEMB] #AG1 #AIJC1
,SCULPTURE3 ,A SCULPTURE
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HI/ORIC #AIJC FLI<T4
,FABRICAT$ ( BRONZE & /A9.S
/EEL1 ? LIFE-SIZ$ FLY] WEI<S
#AJ1JJJ P.DS4

    ,= ,YR ,SAFETY
  ,YR SAFETY IS YR
RESPONSIBIL;Y4 ,/AY ON PA?S
TO HELP PROTECT ,KILL ,DEVIL
,HILL & TO AVOID S& SPURS &
PRICKLY PE> CACTI4 ,W>N+3
,KILL ,DEVIL ,HILL IS V
EXPOS$ TO LI<TN+4 ,BICYCLES
MAY USE E/ABLI%$ ROADS ONLY1
N PA?S4 ,SKATEBO>DS >E
PROHIBIT$4

         ,M ,9=MA;N

,\T] ,BANKS ,GR\P
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P>KS 9 ! ,NA;NAL ,P>K
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