I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 

# E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

COMMITTEE

61st session Agenda item 2 MEPC 61/2/2

17 March 2010 Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN BALLAST WATER

Application for Final Approval of the Special Pipe Hybrid Ballast Water Management

System combined with Ozone treatment version (SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version)

Submitted by Japan

SUMMARY

Executive summary: This document contains the non-confidential information related to the application for Final Approval of the Special Pipe Hybrid Ballast Water Management System combined with Ozone treatment version (SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version) under the Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9) adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57)

Strategic direction: 7.1

High-level action: 7.1.2

Planned output: 7.1.2.4

Action to be taken: Paragraph 7

Related documents: BWM/CONF/36; MEPC 53/24/Add.1; MEPC 55/2, MEPC 55/2/16; MEPC 57/2/10; MEPC 59/2/1, MEPC 59/2/16, MEPC 59/24 and

BWM.2/Circ.13

Introduction

1 Regulation D-3.2 of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments stipul ates that ballast water management systems

that make use of Active Substances to comply with Convention shall be approved by the Organization.

2 Japan herewith submits an application for Final Approval according to the Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9). This Procedure stipulates the required information (MEPC 57/21, annex 1, paragraph 4.2.1) which, according to section 6, should be evaluated by the Organization. In accordance with the Methodology for information gathering and conduct of work of the GESAMP-BWWG (BWM.2/Circ.13), the document in the annex contains the non-confidential part of the manufacturer's application dossier including the following:MEPC 61/2/2 Page 2

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc .1 summary of the research conducted for the Special Pipe Hybrid Ballast Water Management System combined with Ozone treatment version according to Procedure (G9);

.2 reference list; and

.3 quality control certificate on the tests performed.

The complete dossier will be made available to the experts of the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group with the understanding of confidential treatment.

3 "Special Pipe Hybrid Ballast Water Management System combined with Ozone treatment version" (SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version) is the same system as the one called the "Special Pipe Ballast Water Management System (combined with Ozone treatment)" which was reviewed for Basic Approval during the second meeting of the GESAMP-BWWG in May 2006 and was subsequently granted Basic Approval at MEPC 55 in October 2006. Its name was slightly changed for the purpose of future commercialization.

4 The application is submitted by the manufacturer, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. instead of the Japan Association of Marine Safety, that proposed the original one as a coordinator of the project development at that time.

5 This application is now made for Final Approval of SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version. A previous application was reviewed at the eighth meeting of the GESAMP-BWWG in February 2009. However, the GESAMP-BWWG pointed out several deficiencies with the application and decided not to recommend Final Approval (MEPC 59/2/16). The GESAMP-BWWG's recommendation was endorsed by MEPC 59 in July 2009. Following additional tests, taking into considerat ion the comments made by the GESAMP-BWWG, an application for Final Approval is resubm itted along with the assessment report on the

tests.

6 The receiving competent authority in Japan has verified the application dossier and believes it to satisfy the data requirements of Procedure (G9) adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57).

Action requested of the Committee

7 The Committee is invited to consider the proposal for approval and decide as appropriate.

***MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 1

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc ANNEX

NON-CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ON THE

SPECIAL PIPE HYBRID BALLAST WATER MA NAGEMENT SYSTEM COMBINED WITH OZONE TREATMENT VERSION (SP-HYBRID BWMS OZONE VERSION)

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Application process with Procedure (G9) fo the "Special Pipe Hybrid Ballast Water Management System combined with Ozone tr eatment version (SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version)" 1.2 Comments made by the GESAMP-BWWG (MEPC 59/2/16, annex 4) on the previous application for Procedure (G9) Final Approval (MEPC 59/2/1)" 1.3 Constitution of application (Final Approval) 1.4 Conditions of system application 1.5 Changes from the previous application for Final Approval (MEPC 59/2/1) 1.6 Conclusion of Final Assessment Report

2 APPLICATION DATA SET

2.1 Identification of the Substance or Preparation (G9: 4.1) 2.1.1 Preparations (G9: 4.2.2)

2.1.2 Active Substances 2.1.3 Relevant Chemicals (G9: 2.1.4)

2.1.4 Other Chemicals 2.2 Data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish, and other biota, including sensitive and representative organisms (G9:4.2.1.1) 2.2.1 Acute aquatic toxicity 2.2.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity 2.2.3 Endocrine disruption 2.2.4 Sediment toxicity 2.2.5 Bioavailability/biomagnification/bioconcentration 2.2.6 Food web/population effects 2.3 Data on mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2)

2.3.1 Active Substance

2.3.2 Relevant Chemicals

2.4 Data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (G9: 4.2.1.3) 2.4.1 Modes of degradation (biotic; abiotic) 2.4.2 Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water partition coefficient

2.4.3 Persistence and identification of the main metabolites in the relevant media (ballast water, marine and fresh water) 2.4.4 Reaction with organic matter 2.4.5 Potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats

2.4.6 Potential .residues in seafood 2.4.7 Any known interactive effects 2.5 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and preparations and treated ballast water, if applicable (G9: 4.2.1.4) 2.6 Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentration (G9: 4.2.1.5)MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 2

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 3 USE OF THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE

3.1 Summary of SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version 3.1.1 Components and outline

3.1.2 Characteristics 3.2 Manner of application (G9: 4.2.6 and 7) 3.2.1 Maximum dosage concentration of Ozone 3.2.2 Holding time 3.2.3 Maximum allowable discharge concentration of the Relevant Chemicals 3.2.4 Handling, use, storage, and transport of the chemicals 3.2.5 Procedures and use of the system 3.2.6 Risk management measures in case of emergency

4 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (G9: 4.2.7)

5 RISK CHARACTERIZATION

5.1 Screening for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (G9: 5.1) 5.1.1 Persistence (G9: 5.1.1.1) 5.1.2 Bioaccumulation (G9: 5.1.1.2) 5.1.3 Toxicity test (G9: 5.1.2.3)

5.1.4 Do the Ozone and Relevant Chemicals meet all three criteria for PBT?

6 EVALUATION OF THE TREATED BALLAST WATER (G9: 5.2)

6.1 Tests of the treated ballast water implemented for reapplication of Final Approval 6.1.1 Summary of tests 6.1.2 Test facility 6.1.3 Quality control of test 6.2 Full-scale land-based acute toxicity test (G9: 5.2.2) 6.3 Full-scale land-based chronic toxicity test (G9: 5.2.1)

6.4 Corrosion tests 6.5 Long-term performance test of Discharge Water Treatment Tank 6.6 Life determination test for activated carbon filled in Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT) 6.7 Automatic measurement test of TRO in ballast water discharge by TRO monitor 6.8 Determination of holding time 6.9 Risk characterization and analysis 6.9.1 Reaction with organic matter (G9: 4.2.1.3) 6.9.2 Characterization of degradation route and rate (G9: 5.3.5) 6.10 Prediction of discharge and environmental concentrations 6.11 Assessment of potential for bioaccumulation

6.12 Effects assessment 6.13 Effects on aquatic organisms

6.13.1 Estimated PNEC

6.13.2 PEC/PNEC ratio

6.14 Effects on sediment 6.15 Comparison of effect assessment with discharge toxicityMEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 3

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 7 RISK ASSESSMENT

7.1 Risk to safety of ship

7.1.1 Increased corrosion 7.1.2 Fire and explosion 7.1.3 Storage and handling of the substances 7.1.4 Contact with, or inhalation of, process products

7.1.5 Noise

7.2 Risk to human health 7.2.1 Health effects in humans (G9: 5.3.12) 7.2.2 Human Exposure Scenario (HES) (G9: 6.3.3)

7.2.3 Conclusion 7.3 Risk to the aquatic environment

8 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1 STATEMENT

APPENDIX 2 QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENTMEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 4

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Application process with Procedure (G9) for "Special Pipe Hybrid Ballast Water Management System combined with Ozone treatment version (SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version)"

"Special Pipe Hybrid Ballast Water Managem ent System combined with Ozone treatment version (SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version)" is the new name of "Special Pipe Ballast Water Management System (combined with Ozone treat ment)". In the second meeting of the GESAMP- Ballast Water Working Group (GESAM P-BWWG) held from 22 to 26 May 2006, the System was evaluated in accordance with the "Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)" adopted by resolution MEPC.126(53). Basic Approval was granted at MEPC 55 held from 9 to 13 October 2006.

An application is now made for Final Appr oval of SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version. A previous application was reviewed at the eighth meeting of the GESAMP-BWWG held from 16 to 21 February, 2009. However, the GESAMP-BWWG pointed out several deficiencies with this BWMS application and decided not to recommend Final Approval (MEPC 59/2/16). This was agreed at MEPC 59 held from 13 to 17 July, 2009. Following additional tests taking into consideration the comments made by the GESAMP-BWWG, an application for Final Approval is resubmitted along with the Assessment report on the tests.

1.2 Comments made by the GESAMP-BWWG (MEPC 59/2/16, annex 4) on the previous application for Final Approval (MEPC 59/2/1)

The following comments were made by the GESAMP-BWWG:

.1 Maximum TRO (Total Residue Oxidants) discharge concentration of 0.69 mg/L as O 3 (1.02 mg/L as Cl 2 ) is an unacceptably high level for marine environmental safety.

.2 Performance of Discharge Water Treatment Tank (henceforth DWTT) to ensure maximum discharge concentration should be examined for a long period in full-scale test facility equipped with automatic control system by TRO monitor. TRO maximum discharge concentration should be reduced to less than 0.2 mg/L as Cl 2

.

.3 Ecosystem toxicity test and DWTT performance test should be implemented in full-scale test by using test effluent with standard TRO concentration (less than 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 )) and also with TRO analytical

method to achieve accurate TRO detection level and should be assessed.

.4 A long-term test on uniform and local corrosion using predicted treatment concentration of Active Substances should be implemented and corrosion

effect should be assessed.

.5 Toxicity test on aquatic organisms should be implemented within a short period (12 hours) from sampling until exposure to organisms and analysis in order not to cause an underestimate, taking into account TRO dissolution.

.6 Toxicity tests should be implemented in a full-scale land-based test facility controlled automatically by TRO m onitor strictly under conditions of Guidelines (G8) test water.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 5

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc .7 TRO including TRO dissolution rate to be adopted for the MAMPEC model should be properly defined.

.8 Assessment factor for HES should be scrutinized further.

.9 In case stainless steel is used to protect system components from corrosion, its type and grade is not identified.

The responses to comments of the GESAMP and positions in this paper are listed in

Table 1.2-1.

