DOE/EIA–0384(95)

Distribution Category UC–950

nnual Energy Review 1995

July 1996

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and analyticalagency within the Department of Energy. The information contained herein should not be construed as advocatingor reflecting any policy position of the Department of Energy or any other organization.
Energy Review 1995

w (AER) presents the Energy Information Ad

ergy statistics. For most series, statistics are

1949 through 1995. The statistics, expressed

British thermal units, cover all major energy

mption, production, trade, stocks, and prices,

odities, including fossil fuels, electricity, and

in keeping with responsibilities given to the

nistration (EIA) in Public Law 95–91 (De

zation Act), which states, in part, in Section

hall be responsible for carrying out a

e, and unified energy data and informa

will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze,

and information....”

ectronic Access

ER are also available electronically. For more

c access to the AER, please refer to the inside

contact EIA.

Internet Addresses

use by Members of Congress, Federal and

ysts, and the general public. EIA welcomes

egarding data series in the AER and in other

ders of the AER may also be interested in

iew, which presents monthly updates of many

ntact our National Energy Information Center

Ordering Information

This and other EIA publications may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office.Telephone and fax orders should be directed to:

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Alternatively, copies of the 1995 edition of the Annual Energy Reviewmay be obtained by use of the order form in the back of this publication.Complimentary subscriptions and single issues are available to certaingroups of subscribers, such as public and academic libraries; Federal,State, local, and foreign governments; EIA survey respondents; and themedia. For further information and for answers to questions on energystatistics, please contact EIA’s National Energy Information Center. Address, telephone numbers, and hours are as follows:

National Energy Information Center, EI–231Energy Information Administration

Forrestal Building, Room 1F−048

Washington, DC 20585202–586–8800Internet E–Mail: infoctr@eia.doe.govTTY: For people who are deaf

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Printed with soy ink on recycled paper

XX, 1995

0962-0

Cover: Artist’s rendition of U.S. total energy flow.

–Mail: infoctr@eia.doe.gov

b Site: http://www.eia.doe.gov

r Site: gopher://gopher.eia.doe.gov

P Site: ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov
y Review (AER) is prepared by the Energy Information Administration. General information may be obtained from

Director, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 202–586–1617; Lynda T. Carlson, Director, Energy End Use and

s Division, 202–586–1112; and Katherine E. Seiferlein, Chief, Integrated Statistics Branch, 202–586–5692. Ques

s concerning the contents of the AER may be referred to Samuel E. Brown, 202–586–5103; Barbara T. Fichman,

ethea K. Jennings, 202–586–9160; or the following subject specialists:

Contacts

elopments in 1995 ....................... Barbara T. Fichman 202–586–5737

aries ............................... Barbara T. Fichman 202–586–5737

erview .............................. Samuel E. Brown 202–586–5103nergy Consumption ....................... Samuel E. Brown 202–586–5103

ring Energy Consumption Survey ................ Mark A. Schipper 202–586–1136

l Energy Consumption Survey .................. Michael T. Laurence 202–586–2453

l Transportation Energy Consumption Survey .......... Ronald Lambrecht 202–586–4962

al Buildings Energy Consumption Survey ............ Martha M. Johnson 202–586–1135

ndicators ............................. Samuel E. Brown 202–586–5103

Reporting System ......................... Jon A. Rasmussen 202–586–1449

sources

Reporting System ......................... Jon A. Rasmussen 202–586–1449

and Natural Gas ......................... Robert F. King 202–586–4787

.................................. Richard F. Bonskowski 202–426–1132.................................. Luther L. Smith 202–426–1140

.................................. Robert G. Harper, III 202–586–9176

.................................. Elizabeth K. Scott 202–586–1258

Charles W. Riner 202–586–6610

s ................................. Carol J. Jones 202–586–6168

.................................. Mary Paull 202–426–1153

n and Fossil Fuel Consumption and Stocks ........... Melvin E. Johnson 202–426–1172

d Exports ............................. John W. Makens 202–426–1165

Prices ............................... Stephen E. Calopedis 202–426–1143

er Capability ........................... Karen McDaniel 202–426–1234

dental Peak Load ......................... John W. Makens 202–426–1165

and Environmental Equipment .................. John G. Colligan 202–426–1174

Power Producers ......................... Betty L. Williams 202–426–1269

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 iii
nergy ............................... Douglas C. Bonnar 202–426–1249

e Energy ............................. John F. Carlin 202–426–1146

l Energy Consumption Survey .................. Michael T. Laurence 202–586–2453

nal Energy ............................ Michael J. Grillot 202–586–6577

ectricity Generation ........................ Douglas C. Bonnar 202–426–1249

ental Indicators

se Gases ............................. Arthur D. Rypinski 202–586–8425

lities ............................... John G. Colligan 202–426–1174

Attention All Readers:

We Are Hoping To Hear From You!

The Energy Information Administration welcomes comments from readers aboutthe Annual Energy Review (AER). We would like to hear about any aspect of theAER that can be improved so that we can enhance the usefulness of the report.

If you have suggestions about improving the content or format of the AER,

please direct them to Barbara T. Fichman via any of the following routes:

Telephone: 202–586–5737

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Fax: 202–586–0018

Mailing Address: Barbara T. Fichman, EI–633

Energy Information AdministrationForrestal Building, Room 2F–021Washington, DC 20585

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
the Annual Energy Review (AER) presents

Administration’s historical energy statistics.

are given for every year from 1949 through

ans four and a half decades, the statistics in

o long-term trend analyses.

e. It covers all major energy activities, in

duction, trade, stocks, and prices, for all

, including fossil fuels and electricity. The

Information Administration (EIA) statistics

ces. In the past, EIA’s consumption series

of the renewable energy used in the United

ed by electric utilities. Last year, for the first

umers was integrated into EIA’s historical

0 forward. Incorporation of non-electric util

onsumption adds about 3 quadrillion Btu to

es four new tables:

Government Severance Taxes, 1985–1993,”

ective energy severance taxes per volume of

s, and coal and on energy severance taxes as a

panies Reporting to the Financial Reporting

,” is a grid displaying which major U.S. energy

to the Financial Reporting System (FRS) in

5 through 1994 (the most recent year for which

ble).

mpanies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Explo

ment by Region, 1977–1994,” presents, for the

ort, data on FRS companies’ expenditures for

nada, Europe, and other regions.

c Power Industry Net Generation by Selected

Resources, 1949–1995,” presents data on re

se by electric utilities and nonutility power

producers side by side in the same table to allow the reader tocompare them directly.

For the most part, fuel-specific data in the AER are expressed in physical units, such as barrels, cubic feet, and short tons. The integrated

summary data in Section 1 are expressed in Btu. The Btu values arecalculated by using the conversion factors in Appendix A. Statisticsexpressed in Btu are valuable in that they allow for comparisons amongdifferent fuels and for the calculation of integrated summary statistics,such as U.S. consumption of energy.The AER emphasizes domestic energy statistics. Accordingly, Sections

1 through 10 and 12 of this report are devoted to U.S. statistics, whileSection 11 is reserved for most of the international statistics, such asworld production of energy. The one exception is trade data. For example, Table 5.4, which presents statistics on petroleum imports bycountry of origin, is found in Section 5. To keep table and figure titlesin Sections 1 through 10 and 12 concise, “United States” is usually notspecified. Readers interested in more detailed international data thanare presented in the AER should consult EIA’s International EnergyAnnual.Publication of the AER each year is in keeping with responsibilitiesgiven EIA in Section 205(a)(2) of the Department of Energy Organization Act, Public Law 95-91. The report is intended for use by Membersof Congress, Federal and State agencies, energy analysts, and the general public. EIA welcomes suggestions from readers regarding itsenergy data series. To make a suggestion or to obtain specific information regarding the contents of the AER, readers may call any of thesubject specialists listed as contacts on the preceding pages.Printed copies of the 1995 edition of the Annual Energy Review may

be obtained by using the order form in the back of this publication orby contacting the U.S. Government Printing Office or the National Energy Information Center, as listed on the inside front cover of thisreport. Most of the data in this report are also available electronically.For more information about electronic access to the AER, please refer

to the inside back cover of this report.

Preface

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 v
Contents

Page

lopments in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

ew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

gy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

cators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

rces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

ergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

l Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

ersion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

her Physical Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

de Emission Factors for Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

n Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

ic Product and Implicit Price Deflators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

egions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

w, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

ow, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

w, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 vii
ew Page

verview, Selected Years, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

roduction by Source, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

onsumption by Source, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

mports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

onsumption and Energy Consumption per Capita, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13onsumption and Consumption per Capita by State, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15onsumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

ernment Energy Consumption, Fiscal Years 1981-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27ernment Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1985 and 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

el Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31el Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

y Consumption

onsumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

uring Energy Consumption Measures, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41uring Fuel-Switching Capability Within 30 Days, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43uring Energy Intensity by Industry, 1985, 1988, and 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

roduced Energy Consumed for Heat and Power by Selected Industry Group, 1974-1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

uring Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Energy Source, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49uring Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation in 1991 by

Management Activity Present From 1989-1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

uring Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Technology, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

d Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55d Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-1993 . . . . . . 57d Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators by Census Region and Vintage of Housing Unit, 1993 . . . 59ds With Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

d Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

ehicle Efficiency, 1960-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67ehicle Registrations and Motor Fuel Consumption, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

cial Buildings Characteristics by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71cial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
y Consumption (continued) Page

cial Buildings Expenditures by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75cial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . 77cial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

ators

el Production Prices, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

xpenditures and Price Indices, 1970-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

rice Estimates by Sector, 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

xpenditure Estimates, 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

mpanies’ Operations, Selected Statistics, 1975-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99mpanies’ Net Income, 1975-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101mpanies’ Net Investment in Place, 1975-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103mpanies’ Additions to Investment in Place, 1975-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

vernment Severance Taxes, 1985-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

es Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1975-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

ces

ered Recoverable Resource Estimates for Petroleum, 1987 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

l and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate Recovery,

ear 1977-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Gas Development Wells, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

loration and Development Expenditures, Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, and Production of Liquid and

Hydrocarbons by FRS Companies and U.S. Industry, 1975-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

mpanies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 1977-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . 127

d Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

monstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Reserves and Resources, December 31, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

inued)

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 ix
Page

m Overview, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

l and Lease Condensate Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

m Imports by Type, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145m Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147m Exports by Type, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149m Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151m Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Input and Output, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

m Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161m Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Industrial Sector, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . 164m Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Total, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

m Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

l Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

l Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

ales Prices and Refiner Margins of Selected Petroleum Products, 1980-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

asoline and Residential Heating Oil Retail Prices, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Gas Overview, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Gas Production, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Gas Wellhead and Import Prices, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

rview, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

duction, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

nued)

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
d) Page

sumption by Sector, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

orts by Country of Destination, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

cks, End of Year 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

ing Productivity, 1949-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

erview, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

es, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

y Overview, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Power Industry Net Generation and Net Summer Capability, 1992-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Energy Source, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Prime Mover, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Savings, and Costs, 1989-1994 . . . 243Utility Net Summer Capability, End of Year 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

ces of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

y Power Overview, 1989-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253y Power Gross Generation, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

y

Generating Units, End of Year 1973-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Power Plant Operations, 1957-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Overview, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

ergy

le Energy Consumption by Source, 1990-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267le Energy Consumption by Sector, 1990-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

d Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption by Sector and Census Region, Selected Years 1981-1995 . . . 269

ds That Burn Wood, Selected Years, 1980-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

ermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1984 and 1986-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273ermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

taic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade, 1982-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

inued)

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 xi
ergy (continued) Page

taic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1989-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Power Industry Net Summer Capability and Net Generation of Electricity by Selected Renewable

esources, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Power Industry Net Generation by Selected Renewable Energy Resources, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Energy

imary Energy Production, 1985-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289imary Energy Production by Source, 1973-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

ude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

otary Rigs in Operation, 1982-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

ude Oil Production, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

atural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

ude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301ude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303troleum Consumption, 1960-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

m Stocks in OECD Countries, End of Year 1973-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

y Natural Gas Production, 1985-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309y Natural Gas Supply and Disposition, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311y Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

ecoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315oal Production, 1985-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317oal Consumption, 1980-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

et Generation of Electricity by Type, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

ectrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

ydroelectric Power Net Generation, 1985-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325uclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1982-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

l Indicators

d Emissions of Greenhouse Gases by Gas, 1985-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Dioxide Emissions From Fossil Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Dioxide Emissions From Energy Use by Sector, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Emissions From Anthropogenic Sources, 1985-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

s From Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generating Units at Electric Utilities, 1985-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants With

mental Equipment, 1985-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

nued)

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
inued)

mal Conversion Factors Page

mate Heat Content of Petroleum Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343mate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant Liquids, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . 344mate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345mate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346mate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347mate Heat Content of Coal by Type, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348mate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

ic and Other Physical Conversion Factors

onversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

efixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

ysical Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

on Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Coal-Consuming Sector, 1980-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

gy Units in Perspective

y Per Capita Consumption of Energy by Type, 1975, 1985, and 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

quivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

s Domestic Product and Implicit Price Deflators

mestic Product and Implicit Price Deflators, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 xiii
ew Page

verview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

roduction by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

onsumption by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

mports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

onsumption and Energy Consumption per Capita, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12onsumption and Consumption per Capita by State, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14onsumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Degree-Days for Heating Season, by Month, 1949-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Degree-Days for Cooling Season, by Month, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

ernment Energy Consumption, Fiscal Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26ernment Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

el Production on Federally Administered Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30el Consumption for Nonfuel Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

y Consumption

onsumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

uring Energy Consumption Measures, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40uring Fuel-Switching Capability Within 30 Days, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42uring Offsite Energy Intensity Change by Industry Group, 1985 to 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

roduced Energy Consumed for Heat and Power by Selected Industry Group, 1974-1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

uring Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48uring Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation in 1991 by

Management Activity Present From 1989-1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

uring Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Technology, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

d Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54d Energy Consumption and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56d Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators by Census Region and Vintage of Housing Unit, 1993 . . . 58ds With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

d Motor Vehicle Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

hicle Efficiency, 1960-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

ehicle Registrations and Motor Fuel Consumption, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

cial Buildings Characteristics by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70cial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
gy Consumption (continued) Page

cial Buildings Expenditures by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74cial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . 76cial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

cators

uel Production Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

 Fossil Fuel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Fossil Fuel Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Fossil Fuel Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Expenditures and Price Indices, 1970-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Price Estimates by Sector, 1985-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Expenditure Estimates, 1985-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

mpanies’ Operations, Selected Statistics, 1975-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98mpanies’ Return on Investment by Type of Business, 1977-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100mpanies’ Net Investment in Place, 1975-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102mpanies’ Additions to Investment in Place, 1975-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

vernment Severance Taxes, 1985-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

rces

vered Recoverable Resource Estimates for Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

il and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Ultimate

y, End of Year, 1977-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Gas Drilling Activity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Gas Development Wells, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Wells Drilled, 1960-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

ploration and Development Expenditures, Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, and Production of Liquid and

 Hydrocarbons by FRS Companies and U.S. Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

mpanies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

nd Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

monstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

 Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Reserves and Resources, December 31, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

tinued)

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 xv
Page

m Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

l and Lease Condensate Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

m Imports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144m Imports by Country of Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146m Exports by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148m Exports by Country of Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150m Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Input and Output, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

m Products Supplied by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160m Products Supplied by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162m Products Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

m Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

l Domestic First Purchase Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

l Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

ales Prices of Selected Petroleum Products, 1980-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

asoline and Residential Heating Oil Retail Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Gas Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Gas Production, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Gas Delivered for the Account of Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Gas Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Gas Wellhead and Import Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Gas Prices by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

rview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

duction, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

tinued)

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
d) Page

sumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

orts by Country of Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

cks, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

ing Productivity, 1949-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

erview, 1949-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

es, 1959-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

y Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Power Industry Net Generation and Net Summer Capability, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Prime Mover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Utility Retail Sales of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Utility Demand-Side Management Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Utility Net Summer Capability, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

ces of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

y Power Overview, 1989-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252y Power Gross Generation, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

y

Generating Units, December 31, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Power Plant Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

ergy

le Energy Consumption Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

d Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

ds That Burn Wood, Selected Years, 1980-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

ermal Collector Shipments and Trade, 1974-1984 and 1986-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272ermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

taic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276taic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

tinued)

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 xvii
ergy (continued) Page

Power Industry Net Summer Capability by Selected Renewable Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Power Industry Net Generation by Selected Renewable Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Energy

imary Energy Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288imary Energy Production by Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

ude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

otary Rigs in Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

ude Oil Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

atural Gas Plant Liquids Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

ude Oil Prices by Selected Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300ude Oil Refining Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302troleum Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

m Stocks in OECD Countries, End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

y Natural Gas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308y Natural Gas Supply and Disposition, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310y Natural Gas Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

ecoverable Reserves of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314oal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316oal Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

et Generation of Electricity, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

ectrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

ydroelectric Power Net Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324uclear Electricity Gross Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

l Indicators

d Emissions of Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Dioxide Emissions From Fossil Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332Dioxide Emissions From Energy Use by Sector, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Emissions From Anthropogenic Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

s From Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generating Units at Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generators for Electric

ants With Environmental Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Census Regions and Divisions

sus Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

tinued)

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
Major Energy Developments in 1995

and Sets Another Record

my, generally low energy prices, a heat wave in

lly cold weather in November and December all

secutive year of growth in U.S. total energy con

all-time high of almost 91 quadrillion Btu in

me as a result of increases in the consumption of

ectric power, and renewable energy. Petroleum

and its use declined by only 0.3 percent. (Inte

able energy consumed outside the electric utility

y consumption boosted the total by about 3.4

without that integration, U.S. total energy con

d a record level in 1995.)

es’ preference for other energy sources and

crude oil in 1995 led to the small decrease in

12b). Petroleum consumption declined 0.02

 the 1994 level to 17.70 million barrels per day

ine in electric utilities’ consumption of petro

nt decline in industrial consumption, more than

es of 1.7 percent and 1.8 percent in the trans

sidential and commercial sector, respectively

ducts, residual fuel oil showed the greatest de

). Residual fuel oil consumption fell 17 percent

ay, due to electric utilities’ preference for other

mply with environmental regulations. Consump

d, down 1.3 percent to 1.51 million barrels per

ion of motor gasoline, which consistently ac

of all petroleum products supplied, rose 2.5

ls per day in 1995. The improved economy con

illate fuel oil consumption of 1.3 percent to 3.20

sumption of liquefied petroleum gases rose 1.1

ls per day.

Natural gas. Consumption of natural gas in 1995 rose 4.0 percent to

21.6 trillion cubic feet (6.6). Increased demand in all sectors exceptresidential was responsible for the growth. The industrial sector aloneconsumed 9.8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in 1995.

Coal. Consumption of coal in 1995 rose 1.1 percent to 941 million

short tons (7.3). The increase occurred primarily at electric utilities,where 88 percent of the coal was consumed.

Electricity. Electricity sales of 3.0 trillion kilowatthours were 2.4 percent above 1994 sales (8.6). Sales to the residential sector rose 3.5

percent, and sales to the industrial sector rose 0.3 percent. Electricitysales to the commercial sector rose 4.0 percent.

Renewable energy. Renewable energy consumption rose 9.3 percent

to 6.9 quadrillion Btu, the highest on record and an 8-percent share oftotal energy consumption (10.1a and 1.3). Conventional hydroelectricpower, consumed primarily at electric utilities to generate electricity,accounted for 3.5 quadrillion Btu, half of the renewable energy total(10.1a). Biofuels (fuelwood, wood byproducts, waste wood, municipalsolid waste, manufacturing process waste, and alcohol fuels) accountedfor 2.9 quadrillion Btu of consumption. Biofuels were consumed byall sectors and were the primary form of renewable energy consumedby the transportation sector. Consumption of geothermal energy (in theform of grid-connected electricity) totaled 0.4 quadrillion Btu. Solarenergy is used primarily by the residential and commercial sector,which consumed 0.06 quadrillion Btu in 1995, and by the industrialsector, which accounted for 0.01 quadrillion Btu. Wind energy is usedprimarily by the industrial sector, which accounted for 0.04 quadrillion Btu in 1995.

Energy intensity. The energy intensity of the economy, when measured in terms of energy consumption per dollar of gross domestic

product (GDP), declined in 1995 for the fourth year in a row (1.7).About 13 thousand Btu of energy were consumed for each chained(1992) dollar of GDP in 1995, compared with about 19 thousand Btuper chained (1992) dollar in the early 1970’s. The energy intensity ofthe economy declined during the 1970’s, 1980’s, and 1990’s due to increases in energy efficiency, conservation, the expansion of the service

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 xix
d less energy-intensive industries. The Energy

es additional energy efficiency standards that

y intensity of the economy.

ion Reaches a Record Level

n in 1995 rose 0.8 percent to 71.2 quadrillion

ease was attributed to increased production of

ar electric power. Production of renewable en

Btu to 6.6 quadrillion Btu and production of

0.4 quadrillion Btu to 7.2 quadrillion Btu. In

hree major fossil fuels in 1995 was below 1994

0.2 quadrillion Btu from the 1994 level to 21.9

production fell 0.04 quadrillion Btu to 19.23

oil (including lease condensate) production fell

quadrillion Btu (the lowest level in 41 years).

uction each accounted for a greater share of

e oil. Coal production accounted for 31 per

dry natural gas production accounted for 27

oduction accounted for 19 percent.

s exploration. Exploration for crude oil and

o market conditions. In 1995, the continuing

rsed a modest upturn in domestic exploratory

ad fallen to the lowest levels in at least 44

ry rigs in operation fell from 775 in 1994 to

atory wells drilled fell from 3.6 thousand to

er, the percentage of successful exploratory

percent in 1994 to 44 percent in 1995 (4.5).

rude oil production dropped to 6.5 million bar

cent from the level in 1994 (5.1). However,

refineries in 1995 rose to 16 million barrels

ine, at 7.4 million barrels per day, was by far

t. The refinery utilization rate was 92 per

e in 22 years (5.9).

Petroleum stocks. At year end, the Strategic Petroleum Reserve held

592 million barrels of crude oil (5.15), enough to replace petroleum netimports for 75 days. Privately held stocks of crude oil totaled 302 million barrels (5.14). Privately held stocks of petroleum products totaled668 million barrels.

Natural gas production. Gross withdrawals of natural gas in 1995 totaled 24 trillion cubic feet, and dry gas production totaled 19 trillion

cubic feet (6.2). U.S. total gross withdrawals include a small but growing amount of methane produced from coalbeds. In 1994, grosswithdrawals of coalbed methane totaled about 851 billion cubic feet,1

an amount equal to 5 percent of U.S. total dry production. However,the rate of increase in coalbed methane reserves slowed after 1992,when Federal tax incentives for new coalbed methane wells expired.In 1994, coalbed methane reserves declined for the first time since datacollection began in 1988. Coalbed methane reserves accounted for 6percent of U.S. natural gas total reserves in 1994.Coal production. Domestic coal production in 1995 totaled 1,030 million short tons (7.1). Production of western coal rose to 488 million

short tons, 47 percent of the total (7.2). The growth in western coalwas due in part to environmental concerns that led to increased demandfor low-sulfur coal, which is concentrated in the West. In addition, surface mining, with its higher productivity, is much more prevalent in theWest.

Coal stocks. Year-end 1995 coal stocks remained at the year-end

1994 level of 169 million short tons (7.5). Electric utilities held threefourths of the coal, and coal producers and distributors held most of theremainder.

Nuclear electric power production. In 1995, nuclear electric power

production rose to an all-time high. Nuclear electricity net generation increased 5.2 percent to 673 billion kilowatthours, the highest ever, and thenuclear portion of domestic electricity net generation rose from 22.0 percent in 1994 to a record 22.5 percent in 1995 (9.2). The 1995 capacityfactor of 78 percent also was the highest ever recorded. However, thenumber of operable nuclear generating units remained at 109, two fewerthan the number in 1990 and 1991. One unit, Watts Bar 1, was licensedfor startup in 1995, but construction on the remaining six units holdingconstruction permits had been halted or canceled. The year-end 1995

1Energy Information Administration, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids

Reserves 1994 Annual Report, DOE/EIA–0216(94) (Washington, DC, October 1995), p. 34.

ectric power production rose

to an all-time high.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
perable units remained at the year-end 1994

atthours, 0.5 million kilowatthours below the

1990 and 1991.

duction. Conventional hydroelectric power

ties (which excludes hydroelectric pumped

illion kilowatthours in 1994 to 296 billion

). Hydroelectric pumped storage (total pro

ge facilities minus the energy used for

3 billion kilowatthours. The amount of elec

enewable energy (excluding hydroelectric

fell from 9 billion kilowattours in 1994 to 6

95.

Net Imports Decline

y fell to 17.8 quadrillion Btu in 1995, a de

m 1994’s record level (1.4). Changes in the

oleum and coal led to the decline. Petroleum

percent to 16.9 quadrillion Btu and coal net

nt to 2.1 quadrillion Btu. Natural gas net im

6 quadrillion Btu.

uding imports for the Strategic Petroleum Re

gh in 1995 of 7.1 million barrels per day (5.3

of petroleum products fell 32 percent to 0.7

e petroleum products registering the highest

995 were unfinished oils, motor gasoline, and

coke was the primary net export.

leum totaled 7.9 million barrels per day in

e Organization of Petroleum Exporting Coun

million barrels per day, over half of the total.

la, Saudi Arabia, and Nigeria were 1.5 mil

illion barrels per day, and 0.6 million barrels

The remaining 3.7 million barrels per day of U.S. petroleum net imports came primarily from Canada, which supplied 1.3 million barrelsper day, and Mexico, which supplied 0.9 million barrels per day. TheUnited Kingdom supplied 0.4 million barrels per day.U.S. dependence on foreign suppliers of petroleum decreased by 1.0 percentage point in 1995 (5.7). Net imports from all countries fell to a44.5-percent share of petroleum consumption. Dependence on net imports from OPEC members alone fell 0.2 percentage points to a23.7-percent share of petroleum consumption.Although petroleum dominated U.S. trade in energy, imports and exports of other energy sources played an important role:

• Natural Gas. Natural gas net imports rose to 2.6 trillion cubic feet,

due primarily to increased net imports from Canada (6.3). Trade withCanada was facilitated by the completion of the Iroquois transportation system in January 1992. Canadian natural gas exports to the U.S.market rose 5.7 percent to 2.7 trillion cubic feet. U.S. exports toCanada decreased 38 percent to 33 billion cubic feet.

• Coal. Coal remained the primary U.S. energy export. Coal exports

rose 24 percent to 89 million short tons in 1995, rebounding fromthe 1994 level, which was the lowest in 15 years (7.1). Coalexports to almost all countries increased. Japan, Canada, and Italyremained the three largest foreign purchasers of U.S. coal.

• Electricity. Net imports of electricity totaled 37 billion kilowatthours

in 1995 (8.1). Electricity net imports contributed only a small share ofU.S. electricity consumption.

Energy Prices Remained Low

Although the U.S. refiners’ real2 composite acquisition cost of crude

oil rose to $16.03 per barrel, up from $14.85 in 1994, the cost remainedwell below the high costs of the 1970’s and 1980’s.The end-use prices, excluding taxes, of most petroleum products alsoincreased in 1995 (5.20). The average price of all types of motor gasoline rose from 74 cents per gallon in 1994 to 77 cents per gallon in1995. Aviation gasoline, kerosene-type jet fuel, residual fuel oil, and

2Real (inflation-adjusted) prices are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.

mports rose to an all-time high

7.1 million barrels per day.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 xxi
ices, excluding taxes, also increased. In con

per gallon, excluding taxes, of kerosene,

declined in 1995.

price of all categories of natural gas fell 17

and cubic feet (6.8). Lower costs of produc

ral gas benefited consumers. The average

by residential consumers was down 7.5 per

ice. Corresponding prices paid by the

es, and industrial sectors were down 10 per

rcent, respectively (6.9 and E1).

ituminous coal and lignite at the minemouth

, down for the sixteenth year in a row (7.8).

The real price of coal at electric utilities, where most coal is consumed,was $25.20 per short ton, down from $26.70 per short ton in 1994.The weighted average real price of electricity to all sectors declinedslightly to 6.4 cents per kilowatthour in 1995 (8.11). The averagereal price of electricity sold to the residential sector, where priceshave usually been the highest, was 7.8 cents per kilowatthour, down2.5 percent from the real price in 1994. The commercial sector pricefell 1.4 percent to 7.2 cents per kilowatthour in 1995. Industrial customers continued to pay prices that were favorable compared withprices in other sectors. In 1995, the real price of electricity sold toindustrial users was 4.4 cents per kilowatthour, down 4.3 percentfrom the price in 1994.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
1. Energy Overview

Production

els have accounted for the bulk of domestic

y 1995 totaled 71 quadrillion Btu (1.2).* Coal

hare of domestic energy production in 1949-

s, again in 1982 and in 1984 through 1995. In

and then natural gas dominated domestic pro

uction totaled 22 quadrillion Btu. Dry natural

uadrillion Btu and crude oil production totaled

gas plant liquids accounted for another 2.4

y by electric utilities increased throughout the

8.1), registering only two year-to-year declines

nd again in 1992). However, the rate of growth

slowed during the 47-year period. From 1949

owth rate averaged 7.1 percent, whereas from

ual growth rate averaged 1.8 percent. After the

r fuels provided increasing shares of fuel input

displacing substantial quantities of petroleum

ral gas (8.3).

(conventional and pumped storage) ac

rillion Btu of electricity in 1949 and from

sually provided about 3 quadrillion Btu per

988, the second year of drought, hydroelec

y 2.3 quadrillion Btu. In 1995, it totaled 3.2

urces also contributed to the domestic energy

which includes wood and waste, contributed

1995 total (1.2). Geothermal, solar, and wind

d 0.5 quadrillion Btu. Renewable energy pro

ntional hydroelectric power and excluding

ge) totaled 6.6 quadrillion Btu, 9.3 percent of

n.

Consumption

Energy consumption more than doubled during the 1949-through-1973period, increasing from 30 quadrillion Btu in 1949 to 74 quadrillionBtu in 1973 (1.3), and the U.S. economy grew at about the same rate.The domestic energy market was dominated by rapid growth in petroleum and natural gas consumption, which more than tripled during theperiod. After the 1973 oil shock, energy consumption fluctuated, influenced by dramatic changes in oil prices, changes in the rate of growthof the domestic economy, and such factors as concerns about the effect of energy use on the environment. The post-1973 low point ofenergy consumption, 71 quadrillion Btu, occurred in 1983 following aperiod of very high oil prices. The highest level of energy consumpIndicators of Energy Intensity

The relationship between total energy consumption and real grossdomestic product (GDP) is a traditional indicator of the energy intensityof the economy. In 1970, 20 thousand Btu of energy were consumed foreach chained (1992) dollar of GDP (1.7). Higher energy prices in theearly 1970’s led to increases in energy efficiency and a significantrestructuring of the energy-intensive activities of the manufacturingsector. In 1985, the energy intensity of the economy as a whole fell below14 thousand Btu per chained (1992) dollar, where it remained through1995.A second indicator of energy intensity is per capita consumption.Throughout the 1960’s and early 1970’s, the growth of end-use energyconsumption was greater than the growth of the population (1.5). Percapita consumption rose from 212 million Btu in 1960 to a peak of 285million Btu in 1973. Thereafter, per capita consumption trended downward to as low as 226 million Btu in 1983. In the 1990’s, low petroleumprices encouraged energy use, and end-use energy consumption roseto 264 million Btu per capita in 1995.1

1The inclusion of non-electric consumption of renewable energy in the totals of U.S.

energy consumption for 1990 through 1994 increased the per capita values. 

cate related tables. Annual data are the most recent 

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 1
ccurred in 1995, following several years when

d after 1973 reflected an increasing empha

d by coal, nuclear, and renewable energy

c utility use of renewable sources. In 1973,

s accounted for 77 percent of total energy

eir share had declined to 63 percent.3

ces in a Volatile Market

nges in fossil fuel prices have become more

nced (3.1). Prior to the oil embargo of 1973-

price4 per million Btu of crude oil, natural

to a post-World War II low of $1.03 in 1968

er, the real price rose to $1.76 and eventu

981 after a second round of crude oil price

production of crude oil began to affect en

de oil prices plunged in 1986, the composite

il fuels fell to $2.05. In 1995, the composite

st in 22 years.

ugh-1995 period, changes in the real price of

in the composite index. The real price of oil

n 1959 and 1970 and then rose sharply in

through 1981. Thereafter, in the face of

excess production, price trends reversed

es in 1986 and 1988 brought the real price of

er million Btu, the lowest level since 1973. In

5. In 1990, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait con

crude oil prices to $3.69 per million Btu. In

of producers to supply replacement oil, cou

onomic recession that depressed petroleum

n crude oil prices to $2.93 per million Btu. In

was $2.35 per million Btu.

Prices of coal and natural gas were much less volatile than those ofoil. Coal markets are generally less vulnerable to supply disruptionsthan are oil markets, where the output and pricing policies of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were a majorinfluence during much of the 1973-through-1995 period. Natural gasprices were subject to substantial State and Federal regulation.Throughout the 1970’s, regulation dampened the response of naturalgas prices relative to the oil price movement. However, the weakeningof crude oil prices after 1985 was severe enough to trigger declines inthe prices of the other fossil fuels, particularly that of natural gas. In1995, the real price of crude oil per million Btu of $2.35 was 56 percent below the 1985 price (3.1). The real price of natural gas was 53percent lower, and the real price of bituminous coal and lignite was 43percent lower, than their respective prices in 1985.

Changing Patterns of Trade

From 1958 forward, the United States consumed more energy than itproduced, and the difference was met by energy imports (1.2, 1.3, and1.4). Net imports of energy (primarily petroleum) grew rapidly through1973, as demand for cheap foreign oil eroded quotas on petroleum imports. The oil embargo of 1973-1974, coupled with the increase in theprice of crude oil, interrupted growth in petroleum net imports; nevertheless, they climbed to a peak of 18 quadrillion Btu in 1977 (1.4). Thatyear, U.S. dependence on foreign sources of petroleum reached an alltime high of 47 percent (5.7). A second round of price increases in1979 through 1981 suppressed demand for foreign oil. In 1985, petroleum net imports totaled 9.0 quadrillion Btu, and U.S. dependence fellto 27 percent of consumption (1.4 and 5.7). Subsequently, petroleumnet imports increased every year through 1989, when U.S. dependenceon foreign sources of petroleum reached 42 percent of consumption. In1995, the fifth consecutive year of low crude oil prices, petroleum netimports rose to 17 quadrillion Btu and U.S. dependence on themequaled 45 percent—the second highest level in 18 years.Natural gas trade was limited to border countries until the advent of shipping natural gas in liquefied form in the late 1960’s. In 1995, natural gasnet imports reached the record level of 2.6 quadrillion Btu (1.4).Throughout the 1949-through-1995 period, the United States was a net exporter of coal (1.4). In 1995, coal net exports totaled 2.1 quadrillion Btu.

on in 1990 through 1995 was roughly 3 quadrillion Btu

age of non-electric utility use of renewable energy. Even

nergy consumption, however, 1995 U.S. total energy con

rd. 

an it would have been had non-electric utility consumption

uded in U.S. total energy consumption. 

ces are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.1 Energy Overview

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded 

coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

2 Stock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and unaccountedfor supply.

4

Note: Data for 1995 are preliminary.Source: Table 1.1.

Overview, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

255075

100

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative) Production1 Consumption1 Net Imports and Adjustments2

Overview, 1995

Production Imports Exports Adjustments2 Consumption

0

255075

100

71.2

22.4

4.6 1.6

90.6

Quadrillion Btu 

Production 71.2

Adjustments2

1.6

Imports

22.4

Energy Flow, 1995(Quadrillion Btu)
Table 1.1 Energy Overview, Selected Years, 1960-1995

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Activity and Energy Source 1960 1970 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 

Production ................................................. 41.49 62.07 64.76 64.42 63.96 61.28 65.96 64.87 64.35 64.95 66.10 66.13 R,170.75 R70.41 

 Fossil Fuels .............................................. 39.87 59.19 59.01 58.53 57.46 54.42 58.85 57.54 56.58 57.17 57.87 57.47 58.56 57.83  Coal ........................................................ 10.82 14.61 18.60 18.38 18.64 17.25 19.72 19.33 19.51 20.14 20.74 21.35 22.46 21.59  Natural Gas (Dry) ................................... 12.66 21.67 19.91 19.70 18.32 16.59 18.01 16.98 16.54 17.14 17.60 17.85 18.36 18.23  Crude Oil 2 .............................................. 14.93 20.40 18.25 18.15 18.31 18.39 18.85 18.99 18.38 17.67 17.28 16.12 15.57 15.70  Natural Gas Plant Liquids ....................... 1.46 2.51 2.25 2.31 2.19 2.18 2.27 2.24 2.15 2.22 2.26 2.16 2.17 2.31  Nuclear Electric Power 3 ........................... 0.01 0.24 2.74 3.01 3.13 3.20 3.55 4.15 4.47 4.91 5.66 5.68 6.16 6.58 

 Hydroelectric Pumped Storage 4 .............. 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) -0.04 -0.05 

 Renewable Energy ................................... 1.61 2.65 3.01 2.88 3.37 3.66 3.56 3.18 3.30 2.88 2.57 2.98 R,16.06 R6.05 

 Conventional Hydroelectric Power ......... 1.61 2.63 2.90 2.76 3.27 3.53 3.39 2.97 3.07 2.63 2.33 2.77 63.01 2.98 

 Geothermal Energy ................................ (s) 0.01 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.20 R,10.34 R0.35 

 Biofuels 7 ................................................ (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 12.63 2.64  Solar Energy ........................................... 0 0 0 000000000 10.07 0.07 

 Wind Energy ........................................... 0 0 0 0 0 (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 10.02 0.03 Imports ...................................................... 4.23 8.39 15.97 13.97 12.09 12.03 12.77 12.10 14.44 15.76 17.56 18.95 18.99 18.58  Natural Gas .............................................. 0.16 0.85 1.01 0.92 0.95 0.94 0.85 0.95 0.75 0.99 1.30 1.39 1.55 1.80 

 Crude Oil 8 ................................................ 2.20 2.81 11.19 9.34 7.42 7.08 7.30 6.81 9.00 10.07 11.03 12.60 12.77 12.55 

 Petroleum Products 9 ............................... 1.80 4.66 3.46 3.30 3.36 3.57 4.13 3.80 4.20 4.10 4.72 4.57 4.35 3.79 

 Other 10 ..................................................... 0.07 0.07 0.31 0.42 0.36 0.44 0.49 0.54 0.49 0.61 0.52 0.40 0.32 R0.44 Exports ...................................................... 1.48 2.66 3.72 4.33 4.63 3.72 3.80 4.23 4.06 3.85 4.42 4.77 4.91 5.22  Coal .......................................................... 1.02 1.94 2.42 2.94 2.79 2.04 2.15 2.44 2.25 2.09 2.50 2.64 2.77 2.85  Crude Oil .................................................. 0.43 0.55 1.16 1.26 1.73 1.57 1.54 1.66 1.67 1.63 1.74 1.84 1.82 2.13  Other 11 ..................................................... 0.03 0.18 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.29 0.31 0.24 Adjustments 12 .......................................... -0.43 -1.37 -1.05 -0.08 -0.57 0.94 -0.78 1.24 -0.44 0.03 0.96 1.02 -0.67 R0.27 

Consumption13 ......................................... 43.80 66.43 75.96 73.99 70.85 70.52 74.14 73.98 74.30 76.89 80.22 81.33 R,184.17 R84.05 

 Fossil Fuels .............................................. 42.14 63.52 69.98 67.75 64.04 63.29 66.62 66.22 66.15 68.63 71.66 72.55 71.96 71.23  Coal ........................................................ 9.84 12.26 15.42 15.91 15.32 15.89 17.07 17.48 17.26 18.01 18.85 18.93 19.10 18.77  Coal Coke Net Imports ........................... -0.01 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 0.01 0.04 0.03 (s) 0.01  Natural Gas 14 ........................................ 12.39 21.79 20.39 19.93 18.51 17.36 18.51 17.83 16.71 17.74 18.55 19.38 19.30 19.61  Petroleum 15 ........................................... 19.92 29.52 34.20 31.93 30.23 30.05 31.05 30.92 32.20 32.87 34.22 34.21 33.55 32.85  Nuclear Electric Power ............................. 0.01 0.24 2.74 3.01 3.13 3.20 3.55 4.15 4.47 4.91 5.66 5.68 6.16 6.58 

 Hydroelectric Pumped Storage 4 .............. 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) -0.04 -0.05 

 Renewable Energy ................................... 1.66 2.67 3.23 3.23 3.68 4.03 3.97 3.61 3.68 3.36 2.90 3.10 R,16.16 R6.27 

 Conventional Hydroelectric Power 16 ..... 1.66 2.65 3.12 3.11 3.57 3.90 3.80 3.40 3.45 3.12 2.66 2.88 63.10 R3.18  Geothermal Energy17 ............................. (s) 0.01 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.20 R,10.34 R0.35  Biofuels 7 ................................................ (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 2.63 2.64  Solar Energy ........................................... 0 0 0 000000000 0.07 0.07  Wind Energy ........................................... 0 0 0 0 0 (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) 10.02 0.03 

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 See Note 1 at end of section. 4 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 5 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hydroelectric power. 6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumped storageis removed and expanded coverage of industrial use of hydroelectric power is included. 7 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solid waste,agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste. 8 Includes imports of crude oil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 9 Includes imports of unfinished oils and natural gas plant liquids.

10 "Other" imports are coal, electricity, and coal coke.11 "Other" exports are natural gas, petroleum products, electricity, and coal coke.

12 A balancing item. Includes stock changes, losses, gains, m

unaccounted-for supply.

13 From 1990, the portion of net imports of electricity that is deriv

included directly in "Consumption." 

14 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels.15 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquid16 Through 1989, includes all net imports of electricity. From 199

of electricity that is derived from hydroelectric power.

17 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from g

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.4, 10.1a, Energy 

industrial hydroelectric power, and conversion factors in Appendix A
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.2 Energy Production by Source

6

1 "Other" is renewable energy and pumped-storage hydroelectric power.2 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded 

coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

3 Includes lease condensate. Natural gas plant liquids.

 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric powe "Other" is solar energy and wind energy.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 1.2.

By Major Source, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

048

12162024

Quadrillion Btu

6

By Source, 1995

Coal Natural Crude Oil 3 Nuclear Hydro- Biofuels NGPL Geothermal

06

121824

21.9

19.2

13.8

7.2

3.2 2.9 2.4

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

Gas Electric 

Power

electric 

Power

and Other

By Source, 1949-1995

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

20406080

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative) Coal Natural Gas Total 2

Nuclear Electric

Power

Crude Oil 3

Nat

Coal

Hydroelectric Power 

4

6

Other 1 2,

Crude Oil 3 and NGPL4

4

5

5
Table 1.2 Energy Production by Source, 1949-1995

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power 2

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal 

Natural

Gas

(Dry)

Crude

Oil 1

Natural

Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Geothermal

Energy Biofuels 4

Solar

Energy

W

En

1949 11.974 5.377 10.683 0.714 28.748 0 5 ( ) 1.425 0 0.006 0 

1950 14.060 6.233 11.447 0.823 32.563 0 5 ( ) 1.415 0 0.005 0 1951 14.419 7.416 13.037 0.920 35.792 0 5 ( ) 1.424 0 0.005 0 1952 12.735 7.964 13.281 0.998 34.977 0 5 ( ) 1.466 0 0.006 0 1953 12.278 8.339 13.671 1.062 35.349 0 5 ( ) 1.413 0 0.005 0 1954 10.542 8.682 13.427 1.113 33.764 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 (s) 0 1955 12.370 9.345 14.410 1.240 37.364 0 5 ( ) 1.360 0 (s) 0 1956 13.306 10.002 15.180 1.283 39.771 0 5 ( ) 1.435 0 (s) 0 1957 13.061 10.605 15.178 1.289 40.133 (s) 5 ( ) 1.516 0 (s) 0 1958 10.783 10.942 14.204 1.287 37.216 (s) 5 ( ) 1.592 0 (s) 0 1959 10.778 11.952 14.933 1.383 39.045 (s) 5 ( ) 1.548 0 (s) 0 1960 10.817 12.656 14.935 1.461 39.869 0.006 5 ( ) 1.608 (s) (s) 0 1961 10.447 13.105 15.206 1.549 40.307 0.020 5 ( ) 1.656 (s) (s) 0 1962 10.901 13.717 15.522 1.593 41.732 0.026 5 ( ) 1.816 (s) (s) 0 1963 11.849 14.513 15.966 1.709 44.037 0.038 5 ( ) 1.771 (s) (s) 0 1964 12.524 15.298 16.164 1.803 45.789 0.040 5 ( ) 1.886 0.005 (s) 0 1965 13.055 15.775 16.521 1.883 47.235 0.043 5 ( ) 2.059 (s) (s) 0 1966 13.468 17.011 17.561 1.996 50.036 0.064 5 ( ) 2.062 (s) (s) 0 1967 13.826 17.943 18.651 2.177 52.597 0.088 5 ( ) 2.347 0.007 (s) 0 1968 13.608 19.068 19.308 2.321 54.306 0.142 5 ( ) 2.349 0.009 (s) 0 1969 13.864 20.446 19.556 2.420 56.286 0.154 5 ( ) 2.648 0.013 (s) 0 1970 14.607 21.666 20.401 2.512 59.186 0.239 5 ( ) 2.634 0.011 (s) 0 1971 13.185 22.280 20.033 2.544 58.041 0.413 5 ( ) 2.824 0.012 (s) 0 1972 14.091 22.208 20.041 2.598 58.938 0.584 5 ( ) 2.864 0.031 (s) 0 1973 13.993 22.187 19.493 2.569 58.242 0.910 5 ( ) 2.861 0.043 (s) 0 1974 14.074 21.210 18.575 2.471 56.331 1.272 5 ( ) 3.177 0.053 (s) 0 1975 14.990 19.640 17.729 2.374 54.734 1.900 5 ( ) 3.155 0.070 (s) 0 1976 15.654 19.480 17.262 2.327 54.723 2.111 5 ( ) 2.976 0.078 (s) 0 1977 15.755 19.565 17.454 2.327 55.101 2.702 5 ( ) 2.333 0.077 0.005 0 1978 14.910 19.485 18.434 2.245 55.074 3.024 5 ( ) 2.937 0.064 (s) 0 1979 17.539 20.076 18.104 2.286 58.005 2.776 5 ( ) 2.931 0.084 0.005 0 1980 18.597 19.908 18.249 2.254 59.007 2.739 5 ( ) 2.900 0.110 0.005 0 1981 18.376 19.699 18.146 2.307 58.529 3.008 5 ( ) 2.758 0.123 (s) 0 1982 18.639 18.319 18.309 2.191 57.458 3.131 5 ( ) 3.266 0.105 (s) 0 1983 17.246 16.593 18.392 2.184 54.416 3.203 5 ( ) 3.527 0.129 (s) 0 1984 19.719 18.008 18.848 2.274 58.849 3.553 5 ( ) 3.386 0.165 0.009 0 1985 19.325 16.980 18.992 2.241 57.539 4.149 5 ( ) 2.970 0.198 0.014 0 1986 19.510 16.541 18.376 2.149 56.576 4.471 5 ( ) 3.071 0.219 0.012 0 1987 20.142 17.136 17.675 2.215 57.167 4.906 5 ( ) 2.635 0.229 0.015 0 1988 20.737 17.599 17.279 2.260 57.874 5.661 5 ( ) 2.334 0.217 0.017 0 1989 21.345 17.847 16.117 2.158 57.468 5.677 5 ( ) 2.767 0.197 0.020 0 1990 22.456 18.362 15.571 2.175 58.564 6.161 -0.036 R,63.011 R,70.327 72.632 70.067 R,70

1991 21.594 18.229 15.701 2.306 57.829 6.579 -0.047 2.982 R0.332 2.642 0.068 01992 21.593 18.375 15.223 2.363 57.554 6.607 -0.043 2.608 R0.348 R2.788 0.068 01993 20.221 R18.584 14.494 2.408 R55.708 6.519 -0.041 2.884 R0.362 R2.784 0.069 0

1994 R22.068 R19.272 R14.103 2.391 R57.833 R6.837 R-0.035 2.674 R0.357 R2.852 0.068 0

1995P 21.910 19.230 13.824 2.441 57.405 7.189 -0.027 3.197 0.343 2.941 0.074 0

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 See Note 1 at end of section. 3 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solid

waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste. 5 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hydroelectric power. 6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990; beginning in 1990, pumped

storage is removed and expanded coverage of industrial use of hyd

7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadNote: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to indepeSources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.4, 10.1a, Energy I

industrial hydroelectric power, and conversion factors in Appendix A
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source

8

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded 

coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

2 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power. 

3 "Other" is solar energy and wind energy.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Sources: Tables 1.2 and 1.3.

Production and Consumption, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

100

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption1

Production1

By Source, 1995

Petroleum Natural Coal Nuclear Hydro- Biofuels Geothermal

0

10203040

34.6

22.2

19.6

7.2

3.4 2.9

0.5

Quadrillion Btu

Electric

Power

electric and Other 3

 Power 2

By Major Source, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0

10203040

Quadrillion Btu

Petroleum

N

Hydroelectric Power 2

Coal

Gas
Table 1.3 Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-1995

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 3

Renewable Energy

Coal 

Coal Coke

Net

Imports

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum 2

Total

Fossil

Fuels

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 4

Geothermal

Energy5 Biofuels 6

Solar

Energy

W

En

1949 11.981 -0.007 5.145 11.883 29.002 0 8 ( ) 1.449 0 0.006 0 

1950 12.347 (s) 5.968 13.315 31.632 0 8 ( ) 1.440 0 0.005 0 1951 12.553 -0.021 7.049 14.428 34.008 0 8 ( ) 1.454 0 0.005 0 1952 11.306 -0.012 7.550 14.956 33.800 0 8 ( ) 1.496 0 0.006 0 1953 11.373 -0.009 7.907 15.556 34.826 0 8 ( ) 1.439 0 0.005 0 1954 9.715 -0.007 8.330 15.839 33.877 0 8 ( ) 1.388 0 (s) 0 1955 11.167 -0.010 8.998 17.255 37.410 0 8 ( ) 1.407 0 (s) 0 1956 11.350 -0.013 9.614 17.937 38.888 0 8 ( ) 1.487 0 (s) 0 1957 10.821 -0.017 10.191 17.932 38.926 (s) 8 ( ) 1.557 0 (s) 0 1958 9.533 -0.007 10.663 18.527 38.717 (s) 8 ( ) 1.629 0 (s) 0 1959 9.518 -0.008 11.717 19.323 40.550 (s) 8 ( ) 1.587 0 (s) 0 1960 9.838 -0.006 12.385 19.919 42.137 0.006 8 ( ) 1.657 (s) (s) 0 1961 9.623 -0.008 12.926 20.216 42.758 0.020 8 ( ) 1.680 (s) (s) 0 1962 9.906 -0.006 13.731 21.049 44.681 0.026 8 ( ) 1.822 (s) (s) 0 1963 10.413 -0.007 14.403 21.701 46.509 0.038 8 ( ) 1.772 (s) (s) 0 1964 10.965 -0.010 15.288 22.301 48.543 0.040 8 ( ) 1.907 0.005 (s) 0 1965 11.580 -0.018 15.769 23.246 50.576 0.043 8 ( ) 2.058 (s) (s) 0 1966 12.143 -0.025 16.995 24.401 53.514 0.064 8 ( ) 2.073 (s) (s) 0 1967 11.914 -0.015 17.945 25.284 55.127 0.088 8 ( ) 2.344 0.007 (s) 0 1968 12.330 -0.017 19.210 26.979 58.502 0.142 8 ( ) 2.342 0.009 (s) 0 1969 12.382 -0.036 20.678 28.338 61.362 0.154 8 ( ) 2.659 0.013 (s) 0 1970 12.264 -0.058 21.795 29.521 63.522 0.239 8 ( ) 2.654 0.011 (s) 0 1971 11.599 -0.033 22.469 30.561 64.596 0.413 8 ( ) 2.861 0.012 (s) 0 1972 12.077 -0.026 22.698 32.947 67.696 0.584 8 ( ) 2.944 0.031 (s) 0 1973 12.971 -0.007 22.512 34.840 70.316 0.910 8 ( ) 3.010 0.043 (s) 0 1974 12.663 0.056 21.732 33.455 67.906 1.272 8 ( ) 3.309 0.053 (s) 0 1975 12.663 0.014 19.948 32.731 65.355 1.900 8 ( ) 3.219 0.070 (s) 0 1976 13.584 (s) 20.345 35.175 69.104 2.111 8 ( ) 3.066 0.078 (s) 0 1977 13.922 0.015 19.931 37.122 70.989 2.702 8 ( ) 2.515 0.077 0.005 0 1978 13.765 0.125 20.000 37.965 71.856 3.024 8 ( ) 3.141 0.064 (s) 0 1979 15.039 0.063 20.666 37.123 72.892 2.776 8 ( ) 3.141 0.084 0.005 0 1980 15.423 -0.035 20.394 34.202 69.984 2.739 8 ( ) 3.118 0.110 0.005 0 1981 15.907 -0.016 19.928 31.931 67.750 3.008 8 ( ) 3.105 0.123 (s) 0 1982 15.322 -0.022 18.505 30.232 64.037 3.131 8 ( ) 3.572 0.105 (s) 0 1983 15.894 -0.016 17.357 30.054 63.290 3.203 8 ( ) 3.899 0.129 (s) 0 1984 17.071 -0.011 18.507 31.051 66.617 3.553 8 ( ) 3.800 0.165 0.009 0 1985 17.478 -0.013 17.834 30.922 66.221 4.149 8 ( ) 3.398 0.198 0.014 0 1986 17.261 -0.017 16.708 32.196 66.148 4.471 8 ( ) 3.446 0.219 0.012 0 1987 18.008 0.009 17.744 32.865 68.626 4.906 8 ( ) 3.117 0.229 0.015 0 1988 18.846 0.040 18.552 34.222 71.660 5.661 8 ( ) 2.662 0.217 0.017 0 1989 18.925 0.030 19.384 34.211 72.551 5.677 8 ( ) 2.881 0.197 0.020 0 1990 19.101 0.005 19.296 33.553 71.955 6.161 -0.036 R,93.102 R,100.338 92.632 90.067 R,100

1991 18.770 0.009 19.606 32.845 71.231 6.579 -0.047 R3.181 R0.347 2.642 0.068 01992 18.868 0.027 20.131 33.527 72.553 6.607 -0.043 R2.852 R0.367 R2.788 0.068 01993 19.430 0.017 R20.827 33.841 R74.115 6.519 -0.041 R3.138 R0.381 R2.784 0.069 01994 19.544 0.024 R21.337 R34.735 R75.639 R6.837 R-0.035 R2.958 R0.381 R2.852 0.068 01995P 19.618 0.026 22.202 34.624 76.471 7.189 -0.027 3.462 0.362 2.941 0.074 0

1 Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 2 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. 3 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 4 Through 1989, includes all net imports of electricity. From 1990, includes only the portion of net

imports of electricity that is derived from hydroelectric power. 5 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. 6 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solidwaste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, fish oils, and/or other waste. 7 From 1990, the portion of net imports of electricity that is derived from nonrenewable energy sources

is included directly in the "Total." 8 Through 1989, pumped storage is included in conventional hyd

9 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 

storage is removed and expanded coverage of industrial use of hyd

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadNote: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to indepeSources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, 10.1a, Energy I

industrial hydroelectric power, and conversion factors in Appendix A
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1995

10

Notes: Negative net imports are net exports. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.4.

Energy Imports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

10152025

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Petroleum

Energy Exports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0246

Quadrillion Btu Total

Coal

Energy Net Imports

1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 

-5

05

101520

Quadrillion Btu

+

+

+

+

l l
Table 1.4 Energy Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1995

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Imports Exports Ne

Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum 2 Other 3 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) Petroleum Other 3 Total Coal

Natural

Gas

(Dry) P

1949 0.01 0.00 1.43 0.03 1.47 0.88 0.02 0.68 0.02 1.59 -0.87 -0.02 1950 0.01 0.00 1.89 0.04 1.93 0.79 0.03 0.64 0.01 1.47 -0.78 -0.03 1951 0.01 0.00 1.87 0.04 1.92 1.68 0.03 0.89 0.03 2.62 -1.67 -0.03 1952 0.01 0.01 2.11 0.04 2.17 1.40 0.03 0.91 0.02 2.37 -1.40 -0.02 1953 0.01 0.01 2.28 0.04 2.34 0.98 0.03 0.84 0.02 1.87 -0.97 -0.02 1954 0.01 0.01 2.32 0.04 2.37 0.91 0.03 0.75 0.01 1.70 -0.91 -0.02 1955 0.01 0.01 2.75 0.06 2.83 1.46 0.03 0.77 0.02 2.29 -1.46 -0.02 1956 0.01 0.01 3.17 0.06 3.25 1.98 0.04 0.91 0.02 2.95 -1.98 -0.03 1957 0.01 0.04 3.46 0.06 3.57 2.17 0.04 1.20 0.03 3.45 -2.16 (s) 1958 0.01 0.14 3.72 0.05 3.92 1.42 0.04 0.58 0.02 2.06 -1.41 0.10 1959 0.01 0.14 3.91 0.05 4.11 1.05 0.02 0.45 0.02 1.54 -1.04 0.12 1960 0.01 0.16 4.00 0.06 4.23 1.02 0.01 0.43 0.02 1.48 -1.02 0.15 1961 (s) 0.23 4.19 0.04 4.46 0.98 0.01 0.37 0.02 1.38 -0.98 0.22 1962 0.01 0.42 4.56 0.03 5.01 1.08 0.02 0.36 0.03 1.48 -1.08 0.40 1963 0.01 0.42 4.65 0.03 5.10 1.36 0.02 0.44 0.03 1.85 -1.35 0.40 1964 0.01 0.46 4.96 0.07 5.49 1.34 0.02 0.43 0.06 1.84 -1.33 0.44 1965 (s) 0.47 5.40 0.04 5.92 1.38 0.03 0.39 0.06 1.85 -1.37 0.44 1966 (s) 0.50 5.63 0.05 6.18 1.35 0.03 0.41 0.06 1.85 -1.35 0.47 1967 0.01 0.58 5.56 0.04 6.19 1.35 0.08 0.65 0.06 2.15 -1.35 0.50 1968 0.01 0.67 6.21 0.04 6.93 1.38 0.10 0.49 0.06 2.03 -1.37 0.58 1969 (s) 0.75 6.90 0.06 7.71 1.53 0.05 0.49 0.08 2.15 -1.53 0.70 1970 (s) 0.85 7.47 0.07 8.39 1.94 0.07 0.55 0.11 2.66 -1.93 0.77 1971 (s) 0.96 8.54 0.08 9.58 1.55 0.08 0.47 0.07 2.18 -1.54 0.88 1972 (s) 1.05 10.30 0.11 11.46 1.53 0.08 0.47 0.06 2.14 -1.53 0.97 1973 (s) 1.06 13.47 0.20 14.73 1.43 0.08 0.49 0.06 2.05 -1.42 0.98 1974 0.05 0.99 13.13 0.25 14.41 1.62 0.08 0.46 0.06 2.22 -1.57 0.91 1975 0.02 0.98 12.95 0.16 14.11 1.76 0.07 0.44 0.08 2.36 -1.74 0.90 1976 0.03 0.99 15.67 0.15 16.84 1.60 0.07 0.47 0.06 2.19 -1.57 0.92 1977 0.04 1.04 18.76 0.26 20.09 1.44 0.06 0.51 0.06 2.07 -1.40 0.98 1978 0.07 0.99 17.82 0.36 19.25 1.08 0.05 0.77 0.03 1.93 -1.00 0.94 1979 0.05 1.30 17.93 0.33 19.62 1.75 0.06 1.00 0.06 2.87 -1.70 1.24 1980 0.03 1.01 14.66 0.28 15.97 2.42 0.05 1.16 0.09 3.72 -2.39 0.96 1981 0.03 0.92 12.64 0.39 13.97 2.94 0.06 1.26 0.06 4.33 -2.92 0.86 1982 0.02 0.95 10.78 0.35 12.09 2.79 0.05 1.73 0.06 4.63 -2.77 0.90 1983 0.03 0.94 10.65 0.41 12.03 2.04 0.06 1.57 0.05 3.72 -2.01 0.89 1984 0.03 0.85 11.43 0.46 12.77 2.15 0.06 1.54 0.05 3.80 -2.12 0.79 1985 0.05 0.95 10.61 0.49 12.10 2.44 0.06 1.66 0.08 4.23 -2.39 0.90 1986 0.06 0.75 13.20 0.43 14.44 2.25 0.06 1.67 0.08 4.06 -2.19 0.69 1987 0.04 0.99 14.16 0.57 15.76 2.09 0.05 1.63 0.08 3.85 -2.05 0.94 1988 0.05 1.30 15.75 0.47 17.56 2.50 0.07 1.74 0.10 4.42 -2.45 1.22 1989 0.07 1.39 17.16 0.33 18.95 2.64 0.11 1.84 0.18 4.77 -2.57 1.28 1990 0.07 1.55 17.12 R0.26 18.99 2.77 0.09 1.82 0.23 4.91 -2.70 1.46 

1991 0.08 1.80 16.35 0.35 18.58 2.85 0.13 2.13 0.11 5.22 -2.77 1.67 

1992 0.10 2.16 16.97 R0.44 R19.66 2.68 0.22 2.01 0.11 5.02 -2.59 1.94 

1993 0.18 2.40 18.51 R0.45 R21.54 1.96 0.14 2.12 0.13 4.35 -1.78 2.25 1994 0.19 R2.68 R19.25 R0.59 R22.71 1.88 R0.16 1.99 R0.09 R4.12 -1.69 R2.52 1995P 0.18 2.80 18.94 0.52 22.44 2.32 0.16 1.99 0.10 4.58 -2.14 2.63 

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 3 Coal coke and small amounts of electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.005 quadrillion Btu. 