Table 1.2-1: List of comments made by GESAMP-BWWG and corresponding tests, assessments and paragraphs of this document

Comment
in MEPC 59/2/16,
annex 4 Comment Response in this application Result of

response Corresponding paragraph of
this document

0.2.1.1
5.1
9.3.1 Maximum TRO discharge concentration of 0.69 mg/L
as O 3 (1.02 mg/L as Cl 2 ) is an unacceptably high level
for marine environmental safety. TRO removal performance by the
DWTT was reinforced
and various tests were
conducted in the
full-scale land-based test facility adopting accurate
measure/monitor method (DPD method). Result of various
tests showed a low
level of maximum discharge
concentration as 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ). 1.3.4, 1.3.6,
6.1

0.2.2
0.3.2
5.2
5.5
5.9
5.11 Performance of DWTT to ensure maximum discharge
concentration should be examined for a long period in full-scale test facility equipped with automatic control system by TRO
monitor. TRO maximum discharge concentration
should be reduced to less than 0.2 mg/L as Cl 2

. Same as above. Same as above. 1.3.4, 1.3.6,
6.1
6.5

0.2.3
5.2
5.3
5.5
9.3.2 Ecosystem toxicity test and DWTT performance test should be implemented in full-scale test by using test
effluent with standard TRO
concentration (less than 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 )) and also with TRO analytical method to
achieve accurate TRO
detection level and should
be assessed. Same as above. Result of various tests using test
effluent with
maximum TRO 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 )
showed a level of
maximum TRO discharge
concentration as low as 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ). 1.3.1, 1.3.2, 1.3.4, 6.1, 6.2,
6.3

0.2.4
5.4
7.2.2
7.2.3
9.1.1
9.1.2 A long-term test on uniform and local corrosion using predicted treatment
concentration of Active
Substances should be implemented and corrosion
effect should be assessed. Long term corrosion
effect test on each coating and material was
conducted at 2 temperatures using the
test water treated with 4 mg/L Ozone and
corrosion effect was
evaluated. Test result showed
no corrosion effect on any coating or
material. 1.3.3, 6.1, 6.4MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 6

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc Comment
in MEPC 59/2/16,
annex 4 Comment Response in this application Result of

response Corresponding paragraph of
this document

0.3.1
5.7
5.8 Toxicity test on aquatic organisms should be implemented within a short period (12 hours) from sampling until exposure to organisms and analysis in
order not to cause underestimate, taking into
account TRO dissolution. TRO measurement for
each test was conducted immediately after
treatment and TRO analysis at time of organism exposure in toxicity test was
achieved in 10 hours
after treatment. Results of various
tests showed 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) for
maximum TRO
concentration in the
ballast water discharge and found
neither acute nor chronic toxicity. 6.2, 6.3

0.3.3
5.2
5.6
5.10 Toxicity tests should be implemented in a full-scale land-based test facility controlled automatically by TRO monitor strictly under
conditions of Guidelines (G8) test water. Toxicity tests were implemented in the
full-scale land-based test facility automatically controlled by precise
measure/monitor method (DPD method). Same as above. 1.3.6, 6.2, 6.3,
6.7

0.3.4
8.2.4 TRO including TRO
dissolution rate to be adopted for MAMPEC model should be properly
defined. PEC for TRO in ballast water was predicted by use of property data of bromate ion, main component of TRO. PEC for TRO as
bromate ion was predicted as 0.020 μg/L. 6.10.3.3.2

0.4.3
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.5
9.2.2 Assessment factor for HES
should be scrutinized
further. Taking into
consideration the latest information, HES was
reevaluated. Reevaluation result
of HES showed low
risk level for both
Ozone and Relevant Chemicals, which
cause no effect on
human health. 7.2

7.2.1.1 In case stainless steel is used to protect system components from corrosion, its type and grade is not
identified. Grade was identified. Grade was identified. 3.2.5.6.3,
7.1.1.2.2

1.3 Constitution of application (Final Approval)

This application for Final Approval has been developed in accordance with the Methodology for information gathering and the conduct of work of the GESAMP-BWWG (BWM.2/Circ.13).

The additional tests have been implemented for reapplication for Final Approval. The following is the summary of tests:

.1 Full-scale land-based acute toxicity test

The acute toxicity test was performed using a full-scale BWMS (capacity 200 m 3 /h) and a Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT) with a changed activated carbon filling with a high performance of oxidant removal. The test system was equipped with automatic control by TRO monitor and the tests were conducted using test effluent in accordance with Guidelines (G8) conditions of seawater and brackish water and also using treated ballast water (holding time; 0 h) after post-treatment as exposure water. As in previous acute toxicity tests, no acute toxicity was found even

for undiluted ballast water.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 7

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc .2 Full-scale land-based chronic toxicity test

The chronic toxicity tests were conducted in the same test system and test effluent as in the full-scale land-based acute toxicity test using exposure water of treated ballast water (holding time; 0 h) after post treatment in the DWTT. As in previous chronic toxicity tests, no chronic toxicity was

found even for undiluted ballast water.

.3 Corrosion test

The following two assessment tests were conducted in the same full-scale test system as the full-scale land-ba sed acute toxicity test using exposure water of presumably most corrosive test water of this BWMS immediately after Ozone injection:

.1 corrosion test for ballast tank coatings; test to examine adhesion reduction and deterioration of coated film in ballast tank; and

.2 corrosion test for uncoated materials; test to examine corrosion of

materials in contact with treated ballast water.

After immersing various test pieces in treated ballast water for 97 days

at 40°C to maximize the corrosion rate, it was found that none of the test pieces showed any serious corrosion. Therefore, it was confirmed that this BWMS causes corrosion effect to the hull within the allowable range.

.4 Long-term performance test for activated carbon filled in Discharge Water

Treatment Tank ( DWTT )

Performance of the DWTT in removing TRO and Relevant Chemicals was

examined by operating the same test system as the aforementioned full-scale land-based acute toxicity test without daily stoppage extending to a total of 508 hours operation. Replacement of activated carbon with the material with excellent oxidant removal performance clearly improved the result. Bromoform concentration increased from 0.0014 mg/L at the beginning of operation to 0.034 mg/L after 508 hours operation and showed a slight deterioration in removal performance, however, a certain performance of removal was assured. The discharge concentration of

bromate ion as the oxidant started with 0.033 mg/L at the beginning and 0.025 mg/L was observed after 508 hours (maximum 0.082 mg/L), which proved a high level of removal performance. The TRO measured by the sensor, which represents the total amount of oxidant immediately after discharge, did not increase with elapsed time and moved within a range from 0.06 mg/L to a maximum of 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ), which also assured the maintenance of a high-level removal performance. Therefore, replacement of activated carbon to another product with superior oxidant removal performance gives assurance that the DWTT maintains high removal performance particularly on oxidant. With reference to the life of activated carbon filled in the DWTT, a test to predict this life was implemented.

.5 Life determination test for activated carbon (WH2c8/32L) filled in Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT)MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 8

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc TRO in effluent was measured at multiple positions in the DWTT during the aforementioned long-term performance test for activated carbon filled in the DWTT and from the chronological variation of reduction of removal performance, the time when TRO concentration in the ballast water discharged from DWTT reached 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) was assumed to correspond to the life of activated carbon. It was confirmed that in the case of operation during a real voyage the life would exceed 2000 hours.

.6 In the tests listed in the above subparagraphs 1 to 5, the TRO concentration in the ballast water immediately after discharge from the DWTT was always under surveillance by sensor (CL17; DPD method, range of measurement 0.035 mg/L - 5 mg/L (as Cl2)). If TRO more than 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2) is detected, the system automatically stops. The measured TRO was less than 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2) in all the tests and the maximum measured value was 0.16 mg/L (as Cl2). Furthermore, more than 60% of the measurements were below 0.1 mg/L (as Cl2). As the ballast water treated by the DWTT immediately after Ozone injection without storage was used for the series of tests, in actual practice TRO is likely to be less than 0.1 mg/L (as Cl2).

1.4 Conditions of system application

SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version should be applied under the following conditions. This application for Final Approval requires re view and permission with reference to the use

of BWMS under these conditions.

.1 Ballast water required for treatment:

Sea and brackish water containing bromide ions is used.

.2 Times of ballast water treatment:

It is treated only once on ballasting.

.3 Concentration of Active Substance (Ozone) when in use:

Ozone as Active Substance is injected on ballasting in such manner to achieve the concentration of 3 mg/L in the ballasting water.

.4 Holding time:

Holding time following ballast water treatment is not set up. Ballast water can be discharged immediately after treatment.

.5 Operation of Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT):

At the time of the ballast water discharge, TRO concentration prior to discharge (prior to DWTT) was under surveillance by TRO monitor. If TRO exceeds 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2), discharge follows after removal of Relevant Chemicals by the DWTT. Meantime, if TRO is less than 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2), discharge follows without going through DWTT.

.6 The maximum allowable discharge concentration of Relevant Chemicals:

The maximum allowable discharge concentration of Relevant Chemicals at time of discharge following removal by the DWTT is 0.082 mg/L for bromate ion, 0.22 mg/L for bromoform and 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2) for TRO.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 9

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc Although the maximum discharge concentration of bromoform was 0.034 mg/L observed in tests of ballast water discharge, it was decided to adopt 0.22 mg/L as the maximum allowable discharge concentration generated by Ozone injection namely the value prior to post-treatment of DWTT. This was decided because a slight decrease in removal performance by DWTT was observed as time elapsed.

With reference to TRO, even in case of post treatment by DWTT immediately after Ozone injection which is unlikely to occur in real operation, most of the measurements of the ballast water discharge showed concentrations less than 0.1 mg/L (as Cl2) and the maximum was 0.16 mg/L. Therefore, it was decided to adopt 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2) as the maximum allowable discharge concentration.

1.5 Changes from the previous application for Final Approval (MEPC 59/2/1)

Changes from the previous application (MEPC 59/2 /1, appendix 18) for Final Approval of this

BWMS are as follows:

.1 Various tests including toxicity tests and corrosion tests were implemented in a full-scale land-based test facility (200 m3/h) and necessary evaluation was performed for the treated ballast water.

.2 Based on data obtained in the aforementioned tests, risk assessment was performed again.

The following changes have been made to this BWMS to cope with changes of application:

.1 Type of activated carbon filled in DWTT

By changing from the previous type to an activated carbon with higher performance, the oxidant removal performance of the DWTT was

reinforced.

.2 Change of monitor method for TRO concentration in ballast water discharge:

TRO concentration after the DWTT was put under surveillance of TRO monitor which was set up a criterion as 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2) defined as the maximum allowable discharge concentration.

1.6 Conclusion of final assessment report

The SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version uses Ozone, which is a strong oxidizing agent, as an Active Substance. Ozone reacts with ballast water to generate the Relevant Chemicals; bromate ion, bromoform and Total Residual Oxidants (TRO) in the ballast water.

This BWMS has been enhanced (compared with the BWMS described in the previous application) by improving the oxidant remo val performance of Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT) and includes thorough safety meas ures for Ozone, which are put in place onboard a vessel so that the safety of the vessel and her shipboard personnel is completely secured. Furthermore, as the concentration of generated Relevant Chemicals is reduced through the Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT), the potential impact on general public health and on the environment in the ambient waters of the ballast discharge is deemed to be almost negligible so that environmental safety is secured. Therefore, this system is considered to deserve Final Approval under Procedure (G9).MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 10

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 2 APPLICATION DATA SET

2.1 Identification of the Substance or Preparation (G9: 4.1)

2.1.1 Preparations (G9: 4.2.2)

It is the same as previous application (MEPC 59/2/1).

A sequence of processes is conducted during uptake of ballast water by operation of various items of equipment which are all installed onboard.

Therefore, no additional preparations are required and no Ozone stor age onboard is necessary to operate the system.

2.1.2 Active Substances

The Active Substance in SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is Ozone as described in above

section.

Ozone information is the same as previous application (MEPC 59/2/1).

2.1.3 Relevant Chemicals (G9: 2.1.4)

Relevant Chemicals are as follows (the same as previous application (MEPC 59/2/1):

.1 Bromate ion which is the final product by the reaction of seawater and Ozone;

.2 Bromoform which may be generated finally by the reaction of organic matter in seawater and Ozone; and

.3 TRO which are generated by the reaction of seawater and Ozone, including

all undetected intermediate oxidants.

Table 2.1-1 shows the concentration of chemical substances in the pre-treatment influent water as well as post-treatment discharge water. During the tests to measure relevant matters in ballast water discharge above, all tests were re-done using the enhanced DWTT and the results include measurements by the TRO monitor during all the tests.

Table 2.1-2 showed additional information on Relevant Chemicals of this BWMS. Comprehensive testing gave these maximum concentrations of Relevant Chemicals in the ballast water discharge: bromate ion: 0.082 mg/L, bromoform: 0.034 mg/L and TRO 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ).

As the DWTT performance of removing bromoform shows the tendency of a slight reduction according to the elapsed time, the maximum concentration of 0.22 mg/L which was generated by the Ozone injection is defined as the maximum discharge concentration.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 11

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc Table 2.1-1(1): Concentration of chemical substances in pre-treatment influent water and in post-treatment ballast water discharge in full-scale land-based acute toxicity test (s eawater case)

Items Untreated influent
water* 5 Treated discharge
water* 6
Water Temperature (°C)* 1 Salinity (PSU)* 1 pH*1 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)* 1 POC (mg/L)* 2 DOC (mg/L)* 2 TSS (mg/L)* 2 23.9 – 27.5
32.5 – 34.0
8.2
6.0 – 7.0
1.0 – 3.8
2.8 – 3.8
24 – 40 23.9 – 27.7
32.3 – 33.9
8.2
9.5 – 14.6
<0.1 – 0.2
1.6 – 2.0

1 – 3 Bromate ion (mg/L)* 3 THM Bromoform (mg/L)* 3 Chloroform (mg/L)* 3 Bromodichlotomethane (mg/L)* 3 Dibromochloromethane (mg/L)* 3 TRO (mg/L as Cl 2 )* 4 <0.01
0.0002 – 0.0003
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.01 – 0.02 0.04 – 0.07
0.0058 – 0.029
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.0004 – 0.0006
0.01 – 0.05

Brackishwater case

Items Untreated influent
water* 5 Treated discharge
water* 6
Water Temperature (°C)* 1 Salinity (PSU)* 1 pH* 1 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)* 1 POC (mg/L)* 2 DOC (mg/L)* 2 TSS (mg/L)* 2 18.6 – 22.8
19.7 – 20.3

7.7 – 8.1
5.9 – 6.5
7.2 – 35.8
4.4 – 26.0
110 – 290 21.9 – 25.0
19.5 – 20.4

7.7 – 8.1
12.2 – 15.1

0.2 – 0.7
2.0 – 3.7

<1 – 1 Bromate ion (mg/L)* 3 THM Bromoform (mg/L)* 3 Chloroform (mg/L)* 3 Bromodichlotomethane (mg/L)* 3 Dibromochloromethane (mg/L)* 3 TRO (mg/L as Cl 2 )* 4 <0.01
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.01 – 0.01 0.03 – 0.04
0.011 – 0.026
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.0001 – 0.0004

<0.01 – 0.02

Note: *1 data number: 11, *2;data number:4, *3;data number: 4, *4;data number:11 *5 Untreated influent water: Sampling influent water just before treatment and *1 and *2 analysed immediately, *3 and *4 analysed within 10 hours. *6 Treated discharge water: Sampling discharge ballast water just after treatment (Holding time in Ballast tank: 0, after DWTT passed) and *1 and *2 analysed immediately, *3 and *4 analysed within 10 hours. * Ozone concentration at the time of ballast water injection: 4 mg/L * Analytical methods: Bromate ion: modified ion chromatograph-post column method THM: Purge and trap-gas chromatograph method
TRO: DPD methodMEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 12

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc Table 2.1-1(2:) Concentration of chemical substances in pre-treatment influent water and in post-treatment discharged ballast water in full-scale land-based chronic toxicity test (s eawater case)

Items Untreated influent
water* 5 Treated discharge
water* 6
Water Temperature (°C)* 1 Salinity (PSU)* 1 pH*1 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)* 1 POC (mg/L)* 2 DOC (mg/L)* 2 TSS (mg/L)* 2 23.8 – 27.5
32.5 – 34.0
8.1 – 8.2
5.6 – 7.1
1.0 – 10.6
2.4 – 6.1
24 – 40 23.9 – 27.4
32.4 – 33.9

8.1 – 8.2
9.5 – 14.6
<0.1 – 0.2
1.5 – 2.5

<1 – 3 Bromate ion (mg/L)* 3 THM Bromoform (mg/L)* 3 Chloroform (mg/L)* 3 Bromodichlotomethane (mg/L)* 3 Dibromochloromethane (mg/L)* 3 TRO (mg/L as Cl 2 )* 4 <0.01
0.0001 – 0.0003
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.01 – 0.02 0.02 – 0.07
0.017 – 0.033
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.0003 – 0.0006
0.02 – 0.08

Brackishwater case

Items Untreated influent
water* 5 Treated discharge
water* 6
Water Temperature (°C)* 1 Salinity (PSU)* 1 pH* 1 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)* 1 POC (mg/L)* 2 DOC (mg/L)* 2 TSS (mg/L)* 2 19.0 – 24.2
19.8 – 21.1

7.7 – 8.1
5.9 – 6.5
8.5 – 49.6
4.1 – 26.0
79 – 570 19.1 – 25.0
19.7 – 21.2

7.6 – 8.1
9.7 – 16.3
0.2 – 1.6
1.6 – 3.7

<1 – 3 Bromate ion (mg/L)* 3 THM Bromoform (mg/L)* 3 Chloroform (mg/L)* 3 Bromodichlotomethane (mg/L)* 3 Dibromochloromethane (mg/L)* 3 TRO (mg/L as Cl 2 )* 4 <0.01
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.01 – 0.03 0.03 – 0.05
0.010 – 0.026
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.0001 – 0.0004

<0.01 – 0.02

Note: *1 data number:28, *2;data number:8, *3;data number: 8, *4;data number:28 *5 Untreated influent water: Sampling influent water just before treatment, *1 and *2 analysed immediately, *3 and *4 analysed in 10 hours. *6 Treated discharge water: Sampling ballast water discharge just after treatment (holding time in ballast tank: 0, after DWTT), *1 and *2 analysed immediately, *3 and *4 analysed in 10 hours. * Ozone concentration at the time ofbBallast water injection: 4 mg/L * Analytical methods: Bromate ion: modified ion chromatograph-post column method THM: Purge and trap-gas chromatograph method
TRO: DPD methodMEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 13

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc Table 2.1-1(3): Concentration of chemical substances in pre-treatment influent water and in post-treatment ballast water discharge during Relevant Chemicals removal performance test of Discharge Water Treatment Tank in full-scale land-based test facility (s eawater case)

Items Untreated
influent water Treated to
BWT water Treated discharge water Water Temperature (°C) * 1 Salinity (PSU) * 1
pH* 1 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) * 1 24.4 – 27.8
31.2 – 34.0
7.42 – 8.16
4.89 – 6.11 Bromate ion (mg/L) * 3 Bromoform (mg/L) * 3 TRO (mg/L as Cl 2 ) immed. after sampling* 1 TRO (mg/L as Cl 2 ) after 3 hour sampling* 2 <0.002 – 0.002
<0.0001 – 0.0008
0.01 – 0.02
<0.02 0.046 – 0.150
0.10 – 0.22
1.86 – 3.50

2.3 – 3.0 0.025 – 0.082
0.0014 – 0.034

0.02 – 0.07
<0.02

Note: *1 After sampling, analysed immediately. Data number: 40 *2 3 hours after sampling, analysed. Data number: 7 *3 2 days after sampling, analysed. Data number: 7 * Ozone concentration at the time of ballast water injection: 4 mg/L * Analytical methods:

Bromate ion: modified ion chromatograph-post column method THM: Purge and trap-gas chromatograph method
TRO: DPD method

Table 2.1-1(4): TRO data from various tests of ballast water discharge measured by TRO monitor installed in full-scale land-based test facility (s eawater case)

Items Treated discharge water TRO (mg/L as Cl 2 ) 0.02 – 0.16 (AV. 0.09)

Note: Data for extension of 520 hour operation, data number; about 14000

Table 2.1-2: Information on Relevant Chemicals in SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version (including Ozone as Active Substance)

Chemical
Name Empirical
Formula Molar

mass Structural
formula CAS
Number The classification
in accordance with
the UN GHS system Concentration in discharge ballast water, after
treated DWTT *1 (Bio)degradation
rate or half-life AS,
RC or
Other

Ozone O 3 48.00 10028-15-6 (1956) ID692 N/A* 2 5.8 Sec* 3 AS

Bromate
ion BrO 3 - 127.9 15541-45-4 N/A 0.02 – 0.082 mg/L Over 40day* 3 RC

Bromoform CHBr 3 252.7 75-25-2 ID165 0.0014 – 0.034 mg/L 32 ~ 185 day* 3 RC

TRO N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) 3day *4 RC

*.1 DWTT: Discharge Water Treatment Tank.
*.2 Due to fast degradation rate and extremely short half-life in this system, this is completely separated and decomposed at the Gas /Liquid Separation Unit. Injected Ozone did not reach the BWT (Ballast Water Tank) and did no t exist in the discharge ballast water. *.3 Reproduced from document MEPC 59/2/1, confidential version. *.4 Assumption based on actual measure of corrosion test. Br C H

Br BrMEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 14

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 2.1.4 Other Chemicals

Hypobromous acid, Hypobromous acid ion and Brom ous acid ion are theoretically generated in treated ballast water by this BWMS. However, as those substances change to bromoform or bromate ion with a reaction timescale of about one second, it can be considered that they are not present in the discharged ballast water due to their extremely short lifetime.

D. Fisher et al. also pointed out that the lifetimes of these substances are extremely short (Fisher D. et al . 1999). It is practically impossible to measure their concentrations in the

treated ballast water.

Free radicals like the hydroxyl radical (OH

. ) are also generated by the Ozone decomposition process in water. Meanwhile, the hydroxyl radical is a strong oxidizing agent, with a reaction

rate of 10 6 times faster than Ozone and it is not in ballast water except for a extremely short time just after treatment.

Furthermore, the generation of dibromochloromethane as a kind of trihalomethane was confirmed in a few tests. However, the maximum concentration in the post-treatment ballast water discharge was 0.0006 mg/L (0.6 μg/L), which is extremely low. As NOEC of dibromochloromethane is 0.063 mg/L (Ecological Effect Test, Ministry of the Environment, Japan 1995), Predicted No Effect Concentration (NOEC) is 0.63 μg/L in case of using the assessment factor of 100 and the discharge concentrations observed in various tests is equivalent to this PNEC even if dilution after the discharge is not taken into consideration.

As described above, hypobromous acid, hypobr omous acid ion, bromous acid ion, free radicals and dibromochloromethane were generated by the ballast water treatment using this BWMS but they are not included in the analysis of the discharge ballast water. We judged that they are not pertinent as Relevant Chem icals because they are believed not to have the potential to affect the marine environment of the discharge.

2.2 Data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish, and other biota, including sensitive and representative organisms (G9:4.2.1.1)

2.2.1 Acute aquatic toxicity

No further information in addition to that of Active Substance and Relevant Chemicals in the previous application (MEPC 59/2/1) was found.

Concerning treated ballast water (G9: 5.2.3), the acute toxicity test for ballast water treated by the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version was applied to the following test water under Guidelines (G8) influent test water conditions for seawater and brackish water by using full-scale system adopted for Guidelines (G8) land-based test. Ozone was injected in a suitable manner to achieve an Ozone concentration of 4 mg/L in the influent ballast water (200m3/h).

Test water: Discharged ballast water after Relevant Chemicals were removed in the Discharge Water Treatment Tank immediately following treatment of Ozone injection (Holding time; 0 hours)

No acute toxicity for three kinds of organisms in any undiluted discharge ballast (seawater or brackish water) was observed. The maximum concentration of Relevant Chemicals in exposure water was 0.07 mg/L for bromate ion, 0.029 mg/L for bromoform and 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) for TRO.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 15

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc Concentration of both bromate ion and bromof orm declined substantially from the acute toxicity value of the previous ECOTOX database. Also, the result for TRO showed less than 0.02 mg/L of concentration, which was identical to the value for no acute toxicity.

2.2.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity

No additional information in addition to that of Active Substance and Relevant Chemicals in the previous application (MEPC 59/2/1) was found.

Concerning treated ballast water (G9: 5.2.3), the chronic toxicity test for ballast water treated by the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version was applied to the following test water under Guidelines (G8) influent test water conditions for seawater and brackish water by using full-scale system adopted for Guidelines (G8) land-based test. Ozone was injected in a suitable manner to achieve an Ozone concentration of 4 mg/L in the influent ballast water (200 m3/h).