Notes: • Includes trade between the United States (50 State

territories and possessions. • Totals or net import items may independent rounding.

Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, and 8.1, and conversion 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.5 Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption per Capita, 1949-1995

12

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded 

coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

Source: Table 1.5.

Energy Consumption

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

102030405060708090

100

Quadrillion Btu

Total Energy1

End-Use Energy1

Energy Consumption per Capita

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0

50

100150200250300350400

Million Btu

E
Table 1.5 Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption per Capita, 1949-1995

Year

Total Energy

Consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

End-Use Energy

Consumption 1

(quadrillion Btu)

Population 2

(million)

Consumption per Capita

Total Energy 

Quantity

(million Btu)

Change from

Previous Year

(percent) 3

Quantity

(million Bt

1949 30.46 26.97 149.3 204 — 181 1950 33.08 29.37 151.3 219 7.4 194 1951 35.47 31.50 154.0 230 5.0 205 1952 35.30 31.16 156.4 226 -1.7 199 1953 36.27 31.87 159.0 228 0.9 201 1954 35.27 30.92 161.9 218 -4.4 191 1955 38.82 34.02 165.1 235 7.8 206 1956 40.38 35.26 168.1 240 2.1 210 1957 40.48 35.19 171.2 236 -1.7 206 1958 40.35 35.13 174.1 232 -1.7 202 1959 42.14 36.53 177.1 238 2.6 206 1960 43.80 37.96 179.3 244 2.5 212 1961 44.46 38.46 183.0 243 -0.4 210 1962 46.53 40.15 185.8 250 2.9 216 1963 48.32 41.54 188.5 256 2.4 220 1964 50.50 43.22 191.1 264 3.1 226 1965 52.68 44.93 193.5 272 3.0 232 1966 55.66 47.20 195.6 285 4.8 241 1967 57.57 48.62 197.5 292 2.5 246 1968 61.00 51.22 199.4 306 4.8 257 1969 64.19 53.49 201.4 319 4.2 266 1970 66.43 54.91 203.2 327 2.5 270 1971 67.89 55.75 206.8 328 0.3 270 1972 71.26 58.18 209.3 340 3.7 278 1973 74.28 60.27 211.4 351 3.2 285 1974 72.54 58.34 213.3 340 -3.1 273 1975 70.55 56.16 215.5 327 -3.8 261 1976 74.36 59.12 217.6 342 4.6 272 1977 76.29 60.22 219.8 347 1.5 274 1978 78.09 61.25 222.1 352 1.4 276 1979 78.90 61.84 224.6 351 -0.3 275 1980 75.96 58.60 226.5 335 -4.6 259 1981 73.99 56.56 229.6 322 -3.9 246 1982 70.85 53.70 232.0 305 -5.3 231 1983 70.52 52.91 234.3 301 -1.3 226 1984 74.14 55.92 236.5 314 4.3 236 1985 73.98 55.39 238.7 310 -1.3 232 1986 74.30 55.68 241.1 308 -0.6 231 1987 76.89 57.68 243.4 316 2.6 237 1988 80.22 60.37 245.8 326 3.2 246 1989 81.33 61.07 248.2 328 0.6 246 1990 484.17 463.82 248.7 4338 43.0 4257 

1991 R84.05 R63.56 252.1 333 -1.5 252 

1992 R85.26 R65.14 255.0 334 0.3 255 

1993 R87.03 R66.49 257.8 R338 R1.2 R258 

1994 R88.90 R68.03 260.3 R341 0.9 R261 1995P 90.62 69.24 262.8 345 1.2 264 

1 End-use energy consumption is total energy consumption less losses incurred in the generation,

transmission, and distribution of electricity, less power plant electricity use and unaccounted for electricalsystem energy losses. (See Glossary.) 2 Resident population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year,except for the April 1 census count in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990. 3 Percent change calculated from data prior to rounding. 4 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage ofnon-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable.Sources: Total Energy Consumption: Table 1.3. End-Us

Population: • 1949—Bureau of the Census, Current Populati

Projections," Series P-25, No. 802, May 1979. • 1950-1980—Bu

Reports, "Population Estimates and Projections," Series P-2

forward—unpublished data consistent with the Bureau of the Cen1996. Consumption per Capita: calculated by Energy Informatio
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.6 Energy Consumption and Consumption per Capita by State, 1993

14

Source: Table 1.6.

Consumption per Capita

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 4

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2

Ranking by State and U.S. Average

Billion Btu

Consumption

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 

02468

1012

Ranking by State

Quadrillion Btu

AK

OH NY

PA LA IL

IL

AK

LA

TX

PA OH US

TX

CA

FL MI

NJ GA NC WA IN VA TN AL MO KY WI MN MA OK SC MD KS CO IA MS AZ OR AR WV CT NM UT NE NV WY ID ME MT 

WY

ND

WV IN MT OK KS KY AL WA DE NM MS ID TN SC AR IA NE GA NV MN OR UT DC NJ ME MI SD MO NC VA WI CO MD VT R
Table 1.6 Energy Consumption and Consumption per Capita by State, 1993

 Rank State

Consumption

 Rank State

Co

Trillion Btu 

 1....................Texas 10,081.1 1....................Alaska  2....................California 6,988.4 2....................Wyoming  3....................Ohio 3,790.6 3....................Louisiana  4....................New York 3,701.7 4....................Texas  5....................Pennsylvania 3,665.9 5....................North Dakota  6....................Louisiana 3,604.7 6....................West Virginia  7....................Illinois 3,582.1 7....................Indiana  8....................Florida 3,128.2 8....................Montana  9....................Michigan 2,898.7 9....................Oklahoma  10....................Indiana 2,513.8 10....................Kansas  11....................New Jersey 2,421.9 11....................Kentucky  12....................Georgia 2,236.7 12....................Alabama  13....................North Carolina 2,103.6 13....................Washington  14....................Washington 1,943.6 14....................Delaware  15....................Virginia 1,911.4 15....................New Mexico  16....................Tennessee 1,832.4 16....................Mississippi  17....................Alabama 1,669.4 17....................Idaho  18....................Missouri 1,597.4 18....................Tennessee  19....................Kentucky 1,577.0 19....................South Carolina  20....................Wisconsin 1,464.7 20....................Arkansas  21....................Minnesota 1,432.2 21....................Ohio  22....................Massachusetts 1,407.9 22....................Iowa  23....................Oklahoma 1,354.9 23....................Nebraska  24....................South Carolina 1,278.8 24....................Georgia  25....................Maryland 1,245.8 25....................Nevada  26....................Kansas 1,057.3 26....................Minnesota  27....................Colorado 1,023.1 27....................Oregon  28....................Iowa 965.8 28....................Utah  29....................Mississippi 963.1 29....................District of Columbia  30....................Arizona 958.0 30....................New Jersey  31....................Oregon 957.0 31....................Maine  32....................Arkansas 853.2 32....................Illinois  33....................West Virginia 825.5 33....................Michigan  34....................Connecticut 761.6 34....................South Dakota  35....................Alaska 599.0 35....................Missouri  36....................New Mexico 594.9 36....................Pennsylvania  37....................Utah 579.1 37....................North Carolina  38....................Nebraska 532.6 38....................Virginia  39....................Nevada 446.1 39....................Wisconsin  40....................Wyoming 406.4 40....................Colorado  41....................Idaho 399.2 41....................Maryland  42....................Maine 380.3 42....................Vermont  43....................Montana 357.9 43....................Rhode Island  44....................North Dakota 330.9 44....................Arizona  45....................Delaware 257.2 45....................Massachusetts  46....................New Hampshire 245.7 46....................Connecticut  47....................Rhode Island 244.9 47....................Florida  48....................Hawaii 229.3 48....................California  49....................South Dakota 219.0 49....................New Hampshire  50....................District of Columbia 178.5 50....................New York  51....................Vermont 141.8 51....................Hawaii  United States 1 83,957.8 United States 

1 The U.S. energy consumption total shown here is about 3 quadrillion Btu less than that reported on

Tables 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, and 2.1; the State-level data have not yet incorporated non-electric utility use ofrenewable energy.

Source: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data 

(July 1995).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.7 Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product

16

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded 

coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

Source: Table 1.7.

Energy Consumption, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

100

Quadrillion Btu

Total1

Petroleum and

 Natural Gas

Other Energy1

Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domest

1960 1965 1970 1975 198

05

10152025

per Chained (1992) Dollar

Thousand Btu

Total1

Petroleum and

 Natural GasOther Energy1

Total Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product,

Change from Previous Year, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

-6-4-2

0246

Percent

1 

+

+

+
Table 1.7 Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1949-1995

Year

Energy Consumption

Gross

Domestic

Product

(GDP)1

Energy Consumption per Do

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Other

Energy Total

Petroleum

and

Natural Gas

Other

Energy 

Quadrillion Btu

Billion Chained

(1992) Dollars Thousand Btu per Chained (1992) Dollar 

1949 17.03 13.43 30.46 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 

1950 19.28 13.79 33.08 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1951 21.48 13.99 35.47 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1952 22.51 12.80 35.30 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1953 23.46 12.81 36.27 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1954 24.17 11.10 35.27 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1955 26.25 12.57 38.82 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1956 27.55 12.83 40.38 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1957 28.12 12.36 40.48 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1958 29.19 11.16 40.35 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1959 31.04 11.10 42.14 R2,212.3 R14.03 R5.02 R1960 32.30 11.50 43.80 R2,261.7 R14.28 R5.08 R

1961 33.14 11.32 44.46 R2,309.8 R14.35 R4.90 R1962 34.78 11.75 46.53 R2,449.1 R14.20 R4.80 R1963 36.10 12.22 48.32 R2,554.0 R14.14 R4.78 R1964 37.59 12.91 50.50 R2,702.9 R13.91 R4.78 R1965 39.01 13.67 52.68 R2,874.8 R13.57 R4.76 R1966 41.40 14.26 55.66 R3,060.2 R13.53 R4.66 R1967 43.23 14.34 57.57 R3,140.2 R13.77 R4.57 R1968 46.19 14.81 61.00 R3,288.6 R14.05 R4.50 R

1969 49.02 15.18 64.19 R3,388.0 R14.47 R4.48 R1970 51.32 15.12 66.43 R3,388.2 R15.15 R4.46 R

1971 53.03 14.85 67.89 R3,500.1 R15.15 R4.24 R1972 55.64 15.61 71.26 R3,690.3 R15.08 R4.23 R1973 57.35 16.93 74.28 R3,902.3 R14.70 R4.34 R1974 55.19 17.36 72.54 R3,888.2 R14.19 R4.46 R1975 52.68 17.87 70.55 R3,865.1 R13.63 R4.62 R1976 55.52 18.84 74.36 R4,081.1 R13.60 R4.62 R1977 57.05 19.24 76.29 R4,279.3 R13.33 R4.50 R1978 57.97 20.12 78.09 R4,493.7 R12.90 R4.48 R1979 57.79 21.11 78.90 R4,624.0 R12.50 R4.56 R1980 54.60 21.36 75.96 R4,611.9 R11.84 R4.63 R1981 51.86 22.13 73.99 R4,724.9 R10.98 R4.68 R1982 48.74 22.11 70.85 R4,623.6 R10.54 R4.78 R1983 47.41 23.11 70.52 R4,810.0 R9.86 R4.81 R1984 49.56 24.59 74.14 R5,138.2 R9.65 R4.78 R1985 48.76 25.22 73.98 R5,329.5 R9.15 R4.73 R1986 48.90 25.39 74.30 R5,489.9 R8.91 R4.63 R1987 50.61 26.28 76.89 R5,648.4 R8.96 R4.65 R

1988 52.77 27.44 80.22 R5,862.9 R9.00 R4.68 R1989 53.59 27.73 81.33 R6,060.4 R8.84 R4.58 R

1990 52.85 R,331.32 R,384.17 R6,138.7 R8.61 R,35.10 R,3

1991 52.45 R31.60 R84.05 R6,079.0 R8.63 R5.20 R1992 53.66 R31.60 R85.26 R6,244.4 R8.59 R5.06 R

1993 R54.67 R32.36 R87.03 R6,383.8 R8.56 R5.07 R1994 R56.07 R32.83 R88.90 R6,604.2 R8.49 R4.97 R1995P 56.83 33.79 90.62 6,739.0 8.43 5.01 

1 A comprehensive revision of the National Income and Product Accounts was released by the U. S.

Department of Commerce in early 1996 that resulted in changes to the entire Gross Domestic Productseries; the revised values for 1949-1958 were not available in time to include in this table. 2 Percent change calculated from data prior to rounding.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: See "Chained Dollars" in the Glossary.Sources: Tables 1.3 and E1.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.8 Heating Degree-Days for Heating Season, by Month, 1949-1996

18

Source: Table 1.8.

October November December January February March 

0

200400600800

1,0001,200

Heating Degree-Days 1976

1990

1956

1989

1978

1990

1954

1973

19

l

l

l

l

l

l

l

l ll

l

1976

1963

1977

Record High and Low YearsHeating Degree-Day 30-Year Normals1994-95 Heating Season1995-96 Heating Season

l

l
Table 1.8 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1996

Year January February March April May June July August September October Nove

 1949 858 701 611 330 128 21 7 9 94 209 5 1950 761 721 693 412 162 40 11 18 85 196 5 1951 863 724 632 359 135 45 8 17 74 231 6 1952 807 677 670 315 154 32 5 11 54 324 5 1953 754 667 557 378 142 33 5 11 51 208 4 1954 886 577 646 261 192 32 8 18 56 224 5 1955 927 759 600 272 121 48 9 6 56 237 6 1956 900 723 648 387 157 27 10 14 82 215 5 1957 977 628 610 308 148 23 6 16 61 315 5 1958 909 866 690 324 143 54 7 8 60 250 4 1959 944 762 619 305 112 26 4 6 48 249 5 1960 884 780 831 278 160 33 7 11 48 254 5 1961 982 670 565 413 199 29 5 7 48 238 5 1962 976 747 689 337 118 35 14 13 91 234 5 1963 1,061 841 562 325 163 35 8 18 76 162 4 1964 871 803 636 339 124 39 5 22 72 301 4 1965 907 780 738 355 114 48 11 14 78 271 4 1966 1,010 790 580 377 188 30 6 14 81 298 4 1967 816 820 600 352 229 34 8 17 82 270 5 1968 979 832 567 309 192 35 6 14 59 240 5 1969 939 778 735 307 134 47 7 9 60 296 5 1970 1,063 758 685 344 120 31 4 9 55 253 5 1971 976 760 681 375 194 29 10 12 47 187 5 1972 890 785 608 377 137 49 7 12 65 330 6 1973 893 772 504 356 182 22 6 9 61 212 4 1974 838 754 556 310 171 42 6 13 94 303 5 1975 821 742 686 449 117 37 5 13 100 235 4 1976 974 609 544 309 178 28 8 19 81 367 6 1977 1,188 751 529 270 119 38 6 13 59 295 4 1978 1,061 958 677 350 157 31 7 11 59 283 5 1979 1,079 950 575 364 148 37 6 15 58 271 5 1980 887 831 680 338 142 49 5 10 54 316 5 1981 984 689 620 260 165 25 6 11 76 327 5 1982 1,067 776 620 408 114 62 7 19 75 264 5 1983 874 706 588 421 189 35 6 5 53 251 5 1984 1,000 645 704 371 172 28 7 7 88 223 5 1985 1,057 807 557 260 123 47 5 17 69 243 5 1986 859 734 542 295 123 30 9 18 76 258 5 1987 920 714 573 309 107 20 8 13 61 345 4 1988 1,004 778 594 344 134 30 3 5 72 352 5 1989 789 832 603 344 163 32 5 14 73 259 5 1990 728 655 535 321 184 29 6 10 56 246 4 1991 921 639 564 287 98 30 6 7 69 242 5 1992 852 644 603 345 152 46 14 24 74 301 5 1993 860 827 864 368 128 38 11 9 89 302 5 1994 R1,031 R813 R594 R293 R174 R21 R6 R16 R65 R268 R4

 1995P 826 767 543 366 168 46 13 11 97 239 5

 1996P 932 768 699 372 NA NA NA NA NA NA NNormals1 948 768 611 339 150 36 7 13 69 271 5

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Heating degree-days are deviations of the mean daily temperature below 65° F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 40° F would report 25 heating

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate statewidedegree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weightedState figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: • 1949-1994 and Normals—U.S. Department 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data CentClimatology Series 5-1. • 1995 and 1996—Energy Information A

(MER) February 1995-April 1996 issues, Table 1.11, which repo

Service Climate Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. Data preliminary and are shown as current year statistics in the May 1

Data for January 1995 through March 1995 are final and are sFebruary 1996 MER through the April 1996 MER.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.9 Cooling Degree-Days for Cooling Season, by Month, 1949-1995 

20

Source: Table 1.9.

April May June July August Septemb

0

100200300400

Cooling Degree-Days

Record High and Low YearsCooling Degree-Day 30-Year Normals1994 Cooling Degree-Days1995 Cooling Degree-Days

l

l

1954

l

1955

1952l

1991l

l19

l

1983

l1983

l1976

l1955

l

1950

l 1992

1967l
Table 1.9 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-1996

Year January February March April May June July August September October Nove

 1949 16 14 14 27 110 253 367 294 131 70  1950 27 12 13 21 105 201 268 244 128 78  1951 8 5 15 22 95 198 318 293 158 65  1952 17 8 15 20 96 280 368 303 159 38  1953 12 8 26 25 118 263 338 292 168 58  1954 11 12 11 55 65 241 356 296 195 60  1955 6 7 20 45 121 161 381 355 182 50  1956 4 12 14 23 112 232 297 290 151 66  1957 12 17 13 33 96 243 337 275 155 30  1958 3 1 8 27 101 187 315 304 166 53  1959 6 12 13 31 129 228 325 344 179 64  1960 7 4 6 37 76 215 301 302 181 59  1961 5 9 23 20 71 195 306 287 186 47  1962 6 15 9 26 144 204 276 289 136 64  1963 5 5 22 42 94 213 308 266 153 83  1964 6 3 14 37 114 214 327 256 146 42  1965 9 7 10 42 125 179 280 273 155 48  1966 4 5 12 28 81 201 353 273 132 43  1967 9 5 24 48 70 206 278 253 118 45  1968 6 3 9 32 75 204 307 292 145 53  1969 7 4 4 33 94 200 331 304 153 48  1970 3 4 10 36 104 201 323 313 185 48  1971 8 7 10 22 68 244 288 269 182 77  1972 15 6 22 36 88 174 299 276 169 44  1973 7 3 24 18 75 236 318 303 166 66  1974 21 6 28 29 101 173 317 267 120 40  1975 14 11 14 24 117 203 301 296 120 55  1976 5 11 23 27 64 208 282 243 127 27  1977 2 5 21 35 121 212 351 293 180 44  1978 3 1 10 31 93 218 310 300 180 52  1979 4 4 13 32 82 187 295 266 160 53  1980 9 4 13 23 95 199 374 347 192 42  1981 3 6 10 52 75 257 333 275 138 43  1982 6 10 21 26 115 165 318 262 140 47  1983 6 5 9 13 72 193 353 362 172 58  1984 5 6 14 24 92 233 291 312 143 70  1985 3 5 22 39 108 193 313 269 145 68  1986 8 10 17 33 106 231 340 259 161 52  1987 5 7 13 23 127 244 334 298 156 40  1988 5 5 13 28 89 218 359 348 149 45  1989 15 7 19 36 88 208 312 266 138 49  1990 15 14 21 29 86 234 316 291 172 57  1991 10 9 19 42 147 235 336 305 149 62  1992 6 10 15 29 77 170 286 228 150 49  1993 13 5 11 19 91 207 347 317 146 47  1994 R7 R9 R18 R37 R76 R262 R328 R263 141 R50 R

 1995P 3 5 14 29 88 211 357 361 153 47 

 1996P 4 8 7 28 NA NA NA NA NA NA NNormals1 7 7 16 31 95 208 317 287 154 52 

1 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor

air temperature. Cooling degree-days are deviations of the mean daily temperature above 65° F. For

example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 78° F would report 13 cooling

degree-days. • Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate statewidedegree-day averages based on resident State population estimated for 1990. The population-weightedState figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.

Sources: • 1949-1994 and Normals—U.S. Department 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data CentClimatology Series 5-2. • 1995 and 1996—Energy Information A

February 1995-April 1996 issues, Table 1.12, which reports data Climate Analysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. Data for April and are shown as current year statistics in the May 1995 MER 

January 1995 through March 1995 are final and are shown as prev

MER through the April 1996 MER.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.10 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1995

22

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.Note: See Appendix F for Census divisions. 

Source: Table 1.10.

New England Middle East North West North South East South West South Mo

0

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,000

Heating Degree-Days

Atlantic Central Central Central Central Atlantic

19781954

1978

1990

1964

1981

19581990

19781953

19791987

19781990

19781953

Heating Degree-Day 30-Year Normals1994 Heating Degree-Days1995 Heating Degree-DaysRecord High YearRecord Low Year
Table 1.10 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1995

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain 

 1949 5,829 5,091 5,801 6,479 2,367 2,942 2,133 5,483  1950 6,470 5,765 6,619 7,136 2,713 3,315 1,974 4,930  1951 6,137 5,497 6,549 7,246 2,728 3,340 2,154 5,513  1952 6,180 5,443 5,977 6,386 2,684 3,276 2,074 5,404  1953 5,650 5,027 5,626 5,994 2,486 3,132 2,024 4,925  1954 6,291 5,473 5,841 6,063 2,713 3,211 1,876 4,679  1955 6,577 5,708 6,101 6,630 2,786 3,314 2,083 5,517  1956 6,702 5,731 6,019 6,408 2,642 3,113 2,032 5,146  1957 6,158 5,469 6,166 6,525 2,594 3,112 2,068 5,203  1958 6,907 6,237 6,585 6,585 3,271 4,004 2,590 4,929  1959 6,363 5,535 6,303 6,665 2,698 3,415 2,398 5,138  1960 6,561 5,901 6,544 6,884 3,147 3,958 2,551 5,328  1961 6,632 5,895 6,275 6,591 2,869 3,497 2,296 5,299  1962 6,981 6,089 6,545 6,691 3,022 3,627 2,264 5,165  1963 6,816 6,103 6,691 6,485 3,138 3,890 2,438 5,060  1964 6,594 5,694 6,030 6,303 2,828 3,462 2,272 5,769  1965 6,825 5,933 6,284 6,646 2,830 3,374 2,078 5,318  1966 6,662 6,012 6,606 6,872 3,118 3,758 2,416 5,275  1967 6,987 6,127 6,477 6,569 2,864 3,403 2,082 5,232  1968 6,800 5,981 6,331 6,556 3,160 3,927 2,522 5,415  1969 6,593 5,933 6,603 6,903 3,205 3,910 2,325 5,324  1970 6,839 5,943 6,455 6,835 2,997 3,685 2,396 5,436  1971 6,695 5,761 6,236 6,594 2,763 3,395 1,985 5,585  1972 7,001 6,064 6,772 7,094 2,759 3,438 2,259 5,352  1973 6,120 5,327 5,780 6,226 2,718 3,309 2,256 5,562  1974 6,621 5,670 6,259 6,478 2,551 3,171 2,080 5,281  1975 6,362 5,477 6,169 6,678 2,640 3,336 2,187 5,693  1976 6,839 6,097 6,768 6,670 3,040 3,881 2,446 5,303  1977 6,579 5,889 6,538 6,506 3,047 3,812 2,330 5,060  1978 7,061 6,330 7,095 7,324 3,187 4,062 2,764 5,370  1979 6,348 5,851 6,921 7,369 2,977 3,900 2,694 5,564  1980 6,900 6,143 6,792 6,652 3,099 3,855 2,378 5,052  1981 6,612 5,989 6,446 6,115 3,177 3,757 2,162 4,671  1982 6,697 5,866 6,542 7,000 2,721 3,357 2,227 5,544  1983 6,305 5,733 6,423 6,901 3,057 3,892 2,672 5,359  1984 6,442 5,777 6,418 6,582 2,791 3,451 2,194 5,592  1985 6,571 5,660 6,546 7,119 2,736 3,602 2,466 5,676  1986 6,517 5,665 6,150 6,231 2,686 3,294 2,058 4,870  1987 6,546 5,699 5,810 5,712 2,937 3,466 2,292 5,153  1988 6,715 6,088 6,590 6,634 3,122 3,800 2,346 5,148  1989 6,887 6,134 6,834 6,996 2,944 3,713 2,439 5,173  1990 5,848 4,998 5,681 6,011 2,230 2,929 1,944 5,146  1991 5,960 5,177 5,906 6,319 2,503 3,211 2,178 5,259  1992 6,844 5,964 6,297 6,262 2,852 3,498 2,145 5,054  1993 6,728 5,948 6,646 7,168 2,981 3,768 2,489 5,514  1994 R6,672 R5,934 R6,378 R6,509 R2,724 R3,394 R2,108 R5,002 

 1995P 6,626 5,772 6,564 6,720 2,935 3,644 2,193 4,978 

Normals2 6,621 5,839 6,421 6,635 2,895 3,589 2,306 5,321 

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Heating degree-days are

deviations of the mean daily temperature below 65° F. For example, a weather station recording a meandaily temperature of 40° F would report 25 heating degree-days. • Temperature information recorded byweather stations is used to calculate statewide degree-day averages based on resident State populationestimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the

national average. • See Appendix F for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1994 and Normals—U.S. Department 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data CentClimatology Series 5-1. • 1995—Energy Information Administra

1995-January 1996 issues, Table 1.11, which reports data from NAnalysis Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. Data for 1995 are statistics shown in the cited issues of the MER.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.11 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1995

24

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.Note: See Appendix F for Census divisions. 

Source: Table 1.11.

New England Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain 

0

500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

Cooling Degree-Days

Atlantic Central Central Central Central Atlantic

19491962

1955

1992

1955

1992

19541992

1991

1976

19541976

19541976

19941965

Cooling Degree-Day 30-Year Normals1994 Cooling Degree-Days1995 Cooling Degree-DaysRecord High YearRecord Low Year
Table 1.11 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 1949-1995

Year

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East North

Central

West North

Central

South

Atlantic

East South

Central

West South

Central Mountain 

 1949 654 901 949 1,038 2,128 1,776 2,510 1,198  1950 353 542 602 729 1,919 1,568 2,473 1,120  1951 400 653 644 777 2,028 1,781 2,684 1,137  1952 581 825 897 1,109 2,097 1,864 2,543 1,278  1953 441 768 945 1,183 2,137 1,893 2,727 1,193  1954 303 646 858 1,250 2,082 1,998 2,907 1,292  1955 602 934 1,043 1,238 2,045 1,791 2,643 1,124  1956 336 566 750 1,155 1,913 1,685 2,833 1,247  1957 428 738 754 1,004 2,050 1,692 2,465 1,155  1958 344 592 638 878 1,922 1,582 2,517 1,328  1959 532 903 997 1,083 2,128 1,745 2,456 1,258  1960 368 640 722 961 1,926 1,613 2,492 1,308  1961 482 787 745 867 1,888 1,370 2,230 1,223  1962 264 561 742 974 1,908 1,738 2,700 1,147  1963 373 571 712 1,196 1,812 1,580 2,899 1,235  1964 312 634 787 1,030 1,905 1,591 2,608 1,095  1965 352 638 688 914 1,931 1,634 2,579 961  1966 421 731 724 919 1,788 1,440 2,309 1,239  1967 420 602 548 713 1,697 1,257 2,385 1,120  1968 410 725 740 902 1,842 1,517 2,247 1,015  1969 447 706 701 940 1,887 1,572 2,505 1,228  1970 479 779 827 1,066 2,007 1,662 2,375 1,163  1971 465 730 783 960 1,932 1,577 2,448 1,074  1972 364 614 643 908 1,843 1,525 2,513 1,141  1973 551 830 864 1,009 2,000 1,665 2,359 1,123  1974 393 614 626 878 1,842 1,382 2,342 1,188  1975 467 708 788 1,003 2,011 1,520 2,261 1,031  1976 402 597 619 939 1,675 1,232 2,035 1,058  1977 407 689 823 1,122 2,020 1,808 2,720 1,256  1978 378 615 741 1,027 1,972 1,685 2,638 1,174  1979 434 588 618 871 1,833 1,412 2,242 1,164  1980 487 793 816 1,217 2,075 1,834 2,734 1,202  1981 436 657 658 924 1,889 1,576 2,498 1,331  1982 321 541 643 859 1,958 1,537 2,502 1,121  1983 538 799 934 1,178 1,925 1,579 2,288 1,174  1984 468 649 724 955 1,865 1,508 2,469 1,190  1985 372 627 643 830 2,004 1,596 2,599 1,210  1986 301 626 738 1,021 2,149 1,792 2,618 1,188  1987 406 729 918 1,115 2,067 1,718 2,368 1,196  1988 545 782 975 1,230 1,923 1,582 2,422 1,320  1989 426 658 652 864 1,977 1,417 2,295 1,330  1990 477 656 647 983 2,143 1,622 2,579 1,294  1991 511 854 959 1,125 2,197 1,758 2,499 1,182  1992 276 460 449 637 1,777 1,293 2,201 1,206  1993 486 764 735 817 2,092 1,622 2,369 1,113  1994 548 R722 R664 R887 R2,005 R1,448 R2,422 R1,436 

 1995P 540 842 942 1,022 2,103 1,664 2,418 1,134 

Normals2 421 675 736 981 1,926 1,565 2,460 1,174 

1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Based on calculations of data from 1961 through 1990.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Cooling degree-days are

deviations of the mean daily temperature above 65° F. For example, a weather station recording a mean

daily temperature of 78° F would report 13 cooling degree-days. • Temperature information recorded byweather stations is used to calculate statewide degree-day averages based on resident State population

estimated for 1990. The population-weighted State figures are agnational average. • See Appendix F for Census divisions.

Sources: • 1949-1994 and Normals—U.S. Department 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data CentClimatology Series 5-2. • 1995—Energy Information Administra

1996 issue, Table 1.12, which reports data from NOAA, National WCamp Springs, Maryland.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Notes: The U.S. Government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30.

Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Figure 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption, Fiscal Years

26

Source: Table 1.12.

Total and U.S. Department of Defense, 1981-1995

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

0

400800

1,2001,600

Trillion Btu

Total

Defense

Top Four Consuming Agencies, 1995

Defense Energy Postal Veterans

0

300600900

1,200

977

41 35 25

Trillion Btu

Service Affairs

By Major Energy Source, 1981-1995

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 

0

300600900

1,200

Trillion Btu

Petroleum

l

l
Table 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption, Fiscal Years 1981-1995

 (Trillion Btu)

Category 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

Total, All Agencies ......................... 1,424.2 1,451.4 1,431.8 1,482.5 R1,445.5 1,410.1 1,465.6 1,359.8 1,463.7 1,433.0 R1,456.4 R1,295

 Defense .......................................... 1,239.5 1,264.5 1,248.3 1,292.1 1,250.6 1,222.8 1,280.5 1,165.8 1,274.4 1,241.7 1,269.3 1,104

 Energy ............................................ 47.3 49.0 49.5 51.6 R52.3 49.9 48.2 49.8 43.9 43.4 41.8 44

 Postal Service ................................. 27.9 27.5 26.5 27.7 27.8 28.0 28.5 29.6 30.3 30.6 30.8 31 Veterans Affairs .............................. 24.0 24.2 24.1 24.6 25.1 25.0 24.9 26.3 26.2 24.9 R25.1 25

 Transportation ................................ 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.8 19.5 19.4 19.0 18.7 18.5 19.0 R17.9 R18 General Services Administration .... 18.0 18.1 16.1 16.2 17.3 14.0 13.1 12.4 12.7 14.2 14.0 13 NASA .............................................. 10.0 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.2 11.1 11.2 12.1 12.3 12.4 12 Justice ............................................ 5.4 5.8 5.5 6.4 8.2 8.6 8.1 9.4 7.7 7.0 8.0 7 Agriculture ...................................... 7.9 7.6 7.4 7.9 8.4 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.7 9.5 9.6 9

 Health and Human Services ........... 6.7 6.4 6.2 6.4 7.0 6.2 6.6 6.4 6.7 8.0 7.1 8 Interior ............................................ 7.6 7.4 7.7 8.4 7.8 6.9 6.6 7.0 7.1 7.4 R7.1 7 Other 1 ............................................ 11.1 11.6 10.8 10.7 10.7 11.3 11.6 15.5 15.3 15.1 13.4 13

Total, All Sources ........................... 1,424.2 1,451.4 1,431.8 1,482.5 R1,445.5 1,410.1 1,465.6 1,359.8 1,463.7 1,433.0 R1,456.4 R1,295

 Petroleum ....................................... 1,066.1 1,082.7 1,061.1 1,093.8 1,052.9 1,032.3 1,069.8 952.3 1,054.4 1,020.5 R1,048.5 R878

 Jet Fuel ......................................... 653.3 672.7 673.4 693.7 705.7 710.2 702.3 617.2 761.7 732.4 774.5 R628 Distillate and Residual Fuel Oil ..... 351.3 349.4 329.5 342.9 290.8 271.5 319.4 284.7 245.1 244.1 R235.9 R205 Motor Gasoline ............................. 53.2 53.1 51.6 51.2 50.5 45.3 43.1 41.2 41.1 37.2 R34.0 35

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases .......... 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.2 5.7 6.3 3.7 8

 Aviation Gasoline .......................... 4.6 3.6 2.6 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.0 6.0 0.8 0.5 0.4 1 Electricity ........................................ 144.5 147.5 151.5 155.9 R165.7 159.1 169.7 171.1 188.3 192.4 190.0 191

 Natural Gas .................................... 142.2 146.2 147.8 157.4 R149.1 141.4 145.4 144.3 151.9 157.1 153.8 151 Coal ................................................ 65.1 68.6 62.4 65.3 64.0 63.8 67.0 60.2 48.6 44.2 45.9 51 Purchased Steam ........................... 6.2 6.2 9.0 10.1 13.8 13.5 13.7 31.9 20.6 18.8 18.2 22

1 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama

Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), U.S. Department of Labor, National ScienceFoundation (NSF), Federal Trade Commission, Federal Communications Commission, EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA), U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Railroad RetirementBoard, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, NuclearRegulatory Commission, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of Treasury, Small BusinessAdministration, Office of Personnel Management, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S.Information Agency. 2 Increase from previous years is result of initial reporting by TVA of electricity consumed for utilitystation service use.

R = Revised data. P = Preliminary data. Other estimated data are those of EPA 1982 and 1988, U.S.

Department of Treasury 1982 and 1983, and NSF 1988, 1989, and 

Notes: • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity 

conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • foreign installations and in foreign operations, including aviation anDepartment of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electriciexcluded. However, other energy used by U.S. agencies that princluded. • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Ren

Management Programs.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years

28

Notes: The U.S. Government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30.

Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 1.13.

By Agency, 1995

Total Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and Other Total Petroleum Electricity Natura

0

200400600800

1,000

730

113 96

38 59 102 48 

Trillion Btu

Defense All Other

By Source, 1985 and 1995

Motor Gasoline Distillate and Jet Fuel and Total Petroleum Electricity Natural Gas Coal and O

0

400800

1,2001,600

51

291

708

1,053

166 149 78

30

202

551

789

216 144

5

Trillion Btu

1985 1995

Residual Fuel Oils Aviation Gas

l

l
Table 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 1985 and 

 (Trillion Btu)

Agency

Petroleum

Electricity

Natural

Gas

Motor

Gasoline

Distillate and

Residual Fuel Oils

Jet Fuel

and

Aviation Gas Other 1 Total

Total, 1985 ................................................... 50.5 290.8 707.6 4.0 1,052.9 165.7 149.1 

 Defense ...................................................... 25.4 265.0 699.3 2.3 992.1 101.1 106.4  Energy ........................................................ 1.5 3.6 0.5 0.2 5.7 18.8 6.8  Postal Service ............................................. 9.9 3.1 0.0 0.2 13.2 9.6 4.5  Veterans Affairs .......................................... 0.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 2.8 7.2 13.9  Transportation ............................................ 1.3 8.0 5.5 0.0 14.8 3.8 0.9  General Services Administration ................ 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 10.3 3.3  NASA .......................................................... 0.3 0.8 1.6 0.0 2.7 5.2 2.6  Interior ........................................................ 4.0 0.9 0.1 0.3 5.2 1.6 1.5  Agriculture .................................................. 1.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 2.4 1.2 4.2  Health and Human Services ....................... 2.2 1.6 0.1 0.8 4.6 1.5 1.4  Justice ........................................................ 0.4 2.1 0.0 0.1 2.6 2.5 1.9  Other 3 ........................................................ 2.9 2.1 0.4 0.0 5.4 3.0 1.9 

Total, 1995 P ................................................ 29.5 202.1 550.7 6.2 788.5 215.6 144.1 

 Defense ...................................................... 4.3 182.3 540.8 2.1 729.5 113.3 95.9  Energy ........................................................ 1.2 2.4 0.4 0.4 4.3 17.1 9.8  Postal Service ............................................. 11.2 3.2 0.0 0.0 14.3 14.0 6.0  Veterans Affairs .......................................... 0.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 8.9 13.6  Transportation ............................................ 0.6 5.7 5.7 1.2 13.3 4.1 0.9  General Services Administration ................ 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 9.1 2.8  NASA .......................................................... 0.3 0.6 1.4 0.0 2.3 6.9 3.0  Justice ........................................................ 2.5 0.5 0.8 0.0 3.8 2.6 3.6  Agriculture .................................................. 4.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 5.6 2.1 1.6  Health and Human Services ....................... 0.2 1.3 0.0 0.3 1.7 3.4 3.3  Interior ........................................................ 2.1 1.3 0.2 2.0 5.5 1.8 0.5  Other 4 ........................................................ 2.2 2.6 1.3 0.0 6.2 32.4 3.0 

1 Includes liquefied petroleum gases and other. 2 Includes purchased steam, coal, and other. 3 Includes U.S. Department of Commerce, Panama Canal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority,

U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, Federal Communications Commission, Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Departmentof State, U.S. Department of Treasury, Small Business Administration, and Environmental ProtectionAgency. 4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S.Department of Labor, U.S. Department of State, Environmental Protection Agency, FederalCommunications Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Panama Canal Commission, EqualEmployment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Personnel Management,U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of Treasury, Railroad RetirementBoard, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Information

Agency.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • This table uses a conversion factor for electricity 

conversion factor for purchased steam of 1,000 Btu per pound. • foreign installations and in foreign operations, including aviation anDepartment of Defense. U.S. Government energy use for electriciexcluded. However, other energy used by U.S. agencies that princluded. • The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Ren

Management Programs.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands

Notes: Federally Administered Lands include all classes of land owned by the Federal 

Government, including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands. Because 

30

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.Source: Table 1.14.

Total, 1949-1994

1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1

0369

121518

Quadrillion Btu

By Source, 1949-1994

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

02468

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Crude Oil and

Lease Condensate

Coal

Production on Federal Lands as Share of U.S. ToProduction, by Source, 1994

Natural Gas Coal Crude O

0

10203040

36.2

31.1

21.

Percent

Lease Co

l

l
Table 1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, 1949-1994

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate 1 Natural Gas Plant Liquids 2 Natural Gas 3 Coal 4 

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Barrels

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Trillion

Cubic Feet

Quadrillion

Btu

Percent

U.S. Total 5

Million

Short Tons

Quadrillion

Btu

P

U.S

1949 95.2 0.55 5.2 4.4 0.02 2.8 0.15 0.15 2.8 9.5 0.20 1950 105.9 0.61 5.4 4.4 0.02 2.4 0.14 0.15 2.4 7.7 0.16 1951 117.3 0.68 5.2 5.3 0.02 2.6 0.17 0.18 2.4 9.3 0.20 1952 118.7 0.69 5.2 5.5 0.02 2.5 0.25 0.25 3.2 8.7 0.18 1953 136.9 0.79 5.8 5.7 0.03 2.4 0.29 0.30 3.6 7.5 0.16 1954 146.5 0.85 6.3 6.1 0.03 2.4 0.39 0.40 4.6 7.4 0.16 1955 159.5 0.92 6.4 6.0 0.03 2.1 0.43 0.45 4.8 5.9 0.12 1956 174.1 1.01 6.7 6.4 0.03 2.2 0.49 0.51 5.1 5.8 0.12 1957 189.4 1.10 7.2 6.6 0.03 2.2 0.62 0.64 6.1 5.7 0.12 1958 216.8 1.26 8.9 8.0 0.04 2.7 0.69 0.71 6.5 5.3 0.11 1959 258.2 1.50 10.0 9.5 0.04 3.0 0.83 0.86 7.2 4.9 0.10 1960 277.3 1.61 10.8 11.6 0.05 3.4 0.95 0.98 7.8 5.2 0.11 1961 297.3 1.72 11.3 13.5 0.06 3.7 1.03 1.06 8.1 5.2 0.11 1962 321.7 1.87 12.0 15.3 0.07 4.1 1.18 1.22 8.9 5.8 0.12 1963 342.8 1.99 12.5 16.0 0.07 4.0 1.37 1.41 9.7 5.4 0.11 1964 356.0 2.07 12.8 15.5 0.07 3.7 1.51 1.55 10.2 7.1 0.15 1965 378.6 2.20 13.3 14.3 0.06 3.2 1.56 1.61 10.2 8.2 0.17 1966 426.7 2.47 14.1 15.2 0.06 3.2 2.02 2.09 12.3 8.3 0.17 1967 472.6 2.74 14.7 20.1 0.09 3.9 2.41 2.48 13.8 9.5 0.20 1968 523.7 3.04 15.7 13.7 0.06 2.5 2.61 2.69 14.1 9.1 0.19 1969 563.8 3.27 16.7 19.9 0.08 3.4 3.05 3.14 15.4 10.1 0.21 1970 605.6 3.51 17.2 40.6 0.17 6.7 3.56 3.67 16.9 12.0 0.25 1971 648.9 3.76 18.8 54.0 0.22 8.7 3.95 4.08 18.3 17.3 0.36 1972 630.5 3.66 18.2 56.7 0.23 8.9 4.17 4.28 19.3 19.0 0.40 1973 604.3 3.51 18.0 54.9 0.22 8.7 4.37 4.46 20.1 24.2 0.51 1974 570.2 3.31 17.8 61.9 0.25 10.1 4.75 4.87 22.9 32.1 0.67 1975 531.5 3.08 17.4 59.7 0.24 10.0 4.57 4.67 23.8 43.6 0.92 1976 525.7 3.05 17.7 57.2 0.23 9.7 4.81 4.91 25.2 86.4 1.82 1977 535.0 3.10 17.8 57.4 0.23 9.7 4.94 5.04 25.8 74.8 1.57 1978 523.6 3.04 16.5 25.9 0.10 4.5 5.60 5.71 29.3 79.2 1.66 1979 519.8 3.01 16.7 11.9 0.05 2.1 5.93 6.05 30.1 84.9 1.78 1980 510.4 2.96 16.2 10.5 0.04 1.8 5.85 6.01 30.2 92.9 1.95 1981 529.3 3.07 16.9 12.3 0.05 2.1 6.15 6.31 32.1 138.8 2.91 1982 552.3 3.20 17.5 15.0 0.06 2.7 5.97 6.14 33.5 130.0 2.73 1983 568.8 3.30 17.9 14.0 0.05 2.5 5.17 5.33 32.1 124.3 2.61 1984 595.8 3.46 18.3 25.4 0.10 4.3 5.88 6.07 33.7 136.3 2.86 1985 628.3 3.64 19.2 26.6 0.10 4.5 5.24 5.41 31.8 184.6 3.88 1986 608.4 3.53 19.2 23.3 0.09 4.1 4.87 5.01 30.3 189.7 3.98 1987 577.3 3.35 18.9 23.7 0.09 4.1 5.56 5.73 33.4 195.2 4.10 1988 516.3 2.99 17.3 37.0 0.14 6.2 5.45 5.61 31.9 225.4 4.73 1989 488.9 2.84 17.6 45.1 0.17 8.0 5.32 5.49 30.7 236.3 4.96 1990 515.9 2.99 19.2 50.9 0.19 8.9 6.55 6.75 36.8 280.6 5.89 1991 491.0 2.85 18.1 72.7 0.28 12.0 5.99 6.17 33.8 285.1 5.99 1992 529.1 3.07 20.2 70.7 0.27 11.4 6.25 6.43 35.0 266.7 5.60 1993 529.3 3.07 21.2 64.4 0.24 10.2 6.56 6.74 R36.3 285.7 6.00 

1994 527.7 3.06 21.7 60.0 0.23 9.5 6.78 6.97 36.2 321.4 6.75 

1 Production from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 (NPR#1) for 1974 and earlier years is for fiscal years

(July through June). 2 Includes only those quantities for which the royalties were paid on the basis of the value of the naturalgas plant liquids produced. Additional quantities of natural gas plant liquids were produced; however, theroyalties paid were based on the value of natural gas processed. These latter quantities are included withnatural gas. 3 Includes some quantities of natural gas processed into liquids at natural gas processing plants andfractionators.

4 Converted to British thermal units (Btu) on the basis of an est

Federally administered lands of 21.0 million Btu per short ton. 5 Based on physical units.

Note: Federally Administered Lands include all classes of la

including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public land

R=Revised data. Source: See Note 2 at end of section.
32 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.2 "Other" is distillate fuel, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 1.15.

Figure 1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use

Total, 1980-1995

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0246

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Petroleum Products

Natural Gas

Coal

As Share of Total Energy Consumption, 1980-1995

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 

02468

Percent

By Fuel, 1995

Petroleum Products Natural Gas Coal

0246

5.00

0.55

0.02

Quadrillion Btu

By Petroleum Product, 1995

LPG1 Asphalt Petro- LubricantsPe

0.00.51.01.52.0

1.82

1.18 1.17

0.35

Quadrillion Btu

chemical

Feedstocks

and

Road Oil 
Table 1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-1995

Year

Petroleum Products

Natural

Gas Coal 

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Petroleum

Coke

Special

Naphtha Other 1 Total

Physical Units 2

1980 145 231 58 253 R8 37 58 R790 589 2.6 

1981 125 230 56 236 R26 27 54 R754 482 2.3 1982 125 259 51 169 R20 25 48 R697 415 1.5 1983 136 267 53 153 R7 30 45 R691 418 1.4 1984 149 260 57 144 R14 40 38 R702 471 1.6 1985 153 255 53 143 R14 30 38 R686 475 1.8 1986 164 268 47 180 R13 24 41 R737 444 0.8 1987 170 316 59 170 R24 28 40 R807 490 0.9 1988 171 340 56 174 R25 22 45 R833 526 0.8 1989 165 349 58 172 R23 20 44 R831 528 0.7 1990 164 362 60 153 R32 20 40 R831 533 0.8 1991 162 404 53 203 R27 17 43 R909 475 0.7 1992 166 411 54 214 R42 20 35 R942 503 0.8 1993 173 444 56 214 R31 20 35 R973 495 0.8 1994 176 R493 R58 R224 R33 15 37 R1,036 R517 0.8 

1995 P 177 498 57 207 33 13 36 1,021 532 0.8 

Quadrillion Btu

1980 0.96 0.82 0.35 1.43 0.05 0.19 0.34 4.14 0.60 0.09 1981 0.83 0.81 0.34 1.33 0.16 0.14 0.32 3.93 0.50 0.07 1982 0.83 0.90 0.31 0.95 0.12 0.13 0.28 3.57 0.43 0.04 1983 0.90 0.93 0.32 0.86 0.04 0.16 0.26 3.47 0.43 0.04 1984 0.99 0.89 0.35 0.81 0.08 0.21 0.22 3.55 0.49 0.04 1985 1.02 0.86 0.32 0.81 0.08 0.16 0.22 3.47 0.49 0.05 1986 1.09 0.82 0.29 1.02 0.08 0.13 0.21 3.64 0.46 0.02 1987 1.13 1.12 0.35 1.00 0.14 0.14 0.23 4.11 0.50 0.03 1988 1.14 1.21 0.35 1.00 0.15 0.11 0.24 4.20 0.54 0.02 1989 1.10 1.26 0.35 1.00 0.14 0.11 0.25 4.21 0.54 0.02 1990 1.09 1.28 0.37 0.82 0.19 0.11 0.23 4.09 0.55 0.02 1991 1.08 1.42 0.33 1.15 0.16 0.09 0.26 4.49 0.49 0.02 1992 1.10 1.45 0.33 1.20 0.26 0.10 0.21 4.65 0.52 0.02 1993 1.15 1.60 0.34 1.21 0.18 0.10 0.20 4.78 0.51 0.02 1994 1.17 R1.80 0.35 R1.26 R0.20 0.08 0.22 R5.07 R0.53 0.02 

1995 P 1.18 1.82 0.35 1.17 0.20 0.07 0.21 5.00 0.55 0.02 

1 "Other" is distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products. 2 Petroleum - million barrels; natural gas - billion cubic feet; and coal - million short tons.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Sources: Petroleum Products: • 1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual and Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1980. 

• 1981-1985—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual and unpublished data. • 1986 forward—EIA, Petroleum

Supply Monthly and EIA estimates. Natural Gas: • 1980—B

Manufactures, Hydrocarbon, Coal, and Coke Materials Consumed

Commerce estimates. Coal: U.S. International Trade Commissio

States Production and Sales, 1994 (January 1996). Percent of To

dividing total by total consumption on Table 1.3.
tes

of electricity in the United States represent

gross output of electricity (measured at the

s power plant use. Nuclear electricity gen

individual countries in Section 11 are gross

Coal: 1949–1980—U.S. Geological Survey,

odium, and Other Mineral Production, Royalty

ics, June 1981. 1981 forward—U.S. Miner

Mineral Revenues–The 1992 Report on

nd Indian Leases, and predecessor annual

All Other Data: 1949–1980—U.S. Geological Survey, Oil and GasProduction, Royalty Income, and Related Statistics, June 1981; Department of Energy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves,unpublished data; and U.S. Geological Survey, National PetroleumReserve in Alaska, unpublished data. 1981–1983—U.S. MineralsManagement Service, Mineral Revenues–The 1983 Report on Receiptsfrom Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports; Department of Energy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil ShaleReserves, unpublished data; and U.S. Geological Survey, NationalPetroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. 1984 forward—U.S. Minerals Management Service, Mineral Revenues–The1992 Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports; Department of Energy, Office of NavalPetroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, unpublished data.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
2. End-Use Energy Consumption

ergy Overview, 1949-1995

mption by the industrial sector increased

in 1973 reached 32 quadrillion Btu. Of the

industrial sector proved to be the most re

energy markets after the 1973-1974 embargo

consumption of energy reached the then-re

ion Btu. In the early 1980’s, a stagnant

rial consumption, which declined to a 16-

Btu in 1983. In 1988 and 1989, economic

r energy in the industrial sector, and indus

n 1989 rose to 29 quadrillion Btu. Despite

he early 1990’s, industrial energy consump

95, industrial consumption of energy reached

hest level recorded.

rcial. Much of the growth in energy con

49-through-1995 period occurred in the

al sector (2.1). Residential and commercial

response to higher energy prices in the late

1970’s and early 1980’s, but lower prices in the 1986-through-1995period played a role in boosting residential and commercial energyconsumption to the record level of 32 quadrillion Btu in 1995.

Transportation. Energy consumption by the transportation sector

was primarily petroleum consumption. Over the 47-year period,the transportation sector’s consumption of petroleum more than tripled, but growth was slower during the 1980’s than in previousdecades. In 1995, consumption of petroleum in the transportationsector totaled 24 quadrillion Btu, also a record level.

Consumption of Energy for Manufacturing in 1991

The U.S. manufacturing sector consumed an estimated 20 quadrillionBtu1 of energy in 1991. Natural gas accounted for 6.1 quadrillion Btu, a

30-percent share of total energy consumption (2.2). Net electricity2 accounted for 2.4 quadrillion Btu, a 12-percent share, and coal consumption

accounted for 2.0 quadrillion Btu, a 10-percent share. Fuel oil consumption of 0.6 quadrillion Btu accounted for a 3.0-percent share.Of all the industries, the petroleum and coal products industry was thelargest user of energy in 1991, consuming 6.0 quadrillion Btu. At 5.1quadrillion Btu, the chemicals and allied products industry was thesecond largest user. Together, the two industries accounted for morethan half of the energy consumed in the manufacturing sector.Because the manufacturing sector accounts for a large share of totalU.S. energy consumption, manufacturers’ ability to cope with fluctuations in energy supplies and prices by switching to alternative sourcesof energy plays a significant role in the Nation’s energy security. Fuel

of Consumption Data

Administration publishes two sets of statistics

mption. The first set, based on surveys directed

ers, provides continuous series for the years

llocates U.S. total energy consumption to one

s: industrial, residential and commercial, or

nd set, based on surveys directed to end-users

iled information on the types of energy con

elated characteristics of manufacturing estab

ildings, households, and household vehicles.

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

1The manufacturing sector is composed of establishments that use mechanical or chemical

processes to transform raw materials into intermediate or final products. It does not includethe remainder of the industrial sector (construction, mining, agricultural, fishing, and forestryestablishments) or electric utilities. The 20 quadrillion Btu total is the primary consumptionof energy; it includes energy consumed to produce heat and power and to generate electricity,as well as sources of energy consumed as petrochemical feedstocks and raw material inputs,but it excludes byproduct fuels produced from other energy sources. 2Net electricity is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation fromnoncombustible renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It excludeselectricity generated from combustible fuels.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 35
ources of energy plays a significant role in

ty. Fuel switiching capability3 in 1991 was

energy sources: natural gas, purchased elec

oil, and distillate fuel oil (2.3).

d the largest value (45 percent) for switch

rcentage of actual consumption, indicatingcapabilities. In addition, 20 percent of dis

could have been supplied by other sources.

9 thousand barrels per day of fuel oil (resid

d) consumed could have been switched to

largest absolute amount of total switchable

adrillion Btu total of natural gas consumption,

ercent) could have been switched to other

ion Btu of coal consumed, 0.5 quadrillion Btu

le. Very little (less than 3 percent) of the 2.5

ed electricity consumed by manufacturers in

ched to other sources if manufacturing output

Uses of Energy in 1993

consumption totaled 10 quadrillion Btu and

household averaged 104 million Btu (2.9).

mption is strongly influenced by climate.

nd South consumed the least amount of en

of 76 million Btu per household in the West

usehold in the South. Consumption in the

r in 1993; households in the Midwest aver

household and those in the Northeast 122

Many other factors influence consumption,

uses in the Northeast and Midwest tend to

eholds can be attributed to four primary ap

g, air conditioning, water heating, and

In 1993, space heating was the most preva

consumed by households and accounted for

al gas was the primary source of energy for

space heating and provided the main source of heat in 51 millionhouseholds (2.11). Natural gas was also the primary source of energyfor water heating (2.10).About 2.4 quadrillion Btu were used to operate appliances and, as wouldbe expected, electricity was the major source of energy for that application. Refrigerators, color television sets, ovens (regular and microwave),and clothes washers were the most common household appliances (2.12).Electricity was essentially the only source of energy used for airconditioning. Although air conditioning accounted for only 4.6percent of household energy consumption, it accounted for 9.1 percent ($11.3 billion) of total household energy expenditures of $124billion (2.10).The cost of energy used to operate appliances totaled $56 billion in1993, and the cost for space heating was $40 billion. Energy expensesfor water heating came to about $17 billion.

Improvements in Passenger

Car Efficiency, 1973–1994

Because motor gasoline consistently accounts for the largest share ofall petroleum products supplied (5.11), motor gasoline consumptionhas a significant effect on U.S. dependence on foreign sources ofcrude oil. Following the oil embargo in the mid-1970’s, concernsabout U.S. dependence on foreign oil led to interest in improving motorvehicle efficiency.In 1973, average annual mileage exceeded 10 thousand miles per passenger car (2.15). The average fuel rate of passenger cars, which makeup a sizable proportion of the U.S. motor vehicle fleet, was 13 milesper gallon. That measure of fuel efficiency had declined for the previous several years.