Test water: Discharged ballast water after Relevant Chemicals were removed in the Discharge Water Treatment Tank immediately following treatment of Ozone injection (Holding time; 0 hours)

No chronic toxicity of three kinds of organism in the undiluted ballast water discharge, including seawater and brackish water was observed. The maximum concentration of relevant chemicals in exposure water was 0.07 mg/L for bromate ion, 0.33 mg/L for bromoform and 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) for TRO.

Above all, concentration of bromate ion a nd bromoform substantially declined from the chronic toxicity value of the previous ECOTOX.

2.2.3 Endocrine disruption

There are no endocrine disruption data for Ozone, bromate ion, bromoform or TRO (as O 3 ). The reason is that when considering the structure of these compounds, it is not expected that endocrine disruption would occur.

2.2.4 Sediment toxicity

Ozone is an inorganic chemical with a short half-life in the aquatic environment i.e. 5.3 to 5.8 seconds in seawater and a few minutes to half-hour in fresh water depending
on water condition.

Bromate ions are water-soluble and dissolved as ions.

The logPow for bromoform is 2.4, which is smaller than logPow: 3.

According to the results of corrosion test the half-life of TRO generated by SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is as short as three days.

Therefore, Ozone and Relevant Chemicals are not expected that TRO would show sediment toxicity.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 16

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 2.2.5 Bioavailability/biomagnification/bioconcentration

Ozone is an inorganic compound. Its half-life is as short as 5.3 to 5.8 seconds in seawater and a few minutes to a half-hour in fresh water though it depends on the water condition. The logPow for bromate ion is as very low as -7.18. (SRC Database)

There is a data item on biomagnification/bioconcentration of bromoform in Cyprinus carpio, a fresh water fish. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of 7.1 to 21 and 7.7 to 19 were obtained after a 6-week exposure to bromoform at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L, respectively (NITE, 2007), indicating that the bromoform is not subject to significant biomagnification/bioconcentration. In consistency with this, the logPow of bromoform (2.4) is also quite low.

According to the results of corrosion test th e half-life of TRO generated by SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version was as short as three days. Therefore, no significant biomagnification/bioconcentration of Ozone and Relevant Chemicals is expected.

2.2.6 Food web/population effects

Ozone is an inorganic chemical with a short half-life in the aquatic environment i.e. 5.3 to 5.8 seconds in seawater and a few minutes to a half-hour in fresh water. Therefore, the possibility of an effect on the food web/population is low because no biomagnification of Ozone is expected in all organisms, algae, invertebrates, and fish food webs.

Bioaccumulation of bromate ions is extremely low as logPow is -7.18. Therefore, the possibility of affecting the food web/population is low because the biomagnification of bromate ion is expected to be low in all organisms, algae, invertebrates, and fish food webs.

The BCF of bromoform is under 21. Therefore, the possibility of affecting the food web/population is low because the biomagnification of bromoform is expected to be low in all organisms, algae, invertebrates, and fish food webs.

There is no biomagnification/bioconcentration of TRO because the half-life of TRO generated by SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version was as short as 3 days according to the results of the corrosion tests. Therefore, the possibility of affecting the food web/population is low.

2.3 Data on mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2)

Concerning with mammalian toxicity, Ozone as an Active Substance and bromate ion, bromoform and TRO as Relevant Chemicals in SP-Hybrid BWMS are summarized below.

2.3.1 Active Substance

Ozone shows a strong toxicity with exposure of the inhalation pathway. Therefore, it is necessary to take strong measures to prevent Ozone exposure to the human inhalation pathway. Moreover, Ozone has a possibility of mutagenicity in humans.

However, Ozone is classified as A4 (i.e. not classified as a human carcinogen) by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (ACGIH, 2001b).

Because Ozone is not included in ballast tank or discharge ballast water in this BWMS and has short half-life, there is no risk exposure in these inhalation pathways.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 17

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 2.3.2 Relevant Chemicals

2.3.2.1 Bromate ion

There are some research results on potassium bromate and on Sodium bromate. Many researchers point out that Potassium bromate and Sodium bromate may cause effects on the skin or the eyes resulting from exposure by gavage.

Lethal doses of Potassium bromate are considered to be 200 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg of body-weight. Bromate is absorbed into the gastroint estinal tract by oral administration to both humans and animals. Toxic symptoms of bromate include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anuria, diarrhoea, various degrees of central nervous system depression, hemolytic anemia and pulmonary edema. However, most of these effects are reversible. Sodium bromate is reported to cause redness in the skin and redness and pain in the eyes.

Although there is no information on carcinogenicity of bromates to humans, it is possible that bromates are carcinogenic to humans becaus e carcinogenicity tests using experimental animals show that there is an apparent dose dependency in the relationship between bromates and the incidence rate and degree of severity of tumors (WHO, 2005).

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies Potassium bromate as Group 2B (the agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans).

From the above, human exposure to bromat e ions needs to be avoided completely. When shipboard personnel enter the tank, they need to wear complete protective equipment because bromate ions may still be present. Although bromate ions may be present in the discharge ballast water under the worst scenario, which is the maximum discharge concentration of 0.082 mg/L, there should be no effect on the general public due to natural dilution after discharge.

2.3.2.2 Bromoform

Based on experimentation with laboratory animals, the acute toxicity oral LD 50 values for bromoform are reported to be 1,400 mg/kg to 1,550 mg/kg bw in mice and 1,147 to 1,388 mg/kg bw in rats. Irritation of the skin and eyes, headache, dizziness, memory loss, loss of consciousness, convulsion, pneumonedema were reported. Central nervous system depression and effects to the kidneys and liver were also reported.

In humans, central nervous system depression wi th coma and loss of reflexes was observed following accidental ingestion of liquid bromoform (ACGIH, 2001a).

The ICSC database mentions irritation for human eyes with a flare reaction which may be painful.

The affected organs resulting from repeated doses of bromoform were the liver and kidney. With the effect of 13 weeks oral administration (mixed feeding stuff) to F344 rats (vacuolation of hepatic cells) regarded as an indicator, 50 mg/kg/day is judged to be the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) of oral administration.

No toxicity in mice was found to develop at a maximum concentration of 200 mg/kg/day. Regarding reproductive toxicity, it was reported that 50 mg/kg bw/day did not cause embryonic skeletal mutation or interparietal deviations in rats.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 18

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc Regarding carcinogenicity, there was no increase in the incidence of lung tumors in mice by administration. A significant increase in the incidence of adenomatous polyp and adenocarcinomas (combined) of the large intestine was observed in rats of both sexes with administration of over 200 mg/kg/day.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that there were inadequate human data and limited animal data and assigned bromoform to the weight of evidence group 3, which is not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans (IARC 1991a, 1999a).

Regarding genotoxicity, in vitro tests using CHL cells and CHO cells, conflicting results were obtained from a DNA damage test and a chromosomal aberration test.

There were positive results in DNA damage tests using micro-organisms, in a mutagenicity study, in a chromosomal aberration test using Aspergillus nidulans , and a mutagenicity study using mouse lymphoma cells.

Furthermore, in vivo, an SCE test using mice and micronucleus assay showed positive. From these results, it seems that bromoform is genotoxic.

In general, trihalomethanes including bromoform are rapidly absorbed after oral administration, primarily metabolized to carbon dioxide, and rapidly excreted. Although bromoform appears to have a significant propensity for the metabolism, numerous

in vivo toxicity studies indicate that it is not ve ry potent as a toxicant and or as a carcinogen.

Regarding the mammalian toxicity of bromofor m above, the risk is not high because the maximum concentration of bromoform generated by this BWMS is as low as 0.22 mg/L.

However, as is the case for bromate ions, when shipboard personnel enter in the tank, they need to wear complete protective equipment because bromoform may exist in the ballast

tank.

Although bromoform has the potential to exist in ballast water discharge, in the worst scenario, which is the maximum discharge concentration of 0.034 mg/L discharged, there would be no effect on the general public due to dilution after the discharge.

2.3.2.3 Total Residual Oxidants (TRO)

TRO represents the total quantity of oxidants and is not a specific chemical substance,

therefore data were not available.

When shipboard personnel enter the tank, they need to wear complete protective equipment because TRO may remain there.

Although TRO has a potential to exist in the ballast water discharge, in the worst scenario, which is the maximum discharge concentration 0.16 mg/L, there would be no effect on the general public due to dilution after the discharge.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 19

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 2.4 Data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (G9: 4.2.1.3)

2.4.1 Modes of degradation (biotic; abiotic)

2.4.1.1 Active Substance

Ozone self-decomposes into oxygen under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Ozone self-decomposes rapidly in water because it is an unstable substance in water.

Under anaerobic conditions, dissolved oxygen (D O) may increase due to oxygen generated by Ozone decomposition. Ozone is not capable of being hydrolyzed.

2.4.1.2 Relevant Chemicals

2.4.1.2.1 Bromate ion

Bromate is decomposed by micro-organism exiting methane bacterium, denitrification bacterium, sulfate reducing bacteria under anaerobic condition (Hijnen et al ., 1994). Bromate is decomposed physicochemically by reaction with ferrous ions (Siddiqui et al ., 1995) or activated carbon (Siddiqui et al ., 1996) if these substances are present. Bromate ions are

reduced to bromide ion under the environmental condition of high energy electromagnetic irradiation (Siddiqui et al ., 1996). Bromate ions are not hydrolyzed.

2.4.1.2.2 Bromoform

In an aerobic biodegradation test with improved culture flasks for volatile substances based on "Law Concerning the Examination and Regulation of Manufacture, etc. of Chemical Substances", bromoform was considered to be persistent because its decomposition rate by biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD) m easurement was 0% under conditions of concentration of test article of 100 mg/L, activated sludge of 30 mg/L, and test period of

four weeks.

Bromoform decomposition rate was also 0% in gas chromatograph (GC) measurement (MITI: the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan, 1986).

On the other hand, one report showed that biodegradation was confirmed under condition of low test article concentration and long naturalization.

In a test where yeast extract was added to a culture solution at a test temperature of 25°C and test article concentration of 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L, the decomposition rate measurement by total organic carbon (TOC) was 11% and 4% for 7 days.

In a test where subculture was conducted every 7 days under the test article concentration of 5 mg/L, decomposition rate involved in subculture was increased by phased-naturalization as follows: primary culture: 22%; secondary culture: 40%; tertiary culture: 48% (Tabak et al., 1 981).

These results suggest that the biodegradability of bromoform is strongly affected by its concentration and naturalization of the micro-organism, since biodegradation of bromoform is high when its concentration is low and the start of the decomposition is relatively late under

aerobic conditions.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 20

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc A report shows that a low concentration of bromoform (less than 100 μ g/L) was biodegraded

under anaerobic conditions.

More than 99% of bromoform in an average initial concentration of 34 μ g/L was decomposed in a column filled with carriers of methane bacterium in the presence of acetate (retention time: 2 days, 22 to 23°C) (Bouwer and McCarty, 1983a).

In a test where nitrite and nitrate were reduced to nitrogen and nitrogen monoxide by the action of denitrifying bacteria under anaerobic conditions (denitrifying condition), an initial

bromoform concentration of 66 μ g/L decreased to 59 μ g/L, 37 μ g/L, 35 μ g/L and 2 μ g/L after 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks (Bouwer and McCarty, 1983b).

In conclusion, it is assumed that br omoform is not easily biodegraded under aerobic conditions. However, it is assumed that bromoform is biodegraded under low concentration conditions, naturalization for long period and other s. It is also assumed that bromoform is biodegraded if its concentration is low, even under anaerobic conditions.

Since no chemical bond of bromoform is easily hydrolyzed, bromoform is not hydrolyzed in

water.

2.4.1.2.3 Total Residual Oxidants (TRO)

TRO represents the total quantity of oxidants and is not a specific chemical substance and it is therefore hard to discuss its degradability. TRO generated by the reaction of seawater with Ozone seems to change finally to bromate ion and bromoform as Relevant Chemicals in this application.

The half-life of TRO generated by this BWMS was determined to be 3 days according to the

result of the corrosion tests.

2.4.2 Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water partition coefficien t

2.4.2.1 Active Substance

No data are available on the bioaccumulation of Ozone.

Ozone is an inorganic compound and its half-life is as short as 5.3 to 5.8 seconds in seawater and several minutes to tens of minutes in fresh water depending on water condition. Therefore, bioaccumulation is not applicable to Ozone.

2.4.2.2 Relevant Chemicals

2.4.2.2.1 Bromate ion

No information on bioaccumulation of bromate is available. However, it is assumed that

bromate does not bioaccumulate since its logPow is extremely low at -7.18.

2.4.2.2.2 Bromoform

Data on the bioaccumulation potential of bromoform using carp, which is fresh water fish, are available (NITE, 2007). In a test where carp were exposed to bromoform of 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L for 6 weeks, the BCF was 7.1 to 21 and 7.7 to 19. Therefore, it is assumed that bromoform has no bioaccumulation. This result is consistent with the low logPow of bromoform, which is 2.4.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 21

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 2.4.2.2.3 Total Residual Oxidants (TRO)

TRO represent the total quantity of oxidants and is not a specific chemical substance, therefore data were not available. However, the half-life of TRO generated by this BWMS was determined to be three days according to the results of the corrosion test. It is considered that there is no bioaccumulation in view of the decomposition rate.

2.4.3 Persistence and identification of the main metabolites in the relevant media (ballast water, marine and fresh water)

No further information in addition to that in the previous application (MEPC 59/2/1) was

found.

2.4.3.1 Active Substance

As the half-life of Ozone is as short as 5.3 to 5.8 seconds in seawater and several to several tens minutes in fresh water and Ozone is decomposed in a short period, no Ozone exists in the ballast water discharge. Furthermore, th is system adopts a Gas/Liquid Separation Tank to separate the Ozone, which does not dissolve in ballast water so that it does not remain in the ballast tank. The Relevant Chemicals described below are generated if bromide ions exist in seawater or intake ballast water but they are not generated in fresh water where bromide ions are not present.

2.4.3.2 Relevant Chemicals

2.4.3.2.1 Bromate ion

The half-life of bromate ion generated by this BWMS treatment using seawater and brackish water is >40 days and therefore bromate ions have high persistence. Bromate ions are not generated in fresh water where bromide ion does not exist.

2.4.3.2.2 Bromoform

The half-life of bromoform generated by SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version treatment using seawater and brackish water is 32 to 185 days and therefore bromoform has high persistence. Bromoform is not generated in fr esh water where bromide ion does not exist. As bromoform is highly volatile, it has a nature to disappear promptly from the water.

2.4.3.2.3 Total Residual Oxidants (TRO)

If seawater is treated by this BWMS, the half-life of TRO generated by this BWMS was determined to be three days according to the results of the corrosion test and persistence is low. In the case of brackish water, the half-life is shorter at 0.75 days as Bromide ion concentration present in brackish water is at a low level. This implies that there would be lower persistence in fresh water.

2.4.4 Reaction with organic matter

The formation of halogenated hydrocarbon by reaction with organic matter was examined in the test water generated in the chronic toxicity test which was conducted for the previous application (MEPC 59/2/1). According to this result, the generation of halogenated hydrocarbon was not confirmed at this BWMS. The reaction of the Active Substance and Relevant Chemicals with organic matter is shown below.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 22

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 2.4.4.1 Active Substance

When Ozone is injected to seawater, Ozone reacts with organic matter and inorganic matter.

Ozone reacts with organic matter in preference to the inorganic bromide ion and so Ozone is consumed. Consequently, the amount of Relevant Chemicals generated by the reaction

between Ozone and bromide ion is reduced.

2.4.4.2 Relevant Chemicals

2.4.4.2.1 Bromate ion

Bromate ions are oxidants which ultimately revert to bromide ions through the reaction with organic matter (WHO, 1996) and through biodegradation (Hijnen et al , 1994).

2.4.4.2.2 Bromoform

Bromoform is a THM and hypobromous acid, wh ich is a precursor and intermediate product of a THM, generated by reaction with organic matter.

Bromoform does not react with organic matter due to its stable structure.

2.4.4.2.3 Total Residual Oxidants (TRO)

As TRO represents the total mass of oxides, it is not possible to identify a specific reaction with organic matter. Generally, oxides such as the bromate ion, hypobromous acid ion and bromous acid ion react with organic matter and increase the rate of its degradation.

2.4.5 Potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats

2.4.5.1 Active Substance

As Ozone disappears with self-decomposition and by transformation to Relevant Chemicals immediately after injection to water, it has less potential to be discharged. Therefore, it has little potential for physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats.

2.4.5.2 Relevant Chemicals

2.4.5.2.1 Bromate ion

Bromate ions have high solubility (70 g/L at 20°C) and normally dissolve in water as ions. Even though ballast water after treatment may contain bromate ions, its maximum discharge concentration is low at 0.082 mg/L.

If discharged, they revert to Bromide ions by reaction with organic matter. Therefore, they have little potential for physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats.

2.4.5.2.2 Bromoform

As dissolution rate of bromoform to water is 0.1 g/100 ml, it potentially dissolves in water at its maximum discharge concentration of 0.22 mg/L. Therefore, there are few potential physical effects. Meanwhile, due to its high volatility bromoform dissipates in air. As its emission concentration is lower than the background concentration in the air, few potential physical effects exist.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 23

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 2.4.5.2.3 Total Residual Oxidants (TRO)

TRO represents the total quantity of oxidants and is not a specific chemical substance, therefore, data were not available. However, it can be considered that there are few potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats due to a great magnitude of dissolution to water and short half-life of three days.

2.4.5.3 Treated ballast water

SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version may generate Relevant Chemicals as described above, however, they are chemical substances that have no potential physical effects on wildlife and

benthic habitats.

If Relevant Chemicals remain in ballast water discharge, Relevant Chemicals can be removed by Discharge Water Treatment Tank.

Therefore, it can be considered there are no potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats in discharge ballast water treated by this BWMS.

2.4.6 Potential residues in seafood

2.4.6.1 Active Substance

The half-life of Ozone is as short as 5.3 to 5.8 seconds in seawater and several minutes to tens of minutes in fresh water so it decomposes in a short time.

As described in paragraph 2.4.5.1, it can be considered that there are no potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats. Therefore, it can be also considered that there are no bioaccumulations in seafood in view of the decomposition of Ozone in the water and the solubility to the water.

2.4.6.2 Relevant Chemicals

2.4.6.2.1 Bromate ion

Bromate ion can be considered to have no potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats. Therefore, it can be also considered that there are no potential residues in seafood.

2.4.6.2.2 Bromoform

Bromoform can be considered to have no potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats. Therefore, it can be also considered that there are no potential residues in seafood.

2.4.6.2.3 Total Residual Oxidants (TRO)

TRO can be considered to have no potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats. Therefore, it can be also considered that there are no potential residues in seafood.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 24

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 2.4.7 Any known interactive effects

2.4.7.1 Active Substance

Oxygen is generated by Ozone self-decomposition in water. For this reason, the concentration of dissolved oxygen is raised.

2.4.7.2 Relevant Chemicals

2.4.7.2.1 Bromate ion

Bromate ions are rarely reduced in general environmental water.

However, bromate ions are reduced to bromide ions in the presence of ferrous ions or

activated carbon.

2.4.7.2.2 Bromoform

Bromoform is a relatively stable substance and is persistent under aerobic conditions but it is biodegraded by methane bacteria or denitrifying bacteria under anaerobic conditions.

2.4.7.2.3 Total Residual Oxidants (TRO)

TRO represents the total quantity of oxidants generated by the reaction of Ozone with bromide ions, which are then finally c onverted to bromoform and bromate ions.

2.5 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and preparations and treated ballast water, if applicable (G9: 4.2.1.4)

Concerning corrosivity to the materials or equipment of normal ship construction, the results of the corrosion test using the full-scale land-based test facility showed corrosion effects within the allowable range.

Concerning other items, no further information in addition to that in the previous application (MEPC 59/2/1) was found.

2.6 Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentration (G9: 4.2.1.5)

Table 2.6-1 showed measurement method of Ozone as an Active Substance and analytical

methods of the Relevant Chemicals.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 25

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc Table 2.6-1: Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentration of the

Active Substance and the Relevant Chemicals

Substance Method Applicability Sensitivity Reference/Comments/ Justification for missing
data

Ozone ・ UV method

・ KI method (as Oxidants) in gas in liquid 0.01 mg/L±1%FS (UV absorbance) 0.15 mg/L (KI method) IOA Standardization
Committee

Bromate
ion IC + PC method in liquid 0.01 mg/L ISO 15061:2001

Bromoform PT-GC/MS
Method or HSGC/MS method in liquid 0.0002 mg/L or 0.0001 mg/L tap water test method in Japan*

TRO DPD Absorption Photometry
Method in liquid 0.01 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L or 0.035 mg/L In accordance with tap
water test method * VI-2 17.3 (Japan Water Works Association 2001)

*Water analytical manual published by Japan Water Works Association

3 USE OF THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE

3.1 Summary of SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version

The SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is designed to give sufficient consideration to downsizing, modularization, safety and reliability of component units. This BWMS adopts the shipbuilding and environmental technologies deve loped over several years. It is designed to be easily adapted to any ballast line of new or existing ships.

3.1.1 Components and outline

Figure 3.1-1 showed the configuration of the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version.

Figure 3.1-1: Configuration of SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone versionMEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 26

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 3.1.2 Characteristics

The SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version has characteristics as follows:

.1 It efficiently utilizes the physical organism deactivation action of the Special Pipe and the organism inactivation action of Ozone and Relevant Chemicals, which are generated by the reaction between Ozone and

bromide ions in seawater or other water.

.2 Since Ozone, which is an Active Substance, is produced by the Ozone Generator Module installed on board, there is no need for installation and storage on board of either the Active Substance or Preparations.

.3 The inactivation treatment of aquatic organisms in the ballast water is applied only once when it is loaded on board.

.4 Many of Relevant Chemicals ge nerated by injecting Ozone into the seawater (or brackish water) are degraded in the ballast tanks. However, if the holding time is short, Relevant Chemicals remain in the ballast water. The Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT) is installed for the purpose of removing such remaining Relevant Chemicals.

If the TRO concentration prior to the DWTT exceeds 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2), defined as the maximum allowable discharge concentration, the ballast water is discharged through the DWTT. If the TRO concentration is lower than 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2), the ballast water is discharged without going through the DWTT.

If the TRO concentration exceeds 0.15 mg/L (as Cl2) after the DWTT, an alarm is raised. Furthermore, if the TRO concentration exceeds 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2), defined as the maximum allowable discharge concentration, the discharge automatically stops. Safe discharge of the ballast water to the environment is secured by these measures.

The installation of this DWTT and surveillance of oxidant removal performance with the TRO monitor are the most important distinguishing features of this BWMS regarding environmental conservation and the prevention of inter-oceanic movement of aquatic organisms.

.5 Each major component and its valves are automatically operated or remotely controlled (remote operation) from the Ballast Water Treatment Control Panel. The operating condition can be monitored on the display screen of this control panel. No manual operation of equipment or valves by the officers or crew is required except for maintenance or emergency operation, in the case of a serious failure.

.6 All possible safety measures have been made for Ozone leakage and

waste Ozone treatment.