Natural gas was the primary source of energy

for space heating and provided the main source

of heat in 51 million households in 1993.

acturers to switch fuels within 30 days, using only existing

output constant.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
er, crude oil supply interruptions and rising

rn over the continued availability of motor

ffect of higher prices was a decline in mile

thousand miles per passenger car in 1974

the average fuel rate of the passenger car

ncreased throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s,

21.7 miles per gallon in 1991. In 1994, the

per gallon. The Federal Corporate Average

which required automobile manufacturers to

um averages, played a major role in the in

y Consumption by

old Vehicles in 1994

id growth in the number of minivans and

ed by U.S. households, the average on-road

sehold vehicle fleet rose from 15 miles per

s per gallon in 1994 (2.14). In 1994, nearly

ned or had access to at least one vehicle.

vehicles traveled a total of 1.8 trillion miles,

in 1983.

es consumed 87 billion gallons of unleaded

tity of leaded motor gasoline too small to be

umption in 1991 was 81 billion gallons, of

aded. In 1983, by comparison, 59 percent of

med was unleaded. The average price of mo

lower in 1994 than in 1983. According to

eaded motor gasoline averaged $1.16 per gal

.22 per gallon in 1983.

Energy-Related Characteristics

of Commercial Buildings in 1992

Commercial buildings are those which house mercantile, service, office,education, and other activities. In 1992, there were approximately 68 billionsquare feet of commercial floorspace in the United States (2.17). The largest amount of commercial floorspace, 25 billion square feet, was found inthe South and accounted for 36 percent of the U.S. total. On the basis of theamount of commercial floorspace in which a given energy source is consumed, electricity was the most prevalent. Electricity was an energy sourcefor almost 67 billion square feet of commercial floorspace. Natural gas wasalso commonly used and supplied energy for 45 billion square feet. Fueloil, district heat,4 and propane were consumed in smaller, but still significant, amounts in commercial buildings.

On a Btu basis, electricity and natural gas were the most common sourcesof energy in commercial buildings (2.20). In 1992, 2.6 quadrillion Btu ofelectricity and 2.2 quadrillion Btu of natural gas were consumed in commercial buildings. Consumption of district heat totaled 0.4 quadrillionBtu and consumption of fuel oil totaled 0.3 quadrillion Btu. (Propane alsosupplied small amounts of energy in commercial buildings, but propanedata were not collected in 1992.)Of the $72 billion spent on energy for commercial buildings in 1992,by far the largest amount went for electricity (2.20). Electricity expenditures came to $58 billion, whereas expenditures for natural gas cameto $9.9 billion. Expenditures for district heat were $2.9 billion and expenditures for fuel oil were $1.4 billion.

4District heat is steam or hot water that circulates from a central plant or utility.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 37
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1995

38

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded 

coverage of non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 2.1.

By End-Use Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040

Quadrillion Btu

Industrial Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0369

12

Quadrillion Btu

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

Electricity

Industrial1

Transportation1

Residential and Commercial Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0369

Quadrillion Btu

Transportation Sector

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

05

10152025

Quadrillion Btu

Total1

Petroleu

Residential and

 Commercial1

1
Table 2.1 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-1995

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial 

Coal 

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3 Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Petroleum Electricity Losses 2 Total 3,4 P

1949 2.83 1.39 1.85 0.43 1.72 8.21 5.43 3.19 3.47 0.42 1.68 14.26 1950 2.80 1.64 2.20 0.47 1.76 8.87 5.78 3.55 3.95 0.50 1.86 15.71 1951 2.47 2.01 2.40 0.54 1.89 9.30 6.20 4.05 4.27 0.57 2.00 17.13 1952 2.25 2.21 2.46 0.59 2.02 9.54 5.52 4.18 4.36 0.60 2.05 16.76 1953 1.93 2.29 2.50 0.65 2.12 9.50 5.93 4.30 4.48 0.68 2.20 17.65 1954 1.68 2.57 2.67 0.72 2.15 9.78 4.73 4.32 4.63 0.71 2.14 16.58 1955 1.67 2.85 2.87 0.79 2.23 10.41 5.62 4.70 5.11 0.89 2.51 18.86 1956 1.55 3.15 3.00 0.87 2.39 10.96 5.67 4.87 5.34 0.98 2.68 19.55 1957 1.19 3.39 2.91 0.95 2.55 10.98 5.54 5.11 5.24 1.00 2.70 19.60 1958 1.16 3.71 3.12 1.01 2.64 11.65 4.53 5.21 5.41 0.98 2.54 18.70 1959 0.99 4.02 3.18 1.12 2.84 12.15 4.41 5.65 5.74 1.08 2.73 19.64 1960 0.99 4.27 3.49 1.23 3.06 13.04 4.54 5.97 5.75 1.11 2.76 20.16 1961 0.90 4.48 3.58 1.30 3.18 13.44 4.35 6.17 5.75 1.15 2.80 20.25 1962 0.88 4.85 3.72 1.41 3.40 14.27 4.38 6.45 6.00 1.23 2.95 21.04 1963 0.76 5.01 3.72 1.54 3.68 14.71 4.59 6.75 6.23 1.29 3.08 21.95 1964 0.65 5.33 3.62 1.67 3.96 15.23 4.91 7.11 6.55 1.38 3.29 23.27 1965 0.62 5.52 3.87 1.78 4.25 16.03 5.13 7.34 6.79 1.46 3.49 24.22 1966 0.61 5.95 3.91 1.94 4.65 17.06 5.21 7.80 7.11 1.58 3.79 25.50 1967 0.52 6.47 4.04 2.09 4.98 18.10 4.93 8.04 7.12 1.65 3.95 25.72 1968 0.47 6.73 4.20 2.32 5.52 19.23 4.85 8.63 7.39 1.78 4.24 26.90 1969 0.44 7.20 4.26 2.57 6.12 20.59 4.71 9.23 7.70 1.91 4.56 28.10 1970 0.37 7.46 4.31 2.79 6.78 21.71 4.66 9.54 7.79 1.95 4.72 28.63 1971 0.35 7.71 4.29 2.99 7.25 22.59 3.94 9.89 7.86 2.01 4.87 28.57 1972 0.27 7.94 4.43 3.25 7.80 23.69 3.99 9.88 8.53 2.19 5.25 29.86 1973 0.25 7.63 4.39 3.50 8.38 24.14 4.06 10.39 9.10 2.34 5.61 31.53 1974 0.26 7.52 4.00 3.47 8.48 23.72 3.87 10.00 8.69 2.34 5.70 30.70 1975 0.21 7.58 3.80 3.60 8.70 23.90 3.67 8.53 8.15 2.35 5.66 28.40 1976 0.20 7.87 4.18 3.75 9.02 25.02 3.66 8.76 9.01 2.57 6.20 30.24 1977 0.21 7.46 4.21 3.96 9.56 25.39 3.45 8.64 9.78 2.68 6.48 31.08 1978 0.21 7.62 4.07 4.12 10.07 26.09 3.31 8.54 9.87 2.76 6.75 31.39 1979 0.19 7.89 3.45 4.18 10.10 25.81 3.59 8.55 10.57 2.87 6.94 32.61 1980 0.15 7.54 3.04 4.35 10.58 25.65 3.16 8.39 9.53 2.78 6.76 30.61 1981 0.17 7.24 2.63 4.50 10.70 25.24 3.16 8.26 8.29 2.82 6.70 29.24 1982 0.19 7.43 2.45 4.57 11.00 25.63 2.55 7.12 7.80 2.54 6.12 26.14 1983 0.19 7.02 2.50 4.68 11.24 25.63 2.49 6.83 7.42 2.65 6.36 25.75 1984 0.21 7.29 2.54 4.93 11.51 26.48 2.84 7.45 8.01 2.86 6.68 27.86 1985 0.18 7.08 2.52 5.06 11.87 26.70 2.76 7.08 7.81 2.86 6.69 27.22 1986 0.18 6.82 2.56 5.24 12.06 26.85 2.64 6.69 7.92 2.83 6.53 26.63 1987 0.16 6.95 2.59 5.44 12.48 27.62 2.67 7.32 8.15 2.93 6.71 27.83 1988 0.17 7.51 2.60 5.72 12.92 28.92 2.83 7.70 8.43 3.06 6.90 28.99 1989 0.15 7.73 2.53 5.86 13.14 29.40 2.79 8.13 8.13 3.16 7.08 29.35 1990 0.16 7.22 2.17 6.02 13.22 629.43 2.76 8.50 8.32 3.23 7.09 R,632.10 

1991 0.14 7.51 2.15 6.18 13.44 30.10 2.60 8.62 8.06 3.23 7.02 R31.76 1992 0.14 7.73 2.13 6.10 13.01 29.80 2.51 8.97 8.64 3.32 7.08 R32.90 1993 0.14 8.04 2.14 6.42 13.49 R30.88 2.50 R9.41 8.45 3.33 7.01 R33.17 1994 R0.14 R7.97 R2.09 6.56 R13.67 R31.07 R2.51 R9.61 R8.85 R3.44 R7.17 R34.14 1995P 0.13 8.17 2.12 6.79 14.15 32.07 2.48 10.03 8.67 3.45 7.19 34.47 

1 Includes supplemental natural gas. 2 Electrical system energy losses. See Glossary and Diagram 5. Total losses are calculated as the

sum of energy consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity, utility purchases of electricity fromnonutility power producers, and imported electricity, minus exported electricity and electricity consumed byend users. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of totalelectricity use. 3 Beginning in 1990, includes renewable energy. See Table 10.1b. 4 Also includes hydroelectric power and net imports of coal coke. 5 Also includes coal, natural gas, electricity, and electrical system energy losses.

6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990. See 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: Tables 5.12a, 5.12b, 6.6, 7.3, 7.7, 8.1, 8.4, 8.6, 

Administration estimates for industrial hydroelectric power. "OthResidential and Commercial Sector, except for approximately 4 peattributed to the Transportation Sector.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Energy that was produced offsite and then acquired by purchase or transfer and 

consumed onsite for the production of heat or power.

2 Includes by-product energy.3 Includes feedstocks; does not include by-product fuels. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

40

 "Other" includes all other types of energy that respond

included are feedstocks and raw materials for nonenergy pro

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 2.2.

Figure 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Measures, 1991

By Industry and Type of Consumption

Paper and Chemicals and Petroleum and Primary Metals All Other 

06

121824

1.540

2.674

1.138 1.563

3.922

2.472 3.040 2.987 2.292

4.236

2.506

5.051 5.967

2.467

4.266

Quadrillion Btu

Primary Energy Consumption by Industry

Paper Primary

0

10203040

29

25

12 12

21

Percent

Petroleum

and Coal 

Products

Chemicals

and Allied

Products

Paper and Allied 

Products

Primary

Metals

All Other

Manufacturing

Primary Energy Consumption by Source

Natural Gas Net Coal 

02468

10

6.10

2.37 2.01

Quadrillion Btu

4

Offsite-Produced Energy to Produce Heat, Power, and Electricity1

Total Energy Consumed to Produce Heat, Power, and Electricity 2

Primary Consumption of Energy 3

Allied Products Allied Products Coal Products Industries Manufacturing Industries

4

5

Electricity
Table 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Measures, 1991

 (Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)

Type of Consumption and Selected Industries Net Electricity1 Fuel Oil Natural Gas Coal Other 2 

Primary Consumption of Energy 3 .................................................................................. 2.370 0.600 6.095 2.006 9.186 

 Paper and Allied Products ................................................................................................ 0.201 0.165 W 0.296 W  Chemicals and Allied Products ......................................................................................... 0.440 W 2.227 W W  Petroleum and Coal Products 4 ........................................................................................ 0.105 0.086 0.838 W W 

 Primary Metal Industries ................................................................................................... 0.499 W 0.708 0.853 W  All Other Manufacturing Industries ................................................................................... 1.125 W W W W Total Energy Consumed to Produce Heat, Power, and Electricity 5 ............................ 2.370 0.553 5.506 1.184 5.414 

 Paper and Allied Products ................................................................................................ 0.201 0.165 0.548 0.296 1.262  Chemicals and Allied Products ......................................................................................... 0.440 0.060 1.669 0.253 0.618  Petroleum and Coal Products ........................................................................................... 0.105 0.108 0.838 W W  Primary Metal Industries ................................................................................................... 0.499 0.044 0.686 0.046 1.017  All Other Manufacturing Industries ................................................................................... 1.125 0.176 1.765 W W Offsite-Produced Energy Consumed to Produce Heat, Power, and Electricity 6 ....... 2.451 0.485 5.492 1.175 1.234 

 Paper and Allied Products ................................................................................................ 0.222 0.165 0.548 0.292 0.313  Chemicals and Allied Products ......................................................................................... 0.474 0.059 1.665 0.249 0.227  Petroleum and Coal Products ........................................................................................... 0.114 0.041 0.830 W W  Primary Metal Industries ................................................................................................... 0.502 0.044 0.686 0.046 0.285  All Other Manufacturing Industries ................................................................................... 1.139 0.176 1.763 W W 

1 "Net electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It excludes electricity generated fromcombustible fuels. 2 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed. 3 Includes feedstocks; does not include by-product fuels. 4 Includes feedstocks and raw materials for the production of nonenergy products, regardless of thetype of energy. 5 Includes by-product energy.

6 Energy that was produced offsite and then acquired by purch

the production of heat or power.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual establishme

totals. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Co

1994).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.3 Manufacturing Fuel-Switching Capability Within 30 Days, 1991

42

1 The quantity of residual and distillate fuel oils that is switchable to nonpetroleum alternative 

fuels is 99 thousand barrels per day, if all possible switching from nonpetroleum fuels took place.

(s)=Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.Source: Table 2.3.

Natural Gas

0246

5.3

1.9

Trillion Cubic Feet per Year

Purchased Electricit

0

200400600800

718

17

Billion Kilowatthours per Year

Purchased Electricity Coal

0

255075

53

24

Million Short Tons per Year

0

50

100150200250

Thousand Barrels per Day

Natural Gas Coal Residual Fuel Oil 

0246 5.5

2.5

1.2

0.4 

1.9

0.1

0.5 0.2 

Quadrillion Btu per Year

Actual Consumption Total Switchable

Purchased Electricity
Table 2.3 Manufacturing Fuel-Switching Capability Within 30 Days, 1991

Measure of

Consumption

Natural Gas Purchased Electricity 1 Coal Residual Fuel Oil 

Billion

Cubic

Feet

per Year

Quadrillion

Btu

per Year

Million

Kilowatthours

per Year

Quadrillion

Btu

per Year

Thousand

Short

Tons

per Year

Quadrillion

Btu

per Year

Thousand

Barrels

per Day

Quadrillion

Btu

per Year

Actual ........................................ 5,345 5.505 718,480 2.451 53,035 1.181 180 0.414 Minimum 2 ................................ 3,485 3.590 701,478 2.393 29,425 0.655 100 0.229 

Maximum 3 ............................... 5,887 6.064 766,887 2.617 58,996 1.314 553 1.269 

Total Switchable 4 ..................... 1,860 1.916 17,003 0.058 23,610 0.526 5 80 0.185 

1 Those quantities for which payment was made and that were available onsite for consumption. 2 The amount of fuel actually consumed, minus the amount actually consumed that could have been

replaced by other fuels. 3 The amount of fuel actually consumed, plus the amount of additional fuels consumed that could haveoccurred if all possible switching from other fuels took place. 4 The amount of fuels actually consumed that could have been replaced by other fuels.

5 The quantity of residual fuel oil and distillate fuel oil that is swi

is 99 thousand barrels per day, if all possible switching from nonpet

Note: Consumption includes energy consumed for heat, pow

excludes energy consumed as petrochemical feedstocks and raw m

Source: Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Co

1994).
44 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Notes: Numbers that appear within each bar are the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 

codes for industry groups. See Table 2.4 for industry group titles. A decrease in the energy intensity

ratio implies an increase in energy efficiency and is repSource: Table 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Manufacturing Offsite Energy Intensity Change by Industry Group, 1985 to 1991

-20-15-10

-5

05

101520

-4.3 -4.0

-1.7

-13.3

2.6

-9.2

13.9

-11.8

3.2

-2.8

16.2

8.7

4.3

Percent Change, 1985 to 1991 20 22 25 26 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 36 37 

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

To

Manufa

l

l
Table 2.4 Manufacturing Energy Intensity by Industry, 1985, 1988, and 1991

SIC 2

Code Major Group and Industry 

Offsite Energy Intensity Ratios 3

Offsite Energy 

(p

1985 1988 1991 1985 to 1988 198

 20 Food and Kindred Products .................................................. 2.53 2.79 2.64 -10.1  21 Tobacco Products ................................................................. NA NA NA NA  22 Textile Mill Products ............................................................. 4.49 4.54 4.67 -1.1  23 Apparel and Other Textile Products ..................................... NA NA NA NA  24 Lumber and Wood Products ................................................. NA NA NA NA  25 Furniture and Fixtures .......................................................... 1.37 1.48 1.39 -8.2  26 Paper and Allied Products .................................................... 12.27 11.29 13.90 8.0  2621 Paper Mills ............................................................................ 24.27 23.22 26.63 4.3  2631 Paperboard Mills ................................................................... 36.31 33.89 39.47 6.7  27 Printing and Publishing ......................................................... NA NA NA NA  28 Chemicals and Allied Products ............................................. 11.85 11.28 11.55 4.8  2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, nec ...................................... 19.08 19.68 21.14 -3.1  2821 Plastics Materials and Resins ............................................... 10.22 10.42 9.80 -2.0  2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals, nec ........................................ 22.66 19.75 21.01 12.8  2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers .......................................................... 79.89 90.60 111.64 -13.4  29 Petroleum and Coal Products ............................................... 7.63 7.83 8.33 -2.6  2911 Petroleum Refining ............................................................... 7.75 7.87 8.63 -1.3  30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products ..................................... 3.04 3.05 2.62 -0.5  31 Leather and Leather Products .............................................. NA NA NA NA  32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products .......................................... 15.52 16.39 17.35 -5.6  3241 Hydraulic Cement ................................................................. 81.04 78.06 86.89 3.7  33 Primary Metal Industries ....................................................... 13.84 13.66 13.40 1.3  3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ............................................. 22.32 23.21 21.96 -4.0  3334 Primary Aluminum ................................................................ 45.21 41.11 37.94 9.1  34 Fabricated Metal Products .................................................... 2.18 2.33 2.24 -6.8  35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment .................................... 1.20 1.10 1.00 7.8  36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment .............................. 1.15 1.21 1.05 -4.8  37 Transportation Equipment .................................................... 1.04 0.97 1.00 6.8  38 Instruments and Related Products ....................................... 1.05 0.91 0.89 13.2  39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries .............................. 1.25 1.27 1.08 R -1.5 

 — Total Manufacturing ............................................................. 4.35 4.26 4.44 2.1 

1 A decrease in the energy intensity ratio results in an increase in energy efficiency represented by a

positive value. 2 Based on 1987 Standard Industrial Classification system. 3 Thousand Btu per constant (1987) dollar of value of shipments and receipts.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. 

Note: Data for 1985 and 1988 are different from previously p

adjustments.

Sources: • 1985—Energy Information Administration (EIA), For

Consumption Survey." • 1988—EIA, Form EIA-846, "1988 Manuf

• 1991—EIA, Form EIA-846, "1991 Manufacturing Energy Consum
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.5 Offsite-Produced Energy Consumed for Heat and Power by Selected Industry Grou

46

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 2.5.

SIC 32: Stone, Clay, and Glass Products

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989

0123

Quadrillion Btu

Measured DataDerived Data

Total Manufacturing

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989

0369

1215

Quadrillion Btu

SIC 26: Paper and Allied Products

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989

0123

Quadrillion Btu

SIC 28: Chemicals an

1974 1977 19

01234

Quadrillion Btu

SIC 29: Petroleum and Coal Products

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989

0123

Quadrillion Btu

SIC 33: Primary Met

1974 1977 19

0123

Quadrillion Btu
Table 2.5 Offsite-Produced Energy Consumed for Heat and Power by Selected Industry Group, 197

 (Trillion Btu)

Year

Data

Source 2

Industry Group by SIC Code 1

SIC 20 SIC 22 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 29 SIC 30 SIC 32 SIC 33 SIC 34 SIC 35 SIC 36 S

1974 ASM 959 323 1,327 2,937 1,545 247 1,332 2,604 408 367 251 1975 ASM 916 307 1,210 2,780 1,357 227 1,159 2,235 367 330 227 1976 ASM 938 329 1,295 3,017 1,292 237 1,220 2,380 381 330 233 1977 CM 952 339 1,308 2,979 1,303 272 1,252 2,539 395 340 249 1978 ASM 980 327 1,301 2,905 1,123 261 1,300 2,711 400 351 255 1979 ASM 949 315 1,300 2,889 1,245 249 1,266 2,689 386 353 250 1980 ASM 948 295 1,278 2,717 1,178 223 1,122 2,277 359 334 240 1981 ASM 913 292 1,262 2,630 1,137 223 1,077 2,241 352 325 235 1982 Derived 900 256 1,210 2,258 1,035 231 901 1,507 298 278 218 1983 Derived 889 274 1,299 2,285 982 238 916 1,528 288 257 229 1984 Derived 898 266 1,349 2,295 966 236 945 1,650 319 268 235 1985 MECS 876 247 1,340 2,170 917 211 878 1,537 297 241 209 1986 Derived 894 258 1,379 2,167 1,068 232 903 1,431 302 243 219 1987 Derived 921 278 1,402 2,436 972 250 921 1,560 323 261 207 1988 MECS 946 276 1,409 2,568 1,070 251 959 1,773 343 278 215 1989 Derived 946 280 1,446 2,630 1,105 259 978 1,720 345 284 217 1990 Derived 942 273 1,514 2,683 1,140 255 970 1,690 335 277 215 1991 MECS 922 272 1,540 2,674 1,138 235 877 1,563 305 236 196 

1 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code industry groups displayed are: 

SIC 20 Food and Kindred Products SIC 22 Textile Mill Products SIC 26 Paper and Allied Products SIC 28 Chemicals and Allied Products SIC 29 Petroleum and Coal Products SIC 30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products SIC 32 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products SIC 33 Primary Metal Industries SIC 34 Fabricated Metal Products SIC 35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment SIC 36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment SIC 37 Transportation Equipment. 2 ASM = U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Annual Survey of Manufactures: 

Fuels and Electric Energy Consumed, 1974-1976 and 1978-1981. 

 CM = U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufactures: Fuels and

Electric Energy Consumed, 1977. 

MECS = Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy 

Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy, 

Derived = Estimates derived by using consumption data from 

Board production indices from the Statistical Abstract 1993. 3 Others are SIC 21 Tobacco Products; SIC 23 Apparel and Oth

Wood Products; SIC 25 Furniture and Fixtures; SIC 27 Printing and Products; SIC 38 Instruments and Related Products; and SIC 39 M

Note: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to indep

purchased consumption, defined as consumption of energy thacquired as a result of a purchase or transfer and consumed onsit• 1974-1986 data based on 1972 Standard Industrial Classificat1987 Standard Industrial Classification system.

Sources: • 1974-1984, 1986, and 1987—Energy Informatio

Estimates of Manufacturing Energy Consumption, 1974-1988 (Au

forward—EIA, Form EIA-846, "1991 Manufacturing Energy Cestimates."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.6 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 1991

48

1 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.2 Liquefied petroleum gases and natural gas liquids.

3 Excluding coal coke and breeze.Source: Table 2.6.

By Energy Source

Net Electricity Residual Fuel Oil Distillate Fuel Oil LPG and NGL2 Natural Gas 

0123456

2.4

0.4

0.1 0.1

5.5

Quadrillion Btu

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 

Quadrillion Btu

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.5

1.3

3

By Selected End Uses

Process Cooling and Refrigeration

Electrochemical Processes

Facility Lighting

Facility HVAC1

Machine Drive

Process Heating
Table 2.6 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Energy Sour

End-Use Category

Net

Electricity 1

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil 2 LPG and NGL 3 Natural Gas 4

Million

Kilowatthours Thousand Barrels

Billion

Cubic Feet

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. W 47,009 6,850 4,928 2,037 

Direct End Use All Process Uses ................................................................. 546,382 17,342 5,800 16,908 2,503 

 Process Heating 6 ............................................................... 68,853 16,959 3,177 12,704 2,312 

 Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 36,330 6 30 18 13  Machine Drive ..................................................................... 347,899 353 2,398 4,093 123  Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 89,005 — — — —  Other Process Uses ........................................................... 4,295 24 196 93 55  All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 116,156 1,148 9,134 5,105 682  Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 6 ........... 56,165 673 1,372 731 275 

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 47,309 — — — —  Other Facility Support ......................................................... 10,537 W 81 62 22  Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 1,114 — 6,533 4,242 (s)  Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 325 734 41 337  Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 1,031 W 413 30 48 End Use Not Reported ........................................................... W 339 2,101 1,028 124 

Total ......................................................................................... 694,702 65,837 23,885 27,970 5,345 

Trillion Btu

Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) ................................................. W 296 40 18 2,098 

Direct End Use All Process Uses ................................................................. 1,864 109 34 64 2,578  Process Heating 6 ............................................................... 235 107 19 49 2,382 

 Process Cooling and Refrigeration ..................................... 124 (s) (s) (s) 13  Machine Drive ..................................................................... 1,187 2 14 15 127  Electrochemical Processes ................................................ 304 — — — —  Other Process Uses ........................................................... 15 (s) 1 (s) 56  All Non-Process Uses ......................................................... 396 7 53 19 702 

 Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 6 ........... 192 4 8 3 283 

 Facility Lighting ................................................................... 161 — — — —  Other Facility Support ......................................................... 36 W (s) (s) 23  Onsite Transportation ......................................................... 4 — 38 16 (s)  Conventional Electricity Generation ................................... — 2 4 (s) 347  Other Non-Process Use ..................................................... 4 W 2 (s) 49 End Use Not Reported ........................................................... W 2 12 4 128 

Total ......................................................................................... 2,370 414 139 105 5,506 

1 "Net Electricity" is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible

renewable resources, minus quantitities sold and transferred out. 2 Includes fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4, and diesel fuel nos. 1, 2, and 4. 3 Liquefied petroleum gases and natural gas liquids. 4 Includes natural gas obtained from utilities, transmission pipelines, any other supplier(s), such asbrokers and producers. 5 Total of major energy sources. The top half of the "Total" column is blank because different physicalunits cannot be added. 6 Excludes steam and hot water.

— = Estimation of energy input quantity is not applicable. W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for

individual establishments. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Notes: • Totals may not equal sum of components due to inde

combustible energy presented in this table are for the total consumand power, regardless of where the energy was produced. Specificof energy that were originally produced offsite and purchased by those that were produced onsite from other energy or input matextracted from captive (onsite) mines or wells. • Allocations treasonable approximations by respondents.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "19

Survey."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.7 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation in 1991 by Energy Management Activity Present From 1989-1991

50

1 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.Note: These energy management activities are commonly called demand-side management

programs when conducted by utility or supplier.Source: Table 2.7.

By Management Activity

Energy Audits Direct Electricity Special Rate Standby Generation Equipment Rebates 

05

1015

7.1

7.9

5.1

9.9

6.5

8.5

1.1

13.9

0.8

14.2

Quadrillion Btu

Energy Audits Direct Electricity

Load Control

Special Rate

Schedule Standby Generation Program Equipment Rebates 

Both Types of SponsorSelf or Third Party Sponsor OnlyUtility/Supplier Sponsor OnlyNo Activity

Equipment Installation or Retrofit for the Primary Purpose ofImproving Energy Efficiency Affecting:

Steam Production rocess He Process Cooling Direct Machine Drive Facility HVAC1 

05

1015

4.8

10.3

5.1

9.9

2.2

12.8

5.4

9.7

3.4

11.6

Quadrillion Btu

Steam Production Process Heating Process Cooling Direct Machine Drives Facility HVAC1 
Table 2.7 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation in 1991 by Ener

 Activity Present From 1989-1991

Sponsorship 1

Energy

Audits

Direct

Electricity

Load

Control

Special

Rate

Schedule 2

Standby

Generation

Program

Equipment

Rebates

Equipment Installation or Retrofit

for the Primary Purpose of

Improving Energy Efficiency Affecting: 

Steam

Production 3

Process

Heating

Process

Cooling

Direct

Machine

Drives 4

Facility

HVAC 5

Quadrillion Btu

Any Type of Sponsor ......................... 7.083 5.086 6.517 1.133 0.783 4.757 5.146 2.212 5.354 3.424  Utility/Supplier Sponsor Only 8 .......... 0.532 0.565 3.939 0.176 0.582 0.200 0.209 0.069 0.351 0.175 

 Self or Third Party Sponsor Only ....... 5.757 3.853 1.269 0.918 0.095 4.360 4.517 2.059 4.511 3.061  Both ................................................... 0.793 0.668 1.310 0.038 0.106 0.197 0.419 0.084 0.493 0.187 No Activity ........................................... 7.944 9.941 8.509 13.894 14.244 10.269 9.881 12.815 9.672 11.603 

Total ..................................................... 15.027 15.027 15.027 15.027 15.027 15.027 15.027 15.027 15.027 15.027 

Percent

Any Type of Sponsor ......................... 47.1 33.8 43.4 7.5 5.2 31.7 34.2 14.7 35.6 22.8  Utility/Supplier Sponsor Only 8 .......... 3.5 3.8 26.2 1.2 3.9 1.3 1.4 0.5 2.3 1.2 

 Self or Third Party Sponsor Only ....... 38.3 25.6 8.4 6.1 0.6 29.0 30.1 13.7 30.0 20.4  Both ................................................... 5.3 4.4 8.7 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.8 0.6 3.3 1.2 No Activity ........................................... 52.9 66.2 56.6 92.5 94.8 63.3 65.8 85.3 64.4 77.2 Total ..................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

1 Sponsorship of an energy management activity was determined by the manufacturing establishment. 2 For example, interruptible or time-of-use rates. 3 For example, boilers or nozzles. 4 For example, adjustable-speed drives, motors, and pumps. 5 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. 6 Equipment retrofit or installation for the primary purpose of using different energy source (e.g.,

electrification).

7 Included are power factor corrections, improvements in op

management activities reported by survey respondents. 8 These energy management activities are commonly called deconducted by utility or supplier.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "19

Survey."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.8 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Techno

52

1 Or major energy-using equipment.Notes: See Appendix F for Census regions. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared. Source: Table 2.8.

Either No Presence or Presence of Energy-Related Technologies, by Region

Northeast Midwest South West

02468

0.4 0.7

1.1

0.4

1.3

3.1

6.4

1.7

Quadrillion Btu

Energy-Related Technologies by Technology Type by Region

computer conputer Waste 

0246

0.5

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8

2.6

2.2 

1.3

5.5

4.9

0.4

1.2 1.2 

Quadrillion Btu

Computer Control of Building

 Environment

Waste Heat Recovery Adj

Energy-Related Technologies by Technology Type

Computer Computer W

0369

12

3.1

10.3

Quadrillion Btu

Computer Control of

Building 

Environment

Computer 

Control of

Processes1

W

Re

None One or More Technologies

Northeast Midwest South West

Computer Control of Processes1

l l
Table 2.8 Manufacturing Sector Inputs for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Technology, 

Census Region 1 Total

No Presence

of Selected

Technologies 2

Presence of

One or More

Selected

Technologies 2

Types of General Energy-Related Techno

Computer Control of

Building Environment 3

Computer Control of

Processes or Major

Energy-Using Equipment 4

Waste 

Recov

Quadrillion Btu

Northeast .......................... 1.635 0.352 1.282 0.473 1.033 0.8Midwest ............................ 3.833 0.703 3.130 0.942 2.570 2.2South ................................ 7.507 1.078 6.429 1.260 5.463 4.9West ................................. 2.052 0.383 1.669 0.406 1.235 1.1United States ................... 15.027 2.516 12.510 3.081 10.300 9.1

Percent

Northeast .......................... 10.9 14.0 10.2 15.4 10.0 9Midwest ............................ 25.5 27.9 25.0 30.6 25.0 24South ................................ 50.0 42.8 51.4 40.9 53.0 53West ................................. 13.7 15.2 13.3 13.2 12.0 12United States ................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100

1 See Appendix F for Census regions. 2 "Selected Technologies" include both general and industry-specific technologies. 3 For example, space heating or cooling and lighting. 4 For example, boilers, furnaces, and conveyers. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independ

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "19

Survey."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.9 Household Energy Consumption

54

Notes: · No data are available for years not shown. Data for 1978 through 1984 are for 

April of the year shown through March of the following year; data for 1987, 1990, and 1993 are for the calendar year. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.9. See Appendix F for Census region

Consumption by All Households, Selected Years, 1978-1993

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993

02468

1012

10.6

9.7 9.3 9.5

8.6 9.0 9.1 9.2

10.0

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, Selected Years, 1978-1993

1978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993

0

50

100150

138

126

114 114

103 105 101 98 104

Million Btu

Consumption by All Households, by Census Regio

Northeast Midwest So

01234

2.38

3.13 2

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption per Household, by Census Region, 

Northeast Midwest S

0

50

100150

122

134

Million Btu

l

l
Table 2.9 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-1993

 (Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)

Census Region 1 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 

Northeast ................................................................... 2.89 2.50 2.43 2.47 2.18 2.29 2.37  Natural Gas .............................................................. 1.14 1.05 0.92 1.06 0.99 0.93 1.03  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.38 0.41 0.44 

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 1.32 1.03 1.09 0.96 0.79 0.93 0.87  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02  Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 166 145 138 138 122 125 124 Midwest ..................................................................... 3.70 3.48 2.92 3.12 2.60 2.80 2.73 

 Natural Gas .............................................................. 2.53 2.48 2.02 2.24 1.76 1.99 1.83  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.61 

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 0.46 0.31 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.16 

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.13  Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 180 168 139 147 122 129 123 South ......................................................................... 2.43 2.30 2.59 2.46 2.46 2.50 2.61  Natural Gas .............................................................. 0.96 0.91 1.11 1.16 1.13 1.15 1.09  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 1.00 0.97 1.06 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.22 

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.17  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12  Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 99 92 96 89 88 85 84 West ........................................................................... 1.54 1.47 1.38 1.47 1.38 1.45 1.42  Natural Gas .............................................................. 0.95 0.88 0.89 0.93 0.89 0.91 0.88  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 0.48 0.47 0.41 0.46 0.42 0.47 0.48  Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 

 Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05  Consumption per Household (million Btu) ................ 110 100 86 90 84 85 78 United States ............................................................. 10.56 9.74 9.32 9.51 8.62 9.04 9.13  Natural Gas .............................................................. 5.58 5.31 4.94 5.39 4.77 4.98 4.83  Electricity 2 ................................................................ 2.47 2.42 2.46 2.48 2.42 2.48 2.76 

 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ............................... 2.19 1.71 1.55 1.33 1.14 1.26 1.22  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ...................................... 0.33 0.31 0.36 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.32  Consumption per Household (million Btu) 3 ............. 138 126 114 114 103 105 101 

1 See Appendix F for Census regions. 2 Includes site electricity generated for distribution from wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic,

and solar thermal energy. 3 Data not adjusted to account for more severe winter weather in earlier years when the survey wasfielded. 1993 weather was normal, similar to that for 1982 and 1984.

Notes: • This table shows major energy items only. • No data are available for years not shown.

• One Btu of electricity = 0.000293 (1 ÷ 3,412) kWh. • Da

shown through March of following year; data for 1987, 19year. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independe

Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration 

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Resi
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.10 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures

56

1 Fuel oil is distillate fuel oil and kerosene.2 Liquefied petroleum gases.3 Nominal dollars.

Notes: · No data are available for years not shown. · B

graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 2.10.

Consumption by Energy Source, 1993

Natural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil1 LPG2

0246

5.27

3.28

1.07

0.38

Quadrillion Btu

Consumption by End Use, 1993

Space Heating Appliances Water Heating Air Conditioning

0246

5.32

2.40

1.83

0.46

Quadrillion Btu

Expenditures, Selected Years, 1978-1993

1978 1980 1982 1984 198

0

306090

120150

55

75

85 88

97 98

Billion Dollars3

Consumption for Space Heating, 1993

Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 Elec

01234 3.67

0.95

0

Quadrillion Btu

l l
Table 2.10 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source,

 Selected Years, 1978-1993

Year

Space Heating A/C 1,2 Water Heating Appliances 3 

Natural

Gas

Electricity 4 Fuel Oil 5 LPG 6 Electri- city 4 Natural Gas Electri- city 4 Fuel Oil 5 LPG 6 Natural Gas Electri- city 4 LPG 6 Natural Gas 

Consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

1978 4.26 R0.40 2.05 0.23 0.31 1.04 0.29 0.14 0.06 0.28 1.46 0.03 5.58 

1980 3.32 0.28 1.32 0.25 0.32 1.24 0.31 0.24 0.07 0.38 1.55 0.04 4.94 1981 R3.80 0.30 R1.12 0.22 0.33 1.10 0.33 R0.20 0.06 0.49 1.53 0.03 5.39 

1982 3.31 0.27 1.05 0.19 0.30 1.08 0.33 0.09 0.06 0.39 1.52 0.04 4.77 1984 3.51 0.30 R1.11 0.21 R0.33 1.10 0.32 0.15 0.06 0.35 1.53 0.04 4.98 

1987 3.38 0.28 1.05 0.22 0.44 1.10 0.31 0.17 0.06 0.34 1.72 0.04 4.83 1990 3.37 0.30 R0.93 0.19 0.48 1.16 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.33 1.91 0.03 4.86 

1993 3.67 0.41 0.95 0.30 0.46 1.31 0.34 0.12 0.05 0.29 R2.08 0.03 5.27 

Expenditures

(billion dollars7)

1978 11.49 3.53 8.06 1.05 3.97 2.88 3.15 0.56 0.36 0.93 19.24 0.25 15.30 1980 12.80 3.71 10.59 1.90 5.07 4.79 4.54 1.89 0.59 1.71 26.82 R0.40 19.30 

1981 17.07 4.60 9.99 1.84 5.96 4.93 5.32 1.83 0.53 2.50 30.02 0.37 24.50 1982 18.55 4.45 8.84 1.68 6.05 6.08 5.90 0.75 0.57 2.42 32.02 0.47 27.06 1984 20.66 5.71 8.51 2.00 R7.37 6.63 6.44 1.09 0.58 2.31 R34.96 0.54 R29.78 

1987 18.05 5.53 6.25 1.85 9.77 6.02 6.45 0.94 0.50 2.02 39.83 0.46 26.15 1990 18.59 6.16 7.42 2.01 11.19 6.59 7.21 0.83 R0.65 2.03 46.95 0.48 27.26 

1993 21.95 8.66 R6.24 2.81 11.30 8.08 7.58 R0.74 0.58 1.98 R53.52 0.42 32.04 

1 A/C = Air conditioning. 2 A small amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is included in "Natural Gas" under "Total." 3 Includes refrigerators. 4 Includes electricity generated for distribution from wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and

solar thermal electricity. 5 Fuel oil is distillate fuel oil and kerosene. Includes a small amount of fuel oil or kerosene used forappliances.

6 Liquefied petroleum gases. 7 Nominal dollars.

Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. Consumpti

2.9. • One Btu of electricity = 0.000293 (1 ÷ 3,412) kWh

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1978—Energy Information Administration (EIA

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Resi
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.11 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators by Census Region an Vintage of Housing Unit, 1993

58

W=Data withheld because fewer than 10 housing units were sampled. Note: SF*HDD=square footage times heating degree-days.

Source: Table 2.11. See Appendix F for Census regio

Consumption of Main Heating Fuel

Northeast Midwest South West

05

1015

8.4

7.8

12.1

9.1

4.9 4.6

8.6

6.6

Cubic Feet per 1,000 SF*HDD

Northeast Midwest South West

0

0.020.040.060.08

0.06

0.04

0.07

0.05

0.04

Gallons per 1,000 SF*HDD

w w w

Northeast Midw

0

0.5

1

1.5

0.67

0.75

0.66 0

Kilowatthour per 1,000 SF*HDD

Expenditures for Main Heating Fuel

Northeast Midwest South West Northeast Midwest South West Northeast Midwes

048

12

6.5

4.3

7.5

5.1 5.5

3.4

6.9

5.0

6.4

5.4

3.9

2.6

5.6

3.5 3.4

6.0

4.5

Cents per 1,000 SF*HDD

w w w

Homes Built in 1979 or Earlier Homes Built Between 1980 and 1993

Natural Gas Distillate Fuel Oil ElecNatural Gas Distillate Fuel Oil Elec
Table 2.11 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators by Census Region and Vin

 of Housing Unit, 1993 

Source and Indicator (Units)

Census Regions 1

Northeast Midwest South 

Built in

1979 or

Earlier

Built

Between

1980-1993

Built in

1979 or

Earlier

Built

Between

1980-1993

Built in

1979 or

Earlier

Built

Between

1980-1993

Built in

1979 o

Earlier

Natural Gas Households Using Natural Gas as Main Space Heating Source (million) .................................. 8.2 1.3 14.4 2.5 9.7 3.3 9.6  Annual Consumption per Household for Main Space Heating (1,000 cubic feet) ...................... 83.2 54.9 93.1 70.9 60.9 46.7 43.5  Annual Expenditures per Household for Main Space Heating (dollars) ..................................... 640 440 513 398 378 303 241  Annual Heating Degree-Days (degree-days) ............................................................................. 5,749 6,058 6,586 6,684 3,277 2,974 3,161  Average Heated Floor Space (square feet) ................................................................................ 1,718 1,846 1,808 2,287 1,530 1,822 1,508  Consumption per 1,000 Square Foot * HDD (cubic feet) ........................................................... 8.4 4.9 7.8 4.6 12.1 8.6 9.1  Expenditures per 1,000 Square Foot * HDD (cents) .................................................................. 6.5 3.9 4.3 2.6 7.5 5.6 5.1 Electricity 2 Households Using Electricity as Main Space Heating Source (million) ...................................... 1.3 0.7 1.7 1.2 7.5 7.1 3.8  Annual Consumption per Household for Main Space Heating (kWh) ......................................... 5,492 6,137 8,215 5,571 4,395 3,638 4,632  Annual Expenditures per Household for Main Space Heating (dollars) ..................................... 527 557 589 376 311 271 279  Annual Heating Degree-Days (degree-days) ............................................................................. 6,026 6,076 6,445 5,994 2,451 2,434 3,943  Average Heated Floor Space (square feet) ................................................................................ 1,368 1,536 1,695 1,407 1,390 1,527 1,124  Consumption per 1,000 Square Foot * HDD (kWh) .................................................................... 0.67 0.66 0.75 0.66 1.29 0.98 1.05  Expenditures per 1,000 Square Foot * HDD (cents) .................................................................. 6.4 6.0 5.4 4.5 9.1 7.3 6.3 Distillate Fuel Oil Households Using Oil as Main Space Heating Source (million) ................................................. 6.3 0.7 1.3 W 1.4 W 0.4  Annual Consumption per Household for Main Space Heating (gallons) .................................... 653 555 690 W 515 W 535  Annual Expenditures per Household for Main Space Heating (dollars) ..................................... 586 505 592 W 494 W 543  Annual Heating Degree-Days (degree-days) ............................................................................. 5,926 6,511 7,747 W 3,852 W 5,380  Average Heated Floor Space (square feet) ................................................................................ 1,813 2,282 2,246 W 1,846 W 2,009  Consumption per 1,000 Square Foot * HDD (gallons) ............................................................... 0.06 0.04 0.04 W 0.07 W 0.05  Expenditures per 1,000 Square Foot * HDD (cents) .................................................................. 5.5 3.4 3.4 W 6.9 W 5.0 Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) Households Using LPG as Main Space Heating Source (million) .............................................. W 0.1 1.4 0.3 1.8 0.5 0.2  Annual Consumption per Household for Main Space Heating (gallons) .................................... W 608 1,001 707 425 435 867  Annual Expenditures per Household for Main Space Heating (dollars) ..................................... W 609 762 564 406 417 791  Annual Heating Degree-Days (degree-days) ............................................................................. W 7,075 6,939 6,884 2,827 3,033 6,452  Average Heated Floor Space (square feet) ................................................................................ W 1,667 2,134 1,938 1,291 1,456 1,599  Consumption per 1,000 Square Foot * HDD (gallons) ............................................................... W 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.12 0.10 0.08  Expenditures per 1,000 Square Foot * HDD (cents) .................................................................. W 5.2 5.1 4.2 11.1 9.4 7.7 

1 See Appendix F for Census regions. 2 Includes electricity generated for distribution from geothermal, wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and

solar thermal energy sources.

W=Data withheld because fewer than 10 housing units were sampled. Notes: • HDD = heating degree-days to base 65 °F. • One Btu of electricity = 0.000293 (1 ÷ 3,412)

kWh. • Averages are for households using the fuel as the ma

consumption and expenditures in this table do not show the small ause the fuel only as a secondary space heating fuel. • Space heathe fan that circulates warm air through the ducts. • HDD are for 1

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-457, "Res
60 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under "central." Source: Table 2.12.

Figure 2.12 Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 1993

Television Set, Colo

Microwave Oven

Clothes Washer

Range

Clothes Dryer

Dishwasher

Separate Freezer

Television Set, Blac

Range

Oven

Clothes Dryer

One 

Two or More

Central1

Individual Room Unit

None

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 

14

75

54

47

37

38

51

46

42

1414

27

30

43

77

61

57

45

35

20

38

36

1515

44

25

32

Percent of Households With Appliance

Electric AppliancesGas AppliancesRefrigeratorsAir Conditioning

None...................................................Individual Room Units1.......................Central1...............................................Two or More.......................................One.....................................................Clothes Dryer......................................Oven...................................................Range.................................................Television Set, Black/White................Separate Freezer................................Dishwasher.........................................Clothes Dryer......................................Television Set, Color...........................Microwave Oven.................................Clothes Washer..................................Range.................................................
Table 2.12 Households With Selected Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-1993

Appliance

Percent of Households 

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 1990 

Total Households ............................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Type of Appliances Electric Appliances Television Set (Color) ....................... NA NA 82 82 85 88 93 96  Television Set (B/W) ......................... NA NA 51 48 47 43 36 31  Clothes Washer ................................ 75 NA 75 74 72 74 76 76  Range (Stove-Top Burner) ............... 53 NA 54 54 53 54 57 58  Oven, Regular or Microwave ............ 54 NA 59 58 59 63 79 88  Oven, Microwave .............................. 8 NA 14 17 21 34 61 79  Clothes Dryer .................................... 45 NA 47 45 45 46 51 53  Separate Freezer .............................. 35 NA 38 38 37 37 34 35  Dishwasher ....................................... 35 NA 37 37 36 38 43 45  Dehumidifier ..................................... NA NA 9 9 9 9 10 12  Waterbed Heaters ............................ NA NA NA NA NA 10 14 15  Window or Ceiling Fan ..................... NA NA NA NA 28 35 46 51  Whole House Fan ............................. NA NA NA NA 8 8 9 10  Evaporative Cooler ........................... NA NA 4 4 4 4 3 4  Personal Computer ........................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16  Pump for Well Water ........................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 15  Swimming-Pool Pump 1 .................... NA NA 4 4 3 NA NA 5 

Gas Appliances 2

 Range (Stove-Top or Burner) ........... 48 NA 46 46 47 45 43 42  Oven ................................................. 47 NA 42 40 42 42 41 41  Clothes Dryer .................................... 14 NA 14 16 15 16 15 16  Outdoor Gas Grill .............................. NA NA 9 9 11 13 20 26  Outdoor Gas Light ............................ 2 NA 2 2 2 1 1 1  Swimming Pool Heater 3 .................. NA NA NA NA NA 1 1 2 

Refrigerators 4

 One ................................................... 86 NA 86 87 86 88 86 84  Two or More ..................................... 14 NA 14 13 13 12 14 15 Air Conditioning (A/C) Central 5 ........................................... 23 24 27 27 28 30 36 39 

 Individual Room Units 5 .................... 33 31 30 31 30 30 30 29 

 None ................................................. 44 45 43 42 42 40 36 32 Portable Kerosene Heaters ................ (s) NA (s) 1 3 6 6 5 

1 All reported swimming pools were assumed to have an electric pump for filtering and circulating the

water, except for 1993 when a filtering system was made explicit. 2 Includes natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases. 3 In 1984 and 1987, also includes heaters for jacuzzis and hot tubs. 4 Fewer than 0.5 percent of the households do not have a refrigerator. 5 Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under "Central."

NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 perceNote: No data are available for years not shown.Sources: • 1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration 

Consumption Survey." • 1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Resi
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.13 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 1993

62

(s)=Less than 0.5. Source: Table 2.13.

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas 

0

1020304050

11

0

9

14

1

48

25

11

0

4 

Million Housing Units

1950 1993 

Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil Coal Liquefied Gas 

0

204060

26

1

22

34

2

50

27

12

0

4 

Percent

1950 1993 

(s) (s)

(s)
Table 2.13 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-1993

Year Coal 1

Natural

Gas

Liquefied

Gas

Distillate

Fuel Oil Kerosene Electricity Wood Solar Other 

Million

1950 14.48 11.12 0.98 9.46 3 ( ) 0.28 4.17 NA 0.77 

1960 6.46 22.85 2.69 17.16 3 ( ) 0.93 2.24 NA 0.22 1970 1.82 35.01 3.81 16.47 3 ( ) 4.88 0.79 NA 0.27 1973 0.80 38.46 4.42 17.24 3 ( ) 7.21 0.60 NA 0.15 1974 0.74 39.47 4.14 16.84 3 ( ) 8.41 0.66 NA 0.09 1975 0.57 40.93 4.15 16.30 3 ( ) 9.17 0.85 NA 0.08 1976 0.48 41.22 4.24 16.45 3 ( ) 10.15 0.91 NA 0.09 1977 0.45 41.54 4.18 15.62 0.44 11.15 1.24 NA 0.15 1978 0.40 42.52 4.13 15.65 0.42 12.26 1.07 NA 0.12 1979 0.36 43.32 4.13 15.30 0.41 13.24 1.14 NA 0.10 1980 0.33 44.40 4.17 14.50 0.37 14.21 1.38 NA 0.11 1981 0.36 46.08 4.17 14.13 0.37 15.49 1.89 NA 0.10 1983 4 0.43 46.70 3.87 12.59 0.45 15.68 4.09 NA 0.16 

1985 0.45 45.33 3.58 12.44 1.06 18.36 6.25 0.05 0.37 1987 0.41 45.96 3.66 12.74 1.08 20.61 5.45 0.05 0.28 1989 0.34 47.40 3.66 12.47 1.07 23.06 4.59 (s) 0.40 1991 0.32 47.02 3.88 11.47 0.99 23.71 4.44 (s) 0.41 1993 0.30 47.67 3.92 11.17 1.02 25.11 4.10 (s) 0.50 

Percent

1950 33.8 26.0 2.3 22.1 3 ( ) 0.6 9.7 NA 1.8 

1960 12.2 43.1 5.1 32.4 3 ( ) 1.8 4.2 NA 0.4 1970 2.9 55.2 6.0 26.0 3 ( ) 7.7 1.3 NA 0.4 1973 1.2 55.5 6.4 24.9 3 ( ) 10.4 0.9 NA 0.2 1974 1.0 55.7 5.8 23.8 3 ( ) 11.9 0.9 NA 0.1 1975 0.8 56.4 5.7 22.5 3 ( ) 12.6 1.2 NA 0.1 1976 0.7 55.7 5.7 22.2 3 ( ) 13.7 1.2 NA 0.1 1977 0.6 55.2 5.6 20.7 0.6 14.8 1.6 NA 0.2 1978 0.5 55.1 5.4 20.3 0.5 15.9 1.4 NA 0.2 1979 0.5 55.1 5.3 19.5 0.5 16.9 1.4 NA 0.1 1980 0.4 55.4 5.2 18.1 0.5 17.7 1.7 NA 0.1 1981 0.4 55.4 5.0 17.0 0.4 18.6 2.3 NA 0.1 1983 4 0.5 55.2 4.6 14.9 0.5 18.5 4.8 NA 0.2 

1985 0.5 51.3 4.1 14.1 1.2 20.8 7.1 0.1 0.4 1987 0.4 50.6 4.0 14.0 1.2 22.7 6.0 0.1 0.3 1989 0.4 50.6 3.9 13.3 1.1 24.6 4.9 (s) 0.4 1991 0.3 50.5 4.2 12.3 1.1 25.5 4.8 (s) 0.4 1993 0.3 50.3 4.1 11.8 1.1 26.5 4.3 (s) 0.5 

1 Includes coal coke. 2 Includes nonreporting units in 1950 and 1960, which totaled 997 and 2,000 units, respectively. 3 Included in distillate fuel oil. 4 Since 1983, the American Housing Survey for the United States has been a biennial survey.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million or less than 0.05 percent. 

Notes: • Includes mobile homes and individual housing units in 

more than one type of heating system are classified according t• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Sources: • 1950, 1960, and 1970—Bureau of the Census, Cen

forward—Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.14 Household Motor Vehicle Data

64

Note: The percent changes are of all income categories; they are simple average annual 

percent changes (computed as the 3-year percent change divided by 3) and will differ slightly from compound average annual percent changes.

NA=Not Available.Source: Table 2.14.

Number Vehicle Fuel Leaded Unleaded Motor 

-25-20-15-10

-5

05

101520

2.9

5.5

3.3

-12.2

12.4

-0.8 

2.5

3.9 4.6

-18.2

7.0

-2.0

0.8

2.0 1.8

-23.1

3.6

-1.2

1.2

4.0

0.9

4.1

3.0

Percent Change per Year

+

++

+

Number of

 Vehicles

Vehicle Miles

Traveled

Fuel Efficiency (Miles per Gallon) Leaded Motor Gasoline

Consumed

Unleaded Motor

Gasoline

Consumed

Motor Fuel

Consumed per

 Household

NA

1983 to 1985 (2-year period)1985 to 1988 (3-year period1988 to 1991 (3-year period)1991 to 1994 (3-year period)
Table 2.14 Household Motor Vehicle Data, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994

Unit of Measure

Family Income

Less than $25,000 $25,000 or More 

1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 1985 1988 1991 1994 1983 1

Households with Vehicles (millions) ....................... 42.9 43.3 38.9 36.5 34.5 30.5 34.5 42.2 48.2 50.3 73.4 Vehicles (millions) ................................................... 66.7 65.4 58.7 52.7 52.0 63.0 71.9 88.8 98.5 104.8 129.7 1Vehicle Miles Traveled (billions) ............................. 589 587 550 488 550.4 630 766 960 1,114 1,242.8 1,219 1Motor Fuel Consumed (billion gallons) ................... 40.8 38.2 31.4 26.9 28.3 39.8 45.7 51.0 55.9 62.3 80.5 Motor Gasoline Consumed (billion gallons) Leaded .................................................................. 19.2 13.5 5.4 1.8 Q 13.2 11.0 5.8 1.6 Q 32.4  Unleaded .............................................................. 20.9 24.2 25.7 24.7 26.7 25.3 33.7 44.3 52.9 60.3 46.3 Motor Fuel Expenditures (billion dollars1) ............... 48.1 44.8 30.7 31.7 32.6 47.3 54.3 50.3 66.6 72.1 95.4 

Averages per Household with Vehicles Vehicles ................................................................ 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.8  Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 13.7 13.6 14.1 13.4 15.9 20.7 22.2 22.7 23.1 24.7 16.6  Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 950 883 807 737 818 1,305 1,326 1,205 1,160 1,238 1,097 1 Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 1,121 1,035 789 869 943 1,552 1,575 1,191 1,382 1,433 1,300 1

Averages per Vehicle Vehicle Miles Traveled (thousands) ..................... 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.3 10.6 10.0 10.7 10.8 11.3 11.9 9.4  Motor Fuel Consumed (gallons) ........................... 612 585 536 510 545 631 636 574 568 594 621  Motor Fuel Expenditures (dollars1) ....................... 722 685 524 602 628 751 755 567 676 688 736 Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon) ............................ 14.4 15.3 17.5 18.1 19.5 15.8 16.8 18.8 19.9 20.0 15.1 Price of Motor Gasoline (dollars1 per gallon)

 Leaded .................................................................. 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14 1.11 0.90 1.10 Q 1.14  Unleaded .............................................................. 1.22 1.20 0.99 1.18 1.15 1.22 1.21 1.00 1.19 1.16 1.22 

1 Nominal dollars.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10

households were sampled.

Notes: • Included are automobiles, station wagons, passenger vans, cargo vans, motor homes, pickup

trucks, and sport-utility vehicles (i.e., jeeplike vehicles, usually four-wheel drive). Excluded aremotorcycles, mopeds, large trucks, and buses. • Motor fuel includes motor gasoline and a small amount of

other fuels, such as diesel, gasohol, and propane. These data for 1983 differ from previously published1983 data in that the basis for estimating the number of vehicle-owning households was changed toconform with that being used for 1985. Purchase diaries, which were fuel purchase logs retained by drivers

in 1983 and 1985, were used as the basis for estimating data for thof components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Fuel Efficiency: • 1983 and 1985—Energy Inform

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey" purchase diaries. 

Protection Agency Certification Files, adjusted for on-road driving. 1985—EIA, "Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Surv

1994—Bureau of Labor Statistics Gasoline Pump Price Series anData: EIA, Form EIA-876A/C, "Residential Transportation Energy C
66 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 2.15.