.7 All possible measures have been taken against corrosion for areas affected by Ozone.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 27

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 3.2 Manner of application (G9: 4.2.6 and 7)

3.2.1 Maximum dosage concentration of Ozone

In the actual usage of this BWMS, Ozone is injected so that its concentration in the loading ballast water is 3 mg/L. The Ozone injection rate is automatically controlled to achieve 3 mg/L in the loading ballast water even if the ballast water flow rate fluctuates. On the other hand, in the application for approval of this BWMS under Procedure (G9), the Ozone injection rate for the loading ballast water was set to achieve a concentration of 4 mg/L. The reason for the higher concentration is to evaluate the effects on the hull,

human and environment at a more severe condition than the actual Ozone concentration of 3 mg/L. This creates a safety margin in the operation of the actual system. The Ozone injection rate to the loading ballast water used for various tests for Procedure (G9) application was also controlled to achieve 4 mg/L.

3.2.2 Holding time

The holding time in the ballast tank after the treatment with the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is not specified. The performance of the Discharge Water Treatment Tank to remove

Relevant Chemicals ensures that the concentration of Relevant Chemicals in the ballast water discharge does not exceed the maximum allowable discharge concentration of the Relevant Chemicals even if the discharge occurs immediately after the inactivation

treatment.

3.2.3 The maximum allowable discharge concentration of the Relevant Chemicals

The maximum allowable discharge concentration of Relevant Chemicals of the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is 0.082 mg/L for bromate ion, 0.22 mg/L for bromoform and 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) for TRO.

According to the results of various tests implemented for reapplication of Final Approval, the maximum discharge concentration of Relevant Chemicals was 0.082 mg/L for bromate ion, 0.034 mg/L for bromoform and 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) for TRO. 0.082 mg/L is taken as the maximum allowable discharge concentration of bromate ion. Removal performance of bromoform showed a tendency to decrease after a long period of operation of the DWTT. From the standpoint of risk evaluation and safety, the maximum allowable discharge concentration of bromoform was defined as 0.22 mg/L, which was the maximum concentration before post treatment of DWTT. The majority of TRO concentration measurements in the ballast water discharge even in case of post treatment by DWTT immediately after ozone injection (which is unlikely to occur in a real operation) showed less than 0.1 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) and the maximum was 0.16mg/L. This resulted in establishment of 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) as the maximum allowable discharge concentration.

3.2.4 Handling, use, storage and transport of the chemicals

Since Ozone, which is an Active Substance, is generated by the Ozone Generator Module on board, its delivery to the ship, loading and storage of such Active Substance or Preparations on board are not required.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 28

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 3.2.5 Procedures and use of the system

3.2.5.1 Ballasting operation

The system is operated by the following procedures when the ballast water is loaded:

.1 ballasting is carried out using the Ballast Water Treatment Control Panel;

.2 ballasting cannot start if the Ozone Generator Module has not been prepared;

.3 Ozone is injected into the ballast water at a rate which is controlled to achieve a constant Ozone concentration of 3 mg/L in the loading ballast water. The Ozone flow rate corresponds to the ballast water flow rate measured with a flow meter. The Ozone concentration in the loading ballast water is set and fixed at the time of shipment from the factory and the operator cannot change it. The Ozone supply capacity is sufficient to prevent the concentration from decreasing below 3 mg/L based on the assumed maximum flow rate of the ballast water; and

.4 If any significant problem arises in the Ozone Generator, the ballast pump, other components, the measurements of pressure, or the flow rate or other conditions, an alert is issued and the system automatically makes an emergency stop. The appropriate valves are automatically controlled to be in the safe position in an emergency stop.

3.2.5.2 De-ballasting operation

When the ballast water is discharged, the system is operated by the following procedure:

.1 de-ballasting is operated using the Ballast Water Treatment Control Panel;

.2 when de-ballasting starts, the valves are automatically opened or closed as appropriate and a de-ballasting line passing through Discharge Water Treatment Tank is automatically established. The officers and crew cannot change the line by arbitrary actions. If the line is changed or cannot be established, an interlock prevents the de-ballasting operation from being started, except in the case of operation for maintenance or in emergencies such as serious failures;

.3 if the TRO concentration measured prior to the DWTT exceeds the maximum allowable discharge concentration of 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2), the ballast water is discharged after post treatment by the DWTT. Otherwise it is discharged using the bypass;

.4 the de-ballast water flow rate can be monitored on the display screen of the Ballast Water Treatment Control Panel. If the flow rate is excessively high, an opening adjusting valve is automatically controlled to secure the performance of Discharge Water Treatment Tank;

.5 a pressure gauge is installed before and after the Discharge Water Treatment Tank to monitor the clogging of the system and arbitrary removal of the activated carbon filled in the Discharge Water Treatment Tank by the officers or crew. Each pressure value is indicated on the Ballast Water Treatment Control Panel and is automatically recorded;MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 29

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc .6 the Clogging of Discharge Water Treatment Tank is prevented by backwashing; and

.7 the TRO concentration even after post treatment by the DWTT is constantly surveyed. If the measured TRO concentration exceeds 0.15 mg/L (as Cl2), an alert is raised for the operator to check the amount of activated carbon. Should the TRO concentration exceed the maximum allowable discharge concentration of 0.2 mg/L (as Cl2), the discharge is automatically stopped. The monitored TRO concentration is automatically recorded on the Ballast

Water Treatment Control Panel.

3.2.6 Risk management measures in case of emergency

Generally speaking, the major risks with ships are fire and flood. Regarding fire, safety is enhanced by implementing the following measures to minimize the risk:

.1 in case a fire occurs in the engine room or in the room where the Ozone Generator is installed, there is a facility to perform an emergency stop from outside the engine room or the room housing the Ozone Generator; and

.2 in the case of a fire, the alarm system gives priority to stopping the electric supply to the Ozone Generator. This halts production of Ozone, which would otherwise help the fire.

4 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (G9: 4.2.7)

The MSDS of Ozone, an Active Substance of the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version, the MSDS of bromate ions, potassium bromate and bromoform, which are Relevant Chemicals, and the MSDS of activated carbon (brand name; SHIRASAGI WH2c8/32L, which is superior in the oxidant removal performance of the Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT)) are shown in appendix 7 in the confidential version.

5 RISK CHARACTERIZATION

5.1 Screening for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (G9: 5.1)

5.1.1 Persistence (G9: 5.1.1.1)

The half-life of Ozone and the TRO in the water is very short as described in section 2.4.1 of this annex. On the other hand, the half-life of bromate ion and bromoform is respectively more than 40 days and 32 days-185 days so these substances were confirmed to be persistent.

5.1.2 Bioaccumulation (G9: 5.1.1.2)

As Ozone is an inorganic compound and its half-life in the water is short, it is considered that there is no potential for bioaccumulation.

It is also considered that there is no bioaccumulation potential for bromate ion, bromoform or

TRO as described in section 2.2.5 of this document.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 30

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 5.1.3 Toxicity test (G9: 5.1.2.3)

The toxicity of a chemical is judged using the chronic toxicity value of 0.01 mg/L.

The chronic toxicity NOEC of Ozone is 0.002 mg/L and therefore Ozone is classed as a toxic substance. The chronic toxicity NOEC of bromate ion is 0.125 mg/L and the chronic toxicity NOEC (MATC) of bromoform is 4.8 mg/L and so these are not classed as toxic substances. No toxic effect was observed according to the result of repeated chronic toxicity tests for the test water containing the TRO of 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) and so the TRO in the ballast water discharge of this BWMS is classified as no toxic.

5.1.4 Do the Ozone and Relevant Chemicals meet all three criteria for PBT?

The PBT criteria of Active Substance and Relevant Chemicals used in the SP-Hybrid BWMS

Ozone version as described above are summarized in Table 5.1-1. Active Substance and

Relevant Chemicals of this BWMS are not identified as PBT substances.

Table 5.1-1: PBT criteria of Active Substance and Relevant Chemicals

Persistent (y/n) Bioacumulative (y/n) Toxic (y/n) Reference/Comments/
Justification for missing data

PBT criteria Half-life: > 60 days in marine water, or > 40 days in freshwater,* or > 180 days in
marine sediments, or > 120 days in
freshwater
sediments Experimentally
determined BCF > 2,000, or if no experimentally
BCF has been determined, log Pow;3 Toxicity
Chronic
NOEC < 0.01 mg/L

Ozone N N Y Refer to 2.2.2

、 2.2.5

Bromate ion Y N N Refer to 2.2.2

、 2.2.5

Bromoform Y N N Refer to 2.2.2

、 2.2.5

TRO N N N Refer to 6.3

*: For the purpose of marine environmental risk assessment half-life data in fresh water and fresh

water sediment can be over ruled by data obtained under marine conditions.

6 Evaluation of the treated ballast water (G9: 5.2)

6.1 Tests of the treated ballast water implemented for reapplication of Final Approval

6.1.1 Summary of tests

The following summarizes the additional tests implemented for reapplication of Final Approval. TRO concentration in the ballast water discharge immediately after post treatment by DWTT was automatically measured by TRO monitor in all the tests.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 31

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc .1 Full-scale land-based acute toxicity test

Acute toxicity test in the Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT) was performed with an improved activated carbon filling (brand name; SHIRASAGI WH2c8/32L) with higher oxidant removal performance. This test was done in the full-scale land-based test system (capacity; 200 m3/h) equipped with control panel and TRO monitor. The influent test water was in accordance with the required Guidelines (G8) test conditions for seawater and brackish water. Ballast water after post treatment (holding time; 0h) was used as the exposure water.

.2 Full-scale land-based chronic toxicity test

Chronic toxicity test in the same test system and influent test water as the aforementioned full-scale land-based acute toxicity test was implemented by using test water in accordance with Guidelines (G8) conditions for seawater and brackish water and adopting treated ballast water after post treatment (holding time; 0 h) as exposure water.

.3 Corrosion test

The following two assessment tests in the same test system as the aforementioned full-scale land-based acute toxicity test were conducted by adopting the potentially most corrosive test water in this BWMS after Ozone injection:

.1 corrosion test for ballast tank coatings; test to examine reduction of adhesion and deterioration of coated film in ballast tank; and

.2 corrosion test for uncoated materials; test to examine corrosion of

materials in contact with treated ballast water

Test temperature for test 1 was 40°C to maximize the potential for corrosion of the various test pieces. Test 2 used 20°C and 40°C. The immersion period for both tests was 97 days.

.4 Long-term performance test for activated carbon filled in Discharge Water

Treatment Tank

Performance test to remove TRO and Relevant Chemicals in the DWTT was conducted by operating the same test system as the aforementioned full-scale land-based acute toxicity test every day with an extension of 508 hours operation.

.5 Life determination test for activated carbon filled in Discharge Water

Treatment Tank

TRO in effluent was measured at multiple positions in the DWTT for the period of the aforementioned long term performance test for the activated carbon filled in the Discharge Water Treatment Tank, and a chronological change was examined during the transition of reduction in removal performance. Then, the time when TRO concentration in ballast water discharged from DWTT reached the maximum allowable discharge concentration of 0.2 mg/L (Cl 2 ) was estimated as its life.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 32

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 6.1.2 Test facility

The full-scale land-based test system (200 m3/h) wa s used for every test performed. The following shows specification of each test facility. The activated carbon filled in the Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT) has been changed to the material which is superior in removal performance of Relevant C hemicals. The TRO monitor system has also

been installed.

6.1.2.1 Full-scale land-based test facility

This facility was installed to conduct Guidelines (G8) land-based test for the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version with 200 m3/h treatment capacity.