Figure 2.15 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1994

Mileage

1960 1970 1980 1990

05

1015

Thousand Miles per Car All Motor Vehicles Passenger Cars

Fuel Consumption

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

250500750

1,000

Gallons per Car

All Motor Vehicles

Passenger Cars

Fuel Rate

1960 1970 

05

10152025

Miles per Gallon Passenge

All Motor 

All Motor Vehicles Efficiency

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

5075

100125150175

Index: 1973 = 100 Fuel Rate (Miles per Gallon) Mileage

Fuel Consumption

Passenger Car Efficiency

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

5075

100125150175

Index: 1973 = 100 

Fuel Consumptio

Fuel 

(Miles pe
Table 2.15 Motor Vehicle Efficiency, 1960-1994

Year

Passenger Cars 1 All Motor Vehicles 2

Mileage Fuel Consumption Fuel Rate Mileage Fuel Consumption 

Miles per

Car

Index

1973 = 

100.0

Gallons

per Car

Index

1973 = 

100.0

Miles

per

Gallon

Index

1973 = 

100.0

Miles per

Vehicle

Index

1973 = 

100.0

Gallons

per Vehicle

Index

1973 = 

100.0

1960 9,446 92.1 661 85.7 14.28 107.4 9,652 95.6 777 91.4 1961 9,465 92.3 658 85.3 14.38 108.1 9,648 95.5 776 91.3 1962 9,441 92.1 657 85.2 14.37 108.0 9,618 95.2 774 91.1 1963 9,240 90.1 648 84.0 14.26 107.2 9,646 95.5 773 90.9 1964 9,286 90.5 652 84.6 14.25 107.1 9,698 96.0 778 91.5 1965 9,255 90.2 649 84.2 14.27 107.3 9,674 95.8 775 91.2 1966 9,923 96.8 703 91.2 14.11 106.1 9,675 95.8 780 91.8 1967 10,060 98.1 715 92.7 14.07 105.8 9,751 96.6 786 92.5 1968 10,144 98.9 731 94.8 13.87 104.3 9,864 97.7 805 94.7 1969 10,158 99.0 746 96.8 13.62 102.4 9,885 97.9 821 96.6 1970 10,272 100.2 760 98.6 13.52 101.7 9,976 98.8 830 97.7 1971 10,422 101.6 770 99.9 13.54 101.8 10,133 100.3 839 98.7 1972 10,521 102.6 785 101.8 13.40 100.8 10,279 101.8 857 100.1 1973 10,256 100.0 771 100.0 13.30 100.0 10,099 100.0 850 100.0 1974 9,606 93.7 716 92.9 13.42 100.9 9,493 94.0 788 92.7 1975 9,690 94.5 716 93.9 13.52 101.7 9,627 95.3 790 92.9 1976 9,785 95.4 723 93.8 13.53 101.7 9,774 96.8 806 94.8 1977 9,879 96.3 716 93.9 13.80 103.8 9,978 98.8 814 95.8 1978 9,835 95.9 701 90.9 14.04 105.6 10,077 99.8 816 96.0 1979 9,403 91.7 653 84.7 14.41 108.3 9,722 96.3 776 91.3 1980 9,141 89.1 591 76.7 15.46 116.2 9,458 93.7 712 83.8 1981 9,186 89.6 576 74.7 15.94 119.8 9,462 93.7 697 82.0 1982 9,428 91.9 566 73.4 16.65 125.2 9,644 95.5 686 80.7 1983 9,475 92.4 553 71.7 17.14 128.9 9,761 96.7 686 80.7 1984 9,558 93.2 536 69.5 17.83 134.1 10,017 99.2 691 81.3 1985 9,560 93.2 525 68.1 18.20 136.8 10,018 99.2 685 80.6 1986 9,608 93.7 526 68.2 18.27 137.4 10,117 100.2 690 81.2 1987 9,878 96.3 514 66.7 19.20 144.4 10,449 103.5 694 81.6 1988 10,121 98.7 509 66.0 19.87 149.4 10,720 106.1 688 80.9 1989 10,332 100.7 509 66.0 20.31 152.7 10,936 108.3 688 80.9 1990 10,548 102.8 502 65.1 21.02 158.0 11,107 110.0 677 79.8 1991 10,757 104.9 496 64.3 21.69 163.1 11,294 111.8 668 78.6 1992 11,100 108.2 512 66.4 21.68 163.0 11,558 114.4 683 80.4 1993 R11,759 R114.7 R559 R72.5 R21.04 R158.2 R11,597 114.8 693 81.5 

1994P 11,838 115.4 551 71.5 21.48 161.5 11,695 115.8 695 81.8 

1 From 1960 to 1965, passenger cars category also include motorcycles.2 Passenger cars, motorcycles, buses, and trucks.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. 

Sources: • 1960-1985—Federal Highway Administration, High

VM-201A. • 1986 forward—Federal Highway Administration, Highw
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 2.16.

Figure 2.16 Motor Vehicle Registrations and Motor Fuel Consumption, 1960-1995

68

1 Beginning with 1994, personal passenger vans, passenger minivans, and utility-type 

vehicles are included in "Trucks" instead of "Automobiles."

Motor Vehicle Registrations

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

306090

120150180210

 Million Registrations (Cumulative)

Motor Fuel Consumption

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

02468

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)

 Automobiles1 

 Trucks1 and Buses 

Motorcycles

Total

 Gasoline 

 Other Fuels Total
Table 2.16 Motor Vehicle Registrations and Motor Fuel Consumption, 1960-1995

Year

Motor Vehicle Registrations

(millions)

Motor Fuel C

(thousand ba

Automobiles Motorcycles Buses Trucks Total Gasoline 2 Other 

1960 61.7 0.6 0.3 11.9 74.4 3,953 1961 63.4 0.6 0.3 12.3 76.6 4,034 1962 66.1 0.7 0.3 12.8 79.8 4,120 1963 69.0 0.8 0.3 13.4 83.5 4,274 1964 72.0 1.0 0.3 14.0 87.3 4,454 1965 75.3 1.4 0.3 14.8 91.7 4,644 1966 78.1 1.8 0.3 15.5 95.7 4,846 1967 80.4 2.0 0.3 16.2 98.9 5,014 1968 83.6 2.1 0.4 16.9 103.0 5,300 1969 86.9 2.3 0.4 17.9 107.4 5,604 1970 89.2 2.8 0.4 18.8 111.2 5,845 1971 92.7 3.3 0.4 19.9 116.3 6,125 1972 97.1 3.8 0.4 21.3 122.6 6,529 1973 102.0 4.4 0.4 23.2 130.0 6,819 1974 104.9 5.0 0.4 24.6 134.9 6,531 1975 106.7 5.0 0.5 25.8 137.9 6,719 1976 110.4 5.0 0.5 27.7 143.5 7,075 1977 113.7 5.0 0.5 29.6 148.8 7,287 1978 116.6 5.1 0.5 31.7 153.9 7,555 1979 120.2 5.5 0.5 33.3 159.6 7,291 1980 121.7 5.7 0.5 33.6 161.6 6,820 1981 123.5 5.8 0.5 34.5 164.3 6,726 1982 123.7 5.7 0.6 35.3 165.3 6,679 1983 126.7 5.6 0.6 36.5 169.4 6,731 1,1984 127.9 5.5 0.6 38.0 172.0 6,850 1,1985 132.1 5.4 5 ( ) 39.6 177.1 7,020 1,

1986 135.4 5.3 5 ( ) 40.8 181.5 7,229 1,1987 137.3 4.9 5 ( ) 41.7 183.9 7,359 1,1988 141.3 4.6 5 ( ) 43.1 189.0 7,405 1,1989 143.1 4.4 5 ( ) 44.2 191.7 7,437 1,1990 143.5 4.3 5 ( ) 45.1 192.9 7,454 1,1991 143.0 4.2 5 ( ) 45.4 192.5 7,323 1,1992 144.2 4.1 5 ( ) 46.1 194.4 7,472 1,1993 146.3 4.0 5 ( ) 47.7 198.0 7,607 1,1994 R,6133.9 R3.7 5 ( ) R,664.1 R201.8 R7,807 R1,

1995E 135.0 3.7 5 ( ) 65.5 204.1 7,694 1,

1 Includes only motor fuel taxed at the prevailing tax rates in each State. Excludes motor fuel exempt

from tax payment, subject to tax refund, or taxed at rates other than the prevailing tax rate. Experience hasshown that the total motor fuel consumption quantity cited here equals more than 99.0 percent of grossreported motor fuel consumption. 2 Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, and gasohol. 3 Distillate fuel oil (diesel oil), liquefied gases, and kerosene when they are used to operate vehicles onhighways. Excludes jet fuel beginning in 1962. 4 Excludes losses allowed for evaporation, handling, etc. 5 Included in trucks.

6 Beginning with 1994, personal passenger vans, passenger 

included in "Trucks" instead of "Automobiles."

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1960-1975—Federal Highway Administration, Highw

MV-201 and MF-221. • 1976-1986—Federal Highway Administra

MV-1, MF-21, and MF-25. • 1987 forward—Federal Highway Adm

and Charts 1994.
70 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. Source: Table 2.17. See Appendix F for Census regio

Figure 2.17 Commercial Buildings Characteristics by Energy Source

By Survey Year

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat 

0

255075

43

30

11

4 3

48

34

9

5 

57

37

11

5 

62

41

13

7 

67

45

13

5 

Billion Square Feet

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 

By Census Region, 1992

Northeast Midwest South West 

0

255075

13

17

24

12

9

14 13

9

6 3 4 2

2 2 1 1 

Billion Square Feet

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat
Table 2.17 Commercial Buildings Characteristics by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992

 (Billion Square Feet)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest Sou

All Buildings

1979 .......................... 9.21 20.89 13.44 9.96 6.99 5.97 20.63 9.53 14.20 13.1983 .......................... 9.26 22.35 17.86 10.32 8.31 6.04 24.80 10.25 15.25 16.1986 .......................... 13.07 26.34 18.79 12.81 9.55 7.29 28.56 11.83 16.03 19.1989 .......................... 13.32 28.32 21.54 12.37 11.80 8.08 30.94 13.57 15.96 22.1992 .......................... 14.53 28.51 24.84 12.40 12.32 8.47 34.69 13.40 17.28 24.

Electricity 

1979 .......................... 8.99 20.76 13.41 9.92 6.98 5.97 20.29 9.46 14.16 13.1983 .......................... 8.86 21.79 17.68 10.24 8.27 6.03 23.78 9.98 14.88 16.1986 .......................... 12.49 25.52 18.50 12.71 9.50 7.20 27.10 11.43 15.68 18.1989 .......................... 12.71 27.58 21.28 12.36 11.80 8.07 29.34 13.33 15.70 21.1992 .......................... 14.05 27.89 24.61 12.39 12.32 8.47 33.37 13.24 16.91 23.

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 5.58 14.41 10.50 7.56 4.61 4.17 14.13 6.75 11.81 7.1983 .......................... 5.53 14.82 13.58 7.90 5.50 4.45 16.09 6.95 12.79 9.1986 .......................... 7.03 16.15 14.09 8.74 5.73 5.52 17.28 6.89 12.42 10.1989 .......................... 7.38 17.41 16.36 8.79 7.22 6.64 18.49 8.52 12.81 11.1992 .......................... 8.03 19.11 17.96 9.38 7.86 6.85 21.01 8.56 13.84 13.

Fuel Oil 2

1979 .......................... 1.92 4.73 4.75 2.09 1.75 2.28 5.28 4.41 2.97 2.1983 .......................... 1.21 3.36 4.83 1.50 1.59 1.43 4.89 4.21 1.77 2.1986 .......................... 1.71 3.97 5.33 2.42 1.76 1.68 5.14 5.09 2.04 2.1989 .......................... 1.52 4.49 6.59 1.62 2.91 2.21 5.87 5.13 3.20 2.1992 .......................... 1.75 3.89 7.57 2.11 3.60 1.84 5.67 5.53 2.54 3.

District Heat 3

1979 .......................... Q 1.17 2.64 Q 1.19 0.40 1.98 1.26 1.58 0.1983 .......................... Q 1.39 3.16 Q 1.25 0.45 2.46 1.37 1.93 0.1986 .......................... 0.10 1.49 3.04 0.16 1.45 0.83 2.18 1.38 1.80 0.1989 .......................... 0.15 1.88 4.55 Q 2.32 1.13 3.02 2.24 1.51 1.1992 .......................... 0.13 1.65 3.56 0.15 1.71 0.69 2.79 1.56 1.88 0.

Propane

1979 .......................... 0.66 1.21 0.93 0.63 0.14 0.47 1.56 0.44 0.73 1.1983 .......................... 0.59 0.89 1.07 Q Q 0.35 1.54 0.47 0.44 1.1986 .......................... 1.08 1.61 0.52 0.64 Q 0.37 2.10 0.78 0.66 1.1989 .......................... 1.04 1.95 1.71 0.91 Q 1.14 2.52 1.07 1.06 1.1992 .......................... 1.04 1.37 0.99 0.74 0.21 0.47 1.97 1.04 0.58 1.

1 See Appendix F for Census regions. 2 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 3 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, and 1992, includes purchased

and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled. 

Sources: • 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), F

Energy Consumption Survey." • 1983—EIA, Form EIA-7

Consumption Survey." • 1986—EIA, Form EIA-871, "NonresSurvey." • 1989 and 1992—EIA, Form EIA-871A, "Commercial Bu
72 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent

or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled. (s)=Less thaSource: Table 2.18. See Appendix F for Census regio

Figure 2.18 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source

By Census Region, 1992

Northeast Midwest South West 

0.01.02.03.0

0.4

0.6

1.0

0.6

0.4

0.7 0.7

0.4

0.2 

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 

Quadrillion Btu

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat 

(s) (s) Q

By Survey Year

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 

0.01.02.03.0

1.9

2.2

0.7

0.2

2.1 2.1

0.3 0

2.4

1.7

0.4 

2.8

2.1

0.4

2.6

2.2

0.3 

Quadrillion Btu

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 
Table 2.18 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992

 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest Sou

Major Sources 2

1979 .......................... 1,255 2,202 1,508 894 861 511 2,699 1,217 1,826 1,31983 .......................... 1,242 1,935 1,646 812 1,018 480 2,513 858 1,821 1,41986 .......................... 1,273 2,008 1,696 985 1,008 633 2,351 1,037 1,585 1,41989 .......................... 1,259 2,402 2,127 1,048 1,230 704 2,806 1,354 1,659 1,61992 ......................... 1,258 2,301 1,932 892 1,247 637 2,714 1,090 1,578 1,8

Electricity

1979 .......................... 429 872 608 361 424 163 961 425 593 61983 .......................... 469 903 758 426 509 152 1,041 324 673 81986 .......................... 654 927 809 536 641 179 1,035 430 584 81989 .......................... 572 1,145 1,056 550 781 217 1,225 586 609 91992 .......................... 586 991 1,033 444 704 235 1,226 419 622 1,0

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 646 996 532 422 272 214 1,266 443 1,007 41983 .......................... 684 809 597 327 365 246 1,152 278 978 51986 .......................... 485 715 523 332 258 254 879 244 742 41989 .......................... 568 836 670 417 238 323 1,095 353 831 41992 ......................... 572 1,017 586 381 388 291 1,115 354 747 6

Fuel Oil 3

1979 .......................... 177 272 231 103 107 107 364 285 133 21983 .......................... 85 140 90 43 75 61 135 172 28 11986 .......................... 114 206 121 105 39 103 194 270 63 1989 .......................... 101 170 86 76 43 71 167 237 61 1992 .......................... 86 111 75 55 47 62 109 194 26 

District Heat 4

1979 .......................... Q 61 136 Q 58 27 108 64 93 1983 .......................... Q 83 202 Q 68 21 184 84 141 1986 .......................... Q 159 243 12 71 97 243 94 196 1989 .......................... 19 252 315 Q 167 Q 319 179 159 11992 .......................... Q 182 238 Q 109 49 264 123 183 

Propane 5

1979 .......................... 23 15 5 10 Q 2 29 Q 16 1983 .......................... 20 12 2 6 Q 2 24 Q 7 1986 .......................... 44 18 1 17 Q 3 42 9 19 

1 See Appendix F for Census regions. 2 Includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. 3 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 4 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, and 1992, includes purchased

and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water. 5 After 1986, propane data were no longer collected.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled.

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using ea

for the sum of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat, acro

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Build

1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Con

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Surve

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.19 Commercial Buildings Expenditures by Energy Source

74

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.2 Nominal dollars.

(s)=Less than 500 million dollars. Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error

was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20 buildings Note: See Appendix F for Census regions.Source: Table 2.19. 

By Census Region, 1992

Northeast Midwest South West 

0

204060

12 13

19

14

2 3 3 2

1 1 1 

Billion Dollars

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 District Heat 

(s) (s) (s) Q (s)

By Survey Year

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil1 

0

204060

24

6 3 1

39

11

2 

47

8

2 

56

9

2 

58

10

1 

Billion Dollars2

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 
Table 2.19 Commercial Buildings Expenditures by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-1992

 (Million Dollars1

)

Energy Source

and Year

Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity Census Region 2

1,001

to

10,000

10,001

to

100,000

Over

100,000

Mercantile

and

Service Office Education

All

Other Northeast Midwest Sou

Major Sources 3

1979 .......................... 8,587 15,120 9,889 6,384 7,438 3,051 16,723 9,405 10,661 10,11983 .......................... 13,891 22,978 18,582 9,958 12,814 4,786 27,892 12,399 18,009 17,81986 .......................... 17,411 23,512 19,296 13,091 14,763 5,762 26,604 14,269 15,718 17,71989 .......................... 17,472 28,943 24,411 13,527 18,323 6,589 32,386 17,505 16,468 21,71992 ......................... 18,554 28,473 24,794 12,907 18,102 7,389 33,423 16,226 16,957 22,8

Electricity

1979 .......................... 5,958 10,994 6,799 4,655 5,862 1,936 11,298 6,493 7,009 7,71983 .......................... 9,338 16,779 13,162 7,602 9,651 2,925 19,101 8,406 11,594 14,11986 .......................... 14,137 18,046 15,003 10,781 12,884 3,606 19,915 10,886 10,869 14,81989 .......................... 13,824 22,770 19,349 11,116 15,757 4,391 24,679 13,188 11,697 18,41992 .......................... 14,872 22,183 20,565 10,583 15,511 5,526 25,999 12,250 12,745 19,0

Natural Gas

1979 .......................... 1,804 2,654 1,356 1,231 728 551 3,304 1,320 2,547 1,21983 .......................... 3,886 4,485 3,071 1,904 1,999 1,317 6,223 1,874 5,172 2,61986 .......................... 2,522 3,543 2,289 1,706 1,178 1,189 4,282 1,472 3,400 1,91989 .......................... 2,924 3,760 2,520 1,931 1,128 1,309 4,836 1,807 3,381 2,21992 ......................... 3,058 4,625 2,218 1,899 1,618 1,271 5,114 2,014 3,011 2,9

Fuel Oil 4

1979 .......................... 798 1,117 850 457 443 396 1,469 1,149 569 91983 .......................... 630 947 525 319 501 387 896 1,141 198 61986 .......................... 616 970 473 516 194 448 901 1,272 278 31989 .......................... 582 862 378 430 232 331 829 1,225 310 21992 .......................... 516 561 323 318 245 277 560 989 132 2

District Heat 5

1979 .......................... Q 355 885 Q 405 169 652 444 535 11983 .......................... Q 767 1,823 Q 664 157 1,673 977 1,045 31986 .......................... Q 953 1,530 88 507 519 1,506 639 1,170 51989 .......................... 141 1,551 2,165 Q 1,207 Q 2,042 1,286 1,081 81992 .......................... Q 1,688 1,689 Q 728 315 1,751 973 1,069 4

Propane 6

1979 .......................... 123 80 22 52 Q 10 153 Q 76 1983 .......................... 190 109 14 56 Q 12 222 Q 62 21986 .......................... 370 163 10 140 Q 20 368 93 131 2

1 Nominal dollars. 2 See Appendix F for Census regions. 3 Includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. 4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 5 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, and 1992, includes purchased

and nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water. 6 After 1986, propane data were no longer collect.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20

buildings were sampled.

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using ea

for the sum of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat acros

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Build

1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Con

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Surve

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
76 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.2 Nominal dollars.Notes: · No data are available for 1980-1982, 1984-1985, 1987-1988, and 1990-1991.

· Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be cSource: Table 2.20.

Figure 2.20 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected 

Consumption

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0123

Quadrillion Btu Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil1 District Heat

Consumption per Square Foot

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

255075

100

Thousand Btu

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1

Electricity

Consumption per Em

1979 198

0

255075

Million Btu

Expenditures

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

204060

Billion Dollars2

Electricity

Natural Gas

District Heat

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures per Square Foot

1979 1983 1986 1989 1992

0.00.20.40.60.81.0

Dollars2

Electricity

District Heat

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil1

Expenditures per Mil

1979 198

05

10152025

Dollars2

District 

Natura

l

l
Table 2.20 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Yea

Energy Source

and Year

Building Characteristics Energy Consumption Energ

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Square

Feet

(million)

Square

Feet

per

Building

(thousand)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Per

Building

(million

Btu)

Per

Square

Foot

(thousand

Btu)

Per

Employee

(million

Btu)

Total

(million

dollars1)

Per

Buildin

(thousan

dollars1

Major Sources 2

1979 .............................. 3,073 43,546 14.2 5,008 1,630 115.0 85.0 33,821 11.0 1983 .............................. 3,185 49,471 15.5 4,856 1,525 98.2 65.7 55,764 17.5 1986 .............................. 4,154 58,199 14.0 5,040 1,213 86.6 68.6 60,762 14.6 1989 .............................. 4,528 63,184 14.0 5,788 1,278 91.6 81.9 70,826 15.6 1992 ............................. 4,806 67,876 14.1 5,490 1,142 80.9 77.1 71,821 14.9 

Electricity 

1979 .............................. 3,001 43,153 14.4 1,908 636 44.2 32.4 23,751 7.9 1983 .............................. 3,052 48,327 15.8 2,129 697 44.1 28.9 39,279 12.9 1986 .............................. 3,965 56,508 14.3 2,390 603 42.3 32.7 47,186 11.9 1989 .............................. 4,294 61,563 14.3 2,773 646 45.0 39.3 55,943 13.0 1992 .............................. 4,611 66,525 14.4 2,609 566 39.2 36.6 57,619 12.5 

Natural Gas

1979 .............................. 1,864 30,477 16.4 2,174 1,167 71.3 52.5 5,814 3.1 1983 .............................. 1,904 33,935 17.8 2,091 1,098 61.6 40.6 11,443 6.0 1986 .............................. 2,214 37,263 16.8 1,723 778 46.2 35.2 8,355 3.8 1989 .............................. 2,420 41,143 17.0 2,073 857 50.4 43.2 9,204 3.8 1992 ............................. 2,657 44,994 16.9 2,174 818 48.3 42.5 9,901 3.7 

Fuel Oil 3

1979 .............................. 641 11,397 17.8 681 1,063 59.7 40.5 2,765 4.3 1983 .............................. 441 9,409 21.3 314 714 33.4 19.8 2,102 4.8 1986 .............................. 534 11,005 20.6 442 827 40.1 27.7 2,059 3.9 1989 .............................. 581 12,600 21.7 357 614 28.3 21.0 1,822 3.1 1992 .............................. 560 13,215 23.6 272 487 20.6 15.1 1,400 2.5 

District Heat 4

1979 .............................. 47 3,722 79.0 201 4,267 54.0 26.5 1,267 26.9 1983 .............................. 64 4,643 72.9 289 4,530 62.1 34.4 2,627 41.2 1986 .............................. 77 4,625 59.7 422 5,446 91.2 52.4 2,620 33.8 1989 .............................. 98 6,578 67.0 585 5,964 89.0 56.5 3,857 39.3 1992 .............................. 95 5,245 55.4 435 4,596 82.9 60.9 2,901 30.7 

Propane

1979 .............................. 214 2,797 13.1 43 202 15.5 12.9 225 1.1 1983 .............................. 191 2,562 13.4 34 176 13.1 8.5 313 1.6 1986 .............................. 344 3,213 9.3 63 184 19.7 17.6 543 1.6 1989 .............................. 348 4,695 13.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1992 .............................. 337 3,393 10.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 For 1979, 1983 and 1986, includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, district heat, and propane. For

1989 and 1992, includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. Propane consumption statisticswere not collected in 1989 or 1992. 3 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene. 4 For 1979 and 1983, includes only purchased steam. For 1986, 1989, and 1992, includes purchasedand nonpurchased steam and purchased and nonpurchased hot water.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using ea

for all buildings, even buildings using no major fuel.

Sources: • 1979—EIA, Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential Build

1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Con

EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Surve

EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 2.21 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1992

78

1 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.Notes: See Appendix F for Census regions. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

should not be compared.Source: Table 2.21.

By Principal Building Activity

Education Food Food Health Lodging Mercantile Office Parking Public Public Religious Warehou

0

50

100150200250

75

182

206

229

160

72

101

31

68

111

29

46

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

 Sales Service Care and Service Garage Order and Safety

By Building Floorspace

1,001 to 5,000 5,001 to 10,000 10,001 to 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,001 to 200,000 200,001 to 500,000 Over 500,000

0

255075

100125

96

77 83 79 80

66

90

80

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

By Year Constructed

1899 orBefore 1900 to 1919 1920 to 1945 1946 to 1959 1960 to 1969 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1992

0

255075

100125

69

59

77 77

89 90

79

69

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

By Census Region

Northeast Midw

0

255075

100125

81

91

Cen

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

Square Feet Year Constructed Ce

Assembly Worship and Storage

l l
Table 2.21 Commercial Buildings Energy Intensities by Building Characteristic, 1992

 (Thousand Btu per Square Foot)

Building Characteristic

Space

Heating Cooling Ventilation

Water

Heating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration

Office

Equipme

All Buildings ................................................ 28.2 6.8 2.5 12.6 17.1 3.3 2.0 3.0 

Building Floorspace (square feet) 1,001 to 5,000 ........................................... 34.3 8.3 2.8 14.0 17.1 8.0 5.6 2.7  5,001 to 10,000 ......................................... 27.7 8.2 2.0 13.6 13.4 5.1 2.0 2.4  10,001 to 25,000 ....................................... 36.0 6.2 1.6 15.4 13.4 2.5 2.2 2.7  25,001 to 50,000 ....................................... 26.8 6.7 2.1 13.5 14.4 2.3 1.7 2.4  50,001 to 100,000 ..................................... 31.5 6.5 2.5 10.0 17.6 1.5 1.7 2.8  100,001 to 200,000 ................................... 21.8 5.7 2.5 8.9 17.3 1.3 1.0 3.0  200,001 to 500,000 ................................... 25.8 6.8 3.4 15.1 24.3 3.6 0.9 4.3  Over 500,000 ............................................ 21.0 6.8 3.2 10.4 21.3 3.8 1.1 4.4 Principal Building Activity Education .................................................. 40.2 6.2 1.3 7.2 15.5 0.9 0.8 0.5  Food Sales ............................................... 21.3 12.8 4.5 11.9 27.9 6.6 84.1 0.9  Food Service ............................................ 28.7 35.3 6.2 24.8 18.5 77.8 11.3 0.3  Health Care .............................................. 50.1 18.3 6.5 72.4 29.7 16.8 3.3 8.5  Lodging ..................................................... 51.2 20.8 3.4 41.6 22.0 4.4 1.6 1.0  Mercantile and Service ............................. 24.6 3.4 2.1 14.8 18.7 1.5 1.2 2.2  Office ........................................................ 33.2 11.4 6.1 11.0 18.9 1.4 0.3 11.1  Parking Garage ........................................ 7.1 Q 0.5 3.1 18.0 Q 0.0 0.0  Public Assembly ....................................... 21.9 4.5 1.4 8.8 25.3 2.2 0.7 0.4  Public Order and Safety ........................... 44.3 4.6 1.0 31.2 24.3 2.1 0.0 0.3  Religious Worship ..................................... 17.4 1.9 0.8 3.2 3.8 0.7 0.3 0.1  Warehouse and Storage ........................... 18.2 1.9 0.2 5.6 13.9 Q 1.1 1.1  Other 2 ...................................................... 71.2 8.1 5.9 23.0 32.3 0.5 0.1 2.4 

 Vacant ...................................................... 14.4 1.4 0.3 2.7 5.7 Q 0.1 0.1 Year Constructed 1899 or Before .......................................... 33.9 6.0 0.9 11.6 7.1 4.2 1.1 2.1  1900 to 1919 ............................................. 30.7 3.7 0.9 9.0 8.3 2.5 0.6 1.4  1920 to 1945 ............................................. 37.2 6.9 1.5 11.9 9.5 3.2 1.4 1.6  1946 to 1959 ............................................. 28.5 5.3 2.0 12.0 15.4 2.8 1.5 2.3  1960 to 1969 ............................................. 29.5 6.1 2.8 16.1 21.6 3.2 2.0 3.2  1970 to 1979 ............................................. 29.2 8.2 2.8 12.5 20.7 4.2 2.3 3.1  1980 to 1989 ............................................. 20.5 8.1 3.2 12.6 18.8 3.3 3.0 4.4  1990 to 1992 ............................................. 20.3 6.8 3.6 7.9 17.9 2.1 1.1 4.9 Census Region 3

 Northeast .................................................. 34.7 4.5 1.3 13.6 14.7 3.8 1.7 2.7  Midwest .................................................... 38.3 5.3 2.2 14.3 17.4 4.0 2.0 2.9  South ........................................................ 21.3 8.4 2.7 11.2 17.1 2.5 1.7 3.0  West ......................................................... 20.9 8.2 3.5 12.2 19.5 3.4 2.7 3.6 

1 Examples of "other" include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers, hoists,

and compactors; washers, disposals, dryers, and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters,and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; sign motors, time clocks, vendingmachines, phone equipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards, fire alarms, intercoms, television sets,radios, projectors, and door operators. 2 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.

3 See Appendix F for Census regions.

Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was 

buildings were sampled. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A/FSurvey."
3. Financial Indicators

es Down From Record Levels

25 per million Btu, real prices1 of fossil fuels2

of $1.03 in 1968 (3.1).* Thereafter, prices be

s abruptly. In 1974, the composite price of

e 1973 level of $1.12 to $1.76, surpassing the

e and registering the largest year-to-year in

1959-to-1995 period. The peak of $4.17 was

r, the price declined each year through 1988,

6 alone. Although prices recovered somewhat

n declined to a 22-year low of $1.39 in 1995.

pensive of the fossil fuels over the entire pe

f anthracite in 1975 through 1977. At its

e of crude oil reached $8.31 per million Btu,

of natural gas and more than quadruple the

al.

penditures Rose in 1993

easure is the product of energy consumption

3, although energy prices declined, end-use

ased 2.1 percent (1.5). As a result, nominal

ent to $493 billion (3.6).

ures of $226 billion for petroleum products

of total energy expenditures in 1993 (3.8).

as showed the largest year-to-year percent

total of $76 billion was $7.6 billion (11

otal. Expenditures for coal were $28 billion.

f expenditures by electric utilities for most

fuels used to generate electricity) totaled $168 billion. Nuclear fueland biomass fuels used at electric utilities accounted for $3.7 billion.

Energy Industry Financial Performance

In 1994, the 24 major energy companies included in the Financial Reporting System (FRS)3 accounted for 51 percent of U.S. crude oil and

natural gas liquids production, 43 percent of dry natural gas production, and 17 percent of coal production (3.9). They also accounted for66 percent of refinery capacity. The FRS companies continued to playa significant role in the U.S. economy. In 1994, their sales equaled 10percent of the $4.3 trillion in sales of the Fortune 500 largest U.S. industrial corporations.4

Despite the decline in crude oil prices—the nominal composite refineracquisition cost of crude oil of $15.59 per barrel in 1994 was the lowest since 1988 (5.19)—the FRS companies’ net income rose to $17billion (3.9). Low crude oil prices restrained net income from domestic petroleum and natural gas production, which totaled $4.8 billion in1994 and contributed to a decline in net income from foreign petroleum and natural gas production, which declined $1.2 billion to $4.0billion in 1994 (3.10). Net income from domestic refining and marketing rose from $1.7 billion to $1.8 billion in 1994, but net income fromforeign refining and marketing decreased, from $3.2 billion in 1993 to$2.0 billion in 1994. Net income from the nonenergy line of businessrose dramatically from $2.7 billion in 1993 to $6.2 billion in 1994 dueto profits from chemical manufacturing, particularly petrochemicalmanufacturing.FRS companies’ additions to investment in place totaled $39 billion in1994, down from $40 billion in 1993 (3.12). Petroleum and natural gasaccounted for $31 billion of the 1994 total. Additions to investment indomestic petroleum and natural gas production exceeded additions toinvestment in foreign production.

3The FRS collects financial data from the major energy-producing companies. See Table

3.14 at end of section for a list of the U.S. energy companies reporting to the FRS. 4Energy Information Administration, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers1994, DOE/EIA–0206(94) (Washington DC, January 1996), p. 3.

es are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.

oal.

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 81
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices

82

Note: Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Appendix E.

Prices, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

02468

10

 Chained (1992) Dollars per Million Btu Crude Oil Natural Gas

Fossil Fuel Composite Price, Change from Previous Year, 1950-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

-60-40-20

0

204060

Percent

Bituminous Coal, Subbituminous Coal, and 

Fossil Fuel Composite

+

++
Table 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, 1949-1995

 (Dollars per Million Btu)

Year

Crude Oil 1 Natural Gas 2

Bituminous Coal,

Subbituminous Coal,

and Lignite 3 Anthracite 4 F

Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal Real 6 Nominal 

1949 0.44 7 ( ) 0.05 7 ( ) 0.20 7 ( ) 0.36 7 ( ) 0.26 

1950 0.43 7 ( ) 0.06 7 ( ) 0.19 7 ( ) 0.38 7 ( ) 0.26 

1951 0.44 7 ( ) 0.06 7 ( ) 0.20 7 ( ) 0.41 7 ( ) 0.26 1952 0.44 7 ( ) 0.07 7 ( ) 0.20 7 ( ) 0.39 7 ( ) 0.26 1953 0.46 7 ( ) 0.08 7 ( ) 0.20 7 ( ) 0.41 7 ( ) 0.27 1954 0.48 7 ( ) 0.09 7 ( ) 0.18 7 ( ) 0.36 7 ( ) 0.28 1955 0.48 7 ( ) 0.09 7 ( ) 0.18 7 ( ) 0.33 7 ( ) 0.27 1956 0.48 7 ( ) 0.10 7 ( ) 0.19 7 ( ) 0.35 7 ( ) 0.28 1957 0.53 7 ( ) 0.10 7 ( ) 0.20 7 ( ) 0.38 7 ( ) 0.30 1958 0.52 7 ( ) 0.11 7 ( ) 0.19 7 ( ) 0.38 7 ( ) 0.29 1959 0.50 R2.18 0.12 R0.51 0.19 R0.83 0.36 R1.57 0.29 

1960 0.50 R2.13 0.13 R0.54 0.19 R0.81 0.34 R1.45 0.28 

1961 0.50 R2.11 0.14 R0.57 0.18 R0.78 0.35 R1.47 0.29 1962 0.50 R2.09 0.14 R0.61 0.18 R0.75 0.34 R1.41 0.29 1963 0.50 R2.06 0.14 R0.60 0.18 R0.73 0.37 R1.51 0.28 1964 0.50 R2.03 0.14 R0.56 0.18 R0.73 0.38 R1.55 0.28 1965 0.49 R1.97 0.14 R0.58 0.18 R0.72 0.36 R1.45 0.28 1966 0.50 R1.93 0.14 R0.56 0.18 R0.72 0.35 R1.35 0.28 1967 0.50 R1.90 0.14 R0.55 0.19 R0.71 0.36 R1.36 0.28 

1968 0.51 R1.83 0.14 R0.52 0.19 R0.69 0.39 R1.42 0.28 

1969 0.53 R1.84 0.15 R0.53 0.20 R0.71 0.44 R1.52 0.30 

1970 0.55 R1.79 0.15 R0.50 0.26 R0.86 0.49 R1.59 0.32 1971 0.58 R1.81 0.16 R0.51 0.30 R0.94 0.53 R1.65 0.34 1972 0.58 R1.74 0.17 R0.52 0.33 R0.98 0.55 R1.65 0.35 

1973 0.67 R1.90 0.20 R0.57 0.36 R1.03 0.62 R1.74 0.40 

1974 1.18 R3.08 0.27 R0.71 0.68 R1.77 1.02 R2.65 0.68 

1975 1.32 R3.13 0.40 R0.95 0.84 R1.99 1.50 R3.54 0.82 1976 1.41 R3.17 0.53 R1.19 0.85 R1.91 1.54 R3.45 0.90 

1977 1.48 R3.12 0.72 R1.52 0.88 R1.85 1.54 R3.25 1.01 1978 1.55 R3.04 0.84 R1.64 0.98 R1.92 1.53 R2.99 1.12 1979 2.18 R3.94 1.08 R1.96 1.05 R1.90 1.77 R3.20 1.42 

1980 3.72 R6.16 1.45 R2.40 1.09 R1.81 1.86 R3.08 2.04 1981 5.48 R8.31 1.79 R2.72 1.18 R1.79 1.90 R2.88 2.75 1982 4.92 R7.01 2.22 R3.17 1.22 R1.74 2.14 R3.05 2.76 

1983 4.52 R6.18 2.32 R3.18 1.17 R1.60 2.30 R3.15 2.70 1984 4.46 R5.88 2.40 R3.16 1.16 R1.53 2.09 R2.75 2.65 1985 4.15 R5.30 2.26 R2.88 1.15 R1.46 2.04 R2.60 2.51 1986 2.16 R2.68 1.75 R2.17 1.08 R1.34 1.91 R2.37 1.65 

1987 2.65 R3.19 1.50 R1.81 1.05 R1.26 1.89 R2.27 1.70 

1988 2.17 R2.52 1.52 R1.77 1.01 R1.17 1.90 R2.20 1.53 

1989 2.73 R3.05 1.53 R1.70 1.00 R1.11 1.84 R2.05 1.67 

1990 3.45 R3.69 1.55 R1.65 0.99 R1.06 1.75 R1.86 1.84 1991 2.85 R2.93 1.48 R1.52 0.99 R1.02 1.61 R1.66 1.67 

1992 2.76 R2.76 1.57 R1.57 0.97 R0.97 1.52 R1.52 1.66 

1993 2.46 R2.40 R1.84 R1.80 0.93 R0.90 1.46 R1.42 R1.67 1994 2.27 R2.17 R1.70 R1.62 R0.91 R0.86 R1.60 R1.52 R1.54 

1995P 2.52 2.35 1.44 1.34 0.89 0.83 1.62 1.50 1.49 

1 Domestic first purchase prices. 2 Wellhead prices. 3 Prices are free-on-board (f.o.b.) mines. 4 Through 1978, prices are f.o.b. preparation plants; for 1979 forward, prices are f.o.b. mines. 5 Derived by multiplying the price per Btu of each fossil fuel by the total Btu content of the production of

each fossil fuel and dividing this accumulated value of total fossil fuel production by the accumulated Btucontent of total fossil fuel production.

6 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domes

Appendix E. 7 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflavalues to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. NA=Sources: Tables 5.16, 6.8, and 7.8 and Appendices A and E.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production

84

Notes: · Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Appendix E. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.Sources: Tables 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4.

Overview, 1995

Production Imports Exports

0

255075

100

79.7

53.1

Billion 7.0Chained (1992) Dollars

Overview, 1949-1995

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100150200250

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars ProductionImports Exports

Production by Fuel, 1949-1995

0

20406080

100120140160

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Crude O

1950 1960 1970 

l

l
Table 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-1995

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Crude Oil 1

Natural Gas

(Marketed Production)

Coal

Bituminous Coal,

Subbituminous Coal,

and Lignite Anthracite Total

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1949 4.68 3 ( ) 0.33 3 ( ) 2.14 3 ( ) 0.38 3 ( ) 2.52 3 ( ) 

1950 4.95 3 ( ) 0.44 3 ( ) 2.50 3 ( ) 0.41 3 ( ) 2.91 3 ( ) 1951 5.69 3 ( ) 0.52 3 ( ) 2.63 3 ( ) 0.42 3 ( ) 3.05 3 ( ) 1952 5.79 3 ( ) 0.64 3 ( ) 2.29 3 ( ) 0.39 3 ( ) 2.68 3 ( ) 1953 6.32 3 ( ) 0.76 3 ( ) 2.25 3 ( ) 0.31 3 ( ) 2.56 3 ( ) 1954 6.44 3 ( ) 0.87 3 ( ) 1.77 3 ( ) 0.25 3 ( ) 2.02 3 ( ) 1955 6.88 3 ( ) 0.94 3 ( ) 2.09 3 ( ) 0.21 3 ( ) 2.30 3 ( ) 1956 7.30 3 ( ) 1.11 3 ( ) 2.41 3 ( ) 0.24 3 ( ) 2.65 3 ( ) 1957 8.09 3 ( ) 1.17 3 ( ) 2.50 3 ( ) 0.23 3 ( ) 2.73 3 ( ) 1958 7.37 3 ( ) 1.32 3 ( ) 1.99 3 ( ) 0.19 3 ( ) 2.18 3 ( ) 1959 7.47 R32.62 1.57 R6.86 1.97 R8.60 0.18 R0.79 2.15 R9.39 

1960 7.42 R31.85 1.79 R7.68 1.95 R8.37 0.15 R0.64 2.10 R9.01 1961 7.58 R32.12 1.99 R8.43 1.85 R7.84 0.14 R0.59 1.99 R8.43 1962 7.76 R32.47 2.22 R9.29 1.89 R7.91 0.13 R0.54 2.02 R8.45 1963 7.96 R32.89 2.36 R9.75 2.01 R8.31 0.16 R0.66 2.17 R8.97 1964 8.03 R32.78 2.33 R9.51 2.17 R8.86 0.15 R0.61 2.32 R9.47 1965 8.15 R32.60 2.57 R10.28 2.27 R9.08 0.13 R0.52 2.40 R9.60 1966 8.72 R33.93 2.75 R10.70 2.42 R9.42 0.10 R0.39 2.52 R9.81 1967 9.39 R35.43 2.91 R10.98 2.55 R9.62 0.10 R0.38 2.65 R10.00 1968 9.79 R35.34 3.09 R11.16 2.55 R9.21 0.10 R0.36 2.65 R9.57 1969 10.42 R35.93 3.52 R12.14 2.80 R9.66 0.10 R0.34 2.90 R10.00 1970 11.19 R36.57 3.73 R12.19 3.77 R12.32 0.11 R0.36 3.88 R12.68 1971 11.71 R36.37 4.05 R12.58 3.90 R12.11 0.11 R0.34 4.01 R12.45 1972 11.71 R34.96 4.28 R12.78 4.56 R13.61 0.09 R0.27 4.65 R13.88 1973 13.07 R36.92 4.98 R14.07 5.05 R14.27 0.09 R0.25 5.14 R14.52 1974 22.00 R57.14 6.48 R16.83 9.50 R24.68 0.15 R0.39 9.65 R25.07 1975 23.45 R55.57 8.85 R20.97 12.47 R29.55 0.20 R0.47 12.67 R30.02 

1976 24.37 R54.64 11.57 R25.94 13.19 R29.57 0.21 R0.47 13.40 R30.04 1977 25.79 R54.41 15.82 R33.38 13.70 R28.90 0.20 R0.42 13.90 R29.32 1978 28.60 R56.08 18.18 R35.65 14.49 R28.41 0.18 R0.35 14.67 R28.76 1979 39.45 R71.34 24.16 R43.69 18.36 R33.20 0.20 R0.36 18.56 R33.56 1980 67.93 R112.47 32.09 R53.13 20.20 R33.44 0.26 R0.43 20.46 R33.87 1981 99.40 R150.83 39.51 R59.95 21.51 R32.64 0.24 R0.36 21.75 R33.00 1982 90.03 R128.43 45.71 R65.21 22.62 R32.27 0.23 R0.33 22.85 R32.60 1983 83.05 R113.61 43.73 R59.82 20.11 R27.51 0.21 R0.29 20.32 R27.80 1984 84.10 R110.80 48.69 R64.15 22.75 R29.97 0.20 R0.26 22.95 R30.23 1985 78.88 R100.61 43.35 R55.29 22.06 R28.14 0.22 R0.28 22.28 R28.42 1986 39.63 R49.17 32.71 R40.58 21.00 R26.05 0.19 R0.24 21.19 R26.29 1987 46.93 R56.47 29.11 R35.03 21.05 R25.33 0.16 R0.19 21.21 R25.52 1988 37.48 R43.53 30.28 R35.17 20.83 R24.19 0.16 R0.19 20.99 R24.38 1989 44.07 R49.13 30.58 R34.09 21.27 R23.71 0.14 R0.16 21.41 R23.87 1990 53.77 R57.45 31.80 R33.97 22.27 R23.79 0.14 R0.15 22.41 R23.94 1991 44.77 R46.01 30.39 R31.23 21.29 R21.88 0.13 R0.13 21.42 R22.01 

1992 41.97 R41.97 32.56 R32.56 20.86 R20.86 0.12 R0.12 20.98 R20.98 1993 35.61 R34.71 R38.72 R37.74 18.62 R18.15 0.14 R0.14 18.76 R18.29 1994 R32.07 R30.54 R36.91 R35.15 R19.91 R18.96 R0.17 R0.16 R20.08 R19.12 1995P 34.85 32.42 31.20 29.02 19.49 18.13 0.15 0.14 19.64 18.27 

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix E. 3 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominalvalues to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Value is based on fuel prices taken as closely as possible Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.16, 6.2, 6.8, 7.2, and 7.8 and Appendix E
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 3.3 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports

86

1 "Other" is natural gas, coal, and coal coke.Notes: · Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Appendix E. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.Source: Table 3.3.

Total, 1949-1995

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

255075

100125150

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

By Fuel, 1995

Crude Oil Petroleum Other1

0

10203040 39.8

9.3

4.0

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Products

By Fuel, 1949-1995

0

102030405060708090

100

110

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Crude O

1950 1960 1970 

l

l
Table 3.3 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, 1949-1995

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil 1 Petroleum Products 

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1949 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.00 3 ( ) 0.30 3 ( ) 0.14 3 ( ) 

1950 (s) 3 ( ) 0.01 3 ( ) 0.00 3 ( ) 0.37 3 ( ) 0.21 3 ( ) 1951 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.00 3 ( ) 0.37 3 ( ) 0.23 3 ( ) 1952 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.42 3 ( ) 0.25 3 ( ) 1953 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.51 3 ( ) 0.25 3 ( ) 1954 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.54 3 ( ) 0.28 3 ( ) 1955 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.65 3 ( ) 0.44 3 ( ) 1956 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.84 3 ( ) 0.45 3 ( ) 1957 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.98 3 ( ) 0.57 3 ( ) 1958 (s) 3 ( ) (s) 3 ( ) 0.02 3 ( ) 0.94 3 ( ) 0.68 3 ( ) 1959 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 R0.11 0.87 R3.81 0.66 R2.89 

1960 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.03 R0.12 0.90 R3.84 0.73 R3.14 1961 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.04 R0.19 0.93 R3.95 0.71 R3.01 1962 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.09 R0.36 1.01 R4.23 0.75 R3.15 1963 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 R0.41 1.03 R4.24 0.74 R3.05 1964 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.10 R0.41 1.08 R4.41 0.78 R3.20 1965 (s) 0.01 (s) R0.01 0.11 R0.42 1.12 R4.48 0.92 R3.69 1966 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.11 R0.41 1.12 R4.34 0.99 R3.84 1967 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.13 R0.49 1.06 R4.02 1.02 R3.83 1968 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.01 0.15 R0.53 1.18 R4.27 1.16 R4.20 1969 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.20 R0.67 1.30 R4.48 1.24 R4.27 1970 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.26 R0.84 1.26 R4.12 1.48 R4.84 1971 (s) R0.01 0.01 R0.02 0.31 R0.97 1.69 R5.24 1.66 R5.14 

1972 (s) (s) (s) 0.01 0.31 R0.94 2.37 R7.07 1.99 R5.94 1973 (s) (s) 0.04 R0.11 0.36 R1.02 4.24 R11.98 3.50 R9.88 1974 0.06 R0.15 0.19 R0.50 0.53 R1.38 15.25 R39.62 11.01 R28.61 1975 0.02 R0.05 0.16 R0.37 1.15 R2.73 18.29 R43.34 6.77 R16.04 1976 0.02 R0.04 0.11 R0.25 1.66 R3.72 25.46 R57.08 6.65 R14.91 1977 0.04 R0.08 0.13 R0.28 2.00 R4.22 33.59 R70.87 8.42 R17.76 1978 0.07 R0.15 0.41 R0.80 2.06 R4.04 32.30 R63.33 7.30 R14.32 1979 0.05 R0.09 0.34 R0.61 3.13 R5.65 46.06 R83.29 10.45 R18.90 

1980 0.03 R0.05 0.05 R0.09 4.21 R6.98 61.90 R102.48 12.54 R20.76 1981 0.03 R0.05 0.04 R0.07 4.41 R6.70 61.46 R93.26 14.30 R21.70 1982 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 4.69 R6.70 45.72 R65.23 13.86 R19.78 

1983 0.04 R0.06 (s) (s) 4.39 R6.00 36.49 R49.92 14.84 R20.30 1984 0.05 R0.06 0.05 R0.06 3.44 R4.53 36.44 R48.02 17.87 R23.54 1985 0.07 R0.09 0.04 0.05 3.05 R3.89 32.90 R41.97 17.47 R22.28 1986 0.08 R0.10 0.03 0.03 1.82 R2.26 22.61 R28.05 12.18 R15.11 1987 0.06 R0.07 0.05 R0.07 1.93 R2.32 29.13 R35.05 12.37 R14.88 1988 0.06 R0.07 0.19 R0.22 2.38 R2.76 27.55 R31.99 12.43 R14.44 1989 0.10 R0.11 0.22 R0.24 2.51 R2.79 35.53 R39.61 13.50 R15.05 1990 0.09 R0.10 0.07 R0.08 2.97 R3.18 43.78 R46.78 16.90 R18.06 1991 0.11 R0.12 0.09 R0.10 3.24 R3.33 36.90 R37.93 13.17 R13.54 1992 0.13 R0.13 0.14 R0.14 3.96 R3.96 38.55 R38.55 11.98 R11.98 1993 0.22 R0.21 0.12 R0.11 R4.75 R4.63 38.47 R37.49 11.74 R11.44 1994 0.23 R0.22 0.13 R0.13 R4.88 R4.65 R38.48 R36.65 R11.14 R10.61 1995P 0.25 0.23 0.16 0.15 3.88 3.61 42.80 39.81 9.97 9.27 

1 Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix E. 3 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominalvalues to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than $5 million. Notes: • Includes value of imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries; excludes receipts into the 50

States and the District of Columbia from the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for

Consumption, FT110. • 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,

FT125. • 1964-1971—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Con

• 1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports a

Exports of LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, Unite

Gas, annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (E

Gas, annual. • 1982-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly. • 1

• 1949-1962—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of M

• 1963—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Me

• 1964-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for ConsumptioCensus, Advanced Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900 Ad

Census, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, FT900 Ad
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 3.4 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports

88

1 "Other" is natural gas, crude oil, and coal coke.Notes: · Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product 

implicit price deflators. See Appendix E. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.Source: Table 3.4.

Total, 1949-1995

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

05

101520

 Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

By Fuel, 1995

Coal Petroleum Other1

01234

3.3 3.3

0.4

 Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Products

By Fuel, 1949-1995

0123456789

10

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Other1

Coal

1950 1960 1970 

l

l
Table 3.4 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, 1949-1995

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 

1949 0.30 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.10 2 ( ) 0.46 2 ( ) 

1950 0.27 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.10 2 ( ) 0.39 2 ( ) 1951 0.59 2 ( ) 0.02 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.08 2 ( ) 0.70 2 ( ) 1952 0.49 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.08 2 ( ) 0.74 2 ( ) 1953 0.34 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.06 2 ( ) 0.63 2 ( ) 1954 0.30 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.05 2 ( ) 0.61 2 ( ) 1955 0.48 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.04 2 ( ) 0.60 2 ( ) 1956 0.73 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.09 2 ( ) 0.67 2 ( ) 1957 0.83 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.17 2 ( ) 0.81 2 ( ) 1958 0.53 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.51 2 ( ) 1959 0.38 R1.65 0.01 R0.04 0.01 R0.03 0.01 0.03 0.45 R1.97 

1960 0.35 R1.52 0.01 0.03 (s) R0.02 0.01 0.03 0.47 R2.00 1961 0.34 R1.45 0.01 0.03 (s) R0.02 0.01 R0.04 0.57 R2.43 1962 0.38 R1.58 0.01 0.03 (s) R0.02 0.01 0.02 0.43 R1.81 1963 0.47 R1.96 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 (s) 0.02 0.43 R1.77 1964 0.46 R1.89 0.01 0.04 (s) 0.02 (s) R0.02 0.43 R1.75 1965 0.48 R1.91 0.02 R0.07 0.01 0.03 (s) 0.02 0.44 R1.76 1966 0.47 R1.82 0.02 R0.09 0.02 R0.07 0.01 R0.04 0.46 R1.77 1967 0.48 R1.82 0.02 R0.06 0.03 R0.12 0.09 R0.35 0.48 R1.81 1968 0.50 R1.81 0.02 R0.07 0.04 R0.14 0.01 0.04 0.48 R1.74 1969 0.59 R2.05 0.04 R0.13 0.03 R0.09 0.01 0.02 0.46 R1.59 1970 0.96 R3.14 0.08 R0.26 0.03 R0.10 0.02 R0.06 0.50 R1.64 1971 0.90 R2.80 0.04 R0.14 0.04 R0.12 0.01 0.02 0.50 R1.56 1972 0.98 R2.94 0.03 R0.09 0.04 R0.12 (s) R0.01 0.49 R1.46 1973 1.01 R2.86 0.03 R0.09 0.04 R0.12 (s) 0.01 0.57 R1.62 1974 2.44 R6.33 0.04 R0.11 0.05 R0.14 0.01 R0.04 0.87 R2.27 1975 3.26 R7.72 0.07 R0.18 0.09 R0.22 (s) (s) 1.01 R2.39 

1976 2.91 R6.53 0.07 R0.15 0.10 R0.23 0.03 R0.06 1.07 R2.40 

1977 2.66 R5.60 0.07 R0.15 0.11 R0.23 0.21 R0.44 1.14 R2.40 1978 2.05 R4.02 0.05 R0.10 0.11 R0.22 0.39 R0.76 1.23 R2.42 1979 3.40 R6.14 0.08 R0.15 0.13 R0.23 0.39 R0.71 1.58 R2.86 

1980 4.63 R7.66 0.13 R0.22 0.23 R0.38 0.75 R1.24 2.12 R3.51 1981 5.92 R8.98 0.07 R0.11 0.35 R0.53 0.58 R0.88 3.24 R4.91 1982 5.99 R8.55 0.06 R0.09 0.30 R0.43 0.47 R0.67 5.86 R8.36 1983 4.06 R5.55 0.05 R0.06 0.28 R0.38 0.22 R0.31 4.88 R6.67 1984 4.13 R5.44 0.07 R0.09 0.27 R0.35 0.19 R0.24 4.62 R6.08 1985 4.47 R5.70 0.08 R0.10 0.26 R0.34 0.23 R0.29 4.90 R6.24 1986 3.93 R4.88 0.07 R0.08 0.17 R0.21 0.12 R0.15 3.77 R4.67 

1987 3.40 R4.10 0.05 R0.06 0.17 R0.20 0.13 R0.15 3.80 R4.57 1988 4.01 R4.66 0.08 R0.09 0.20 R0.23 0.08 R0.09 2.72 R3.16 1989 4.29 R4.78 0.08 R0.09 0.27 R0.30 0.21 R0.23 2.65 R2.96 1990 4.51 R4.82 0.05 R0.05 0.27 R0.28 0.14 R0.15 4.23 R4.52 1991 4.62 R4.75 0.05 R0.05 0.33 R0.34 0.03 0.03 4.65 R4.78 1992 4.24 R4.24 0.04 0.04 0.49 R0.49 0.03 0.03 4.27 R4.27 1993 3.09 R3.01 0.06 R0.06 0.36 R0.35 0.02 0.02 4.15 R4.04 1994 2.85 R2.71 0.04 R0.04 R0.40 R0.39 R0.05 R0.05 3.36 R3.20 1995P 3.57 3.32 0.05 0.05 0.38 0.35 (s) (s) 3.56 3.31 

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix E. 2 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominalvalues to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than $5 million. Notes: • Includes value of exports from Puerto Rico to foreign countries; excludes shipments from the

50 States and the District of Columbia to the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. • Totals may not equal sum

of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Natural Gas: • 1949-1971—Bureau of the Censu

1973—Federal Power Commission, Pipeline Imports and Exports 

LNG. • 1974-1977—Federal Power Commission, United State

annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Uannual. • 1982-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly. • 199

• 1949-1988—Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. 

Advanced Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900 Adv. (94-12U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, FT900 Adv. (95-12
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1995

90

1 Includes small amounts of coal coke.Notes: · Negative net imports are net exports. · Prices are in chained (1992) dollars, calculated 

by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators Source: Table 3.5.

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 

-20

0

20406080

100120

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars

Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports by Fuel

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

-20

0

20406080

100120

Billion Chained (1992) Dollars Crude Oil a

Petroleum Pro

Natural Gas Coal1

l l

+

+

+

+

++

++

+

+

+

+
Table 3.5 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-1995

 (Billion Dollars)

Year

Coal Coal Coke Natural Gas Crude Oil Petroleum Products 

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 

1949 -0.29 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.21 2 ( ) -0.32 2 ( ) 

1950 -0.27 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.27 2 ( ) -0.18 2 ( ) 1951 -0.58 2 ( ) -0.02 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.29 2 ( ) -0.47 2 ( ) 1952 -0.49 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.34 2 ( ) -0.49 2 ( ) 1953 -0.33 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.45 2 ( ) -0.38 2 ( ) 1954 -0.30 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) (s) 2 ( ) 0.50 2 ( ) -0.32 2 ( ) 1955 -0.48 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) 0.62 2 ( ) -0.16 2 ( ) 1956 -0.73 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) 0.75 2 ( ) -0.22 2 ( ) 1957 -0.83 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) 0.81 2 ( ) -0.24 2 ( ) 1958 -0.52 2 ( ) -0.01 2 ( ) 0.01 2 ( ) 0.92 2 ( ) 0.17 2 ( ) 1959 -0.38 R-1.64 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 R0.09 0.87 R3.78 0.21 R0.92 

1960 -0.35 R-1.51 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 R0.11 0.89 R3.81 0.26 R1.14 1961 -0.34 R-1.44 -0.01 -0.03 0.04 R0.17 0.92 R3.92 0.14 R0.58 1962 -0.38 R-1.57 -0.01 -0.02 0.08 R0.34 1.01 R4.21 0.32 R1.34 1963 -0.47 R-1.95 -0.01 R-0.03 0.09 R0.39 1.02 R4.22 0.31 R1.28 1964 -0.46 R-1.88 -0.01 R-0.04 0.10 R0.39 1.08 R4.39 0.35 R1.44 1965 -0.48 R-1.90 -0.01 R-0.06 0.10 R0.39 1.11 R4.46 0.48 R1.94 1966 -0.47 R-1.81 -0.02 R-0.08 0.09 R0.34 1.11 R4.30 0.53 R2.07 1967 -0.48 R-1.81 -0.01 R-0.06 0.10 R0.37 0.97 R3.67 0.54 R2.03 1968 -0.50 R-1.81 -0.02 R-0.06 0.11 R0.39 1.17 R4.23 0.68 R2.47 1969 -0.59 R-2.04 -0.04 R-0.12 0.17 R0.58 1.29 R4.46 0.78 R2.68 1970 -0.96 R-3.14 -0.08 R-0.25 0.23 R0.74 1.24 R4.06 0.98 R3.21 1971 -0.90 R-2.79 -0.04 R-0.12 0.27 R0.85 1.68 R5.22 1.15 R3.58 1972 -0.98 R-2.94 -0.03 R-0.08 0.28 R0.82 2.37 R7.07 1.50 R4.48 1973 -1.01 R-2.86 0.01 R0.02 0.32 R0.91 4.24 R11.97 2.93 R8.26 

1974 -2.38 R-6.18 0.15 R0.39 0.48 R1.24 15.24 R39.58 10.14 R26.34 1975 -3.24 R-7.67 0.08 R0.19 1.06 R2.51 18.29 R43.34 5.76 R13.65 1976 -2.89 R-6.49 0.04 R0.10 1.56 R3.50 25.43 R57.02 5.58 R12.51 1977 -2.62 R-5.52 0.06 R0.12 1.89 R3.99 33.38 R70.43 7.28 R15.36 1978 -1.98 R-3.87 0.36 R0.70 1.95 R3.82 31.91 R62.57 6.07 R11.90 1979 -3.35 R-6.05 0.26 R0.47 3.00 R5.42 45.66 R82.58 8.87 R16.03 1980 -4.60 R-7.61 -0.08 R-0.13 3.98 R6.60 61.15 R101.24 10.42 R17.25 

1981 -5.89 R-8.93 -0.03 R-0.05 4.06 R6.16 60.88 R92.38 11.06 R16.78 1982 -5.97 R-8.51 -0.05 R-0.07 4.39 R6.27 45.25 R64.56 8.00 R11.41 

1983 -4.01 R-5.49 -0.04 R-0.06 4.11 R5.62 36.27 R49.61 9.96 R13.63 1984 -4.09 R-5.38 -0.02 R-0.03 3.17 R4.18 36.26 R47.77 13.25 R17.46 1985 -4.39 R-5.61 -0.03 -0.04 2.79 R3.55 32.68 R41.68 12.57 R16.03 1986 -3.85 R-4.78 -0.04 R-0.05 1.65 R2.05 22.49 R27.90 8.42 R10.44 1987 -3.35 R-4.03 0.01 0.01 1.76 R2.12 29.00 R34.90 8.57 R10.31 1988 -3.95 R-4.59 0.12 R0.14 2.18 R2.53 27.47 R31.90 9.71 R11.28 1989 -4.19 R-4.67 0.14 R0.15 2.24 R2.49 35.32 R39.38 10.85 R12.09 1990 -4.42 R-4.72 0.02 0.02 2.71 R2.89 43.65 R46.63 12.67 R13.54 1991 -4.51 R-4.63 0.04 0.04 2.90 R2.98 36.87 R37.89 8.52 R8.75 1992 -4.11 R-4.11 0.10 R0.10 3.47 R3.47 38.52 R38.52 7.72 R7.72 1993 -2.87 R-2.79 0.06 0.05 R4.39 R4.27 38.45 R37.48 7.59 R7.40 1994 -2.62 R-2.50 0.09 R0.09 R4.48 R4.26 R38.43 R36.60 R7.78 R7.41 1995P -3.32 -3.09 0.11 0.10 3.51 3.26 42.80 39.81 6.41 5.96 

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix E. 2 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominalvalues to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than $5 million. 

Notes: • Net imports = imports minus exports. • Totals ma

independent rounding. Data on this table may not equal data on Tindependent rounding.

Sources: Tables 3.3 and 3.4.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 3.6 Energy Expenditures and Price Indices, 1970-1993

92

1 In chained (1992) dollars.2 For explanation, see Table 3.6, footnote 4.

Source: Table 3.6.

Energy Expenditures

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

100200300400500

Billion Dollars

Real1

Nominal

Energy Expenditures as a Share of Gross Dome

1970 1975 1980 

048

1216

Percent

Based on Nominal D

Energy Price Indices

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 

0

255075

100125150175

Indices, 1992=100.0 Real 2 Nominal

Based on Real1 Dollars
Table 3.6 Energy Expenditures and Price Indices, 1970-1993

Year

Energy Expenditures Gross Domestic Purchases 1

Energy Expenditures as a Share

of Gross Domestic Purchases 2

Gross Domestic

Purchases

Chained Price 

Index

(1992=100.0)

Billion Dollars

Billion Chained

(1992) Dollars4 Billion Dollars

Billion Chained

(1992) Dollars

Based on

Billion Dollars

(Percent)

Based on

Billion Chained

(1992) Dollars

(Percent)

(19

1970 82.6 R348.9 R1,034.4 R3,469.1 R8.0 R10.1 29.8 

1971 89.8 R361.8 R1,128.4 R3,592.5 R8.0 R10.1 31.4 1972 97.8 R384.8 R1,245.3 R3,794.0 R7.9 R10.1 32.8 1973 111.6 R403.2 R1,382.0 R3,975.2 R8.1 R10.1 34.8 1974 153.1 R393.3 R1,500.0 R3,925.7 R10.2 R10.0 38.2 

1975 171.8 R391.3 R1,667.1 R3,867.2 R10.3 R10.1 41.8 1976 R193.8 R413.2 R1,821.2 R4,122.9 R10.6 R10.0 44.2 1977 R220.4 R426.2 R2,050.5 R4,351.5 R10.7 R9.8 47.2 1978 R239.0 R438.1 R2,317.5 R4,565.7 R10.3 R9.6 50.7 1979 R297.2 R437.5 R2,581.5 R4,668.2 R11.5 R9.4 55.3 1980 373.9 R418.9 R2,799.1 R4,578.6 R13.4 R9.2 61.1 1981 426.4 R411.7 R3,130.9 R4,697.3 R13.6 R8.8 66.8 1982 424.8 R397.2 R3,262.6 R4,622.7 R13.0 R8.6 70.7 1983 R415.7 R397.8 R3,566.2 R4,870.7 R11.7 R8.2 73.2 1984 433.5 R417.3 R4,004.5 R5,274.4 R10.8 R7.9 75.9 1985 435.4 R420.0 R4,294.9 R5,488.8 R10.1 R7.7 78.4 1986 R381.2 R425.1 R4,553.7 R5,666.1 R8.4 R7.5 80.4 1987 393.5 R438.9 R4,834.5 R5,815.7 R8.1 R7.5 83.1 1988 407.6 R458.5 R5,155.6 R5,983.9 R7.9 R7.7 86.1 1989 R434.8 R465.9 R5,519.1 R6,146.1 R7.9 R7.6 89.8 1990 R469.8 R464.8 R5,815.1 R6,202.1 R8.1 R7.5 93.8 1991 R467.4 R467.3 R5,937.2 R6,101.1 R7.9 R7.7 97.3 1992 R472.7 R472.7 R6,274.0 R6,274.0 R7.5 R7.5 100.0 1993 493.3 487.6 6,615.2 6,457.3 7.5 7.6 102.5 

1 Represents all purchases of goods and services in the U.S. domestic economy. The data are not the

same as the gross domestic product implicit price deflators (GDP) due to differences in coverage of importsand exports. The GDP represents the value of all goods and services produced in the United States,including exports and excluding imports. Gross domestic purchases represents the value of all goods andservices consumed in the United States, including imports and excluding exports. Thus, the value of goodsand services produced in the United States and consumed abroad is reflected in the GDP but not in grossdomestic purchases, and the value of goods and services produced abroad and consumed in the UnitedStates is reflected in gross domestic purchases but not in the GDP. 2 Calculations based on unrounded data. 3 The nominal chained energy index is based on the same methodology as used for the chained energyexpenditure index (explained in footnote 4 below) except that the weights are quantities, i.e., BritishThermal Units, rather than prices. The real chained energy price index is derived by dividing the nominal

chained energy price index by the Gross Domestic Purchases chain

4 The methodology used to derive energy expenditures i

methodology used by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau othe measures of Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Puthe Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, July 

R=Revised data. Sources: Energy Expenditures: Based on end-user prices and 

the Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Price Gross Domestic Purchases: Economic Report of the President

Tables: • Billion Dollars—Table B-1, p. 281. • Billion Chained 

Chained Price Index—Table B-3, p. 285. (Original Source for Domestic Purchases Chained Price Index: U.S. Department of Com
94 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.7.

Figure 3.7 Energy Price Estimates by Sector, 1985-1993

End-Use Sector

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

05

1015

Dollars1 per Million Btu

Residential and Commercial Sector

1985 1987 1989 

05

10152025

Dollars1 per Million BtuResidential and Commercial Transportation Industrial

Electricity

Petroleum Products

Natural Gas

Industrial Sector

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

05

101520

Dollars1 per Million Btu

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum Products

Electricity

Electric Utilities

1985 1987 1989 

0246

Dollars1 per Million Btu Nuclear Coal Natura

Petroleum Products
Table 3.7 Energy Price Estimates by Sector, 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985-1993

 (Dollars1 per Million Btu)

Sector 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 

Residential and Commercial Sector ... 2.07 3.93 7.68 11.37 11.14 10.99 10.90 11.31 12.09 

 Primary Energy ..................................... 1.08 1.97 4.36 6.12 5.49 5.27 5.17 5.49 5.78  Coal .................................................... 0.73 1.78 2.10 2.37 2.23 2.03 1.97 1.99 2.17 

 Natural Gas ........................................ 0.96 1.56 3.50 5.73 5.42 5.12 5.03 5.16 5.28  Petroleum Products 2 ......................... 1.32 2.82 6.58 7.47 5.89 5.87 5.79 6.72 7.67 

 Distillate Fuel Oil ............................... 1.32 2.66 6.86 7.32 5.70 5.49 5.49 6.20 7.30  Liquefied Petroleum Gases .............. 1.98 3.81 7.50 9.02 8.51 8.49 8.35 9.92 10.59  Motor Gasoline ................................. 2.86 4.66 9.77 9.01 6.77 7.22 7.33 8.03 9.15  Residual Fuel Oil .............................. 0.45 1.91 4.12 4.50 2.70 3.10 2.52 2.92 3.41  Electricity .............................................. 6.33 10.21 15.86 21.50 21.45 21.18 21.19 21.64 22.12 Industrial Sector ................................... 0.83 2.20 4.71 6.09 5.40 5.19 5.03 R5.12 5.40 

 Primary Energy 3 .................................. 0.60 1.66 3.77 4.49 3.65 3.50 3.34 R3.38 R3.70  Coal .................................................... 0.45 1.50 1.87 1.89 1.80 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.69  Coking Coal ...................................... 0.45 1.65 2.10 2.03 1.90 1.74 1.79 1.78 1.79  Steam Coal ....................................... 0.44 1.28 1.56 1.81 1.75 1.64 1.61 1.61 1.63  Natural Gas ........................................ 0.38 0.95 2.52 3.87 3.20 2.88 2.90 2.93 2.95  Petroleum Products 4 ......................... 0.96 2.41 5.59 6.20 4.80 4.80 4.48 R4.62 R5.37  Asphalt and Road Oil ........................ 0.68 1.89 3.68 4.77 4.34 3.56 3.39 2.95 3.02  Distillate Fuel Oil ............................... 0.72 2.23 5.54 6.10 3.76 4.16 3.83 4.78 5.68  Liquefied Petroleum Gases .............. 1.10 2.51 5.18 5.66 5.63 5.16 4.97 4.06 5.37  Lubricants ......................................... 5.08 7.48 14.36 17.61 15.59 12.70 14.61 R14.48 R14.60 

 Residual Fuel Oil .............................. 0.46 1.91 3.69 4.24 2.51 2.87 2.34 2.75 3.10  Electricity .............................................. 2.99 6.07 10.81 14.57 14.45 13.98 13.78 13.85 13.92 Transportation Sector .......................... 2.31 4.02 8.61 8.26 6.22 6.57 6.56 R7.17 R8.27 

 Primary Energy ..................................... 2.31 4.02 8.60 8.25 6.21 6.56 6.55 R7.16 R8.26  Coal .................................................... 0.41 1.26 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 

 Petroleum Products 6 ......................... 2.31 4.02 8.60 8.25 6.21 6.56 6.55 R7.16 R8.26 

 Distillate Fuel Oil ............................... 1.31 2.80 7.19 7.50 6.36 6.75 6.59 7.16 8.46  Jet Fuel ............................................. 0.73 2.05 6.36 5.91 3.92 4.03 3.80 4.39 5.68  Motor Gasoline ................................. 2.85 4.64 9.84 9.01 6.79 7.22 7.32 8.01 9.12  Residual Fuel Oil .............................. 0.38 1.72 3.31 4.36 2.11 2.64 2.22 2.47 2.98  Electricity .............................................. 4.65 11.72 14.71 19.74 19.63 23.03 22.05 22.99 23.49 

Electric Utilities ..................................... 0.32 0.96 1.75 1.85 1.55 1.51 1.45 1.48 1.46  Coal ...................................................... 0.31 0.82 1.35 1.65 1.58 1.51 1.47 1.45 1.45  Natural Gas .......................................... 0.28 0.75 2.20 3.43 2.35 2.24 2.26 2.36 2.32  Petroleum Products 7 ........................... 0.42 2.00 4.34 4.35 2.48 3.04 2.49 2.95 3.41 

 Heavy Oil 8 ......................................... 0.41 1.99 4.25 4.24 2.42 2.97 2.41 2.85 3.30 

 Nuclear Fuel ......................................... 0.18 0.24 0.43 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.70 0.67  Biomass Fuels ...................................... 0.65 0.92 1.74 0.79 0.32 0.95 0.87 0.69 0.52 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 In addition to listed products, includes kerosene. 3 In addition to listed energy sources, includes imports and exports of coal coke. 4 In addition to listed products, includes kerosene, motor gasoline, still gas, special naphthas,

petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, wax, pentanes plus, and miscellaneous products. 5 Not applicable. 6 In addition to listed products, includes aviation gasoline, liquefied petroleum gases, and lubricants. 7 In addition to listed products, includes fuel oil nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, jet fuel, and petroleum coke.

8 Heavy oil includes fuel oil nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oi

R=Revised data. Sources: Residential and Commercial Sector: Developed fro

(EIA) State Energy Price and Expenditure Data System (SEP1970-1993, for the individual sectors. All Other Sectors: EIA, S

years in the State Energy Price and Expenditure Report 1993 (Dec

by State in the report and data system. 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 3.8 Energy Expenditure Estimates, 1985-1993

96

1 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 3.8.

Total

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

0

100200300400500600

Billion Dollars1 Primary Energy

Total Energy

By Selected Petroleum Product

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

0

50

100150

Billion Dollars1

Residual Fuel Oil

Distillate Fuel Oil

Motor Gasoline

By Fossil Fuel

1985 1987 1989 

0

100200300

Billion Dollars1

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum Products

Per Capita

1985 1987 1989 

0

500

1,0001,5002,0002,500

Dollars1
Table 3.8 Energy Expenditure Estimates, 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985-1993

 (Billion Dollars1, Except as Noted)

Energy Source 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 

Coal ........................................................ 4.6 13.0 22.6 29.7 27.9 27.6 28.4 28.1 28.4  Coking Coal .......................................... 1.2 3.7 3.8 2.2 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9  Steam Coal ........................................... 3.4 9.4 18.9 27.5 26.1 25.9 26.4 26.2 26.5 Natural Gas ........................................... 10.9 20.1 51.1 72.9 59.7 58.0 61.1 65.4 64.1 

Petroleum Products ............................. 48.1 103.9 238.4 223.2 174.5 186.4 189.3 R206.7 R234.8 

 Asphalt and Road Oil ............................ 0.7 1.9 3.5 4.9 4.7 4.0 3.8 3.2 3.5  Aviation Gasoline .................................. 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4  Distillate Fuel Oil ................................... 6.3 15.7 40.8 43.6 35.0 37.3 38.4 43.3 49.3  Jet Fuel ................................................. 1.4 4.2 13.9 14.7 10.5 11.4 11.3 13.4 17.8  Kerosene .............................................. 0.6 0.9 2.3 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.7  Liquefied Petroleum Gases .................. 2.4 5.2 10.9 13.1 12.3 12.4 12.3 11.8 13.2  Lubricants ............................................. 1.5 2.3 5.1 5.7 4.9 4.5 5.0 R5.1 R5.3 

 Motor Gasoline ..................................... 31.6 59.4 124.4 118.0 91.5 99.8 103.2 112.6 126.5  Residual Fuel Oil .................................. 2.0 10.4 21.6 11.5 7.5 8.1 7.3 8.4 8.7  Other Petroleum Products 2 ................. 1.2 3.6 15.3 9.2 6.3 7.3 6.4 7.3 R9.4 Nuclear Fuel .......................................... (s) 0.4 1.2 2.9 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.0 4.1 

Biomass Fuels at Utilities .................... (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) Imports of Coal Coke ........................... (s) 0.2 0.1 (s) (s) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 

Exports of Coal Coke 3 ......................... -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 (s) -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 

Total Primary Energy 4 ......................... 63.5 137.5 313.2 328.8 265.2 275.5 283.0 R304.3 R331.5 

 Electric Utility Fuel 3,5 ........................... -4.3 -16.4 -37.4 -42.6 -35.8 -36.7 -37.4 -38.9 -38.4 

 Electricity Purchased by End Users 6 ... 23.4 50.7 98.1 149.2 151.8 154.7 162.1 169.3 176.7 

Total Energy ......................................... 82.6 171.8 373.9 435.4 R381.2 393.5 407.6 R434.8 R469.8 

Total Energy per Capita (Dollars1) ...... 406 797 1,650 1,824 1,581 1,617 1,658 R1,751 R1,889 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, petroleum coke, still gas, wax, and

miscellaneous products. 3 In determining total energy expenditures, this is a negative quantity. 4 Biomass fuels are not included, except those consumed at electric utilities and those added to motorgasoline. 5 There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, centralized solar, or wind energy. 6 These are sales. In determining total energy expenditures, this is a positive quantity.

R=Revised data. (s)=Less than $0.05 billion. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: Expenditures: Energy Information Administration (E

Data System (SEPEDS) 1993. which contains data for 1970-1993

State Energy Price and Expenditure Report (SEPER) 1993 (Decem

State in the report and data system. Total Energy per Capita: EI

for 1993 in SEPER 1993, (December 1995), p. 8.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 3.9 FRS Companies' Operations, Selected Statistics, 1975-1994

98

Notes: · FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14). Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

 Source: Table 3.9.

FRS Shares of U.S. Total Production

1975 1980 1985 1990

0

20406080

Percent

Uranium

Coal

Dry Natural Gas

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids

FRS Shares of U.S. Refining Capacity and Outpu

1975 1980 1985 

5060708090

PercentOutput

Capacity

FRS Companies' Net Income to Stockholders' Equity

1975 1980 1985 1990

0

102030

Percent

FRS

S&P 400

FRS Companies' Indicators

1975 1980 1985 

0

204060

Percent

Long-Term Debt

to Stockholders' Equity

Net Income + 

to Total Investe

 0

//

l

l
Table 3.9 FRS Companies’ Operations, Selected Statistics, 1975-1994

Year

Production Refining Financial Indicators

Crude Oil

and

Natural

Gas

Liquids

Dry

Natural

Gas Coal 1 Uranium Capacity 2,3 Output3

Net

Income

Net Income

to Stockholders’

Equity

Net Income

to Stockholders’

Equity for

S & P 400 4

Million

Barrels

Trillion

Cubic Feet

Million

Short Tons

Million

Pounds U3O8

Million Barrels

per Day

Billion

Dollars5 Per

1975 2,049.9 11.0 88.1 4.3 13.4 12.8 10.3 12.3 11.9 1976 1,983.4 10.6 89.0 3.3 14.2 12.8 12.0 13.1 13.8 1977 1,991.2 10.3 89.1 16.0 14.6 13.6 12.7 12.6 13.8 1978 2,131.4 10.1 85.5 17.3 14.8 13.6 13.9 12.8 14.4 1979 2,081.7 9.9 123.3 16.7 14.4 13.3 23.5 18.8 16.1 1980 2,087.5 9.3 142.3 19.0 15.1 12.2 31.0 21.1 14.6 1981 2,072.4 9.2 154.8 14.5 14.6 11.8 30.0 18.1 14.1 1982 2,079.1 8.3 195.2 9.2 13.6 10.6 21.8 11.9 10.5 1983 2,059.3 7.4 185.2 6.6 13.0 10.4 21.9 11.4 10.7 1984 2,088.8 7.9 226.0 4.1 12.8 11.0 21.3 12.1 13.6 1985 2,120.5 7.3 230.4 2.1 12.6 10.9 17.4 10.5 11.1 1986 2,089.6 7.1 227.6 1.6 12.5 11.5 9.2 5.6 10.6 1987 2,069.5 7.2 255.3 2.3 12.5 11.7 11.3 6.8 13.8 1988 2,102.1 7.6 285.3 2.9 12.3 12.0 22.3 13.6 15.8 1989 1,911.1 7.5 286.9 3.1 11.5 11.4 19.8 12.3 15.5 1990 1,814.0 7.6 282.0 1.1 11.4 11.3 21.6 12.9 13.0 1991 1,818.1 7.5 289.6 0.9 11.2 11.1 14.7 8.8 8.2 1992 1,750.2 7.9 251.9 0.0 11.0 11.0 1.8 1.1 2.5 1993 1,632.5 7.7 197.3 0.0 10.7 10.8 15.5 9.6 R 9.4 

1994 1,593.8 8.0 179.7 0.0 10.7 10.8 16.5 10.0 16.4 

Percent of U.S. Total 

1975 56.1 57.3 13.6 16.2 R85.5 R88.7 

1976 55.6 55.5 13.1 14.3 R84.0 R82.6 1977 55.3 53.6 12.9 69.0 R81.9 R81.5 1978 56.8 52.9 12.9 67.8 R81.4 R80.9 1979 56.3 50.3 15.9 44.5 R76.7 R80.4 1980 56.1 R47.7 17.3 43.5 R77.7 R79.6 1981 R55.5 R47.8 18.9 37.7 R77.3 R76.9 1982 R55.6 46.6 23.4 34.2 R77.4 R75.9 1983 R54.8 R45.8 23.8 31.1 R77.6 R75.8 1984 R54.2 R45.5 25.3 27.5 R78.2 R77.1 1985 R54.5 R44.6 26.2 18.6 R78.2 R76.9 1986 R55.6 R44.5 25.7 11.9 R77.2 R76.8 1987 R56.7 43.4 27.9 17.7 R75.2 R77.6 1988 R58.5 R44.6 30.1 22.1 R75.4 R78.0 1989 R56.8 R43.2 29.4 22.5 R70.8 R72.9 1990 R55.3 R42.6 27.5 12.4 R69.2 R71.1 1991 R54.3 R42.4 29.2 11.3 R68.1 R70.1 1992 R53.2 R44.2 25.3 0.0 R69.3 69.0 

1993 R50.6 R41.5 R 20.9 0.0 R68.2 R66.2 

1994 50.5 42.7 17.4 0.0 66.4 66.2 

1 Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. 2 Operable capacity as of January 1 of the following year. 3 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 4 Standard and Poors’ 400. 5 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised data. 

Notes: • FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 

Natural Gas (Dry Marketed) production are on a net ownership inte

Sources: FRS Company Statistics: Energy Information Admi

Major Energy Producers report series. U.S. Production Data fo

Energy Review 1994, Tables 5.1, 5.8, 5.9, 6.1, 7.2, and 9.3.
100 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Coal, nuclear, and other energy.Notes: · FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14). Return on

investment = net income as a percent of net investmenSources: Tables 3.10 and 3.11.

Figure 3.10 FRS Companies' Return on Investment by Type of Business, 1977-1994

Type of Business

1980 1984 1988 1992

-20-10

0

102030

Percent

Petroleum

and 

Natural Gas Nonenergy

Nonpetroleum1

Energy

Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas

1980 1984 1988 1992

-20-10

0

102030

Pipelines

Production

Refining and

Marketing

Foreign Petroleum and 

1980 1

-20-10

0

102030

Refi

an

Mark

International

Marine

+

+

+

++

+

+

++

l l
Table 3.10 FRS Companies’ Net Income, 1975-1994

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

Type of Business Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Pe

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 2 Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total 2 Production

Refin

an

Marke

1975 NA NA NA NA 10.3 NA NA NA NA NA N1976 NA NA NA NA 12.0 NA NA NA NA NA N1977 13.0 0.2 (s) 1.7 12.7 6.4 1.5 0.8 8.6 3.6 01978 14.7 0.1 -0.1 1.8 13.9 6.7 1.6 1.2 9.5 3.5 11979 23.0 0.3 -0.1 2.8 23.5 9.4 2.3 1.7 13.4 5.2 41980 29.1 0.3 (s) 2.3 31.0 13.8 2.5 1.7 17.9 6.9 41981 29.5 0.4 -0.3 1.6 30.0 16.8 1.3 1.8 19.9 8.0 11982 25.0 0.4 -0.3 0.4 21.8 14.1 1.9 2.3 18.3 6.1 01983 24.0 0.5 (s) 1.8 21.9 12.2 1.6 2.0 15.9 7.2 11984 23.6 0.6 -0.1 2.9 21.3 13.3 0.1 2.5 15.8 7.5 01985 24.8 0.4 -0.3 2.5 17.4 12.1 2.3 2.3 16.7 8.0 01986 12.9 0.2 (s) 2.8 9.2 0.9 1.6 2.6 5.2 4.7 21987 14.8 0.4 (s) 7.1 11.3 4.7 1.1 2.6 8.4 5.4 11988 17.5 0.6 -0.1 10.8 22.3 3.2 5.4 2.0 10.6 4.3 21989 16.2 0.4 -0.1 8.7 19.8 3.1 4.5 1.9 9.5 4.7 11990 23.4 0.3 0.1 4.3 21.6 8.7 2.2 2.1 12.9 7.4 21991 17.7 0.6 0.1 1.6 14.7 5.1 0.9 2.0 7.9 5.4 41992 14.4 -0.5 0.1 1.2 1.8 5.6 -0.2 2.1 7.5 4.7 21993 16.5 0.4 0.1 2.7 15.5 4.8 1.7 1.6 8.1 5.2 31994 14.4 0.2 0.2 6.2 16.5 4.8 1.8 1.8 8.5 4.0 2

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Total is sum of components shown, plus eliminations and nontraceables, which are defined in the

glossary.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than $50 million in absolute value. 

Note: FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14).Source: Energy Information Administration, Performance Profi

issues.
102 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 3.11 FRS Companies' Net Investment in Place, 1975-1994

1 Nominal dollars.Notes: · FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14). Because vertical

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.Source: Table 3.11.

Total

1975 1980 1985 1990

0

70

140210280350420

Billion Dollars1

Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas

1975 1980 1985 1990

0

255075

100125150

Billion Dollars1

Production

Refining and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines

Type of Business by Fuel

1975 1980 1985 

0

50

100150200250300

Billion Dollars1

Petro

Natu

No

Coal, Nuc

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas

1975 1980 1985 

0

1530456075

Billion Dollars1 Production Refining and Marketing

International Marin

l l
Table 3.11 FRS Companies’ Net Investment in Place, 1975-1994

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

Type of Business Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign 

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Non- traceables Total Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total Production

R

Ma

1975 79.8 1.6 0.8 13.7 1.0 97.3 27.8 20.0 7.0 54.8 9.4 1976 88.9 2.0 1.0 17.6 1.1 111.1 31.4 20.7 9.5 61.7 11.4 1977 104.2 2.8 1.9 24.3 1.9 135.2 36.4 21.1 11.2 68.7 16.4 1978 112.2 3.3 3.1 27.3 2.1 148.1 40.5 22.0 11.2 73.7 19.0 1979 128.3 4.1 3.3 31.9 2.4 169.9 51.8 23.5 11.0 86.3 21.9 1980 151.4 5.0 4.0 38.7 3.4 202.6 65.8 25.7 11.1 102.5 27.4 1981 178.0 7.2 4.5 45.9 5.2 240.8 83.2 29.2 11.2 123.6 31.5 1982 200.7 9.3 5.3 60.3 6.9 282.5 100.7 32.1 10.8 143.6 35.2 1983 212.2 9.4 5.1 62.2 7.4 296.3 108.4 33.8 12.1 154.4 37.1 1984 227.8 9.2 4.7 60.3 7.4 309.4 123.1 34.3 12.0 169.4 39.6 1985 236.2 9.1 3.7 58.9 7.5 315.4 126.8 34.9 15.4 177.1 40.0 1986 235.4 8.4 3.3 55.4 7.4 309.9 118.9 36.5 19.8 175.1 40.1 1987 238.7 8.6 3.3 58.5 7.3 316.4 114.7 36.6 20.2 171.6 44.0 1988 238.4 8.7 3.4 53.1 6.0 309.6 111.1 37.1 20.6 168.8 46.9 1989 241.3 8.7 3.1 50.5 6.2 309.9 106.0 39.4 18.7 164.1 52.7 1990 246.7 8.2 3.0 55.1 6.5 319.6 102.1 42.5 18.5 163.1 56.7 1991 252.6 6.7 2.9 56.3 7.0 325.6 98.6 46.2 18.5 163.4 59.2 1992 256.0 5.2 2.8 58.7 8.7 331.5 95.1 48.8 24.7 168.6 57.0 1993 257.1 4.9 3.0 58.0 8.6 331.5 91.4 49.8 24.4 165.6 59.7 1994 259.4 4.1 3.1 58.5 9.5 334.6 87.6 51.8 24.1 163.6 61.5 

1 Nominal dollars.

Notes: • FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14). • Net investment in place is net

property, plant, and equipment, plus investments and advances. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Performance Profi

issues.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 3.12 FRS Companies' Additions to Investment in Place, 1975-1994

104

1 Nominal dollars.

2 Coal, nuclear, and other energy.Notes: · FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14). Because vertical

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.Source: Table 3.12.

Type of Business, Total

1975 1980 1985 1990

0

20406080

Billion Dollars1

Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas

1975 1980 1985 1990

0

153045

Billion Dollars1

Pipelines

Refining and Marketing

Production

Type of Business by Fuel

1975 1980 1985 

0

20406080

Billion Dollars1

Nonenergy

Petroleum and

Natural Gas

Foreign Petroleum and Natural Gas

1975 1980 1985 

05

1015

Billion Dollars1

Internat

Refining and Marketing

Production

l l
Table 3.12 FRS Companies’ Additions to Investment in Place, 1975-1994

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

Type of Business Domestic Petroleum and Natural Gas Foreign Pe

Petroleum

and

Natural

Gas Coal

Nuclear

and

Other

Energy

Nonenergy Total 2 Production

Refining

and

Marketing

Rate

Regulated

Pipelines Total Production

Refin

an

Marke

1975 17.3 0.5 0.3 2.7 21.1 6.6 2.8 2.8 12.2 2.6 11976 18.4 0.5 0.5 3.3 23.1 8.1 2.8 2.8 13.8 2.9 11977 18.1 0.9 0.6 4.5 24.3 8.5 2.2 1.4 12.1 4.2 11978 19.2 1.0 0.9 4.4 25.6 9.3 2.8 0.6 12.7 4.8 11979 30.7 0.8 0.9 5.7 38.5 18.2 3.5 0.6 22.5 6.1 11980 38.0 1.3 1.2 8.6 50.1 21.6 4.2 1.0 26.9 8.1 21981 44.9 2.9 1.2 10.7 60.8 26.8 6.1 0.8 33.8 8.3 21982 51.5 2.1 1.7 14.6 72.6 30.8 6.9 0.9 38.6 10.4 21983 38.2 1.1 0.8 6.9 48.0 21.8 5.3 2.1 29.2 7.2 11984 66.8 1.6 1.0 7.9 78.7 42.1 6.8 0.9 49.7 14.0 21985 39.8 1.5 0.1 6.8 49.2 21.8 4.5 4.3 30.6 7.1 21986 30.2 0.7 0.2 7.8 39.7 12.7 4.5 5.3 22.5 5.5 21987 26.6 0.6 0.3 6.7 34.8 11.3 4.5 0.9 16.7 7.4 21988 39.1 0.6 0.4 9.7 49.7 17.8 6.8 0.7 25.3 10.3 31989 34.2 1.0 0.2 8.8 45.0 11.9 5.5 0.7 18.2 12.4 31990 33.2 0.9 0.2 9.8 45.5 12.6 6.2 1.1 20.0 10.1 31991 35.6 1.0 0.2 8.3 46.4 12.0 7.9 1.3 21.2 10.3 31992 31.3 0.9 0.2 8.3 42.0 8.8 7.4 1.0 17.3 10.2 31993 32.1 0.2 0.4 6.7 40.4 9.5 6.7 1.0 17.1 11.4 31994 31.2 (s) 0.3 6.3 39.1 10.9 6.3 0.8 18.1 9.8 3

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Total is sum of components shown, plus nontraceables, which are defined in the glossary. Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

(s)=Less than $50 million. Notes: • FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14). • Additions to investment in place is

property, plant, and equipment, plus investments and advances.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Performance Profi

issues.
106 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Nominal dollars.Notes: · A severance tax is a tax on the taking and use of natural resources imposed at 

the time the mineral or other product is extracted or severed from the earth. · An effective tax is 

a tax rate based on actual taxes paid divided by the taxa· Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be cSource: Table 3.13.

Figure 3.13 State Government Severance Taxes, 1985-1993

Severance Taxes

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

02468

Billion Dollars1 For Oil and Gas

For Coal

Effective Tax as Share of Price

1985 1987 1989 

02468

Percent

For Oil and Gas

For Coal

State Government EnTaxes as Share of To

1985 1987 

01234

3.3

2.6

1.6 

Percent

State Government Total Tax Receipts

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

0

100200300400

216 228

247

264

284

301 311

328

353

Billion Dollars1

State Government Energy Severance Taxes

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

02468

7.0

6.0

4.0 4.1 3.9 4.3

5.0

4.3 4.6

Billion Dollars1

l

l

l
Table 3.13 State Government Severance Taxes, 1985-1993

Year

For Oil and Gas For Coal State 

Severance

Taxes

Effective Tax

per Barrel 1

Price 

per Barrel

Effective Tax 

as Share of

Price

Severance

Taxes

Effective Tax

per Ton

Price

per Short

Ton

Effective Tax

as Share of

Price

Energy

Severance

Taxes

Billion Dollars 2 Dollars 2 per Barrel Percent Billion Dollars 2 Dollars 2 per Short Ton Percent Billion 

1985 6.4 1.17 19.19 6.1 0.6 0.68 25.41 2.7 7.0 1986 5.4 1.00 15.48 6.5 0.6 0.71 24.58 2.9 6.0 1987 3.4 0.66 10.84 6.1 0.6 0.63 23.25 2.7 4.0 1988 3.6 0.68 11.55 5.9 0.5 0.57 22.40 2.6 4.1 1989 3.4 0.66 11.03 6.0 0.5 0.52 21.78 2.4 3.9 1990 3.8 0.76 11.88 6.4 0.6 0.55 21.64 2.5 4.3 1991 4.5 0.89 13.72 6.5 0.6 0.55 21.31 2.6 5.0 1992 3.7 0.75 11.05 6.5 0.6 0.59 21.07 2.8 4.3 1993 4.0 0.81 12.77 6.3 0.6 0.57 20.33 2.8 4.6 

1 Natural gas is converted to barrels of crude oil equivalent on the basis of 0.178 barrels of oil per

thousand cubic feet of gas. 2 Nominal dollars.

Notes: • A severance tax is a tax on the taking and use of natural resources imposed at the time the

mineral or other product is extracted or severed from the earth. • actual taxes paid divided by the taxable base.

Sources: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Se

1995), Tables 1, 3, and 4.
Table 3.14 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1975-1994

Company 1975-1981 1982 1983-84 1985-86 1987 1988 1989-90 19

Amerada Hess Corporation ...................................................... X X X X X X X X American Petrofina Inc.1 ........................................................... X X X X X X X

Amoco Corporation2 ................................................................. X X X X X X X X 

Anadarko Petroleum, Inc. ......................................................... 

Ashland Oil, Inc. ....................................................................... X X X X X X X X Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO) ................................................... X X X X X X X X BP America, Inc.3 ..................................................................... X X X X 

Burlington Northern Inc.4 .......................................................... X X X X X

Burlington Resources Inc.4 ....................................................... XXX

Chevron Corporation5,6 ............................................................. X X X X X X X X 

Cities Service7 .......................................................................... X X

Coastal Corporation .................................................................. X X X X X X X X Conoco8 .................................................................................... X

E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.8 ........................................... X X X X X X X 

Enron Corporation .................................................................... Exxon Corporation .................................................................... X X X X X X X X Fina, Inc.1 ................................................................................. X

Getty Oil9 .................................................................................. X X X

Gulf Oil6 .................................................................................... X X X

Kerr-McGee Corporation .......................................................... X X X X X X X X Marathon10 ............................................................................... X

Mobil Corporation11 .................................................................. X X X X X X X X 

Nerco, Inc.12 ............................................................................. 

Occidental Petroleum Corporation7 .......................................... X X X X X X X X 

Oryx Energy Company13 .......................................................... XXX

Phillips Petroleum Company .................................................... X X X X X X X X Shell Oil Company .................................................................... X X X X X X X X Standard Oil Co. (Ohio) (Sohio)3 .............................................. X X X X

Sun Company, Inc.13 ................................................................ X X X X X X X X Superior Oil11 ............................................................................ X X X

Tenneco Inc.14 .......................................................................... X X X X X X

Texaco Inc.9 ............................................................................. X X X X X X X X 

Total Petroleum (North America) Ltd.15 .................................... X X

Union Pacific Corporation ......................................................... X X X X X X X X Unocal Corporation ................................................................... X X X X X X X X USX Corporation10 ................................................................... X X X X X X X 

1 American Petrofina, Inc. changed its name to Fina, Inc. effective April 17, 1991. 2 Formerly Standard Oil Company (Indiana). 3 In 1987, British Petroleum acquired all shares in Standard Oil Company (Ohio) that it did not already

control and renamed its U.S. affiliate British Petroleum America . 4 Burlington Resources was added to the Financial Reporting System (FRS) and Burlington Northernwas dropped for 1988. Data for Burlington Resources cover the full year 1988 even though that companywas not created until May of that year. 5 Formerly Standard Oil Company of California. 6 Chevron acquired Gulf Oil in 1984 but separate data for Gulf continued to be available for the full 1984year. 7 Occidental acquired Cities Service in 1982. Separate financial reports were available for 1982, soeach company continued to be treated separately until 1983. 8 DuPont acquired Conoco in 1981. Separate data for Conoco were available for 1981. DuPont wasincluded in the FRS system in 1982. 9 Texaco acquired Getty in 1984; however, Getty was treated as a separate FRS company for that year.

10 U.S. Steel (now USX) acquired Marathon in 1982.11 Mobil acquired Superior in 1984 but both companies were trea12 RTZ America acquired the common stock of Nerco, Inc., on F

Nerco, Inc., sold Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., its subsidiary. Nerco’s Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., through September 28, 1993.

13 Sun Company spun off Sun Exploration and Development 

Company) during 1988. Both companies were included in the degree of duplication exists for that year.

14 Tenneco sold its worldwide oil and gas assets and its refinin

FRS companies purchased approximately 70 percent of Tenneco’s 

15 Effective June 1, 1991, Total’s exploration, production, and ma

off to Total Oil & Gas, a new public entity.

Note: "X" indicates that the company was included in the FRS sySource: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-28, "Finan
Exploring for Energy Resources

Exploration for oil and gas is shaped by market conditions andtechnological developments. Market forces significantly decreasedthe number of rotary rigs in operation and the number of exploratorywells from highs in 1981 of 3,970 rigs and 17.5 thousand exploratorywells (4.3 and 4.5) to 723 rigs and 3.5 thousand exploratory wellsin 1995. The use of new technologies, such as three-dimensionalseismic surveying, multidisciplinary teams supported by a commonand comprehensive computerized database, and horizontal drilling,has increased the efficiency of energy industry operations. Duringthe 1990’s, the percentage of successful wells drilled, particularlyexploratory wells, generally increased (4.4). In 1995, 44 percent ofoil and gas exploratory wells were successful, compared with 25percent in 1990 (4.5). The percentage of successful oil and gasdevelopment wells rose from 82 percent in 1990 to 85 percent in1995 (4.6).Exploration for uranium also reflects changes in energy markets.The number of exploratory and development holes drilled peakedin 1978 at 104 thousand (4.12). As uranium market conditionsdeteriorated after 1978, the number plunged to fewer than 4 thousand per year in the mid-1980’s. In 1995, the number of holes drilledtotaled 2.3 thousand.

4. Energy Resources

d Natural Gas Resources

e Interior’s 1987 mean estimates of domes

rable resources trapped in conventional

barrels of crude oil (of which 33.3 billion

hore and in State jurisdiction waters, with

latter located in or off Alaska), 399 trillion

and 8.6 billion barrels of natural gas liquids

and State waters portion of the 1994 esti

me for publication in this report; the 1994

barrels of crude oil (of which 8.4 billion bar

a), 259 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and

ral gas liquids.

atural Gas Proved Reserves

nt proved reserves of crude oil, natural gas,

ncreased every year from 1949 until 1968

time, production exceeded net additions to

or the addition of Alaska’s North Slope re

reserves trended downward, falling to 57

nt in 1994. At the end of 1994, proved re

els of crude oil (including lease condensate)

of natural gas (4.2). Through 1994, crude

of 173 billion barrels from 40,001 fields

of estimated ultimate recovery, while natural

of 877 trillion cubic feet from 35,724 fields

of ultimate recovery.

Coal Reserves

dministration has estimated that the demon

oal contained 496 billion short tons at the

Although recoverability rates differ from

site to site, about 55 percent of the demonstrated reserve base is estimated to be recoverable.

Uranium Resources

At the end of 1995, uranium reserves with forward costs (those yet tobe incurred in production) of no more than $30 per pound totaled 290million pounds of uranium oxide (U3O8), 40 percent of which was in

Wyoming (4.13). Estimated additional resources and speculative resources in the $30-per-pound category in 1995 totaled 2.2 billionpounds and 1.3 billion pounds, respectively.

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 109
110 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Includes Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.2 And Basin and Range.3 And Northern Great Plains. And Eastern New Mexico. Includes all of Florida.

 Includes Michigan Basin, Illinois Basin, Black Warrior 

Appalachian Basin, Blue Ridge Thrust Belt, Piedmont, and A

Note: Because vertical and horizontal scales differ, graSource: Table 4.1. 

Figure 4.1 Undiscovered Recoverable Resource Estimates for Petroleum

0 20 

Crude Oil

0369

Billion Barrels

Natural Gas Liquids

0123

Billion Barrels

Crude Oil, 1987 and 1994

1987 1987 1987 1994

0

255075

33

9

20

24

49

16

33

30

70

26

52

40

Billion Barrels

Natural Gas Liquids, 1987 and 1994

1987 1987 1987 1994

0369

12

6.1

0.8

4.7

5.8

8.6

2.2

6.4

7.2

11.5

4.7

8.5 8.9

Billion Barrels

Natural Gas, 1987 and 

1987 

0

150300450600

307

9

399

507

Trillion Cubic Feet

Onshore and State Waters, Mean Estimates, by Region, 1994

8.4

 4.0

1.4

3.6

5.5

1.2

1.6

4.6

 1.1

 0.3

 0.2

 1.5

 0.8

 2.8

 0.4

 0.3

 12.

 9.1

 

 1

 1

 11.4

4

Alaska1...................................Pacific Coast..........................Colorado Plateau2...................Rocky Mountains3...................Mid-Continent.........................

West Texas ........................... 4

Gulf Coast ............................. 5Eastern ................................. 6

6

Total Federal

Offshore

Onshore

& StateWaters

Onshore

& StateWaters

Total Federal

Offshore

Onshore

& StateWaters

Total F

O

Onshore

& StateWaters

Low EstimateMean EstimateHigh Estimate

5
Table 4.1 Undiscovered Recoverable Resource Estimates for Petroleum, 1987 and 1994

Region

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas Liquids 

(billion barrels)

Estimated Range 2

Mean 3

Estimated Range 2

Mean 3

Es

Low High Low High Lo

January 1, 1987

Onshore and State Waters ................................................................. 19.6 51.9 33.3 4.7 8.5 6.4 178 Alaska 4 .............................................................................................. 3.6 31.3 13.2 NC NC NC 15

 Pacific Coast ....................................................................................... 1.5 6.6 3.5 NC NC NC 5 Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range ............................................ 0.5 3.4 1.5 NC NC NC 9 Rocky Mountains and Northern Great Plains ..................................... 2.7 6.9 4.5 NC NC NC 7 West Texas and Eastern New Mexico ................................................ 1.5 4.0 2.6 NC NC NC 11 Gulf Coast5 ......................................................................................... 2.4 6.7 4.2 NC NC NC 51

 Mid-Continent ..................................................................................... 1.2 2.7 1.9 NC NC NC 16 Eastern Interior 6 ................................................................................ 1.3 2.4 1.8 NC NC NC 10

 Atlantic Coast ..................................................................................... 0.1 0.5 0.2 NC NC NC (Federal Offshore ................................................................................. 9.2 25.6 16.1 0.8 4.7 2.2 97

 Alaska 4,7 ............................................................................................ 0.6 9.4 3.4 NC NC NC 4

 Pacific Coast ....................................................................................... 0.9 8.3 3.4 NC NC NC 3 Gulf of Mexico ..................................................................................... 4.9 13.6 8.6 NC NC NC 63 Atlantic Coast ..................................................................................... 0.1 2.3 0.7 NC NC NC 6United States Total ............................................................................. 33.2 69.9 49.4 6.1 11.5 8.6 306

January 1, 1994

Onshore and State Waters ................................................................. 23.5 39.6 30.3 5.82 8.87 7.2 207 Alaska 4 .............................................................................................. 3.2 16.8 8.4 0.4 2.1 1.1 27

 Pacific Coast ....................................................................................... 2.6 5.9 4.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 7 Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range ............................................ 0.7 2.5 1.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 5 Rocky Mountains and Northern Great Plains ..................................... 3.1 6.8 4.6 0.8 2.2 1.5 15 West Texas and Eastern New Mexico ................................................ 2.2 5.3 3.6 0.5 1.0 0.8 12 Gulf Coast5 ......................................................................................... 2.7 8.9 5.5 1.9 3.9 2.8 70

 Mid-Continent ..................................................................................... 0.8 1.8 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 13 Eastern6 .............................................................................................. 0.9 2.5 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.3 7

Federal Offshore ................................................................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA N

 Alaska 4,7 ............................................................................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA N

 Pacific Coast ....................................................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA N Gulf of Mexico ..................................................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA N Atlantic Coast ..................................................................................... 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 ( 

United States Total ............................................................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA N

1 See Note 1 at end of section. 2 The low value of the range is the quantity associated with a 95 percent probability (19 in 20 chance)

that there is at least this amount. The high value is the quantity with a 5 percent probability (1 in 20chance) that there is at least this amount. Totals for the low and high values are not obtained by arithmeticsummation; they are derived by statistical methods. 3 The arithmetic average of all possible outcomes. 4 Includes Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. 5 Includes Western Florida Panhandle 1987, all of Florida for 1994. 6 Includes the Michigan Basin, Illinois Basin, Black Warrior Basin, Cincinnati Arch, Appalachian Basin,Blue Ridge Thrust Belt, and Piedmont, and for 1994 the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 7 Includes quantities considered recoverable only if technology permits their exploitation beneath Arctic

ice — a condition not yet met. 8 Region (Atlantic Coast off-shore) not used in 1994.

(s)=Less than 0.1 trillion cubic feet. NA=Not available. NC=Not Note: The estimates are risked for the probability that econom

the area. When applied to the mean volume, the methodology adthat the area may be nonproductive.

Sources: 1987 Estimates: U.S. Department of the Interior

Management Service, Estimates of Undiscovered Recoverable Co

United States - A Part of the Nation’s Energy Endowment, 1989. 

offshore): U.S. Geological Survey ,1995 National Assessment of O
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 112

Notes: Crude oil includes lease condensate. Natural gas is wet, after lease separation. Source: Table 4.2. 

Figure 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserve and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year, 1977-1994

Cumulative Number of Fields

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

0

1020304050

Thousands

Oil and/or Gas

Oil

Gas

Crude Oil

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

0

50

100150200

Billion Barrels (Cumulative)

Ultimate Recovery

Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, Inde

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 198

6080

100120140160

Index: 1977=100

Crude O

Proved Res

Cum

Natural Gas

 Cumulative Production

Natural Gas

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 19

0

150300450600750900

1,050

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)Ultimate Recov

Natural Gas

Proved Reserves

l l

Cumulative Production

Proved Resources

Cumulative Pro

Proved Reso
Table 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Field Counts, Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves,

 and Ultimate Recovery, End of Year 1977-1994

Year

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Oil and/or Gas 3

Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Oil 3

Crude Oil 1

(billion barrels) Cumulative

Number of

Fields with

Gas 3

Na

(trilli

Cumulative

Production

Proved

Reserves

Ultimate

Recovery

Cumulative

Production

1977 31,725 28,057 121.4 33.6 155.0 24,266 558.3 1978 32,755 28,877 124.6 33.1 157.6 25,126 578.4 1979 33,898 29,810 127.7 31.2 158.9 26,094 599.1 1980 35,196 30,860 130.8 31.3 162.2 27,129 619.4 1981 36,727 32,124 133.9 31.0 165.0 28,331 639.4 1982 38,110 33,289 137.1 29.5 166.6 29,374 658.1 1983 39,403 34,345 140.3 29.3 169.6 30,349 675.1 1984 40,865 35,558 143.5 30.0 173.5 31,449 693.5 1985 42,114 36,590 146.8 29.9 176.7 32,419 710.9 1986 42,869 37,195 150.0 28.3 178.3 32,963 727.8 1987 43,535 37,703 153.0 28.7 181.7 33,469 745.4 1988 44,197 38,215 156.0 28.2 184.2 33,996 763.4 1989 44,655 38,555 158.8 27.9 186.7 34,367 781.7 1990 45,157 38,933 161.5 27.6 189.0 34,757 800.4 1991 45,539 39,233 164.2 25.9 190.1 35,022 819.1 1992 45,898 39,508 166.8 25.0 191.8 35,283 838.0 1993 46,220 39,737 169.3 24.1 193.4 35,490 857.4 1994 46,597 40,001 172.5 23.6 196.2 35,724 877.3 

1 Includes lease condensate. 2 Wet, after lease separation. 3 The field-count historical data are all revised to reflect up-to-date redeterminations of the limits of

distinct oil and gas fields and improved information concerning their discovery dates.

Sources: 1992: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Oil and Gas, Oil and Gas Integrated

Field File (OGIFF), (July 1995). 1977-1991 and 1993-1994: • 

Petroleum Supply Annual 1994, Volume 1 (June 1995). • NaNatural Gas Annual 1994, Volume 1 (November 1995). • Proved 

Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves 1994 Annual Report (Octo

Gas Field Code Master List 1995 (December 1995) and OGIFF.
114 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 4.3. 

Figure 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements

Offshore

Total 

Onshore

Line Miles of Seismic Surveys, 1969-1990

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

250500750

1,000

Thousands of Miles Total

Onshore

Offshore

Active Well Servicing U

1976 1980 19

012345

Thousands of Units

P

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Site, 1949-1995 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

01234

Thousands of Rigs

Peak: 3,970 rigs in 1981

Total

Onshore Offshore

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, 1949-1995

1950 1960 1970 1

01234

Thousands of Rigs

Crews Engaged in Seismic Exploration, 1949-1993

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

200400600800

Number of Crews
Table 4.3 Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Measurements, 1949-1995

Year

Crews Engaged in Seismic Exploration Line Miles of Seismic Surveys (thousand) Rotary Rigs in Operation 1 

Offshore Onshore Total Offshore Onshore Total

By Site By Type

Offshore Onshore Oil Gas 

1949 NA NA 476 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1950 NA NA 448 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1951 NA NA 545 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1952 NA NA 663 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1953 NA NA 639 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1954 NA NA 572 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1955 NA NA 591 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1956 NA NA 568 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1957 NA NA 524 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1958 NA NA 422 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1959 NA NA 425 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1960 NA NA 385 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1961 NA NA 380 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1962 NA NA 326 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1963 NA NA 331 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1964 NA NA 342 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1965 36 318 354 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1966 38 268 306 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1967 29 249 278 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1968 20 252 272 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1969 16 247 263 NA NA 199.9 NA NA NA NA 1970 10 185 195 NA NA 167.3 NA NA NA NA 1971 10 211 221 NA NA 191.7 NA NA NA NA 1972 12 239 251 NA NA 235.7 NA NA NA NA 1973 23 227 250 258.9 127.2 386.1 84 1,110 NA NA 1974 31 274 305 341.8 158.6 500.4 94 1,378 NA NA 1975 30 254 284 309.3 150.7 460.0 106 1,554 NA NA 1976 25 237 262 226.3 142.9 369.2 129 1,529 NA NA 1977 27 281 308 124.7 120.1 244.7 167 1,834 NA NA 1978 25 327 352 174.6 135.9 310.5 185 2,074 NA NA 1979 30 370 400 193.2 163.9 357.1 207 1,970 NA NA 1980 37 493 530 202.7 184.1 386.8 231 2,678 NA NA 1981 44 637 681 338.2 256.2 594.4 256 3,714 NA NA 1982 57 531 588 558.5 248.5 806.9 243 2,862 NA NA 1983 47 426 473 469.2 188.5 657.7 199 2,033 NA NA 1984 49 445 494 538.5 185.9 724.4 213 2,215 NA NA 1985 45 333 378 557.7 140.0 697.7 206 1,774 NA NA 1986 24 176 200 252.6 67.6 320.2 99 865 NA NA 1987 24 153 177 263.7 52.7 316.5 95 841 NA NA 1988 29 153 182 248.6 79.5 328.1 123 813 554 354 1989 23 109 132 197.4 48.0 245.5 105 764 453 401 1990 23 102 125 300.2 134.2 434.5 108 902 532 464 1991 19 85 104 NA NA NA 81 779 482 351 1992 12 64 76 NA NA NA 52 669 373 331 1993 16 63 79 NA NA NA 82 672 373 364 1994 NA NA NA NA NA NA 102 673 335 427 1995 NA NA NA NA NA NA 101 622 323 385 

1 Data are not for the exact calendar year but for the 52 or 53 consecutive whole weeks that most nearly

coincide with the calendar year. 2 Sum of oil, gas, and miscellaneous other rigs, which is not shown.

NA=Not available. Notes: • Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia. • Totals may not equal

sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Crews Engaged in Seismic Exploration and Line 

Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, SEG News Release, 

Exploration, monthly. Rotary Rigs in Operation: Baker Hugh

Running—By State. Active Well Servicing Units: American Ass

Dallas, Texas, Well Servicing.
116 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1995

Source: Table 4.4.

Wells Drilled

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

153045

Thousand Wells Oil Wells Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

1949 1959 1969 

0

20406080

Percent

Footage Drilled

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

4590

135180

Million Feet Oil Wells Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Average Depth

1950 1960 1970 

02468

Thousand Feet per Well Gas W

Dry H

Oil W
Table 4.4 Oil and Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, 1949-1995

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Ga

1949 21.35 3.36 12.60 37.31 66.2 79.4 12.4 43.8 135.6 3,720 3,61950 23.81 3.44 14.80 42.05 64.8 92.7 13.7 51.0 157.4 3,893 3,91951 23.18 3.44 17.03 43.64 61.0 95.1 13.9 63.1 172.1 4,103 4,01952 23.29 3.51 17.76 44.56 60.1 98.1 15.3 70.7 184.1 4,214 4,31953 25.32 3.97 18.45 47.74 61.4 102.1 18.2 73.9 194.2 4,033 4,51954 28.14 4.04 18.93 51.11 63.0 113.4 18.9 75.8 208.0 4,028 4,61955 30.43 4.27 20.45 55.15 62.9 121.1 19.9 85.1 226.2 3,981 4,61956 30.53 4.53 22.11 57.17 61.3 120.4 22.7 90.2 233.3 3,942 5,01957 27.36 4.48 20.16 52.00 61.2 110.0 23.8 83.2 217.0 4,021 5,31958 23.77 5.01 18.16 46.94 61.3 93.1 25.6 74.6 193.3 3,916 5,11959 24.04 4.93 18.59 47.56 60.9 94.6 26.6 79.5 200.7 3,935 5,31960 22.26 5.15 18.21 45.62 60.1 86.6 28.2 77.4 192.2 3,889 5,41961 21.44 5.49 17.33 44.25 60.8 85.6 29.3 74.7 189.6 3,994 5,31962 21.73 5.35 17.08 44.16 61.3 88.4 28.9 77.3 194.6 4,070 5,41963 20.14 4.57 16.76 41.47 59.6 81.8 24.5 76.3 182.6 4,063 5,31964 19.91 4.69 17.69 42.29 58.2 80.5 25.6 81.4 187.4 4,042 5,41965 18.07 4.48 16.23 38.77 58.2 73.3 24.9 76.6 174.9 4,059 5,51966 16.78 4.38 15.23 36.38 58.1 67.3 25.9 69.6 162.9 4,013 5,91967 15.33 3.66 13.25 32.23 58.9 58.6 21.6 61.1 141.4 3,825 5,81968 14.33 3.46 12.81 30.60 58.1 59.5 20.7 64.7 145.0 4,153 5,91969 14.37 4.08 13.74 32.19 57.3 61.6 24.2 71.4 157.1 4,286 5,91970 13.04 4.03 11.10 28.17 60.6 56.8 23.6 58.1 138.6 4,357 5,81971 11.90 3.98 10.38 26.27 60.5 49.1 23.4 54.8 127.3 4,121 5,81972 11.44 5.48 11.01 27.93 60.6 49.5 30.3 59.1 138.8 4,327 5,51973 10.25 6.98 10.47 27.69 62.2 44.8 38.2 56.5 139.4 4,366 5,41974 13.66 7.17 12.21 33.04 63.1 52.1 38.5 63.2 153.8 3,811 5,31975 16.98 8.17 13.74 38.89 64.7 66.9 44.5 69.6 181.0 3,942 5,41976 17.70 9.44 13.81 40.94 66.3 68.8 49.2 69.3 187.3 3,889 5,21977 18.70 12.12 15.04 45.86 67.2 75.2 63.5 77.0 215.7 4,021 5,21978 19.07 14.41 16.59 50.06 66.9 76.6 75.6 86.2 238.4 4,019 5,21979 20.70 15.17 16.04 51.91 69.1 82.1 79.9 81.7 243.7 3,967 5,21980 32.28 17.22 20.34 69.84 70.9 123.6 90.7 98.1 312.3 3,829 5,21981 42.84 19.91 27.28 90.03 69.7 169.4 106.5 132.9 408.8 3,955 5,31982 39.14 18.94 26.38 84.47 68.8 148.6 106.5 123.3 378.4 3,797 5,61983 37.20 14.56 24.34 76.09 68.0 136.6 77.6 104.9 319.1 3,665 5,31984 42.59 17.01 25.80 85.39 69.8 161.3 90.3 119.8 371.5 3,781 5,21985 35.02 14.25 21.21 70.48 69.9 R138.3 75.9 101.2 R315.4 R3,948 5,3

1986 18.70 8.14 12.77 39.60 67.8 R76.6 R44.1 R61.9 R182.7 R4,096 R5,4

1987 16.19 7.76 11.48 35.42 67.6 R67.1 R42.3 R55.9 R165.3 R4,147 R5,41988 13.32 8.24 10.24 31.80 67.8 R59.1 R45.2 R55.0 R159.3 R4,437 R5,41989 10.34 9.23 8.49 28.06 69.7 R44.6 R48.9 R44.5 R138.0 R4,316 R5,31990E 12.15 R10.71 8.61 R31.47 R72.6 R55.3 R55.8 R45.2 R156.4 R4,554 R5,21991E 11.91 R9.45 R7.91 R29.27 R73.0 R55.3 R50.2 R40.9 R146.4 R4,643 R5,31992E R9.02 R8.09 R6.65 R23.76 72.0 R45.6 R45.9 R33.4 R124.9 R5,059 R5,61993E R8.73 R9.86 R6.73 R25.32 R73.4 R45.6 R59.5 R35.2 R140.3 R5,221 R6,01994E R6.77 R8.98 R5.29 R21.04 R74.9 R37.9 R58.2 R30.4 R126.5 R5,604 R6,41995E 6.64 7.23 4.21 18.08 76.7 35.1 47.0 24.7 106.8 5,291 6,4

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. See Note 2 at end of section. Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received bythe American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wellscompleted in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, W

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of 

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970 forward—Energy 

based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum InstInformation Corporation (1995 forward).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1995

118

Source: Table 4.5. 