6.1.2.2 Equipment and operational condition of treatment system

The equipment constituting the test facility is common to all the tests. In the case of system installed on board ship, a TRO monitor is set up to monitor ballast water both before and after the DWTT. If the TRO concentration in the ballast water discharge does not exceed the maximum allowable discharge concentration of 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ), ballast water is discharged without post treatment by the DWTT. If it exceeds 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ), ballast water flows into the DWTT. However, all the land-based tests for Final Approval were implemented by discharging treated ballast water directly into DWTT without storage in the ballast tank which would occur in actual operation during a voyage. Therefore, a TRO monitor prior to the DWTT was not required in the tests.

6.1.3 Quality control of test

The full-scale land-based toxicity tests (acute and chronic) were implemented in accordance with GLP standard of OECD "OECD principles of Good Laboratory Practice" (1977) under quality control by "Idea Co. Environment Creation Research Center" certified by ISO/IEC 17025 (JIS Q 17025).

The corrosion test was implemented by QAPP based on ISO/IEC 17025 under ISO 9001 of "Nippon Paint Co.".

The long-term performance test for activated carbon filled in the Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT) was implemented in accordance with GLP standard of OECD "OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice" (1977) under quality control by "Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan" certified by ISO/IEC 17025 (JIS Q 17025).

The life determination test for activated carbon filled in DWTT was implemented by QAPP based on ISO/IEC 17025 under ISO 9001 of "Laboratory of Aquatic Science Consultants Co., Ltd.".

The TRO analyser used for TRO measurement in various tests including the land-based test system was calibrated in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025 (JIS Q 17025) under the supervision of "Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan".MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 33

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 6.2 Full-scale land-based acute toxicity test (G9: 5.2.2)

The acute toxicity test for test organisms was performed with treated ballast water discharge generated in accordance with Guidelines (G8) of the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version.

The result of the tests reconfirms the conclusion that there is no acute toxicity in the ballast water discharge from the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version. The concentration of Relevant Chemicals in the test sample was far less than the existing data on LC 50 for acute aquatic toxicity reported in section 2.2.1 of this document. Though no data for TRO exists, TRO less than 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) has no potential to create acute toxicity.

6.3 Full-scale land-based chronic toxicity test (G9: 5.2.1)

The chronic toxicity test for test organisms was performed with treated ballast water discharge generated in the same manner using the full-scale land-based test facility (seawater and brackish water) in accordance with Guidelines (G8).

The result of the tests reconfirms the conclusion that the ballast water discharged from the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is free from chronic toxicity. The concentration of Relevant Chemicals in the test sample was substantially lower than the acute aquatic toxicity described in section 2.2.1 of this document as well as the NOEC in the existing data related to chronic aquatic toxicity in section 2.2.2, which met the compliance. Though no data for TRO exist, TRO less than 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) creates no chronic toxicity.

6.4 Corrosion tests

The corrosion tests were performed for the purpose of evaluating the corrosion effect on

coated film in the ballast tank of the treated ballast water after Ozone injection and materials in contact with the treated ballast water. The following two tests were performed:

.1 Corrosion test for ballast tank coatings

The purpose of this test is to assess the corrosion effect on corrosion resistant coated film, which protects the inside wall of the ballast tank.

.2 Corrosion test for uncoated materials

The purpose of this test is to assess the corrosion effect on the piping in contact with the water treated by Ozone and materials constituting the system.

As the result of the tests, the water treated by this BWMS is assessed to have corrosion effects within the allowable range on corrosion resistant coatings in the ballast tank. And also Ozone-treated water is deemed to have corrosion effect within the allowable range on all

metallic and non-metallic materials used in the hull.

TRO as environmental data of the test water was measured in a series of corrosion tests. Since Ozone treated water used in corrosion tests was sampled immediately after Ozone injection and contained high concentration of oxidant substances, concentrations in the range of 2 mg/L to 3.7 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) were observed immediately after sampling. In most cases it maintained a high concentration more than 1 mg/L even three days later. There were some slight differences in the degradation rate, but this rate was almost same in all cases. The TRO concentration resulted in a 50% reduction 3 days (75 hours) later as dissolution advanced with the elapsed time.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 34

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 6.5 Long-term performance test of Discharge Water Treatment Tank

The purpose of this test is to examine the long term performance in removing Relevant Chemicals in the DWTT, which is essential equi pment to ensure marine environmental safety in the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version. This test was performed to evaluate a new activated carbon with a superior performance in removing oxidant substances (brand name: SHIRASAGI WH2c8/32L).

It was confirmed that the removal performance of oxidant substances (particularly TRO) by the DWTT, which was improved by filling with the activated carbon with the superior oxidant removal performance, decreased very little during the 508 hours accumulated operation. However, there were some concerns about bromoform which slightly increased according to the elapsed time.

6.6 Life determination test for activated carbon filled in Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT)

The deterioration of removal performance the activated carbon was surveyed by measuring TRO in the DWTT during the long term performance test of Discharged Water Treatment

Tank described in section 6.5. Based on the time when the TRO concentration in the ballast water discharged from DWTT reaches the maximum allowable discharge concentration of 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ), the life of the activated carbon was predicted.

The slight increase in the TRO concentration in the DWTT was observed as time passed. However, the TRO concentration did not surpass the maximum allowable discharge concentration of 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ).

In this test, the post treatment with the acti vated carbon was conducted immediately after the injection of Ozone (4 mg/L) without storage at the ballast tank. Compared with the actual ballast water management system on board, the activated carbon in the DWTT was tested under the stringent circumstance.

In the case of a middle class bulk cargo vessel (Handy Max B.C.) in the unscheduled voyage, which is engaged in the longest annual ballasting among the representative vessels, she usually repeats approximately 15 hours of intake and discharge of the ballast water per one operation with 8 days interval. On the premis e of 3 years as the longest interval of the routine inspection, an accumulated discharge time during that period amounts to 2070 hours. As the half-life of the TRO generated by this BWMS is about 3 days, it will theoretically disappear in 6 days. Therefore, the deterioration of removal performance the activated carbon is not expected for the operation of representative types of vessel. It is rational to define the life of activated carbon namely interval of exchange of the activated carbon as 2070 hours of an accumulated ballast discharge time.

6.7 Automatic measurement test of TRO in the ballast water discharge by TRO

monitor

During the total length of the test for the treated ballast water implemented for Final Approval, TRO in the ballast water discharge was surveyed and documented by the TRO monitor. If TRO exceeds the maximum allowable discharge concentration of 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) as measured by the TRO monitor, the full-scale land-based test system is designed to stop automatically.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 35

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc During the test period from 16 June to 21 October, 2009, the highest concentration of 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) was detected four times, namely on 7 July, 9 September, 17 September and 21 September. On those days this result was not obtained in consecutive readings and there was a quick decline. 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) detected four times was the highest value of TRO in all the tests including the measured dat a from other instruments besides the TRO monitor and was the maximum discharge concentration.

Since all the data had showed less than 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) as a maximum under such a severe condition which would maintain removal performance of this DWTT, even if the ballast water flows to the DWTT immediately after Ozone treatment, a sufficient performance to remove Relevant Chemicals by the DWTT was proved.

6.8 Determination of holding time

The SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is a BWMS designed to remove residual Relevant Chemicals through the Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT) in case TRO concentration surpasses the maximum allowable discharge concentration of 0.2 mg/L at time of discharge. By this treatment, the concentration of Relevant Chemicals in the ballast water discharge under any circumstances does not exceed the maximum allowable discharge concentration described in section 3.2.3 of this document namely 0.082 mg/L for bromate ion, 0.22 mg/L for bromoform and 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) for TRO. These maximum allowable discharge concentrations of Relevant Chemicals were defined based on the results of various tests, which specified no holding time. Therefore, no required holding time is specified for operation

of this BWMS.

6.9 Risk characterization and analysis

6.9.1 Reaction with organic matter (G9: 4.2.1.3)

The concern that halogenated hydrocarbons could be formed at the time of reaction with organic matter was examined by analysing untreated effluent prior to treatment and ballast water discharge at the test of the previous application (MEPC 59/2/1).

As a result, it was confirmed as a result of this analysis that no halogenated hydrocarbon existed in the ballast water discharged from this BWMS.

6.9.2 Characterization of degradation route and rate (G9: 5.3.5)

Degradation of Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals under abiotic and biotic circumstances is described in section 2.4.1 of this annex. This BWMS is designed to completely remove Ozone (the Active Substance) either by t he gas/liquid separation tank or by other treatment. As the half-life of bromate ion is longer than 40 days, it barely dissolves in the Discharge Water Treatment Tank (DWTT) and its maximum discharge concentration is 0.082 mg/L. Though the half-life of bromoform is also long as 32 days to 185 days, the maximum concentration generated by Ozone injection was as low as 0.22 mg/L. As most of it is removed by the post treatment of the DWTT, discharge concentration is lower than 0.034 mg/L provided that the adsorption capability of the activated carbon in the DWTT is maintained. As the half-life of TRO is about 3 days, it is removed by the DWTT.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 36

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 6.10 Prediction of discharge and environmental concentrations

Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) for bromate ion, bromoform and TRO of

Relevant Chemicals in the ballast water discharged from the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version was calculated by using MAMPEC model version 2.0 targeting on Tokyo Bay.

The predicted environmental concentration (PEC) is as shown below:

.1 PEC of bromate ion; 0.00603 μg/L;

.2 PEC of bromoform: 0.0131 μg/L; and

.3 PEC of TRO (as BrO3-): 0.0207 μg/L.

Table 6.10-1: PEC calculation results in designated sea area using MAMPEC model
version 2.0

6.11 Assessment of potential for bioaccumulation

Log Pow of Relevant Chemicals is -7.18 for bromate ions and 2.4 for bromoform as shown in section 2.4.2 of this document. Since TRO indicates total oxidants, direct octanol/water partition coefficient does not exist. However, since its half-life is short, logPow will be lower than three, which is an index of bioaccumulati on potential. Therefore it is considered that there is no risk of bioaccumulation by Relevant Chemicals discharged from the SP-Hybrid

BWMS Ozone version.

6.12 Effects assessment

The maximum discharge concentration of Relevant Chemicals discharged from the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is 0.82 mg/L for bromate ion, 0.22 mg/L for bromoform and 0.16 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) for TRO. And with reference to TRO, it is managed in actual operation by defining 0.2 mg/L (as Cl 2 ) as the maximum allowable discharge concentration.

In contrast, as described in section 2.2.1 of this document, acute toxicity values for bromate ion and bromoform substantially surpass these discharge concentrations. Chronic toxicity

NOEC of bromate ion and bromoform as descri bed in section 2.2.2 of this document also substantially surpass these discharge concentrations . Acute toxicity tests as well as chronic toxicity tests for the ballast water discharged from this BWMS resulted in no toxic effects on the ballast water discharge.

As summarized in section 6.1.1 of this document, in view of characteristics of discharged Relevant Chemicals, bioaccumulation is unlik ely to occur and no toxic effects accumulated through the food-web are considered to exist.

From the standpoint of the above view, Relevant Chemicals discharged from this BWMS are unlikely to cause effects in either the short term or the long term. PEC of Relevant Chemicals (μg L) Bromate ion Bromoform TRO (as BrO 3 - )

Maximum concentration 0.00102 0.0226 0.0350

95% concentration 0.00940 0.0207 0.0322 Average concentration 0.00603 0.0131 0.0207

Median concentration 0.00604 0.0130 0.0207

Minimum concentration 0.00131 0.0028 0.0044MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 37

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 6.13 Effects on aquatic organisms

6.13.1 Estimated PNEC

The PNEC of Relevant Chemicals discharged fr om the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is

estimated as follows:

.1 Bromate ion: LC50 or EC50 have been obtained for three types of marine species and the lowest concentration is 30 mg/L of 96h-EC50. By setting the Assessment Factor in this case to 1000 for long term and 100 for short term, the results obtained are 30 μg/L for PNEC long and 300 μg/L for

PNEC short.