Wells Drilled

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0369

1215

Thousand Wells Dry Holes

Oil Wells

Gas Wells

Footage Drilled

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

20406080

Million Feet Dry Holes

Oil Wells Gas Wells

Successful Wells

1949 1959 1969 

0

1020304050

Percent

Average Depth

1950 1960 1970 

02468

10

Thousand Feet per WellGas Wells Oil Wells Dry Holes
Table 4.5 Oil and Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-1995

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Ga

1949 1.41 0.42 7.23 9.06 20.2 6.0 2.4 26.4 34.8 4,232 5,61950 1.58 0.43 8.29 10.31 19.5 6.9 2.4 31.0 40.2 4,335 5,41951 1.76 0.45 9.54 11.76 18.9 8.1 2.5 38.7 49.3 4,609 5,41952 1.78 0.56 10.09 12.43 18.8 8.5 3.4 43.7 55.6 4,781 6,01953 1.98 0.70 10.63 13.31 20.1 9.4 4.0 47.3 60.7 4,761 5,61954 1.99 0.73 10.39 13.10 20.7 9.4 4.4 45.8 59.6 4,740 6,01955 2.24 0.87 11.83 14.94 20.8 10.8 5.2 53.2 69.2 4,819 5,91956 2.27 0.82 13.12 16.21 19.1 11.1 5.2 58.0 74.3 4,901 6,31957 1.95 0.87 11.90 14.71 19.1 9.8 6.0 53.4 69.2 5,036 6,81958 1.75 0.82 10.63 13.20 19.4 8.7 5.5 47.3 61.5 4,993 6,61959 1.70 0.91 10.58 13.19 19.8 8.5 6.0 48.7 63.3 5,021 6,61960 1.32 0.87 9.52 11.70 18.7 6.8 5.5 43.5 55.8 5,170 6,21961 1.16 0.81 9.02 10.99 17.9 5.9 5.2 43.3 54.4 5,099 6,41962 1.21 0.77 8.82 10.80 18.4 6.2 5.2 42.2 53.6 5,124 6,71963 1.31 0.66 8.69 10.66 18.5 6.4 4.2 42.8 53.5 4,878 6,31964 1.22 0.56 8.95 10.73 16.6 6.7 4.2 44.6 55.5 5,509 7,51965 0.95 0.52 8.01 9.47 15.4 5.4 3.8 40.1 49.2 5,672 7,21966 1.20 0.70 8.42 10.31 18.4 6.8 5.8 43.1 55.7 5,700 8,31967 0.99 0.53 7.36 8.88 17.1 5.7 4.0 38.2 47.8 5,758 7,41968 0.95 0.49 7.44 8.88 16.2 5.6 3.7 41.6 51.0 5,914 7,61969 1.08 0.62 8.00 9.70 17.5 6.6 5.0 45.9 57.5 6,054 8,01970 0.76 0.48 6.19 7.43 16.7 4.7 3.7 35.1 43.5 6,198 7,61971 0.66 0.47 6.00 7.13 15.9 3.8 3.6 34.6 42.0 5,702 7,61972 0.69 0.66 6.20 7.55 17.9 4.0 4.9 36.4 45.3 5,858 7,31973 0.65 1.08 6.04 7.77 22.3 4.0 7.1 34.9 46.0 6,187 6,51974 0.87 1.21 6.89 8.97 23.1 5.1 7.7 38.9 51.7 5,826 6,41975 0.99 1.26 7.21 9.46 23.8 5.8 8.5 40.8 55.1 5,875 6,71976 1.10 1.36 6.85 9.32 26.4 6.5 9.2 38.2 53.9 5,903 6,71977 1.18 1.56 7.40 10.15 27.1 6.9 10.2 41.1 58.3 5,821 6,51978 1.19 1.79 8.05 11.04 27.0 7.1 11.8 46.6 65.6 5,974 6,61979 1.34 1.92 7.48 10.73 30.3 8.0 12.6 42.7 63.4 5,985 6,51980 1.78 2.09 9.04 12.91 30.0 10.1 13.7 50.1 73.9 5,684 6,51981 2.67 2.53 12.30 17.50 29.7 15.4 17.0 68.8 101.3 5,789 6,71982 2.47 2.17 11.35 15.98 29.0 13.5 14.8 60.5 88.8 5,446 6,81983 2.11 1.66 10.27 14.04 26.9 10.6 10.3 48.8 69.6 4,995 6,21984 2.34 1.60 11.48 15.42 25.5 12.5 10.0 59.2 81.7 5,354 6,21985 1.88 1.28 9.45 12.61 25.1 10.6 8.3 49.9 68.7 5,604 6,41986 0.99 0.73 5.51 7.23 23.8 R6.1 R5.2 R30.5 R41.8 R6,205 R7,0

1987 0.86 0.67 5.18 6.71 22.8 R5.3 R4.6 R27.8 R37.8 R6,224 R6,81988 0.79 0.66 4.77 6.22 23.4 R5.0 R4.8 R28.4 R38.2 R6,297 R7,21989 0.58 0.65 4.00 5.24 23.6 R3.8 R4.5 R22.9 R31.1 R6,500 R6,81990E R0.63 R0.64 R3.86 R5.12 R24.8 R4.3 R4.5 R22.2 R31.0 R6,919 R6,91991E R0.57 R0.54 R3.39 R4.51 R24.7 R3.7 R3.6 R19.3 R26.6 R6,381 R6,61992E R0.51 R0.42 R2.66 R3.59 R25.9 R3.3 R2.6 R14.2 R20.0 R6,497 R6,01993E R0.48 R0.50 R2.51 R3.50 R28.1 R3.0 R3.0 R14.4 R20.5 R6,289 R6,01994E R0.60 R0.75 R2.20 R3.56 R38.0 R4.0 R4.8 R13.7 R22.5 R6,553 R6,41995E 0.74 0.79 1.94 3.47 44.1 4.7 5.2 11.6 21.5 6,421 6,6

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. See Note 2 at end of section. Notes: • For 1949-1959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for

well completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average ofcomponents due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1960—American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Statistics on Exploratory Drilling

in the United States, 1940 through 1960 (1962), pp. 4-19. • 

Association of Petroleum Geologists, "North American Developm

Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the 

monthly reports. • 1970 forward—Energy Information Administrasubmitted to the American Petroleum Institute (1970-1994) and to (1995 forward).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 4.6. 

120

Figure 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1995

Wells Drilled

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

153045

Thousand Wells Oil Wells Dry Holes

Gas Wells

Successful Wells

1949 1959 1969 

0

255075

100

Percent

Footage Drilled

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

4590

135180

Million Feet

Average Depth

1950 1960 1970 

02468

Thousand Feet per Well Dry Holes Oil Wells Gas Wells Oil Wells Dry Holes

Gas Wells
Table 4.6 Oil and Gas Development Wells, 1949-1995

Year

Wells Drilled

(thousands) Successful

Wells

(percent)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Gas Dry Holes Total Oil Ga

1949 19.95 2.94 5.37 28.25 81.0 73.5 10.0 17.3 100.8 3,684 3,41950 22.23 3.01 6.51 31.74 79.5 85.8 11.3 20.0 117.2 3,861 3,71951 21.42 2.98 7.49 31.89 76.5 87.0 11.5 24.4 122.8 4,061 3,81952 21.51 2.96 7.67 32.14 76.1 89.7 11.9 27.0 128.5 4,167 4,01953 23.34 3.27 7.82 34.43 77.3 92.7 14.3 26.6 133.6 3,972 4,31954 26.16 3.31 8.54 38.01 77.5 104.0 14.5 30.0 148.4 3,974 4,31955 28.20 3.39 8.62 40.21 78.6 110.4 14.7 31.9 157.0 3,915 4,31956 28.26 3.71 8.99 40.96 78.0 109.2 17.6 32.1 158.9 3,865 4,71957 25.42 3.61 8.25 37.28 77.9 100.2 17.9 29.7 147.9 3,944 4,91958 22.03 4.18 7.53 33.74 77.7 84.4 20.1 27.3 131.8 3,831 4,81959 22.34 4.02 8.01 34.37 76.7 86.1 20.6 30.8 137.4 3,852 5,11960 20.94 4.28 8.70 33.92 74.4 79.7 22.8 33.8 136.3 3,809 5,31961 20.28 4.67 8.31 33.26 75.0 79.7 24.0 31.4 135.2 3,931 5,11962 20.52 4.58 8.26 33.36 75.2 82.2 23.8 35.0 141.0 4,008 5,11963 18.82 3.91 8.08 30.80 73.8 75.4 20.3 33.5 129.2 4,006 5,11964 18.69 4.14 8.74 31.57 72.3 73.7 21.4 36.8 131.9 3,947 5,11965 17.12 3.97 8.22 29.31 71.9 68.0 21.2 36.5 125.7 3,970 5,31966 15.58 3.68 6.81 26.07 73.9 60.5 20.1 26.6 107.2 3,884 5,41967 14.34 3.13 5.89 23.36 74.8 53.0 17.6 23.0 93.5 3,692 5,61968 13.38 2.97 5.37 21.72 75.3 53.9 17.0 23.2 94.0 4,027 5,71969 13.28 3.47 5.74 22.49 74.5 55.0 19.2 25.4 99.6 4,142 5,51970 12.28 3.55 4.91 20.74 76.3 52.1 20.0 23.0 95.0 4,243 5,61971 11.24 3.51 4.39 19.14 77.1 45.3 19.8 20.2 85.3 4,028 5,61972 10.75 4.83 4.81 20.38 76.4 45.4 25.4 22.7 93.5 4,228 5,21973 9.60 5.90 4.43 19.92 77.8 40.7 31.1 21.5 93.4 4,242 5,21974 12.79 5.97 5.31 24.07 77.9 47.0 30.8 24.4 102.1 3,674 5,11975 15.99 6.91 6.53 29.42 77.8 61.1 36.0 28.9 126.0 3,822 5,21976 16.60 8.08 6.95 31.62 78.0 62.3 40.0 31.1 133.4 3,756 4,91977 17.52 10.56 7.63 35.71 78.6 68.3 53.3 35.9 157.4 3,899 5,01978 17.87 12.61 8.54 39.02 78.1 69.5 63.8 39.6 172.8 3,889 R5,0

1979 19.37 13.25 8.56 41.18 79.2 74.1 67.3 38.9 180.3 3,828 5,01980 30.50 15.13 11.30 56.93 80.1 113.5 76.9 48.0 238.4 3,721 5,01981 40.18 17.37 14.99 72.54 79.3 154.0 89.5 64.1 307.5 3,833 5,11982 36.67 16.78 15.04 68.48 78.0 135.2 91.7 62.8 289.7 3,686 5,41983 35.09 12.90 14.07 62.05 77.3 126.1 67.2 56.1 249.5 3,594 5,21984 40.25 15.41 14.32 69.98 79.5 148.8 80.3 60.6 289.8 3,698 5,21985 33.14 12.97 11.76 57.88 79.7 127.7 67.6 51.3 R246.6 R3,853 5,2

1986 17.71 7.40 7.26 32.37 77.6 70.5 R39.0 R31.4 R140.9 R3,979 R5,21987 15.33 7.08 6.30 28.71 78.1 61.8 R37.7 R28.1 R127.6 R4,030 R5,31988 12.53 7.58 5.48 25.58 78.6 54.1 R40.4 R26.6 R121.1 R4,319 R5,31989 9.76 8.57 4.49 22.82 80.3 40.8 R44.4 R21.7 R106.9 R4,186 R5,11990E R11.52 R10.06 R4.76 R26.34 R81.9 51.0 R51.4 R23.0 R125.4 R4,425 R5,11991E R11.34 R8.91 R4.52 R24.77 R81.7 51.6 R46.6 R21.6 R119.8 R4,555 R5,21992E R8.52 R7.67 R3.99 R20.18 R80.2 42.4 R43.3 R19.2 R104.9 R4,974 R5,61993E R8.25 R9.37 R4.21 R21.83 R80.7 42.5 R56.5 R20.8 R119.9 R5,158 R6,01994E R6.16 R8.23 R3.09 R17.49 R82.3 34.0 R53.3 R16.7 R104.0 R5,511 R6,41995E 5.90 6.44 2.27 14.61 84.5 30.4 41.8 13.2 85.3 5,151 6,4

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. See Note 2 at end of section. Notes: • Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded. • For 1949-1959, data

represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received bythe American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wellscompleted in a given year. See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company, W

• 1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute, Quarterly Review of 

annual summaries and monthly reports. • 1970 forward—Energy 

based on well reports submitted to the American Petroleum InstInformation Corporation (1995 forward).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 122

Figure 4.7 Costs of Wells Drilled, 1960-1994

1In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix E. 

Source: Table 4.7. 

Costs per Well, All Wells

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100200300400500600700800

Thousand Dollars

Nominal

Real1

Costs per Foot, All Wells

1960 1970 198

0

255075

100125150175

Dollars

Real1

Nominal
Table 4.7 Costs of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-1994

Year

Costs per Well

(thousand dollars)

Costs per Foot

(dollars)

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

All

Oil

(nominal)

Gas

(nominal)

Dry Holes

(nominal)

(nominal) (real) 1 

1960 52.2 102.7 44.0 54.9 R235.8 13.22 18.57 10.56 

1961 51.3 94.7 45.2 54.5 R231.0 13.11 17.65 10.56 1962 54.2 97.1 50.8 58.6 R245.3 13.41 18.10 11.20 1963 51.8 92.4 48.2 55.0 R227.4 13.20 17.19 10.58 1964 50.6 104.8 48.5 55.8 R227.8 13.12 18.57 10.64 1965 56.6 101.9 53.1 60.6 R242.6 13.94 18.35 11.21 1966 62.2 133.8 56.9 68.4 R266.1 15.04 21.75 12.34 1967 66.6 141.0 61.5 72.9 R275.1 16.61 23.05 12.87 1968 79.1 148.5 66.2 81.5 R294.1 18.63 24.05 12.88 1969 86.5 154.3 70.2 88.6 R305.4 19.28 25.58 13.23 1970 86.7 160.7 80.9 94.9 R310.1 19.29 26.75 15.21 1971 78.4 166.6 86.8 94.7 R294.1 18.41 27.70 16.02 1972 93.5 157.8 94.9 106.4 R317.7 20.77 27.78 17.28 1973 103.8 155.3 105.8 117.2 R330.9 22.54 27.46 19.22 1974 110.2 189.2 141.7 138.7 R360.3 27.82 34.11 26.76 1975 138.6 262.0 177.2 177.8 R421.3 34.17 46.23 33.86 1976 151.1 270.4 190.3 191.6 R429.6 37.35 49.78 36.94 1977 170.0 313.5 230.2 227.2 R479.3 41.16 57.57 43.49 1978 208.0 374.2 281.7 280.0 R548.9 49.72 68.37 52.55 

1979 243.1 443.1 339.6 331.4 R599.2 58.29 80.66 64.60 1980 272.1 536.4 376.5 367.7 R608.7 66.36 95.16 73.70 1981 336.3 698.6 464.0 453.7 R688.5 80.40 122.17 90.03 1982 347.4 864.3 515.4 514.4 R733.8 86.34 146.20 104.09 1983 283.8 608.1 366.5 371.7 R508.5 72.65 108.37 79.10 1984 262.1 489.8 329.2 326.5 R430.1 66.32 88.80 67.18 

1985 270.4 508.7 372.3 349.4 R445.7 66.78 93.09 73.69 1986 284.9 522.9 389.2 364.6 R452.3 68.35 93.02 76.53 1987 246.0 380.4 259.1 279.6 R336.5 58.35 69.55 51.05 1988 279.4 460.3 366.4 354.7 R412.0 62.28 84.65 66.96 1989 282.3 457.8 355.4 362.2 R403.8 64.92 86.86 67.61 1990 321.8 471.3 367.5 383.6 R409.8 69.17 90.73 67.49 1991 346.9 506.6 441.2 421.5 R433.1 73.75 93.10 83.05 1992 362.3 426.1 357.6 382.6 R382.6 69.50 72.83 67.82 1993 356.6 521.2 387.7 426.8 R416.0 67.52 83.15 72.56 1994 409.5 535.1 491.5 483.2 460.2 70.57 81.90 86.60 

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix E.

R=Revised data. Notes: • The information reported for 1965 and prior years is not strictly comparable to that in the more

recent surveys. • Average cost is the arithmetic mean and includes all costs for drilling and equipping

wells and for surface-producing facilities. Wells drilled include explservice wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests.

Source: American Petroleum Institute, Independent Petroleum 

Oil and Gas Association, 1994 Joint Association Survey on Drilling 
124 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Nominal dollars. 

2 COE=crude oil equivalent.Note: FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14).

Source: Table 4.8. 

Figure 4.8 U.S. Exploration and Development Expenditures, Gross Additions to Proved Rese

Production of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons by FRS Companies and U.S. In

Exploration and Development Expenditures, 1975-1994

1975 1980 1985 1990

0

204060

Billion Dollars1

U.S. Total

FRS Companies

Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve Additions, 1(3-year weighted average)

1975 1980 1985 

02468

1012

Dollars1 per Barrel COE2

Production, 1975-1994

1975 1980 1985 1990

02468

Billion Barrels COE2

U.S. Total

FRS Companies

Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, 1975-1994

1975 1980 1985 

02468

Billion Barrels COE2

U.S. Total

FRS Companies

FRS Compan

U.S. Total
Table 4.8 U.S. Exploration and Development Expenditures, Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, a

 of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons by FRS Companies and U.S. Industry, 1975-1994

Year

Exploration and

Development

Expenditures

(billion dollars3)

Gross Additions to 

Proved Reserves 1of

Liquid and Gaseous

Hydrocarbons 2

(million barrels COE 4)

Expenditures per Barrel

of Reserve Additions,

Three-Year

Weighted Average

(dollars3 per barrel COE 4)

FRS

Companies 5

U.S.

Total

FRS

Companies 6,7

U.S.

Total 7

FRS

Companies 5,6

U.S.

Total

FR

Compa

1975 7.8 11.7 NA 3,846 8.05 3.34 4,001976 9.5 12.6 1,663 3,224 8.64 3.81 3,861977 10.7 17.0 2,210 3,765 5.12 4.68 3,801978 11.8 20.4 2,383 3,679 7.34 5.62 3,911979 21.3 32.9 1,378 5,071 9.34 6.06 3,831980 26.2 40.4 2,590 6,723 11.80 6.76 3,721981 33.0 55.7 2,848 7,304 11.63 7.86 3,691982 32.9 53.7 2,482 5,030 10.62 8.41 3,551983 27.1 48.2 3,427 6,412 9.20 8.32 3,371984 30.6 48.7 3,941 6,653 8.21 7.30 3,501985 28.5 43.6 3,129 6,190 8.27 6.61 3,421986 17.4 24.9 R2,178 4,866 6.67 5.16 3,36

1987 14.2 19.8 3,698 6,059 4.58 3.79 3,351988 21.2 24.0 3,359 7,156 5.05 3.50 3,461989 15.0 21.4 2,798 5,385 5.62 3.52 3,241990 15.1 21.0 2,979 6,271 5.87 4.02 3,161991 14.2 21.5 1,772 4,227 6.52 NA 3,151992 10.3 NA 1,332 5,006 7.02 NA 3,151993 10.9 NA 1,945 4,814 R5.66 NA 2,99

1994 12.6 NA 2,703 6,021 NA NA 3,01

1 Gross additions to proved reserves equal annual change in proved reserves plus annual production. 2 Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons include crude oil, natural gas liquids, and natural gas. 3 Nominal dollars. 4 Crude oil equivalent: converted to Btu on the basis of annual average conversion factors. See

Appendix A. 5 FRS data for 1982 and 1984 are adjusted to exclude purchases of proved reserves associated withmergers among the FRS companies. 6 Based on net ownership interest (see Glossary). 7 Downward revisions of Alaska North Slope natural gas reserves are excluded.

NA=Not available. Notes: • FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14). • Data in this table are for U.S.

domestic operations only.

Sources: FRS Companies: Energy Information Administration 

System." U.S. Total, Exploration and Development Expend

Census, Annual Survey of Oil and Gas. • 1983-1991—American 

Gas Expenditures 1992. U.S. Total, Gross Additions to Prov

Hydrocarbons: • 1975-1979—American Gas Association, AmePetroleum Association (published jointly), Reserves of Crude Oil, 

the United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979, Volume 

U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, U.S. Total, Production of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons

• 1994—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (February 1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Nominal dollars. 2 This region includes areas eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude 

and not included in other specific domestic or foreign classifications. 

3 This region includes areas westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude 

126

Figure 4.9 FRS Companies' Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Re

and not included in other specific domestic or foreign cla Notes: FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Ta

scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

Source: Table 4.9.

Total, 1977-1994

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

10203040506070

Billion Dollars1

U.S. and Foreign, 1977-1994

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992

0

10203040506070

Billion Dollars1

U.S. Onshore and Offsh

1977 1980 1983 

0

10203040506070

Billion Dollars1

By Region, 1994

United States Canada Europe Africa Middle East Other Eastern 

02468

101214

12.6

1.8

4.7

1.4

0.4

2.8

Billion Dollars1

Hemisphere2 

United States

Foreign

Offshore

l 
Table 4.9 FRS Companies’ Expenditures for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

United States Foreign

Onshore Offshore Total Canada Europe Africa 

Middle

East

Other

Eastern

Hemisphere2

Other

Western

Hemisphere3 

1977 6.7 4.0 10.7 1.5 2.5 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 1978 7.5 4.3 11.8 1.6 2.6 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 1979 13.0 8.3 21.3 2.3 3.0 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.8 1980 16.8 9.4 26.2 3.1 4.3 1.4 0.2 0.8 1.0 1981 19.9 13.0 33.0 1.8 5.0 2.1 0.3 1.9 1.3 1982 27.2 11.9 39.1 1.9 6.3 2.1 0.4 2.4 1.1 1983 16.0 11.1 27.1 1.6 4.3 1.7 0.5 2.0 0.6 1984 32.1 16.0 48.1 5.4 5.5 3.4 0.5 2.0 0.5 1985 20.0 8.5 28.5 1.9 3.7 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.7 1986 12.5 4.9 17.4 1.1 3.2 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.6 1987 9.7 4.5 14.3 1.9 3.0 0.8 0.4 2.8 0.5 1988 12.9 8.1 21.0 5.4 4.3 0.8 0.4 1.4 0.7 1989 9.0 6.0 15.0 6.3 3.5 1.0 0.4 2.3 0.6 1990 10.2 4.9 15.1 1.8 6.6 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.7 1991 9.6 4.6 14.2 1.7 6.8 1.5 0.5 2.4 0.7 1992 7.3 3.0 10.3 1.1 6.8 1.4 0.6 2.4 0.6 1993 7.2 3.7 10.9 1.6 5.7 1.5 0.7 2.5 0.6 1994 7.8 4.8 12.6 1.8 4.7 1.4 0.4 2.8 0.7 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 This region includes areas eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude and not

included in other specified domestic or foreign classifications. 3 This region includes areas westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude not included in

other domestic or foreign classifications.

Note: FRS is the Financial Reporting System (see Table 3.14). Sources: • 1977-1991—Energy Information Administration (E

System." • 1992—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major 

• 1993-1994—EIA, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Produce
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

should not be compared. Source: Table 4.10.

1 COE=crude oil equivalent.Notes: API=American Petroleum Institute. AGA=American Gas Association. 

EIA=Energy Information Administration. Because vertical scales differ, graphs 

Figure 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year

128

Total, 1949-1994

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

255075

100

Billion Barrels COE1 API and AGA Data EIA Data 

By Type, 1994

Natural Gas Crude Oil 

0

10203040

29.0

22.5

Billion Barrels COE1

By Type, 1949-1994

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

204060

Billion Barrels COE1

API and AGA Data: 1949-1979

EIA Data: 1977-1994

Natural Gas

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Liquids

l

l 
Table 4.10 Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Proved Reserves, End of Year 1949-1994

Year

Crude Oil Natural Gas Natural Gas Liquids 

Billion Barrels Trillion Cubic Feet 1 Billion Barrels COE 2 Billion Barrels Billion Barrels COE 2 

American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data

1949 24.6 179.4 32.0 3.7 3.1 1950 25.3 184.6 32.9 4.3 3.5 1951 27.5 192.8 34.4 4.7 3.9 1952 28.0 198.6 35.4 5.0 4.1 1953 28.9 210.3 37.5 5.4 4.4 1954 29.6 210.6 37.6 5.2 4.2 1955 30.0 222.5 39.7 5.4 4.4 1956 30.4 236.5 42.2 5.9 4.7 1957 30.3 245.2 43.8 5.7 4.5 1958 30.5 252.8 45.1 6.2 5.0 1959 31.7 261.2 46.6 6.5 5.2 1960 31.6 262.3 46.8 6.8 5.4 1961 31.8 266.3 47.5 7.0 5.6 1962 31.4 272.3 48.6 7.3 5.8 1963 31.0 276.2 49.1 7.7 6.0 1964 31.0 281.3 50.0 7.7 6.1 1965 31.4 286.5 51.0 8.0 6.3 1966 31.5 289.3 51.5 8.3 6.5 1967 31.4 292.9 52.1 8.6 6.7 1968 30.7 287.3 51.1 8.6 6.7 1969 29.6 275.1 48.9 8.1 6.3 1970 39.0 290.7 51.7 7.7 5.9 1971 38.1 278.8 49.6 7.3 5.5 1972 36.3 266.1 47.1 6.8 5.1 1973 35.3 250.0 44.0 6.5 4.8 1974 34.2 237.1 41.9 6.4 4.7 1975 32.7 228.2 40.2 6.3 4.6 1976 30.9 216.0 38.0 6.4 4.7 1977 29.5 208.9 36.8 6.0 4.4 1978 27.8 200.3 35.2 5.9 4.3 1979 27.1 194.9 34.3 5.7 4.1 

Energy Information Administration Data

1977 31.8 207.4 36.5 NA NA 1978 31.4 208.0 36.5 6.8 4.9 1979 29.8 201.0 35.4 6.6 4.8 1980 29.8 199.0 35.2 6.7 4.9 1981 29.4 201.7 35.7 7.1 5.2 1982 27.9 201.5 35.7 7.2 5.2 1983 27.7 200.2 35.6 7.9 5.7 1984 28.4 197.5 35.1 7.6 5.5 1985 28.4 193.4 34.4 7.9 5.6 1986 26.9 191.6 34.0 8.2 5.7 1987 27.3 187.2 33.3 8.1 5.8 1988 26.8 168.0 29.8 8.2 5.8 1989 26.5 167.1 29.7 7.8 5.5 1990 26.3 169.3 30.1 7.6 5.4 1991 24.7 167.1 29.7 7.5 5.3 1992 23.7 165.0 29.3 7.5 5.2 1993 23.0 162.4 28.8 7.2 5.1 1994 22.5 163.8 29.0 7.2 5.1 

1 The American Gas Association estimates of natural gas proved reserves include volumes of gas held

in underground storage. In 1979, this volume amounted to 4.9 trillion cubic feet. Energy InformationAdministration (EIA) data do not include gas in underground storage. 2 Crude oil equivalent. Natural gas and natural gas liquids are converted to Btu on the basis of annualaverage conversion factors. See Appendix A.

NA=Not available. Sources: • API/AGA Data—American Gas Association, Ame

Petroleum Association (published jointly). Reserves of Crude Oil, 

the United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979. Volume 

Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, 1994 A
130 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 4.11.

Figure 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1995

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. 

By Key States

Montana Illinois Wyo- West Ken- Penn- Ohio Colo- Texas New Indiana

0

255075

100125 120

90

69

36 33 29 24

17 13 13 10

Billion Short Tons

East and West of Mississippi

East of West of

0

75

150225300

230

266

Billion Short Tons

By Region

Western 

0

50

100150200250 241

Billion Short Tons

By Mining Method

Underground Surface

0

50

100150200250300350 329

167

Billion Short Tons

By Rank

0

100200300400500

444

Billion Short Tons

Bituminous

and SubMississippi Mississippi bituminous Co

ming Virginia tucky sylvania rado Mexico
Table 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 1995

 (Billion Short Tons)

Region and State

Anthracite Bituminous Coal 1 Lignite 

Underground

and Surface 2 Underground Surface Surface 3 Underground 

Appalachian ............................................................................ 7.4 76.4 24.8 1.1 80.4  Alabama ................................................................................. 0 1.4 2.2 1.1 1.4  Kentucky, Eastern .................................................................. 0 2.5 10.0 0 2.5  Ohio ........................................................................................ 0 17.8 5.9 0 17.8  Pennsylvania .......................................................................... 7.2 20.6 1.1 0 24.4  Virginia .................................................................................... 0.1 1.5 0.7 0 1.6  West Virginia .......................................................................... 0 31.4 4.6 0 31.4  Other 4 .................................................................................... 0 1.2 0.4 0 1.2 

Interior ..................................................................................... 0.1 103.8 27.4 13.6 103.9 

 Illinois ...................................................................................... 0 73.8 16.2 0 73.8  Indiana .................................................................................... 0 8.9 1.1 0 8.9  Iowa ........................................................................................ 0 1.7 0.5 0 1.7  Kentucky, Western ................................................................. 0 16.4 3.7 0 16.4  Missouri .................................................................................. 0 1.5 4.5 0 1.5  Oklahoma ............................................................................... 0 1.2 0.3 0 1.2  Texas ...................................................................................... 0 0 0 13.1 0  Other 5 .................................................................................... 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.4 

Western ................................................................................... (s) 144.3 67.1 29.8 144.3 

 Alaska ..................................................................................... 0 5.4 0.7 (s) 5.4  Colorado ................................................................................. (s) 12.0 0.6 4.2 12.0  Montana .................................................................................. 0 71.0 33.1 15.8 71.0  New Mexico ............................................................................ (s) 6.2 6.3 0 6.2  North Dakota .......................................................................... 0 0 0 9.5 0  Utah ........................................................................................ 0 5.7 0.3 0 5.7  Washington ............................................................................. 0 1.3 0.1 (s) 1.3  Wyoming ................................................................................. 0 42.5 26.0 0 42.5  Other 6 .................................................................................... 0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 

U.S. Total ................................................................................. 7.5 324.5 119.3 44.5 328.6 

 States East of the Mississippi River ....................................... 7.4 175.6 45.8 1.1 179.5  States West of the Mississippi River ...................................... 0.1 148.9 73.5 43.4 149.0 

1 Includes subbituminous coal. 2 Includes 3,390.4 million short tons of surface-minable resources, of which 3,374.8 million tons are in

Pennsylvania and 15.5 million tons are in Arkansas. 3 Lignite resources are not mined underground in the United States. 4 Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee. 5 Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, and Michigan. 6 Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and South Dakota.

(s)=Less than 0.05 billion short tons. 

Notes: • Data represent known measured and indicated coal 

depth criteria, in the ground as of January 1, 1995. These coal rerecoverability ranges from less than 40 percent to more than demonstrated reserve base of coal in the United States is estimat

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, N

previously unpublished data.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 132

Figure 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1995

Source: Table 4.12.

Holes Drilled

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

20406080

Thousand

Exploration

Development

Footage Drilled

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

10203040

Million Feet

Exploration

Development
Table 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, 1949-1995

Year

Exploration 1 Development 2 

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

Footage Drilled

(million feet)

Holes Drilled

(thousands)

1949 NA 0.36 NA 0.05 NA 1950 NA 0.57 NA 0.21 NA 1951 NA 1.08 NA 0.35 NA 1952 NA 1.36 NA 0.30 NA 1953 NA 3.65 NA 0.37 NA 1954 NA 4.06 NA 0.55 NA 1955 NA 5.27 NA 0.76 NA 1956 NA 7.29 NA 1.50 NA 1957 NA 7.35 NA 1.85 NA 1958 25.32 3.76 22.93 3.49 48.25 1959 16.25 2.37 19.59 3.28 35.84 1960 7.34 1.40 24.40 4.21 31.73 1961 8.26 1.32 19.31 3.19 27.57 1962 6.44 1.48 12.87 2.43 19.31 1963 8.47 0.88 13.53 1.98 22.01 1964 5.97 0.97 9.91 1.25 15.88 1965 6.23 1.16 7.33 0.95 13.56 1966 5.75 1.80 13.18 2.40 18.93 1967 12.79 5.44 16.95 5.33 29.74 1968 38.47 16.23 19.53 7.53 58.00 1969 47.85 20.47 28.01 9.39 75.86 1970 43.98 17.98 14.87 5.55 58.85 1971 28.42 11.40 10.44 4.05 38.86 1972 26.91 11.82 9.71 3.61 36.62 1973 22.56 10.83 11.70 5.59 34.26 1974 27.40 14.72 12.30 6.84 39.70 1975 34.29 15.69 21.60 9.73 55.89 1976 40.41 20.36 27.23 14.44 67.64 1977 62.60 27.96 30.86 17.62 93.45 1978 75.07 28.95 29.29 19.15 104.35 1979 60.46 28.07 30.19 13.01 90.65 1980 39.61 19.60 20.19 8.59 59.80 1981 17.75 10.87 8.67 3.35 26.42 1982 6.97 4.23 3.00 1.13 9.97 1983 4.29 2.09 3.01 1.08 7.30 1984 4.80 2.26 0.72 0.29 5.52 1985 2.88 1.42 0.77 0.34 3.65 1986 1.99 1.10 1.85 0.97 3.83 1987 1.82 1.11 1.99 0.86 3.81 1988 2.03 1.28 3.18 1.73 5.21 1989 2.09 1.43 1.75 0.80 3.84 1990 1.51 0.87 1.91 0.81 3.42 1991 1.62 0.97 1.57 0.87 3.20 1992 0.94 0.56 0.83 0.50 1.77 1993 0.36 0.22 1.67 0.89 2.02 1994 0.52 0.34 0.48 0.32 1.00 1995 0.58 0.40 1.73 0.95 2.31 

1 Includes surface drilling in search of new ore deposits or extensions of known deposits and drilling at

the location of a discovery up to the time the company decides sufficient ore reserves are present to justifycommercial exploitation. 2 Includes all surface drilling on an ore deposit to determine more precisely size, grade, andconfiguration subsequent to the time that commercial exploitation is deemed feasible.

NA=Not available. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1981—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand 

Uranium Industry, January 1, 1983, Report No. GJO-100 (1983

Information Administration (EIA), Uranium Industry Annual 1993 (S

Uranium Industry Annual 1994 (July 1995), Table 4. • 1986 forwa(May 1996), Table 1.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 4.13.

134

Note: States shaded by group correspond to categories listed under "Reserves" on Table 4.13. 

Figure 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, December 31, 1995

Reserves and Resources

$30 or Less $50 or Less 

012345

0.29

0.95

2.18

3.31

1.31

2.2

Billion Pounds U O

Forward 

ReservesEstimated Addition

Speculative Resou

NM

AZ

UT

CO

WY

NESDND

TX

CA

OR

WA

ID

NV

3 

8

Reserves, Million Pounds U O3 8

84

350

579

117

387

613

11 29 49

Forward Cost Category

(dollars per pound)

$30 or Less$50 or Less$100 or Less

43

119

165

Sum of AZ, CO, and UT

35 61 87

Sum of Eight States
Table 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, December 31, 1995

 (Million Pounds U3O8)

Resource Category and State

Forward Cost Category (dollars per pound) 1

$30 or Less $50 or Less 

Reserves 2 ......................................................................................................................... 290 947 

 New Mexico .................................................................................................................. 84 350  Wyoming ....................................................................................................................... 117 387  Texas ............................................................................................................................ 11 29  Arizona, Colorado, Utah ............................................................................................... 43 119  Others 3 ........................................................................................................................ 35 61 

Potential Resources 4

 Estimated Additional Resources ..................................................................................... 2,180 3,310  Speculative Resources ................................................................................................... 1,310 2,230 

1 Forward costs are all operating and capital costs (in current dollars) yet to be incurred in the

production of uranium from estimated resources. Excluded are previous expenditures (such as explorationand land acquisitions), taxes, profit, and the cost of money. Generally, forward costs are lower than marketprices. Resource values in forward-cost categories are cumulative, that is, the quantity at each level offorward-cost includes all reserves/resources at the lower cost in that category. 2 The Energy Information Administration category of uranium reserves is equivalent to the internationallyreported category of Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR).

3 California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, S4 Shown are the mean values for the distribution of estimates 

to the nearest 10 million pounds U3O8.

Sources: • Forward Costs $30 or Less or $50 or Less—E

Uranium Industry Annual 1995 (May 1995), Tables B1 and B4. • F

of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels database as of Decem
otes

re recent, nongovernment-generated natural

t are larger, in part because (a) they include

rces as coalbeds and tight sands beyond the

reservoirs that were included in the 1987

r estimate, and (b) they reflect larger esti

y appreciation. For example, the Potential

ean estimate, published in “Potential Supply

d States, December 31, 1994,” is 1,028 trillion

troleum Council’s one-time, 1992 mean esti

otential for Natural Gas in the United States:

,065 trillion cubic feet.

The onshore and State waters portion of the 1995 Department of theInterior National Oil and Gas Resource assessment is reported in U.S.Geological Survey Circular 1118, 1995 National Assessment of United

States Oil and Gas Resources. Minerals Management Service data onthe Federal offshore portion were not available in time for publicationin this report.2. For 1970 forward, annual well completions are estimated by theEnergy Information Administration (EIA) by using the American Petroleum Institute’s drilling data files. For more recent years, these filesare not complete, due to delays in the reporting of wells drilled. Basedon statistical analysis, EIA employs an adjustment process to imputemissing data to show total well completions and footages for currentyears.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
es are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.

5. Petroleum

uations in Prices

973-1974, the average annual composite re

eal terms,1 of a barrel of crude oil rose to

he price in 1973 (5.19).* Successive price

rought the real price of crude oil to an all

arrel in 1981. In 1982, however, oil prices

and then plummeted in 1986. The real price

from $34.12 in 1985 to $18.05 in 1986. Of

uting to the unprecedented decline in crude

e most important was increased worldwide

members of the Organization of Petroleum

C) seeking to regain market share.

es fluctuated. In 1990, the Iraqi invasion of

price of a barrel of crude oil to $23.74. In

ns’ ability to replace Iraqi and Kuwaiti oil,

recession that restrained petroleum demand,

ecline to $19.59 per barrel. The following

de oil declined to $18.43 per barrel, despite

il-producing countries (most notably Russia)

on Iraq, as well as attempts by OPEC to bol

93, due to restrained demand and increased

real price of crude oil fell to $15.99. In

de oil fell to $14.85, the lowest annual aver

ontinued growth in worldwide production in

de oil rose 7.9 percent to $16.03.

ding taxes, of most petroleum products also

The average price of all types of motor gaso

er gallon in 1994 to 77 cents per gallon in

rosene-type jet fuel, residual fuel oil, and No.

excluding taxes, also increased. In contrast,

the average prices per gallon, excluding taxes, of kerosene, propane,and No. 2 fuel oil declined in 1995.

Production and Productivity

During much of the 1950’s and 1960’s, production capacity exceeded demand to such an extent that such mechanisms as production pro-rationingand import ceilings were implemented to protect domestic production. Bythe 1970’s, however, petroleum demand had increased, the average productivity of wells began to decline, and oil production leveled off (5.2).Increases in Alaskan production at the end of the 1970’s and through1988 partially counteracted declines in Lower-48 production. In 1989,however, even Alaskan production began to decline. In 1995, U.S. crudeoil production totaled 6.5 million barrels per day, the lowest level in 41years.Of total U.S. production in 1995, 79 percent came from onshore wellsand 21 percent from offshore. The 574 thousand producing wells attained an average productivity of 11 barrels per day per well, down 0.9percent from the 1994 level and significantly below peak productivityof over 18 barrels attained in the early 1970’s.

Imports and Exports

Despite import quotas, net imports of low-priced petroleum increasedthroughout most of the 1949-to-1973 period, and in 1973 totaled 6.0million barrels per day (5.1). Thereafter, net imports fluctuated, peaking at 8.6 million barrels per day in 1977, then declining to 4.3 millionbarrels per day in 1985. In 1986, excess world production drove pricesdown, inhibiting domestic production and boosting demand, and netimports totaled 5.4 million barrels per day. Subsequently, with pricessignificantly below peak levels, net imports rose to 7.2 million barrels

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

In 1995, U.S. crude oil production totaled 6.5 million

barrels per day, the lowest level in 41 years.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 137
In 1991, lower demand for petroleum due

contributed to a decline in petroleum imports.

ted States exported a record level of petroleumimports declined to 6.6 million barrels per day.

ry contributed to growth in net imports of pe

million barrels per day in 1995.

leum net imports peaked at 46.5 percent of

n fell in 1985 to 27.3 percent, the lowest

1994, dependence on petroleum net imports

45.5 percent. In 1995, dependence was 44.5

Arabia, Canada, Mexico, and Nigeria were

ers of petroleum to the United States.

of Petroleum Products

products (petroleum products supplied) in

49-to-1973 period at an average annual rate

73, consumption of petroleum products to

per day (5.1). In 1974, however, marked

ude oil, coupled with a petroleum supply in

l embargo, resulted in a 3.8-percent decline

Although demand recovered during the late

llion barrels per day in 1978, by 1983 it had

arrels per day. After 1983, lower crude oil

consumption, which reached 17.3 million

1990 and 1991, however, warm winters and

bined to restrain petroleum consumption,

barrels per day in 1991. The subsequent eco

ed to an increase in consumption to 17.7

both 1994 and 1995.

troleum products in 1995 remained near

umption of motor gasoline, which consis

largest share of all petroleum products,

ase; it rose 2.5 percent to 7.8 million barrels

consumption totaled 3.2 million barrels per

uel totaled 1.5 million barrels per day, and

petroleum gases totaled 1.9 million barrels

ast, consumption of residual fuel oil fell 17

rels per day, the lowest level since at least

al fuel oil declined because the electric util

continued to increase their consumption of

The Refining Industry in a Changing Market

The average daily output from U.S. refineries trended upward from1949 through 1978, when it peaked at 16 million barrels per day (5.8).During the next 5 years, output declined, falling to 13 million barrelsper day in 1983. As crude oil prices declined in the mid-1980’s and thedemand for petroleum rose, refinery output began to recover. In 1994,it averaged 16 million barrels per day for the third consecutive year.The rate of refinery utilization fell below 80 percent in 1980 through1985, despite deactivation of refinery capacity (5.9). Thereafter, the utilization rate improved. In 1986, the rate was 83 percent, well above itsnadir of 69 percent in 1981. After 1986, strong product demand contributed to even higher utilization rates, which reached a 21-year high of 93percent in 1994. In 1995, the utilization rate was 92 percent.

Petroleum Stocks and the Strategic Petroleum Reserve

The U.S. Government established the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR)in response to the oil supply disruptions of the early 1970’s. Intended tominimize the effects of any future disruptions, the SPR began storing crudeoil in 1977, and by the end of 1989, it held 580 million barrels (5.15). Thefirst sales of SPR crude oil occurred following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwaitin August 1990. In addition, SPR purchases were suspended in August1990 due to concern about world crude oil supplies. Purchases resumedin 1992. At the end of 1995, the SPR held 592 million barrels.One measure of the SPR’s adequacy is the number of days of petroleumnet imports it could provide in the event of an oil supply interruption.Through 1985, that measure of energy security increased every year, dueto additions to the SPR and a decline in the level of net imports. In 1986,however, the measure declined for the first time, from 115 days in 1985 to94 days in 1986. In 1994, the measure was 73 days, the lowest in 12 years.Although SPR stocks in 1995 remained at the 1994 level, a decrease inpetroleum net imports caused the measure to increase to 75 days.At the end of 1995, SPR stocks, plus 302 million barrels of privately heldcrude oil stocks, totaled 893 million barrels (5.14). Private stocks of crudeoil were less than the 340-million-barrel level recorded in 1977, when fillingof the SPR began. At 668 million barrels, private stocks of petroleumproducts in 1995 remained considerably below the record level of 964million barrels recorded in 1977.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
140 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Petroleum Overview

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Overview, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

101520

Million Barrels per Day

Production, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day Natural Gas Plant Liquids 6.53 in1995

Peak: 9.64 in 1970

Crude Oil

Products Supplied

Total Production

Imports

Trade, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

02468

Million Barrels per Day

Crud

P

Exports

Overview, 1995

Total Production Imports Ex

05

101520

8.29 8.83

0

Million Barrels per Day
Table 5.1 Petroleum Overview, 1949-1995

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Production

Other

Domestic

Supply 2

Trade

Crude

Oil

Losses

Crude

Oil 1

Natural Gas

Plant

Liquids

Total

Production

Crude

Oil

Imports 3

Petroleum

Product

Imports 4

Total

Imports

Total

Exports

Net

Imports 5

1949 5.05 0.43 5.48 (s) 0.42 0.22 0.65 0.33 0.32 0.04 1950 5.41 0.50 5.91 (s) 0.49 0.36 0.85 0.30 0.55 0.05 1951 6.16 0.56 6.72 0.01 0.49 0.35 0.84 0.42 0.42 0.03 1952 6.26 0.61 6.87 0.01 0.57 0.38 0.95 0.43 0.52 0.02 1953 6.46 0.65 7.11 0.02 0.65 0.39 1.03 0.40 0.63 0.02 1954 6.34 0.69 7.03 0.02 0.66 0.40 1.05 0.36 0.70 0.03 1955 6.81 0.77 7.58 0.04 0.78 0.47 1.25 0.37 0.88 0.04 1956 7.15 0.80 7.95 0.04 0.93 0.50 1.44 0.43 1.01 0.05 1957 7.17 0.81 7.98 0.04 1.02 0.55 1.57 0.57 1.01 0.05 1958 6.71 0.81 7.52 0.06 0.95 0.75 1.70 0.28 1.42 0.03 1959 7.05 0.88 7.93 0.09 0.97 0.81 1.78 0.21 1.57 0.01 1960 7.04 0.93 7.96 0.15 1.02 0.80 1.81 0.20 1.61 0.01 1961 7.18 0.99 8.17 0.18 1.05 0.87 1.92 0.17 1.74 0.01 1962 7.33 1.02 8.35 0.18 1.13 0.96 2.08 0.17 1.91 0.01 1963 7.54 1.10 8.64 0.20 1.13 0.99 2.12 0.21 1.91 0.01 1964 7.61 1.15 8.77 0.22 1.20 1.06 2.26 0.20 2.06 0.01 1965 7.80 1.21 9.01 0.22 1.24 1.23 2.47 0.19 2.28 0.01 1966 8.30 1.28 9.58 0.25 1.22 1.35 2.57 0.20 2.37 0.01 1967 8.81 1.41 10.22 0.29 1.13 1.41 2.54 0.31 2.23 0.01 1968 9.10 1.50 10.60 0.35 1.29 1.55 2.84 0.23 2.61 0.01 1969 9.24 1.59 10.83 0.34 1.41 1.76 3.17 0.23 2.93 0.01 1970 9.64 1.66 11.30 0.35 1.32 2.10 3.42 0.26 3.16 0.01 1971 9.46 1.69 11.16 0.44 1.68 2.25 3.93 0.22 3.70 0.01 1972 9.44 1.74 11.18 0.44 2.22 2.53 4.74 0.22 4.52 0.01 1973 9.21 1.74 10.95 0.49 3.24 3.01 6.26 0.23 6.02 0.01 1974 8.77 1.69 10.46 0.49 3.48 2.64 6.11 0.22 5.89 0.01 1975 8.37 1.63 10.01 0.51 4.10 1.95 6.06 0.21 5.85 0.01 1976 8.13 1.60 9.74 0.59 5.29 2.03 7.31 0.22 7.09 0.01 1977 8.24 1.62 9.86 0.57 6.61 2.19 8.81 0.24 8.56 0.02 1978 8.71 1.57 10.27 0.49 6.36 2.01 8.36 0.36 8.00 0.02 1979 8.55 1.58 10.14 0.58 6.52 1.94 8.46 0.47 7.99 0.02 1980 8.60 1.57 10.17 0.68 5.26 1.65 6.91 0.54 6.36 0.01 1981 8.57 1.61 10.18 0.64 4.40 1.60 6.00 0.59 5.40 (s) 1982 8.65 1.55 10.20 0.65 3.49 1.63 5.11 0.82 4.30 (s) 1983 8.69 1.56 10.25 0.65 3.33 1.72 5.05 0.74 4.31 (s) 1984 8.88 1.63 10.51 0.78 3.43 2.01 5.44 0.72 4.72 (s) 1985 8.97 1.61 10.58 0.76 3.20 1.87 5.07 0.78 4.29 (s) 1986 8.68 1.55 10.23 0.81 4.18 2.05 6.22 0.78 5.44 (s) 1987 8.35 1.60 9.94 0.85 4.67 2.00 6.68 0.76 5.91 (s) 1988 8.14 1.62 9.76 0.90 5.11 2.30 7.40 0.82 6.59 (s) 1989 7.61 1.55 9.16 0.92 5.84 2.22 8.06 0.86 7.20 (s) 1990 7.36 1.56 8.91 1.02 5.89 2.12 8.02 0.86 7.16 (s) 1991 7.42 1.66 9.08 1.00 5.78 1.84 7.63 1.00 6.63 (s) 1992 7.17 1.70 8.87 1.16 6.08 1.80 7.89 0.95 6.94 (s) 1993 6.85 1.74 8.58 1.19 6.79 1.83 8.62 1.00 7.62 (s) 1994 R6.66 1.73 R8.39 R1.29 R7.06 R1.93 R9.00 0.94 R8.05 (s) 

1995P 6.53 1.76 8.29 1.28 7.24 1.59 8.83 0.95 7.88 (s) 

1 Includes lease condensate.2 Includes benzol, other hydrocarbons, oxygenates, gasoline blending components, finished petroleum

products, hydrogen, alcohol, processing gains, and unaccounted-for crude oil.

3 Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977.4 For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components and aviation gasoline blending

components.

5 Net imports = imports minus exports.6 Negative numbers denote a net addition to stocks or a reduction in supply. Positive numbers denote a

net withdrawal from stocks or an addition to supply.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary.data. (s)=Less than 5,000 barreNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—E

1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.2 Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1995

142

Source: Table 5.2.

By Site

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

02468

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)Total Offshore Onshore

By Geographic Location

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

02468

10

 Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)Total Alaska Lower 48 States

Number of Producing Oil Wells

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 19

0

200400600800

Thousand Wells

Peak: 647 t

wells in 1

Average Productivity

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 19

048

121620

Barrels per Day per Well

Peak: 18.4 in 1972
Table 5.2 Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Production and Oil Well Productivity, 1954-1995

 (Thousand Barrels per Day, Except as Noted)

Year

Geographic Location Site Type

Total

Production

Lower 48 Alaska Onshore Offshore Crude Oil

Lease

Condensate

P

(t

1954 6,342 0 6,209 133 6,342 3 ( ) 6,342 

1955 6,807 0 6,645 162 6,807 3 ( ) 6,807 1956 7,151 0 6,951 201 7,151 3 ( ) 7,151 1957 7,170 0 6,940 229 7,170 3 ( ) 7,170 1958 6,710 0 6,473 236 6,710 3 ( ) 6,710 1959 7,053 1 6,779 274 7,054 3 ( ) 7,054 1960 7,034 2 6,716 319 7,035 3 ( ) 7,035 1961 7,166 17 6,817 365 7,183 3 ( ) 7,183 1962 7,304 28 6,888 444 7,332 3 ( ) 7,332 1963 7,512 29 7,026 515 7,542 3 ( ) 7,542 1964 7,584 30 7,027 587 7,614 3 ( ) 7,614 1965 7,774 30 7,140 665 7,804 3 ( ) 7,804 1966 8,256 39 7,473 823 8,295 3 ( ) 8,295 1967 8,730 80 7,802 1,009 8,810 3 ( ) 8,810 1968 8,915 181 7,808 1,287 8,660 436 9,096 1969 9,035 203 7,797 1,441 8,778 460 9,238 1970 9,408 229 8,060 1,577 9,180 457 9,637 1971 9,245 218 7,779 1,684 9,032 431 9,463 1972 9,242 199 7,780 1,660 8,998 443 9,441 1973 9,010 198 7,592 1,616 8,784 424 9,208 1974 8,581 193 7,285 1,489 8,375 399 8,774 1975 8,183 191 7,012 1,362 8,007 367 8,375 1976 7,958 173 6,868 1,264 7,776 356 8,132 1977 7,781 464 7,069 1,176 7,875 370 8,245 1978 7,478 1,229 7,571 1,136 8,353 355 8,707 1979 7,151 1,401 7,485 1,067 8,181 371 8,552 1980 6,980 1,617 7,562 1,034 8,210 386 8,597 1981 6,962 1,609 7,537 1,034 8,176 395 8,572 1982 6,953 1,696 7,538 1,110 8,261 387 8,649 1983 6,974 1,714 7,492 1,196 8,688 3 ( ) 8,688 1984 7,157 1,722 7,596 1,283 8,879 3 ( ) 8,879 1985 7,146 1,825 7,722 1,250 8,971 3 ( ) 8,971 1986 6,814 1,867 7,426 1,254 8,680 3 ( ) 8,680 1987 6,387 1,962 7,153 1,196 8,349 3 ( ) 8,349 1988 6,123 2,017 6,949 1,191 8,140 3 ( ) 8,140 1989 5,739 1,874 6,486 1,127 7,613 3 ( ) 7,613 1990 5,582 1,773 6,273 1,082 7,355 3 ( ) 7,355 1991 5,618 1,798 6,245 1,172 7,417 3 ( ) 7,417 1992 5,457 1,714 5,953 1,218 7,171 3 ( ) 7,171 1993 5,264 1,582 5,606 1,241 6,847 3 ( ) 6,847 1994 R5,103 R1,559 R5,291 R1,370 R6,662 3 ( ) R6,662 

1995P 5,046 1,484 5,180 1,350 6,530 3 ( ) 6,530 

1 As of December 31. 2 For 1954-1976, average productivity is based on the average number of producing wells. For 1977

forward, average productivity is based on the number of wells producing at end of year. 3 Included in crude oil.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: Offshore: • 1954-1969—U.S. Geological Survey, Outer Continental Shelf Statistics, June

1979. • 1970-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement,

Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—E

1996). Oil Well Productivity: • 1954-1975—Bureau of Mines, M

Petroleum Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data 

• 1981-1994—Independent Petroleum Association of America, Th• 1995—World Oil, February 1996. All Other Data: • 1954-19

Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1976-1980—EIA, Ener

Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—E

1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type

144

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.3.

Total, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day

Total

Crude 

Oil

Products

By Selected Product, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per DayResidual Fuel Oil Motor Gasoline Distillate Fuel Oil

By Product, 1995

Unfinished Motor Distillate Residual 

0

100200300400500

345

264

190 185

Thousand Barrels per Day

Oils Gasoline Fuel Oil Fuel Oil
Table 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, 1949-1995

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 1

Petroleum Products

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Jet

Fuel 2

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Motor

Gasoline 4

Residual

Fuel Oil

Unfinished

Oils

Other

Products Propane 5 

3 Total

1949 421 5 NA 0 0 0 206 10 3 1950 487 7 NA 0 0 (s) 329 21 6 1951 491 5 NA 0 0 1 326 14 7 1952 573 7 NA 0 0 5 351 9 7 1953 648 9 NA 0 0 1 360 9 7 1954 656 9 NA 0 0 3 354 21 9 1955 782 12 NA 0 0 13 417 15 9 1956 934 14 21 0 0 5 445 7 10 1957 1,023 23 25 0 0 8 475 3 18 1958 953 41 57 0 0 38 499 92 21 1959 965 48 37 0 0 37 610 63 19 1960 1,015 35 34 NA 4 27 637 45 17 1961 1,045 48 28 NA 5 29 666 69 26 1962 1,126 32 30 NA 6 38 724 89 36 1963 1,131 25 41 NA 7 44 747 87 41 1964 1,198 32 33 NA 11 29 808 89 58 1965 1,238 36 81 NA 21 28 946 92 27 1966 1,225 38 86 NA 29 43 1,032 97 24 1967 1,128 51 89 11 27 42 1,085 97 20 1968 1,291 132 105 15 32 59 1,120 80 22 1969 1,409 139 125 14 35 62 1,265 106 25 1970 1,324 147 144 26 52 67 1,528 108 49 1971 1,681 153 180 32 70 59 1,583 124 76 1972 2,216 182 194 43 89 68 1,742 125 126 1973 3,244 392 212 71 132 134 1,853 137 152 1974 3,477 289 163 59 123 204 1,587 121 148 1975 4,105 155 133 60 112 184 1,223 36 108 1976 5,287 146 76 68 130 131 1,413 32 97 1977 6,615 250 75 86 161 217 1,359 31 99 1978 6,356 173 86 57 123 190 1,355 27 53 1979 6,519 193 78 88 217 181 1,151 59 58 1980 5,263 142 80 69 216 140 939 55 76 1981 4,396 173 38 70 244 157 800 112 76 1982 3,488 93 29 63 226 197 776 174 131 1983 3,329 174 29 44 190 247 699 234 148 1984 3,426 272 62 67 195 299 681 231 272 1985 3,201 200 39 67 187 381 510 318 232 1986 4,178 247 57 110 242 326 669 250 254 1987 4,674 255 67 88 190 384 565 299 243 1988 5,107 302 90 106 209 405 644 360 285 1989 5,843 306 106 111 181 369 629 348 280 1990 5,894 278 108 115 188 342 504 413 291 1991 5,782 205 67 91 147 297 453 413 262 1992 6,083 216 82 85 131 294 375 443 264 1993 6,787 184 100 103 160 247 373 491 278 1994 R7,063 R203 R117 R124 R183 356 R314 R413 R348 

1995P 7,240 190 106 102 146 264 185 345 355 

1 Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977.2 Prior to 1965, imports of kerosene-type jet fuel were included with kerosene, which is listed under

"Other Products."

3 Includes propylene.4 Excludes motor gasoline blending components after 1980. Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for

total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, and special naphthas.

5 Aviation gasoline, motor gasoline blending components, aviation gasoline blending components,

kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, wax, asphalt and road oil, petroleum

coke, pentanes plus, and miscellaneous products.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=LeNotes: • Includes imports from U.S. possessions and territo

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—E

1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

146

Source: Table 5.4.

Figure 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day

Selected OPEC Countries, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per Day Saudi Arabia

Total

OPEC

Selected Non-OPEC Countries, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

0.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per Day Canada M

V

Top Countries, 1995

Vene- Saudi Canada Mexico N

0.00.51.01.52.0

1.5

1.3 1.3

1.1

Million B arrels per Day

Non-OPEC

Venezuela Nigeria

zuela Arabia 
Table 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1995

Year

OPEC 1 Non-OPEC

To

Imp

Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela Other 2 Total 3

Arab

OPEC 4 Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico Other

Thousand Barrels per Day 

1960 0 84 911 319 1,314 292 120 16 (s) 36 328 1,81961 0 73 879 335 1,286 284 190 40 1 44 357 1,91962 0 74 906 286 1,265 241 250 49 2 41 475 2,01963 0 108 900 275 1,283 258 265 48 3 44 480 2,11964 0 131 933 296 1,361 293 299 47 (s) 47 505 2,21965 15 158 994 309 1,476 324 323 48 (s) 47 574 2,41966 11 147 1,018 295 1,471 300 384 45 6 61 606 2,51967 5 92 938 224 1,259 177 450 49 11 96 673 2,51968 9 74 886 333 1,302 272 506 45 28 145 814 2,81969 49 65 875 347 1,336 276 608 43 20 189 971 3,11970 50 30 989 275 1,343 196 766 42 11 271 985 3,41971 102 128 1,020 423 1,673 327 857 27 10 368 991 3,91972 251 190 959 663 2,063 530 1,108 21 9 432 1,108 4,71973 459 486 1,135 913 2,993 915 1,325 16 15 429 1,479 6,21974 713 461 979 1,126 3,280 752 1,070 8 8 481 1,265 6,11975 762 715 702 1,422 3,601 1,383 846 71 14 496 1,026 6,01976 1,025 1,230 700 2,111 5,066 2,424 599 87 31 510 1,019 7,31977 1,143 1,380 690 2,979 6,193 3,185 517 179 126 571 1,221 8,81978 919 1,144 646 3,043 5,751 2,963 467 318 180 522 1,126 8,31979 1,080 1,356 690 2,511 5,637 3,058 538 439 202 523 1,116 8,41980 857 1,261 481 1,701 4,300 2,551 455 533 176 476 969 6,91981 620 1,129 406 1,168 3,323 1,848 447 522 375 389 939 5,91982 514 552 412 668 2,146 854 482 685 456 366 979 5,11983 302 337 422 801 1,862 632 547 826 382 322 1,111 5,01984 216 325 548 960 2,049 819 630 748 402 336 1,273 5,41985 293 168 605 765 1,830 472 770 816 310 275 1,066 5,01986 440 685 793 918 2,837 1,162 807 699 350 265 1,267 6,21987 535 751 804 970 3,060 1,274 848 655 352 294 1,469 6,61988 618 1,073 794 1,034 3,520 1,839 999 747 315 264 1,557 7,41989 815 1,224 873 1,228 4,140 2,130 931 767 215 353 1,654 8,01990 800 1,339 1,025 1,132 4,296 2,244 934 755 189 315 1,529 8,01991 703 1,802 1,035 553 4,092 2,064 1,033 807 138 270 1,287 7,61992 681 1,720 1,170 521 4,092 1,974 1,069 830 230 275 1,392 7,81993 740 1,414 1,300 820 4,273 2,000 1,181 919 350 283 1,614 8,61994 637 1,402 R1,334 R873 R4,247 R1,970 R1,272 R984 458 R350 R1,686 R8,9

1995P 625 1,344 1,475 781 4,226 1,807 1,331 1,069 384 293 1,529 8,8

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and, through 1992,

Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992. Beginning with 1993, imports from Ecuadorare included in the Non-OPEC "Other" column. Prior to 1988, imports from the Neutral Zone betweenKuwait and Saudi Arabia were included in imports from Saudi Arabia. From 1988 forward, those importshave been included in imports from "Other." 3 Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into the United States indirectly from OPECcountries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas, as petroleum products that wererefined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries.

4 Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United A

Zone are included in imports from "Arab OPEC."

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 500 barrels Notes: • Data include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Rese

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbo

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administra

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum S

Supply Monthly (February 1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type

148

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.5.

Total, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

300600900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day Total

Crude Oil

Products

By Selected Products, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

100200300

Thousand Barrels per Day Residual Fuel Oil Petroleum Coke Distillate F

By Product, 1995

Petroleum Distillate Residual Motor 

0

100200300 277

183

136

104

Thousand Barrels per Day

Coke Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Gasoline
Table 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, 1949-1995

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Crude

Oil 

Petroleum Products

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline 2

Petroleum

Coke

Petrochemical

Feedstocks

Residual

Fuel Oil

Other

Products Propane 

1 Total

1949 91 34 NA 4 35 108 7 0 35 15 1950 95 35 NA 4 39 68 7 0 44 12 1951 78 62 NA 6 48 110 12 0 79 27 1952 73 92 NA 7 44 99 11 0 76 31 1953 55 89 NA 8 36 104 10 0 71 29 1954 37 66 NA 11 41 94 9 0 73 23 1955 32 67 NA 12 39 95 12 0 93 18 1956 78 94 NA 12 38 97 18 0 76 17 1957 138 131 NA 12 38 106 14 0 106 23 1958 12 52 NA 8 36 75 12 0 71 11 1959 7 35 NA 6 38 46 13 0 57 9 1960 8 27 NA 8 43 37 19 0 51 9 1961 9 19 NA 10 47 25 20 0 38 7 1962 5 23 NA 11 48 18 20 0 35 8 1963 5 41 NA 13 50 19 29 0 42 9 1964 4 15 NA 15 50 2 37 0 52 28 1965 3 10 NA 21 45 2 32 5 41 27 1966 4 12 NA 22 47 1 40 7 35 29 1967 73 12 5 25 51 2 45 8 60 31 1968 5 4 7 29 49 1 53 8 55 27 1969 4 3 7 35 45 2 63 11 46 24 1970 14 2 6 27 44 2 84 10 54 21 1971 1 8 13 26 43 5 74 14 36 17 1972 1 3 18 31 41 1 85 13 33 15 1973 2 9 15 27 35 4 96 19 23 16 1974 3 2 14 25 33 2 113 15 14 14 1975 6 1 13 26 25 2 102 22 15 11 1976 8 1 13 25 26 3 103 30 12 15 1977 50 1 10 18 26 2 102 24 6 12 1978 158 3 9 20 27 1 111 23 13 6 1979 235 3 8 15 23 (s) 146 31 9 9 1980 287 3 10 21 23 1 136 29 33 10 1981 228 5 18 42 19 2 138 26 118 17 1982 236 74 31 65 16 20 156 24 209 15 1983 164 64 43 73 16 10 195 20 185 12 1984 181 51 30 48 15 6 193 21 190 17 1985 204 67 48 62 15 10 187 19 197 19 1986 154 100 28 42 23 33 238 22 147 26 1987 151 66 24 38 23 35 213 20 186 33 1988 155 69 31 49 26 22 231 23 200 41 1989 142 97 24 35 19 39 233 26 215 54 1990 109 109 28 40 20 55 220 26 211 67 1991 116 215 28 41 18 82 235 0 226 67 1992 89 219 33 49 16 96 216 0 193 73 1993 98 274 26 43 19 105 258 0 123 83 1994 99 234 24 38 22 97 261 0 125 66 1995P 95 183 38 58 25 104 277 0 136 72 

1 Includes propylene.2 Includes aviation gasoline for the years 1949-1963.3 Aviation gasoline (for 1964 forward), motor gasoline blending components, jet fuel, kerosene, special

naphthas, wax, asphalt, road oil, pentanes plus, and miscellaneous products.

P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. Notes: • Includes exports to U.S. possessions and territories. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—E

1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination

150

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.6.

Total Exports and Exports to Canada and Mexico, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

300600900

1,200

Thousand Barrels per Day Total Exports Exports to Canada and Mexico

By Selected Countries, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

50

100150

Thousand Barrels per Day Canada Mexico Japan

Virgin Islands

By Selected Countries, 1995

Mexico Virgin Japan 

0

50

100150

125

95

76 

Thousand Barrels per Day

Islands
Table 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1995

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Canada Mexico Japan Netherlands Belgium 1 Italy

United

Kingdom France Brazil

Puerto

Rico

Virg

Islan

1960 34 18 62 6 3 6 12 4 4 1 NA 1961 23 12 59 4 4 5 10 4 4 1 (s1962 21 14 54 5 3 5 8 3 5 1 (s1963 22 19 58 13 9 8 11 4 4 1 (s1964 27 24 56 9 4 8 10 4 4 1 1965 26 27 40 10 3 7 12 3 3 1 1966 32 39 36 9 3 7 12 4 4 3 (s1967 50 36 51 13 5 9 62 3 6 7 (s1968 39 31 56 10 4 8 14 4 8 2 (s1969 44 33 47 9 4 9 13 4 7 2 1970 31 33 69 15 5 10 12 5 7 1 (s1971 26 42 39 11 7 8 9 5 9 3 (s1972 26 41 32 12 13 9 10 5 9 3 (s1973 31 44 34 13 15 9 9 5 8 3 (s1974 32 35 38 17 13 9 6 4 9 4 1975 22 42 27 23 9 10 7 6 6 5 1976 28 35 25 22 12 10 13 6 7 21 1977 71 24 25 17 16 10 9 9 6 6 1978 108 27 26 18 15 10 7 9 8 44 41979 100 21 34 28 19 15 7 13 7 64 101980 108 28 32 23 20 14 7 11 4 86 131981 89 26 38 42 12 22 5 15 1 81 141982 85 53 68 85 17 32 14 24 8 95 111983 76 24 104 49 22 35 8 23 2 33 111984 83 35 92 37 21 39 14 18 1 24 121985 74 61 108 44 26 30 14 11 3 26 131986 85 56 110 58 30 39 8 11 3 14 91987 83 70 120 39 17 42 6 12 2 22 111988 84 70 124 26 25 29 9 12 3 21 121989 92 89 122 36 23 37 9 11 5 18 121990 91 89 92 54 20 48 11 17 2 11 91991 70 99 95 72 22 55 13 27 13 10 101992 64 124 100 52 22 38 12 9 20 7 81993 72 110 105 45 21 34 10 8 16 12 91994 78 124 74 30 26 35 10 11 15 12 91995P 73 125 76 33 21 46 14 11 16 28 9

1 Including Luxembourg.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual.

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—E

1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1995

152

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.7.

Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC 

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Million Barrels per Day

Total

OPEC

Non-OPEC

By Selected Country

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

0

0.30.60.91.21.51.8

Million Barrels per Day Venezuela Saudi Ara

Canada

Net Imports from OPEC

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

0

255075

100

Percent

Share of Consumption

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

100

Percent

Share of

 Total Net Impo

Share of

Consumption
Table 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-1995

Year

OPEC 1 Non-OPEC

Total

Net

Imports

Total N

Imports 

Share 

Consump

Nigeria

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela Other 2 Total 3

Arab

OPEC 4 Canada Mexico

United

Kingdom

Virgin

Islands and

Puerto Rico Other

Thousand Barrels per Day 

1960 0 84 910 317 1,311 292 86 -2 -12 34 195 1,613 16.5 1961 0 73 878 333 1,283 284 167 27 -10 42 232 1,743 17.5 1962 0 74 905 232 1,210 241 229 35 -6 40 405 1,913 18.4 1963 0 108 899 274 1,282 258 243 29 -7 43 325 1,915 17.8 1964 0 131 932 296 1,359 293 272 23 -9 45 368 2,057 18.7 1965 15 158 994 308 1,475 324 297 21 -11 45 454 2,281 19.8 1966 11 147 1,018 295 1,470 291 352 6 -6 58 494 2,375 19.7 1967 5 92 937 224 1,258 177 400 13 -51 89 521 2,230 17.8 1968 9 74 886 332 1,302 272 468 15 13 143 668 2,609 19.5 1969 49 65 875 346 1,336 276 564 10 7 186 831 2,933 20.8 1970 50 30 989 274 1,343 196 736 9 -1 270 804 3,161 21.5 1971 102 128 1,019 422 1,671 327 831 -14 1 365 848 3,701 24.3 1972 251 189 959 662 2,061 529 1,082 -20 -1 428 969 4,519 27.6 1973 459 485 1,134 913 2,991 914 1,294 -28 (s) 426 1,343 6,025 34.8 1974 713 461 978 1,125 3,277 752 1,038 -27 1 475 1,127 5,892 35.4 1975 762 714 702 1,421 3,599 1,382 824 29 7 484 904 5,846 35.8 1976 1,025 1,229 699 2,110 5,063 2,423 571 53 24 488 891 7,090 40.6 1977 1,143 1,379 689 2,978 6,190 3,184 446 155 117 560 1,097 8,565 46.5 1978 919 1,142 644 3,042 5,747 2,962 359 291 173 436 996 8,002 42.5 1979 1,080 1,354 688 2,510 5,633 3,054 438 418 196 353 948 7,985 43.1 1980 857 1,259 478 1,699 4,293 2,549 347 506 169 256 794 6,365 37.3 1981 620 1,128 403 1,165 3,315 1,844 358 497 370 169 693 5,401 33.6 1982 512 551 409 663 2,136 852 397 632 442 154 538 4,298 28.1 1983 299 336 420 788 1,843 630 471 802 374 178 644 4,312 28.3 1984 215 324 544 953 2,037 817 547 714 388 184 847 4,715 30.0 1985 293 167 602 759 1,821 470 696 755 295 114 605 4,286 27.3 1986 440 685 788 915 2,828 1,160 721 642 342 152 753 5,439 33.4 1987 535 751 801 968 3,055 1,273 765 585 346 158 1,006 5,914 35.5 1988 618 1,064 790 1,041 3,513 1,837 916 677 306 117 1,058 6,587 38.1 1989 815 1,224 861 1,224 4,124 2,128 839 678 206 212 1,143 7,202 41.6 1990 800 1,339 1,016 1,130 4,285 2,243 843 666 179 213 976 7,161 42.2 1991 703 1,796 1,020 546 4,065 2,057 963 707 125 153 612 6,626 39.6 1992 680 1,720 1,161 510 4,071 1,972 1,005 706 219 180 757 6,938 40.7 1993 736 1,413 1,296 808 4,253 1,995 1,109 809 340 175 932 7,618 44.2 1994 637 R1,402 R1,322 871 R4,233 1,968 R1,194 R860 448 R246 R1,074 R8,054 R45.5 

1995P 623 1,344 1,463 774 4,204 1,800 1,258 944 370 170 936 7,883 44.5 

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and, through 1992,

Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992. Beginning with 1993, net imports fromEcuador are included in the Non-OPEC "Other" column. Prior to 1988, imports from the Neutral Zonebetween Kuwait and Saudi Arabia were included in imports from Saudi Arabia. From 1988 forward, thoseimports have been included in imports from "Other." 3 Total OPEC imports exclude petroleum imported into the United States indirectly from OPECcountries, primarily from Caribbean and West European refining areas, as petroleum products that wererefined from crude oil produced in OPEC countries. 4 Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Imports from the NeutralZone are included in imports from "Arab OPEC." 5 Calculated by dividing total net petroleum imports by total U.S. petroleum products supplied

(consumption). 6 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC coun

7 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC co

supplied (consumption).

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 500 barrels Notes: • Net imports are imports minus exports; negative 

imports. • Data include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reser

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbo

Products" chapter. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administrat

Districts Supply/Demand, Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum S

Supply Monthly (February 1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1995

154

Source: Table 5.8

Input

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0369

1215

Million Barrels per Day

Crude Oil

Other

Output of Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0369

1215

Million Barrels per Day Motor 

Residua

Distillat
Table 5.8 Refinery Input and Output, 1949-1995

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Input Output

Crude

Oil 

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Other

Liquids 1

Total

Input

Motor

Gasoline 2

Jet

Fuel 2

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Residual

Fuel Oil

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Other

Products 

1949 5.33 0.23 0.03 5.59 2.57 NA 0.93 1.16 0.06 0.85 1950 5.74 0.26 0.02 6.02 2.74 NA 1.09 1.16 0.08 0.95 1951 6.49 0.27 0.03 6.80 3.04 NA 1.30 1.29 0.09 1.09 1952 6.67 0.28 0.01 6.97 3.12 0.06 1.42 1.24 0.08 1.06 1953 7.00 0.30 (s) 7.31 3.38 0.10 1.45 1.23 0.09 1.08 1954 6.96 0.32 0.02 7.30 3.38 0.13 1.49 1.14 0.09 1.10 1955 7.48 0.34 0.03 7.86 3.65 0.16 1.65 1.15 0.12 1.17 1956 7.94 0.37 0.01 8.32 3.82 0.18 1.82 1.17 0.14 1.24 1957 7.92 0.41 (s) 8.33 3.88 0.17 1.83 1.14 0.15 1.20 1958 7.64 0.37 0.09 8.11 3.87 0.20 1.73 1.00 0.16 1.22 1959 7.99 0.42 0.07 8.48 4.04 0.25 1.86 0.95 0.19 1.28 1960 8.07 0.45 0.06 8.58 4.13 0.24 1.82 0.91 0.21 1.42 1961 8.18 0.46 0.06 8.71 4.15 0.26 1.91 0.86 0.22 1.49 1962 8.41 0.50 0.08 8.99 4.30 0.28 1.97 0.81 0.21 1.59 1963 8.69 0.52 0.09 9.30 4.39 0.27 2.09 0.76 0.26 1.72 1964 8.81 0.58 0.07 9.46 4.37 0.29 2.03 0.73 0.29 1.97 1965 9.04 0.62 0.09 9.75 4.51 0.52 2.10 0.74 0.29 1.81 1966 9.44 0.65 0.09 10.18 4.77 0.59 2.15 0.72 0.29 1.90 1967 9.82 0.67 0.09 10.58 4.94 0.75 2.20 0.76 0.31 1.92 1968 10.31 0.71 0.08 11.10 5.20 0.86 2.29 0.75 0.32 1.99 1969 10.63 0.72 0.11 11.46 5.47 0.88 2.32 0.73 0.34 2.06 1970 10.87 0.76 0.12 11.75 5.70 0.83 2.45 0.71 0.35 2.08 1971 11.20 0.78 0.14 12.12 5.97 0.83 2.50 0.75 0.36 2.09 1972 11.70 0.83 0.17 12.69 6.28 0.85 2.63 0.80 0.36 2.17 1973 12.43 0.82 0.15 13.40 6.53 0.86 2.82 0.97 0.37 2.30 1974 12.13 0.75 0.14 13.02 6.36 0.84 2.67 1.07 0.34 2.23 1975 12.44 0.71 0.07 13.23 6.52 0.87 2.65 1.24 0.31 2.10 1976 13.42 0.73 0.06 14.20 6.84 0.92 2.92 1.38 0.34 2.28 1977 14.60 0.67 0.07 15.35 7.03 0.97 3.28 1.75 0.35 2.49 1978 14.74 0.64 0.09 15.47 7.17 0.97 3.17 1.67 0.35 2.64 1979 14.65 0.51 0.08 15.24 6.84 1.01 3.15 1.69 0.34 2.74 1980 13.48 0.46 0.08 14.02 6.49 1.00 2.66 1.58 0.33 2.56 1981 12.47 0.52 0.49 13.48 6.40 0.97 2.61 1.32 0.31 2.37 1982 11.77 0.52 0.57 12.86 6.34 0.98 2.61 1.07 0.27 2.13 1983 11.69 0.46 0.50 12.65 6.34 1.02 2.46 0.85 0.33 2.14 1984 12.04 0.50 0.58 13.13 6.45 1.13 2.68 0.89 0.36 2.16 1985 12.00 0.51 0.68 13.19 6.42 1.19 2.69 0.88 0.39 2.18 1986 12.72 0.48 0.71 13.91 6.75 1.29 2.80 0.89 0.42 2.37 1987 12.85 0.47 0.67 13.99 6.84 1.34 2.73 0.89 0.45 2.38 1988 13.25 0.51 0.61 14.37 6.96 1.37 2.86 0.93 0.50 2.42 1989 13.40 0.50 0.61 14.51 6.96 1.40 2.90 0.95 0.55 2.40 1990 13.41 0.47 0.71 14.59 6.96 1.49 2.92 0.95 0.50 2.45 1991 13.30 0.47 0.77 14.54 6.98 1.44 2.96 0.93 0.54 2.41 1992 13.41 0.47 0.75 14.63 7.06 1.40 2.97 0.89 0.61 2.47 1993 13.61 0.49 0.92 15.02 7.30 1.42 3.13 0.84 0.59 2.50 1994 13.87 R0.47 R0.69 15.02 7.18 1.45 R3.20 R0.83 0.61 R2.52 

1995P 13.97 0.47 0.74 15.18 7.43 1.41 3.15 0.79 0.65 2.51 

1 Prior to 1981, included unfinished oils (net), hydrogen, and hydrocarbons not included elsewhere;

1981 forward, included unfinished oils (net), motor gasoline blending components (net), aviation gasolineblending components (net), hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol. See Note 1 at end of section.

2 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. Prior to 1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene.

3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and

miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=LeNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—E

1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1995

156

Source: Table 5.9.

Number of Operable Refineries

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

100200300400

Total Units

324 in 1981

175 in 1995

Utilization

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 

0

255075

100

Percent 68.6 in19

Unused Capacity

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 

05

101520

Million Barrels per Day Gross Input to Distillation Units Unused Capacity

Capacity
Table 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-1995

Year

Operable Refineries

Gross Input to

Distillation Units 2

(million barrels per day)

Number 

4

Capacity 1

(million barrels per day)

1949 336 6.23 5.56 1950 320 6.22 5.98 1951 325 6.70 6.76 1952 327 7.16 6.93 1953 315 7.62 7.26 1954 308 7.98 7.27 1955 296 8.39 7.82 1956 317 8.58 8.25 1957 317 9.07 8.22 1958 315 9.36 8.02 1959 313 9.76 8.36 1960 309 9.84 8.44 1961 309 10.00 8.57 1962 309 10.01 8.83 1963 304 10.01 9.14 1964 298 10.31 9.28 1965 293 10.42 9.56 1966 280 10.39 9.99 1967 276 10.66 10.39 1968 282 11.35 10.89 1969 279 11.70 11.25 1970 276 12.02 11.52 1971 272 12.86 11.88 1972 274 13.29 12.43 1973 268 13.64 13.15 1974 273 14.36 12.69 1975 279 14.96 12.90 1976 276 15.24 13.88 1977 282 16.40 14.98 1978 296 17.05 15.07 1979 308 17.44 14.96 1980 319 17.99 13.80 1981 324 18.62 12.75 1982 301 17.89 12.17 1983 258 16.86 11.95 1984 247 16.14 12.22 1985 223 15.66 12.17 1986 216 15.46 12.83 1987 219 15.57 13.00 1988 213 15.92 13.45 1989 204 15.65 13.55 1990 205 15.57 13.61 1991 202 15.68 13.51 1992 199 15.70 13.60 1993 187 15.12 13.85 1994 179 15.03 R14.03 

1995P 175 15.43 14.11 

1 Capacity in million barrels per calendar day on January 1. 2 See Note 2 at end of section. 3 For 1949-1980, utilization is derived by dividing gross input to distillation units by one-half of the

current year January 1 capacity and the following year January 1 capacity. Percentages were derived fromunrounded numbers. For 1981 forward, utilization has been derived by averaging reported monthlyutilization. 4 Prior to 1956, the number of refineries included only those in operation on January 1. For 1957forward, the number of refineries has included all operable refineries on January 1 (see Glossary).

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Sources: Operable Refineries: • 1949-1961—Bureau of Mines Information Circular, "Petroleum

Refineries, Including Cracking Plants in the United States." • 

Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual. • 1978-1981—E

Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Refineries in the United St

forward—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. Gross Input to Distill

Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Natural Gas Liquids" and "Crude Petro

• 1967-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Survey

• 1978-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Refineries in • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—EIA, Petr

Utilization: • 1949-1980—calculated. • 1981-1994—EIA, Pet

Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

158

1 Natural gas plant liquids. 2 Liquefied petroleum gases.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.10.

Total, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

450900

1,3501,800

Thousand Barrels per Day

NGPL1

LPG2

By Selected Product, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

200400600

Thousand Barrels per Day

Propane

Ethane

Isobutane

Normal Butane

Pentanes Plu

By Product, 1995

Ethane Propane Pentanes 

0

200400600 572

518

334

Thousand Barrels per Day

Plus 
Table 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-1995

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Pentanes

Plus 3

Finis

Petro

Produ

Ethane 

1 Propane 1,2

Normal

Butane 2 Isobutane Total

1949 8 74 61 11 155 223 1950 12 101 69 13 195 238 1951 15 125 77 15 232 256 1952 19 150 86 18 273 269 1953 17 169 97 19 301 282 1954 22 188 106 24 339 290 1955 34 205 120 30 390 313 1956 37 235 123 27 422 310 1957 33 239 132 30 434 311 1958 23 242 141 36 442 307 1959 46 265 159 43 514 312 1960 51 291 161 45 549 333 1961 61 315 164 53 593 355 1962 73 321 165 55 614 367 1963 78 358 175 61 672 380 1964 84 375 178 62 699 408 1965 92 390 185 67 734 434 1966 82 424 214 73 792 456 1967 101 482 232 80 895 486 1968 125 517 236 81 960 509 1969 173 543 248 74 1,037 526 1970 201 561 248 84 1,095 540 1971 221 586 249 88 1,144 523 1972 275 600 249 92 1,215 507 1973 296 587 249 92 1,225 497 1974 323 569 244 92 1,227 454 1975 337 552 237 90 1,217 409 1976 365 521 227 82 1,195 403 1977 397 513 223 81 1,214 399 1978 406 491 210 75 1,182 382 1979 400 500 212 104 1,216 342 1980 396 494 210 105 1,205 345 1981 397 519 224 117 1,256 334 1982 426 519 204 109 1,258 282 1983 456 541 217 100 1,314 233 1984 505 527 203 99 1,334 292 1985 493 521 171 127 1,313 282 1986 485 508 157 128 1,277 269 1987 499 503 157 141 1,300 291 1988 501 506 167 144 1,319 302 1989 466 471 151 149 1,237 309 5 ( 

1990 477 474 149 151 1,250 309 5 ( 1991 530 487 150 169 1,336 324 5 ( 1992 541 499 137 189 1,365 332 5 ( 1993 556 513 142 192 1,402 334 5 ( 1994 559 510 136 R195 R1,400 R326 5 ( 

1995P 572 518 153 185 1,427 334 5 ( 

1 Reported production of ethane-propane mixtures has been allocated 70 percent ethane and 30

percent propane. 2 Reported production of butane-propane mixtures has been allocated 60 percent butane and 40percent propane. 3 Prior to 1984, this category was reported separately as natural gasoline, isopentane, and plantcondensate. 4 Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, special naphthas, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous products. 5 Beginning in 1989, data on finished petroleum products production from natural gas processing plants

were no longer available.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1968—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbo

Products" chapter. • 1969-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral In

Annual. • 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (E

Statement, Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Ann

Monthly (February 1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.

160

Source: Table 5.11.

By Selected Product, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

02468

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel O

Residual Fuel Oil

LPG1

By Product, 1995

Motor Distillate LPG1 Jet Residual Other

02468 7.79

3.20

1.90 1.51

0.85

2.46

Million Barrels per Day

Gasoline Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Fuel Products

Motor Gasoline's Share of Total Petroleum Produ

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1

0

1020304050

Percent
Table 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, 1949-1995

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Motor

Gasoline 1 Jet Fuel

Distillate

Fuel Oil

Residual

Fuel Oil

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Other

Products 3

Propane 2 Total 

1949 2.50 NA 0.90 1.36 NA 0.19 0.81 1950 2.72 NA 1.08 1.52 NA 0.23 0.90 1951 2.99 NA 1.23 1.55 NA 0.28 0.98 1952 3.12 0.05 1.30 1.52 NA 0.30 0.98 1953 3.30 0.09 1.34 1.54 NA 0.33 1.00 1954 3.37 0.13 1.44 1.43 NA 0.35 1.03 1955 3.66 0.15 1.59 1.53 NA 0.40 1.12 1956 3.75 0.20 1.68 1.54 NA 0.44 1.16 1957 3.82 0.20 1.69 1.50 NA 0.45 1.15 1958 3.93 0.26 1.79 1.45 NA 0.49 1.19 1959 4.07 0.29 1.81 1.54 NA 0.58 1.24 1960 4.13 0.28 1.87 1.53 NA 0.62 1.36 1961 4.20 0.29 1.90 1.50 NA 0.64 1.44 1962 4.34 0.31 2.01 1.50 NA 0.70 1.55 1963 4.47 0.32 2.05 1.48 NA 0.76 1.68 1964 4.40 0.32 2.05 1.52 NA 0.81 1.92 1965 4.59 0.60 2.13 1.61 NA 0.84 1.74 1966 4.81 0.67 2.18 1.72 NA 0.89 1.82 1967 4.96 0.82 2.24 1.79 0.62 0.94 1.81 1968 5.26 0.95 2.39 1.83 0.69 1.05 1.91 1969 5.53 0.99 2.47 1.98 0.78 1.22 1.95 1970 5.78 0.97 2.54 2.20 0.78 1.22 1.98 1971 6.01 1.01 2.66 2.30 0.79 1.25 1.98 1972 6.38 1.05 2.91 2.53 0.89 1.42 2.08 1973 6.67 1.06 3.09 2.82 0.87 1.45 2.21 1974 6.54 0.99 2.95 2.64 0.83 1.41 2.13 1975 6.67 1.00 2.85 2.46 0.78 1.33 2.00 1976 6.98 0.99 3.13 2.80 0.83 1.40 2.16 1977 7.18 1.04 3.35 3.07 0.82 1.42 2.37 1978 7.41 1.06 3.43 3.02 0.78 1.41 2.51 1979 7.03 1.08 3.31 2.83 0.85 1.59 2.67 1980 6.58 1.07 2.87 2.51 0.75 1.47 2.57 1981 6.59 1.01 2.83 2.09 0.77 1.47 2.08 1982 6.54 1.01 2.67 1.72 0.80 1.50 1.86 1983 6.62 1.05 2.69 1.42 0.75 1.51 1.94 1984 6.69 1.18 2.84 1.37 0.83 1.57 2.07 1985 6.83 1.22 2.87 1.20 0.88 1.60 2.01 1986 7.03 1.31 2.91 1.42 0.83 1.51 2.09 1987 7.21 1.38 2.98 1.26 0.92 1.61 2.22 1988 7.34 1.45 3.12 1.38 0.92 1.66 2.34 1989 7.33 1.49 3.16 1.37 0.99 1.67 2.31 1990 7.23 1.52 3.02 1.23 0.92 1.56 2.43 1991 7.19 1.47 2.92 1.16 0.98 1.69 2.29 1992 7.27 1.45 2.98 1.09 1.03 1.76 2.48 1993 7.48 1.47 3.04 1.08 1.01 1.73 2.44 1994 R7.60 1.53 R3.16 R1.02 1.08 1.88 R2.53 

1995P 7.79 1.51 3.20 0.85 1.09 1.90 2.46 

1 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, including motor gasoline, aviation gasoline,

and special naphthas. 2 Includes propylene. 3 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas,pentanes plus, and miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas havebeen included. Prior to 1965, kerosene-type jet fuel was included in kerosene. For 1981 forward, otherproducts include negative barrels per day of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils andother products (from both primary and secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, product supplied has also included crude oil burned as fuel.

4 Percent change from previous year calculated from data prior 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. — = Not apNotes: • For the definition of petroleum products supplied, se

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—E

1996).
162 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Sources: Tables 5.12a and 5.12b. 

Note: See related Figure 5.12b.

Figure 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied by Sector

By Sector, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

048

12

Million Barrels per DayTransportation Industrial Residential and Commercial

Electric Utilities

By Sector, 1995

Transportation Industrial Residential Electric

048

12 11.68

4.61

1.13

0.29

Million Barrels per Day

and 

Commercial Utilities

Shares by Sector, 1949 and 1995

Transportation Industrial Reside

0

255075

54

28

16

66

26

Percent1

1949 1995

and 

Comm
Table 5.12a Petroleum Products Supplied to the Residential and Commercial Sector and the Indus

 1949-1995 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Residential and Commercial Industrial

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Asphalt

and

Road Oil

Distillate

Fuel

Oil Kerosene

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

1949 0.43 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.15 0.90 0.16 0.27 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.12 1950 0.51 0.19 0.13 0.05 0.18 1.07 0.18 0.33 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.13 1951 0.57 0.21 0.14 0.06 0.19 1.17 0.20 0.37 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.14 1952 0.59 0.21 0.15 0.06 0.19 1.20 0.21 0.39 0.13 0.14 0.04 0.15 1953 0.60 0.20 0.16 0.06 0.20 1.22 0.22 0.38 0.12 0.16 0.04 0.16 1954 0.67 0.20 0.17 0.06 0.19 1.30 0.23 0.42 0.12 0.17 0.04 0.16 1955 0.74 0.20 0.18 0.07 0.21 1.40 0.25 0.47 0.12 0.21 0.05 0.17 1956 0.78 0.21 0.20 0.07 0.21 1.46 0.27 0.49 0.11 0.23 0.05 0.18 1957 0.77 0.18 0.20 0.07 0.20 1.43 0.26 0.49 0.10 0.24 0.05 0.18 1958 0.83 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.20 1.53 0.28 0.55 0.08 0.26 0.04 0.19 1959 0.83 0.18 0.26 0.08 0.23 1.57 0.30 0.55 0.08 0.31 0.05 0.19 1960 0.97 0.19 0.27 0.03 0.24 1.71 0.30 0.48 0.08 0.33 0.05 0.20 1961 0.99 0.20 0.28 0.04 0.25 1.76 0.31 0.48 0.06 0.34 0.05 0.19 1962 1.04 0.20 0.31 0.04 0.25 1.84 0.33 0.50 0.07 0.38 0.05 0.19 1963 1.04 0.20 0.33 0.04 0.24 1.84 0.34 0.50 0.07 0.41 0.05 0.18 1964 1.00 0.18 0.34 0.04 0.24 1.79 0.35 0.50 0.08 0.45 0.06 0.18 1965 1.06 0.19 0.35 0.04 0.28 1.91 0.37 0.54 0.08 0.47 0.06 0.18 1966 1.04 0.18 0.37 0.04 0.30 1.94 0.39 0.58 0.09 0.49 0.06 0.17 1967 1.10 0.16 0.41 0.04 0.31 2.02 0.38 0.58 0.11 0.51 0.06 0.16 1968 1.14 0.18 0.44 0.04 0.31 2.10 0.41 0.57 0.10 0.59 0.07 0.16 1969 1.13 0.18 0.50 0.04 0.30 2.16 0.42 0.59 0.10 0.69 0.07 0.15 1970 1.16 0.17 0.49 0.05 0.31 2.18 0.45 0.58 0.09 0.70 0.07 0.15 1971 1.17 0.17 0.50 0.04 0.29 2.18 0.46 0.60 0.08 0.71 0.07 0.14 1972 1.23 0.16 0.54 0.05 0.28 2.25 0.47 0.65 0.08 0.85 0.07 0.13 1973 1.24 0.14 0.51 0.05 0.29 2.23 0.52 0.69 0.08 0.90 0.09 0.13 1974 1.15 0.12 0.47 0.04 0.26 2.04 0.48 0.63 0.06 0.90 0.08 0.12 1975 1.13 0.10 0.46 0.05 0.21 1.95 0.42 0.63 0.06 0.84 0.07 0.12 1976 1.24 0.11 0.48 0.05 0.25 2.12 0.41 0.72 0.06 0.90 0.07 0.11 1977 1.26 0.11 0.47 0.05 0.26 2.14 0.44 0.81 0.07 0.92 0.08 0.10 1978 1.23 0.10 0.45 0.06 0.23 2.07 0.48 0.82 0.08 0.92 0.09 0.09 1979 1.04 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.22 1.73 0.48 0.83 0.09 1.27 0.09 0.08 1980 0.86 0.07 0.28 0.06 0.25 1.52 0.40 0.62 0.09 1.17 0.08 0.08 1981 0.75 0.07 0.28 0.05 0.18 1.33 0.34 0.65 0.05 1.17 0.08 0.08 1982 0.70 0.06 0.26 0.05 0.17 1.24 0.34 0.62 0.07 1.21 0.07 0.07 1983 0.74 0.10 0.31 0.05 0.09 1.29 0.37 0.54 0.03 1.17 0.08 0.06 1984 0.77 0.09 0.26 0.06 0.12 1.29 0.41 0.56 0.03 1.28 0.08 0.08 1985 0.76 0.09 0.29 0.05 0.10 1.30 0.43 0.56 0.02 1.29 0.07 0.11 1986 0.76 0.08 0.29 0.06 0.13 1.31 0.45 0.56 0.02 1.21 0.07 0.11 1987 0.76 0.08 0.32 0.06 0.11 1.33 0.47 0.58 0.01 1.28 0.08 0.11 1988 0.77 0.08 0.31 0.06 0.11 1.34 0.47 0.57 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 1989 0.74 0.07 0.35 0.05 0.10 1.32 0.45 0.54 0.01 1.30 0.08 0.10 1990 0.62 0.04 0.32 0.06 0.10 1.14 0.48 0.56 0.01 1.22 0.08 0.10 1991 0.62 0.04 0.35 0.04 0.09 1.14 0.44 0.54 0.01 1.33 0.08 0.10 1992 0.62 0.04 0.34 0.04 0.08 1.12 0.45 0.54 (s) 1.40 0.08 0.10 1993 0.65 0.04 0.36 0.02 0.08 1.14 0.47 0.52 0.01 1.36 0.08 0.09 1994 0.63 0.04 0.35 0.01 0.08 1.11 0.48 0.52 0.01 1.50 0.08 0.10 1995E 0.64 0.05 0.35 0.01 0.07 1.13 0.49 0.53 0.01 1.52 0.08 0.10 

1 "Other" is petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, waxes, petroleum coke, still gas, natural

gasoline, pentanes plus, crude oil, and miscellaneous products.

E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 5,000 barrels per day. Notes: • See Table 5.12b for the transportation sector, electric utilities, and overall total. • See Notes 1

and 3 at end of section for comments on the calculation of products supplied. 

• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surv

Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1994—

• 1995—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output for the Mon
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied by Product by Sector, 1949-1995

1 Liquefied petroleum gases.2 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in steam plants. Since 1980, heavy oil includes fuel oil 

nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oil.

3 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in internal combustion and gas turbine engine plants.

Since 1980, light oil includes fuel nos. 1 and 2, kerosenNotes: See related Figure 5.12a. Because vertical sc

compared.

Sources: Tables 5.12a and 5.12b.

Residential and Commercial Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.00.51.01.5

Million Barrels per Day

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

LPG1

Industrial Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0.00.51.01.5

Million Barrels per Day Distillate Fuel Oil Asphalt 

Road 

Transportation Sector, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

Million Barrels per Day

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

Electric Utilities, Selected Products

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 

0.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per Day Heavy Oil 2

Light 

l l
Table 5.12b Petroleum Products Supplied to the Transportation Sector, Electric Utilities, and Tota

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

Transportation Electric Utilities

Aviation

Gasoline

Distillate

Fuel

Oil

Jet

Fuel

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gases Lubricants

Motor

Gasoline

Residual

Fuel

Oil Total

Heavy

Oil 1

Light

Oil 2

Petrol

Cok

1949 0.09 0.19 0.00 (s) 0.05 2.24 0.50 3.08 0.17 0.01 0.01950 0.11 0.23 0.00 (s) 0.06 2.43 0.52 3.36 0.19 0.01 0.01951 0.15 0.27 0.00 (s) 0.07 2.64 0.56 3.69 0.16 0.01 0.01952 0.17 0.31 0.05 0.01 0.06 2.75 0.52 3.87 0.17 0.01 0.01953 0.19 0.34 0.09 0.01 0.07 2.89 0.48 4.07 0.21 0.02 0.01954 0.18 0.34 0.13 0.01 0.06 2.97 0.43 4.11 0.17 0.01 0.01955 0.19 0.37 0.15 0.01 0.07 3.22 0.44 4.46 0.19 0.01 0.01956 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.01 0.07 3.30 0.44 4.62 0.18 0.01 0.01957 0.20 0.41 0.22 0.01 0.07 3.36 0.44 4.71 0.20 0.02 0.01958 0.22 0.39 0.27 0.01 0.06 3.45 0.41 4.83 0.20 0.02 0.01959 0.21 0.41 0.33 0.01 0.07 3.59 0.39 5.01 0.22 0.02 0.01960 0.16 0.42 0.37 0.01 0.07 3.74 0.37 5.14 0.23 0.01 0.01961 0.16 0.42 0.42 0.01 0.07 3.82 0.36 5.25 0.23 0.01 0.01962 0.14 0.45 0.49 0.02 0.07 3.97 0.34 5.48 0.23 0.01 0.01963 0.14 0.50 0.52 0.02 0.07 4.11 0.33 5.68 0.24 0.01 0.01964 0.13 0.53 0.56 0.02 0.07 4.19 0.34 5.83 0.26 0.01 0.01965 0.12 0.51 0.60 0.02 0.07 4.37 0.34 6.04 0.30 0.01 0.01966 0.11 0.55 0.67 0.03 0.07 4.60 0.34 6.36 0.37 0.02 0.01967 0.09 0.54 0.82 0.03 0.06 4.76 0.36 6.66 0.42 0.02 0.01968 0.08 0.65 0.95 0.03 0.07 5.06 0.35 7.20 0.49 0.03 0.01969 0.07 0.70 0.99 0.03 0.07 5.33 0.33 7.52 0.65 0.04 0.01970 0.05 0.74 0.97 0.03 0.07 5.59 0.33 7.78 0.85 0.07 0.01971 0.05 0.80 1.01 0.04 0.07 5.83 0.31 8.09 0.99 0.09 0.01972 0.05 0.91 1.02 0.04 0.07 6.20 0.28 8.57 1.20 0.15 0.01973 0.05 1.05 1.04 0.04 0.07 6.50 0.32 9.05 1.41 0.13 0.01974 0.04 1.04 0.98 0.03 0.07 6.37 0.30 8.84 1.32 0.15 0.01975 0.04 1.00 0.99 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.31 8.95 1.28 0.11 (s1976 0.04 1.07 0.98 0.03 0.08 6.82 0.36 9.37 1.40 0.11 (s1977 0.04 1.17 1.02 0.04 0.08 7.02 0.40 9.76 1.57 0.13 (s1978 0.04 1.26 1.04 0.04 0.08 7.26 0.43 10.16 1.61 0.13 0.01979 0.04 1.37 1.07 0.02 0.09 6.90 0.54 10.01 1.35 0.08 (s1980 0.03 1.31 1.06 0.01 0.08 6.44 0.61 9.55 1.07 0.08 (s1981 0.03 1.36 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.46 0.53 9.49 0.90 0.06 (s1982 0.03 1.31 1.01 0.02 0.07 6.42 0.44 9.31 0.64 0.04 (s1983 0.03 1.37 1.05 0.03 0.07 6.51 0.36 9.41 0.63 0.05 (s1984 0.02 1.47 1.18 0.03 0.08 6.55 0.35 9.68 0.52 0.04 (s1985 0.03 1.51 1.22 0.02 0.07 6.67 0.34 9.85 0.44 0.04 (s1986 0.03 1.55 1.31 0.02 0.07 6.87 0.38 10.23 0.59 0.04 (s1987 0.02 1.59 1.38 0.02 0.08 7.04 0.39 10.53 0.50 0.04 (s1988 0.03 1.73 1.45 0.02 0.08 7.18 0.40 10.87 0.63 0.05 0.01989 0.03 1.81 1.49 0.02 0.08 7.17 0.43 11.01 0.66 0.07 0.01990 0.02 1.80 1.52 0.02 0.08 7.08 0.45 10.97 0.50 0.04 0.01991 0.02 1.73 1.47 0.02 0.07 7.04 0.45 10.80 0.47 0.04 0.01992 0.02 1.79 1.45 0.01 0.07 7.13 0.47 10.95 0.37 0.03 0.01993 0.02 1.84 1.47 0.01 0.07 7.37 0.40 11.18 0.41 0.04 0.01994 0.02 1.96 1.53 0.02 0.08 7.49 0.39 11.49 0.37 0.04 0.01995E 0.02 1.99 1.51 0.02 0.08 7.67 0.38 11.68 0.24 0.04 0.0

1 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in steam plants. Since 1980, heavy oil has included fuel oil nos. 4, 5,

and 6, and residual fuel oils. 2 Prior to 1980, based on oil used in internal combustion and gas turbine engine plants. Since 1980,light oil has included fuel oil nos. 1 and 2, kerosene, and jet fuel.

E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 5,000 barrels per day. Notes: • See Table 5.12a for the residential and commercial sector and the industrial sector. • See

Notes 1 and 3 at end of section for comments on the • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Sources: • 1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surv

Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. • 1960-1994—• 1995—EIA, Integrated Modeling Data System output for the Mon
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1994

166

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 5.13.

Total by Fuel

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0.01.02.03.04.0

Million Barrels per DayDistillate Fuel Oil Residual Fuel Oil

Kerosene

Residual Fuel, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

200400600800

Thousand Barrels per DayElectric Utility Vessel Bunkering Industrial

Commercial

Kerosene, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 19

0

204060

Thousand Barrels per DayResidential CommercialIndustrial Farm

Distillate Fuel Oil, Major End Uses

1984 1986 1988 19

0

0.40.81.21.6

Million Barrels per Day

On-Highway Dies

Residential

Commercial

Railroad
Table 5.13 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Adjusted Sales, 1984-1994

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial

Oil

Company Farm

Electric

Utility Railroad

Vessel

Bunkering

OnHighway

Diesel Military

O

Hig

Di

Distillate Fuel Oil

1984 450 319 153 59 193 45 225 110 1,093 45 1985 471 294 169 57 216 34 209 124 1,127 50 1986 476 280 175 49 220 40 202 133 1,169 50 1987 484 279 190 58 211 42 205 145 1,185 58 1988 498 269 170 57 223 52 212 150 1,304 64 1989 489 252 167 55 209 70 213 154 1,378 61 1990 393 228 160 63 215 48 209 143 1,393 51 1991 391 226 152 59 214 39 197 141 1,336 54 1992 407 218 145 51 229 31 210 146 1,394 42 1993 429 218 128 50 211 38 190 133 1,485 31 1994 413 218 136 46 209 49 200 132 1,594 34 

Residual Fuel Oil

1984 — 92 258 76 — 509 1 ( ) 370 — 14 

1985 — 103 252 71 — 403 1 ( ) 346 — 13 1986 — 126 254 51 — 590 1 ( ) 371 — 12 1987 — 118 208 42 — 498 1 ( ) 383 — E12 

1988 — 119 200 34 — 621 1 ( ) 392 — 9 

1989 — 108 160 22 — 639 1 ( ) 432 — 7 1990 — 98 145 21 — 550 1 ( ) 408 — 5 1991 — 93 126 20 — 468 NA 443 — 8 1992 — 84 152 19 — 364 NA 470 — 7 1993 — 79 184 21 — 381 NA 409 — 6 1994 — 76 168 17 — 366 NA 388 — 4 

Kerosene

1984 42 45 14 — 3 — — — — — 1985 56 24 17 — 3 — — — — — 1986 42 20 11 — 3 — — — — — 1987 44 17 10 — 2 — — — — — 1988 50 20 12 — 3 — — — — — 1989 40 23 11 — 2 — — — — — 1990 29 6 5 — 1 — — — — — 1991 32 6 5 — 2 — — — — — 1992 31 5 3 — 1 — — — — — 1993 37 7 4 — 2 — — — — — 1994 31 9 6 — 2 — — — — — 

1 Included in "All Other."

E = Annual estimate based on eleven months of data. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less

than 0.5 thousand barrels per day. 

Notes: • Distillate fuel oil and kerosene data are sales data that were adjusted at the Petroleum

Administration for Defense district level to equal Energy Information Administration (EIA) volume estimatesof products supplied in the U.S. marketplace. The residual fuel data are sales data adjusted at the nationallevel to equal the EIA volume estimate of residual fuel oil products supplied. Additional information isavailable in EIA’s report Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1994 (October 1995). • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene: • 1984—EIA, Pe

A13 and A15. • 1985—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 198• 1986-1988—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1990 (Octobe

forward—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1994 (September 19

Oil: • 1984—EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual 1988, Table A

Kerosene Sales 1990 (October 1991), Table A1. • 1987—EI

(November 1992), Table 14. • 1988—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene 

• 1989 forward—EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1994 (Septemb
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year

168

1 Includes crude oil stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR).2 See Figure 5.15 for additional Strategic Petroleum Reserve information.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Sources: Tables 5.14 and 5.15.

Total, Products, and Crude Oil1,1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

450900

1,3501,800

Million Barrels

Total

Products

Crude Oil1

SPR,2 Non-SPR, and Total Stocks, 1949-1995

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 

0

450900

1,3501,800

Million Barrels (Cumulative)

Lease Condensate1 Petroleum Gases

By Type, 1995

Crude Oil and Motor Gasoline Distillate Fuel Liquefied Unfinished Oils Jet Fuel Residua

0

250500750

1,000

893

202

130 93 87 40 37 

Million Barrels
Table 5.14 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year 1949-1995

 (Million Barrels)

Year

Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Petroleum Products

Strategic

Petroleum

Reserve

Other

Primary Total

Motor

Gasoline 1

Jet

Fuel

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual

Fuel Oil

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Unfinished

Oils

Pro

Low Sulfur 

2 Total Propane 3 Total

1949 0 253 253 110 NA NA 75 60 5 ( ) 1 66 

1950 0 248 248 116 NA NA 72 41 5 ( ) 2 70 1951 0 256 256 135 NA NA 87 43 5 ( ) 2 67 1952 0 272 272 135 2 NA 99 49 5 ( ) 3 62 1953 0 274 274 158 3 NA 112 49 5 ( ) 4 69 1954 0 258 258 155 3 NA 108 52 5 ( ) 7 74 1955 0 266 266 165 3 NA 111 39 5 ( ) 7 68 1956 0 266 266 187 5 NA 134 44 5 ( ) 14 67 1957 0 282 282 197 5 NA 149 60 5 ( ) 14 69 1958 0 263 263 187 6 NA 125 60 5 ( ) 16 70 1959 0 257 257 188 8 NA 151 54 5 ( ) 19 67 1960 0 240 240 195 7 NA 138 45 5 ( ) 23 62 1961 0 245 245 184 8 NA 152 45 5 ( ) 31 79 1962 0 252 252 189 10 NA 144 50 5 ( ) 25 82 1963 0 237 237 191 9 NA 157 48 5 ( ) 28 82 1964 0 230 230 186 19 NA 156 40 5 ( ) 30 87 1965 0 220 220 175 19 NA 155 56 5 ( ) 30 89 1966 0 238 238 186 19 NA 154 61 5 ( ) 35 89 1967 0 249 249 200 22 NA 160 66 5 ( ) 64 90 1968 0 272 272 204 24 NA 173 67 5 ( ) 76 93 1969 0 265 265 211 28 NA 172 58 5 ( ) 60 98 1970 0 276 276 209 28 NA 195 54 5 ( ) 67 99 1971 0 260 260 219 28 NA 191 60 5 ( ) 95 101 1972 0 246 246 213 25 NA 154 55 5 ( ) 86 95 1973 0 242 242 209 29 NA 196 53 5 ( ) 99 99 1974 0 265 265 218 29 NA 200 60 5 ( ) 113 106 1975 0 271 271 235 30 NA 209 74 5 ( ) 125 106 1976 0 285 285 231 32 NA 186 72 5 ( ) 116 110 1977 7 340 348 258 35 NA 250 90 5 ( ) 136 113 1978 67 309 376 238 34 NA 216 90 5 ( ) 132 109 1979 91 339 430 237 39 NA 229 96 5 ( ) 111 118 1980 108 358 466 261 42 NA 205 92 5 ( ) 120 124 1981 230 363 594 253 41 NA 192 78 5 ( ) 135 111 1982 294 350 644 235 37 NA 179 66 5 ( ) 94 105 1983 379 344 723 222 39 NA 140 49 5 ( ) 101 108 1984 451 345 796 243 42 NA 161 53 58 101 94 1985 493 321 814 223 40 NA 144 50 39 74 107 1986 512 331 843 233 50 NA 155 47 63 103 94 1987 541 349 890 226 50 NA 134 47 48 97 93 1988 560 330 890 228 44 NA 124 45 50 97 100 1989 580 341 921 213 41 NA 106 44 32 80 106 1990 586 323 908 220 52 NA 132 49 49 98 99 1991 569 325 893 219 49 NA 144 50 48 92 98 1992 575 318 893 216 43 NA 141 43 39 89 95 1993 587 335 922 226 40 64 141 44 51 106 88 1994 592 337 929 215 47 R73 145 42 R46 R99 91 

1995P 592 302 893 202 40 66 130 37 43 93 87 

1 Prior to 1964, motor gasoline data were for total gasoline, which included motor gasoline, aviation

gasoline, and special naphthas. For 1981 forward, includes motor gasoline blending components. 2 Sulfur content of 0.05 percent or less by weight. 3 Includes propylene. 4 Kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, wax, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, pentanes plus,and miscellaneous products. Since 1964, aviation gasoline and special naphthas have been included. For1981 forward, includes aviation gasoline blending components, hydrogen, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.

5 Included in liquefied petroleum gases total.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry S

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy 

Annual. • 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—E

1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1995

170

1 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by average daily net 

imports of all petroleum.

Notes: SPR=Strategic Petroleum Reserve. 

 Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be cSource: Table 5.15.

End-of-Year Stocks in SPR

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

100200300400500600700

Million Barrels

592 in 1995

Crude Oil Imports for SPR

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 

0

255075

100

8

59

24

16

93

60

85

72

43

18

27

1

Million Barrels

Days of Net Petroleum Imports Stored in SPR1

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

255075

100125

1

8 11

17

43

68

88

96

115

94 91

85 81 82 86 83 77 73 75

Days

SPR as Share of Domestic Stocks

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1

0

255075

100

Percent

Crude 

Total Pet

l

l
Table 5.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-1995

 (Million Barrels, Except as Noted)

Year

Crude Oil

Imports

Domestic Crude

Oil Deliveries

Domestic Crude

Oil Sales

End-of-Year Stocks

Quantity 1 

Share of

Crude Oil 2

Stocks

(percent)

Share of

Total Petroleu

Stocks

(percent)

1977 7.54 40.37 0.00 7.46 2.1 0.6 

1978 58.80 0.00 0.00 66.86 17.8 5.2 1979 24.43 (s) 0.00 91.19 21.2 6.8 1980 16.07 1.30 0.00 107.80 23.1 7.7 1981 93.30 28.79 0.00 230.34 38.8 15.5 1982 60.19 3.79 0.00 293.83 45.7 20.5 1983 85.29 0.42 0.00 379.09 52.4 26.1 1984 72.04 0.05 0.00 450.51 56.6 28.9 1985 43.12 0.17 0.00 493.32 60.6 32.5 1986 17.56 1.21 0.00 511.57 60.7 32.1 1987 26.52 2.69 0.00 540.65 60.8 33.6 1988 18.76 0.01 0.00 559.52 62.9 35.0 1989 20.35 0.00 0.00 579.86 62.9 36.7 1990 9.77 0.00 3.91 585.69 64.5 36.1 1991 0.00 0.00 17.22 568.51 63.7 35.2 1992 3.59 2.60 0.00 574.72 64.4 36.1 1993 5.37 6.96 0.00 587.08 63.6 35.6 

1994 4.49 0.11 0.00 591.67 63.7 35.8 1995 0.00 0.00 0.00 591.64 66.2 37.9 

1 Stocks do not include imported quantities in transit to Strategic Petroleum Reserve terminals, pipeline

fill, and above-ground storage. 2 Including lease condensate stocks. 3 Derived by dividing end-of-year Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocks by annual average daily netimports of all petroleum. Calculated prior to rounding. 4 The quantity of domestic fuel oil which was in storage prior to injection of foreign crude oil.

R=Revised data. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels. Sources: Domestic Crude Oil Deliveries and Domestic Crude 

Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, unpublished data. All Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Petroleum S

Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthl
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices

172

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix E. 

2 Alaska North Slope.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 5.16.

Alaska North Slope, California, and Texas, 1977-1995

Real1 Prices

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

15304560

Dollars per Barrel

U.S. Average Real1 and Nominal Prices, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

1020304050

Dollars per Barrel Real1

Nominal

Nominal Prices

1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

0

15304560

Dollars per Barrel Texas California

ANS2

Texas

California

ANS2

Real1 Prices, I

1977 1980 1983 

0

50

100150200250300

Index 1977=100

Texa
Table 5.16 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, 1949-1995

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Alaska North Slope California Texas 

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nom

1949 — — — — — — 2

1950 — — — — — — 21951 — — — — — — 21952 — — — — — — 21953 — — — — — — 21954 — — — — — — 21955 — — — — — — 21956 — — — — — — 21957 — — — — — — 31958 — — — — — — 31959 — — — — — — 2

1960 — — — — — — 21961 — — — — — — 21962 — — — — — — 21963 — — — — — — 21964 — — — — — — 21965 — — — — — — 21966 — — — — — — 21967 — — — — — — 21968 — — — — — — 21969 — — — — — — 31970 — — — — — — 31971 — — — — — — 31972 — — — — — — 31973 — — — — — — 31974 — — — — — — 61975 — — — — — — 71976 — — — — — — 81977 36.29 313.27 7.92 R16.71 8.58 R18.10 81978 5.21 R10.22 8.58 R16.82 9.29 R18.22 91979 10.57 R19.11 12.78 R23.11 12.65 R22.88 121980 16.87 R27.93 23.87 R39.52 21.84 R36.16 211981 23.23 R35.25 26.80 R40.67 35.06 R53.20 311982 19.92 R28.42 24.58 R35.06 31.77 R45.32 281983 17.69 R24.20 22.61 R30.93 29.35 R40.15 261984 17.91 R23.60 22.09 R29.10 28.87 R38.04 251985 16.98 R21.66 22.14 R28.24 26.80 R34.18 241986 6.45 R8.00 11.90 R14.76 14.73 R18.28 121987 10.83 R13.03 13.92 R16.75 17.55 R21.12 151988 8.43 R9.79 10.97 R12.74 14.71 R17.08 121989 12.00 R13.38 14.06 R15.67 17.81 R19.86 151990 15.23 R16.27 17.81 R19.03 22.37 R23.90 201991 11.57 R11.89 13.72 R14.10 19.04 R19.57 161992 11.73 R11.73 13.55 R13.55 18.32 R18.32 151993 10.84 R10.57 12.11 R11.80 16.19 R15.78 141994 9.77 R9.30 12.12 R11.54 14.98 R14.27 131995P 11.12 10.34 14.00 13.02 16.39 15.25 14

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix E. 2 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominaldollars to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 3 Average for July through December only.

P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. Note: For the definition of crude oil domestic first purchase prices, see Note 5 at end of section.