.2 Bromoform: LC50 or EC50 have been obtained for five types of marine species and 4 types of fresh water species in total and the lowest concentration is 7.1 mg/L of 96h-LC50. By setting the Assessment Factor in this case to 1000 for long term and 100 for short term, the results are 7.1 μg/L for PNEC long and 71 μg/L for PNEC short.

.3 Total Residual Oxidant (TRO): As TRO represents the total amount of oxidants, there exist no toxicity data. Therefore, PNEC was calculated by using the results of acute toxicity tests and chronic toxicity tests for three marine species as described in sections 6.2 and 6.3 of this document.

No effect of acute toxicity was observed in acute toxicity tests under the maximum concentration of 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 ). This maximum concentration corresponds to 0.035 mg/L (as BrO 3 − ). If the assessment factor is set to 10,
PNEC short results in 3.5 μg/L (as BrO 3 − ). Chronic toxicity tests resulted in evaluation of 100% (no dilution) concentration for the ballast water discharge. The maximum discharge concentration was 0.02 mg/L (as Cl 2 ). This concentration corresponds to 0.035 mg/L (as BrO 3 − ). If the assessment
factor is set to 100, PNEC long results in 0.35 μg/L (as BrO 3 − ).

6.13.2 PEC/PNEC ratio

Based on the PEC obtained in paragraph 6.10.4 of this document and the PNEC estimated in paragraph 6.13.1 of this document, PEC/PNEC was calculated. The results are shown in

Table 6.13-1.

PEC/PNEC of Relevant Chemicals generated fr om the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version

were far lower than 1.

Table 6.13-1: PEC, PNEC and PEC/PNEC ratio

PNEC (μg/L) PEC/PNEC Relevant Chemicals PEC (μg/L) long short long short

Bromate ion 0.00603 30 300 0.00020 0.00002

Bromoform 0.0131 7.1 71 0.0018 0.0001

Total Residual
Oxidants (TRO as BrO 3 - ) 0.0207 0.35 3.5 0.0591 0.0059MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 38

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 6.14 Effects on sediment

Adsorption and accumulation on sediment of Relevant Chemicals discharged from the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version are not expected for the reasons described in section 2.2.4 of this document. Therefore, it is considered that these substances have no effect on

sediment.

6.15 Comparison of effect assessment with discharge toxicity

As described above, the evaluation of the treated ballast water concluded in sections 6.9

to 6.14 of this document coincides with the evaluation results that neither acute toxic nor chronic toxic effects were observed in the ballast water discharged from the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version in various toxicity tests carried out for the treated ballast water.

7 RISK ASSESSMENT

7.1 Risk to safety of ship

7.1.1 Increased corrosion

The materials which are subject to corrosion effects were selected as follows as an anti-corrosion measure in this BWMS. Selection of these materials ensures prevention of corrosion effects. Consideration shall be given to prevent galvanic corrosion between

different kinds of metal.

.1 Ozone gas line

.1 Piping from Ozone Generator outlet to Ozone Injector inlet

Stainless steel pipe (SUS304) is used as its Ozone resistance is essential under high concentration of Ozone gas.

.2 Piping from Gas/Liquid Separation Tank outlet to Waste Ozone

Destruction Unit inlet

Though the Ozone gas concentration is low (0.2 ppm in the
land-based test), its influence on shipboard personnel is serious if
a leak occurs as a result of corrosion. For safety, stainless steel
pipe (SUS304) or pipe with an Ozone-resistant coating is used.

.3 Ozone Generator

Stainless steel (part of Ozone generation; SUS316L, piping; SUS304) is used in the part of Ozone generation and piping.

.4 Waste Ozone Destruction Unit

Though the Ozone gas concentration is low (0.2 ppm in the land-based test), stainless steel (SUS316L) is used in consideration of wet and decomposition heat.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 39

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc .2 Ozone seawater line

.1 Piping from Ozone Injector outlet to Gas/Liquid Separation Tank

inlet

For corrosion resistance to seawater containing a high concentration of Ozone, stainless steel pipe (SUS316) or pipe with an Ozone-resistant coating is used.

.2 Ozone Injector

As the Ozone Injector contacts with seawater containing a high concentration of Ozone, stainless steel (SUS316) is used.

.3 Ballast Pump (including valve, etc.)

As the Ballast Pump feeds seawater containing a high concentration of Ozone, Ozone-resistant bronze or stainless steel (SUS316) is used for the pump casing, impeller and other parts in contact with the seawater. For valves, etc., the same materials are

used.

.4 Special Pipe (slit plate)

For corrosion resistance to seawater containing a high concentration of Ozone seawater, stainless steel (SUS316) is

used.

.5 Gas/Liquid Separation Tank

For corrosion resistance to seawater containing a high concentration of Ozone, stainless steel (SUS316) or steel with an Ozone-resistant coating is used.

.3 Relevant Chemicals seawater line

.1 Piping from Ozone Injector outlet to Gas/Liquid Separation Tank inlet (same as in above paragraph 7.1.1.2.1).

.2 Piping from Gas/Liquid Separation Tank outlet to ballast tank inlet Corrosion influence of Relevant Chemicals is slightly higher than seawater. Galvanized pipe or pipe with an epoxy coating is used (the same as usual for seawater pipes).

.3 Piping from ballast tank outlet to Discharge Water Treatment Tank Same as in above paragraph 7.1.1.3.2.

.4 Ballast tank

Influence of Relevant Chemicals only. Steel with epoxy coating is used (the same as usual for seawater tanks).MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 40

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc The "Performance Standard for Protective Coatings of dedicated seawater ballast tanks on all new ships and of double-side skin spaces of bulk carriers" ("PSPC") shall be applied to all new ships. Since an epoxy coating will be used in ballast tanks according to "PSPC", there will not be any problem.

.5 Discharge Water Treatment Tank

Influence of Relevant Chemicals only. However, as activated carbon is contained inside, a synthetic resin lining or rubber lining should be applied to prevent galvanic corrosion.

7.1.2 Fire and explosion

Generally speaking, the major risks with ships are fire and flood. Regarding fire, safety is enhanced by implementing the following measures to reduce the risk:

.1 in case of fire occurring in the engine room or in another room where the Ozone Generator is installed, the Ozone Generator can be stopped from outside the room; and

.2 in case of a fire alarm, the electric power supply to Ozone Generator will be shut down immediately to halt production of Ozone which would otherwise help the fire.

7.1.3 Storage and handling of the substances

The SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version is a system which uses Ozone as the Active Substance generated by the Ozone Generator Module installed on board. There is no need to store and handle the Active Substance on board, which reduces the risk.

7.1.4 Contact with, or inhalation of, process products

Ozone (as Active Substance) and Relevant Chemicals may cause the following potential risks to shipboard personnel when this system is operated:

.1 hazard to respiratory organs by inhalation of Ozone; and

.2 hazard to the eyes and dermis by contact with Ozone and

Relevant Chemicals.

This system is applied with the following measures to prevent all potential risks. Bromoform is volatile and causes exposure effect to shipboard personnel, as mentioned by GESAMP-BWWG when reviewing the application for Basic Approval (MEPC 55/2/16, annex 5). The air in ballast tank was sampled immediately following operation of this system, and the bromoform concentration in the sampling air was analysed. The result showed the value to be under lower limit of detection of 0.019 μg /m3 and proved that bromoform had no exposure effect on shipboard personnel.MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 41

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc 7.1.5 Noise

The noise of the SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version installed on board was measured when the system was operated. The results were below 110 dB(A), which is the upper limit for machinery space (not continuously manned ) and the safety to shipboard personnel could be

confirmed.

7.2 Risk to human health

7.2.1 Health effects in humans (G9: 5.3.12)

The health effect scenario in humans (except for shipboard personnel) is estimated by consideration of the seafood web and the ecosystem. As the ballast water discharged from this system is unlikely to cause any impact on the environment, however, this route has a little risk. As described in section 7.1.4, brom oform is potentially dissipated from the ballast tank. When the bromoform was measured, it was under lower limit of detection 0.019 μg/m3 and was not at a level to affect human health. Therefore, volatile bromoform has no risk to

human health.

Though residual bromate ion and TRO in the ballast water are unlikely to affect human health during inspection of the ballast tank, protective equipment should be worn during inspection to avoid any risk.

7.2.2 Human Exposure Scenario (HES) (G9: 6.3.3)

A third party organization conducted an assessm ent of the exposure to humans of the Active Substance and Relevant Chemicals of this system.

The upshot is that the results of the investigation into the toxicity and exposure to Ozone as

the Active Substance and to the Relevant Chemicals shows that the risk to human health is low for all substances and that no effect on human health is expected.

7.2.3 Conclusion

The results of the investigation into the toxicity and exposure to Ozone as the

Active Substance and to the Relevant Chemical s shows that the risk to human health is low for all substances and that no effect on human health is expected.

7.3 Risk to the aquatic environment

As summarized in section 6 of this document, ballast water discharged from this system has no potential effect on the environment.

8 CONCLUSION

The SP-Hybrid BWMS Ozone version uses ex tremely oxidizing Ozone as the Active Substance and Ozone reacts with ballast water to generate the Relevant Chemicals consisting of bromate ions, bromoform and Total Residual Oxidants (TRO). However, as this BWMS has thorough safety measures for Ozone which are put in place onboard a vessel, safety to the vessel and her shipboard personnel is completely secured. Furthermore, as the concentration of generated Relevant Chemicals can be reduced through the Discharge Water Treatment Tank, the potential impact to public health and to the environment in the ambient waters of the ballast discharge is deemed almost negligible. Therefore, this system is considered to deserve Final Approval under Procedure (G9).MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 42

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc REFERENCES

ACGIH 2001b; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (2001) Ozone.Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices, 7th ed. Cincinnati, OH.

Bouwer E.J. and McCarty P.L. (1983a) Transformations of 1- and 2-carbon halogenated aliphatic organic compounds under methanogenic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 45,1286-1294.

Bouwer E.J. and McCarty P.L. (1983b) Transformations of halogenated organic compounds under denitrification conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45, 1295-1299.

ECOTOX DATA BASE (U.S EPA, 2007a).

Fisher D.J., Burton D.T., Yonkos L.T., Turley S.D.andZiegler G.P. (1999) The relative acute toxicity of continuous and intermittent ex posures of chlorine and bromine to aquatic organisms in the presence and absence of ammonia. WATER RESEARCH, 33,

760-768.

Hijnen W, R Voogt, HR Veenendaal, H van der Jagt and D van der Kooij (1994), Bromate Reduction by Denitrifying Bacteria; Appl. Environ. Microbiol., Jan 1995, Vol 61, No. 239-244.

NITE 2007; National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Biodegradation and Bioconcentration of Existing Chemical Substanc es under the Chemical Substances Control Law, http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/data/ha zkizon/pk_e_kizon_disp.html?k_no=0657.

Siddiqui, M.S., Amy, G.L. and Rice, R.G., 1995. Bromate ion formation: A critical review. Journal of American Water Works Association 87, pp. 58–70.

Siddqui M S., Thai W., Amy G., Mysore C. ( ) 1996 Bromate ion removal by activated carbon Water Research Volume 30, Issue 7, July 1996, Pages 1651-1660.

SRC Database; Bromate ion.

Tabak H.H., Quaze S.A., Mashni C.I. and Barth E.F. (1981) Biodegradability studies with organic priority pollutant compounds. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 53, 1503-1518.

WHO (1996) Guidelines for drinking- water quality, Second Edition Volume 2, pp 851. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/en/2edvol2p1.pdf.

* * *MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 43

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc APPENDIX 1

STATEMENT

Example; Acute and chronic toxicity test for the treated water discharge (seawater, treated before discharge, holding time 0 Day) with Special Pipe Ballast Water Treatment System (combined with Ozone Treatment Version) using 3 kinds of organism

* * *MEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 44

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc APPENDIX 2

QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENTMEPC 61/2/2 Annex, page 45

I:\MEPC\61\2-2.doc ___________