Sources: • 1949-1973—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbo

Products" chapter. • 1974 through January 1976—Federal Ener

"Crude Petroleum Production Monthly Report." • February 1976 

FEA-P-124, "Domestic Crude Oil Purchaser’s Monthly Report." • Regulatory Administration, Form ERA-182, "Domestic Crude Oforward—Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-182, "Dome
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries

174

1 Based on October, November, and December data only.2 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 5.17.

Total, 19731-1995

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

10203040

Dollars2 per Barrel

By Selected OPEC Country, 19731-1995

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040

Dollars2 per Barrel

Saudi Arabia

Venezuela

Nigeria

By Selected Non-OPEC Country, 19731-1995

1975 1980 1985 

0

10203040

Dollars2 per Barrel

United Kingdom

Canada

Mexico

By Selected Country, 1995

Indonesia Nigeria United Saudi C

05

10152025

18.41 18.22 17.91 16.86 

Dollars2 per Barrel

Kingdom Arabia
Table 5.17 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1995

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

OPEC 2 Non-OPEC

Algeria Indonesia Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela Other 3 Total 4

Arab

OPEC 5 Canada Mexico

Uni

King

19736 8.39 7.22 9.08 5.37 5.99 6.55 6.85 5.92 5.33 NA N

1974 13.97 13.20 13.16 11.63 11.25 12.61 12.49 12.39 11.48 W N1975 12.86 13.83 12.70 12.50 12.36 12.66 12.70 12.71 12.84 12.61 N1976 13.90 13.85 13.81 13.06 11.89 13.16 13.32 13.31 13.36 12.64 1977 15.24 14.65 15.29 13.69 13.11 14.25 14.35 14.30 14.13 13.82 14.1978 14.93 14.65 14.88 13.94 12.84 14.31 14.34 14.36 14.41 13.56 14.1979 21.88 20.63 22.97 18.95 17.65 23.12 21.29 20.79 20.22 20.77 22.1980 37.92 33.92 37.15 29.80 25.92 36.08 33.56 32.97 30.11 31.77 35.1981 40.46 37.31 39.66 34.20 29.91 39.06 36.60 36.22 32.32 33.70 37.1982 35.35 36.70 36.16 34.99 24.93 34.13 34.81 35.15 27.15 28.63 34.1983 31.26 31.57 30.85 29.27 22.94 29.29 29.84 29.87 25.63 25.78 30.1984 29.06 30.87 30.36 29.20 25.19 28.85 29.06 29.10 26.56 26.85 29.1985 27.51 28.67 28.96 24.72 24.43 26.58 26.86 25.90 25.71 25.63 28.1986 14.82 14.63 15.29 12.84 11.52 13.42 13.46 13.14 13.43 12.17 14.1987 17.87 18.49 19.32 16.81 15.76 18.12 17.64 17.32 17.04 16.69 18.1988 W 15.15 15.88 13.37 13.66 13.83 14.18 13.60 13.50 12.58 15.1989 19.13 18.35 19.19 17.34 16.78 17.56 17.78 17.41 16.81 16.35 18.1990 W 22.50 23.33 21.82 20.31 18.65 21.23 20.64 20.48 19.64 22.1991 W 20.20 21.39 17.22 15.92 18.91 18.08 17.45 17.16 15.89 21.1992 W 18.76 20.78 17.48 15.13 19.15 17.81 17.63 17.04 15.60 20.1993 17.34 18.55 18.73 15.40 13.39 15.45 15.68 15.28 15.27 14.11 17.1994 W R16.91 R17.21 R15.11 R13.12 R15.26 R15.08 R15.02 14.83 R14.09 16.

1995P W 18.41 18.22 16.86 14.84 17.30 16.62 16.82 16.64 16.19 17.

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). See Glossary for membership. 3 Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates; Ecuador, which withdrew from

OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. Prior to 1988, imports from the Neutral Zonebetween Kuwait and Saudi Arabia were included in imports from Saudi Arabia. From 1988 forward, thoseimports have been included in imports from "Other." 4 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. Total OPECimports exclude petroleum imported into the United States indirectly from OPEC countries, primarily fromCaribbean and West European refining areas, as petroleum products that were refined from crude oilproduced in OPEC countries. 5 Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Imports from the NeutralZone are included in imports from "Arab OPEC."

6 Based on October, November, and December data only.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available, inclu

withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Notes: • Data include imports for the Strategic Petroleum Rese

not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1973 through September 1977—Federal Energ

"Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1977 through January 19

(EIA), Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report." • Februa

Form ERA-51, "Transfer Pricing Report." • October 1982 through 

Crude Oil Transaction Report." • July 1984 forward—EIA, Form Acquisition Report."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries

176

1 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 5.18.

Total, 1973-1995

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

0

255075

Billion Dollars1

By Selected OPEC Country, 1973-1995

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

1015

Billion Dollars1

Saudi Arabia

Indonesia

Venezuela

Nigeria

By Selected Non-OPEC Country, 1973-1995

1975 1980 1985 

0369

Billion Dollars1

Mexico

Canada

United King

By Selected Country, 1995

Saudi Canada Venezuela Mexico N

0369

7.8

6.3 6.2 6.1

Billion Dollars1

Arabia 
Table 5.18 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-1995

 (Billion Dollars1

)

Year

OPEC 2 Non-OPEC

Algeria 

Indonesia Nigeria

Saudi

Arabia Venezuela Other 3 Total 4

Arab

OPEC 5 Canada Mexico

Uni

King

1973 0.4 0.5 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.2 5.2 1.8 1.9 NA N1974 0.9 1.4 3.3 1.9 1.3 2.9 11.6 3.2 3.3 W N1975 1.2 1.9 3.5 3.2 1.8 3.4 14.9 6.2 2.8 0.3 N1976 2.1 2.7 5.1 5.8 1.0 5.4 22.2 11.6 1.8 0.4 1977 3.0 2.7 6.3 6.9 1.2 9.6 29.6 16.4 1.4 0.9 01978 3.5 2.9 4.9 5.8 0.8 9.3 27.1 15.4 1.3 1.6 01979 4.9 2.9 9.0 9.3 1.9 12.0 39.7 22.8 2.0 3.3 11980 6.3 3.9 11.4 13.6 1.5 11.2 47.5 30.2 2.2 5.9 21981 3.9 4.3 8.8 13.9 1.6 6.7 39.0 23.4 1.9 5.8 51982 1.2 3.0 6.7 6.8 1.4 2.8 22.0 9.4 2.1 6.7 51983 2.0 3.6 3.4 3.4 1.4 2.1 16.1 5.8 2.6 7.2 41984 2.1 3.4 2.3 3.3 2.3 2.6 16.1 6.7 3.3 6.5 41985 0.8 3.1 3.0 1.2 2.7 2.1 12.9 2.8 4.4 6.7 21986 0.4 1.6 2.4 2.9 1.8 1.3 10.4 4.1 2.8 2.8 11987 0.7 1.8 3.7 3.9 2.8 2.4 15.5 6.1 3.8 3.7 21988 W 1.0 3.5 4.4 2.2 2.5 14.0 7.0 3.4 3.1 11989 0.4 1.1 5.6 7.1 3.0 4.8 21.9 11.4 3.9 4.3 11990 W 0.8 6.7 9.5 4.9 4.8 27.2 14.0 4.8 4.9 11991 W 0.8 5.3 10.7 3.9 1.2 22.3 11.2 4.7 4.4 01992 W 0.5 5.1 10.2 4.6 1.6 22.2 10.7 5.0 4.5 11993 0.2 0.4 4.9 7.2 4.9 2.9 20.7 9.3 5.0 4.4 21994 W 0.6 3.9 R7.2 R5.0 R2.9 R19.7 R9.0 R5.3 4.8 2

1995P W 0.4 4.1 7.8 6.2 2.8 21.7 9.2 6.3 6.1 2

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 3 Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates; Ecuador, which withdrew from

OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. Prior to 1988, imports from the Neutral Zonebetween Kuwait and Saudi Arabia were included in imports from Saudi Arabia. From 1988 forward, thoseimports have been included in imports from "Other." 4 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included through 1992. Total OPECimports exclude petroleum imported into the United States indirectly from OPEC countries, primarily fromCaribbean and West European refining areas, as petroleum products that were refined from crude oilproduced in OPEC countries. 5 Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Imports from the Neutral

Zone are included in imports from "Arab OPEC." 6 Data shown here represent landed value; they differ from dat

Customs that represent crude oil value at the port of loading.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available, incl

withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

Note: Because the volumes associated with the landed costs 

calculation of this table, the value of imports do not sum. The value

Sources: Calculated by using prices on Table 5.17 and volum

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Petroleum Statem

Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Statement, Annual. 

Annual. • 1995—EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 1996).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1995

178

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix E.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 5.19.

Summary

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040

 Dollars per Barrel (Nominal) Imported Domestic Composite

Domestic Costs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

102030405060

Dollars per Barrel Real1

Nominal

Imported Costs

1970 1975 1980 

0

102030405060

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1

Composite Costs

1970 1975 1980 1

0

102030405060

Dollars per Barrel

Nominal

Real1
Table 5.19 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-1995

 (Dollars per Barrel)

Year

Domestic Imported C

Nominal Real 1 Nominal Real 1 Nominal 

1968 3.21 R11.59 2.90 R10.47 3.17 

1969 3.37 R11.62 2.80 R9.66 3.29 1970 3.46 R11.31 2.96 R9.67 3.40 1971 3.68 R11.43 3.17 R9.84 3.60 1972 3.67 R10.96 3.22 R9.61 3.58 1973 4.17 R11.78 4.08 R11.53 4.15 1974 7.18 R18.65 12.52 R32.52 9.07 1975 8.39 R19.88 13.93 R33.01 10.38 1976 8.84 R19.82 13.48 R30.22 10.89 1977 9.55 R20.15 14.53 R30.65 11.96 1978 10.61 R20.80 14.57 R28.57 12.46 1979 14.27 R25.80 21.67 R39.19 17.72 1980 24.23 R40.12 33.89 R56.11 28.07 1981 34.33 R52.09 37.05 R56.22 35.24 1982 31.22 R44.54 33.55 R47.86 31.87 1983 28.87 R39.49 29.30 R40.08 28.99 1984 28.53 R37.59 28.88 R38.05 28.63 1985 26.66 R34.01 26.99 R34.43 26.75 1986 14.82 R18.39 14.00 R17.37 14.55 1987 17.76 R21.37 18.13 R21.82 17.90 1988 14.74 R17.12 14.56 R16.91 14.67 1989 17.87 R19.92 18.08 R20.16 17.97 1990 22.59 R24.13 21.76 R23.25 22.22 1991 19.33 R19.87 18.70 R19.22 19.06 1992 18.63 R18.63 18.20 R18.20 18.43 1993 16.67 R16.25 16.14 R15.73 16.41 1994 R15.67 R14.92 15.51 R14.77 15.59 1995P 17.33 16.12 17.13 15.93 17.23 

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix E.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Refiner acquisition cost of crude oil for each category and for the composite is derived by dividing

the sum of the total purchasing (acquisition) costs of all refiners by the total volume of all refiners’purchases.

Sources: • 1968-1973—Estimated. See Note 6 at end of section. • 1974 through January

1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-96, "Mont1976 through September 1977—FEA, Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Re• October 1977 through June 1978—Energy Information Adm"Refiners’ Monthly Cost Allocation Report." • July 1978 through 

"Domestic Crude Oil Entitlements Program Refiners Monthly Repo

"Refiners’ Monthly Cost Report."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 5.20.

Figure 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices of Selected Petroleum Products, 1980-1995

180

1 Nominal dollars.

To Resellers

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

255075

100125

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Tax

Motor Gasoline,

Average

No. 2 Distillate Fuel

Oil, Average

Residual Fuel Oil,

Average

Propane

To End Users

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 

0

255075

100125

Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Tax

N

R
Table 5.20 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins of Selected Petroleum Products, 1980-1995

 (Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)

Product 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 19

Sales Prices to Resellers: 2 Aviation Gasoline .............................. 112.8 125.0 122.8 117.8 116.5 113.0 91.2 85.9 85.0 95.0 106.3 100.1 99 Motor Gasoline ................................. 94.1 106.4 97.3 88.2 83.2 83.5 53.1 58.9 57.7 65.4 78.6 69.9 67 Leaded Regular .............................. NA NA NA 85.0 79.5 79.3 50.1 56.5 54.8 63.1 75.4 65.7 69 Unleaded Regular ........................... NA NA NA 89.5 84.2 84.3 52.2 56.9 54.8 61.8 75.8 67.2 64 Unleaded Midgrade ........................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.6 81.4 73.3 70 Premium ......................................... NA NA NA 96.4 91.6 92.2 61.0 67.1 67.2 74.9 87.4 79.2 77 Kerosene .......................................... 86.4 106.6 101.8 89.2 91.6 87.4 60.6 59.2 54.9 66.9 83.9 72.2 63 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type .................. 86.8 101.2 95.3 85.4 83.0 79.4 49.5 53.8 49.5 58.3 77.3 65.0 60 No. 1 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 88.0 107.1 103.8 89.6 89.2 86.3 57.9 59.9 54.9 66.8 83.8 73.0 65

 No. 2 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 80.2 97.4 91.4 81.2 81.3 77.4 47.0 53.1 47.3 56.6 69.5 61.8 58 No. 2 Fuel Oil .................................. 80.3 97.6 91.4 81.5 82.1 77.6 48.6 52.7 47.3 56.5 69.7 62.2 57 No. 2 Diesel Oil ............................... 80.1 97.2 91.4 80.8 80.3 77.2 45.2 53.4 47.3 56.7 69.4 61.5 59 No. 4 Distillate Fuel Oil 3 .................. 67.0 78.3 73.7 72.6 70.7 67.2 40.9 46.2 42.5 48.0 59.0 55.6 49 Residual Fuel Oil .............................. 52.8 66.3 61.2 60.9 65.4 57.7 30.5 38.5 30.0 36.0 41.3 31.4 30 1% or Less Sulfur Content .............. 60.8 74.8 69.5 64.3 68.5 61.0 32.8 41.2 33.3 40.7 47.2 36.4 35 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ..... 47.9 62.2 57.2 59.1 63.9 56.0 28.9 36.2 27.1 33.1 37.2 29.2 28 Propane (Consumer Grade) ............. 41.5 46.6 42.7 48.4 45.0 39.8 29.0 25.2 24.0 24.7 38.6 34.9 32Sale Prices to End Users: 2

 Aviation Gasoline .............................. 108.4 130.3 131.2 125.5 123.4 120.1 101.1 90.7 89.1 99.5 112.0 104.7 102

 Motor Gasoline ................................. 103.5 114.7 106.0 95.4 90.7 91.2 62.4 66.9 67.3 75.6 88.3 79.7 78 Leaded Regular .............................. NA NA NA 90.6 84.8 84.2 57.3 61.8 61.9 71.0 83.1 71.5 78 Unleaded Regular ........................... NA NA NA 97.0 91.5 91.7 61.6 65.0 64.1 71.4 84.9 76.1 74 Unleaded Midgrade ........................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 79.2 92.1 84.3 82 Premium ......................................... NA NA NA 105.7 101.5 102.3 73.7 78.4 78.8 86.7 98.5 90.7 91 Kerosene .......................................... 90.2 112.3 108.9 96.1 103.6 103.0 79.0 77.0 73.8 70.9 92.3 83.8 78 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type .................. 86.8 102.4 96.3 87.8 84.2 79.6 52.9 54.3 51.3 59.2 76.6 65.2 61 No. 1 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 83.4 103.9 102.3 96.2 92.7 88.0 62.0 60.4 56.4 66.1 81.9 74.0 66 No. 2 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 80.4 95.8 92.5 83.9 83.7 79.9 49.1 55.6 50.7 58.5 72.6 65.0 62 No. 2 Fuel Oil .................................. 78.8 91.4 90.5 91.6 91.6 84.9 56.0 58.1 54.4 58.7 73.4 66.5 62 No. 2 Diesel Oil ............................... 81.8 99.5 94.2 82.6 82.3 78.9 47.8 55.1 50.0 58.5 72.5 64.8 61 No. 4 Distillate Fuel Oil 3 .................. 68.2 79.7 75.0 76.6 79.6 77.3 48.9 51.3 46.1 51.2 62.2 58.0 52

 Residual Fuel Oil .............................. 60.7 75.6 67.6 65.1 68.7 61.0 34.3 42.3 33.4 38.5 44.4 34.0 33 1% or Less Sulfur Content .............. 67.5 82.9 74.7 69.5 72.0 64.4 37.2 44.7 37.2 43.6 50.5 40.2 38 Greater than 1% Sulfur Content ..... 52.3 67.3 61.1 61.1 65.9 58.2 31.7 39.6 30.0 34.4 40.0 30.6 31

 Propane (Consumer Grade) ............. 48.2 56.5 59.2 70.9 73.7 71.7 74.5 70.1 71.4 61.5 74.5 73.0 64Refiner Margins 4

 Motor Gasoline ................................. 27.3 22.5 21.4 19.2 15.1 19.8 18.4 16.3 22.8 22.6 25.7 24.5 23 Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type .................. 20.0 17.3 19.4 16.4 14.9 15.8 14.9 11.2 14.6 15.5 24.4 19.6 16 No. 2 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 13.4 13.5 15.5 12.2 13.1 13.8 12.4 10.4 12.4 13.8 16.6 16.4 14 Residual Fuel Oil .............................. -14.0 -17.6 -14.7 -8.1 -2.8 -6.0 -4.1 -4.1 -5.0 -6.8 -11.6 -14.0 -13

 Composite 5 ...................................... 22.4 19.4 19.4 16.0 13.7 17.0 15.8 13.8 18.7 18.8 22.1 20.7 19

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Sales for resale, that is, wholesale sales, are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate

consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulkcustomers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers. 3 Includes No. 4 fuel oil and No. 4 diesel fuel. 4 On this table, refiner margin is the difference between the composite refiner acquisition price of crudeoil and the price to resellers.

5 Composite of aviation gasoline, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerose

2, and 4, and residual fuel.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available.Sources: • 1978-1992—Energy Information Administration (E

Monthly Report for Product Prices," the source for backcast es

EIA-782A, "Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 5.21 Motor Gasoline and Residential Heating Oil Retail Prices

182

1 All types.2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix E.

 Notes: Residential heating oil prices from 1978 forwa

vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Sources: Tables 5.11 and 5.21.

Motor Gasoline, All Types, 1978-1995

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0.000.701.402.10

Dollars per Gallon

Real1

Nominal

Residential Heating Oil, 1959-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 198

0.000.501.001.502.00

Dollars per Gallon Real1

Nominal

Motor Gasoline by Type, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0.000.501.001.50

 Dollars per Gallon (Nominal) Unleaded Regular Leaded Regular

Unleaded 

Premium

Motor Gasoline1 Price and Consumption, Indexed 

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 198

0.60.81.01.21.41.61.8

Index: 1978=1.0

Price2

Consumption

$1.28 per gallon in 1978 $1.12 per gallon in 1995

l 
Table 5.21 Motor Gasoline and Residential Heating Oil Retail Prices, 1949-1995

 (Cents per Gallon)

Year

Motor Gasoline (Including Taxes)

Leaded Regular 1 Unleaded Regular Unleaded Premium All Types 

Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 Nominal Real 3 

1949 26.8 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1950 26.8 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1951 27.2 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1952 27.4 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1953 28.7 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1954 29.0 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1955 29.1 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1956 29.9 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1957 31.0 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1958 30.4 4 ( ) NA NA NA NA NA NA 1959 30.5 R133.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA 

1960 31.1 R133.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1961 30.8 R130.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1962 30.6 R128.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1963 30.4 R125.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1964 30.4 R124.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1965 31.2 R124.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1966 32.1 R124.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1967 33.2 R125.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1968 33.7 R121.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1969 34.8 R120.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1970 35.7 R116.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1971 36.4 R113.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1972 36.1 R107.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1973 38.8 R109.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1974 53.2 R138.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1975 56.7 R134.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1976 59.0 R132.3 61.4 R137.7 NA NA NA NA 1977 62.2 R131.2 65.6 R138.4 NA NA NA NA 1978 62.6 R122.7 67.0 R131.4 NA NA 65.2 R127.8 1979 85.7 R155.0 90.3 R163.3 NA NA 88.2 R159.5 

1980 119.1 R197.2 124.5 R206.1 NA NA 122.1 R202.2 1981 131.1 R198.9 137.8 R209.1 5147.0 5223.1 135.3 R205.3 1982 122.2 R174.3 129.6 R184.9 141.5 R201.9 128.1 R182.7 1983 115.7 R158.3 124.1 R169.8 138.3 R189.2 122.5 R167.6 1984 112.9 R148.7 121.2 R159.7 136.6 R180.0 119.8 R157.8 1985 111.5 R142.2 120.2 R153.3 134.0 R170.9 119.6 R152.6 1986 85.7 R106.3 92.7 R115.0 108.5 R134.6 93.1 R115.5 1987 89.7 R107.9 94.8 R114.1 109.3 R131.5 95.7 R115.2 

1988 89.9 R104.4 94.6 R109.9 110.7 R128.6 96.3 R111.8 1989 99.8 R111.3 102.1 R113.8 119.7 R133.4 106.0 R118.2 

1990 114.9 R122.8 116.4 R124.4 134.9 R144.1 121.7 R130.0 1991 NA NA 114.0 R117.2 132.1 R135.8 119.6 R122.9 1992 NA NA 112.7 R112.7 131.6 R131.6 119.0 R119.0 

1993 NA NA 110.8 R108.0 130.2 R126.9 117.3 R114.3 1994 NA NA 111.2 R105.9 130.5 R124.3 117.4 R111.8 1995 NA NA 114.7 106.7 133.6 124.3 120.5 112.1 

1 Average motor gasoline prices are calculated from a sample of service stations providing all types of

service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-serve). Geographic coverage - 1949-1973, 55 representative cities;1974-1977, 56 urban areas; 1978 forward, 85 urban areas. 2 Average residential heating oil (No. 2 fuel oil) prices are derived by dividing the sum of the estimatednational value of retail sales for residential heating by the estimated volume of retail sales for residentialheating. Data for 1978 forward exclude all taxes. 3 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. SeeAppendix E. 4 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominaldollars to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

5 Based on September through December data only.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Sources: Motor Gasoline: • 1949-1973—Platt’s Oil Price Han

• 1974 forward—Energy Information Administration (EIA), simple 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Prices: Energy. Residentia

Labor Statistics, Retail Prices and Indexes of Fuels and Utilities for 

1975 through September 1977—Federal Energy Administration, FSupply/Price Monitoring Report." • October 1977 through DecHeating Oil Supply/Price Monitoring Report." • 1978-1994—E

(August 1995), Table 16. • 1995—EIA estimates.
the quantity of petroleum products supplied

complicated by the recycling of products at

of products involved in a transfer, and the

utside the primary supply system. Beginning

ent (always a negative quantity) is made to

orrect this accounting problem. The calcula

led “reclassified,’’ involves only unfinished

g components. It is the sum of their net

(net withdrawals is a plus quantity, net ad

) plus imports minus net input to refineries.

ng Gross Input to Distillation Units (GIDU)

ws: 1949-1966, GIDU is estimated by sum

uns to stills, net unfinished oil reruns at

of natural gasoline and plant condensate

g plants to refineries. 1967-1973, GIDU is

ual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil

of natural gasoline and plant condensate.

ished annual data. 1981 forward, GIDU is

hly data.

ts supplied is the sum of the product sup

product, crude oil, unfinished oils, and

nents. For each of these, except crude oil,

ated by adding refinery production, natural

on, new supply of other liquids, imports,

nd subtracting stock additions, refinery in

oil product supplied is the sum of crude oil

ipeline pump stations as reported on Form

e Oil Report.’’ Prior to 1983, crude oil

peline pump stations was reported as either

il and was included as product supplied for

these products. Petroleum products supplied is an approximation ofpetroleum consumption and is synonymous with the term “PetroleumConsumption’’ in Section 1. Sector data for petroleum products usedin more than one sector are derived from surveys of sales to ultimateconsumers by refiners, marketers, distributors, and dealers and fromreceipts at electric utilities.4. Beginning in January 1981, several Energy Information Administration survey forms and calculation methodologies were changed toreflect new developments in refinery and blending plant practices andto improve data integrity. Those changes affect production and productsupplied statistics for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and residualfuel oil, and stocks of motor gasoline. On the basis of those changes,motor gasoline production during the last half of 1980 would have averaged 289,000 barrels per day higher than that which was publishedon the old basis. Distillate and residual fuel oil production and productsupplied for all of 1980 would have averaged, respectively, 105,000 and54,000 barrels per day higher than the numbers that were published.5. The Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices were derived as follows: 1949-1973, weighted average domestic first purchase values asreported by State agencies and calculated by the Bureau of Mines;1974 and 1975, weighted averages of a sample survey of major firstpurchasers’ purchases; 1976 forward, weighted averages of all firstpurchasers’ purchases.6. The Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil was estimated for 1968-1973. The cost of domestic crude oil was derived by adding estimatedtransportation costs to the reported average domestic first purchasevalue. The cost of imported crude oils was derived by adding an estimated ocean transport cost based on the published “Average FreightRate Assessment’’ to the average “Free Alongside Ship’’ value published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The composite cost wasderived by weighting domestic costs and imported costs on the basisof quantities produced and imported.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
es are expressed in chained (1992) dollars. Prices are nomi

al.

6. Natural Gas

Prices

, natural gas prices were relatively stable.

market underwent a period of price fluctua

egulation and industry restructuring. The

rice, in real terms,1 trended downward from

housand cubic feet to a 19-year low of $1.48

1995 (6.8).* Lower costs of producing and

benefited consumers. In 1995, the average

by residential consumers was down 32 per

(6.9). Corresponding prices paid by the

d electric utilities sectors were down 39 per

ercent, respectively.

Patterns of Demand

1960’s, the market for natural gas expanded

demand. Of the many factors affecting natu

ose decades, Federal and State regulatory

t influential. Below-market rates for certain

coupled with strong demand, ultimately re

s during the second half of the 1970’s.

n of natural gas reached an all-time high of

. Thereafter, uncertainties about supply and

n to erode demand. By the 1980’s, lower de

erm surplus of deliverable gas and gas well

ng areas. In 1986, natural gas consumption

et, the lowest annual total since 1965.

d all end-use sectors but was most severe in

utility sectors, where, particularly during the

early and mid-1980’s, the option of fuel switching proved to be mostviable. Lower consumption by the industrial sector accounted for over

half of the 5.9-trillion-cubic-foot reduction from 1972 through 1986,and lower use at electric utilities accounted for close to one-fourth.After the 1986 low point, natural gas consumption trended upward,reaching 22 trillion cubic feet in 1995 (6.6). All sectors except theresidential consumed more natural gas in 1995 than they had in 1994.Industrial consumption of natural gas rose to 9.8 trillion cubic feet, a4.4-percent increase, and electric utility consumption rose to 3.2 trillion cubic feet, up 6.7 percent. Consumption in the commercial sectorrose to 3.1 trillion cubic feet, a 6.9-percent increase, in 1995. Transportation consumption of natural gas edged up to 0.7 trillion cubicfeet. Residential consumption totaled 4.8 trillion cubic feet, slightlylower than consumption in 1994.

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Meeting Peak Demand

Seasonal, and even daily, fluctuations in natural gas demand are metby withdrawals from storage when demand is high and by injectionsinto storage when demand is low compared with available gas flowin transmission lines. Net withdrawals from storage can providemore than half of some companies’ peak winter deliveries. Duringthe 1994-1995 heating season (October through March), net withdrawals from storage supplied 13 percent of total natural gas consumed.2Natural gas in storage at the end of the year generally increasedthroughout the period of the 1970’s, when local shortages resultedin curtailments to some consumers (6.7). Underground storage ofworking gas (that in excess of the base gas needed to maintainoptimum reservoir pressure) equaled 7.1 percent of annual consumption in 1969 and 10 percent in 1995 (6.1 and 6.7). At the end of1995, working gas in storage was 2.2 trillion cubic feet and base gaswas 4.3 trillion cubic feet.

2Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review March 1996,

DOE/EIA–0035(96/03) (Washington, DC, March 1996), Tables 4.4 and 4.5.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 185
ered for the Account of Others

ory and legislative changes allowed consum

s directly from producers and to arrange for

companies to deliver it to them for a fee.

y Commission Order 636 (implemented No

that trend toward a more efficient market by

ne companies to unbundle (separate) their

ervices. In 1994, natural gas delivered for

dustrial, electric utility, and commercial cus

cubic feet (6.5). Such deliveries accounted

veries to industrial customers, 75 percent of

utilities, and 21 percent of total deliveries to

roduction and Productivity

s of natural gas from wells totaled 24 trillion

h consecutive year (6.2). Texas, Louisiana,

producers of natural gas, accounted for 59

n 1995 (6.4). Most withdrawals came from

fshore wells, but 4.9 trillion cubic feet were

als. The 24 trillion cubic feet of gross withdraw

n cubic feet of marketed production (6.2).

gas gross well withdrawals includes a small

unt of methane produced from coalbeds. In

f coalbed methane totaled about 851 billion

al to 5 percent of U.S. total dry production.3

ase in coalbed methane reserves slowed after

centives for new coalbed methane wells ex

methane reserves declined for the first time

an in 1988. U.S. total reserves in coalbed

methane fields accounted for 6 percent of U.S. natural gas total reserves in 1994, about the same share as in 1993.About 294 thousand gas wells were in operation during 1995 (6.4).Withdrawals from those wells accounted for almost three-fourths ofall gross withdrawals, while oil wells supplied the remainder. Afterpeaking at 435 thousand cubic feet per day in 1971 (6.4), average gaswell productivity trended downward; from 1985 through 1993, productivity remained below 165 thousand cubic feet per day. In 1995,gas well productivity averaged 164 thousand cubic feet per day.

Imports and Exports

U.S. natural gas trade was limited to the border countries of Mexicoand Canada until shipping natural gas in liquefied form emerged as analternative to pipelines. In 1969, the first shipments of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Alaska were sent to Japan, and U.S. imports fromAlgeria began the following year (6.3). In 1995, U.S. net imports ofnatural gas by all routes totaled 2.6 trillion cubic feet, up 4.5 percentfrom 1994 net imports and the equivalent of 12 percent of domesticconsumption.Historically, Canada has been the major supplier of U.S. natural gasimports, with Algeria and Mexico supplying smaller amounts. Theremarkable growth in U.S. net imports of natural gas from the 1986level of 689 billion cubic feet (a 17-year low at the time) to 2.6 trillioncubic feet in 1995 was due almost entirely to higher levels of importsfrom Canada. In 1995, Canada supplied net imports of 2.7 trillion cubic feet. Importing Canadian natural gas was facilitated by thecompletion of the Iroquois transportation system in January 1992.From 1970 through 1990 and again in 1993 through 1995, Japan wasthe primary purchaser of U.S. natural gas. In 1995, Japan purchased67 billion cubic feet of U.S. natural gas.

ration, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids

E/EIA–0216(94) (Washington, DC, October 1995), p. 34.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
188 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above-ground tanks. Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Natural Gas Overview

Overview, 1995

Total Dry Gas Imports E

05

10152025

18.7

2.7

Trillion Cubic Feet

Storage Additions and Withdrawals1, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

01234

Trillion Cubic Feet Additions to Storage Withdrawals from Storage

Overview, 1949-1995

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

05

10152025

Trillion Cubic Feet

Consumption

Production

Imports

Production
Table 6.1 Natural Gas Overview, 1949-1995

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Total

Dry Gas

Production

Supplemental

Gaseous

Fuels Imports Exports

Withdrawals

from

Storage 1

Additions

to

Storage 1

Balan

Item 

1949 5.20 NA 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.17 -0.1950 6.02 NA 0.00 0.03 0.18 0.23 -0.1951 7.16 NA 0.00 0.02 0.21 0.35 -0.1952 7.69 NA 0.01 0.03 0.22 0.40 -0.1953 8.06 NA 0.01 0.03 0.25 0.40 -0.1954 8.39 NA 0.01 0.03 0.33 0.43 -0.1955 9.03 NA 0.01 0.03 0.44 0.51 -0.1956 9.66 NA 0.01 0.04 0.45 0.59 -0.1957 10.25 NA 0.04 0.04 0.48 0.67 -0.1958 10.57 NA 0.14 0.04 0.62 0.70 -0.1959 11.55 NA 0.13 0.02 0.67 0.79 -0.1960 12.23 NA 0.16 0.01 0.71 0.84 -0.1961 12.66 NA 0.22 0.01 0.70 0.84 -0.1962 13.25 NA 0.40 0.02 0.85 0.94 -0.1963 14.08 NA 0.41 0.02 0.92 1.05 -0.1964 14.82 NA 0.44 0.02 0.89 1.01 -0.1965 15.29 NA 0.46 0.03 0.96 1.08 -0.1966 16.47 NA 0.48 0.02 1.14 1.21 -0.1967 17.39 NA 0.56 0.08 1.13 1.32 -0.1968 18.49 NA 0.65 0.09 1.33 1.43 -0.1969 19.83 NA 0.73 0.05 1.38 1.50 -0.1970 21.01 NA 0.82 0.07 1.46 1.86 -0.1971 21.61 NA 0.93 0.08 1.51 1.84 -0.1972 21.62 NA 1.02 0.08 1.76 1.89 -0.1973 21.73 NA 1.03 0.08 1.53 1.97 -0.1974 20.71 NA 0.96 0.08 1.70 1.78 -0.1975 19.24 NA 0.95 0.07 1.76 2.10 -0.1976 19.10 NA 0.96 0.06 1.92 1.76 -0.1977 19.16 NA 1.01 0.06 1.75 2.31 -0.1978 19.12 NA 0.97 0.05 2.16 2.28 -0.1979 19.66 NA 1.25 0.06 2.05 2.30 -0.1980 19.40 0.15 0.98 0.05 1.97 1.95 -0.1981 19.18 0.18 0.90 0.06 1.93 2.23 -0.1982 17.82 0.14 0.93 0.05 2.16 2.47 -0.1983 16.09 0.13 0.92 0.05 2.27 1.82 -0.1984 17.47 0.11 0.84 0.05 2.10 2.30 -0.1985 16.45 0.13 0.95 0.06 2.40 2.16 -0.1986 16.06 0.11 0.75 0.06 1.84 1.98 -0.1987 16.62 0.10 0.99 0.05 1.91 1.91 -0.1988 17.10 0.10 1.29 0.07 2.27 2.21 -0.1989 17.31 0.11 1.38 0.11 2.85 2.53 -0.1990 17.81 0.12 1.53 R0.09 1.99 2.50 -0.

1991 17.70 0.11 1.77 0.13 2.75 2.67 -0.1992 17.84 0.12 2.14 0.22 2.77 2.60 -0.1993 R18.10 0.12 2.35 0.14 2.80 2.83 R-0.

1994 R18.75 R0.11 R2.62 R0.16 R2.56 R2.86 R-0.1995P 18.71 0.13 2.73 0.16 2.89 2.44 -0.

1 Beginning with 1980, includes liquefied natural gas stored in above ground tanks.2 Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources. Excludes intransit

shipments 1980 forward.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. For

prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components due

to independent rounding.

Sources: 1949-1988: • Supplemental Gaseous Fuels—En

Natural Gas Annual 1992, Volume 2 (November 1993), Table 12

Annual 1994 (November 1995), Table 100. 1989 forward: EIA, N

2.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1995

190

Source: Table 6.2.

Gross Withdrawals by Well Type

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 

05

10152025

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative) From Gas Wells From Oil Wells 

Gross Withdrawals

Natural Gas Production by Phase

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 

05

10152025

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative) Total Dry Gas Production 

Gross Withdrawals Marketed Production

Extraction LossRepressuring, Nonhydrocarbon Gases

Removed, and Vented and Flared
Table 6.2 Natural Gas Production, 1949-1995

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year

Gross Withdrawals

Repressuring

Nonhydrocarbon

Gases Removed

Vented

and Flared

Marketed

Production

E

From

Gas Wells

From

Oil Wells Total

1949 4.99 2.56 7.55 1.27 NA 0.85 5.42 1950 5.60 2.88 8.48 1.40 NA 0.80 6.28 1951 6.48 3.21 9.69 1.44 NA 0.79 7.46 1952 6.84 3.43 10.27 1.41 NA 0.85 8.01 1953 7.10 3.55 10.65 1.44 NA 0.81 8.40 1954 7.47 3.52 10.98 1.52 NA 0.72 8.74 1955 7.84 3.88 11.72 1.54 NA 0.77 9.41 1956 8.31 4.07 12.37 1.43 NA 0.86 10.08 1957 8.72 4.19 12.91 1.42 NA 0.81 10.68 1958 9.15 3.99 13.15 1.48 NA 0.63 11.03 1959 10.10 4.13 14.23 1.61 NA 0.57 12.05 1960 10.85 4.23 15.09 1.75 NA 0.56 12.77 1961 11.20 4.27 15.46 1.68 NA 0.52 13.25 1962 11.70 4.34 16.04 1.74 NA 0.43 13.88 1963 12.61 4.37 16.97 1.84 NA 0.38 14.75 1964 13.11 4.43 17.54 1.65 NA 0.34 15.55 1965 13.52 4.44 17.96 1.60 NA 0.32 16.04 1966 13.89 5.14 19.03 1.45 NA 0.38 17.21 1967 15.35 4.91 20.25 1.59 NA 0.49 18.17 1968 16.54 4.79 21.33 1.49 NA 0.52 19.32 1969 17.49 5.19 22.68 1.46 NA 0.53 20.70 1970 18.59 5.19 23.79 1.38 NA 0.49 21.92 1971 18.93 5.16 24.09 1.31 NA 0.28 22.49 1972 19.04 4.97 24.02 1.24 NA 0.25 22.53 1973 19.37 4.70 24.07 1.17 NA 0.25 22.65 1974 18.67 4.18 22.85 1.08 NA 0.17 21.60 1975 17.38 3.72 21.10 0.86 NA 0.13 20.11 1976 17.19 3.75 20.94 0.86 NA 0.13 19.95 1977 17.42 3.68 21.10 0.93 NA 0.14 20.03 1978 17.39 3.91 21.31 1.18 NA 0.15 19.97 1979 18.03 3.85 21.88 1.25 NA 0.17 20.47 1980 17.57 4.30 21.87 1.37 0.20 0.13 20.18 1981 17.34 4.25 21.59 1.31 0.22 0.10 19.96 1982 15.81 4.46 20.27 1.39 0.21 0.09 18.58 1983 14.15 4.51 18.66 1.46 0.22 0.09 16.88 1984 15.51 4.75 20.27 1.63 0.22 0.11 18.30 1985 14.54 5.07 19.61 1.92 0.33 0.09 17.27 1986 14.15 4.98 19.13 1.84 0.34 0.10 16.86 1987 14.81 5.33 20.14 2.21 0.38 0.12 17.43 1988 15.47 5.53 21.00 2.48 0.46 0.14 17.92 1989 15.71 5.37 21.07 2.48 0.36 0.14 18.10 1990 16.05 5.47 21.52 2.49 0.29 0.15 18.59 1991 16.02 5.73 21.75 2.77 0.28 0.17 18.53 1992 16.16 5.97 22.13 2.97 0.28 0.17 18.71 1993 R16.69 6.03 22.73 R3.10 0.41 R0.23 R18.98 

1994 R17.38 R6.23 R23.61 R3.33 R0.41 R0.23 R19.64 1995P 17.60 6.18 23.79 3.66 0.36 0.14 19.62 

1 Volume reduction resulting from the removal of natural gas plant liquids. Natural gas plant liquids are

transferred to petroleum supply.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Beginning with 1965 data, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. 

For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of components

due to independent rounding.

Sources: From Gas Wells and From Oil Wells: • 1949-1966

"Natural Gas" chapter. • 1967-1988—Energy Information Adminis

Volume 2 (November 1993), Table 5. • 1989-1994—EIA, Natural 

3. • 1995—EIA, estimated data. All Other Data: • 1949-1989—

1995), Table 99. • 1990 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (Marc
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports

1 Imports from Algeria and exports to Japan are liquefied petroleum gases.

192

Source: Table 6.3.

Trade Overview, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

Trillion Cubic Feet Total Imports

Imports from Canada

Total Exports

Trade, 1995

Canada Algeria1 Mexico Japan1 Mexico Canada

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

2.711

0.018 0.006 0.067 0.061 0.033

Trillion Cubic Feet

Net Imports as Share of Consumption, 1958-199

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

0369

1215

Percent

Exports by Country of Destination

Imports by Country of Origin
Table 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, 1949-1995

 (Billion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

Imports by Country of Origin Exports by Country of Destination 

Canada Mexico Algeria 2 Indonesia Total Canada Mexico Japan 2 Total 

1949 0 0 0 0 0 (s) 20 0 20 

1950 0 0 0 0 0 3 23 0 26 1951 0 0 0 0 0 4 21 0 24 1952 8 (s) 0 0 8 6 22 0 27 1953 9 0 0 0 9 6 22 0 28 1954 7 0 0 0 7 6 23 0 29 1955 11 (s) 0 0 11 11 20 0 31 1956 10 (s) 0 0 10 17 19 0 36 1957 21 17 0 0 38 31 11 0 42 1958 90 46 0 0 136 32 7 0 39 1959 83 51 0 0 134 12 7 0 18 1960 109 47 0 0 156 6 6 0 11 1961 167 52 0 0 219 6 5 0 11 1962 350 51 0 0 402 6 10 0 16 1963 356 50 0 0 406 7 10 0 17 1964 391 53 0 0 443 10 10 0 20 1965 405 52 0 0 456 18 8 0 26 1966 430 50 0 0 480 20 4 0 25 1967 513 51 0 0 564 70 11 0 82 1968 604 47 0 0 652 82 12 0 94 1969 680 47 0 0 727 35 13 3 51 1970 779 41 1 0 821 11 15 44 70 1971 912 21 1 0 935 14 16 50 80 1972 1,009 8 2 0 1,019 16 15 48 78 1973 1,028 2 3 0 1,033 15 14 48 77 1974 959 (s) 0 0 959 13 13 50 77 1975 948 0 5 0 953 10 9 53 73 1976 954 0 10 0 964 8 7 50 65 1977 997 2 11 0 1,011 (s) 4 52 56 1978 881 0 84 0 966 (s) 4 48 53 1979 1,001 0 253 0 1,253 (s) 4 51 56 1980 797 102 86 0 985 (s) 4 45 49 1981 762 105 37 0 904 (s) 3 56 59 1982 783 95 55 0 933 (s) 2 50 52 1983 712 75 131 0 918 (s) 2 53 55 1984 755 52 36 0 843 (s) 2 53 55 1985 926 0 24 0 950 (s) 2 53 55 1986 749 0 0 2 750 9 2 50 61 1987 993 0 0 0 993 3 2 49 54 1988 1,276 0 17 0 1,294 20 2 52 74 1989 1,339 0 42 0 1,382 38 17 51 107 1990 1,448 0 84 0 1,532 17 16 53 86 

1991 1,710 0 64 0 1,773 15 60 54 129 1992 2,094 0 43 0 2,138 68 96 53 216 1993 2,267 2 82 0 2,350 45 40 56 140 1994 R2,566 7 51 0 R2,624 R53 R47 63 R162 

1995P 2,711 6 18 0 2,735 33 61 67 161 

1 Net imports = imports minus exports. 2 Imports from Algeria and exports to Japan are liquefied natural gas. 3 Not meaningful because there were net exports during this year.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Total Imports and Total Exports: • 1949-1994—E

Natural Gas Annual 1994 (November 1995), Table 100. • 1995

• 1949-1954—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Gas Division, unpublished data. • 1955-1994—EIA, Natural Gas 

unpublished revisions. • 1995—EIA estimates.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 

194

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 6.4.

Gross Withdrawals by Location

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

05

10152025

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative) Offshore Onshore Total

Gross Withdrawals by Top Producing States

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

02468

10

Trillion Cubic Feet

Texas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Number of Producing Wells

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

0

50

100150200250300

Thousands

Average Gas Well Productivity

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

0

150300450

Thousand Cubic Feet per Day

Peak produc

cubic fee
Table 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals by State and Location and Gas Well Productivity, 1960-1

 (Trillion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)

Year

State Location

Gross

Withdrawalsfrom Oil and

Gas Wells

Gas 

Texas Louisiana Oklahoma Other Onshore 2 Offshore 3

Gross

Withdrawals

from

Gas Wells

1960 6.96 3.31 1.13 3.68 14.81 0.27 15.09 10.85 1961 7.02 3.57 1.16 3.71 15.14 0.32 15.46 11.20 1962 7.20 3.85 1.22 3.76 15.59 0.45 16.04 11.70 1963 7.45 4.25 1.35 3.92 16.41 0.56 16.97 12.61 1964 7.62 4.52 1.42 3.98 16.91 0.62 17.54 13.11 1965 7.74 4.76 1.41 4.04 17.32 0.65 17.96 13.52 1966 7.93 5.37 1.50 4.23 18.03 1.01 19.03 13.89 1967 8.29 6.09 1.62 4.25 19.06 1.19 20.25 15.35 1968 8.57 6.78 1.61 4.37 19.80 1.52 21.33 16.54 1969 8.91 7.56 1.74 4.46 20.72 1.95 22.68 17.49 1970 9.40 8.08 1.81 4.50 21.37 2.42 23.79 18.59 1971 9.52 8.32 1.81 4.44 21.31 2.78 24.09 18.93 1972 9.55 8.16 1.93 4.38 20.98 3.04 24.02 19.04 1973 9.29 8.49 1.89 4.40 20.86 3.21 24.07 19.37 1974 8.86 7.92 1.76 4.31 19.34 3.51 22.85 18.67 1975 7.99 7.24 1.72 4.15 17.55 3.55 21.10 17.38 1976 7.67 7.14 1.84 4.29 17.35 3.60 20.94 17.19 1977 7.50 7.35 1.89 4.36 17.16 3.93 21.10 17.42 1978 6.99 7.64 1.89 4.79 16.95 4.36 21.31 17.39 1979 7.59 7.36 1.96 4.97 17.06 4.82 21.88 18.03 1980 7.66 7.01 2.02 5.19 16.97 4.90 21.87 17.57 1981 7.45 6.83 2.02 5.29 16.60 4.99 21.59 17.34 1982 6.98 6.22 1.99 5.09 15.50 4.77 20.27 15.81 1983 6.43 5.38 1.78 5.07 14.48 4.18 18.66 14.15 1984 6.71 5.89 2.05 5.62 15.56 4.71 20.27 15.51 1985 6.58 5.22 1.99 5.82 15.42 4.19 19.61 14.54 1986 6.66 4.96 1.97 5.54 14.95 4.19 19.13 14.15 1987 6.69 5.20 2.07 6.17 15.47 4.67 20.14 14.81 1988 6.92 5.25 2.17 6.67 16.25 4.75 21.00 15.47 1989 6.88 5.14 2.24 6.81 16.30 4.77 21.07 15.71 1990 6.91 5.30 2.26 7.05 16.48 5.05 21.52 16.05 

1991 6.85 5.10 2.15 7.65 16.90 4.85 21.75 16.02 1992 6.71 4.98 2.02 8.43 17.36 4.77 22.13 16.16 1993 6.82 5.05 2.05 R8.81 17.96 4.77 22.73 R16.69 1994 R6.91 R5.23 R1.93 R9.54 R18.77 R4.84 R23.61 R17.38 1995P 6.84 5.13 2.08 9.74 18.93 4.86 23.79 17.60 

1 See Glossary. 2 Includes State offshore gross withdrawals. 3 Excludes State offshore gross withdrawals; includes Federal offshore (Outer Continental Shelf) gross

withdrawals. 4 As of December 31.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Sources: Offshore (Outer Continental Shelf): • 1960-1981—U.S. Geological Survey. 

• 1982-1985—The United States Minerals Management Service, Mineral Revenues - The 1989 Report on

Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, and predecessor annual reports. • 1986—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1990, Volume 1 (December 1991), Table 4. • 1987—EIA,

Natural Gas Annual 1991 (October 1992), Table 4. • 1988—EI(November 1993), Table 4. • 1989-1994—EIA, Natural Gas An

• 1995—The United States Minerals Management Service. Gros

of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Natural Gas" chapter. • 1967-

Volume 2 (November 1993), Table 5. • 1989-1994—EIA, Natur

Table 3. • 1995—EIA, estimated data. All Other Data: • 196

Production and Consumption. • 1967-1992—EIA, Natural Gas An

Tables 5 and 6. • 1993-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1994 1995—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1995), Table 1, and 

February 1996.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others

Source: Table 6.5.

196

 Transaction Paths for Natural Gas Purchases

Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1994

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

01234567

Trillion Cubic Feet Industrial Customers Electric Utility Customers

Commercial Customers

Account of Others Share of Total Deliveries to Se

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 199

0

1020304050607080

Percent

Industrial Customers

Electric Utility 

Commercial Customers

Marketers

Producer

Industrial,

Electric Utility,

 Large Commercial

Consumers

Local

Distribution

Company

Pipeline

Company
Table 6.5 Natural Gas Delivered for the Account of Others, 1986-1994

Year

Commercial Customers Industrial Customers Elec

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries 2

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Total

Deliveries

Account

of Others

Share of

Total

Delivered

for the

Account

of Others

Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic Feet Percent Billion Cubic F

1986 NA 2,318 NA 2,240 5,579 40 721 1987 167 2,430 7 3,129 5,953 53 914 1988 247 2,670 9 3,663 6,383 57 1,076 1989 296 2,718 11 4,298 6,816 63 1,152 1990 353 2,623 13 4,545 7,018 65 1,390 1991 406 2,729 15 4,864 7,231 67 1,580 1992 471 2,803 17 5,249 7,527 70 1,697 1993 R460 R2,862 16 R5,645 R7,981 71 1,658 

1994 599 2,895 21 6,124 8,178 75 2,092 

1 For electric utilities, total deliveries data are from Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form

EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report"; deliveries for the account of others and their share of totaldeliveries are from EIA, Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply andDisposition." Because of the different reporting universes for the two data collection forms, theaccount-of-others share of total deliveries for electric utilities cannot be derived from the data shown on thistable. 2 Small quantities of natural gas delivered for use as vehicle fuel are included for 1990-1993.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Percentages are based on data prior to rounding. • Deliveries for the account of others are

deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the naturaIncluded are quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantitsales.

Sources: Electric Utilities Total Deliveries: EIA, Form EIA-7

Other Data: • 1986—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1990, Volume 

• 1987—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1991 (October 1992), Tables 17

1992, Volume 1 (November 1993), Tables 17-20. • 1989 fo

(November 1995), Tables 15-18.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector

1 Pipeline fuel and vehicle fuel. 2 Shares are based on data prior to rounding for publication and may not sum exactly to 

100 percent.

198

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 6.6.

By Sector, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

048

12

Trillion Cubic FeetIndustrial Residential Electric Utilities

Commercial

By Sector, 1995

Industrial Residential Electric Commercial Transportation1

02468

10 9.75

4.84

3.19 3.10

0.71

Trillion Cubic Feet

Utilities

Shares2 by Sector, 1950 and 1995

Industrial Residential Electric C

0

255075

100

59

21

11 

45

22

15 

Percent

1950 1995

Utilities

Transportation1
Table 6.6 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 1949-1995

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Year Residential Commercial 1

Industrial Transportation

Lease and

Plant Fuel Other Total

Pipeline

Fuel 2

Vehicle

Fuel Total

1949 0.99 0.35 0.84 2.25 3.08 NA NA NA 1950 1.20 0.39 0.93 2.50 3.43 0.13 NA 0.13 1951 1.47 0.46 1.15 2.77 3.91 0.19 NA 0.19 1952 1.62 0.52 1.16 2.87 4.04 0.21 NA 0.21 1953 1.69 0.53 1.13 3.03 4.16 0.23 NA 0.23 1954 1.89 0.58 1.10 3.07 4.17 0.23 NA 0.23 1955 2.12 0.63 1.13 3.41 4.54 0.25 NA 0.25 1956 2.33 0.72 1.00 3.71 4.71 0.30 NA 0.30 1957 2.50 0.78 1.05 3.89 4.93 0.30 NA 0.30 1958 2.71 0.87 1.15 3.89 5.03 0.31 NA 0.31 1959 2.91 0.98 1.24 4.22 5.46 0.35 NA 0.35 1960 3.10 1.02 1.24 4.53 5.77 0.35 NA 0.35 1961 3.25 1.08 1.29 4.67 5.96 0.38 NA 0.38 1962 3.48 1.21 1.37 4.86 6.23 0.38 NA 0.38 1963 3.59 1.27 1.41 5.13 6.55 0.42 NA 0.42 1964 3.79 1.37 1.37 5.52 6.89 0.44 NA 0.44 1965 3.90 1.44 1.16 5.96 7.11 0.50 NA 0.50 1966 4.14 1.62 1.03 6.51 7.55 0.54 NA 0.54 1967 4.31 1.96 1.14 6.65 7.79 0.58 NA 0.58 1968 4.45 2.08 1.24 7.13 8.37 0.59 NA 0.59 1969 4.73 2.25 1.35 7.61 8.96 0.63 NA 0.63 1970 4.84 2.40 1.40 7.85 9.25 0.72 NA 0.72 1971 4.97 2.51 1.41 8.18 9.59 0.74 NA 0.74 1972 5.13 2.61 1.46 8.17 9.62 0.77 NA 0.77 1973 4.88 2.60 1.50 8.69 10.18 0.73 NA 0.73 1974 4.79 2.56 1.48 8.29 9.77 0.67 NA 0.67 1975 4.92 2.51 1.40 6.97 8.36 0.58 NA 0.58 1976 5.05 2.67 1.63 6.96 8.60 0.55 NA 0.55 1977 4.82 2.50 1.66 6.82 8.47 0.53 NA 0.53 1978 4.90 2.60 1.65 6.76 8.40 0.53 NA 0.53 1979 4.97 2.79 1.50 6.90 8.40 0.60 NA 0.60 1980 4.75 2.61 1.03 7.17 8.20 0.63 NA 0.63 1981 4.55 2.52 0.93 7.13 8.06 0.64 NA 0.64 1982 4.63 2.61 1.11 5.83 6.94 0.60 NA 0.60 1983 4.38 2.43 0.98 5.64 6.62 0.49 NA 0.49 1984 4.56 2.52 1.08 6.15 7.23 0.53 NA 0.53 1985 4.43 2.43 0.97 5.90 6.87 0.50 NA 0.50 1986 4.31 2.32 0.92 5.58 6.50 0.49 NA 0.49 1987 4.31 2.43 1.15 5.95 7.10 0.52 NA 0.52 1988 4.63 2.67 1.10 6.38 7.48 0.61 NA 0.61 1989 4.78 2.72 1.07 6.82 7.89 0.63 NA 0.63 1990 4.39 2.62 1.24 7.02 8.25 0.66 (s) 0.66 1991 4.56 2.73 1.13 7.23 8.36 0.60 (s) 0.60 1992 4.69 2.80 1.17 7.53 8.70 0.59 (s) 0.59 1993 4.96 2.86 1.17 7.98 9.15 0.62 (s) 0.63 1994 4.85 2.90 1.16 8.18 9.34 0.69 (s) 0.69 1995P 4.84 3.10 1.23 8.52 9.75 0.71 (s) 0.71 

1 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 2 Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 5 billion cubic feet. Notes: • For the definition of natural gas consumption, see Note 1 at end of section. • Beginning with

1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 ̊ F. • Totals may not equal sum of co

Sources: • 1949-1993—Energy Information Administration (EIA

1995), Table 101. • 1994 and 1995—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (M
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1995

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

200

Sources: Tables 6.6 and 6.7.

Base Gas and Working Gas

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,000

Billion Cubic Feet

Base Gas

Working Gas

Total

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 

0

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000

Billion Cubic Feet (Cumulative) For 1959-1961 only the Total is available Base Gas Working Gas 

Total

End-of-Year Storage as a Share of Total Consum

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 

0

1020304050

Percent
Table 6.7 Natural Gas in Underground Storage, End of Year 1954-1995

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year Base Gas 1 Working Gas 

1954 817 465 1955 863 505 1956 919 583 1957 1,001 673 1958 1,056 708 1959 NA NA 1960 NA NA 1961 NA NA 1962 1,571 933 1963 1,738 1,007 1964 1,781 1,159 1965 1,848 1,242 1966 1,958 1,267 1967 2,058 1,318 1968 2,128 1,366 1969 2,181 1,421 1970 2,326 1,678 1971 2,485 1,840 1972 2,751 1,729 1973 2,864 2,034 1974 2,912 2,050 1975 3,162 2,212 1976 3,323 1,926 1977 3,391 2,475 1978 3,473 2,547 1979 3,553 2,753 1980 3,642 2,655 1981 3,752 2,817 1982 3,808 3,071 1983 3,847 2,595 1984 3,830 2,876 1985 3,842 2,607 1986 3,819 2,749 1987 3,792 2,756 1988 3,800 2,850 1989 3,812 2,513 1990 3,868 3,068 1991 3,954 2,824 1992 4,044 2,597 1993 4,327 2,322 1994 4,359 2,602 1995 4,328 2,152 

1 Includes native gas.

NA=Not available. Notes: • Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees

F. For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 degrees F. • Totals may not equal sum ofcomponents due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1954-1974—American Gas Association, Gas Facts. • 1975 and 1976—Federal Energy

Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, and Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas

Storage Report." • 1977 and 1978—Energy Information Adm

Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, and Federal Power CommStorage Report." • 1979-1984—EIA, Form EIA-191 and FederaFERC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report." • 1985—EIA, Natur

• 1986—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1992), Table 17. • 1

1993), Table 13. • 1988—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1994

Monthly (March 1995), Table 13. • 1990 forward—EIA, Natural Ga
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead and Import Prices

202

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators.

See Appendix E.2 Nominal dollars.

3 In 1974 and 1987, all imports were by pipeline. NGPA=Natural Gas Policy Act.Source: Table 6.8.

Wellhead, 1949-1995

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

02468

 Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet Real1 Nominal

Purchases by NGPA Categories, 1981-1992

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

02468

 Dollars2 per Thousand Cubic Feet High-Cost Gas New Gas Old Gas

Imports, 1972-1995

1975 1980 1985 

02468

 Dollars2 per Thousand Cubic Feet Other 3 Aver

Pipeline

Domestic and Imported Average Prices, 1949-199

1950 1960 1970 

02468

 Dollars2 per Thousand Cubic Feet Im

4

4
Table 6.8 Natural Gas Wellhead and Import Prices, 1949-1995

 (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)

Year

Wellhead 2

Purchases by NGPA Categories 1 Imp

Old Gas New Gas High-Cost Gas Pipeline Ot

Nominal Real 4 Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nom

1949 0.06 5 ( ) — — — NA 

1950 0.07 5 ( ) — — — NA 1951 0.07 5 ( ) — — — NA 1952 0.08 5 ( ) — — — NA 1953 0.09 5 ( ) — — — NA 1954 0.10 5 ( ) — — — NA 1955 0.10 5 ( ) — — — NA 1956 0.11 5 ( ) — — — NA 1957 0.11 5 ( ) — — — NA 1958 0.12 5 ( ) — — — NA 1959 0.13 R0.57 — — — NA 

1960 0.14 R0.60 — — — NA 1961 0.15 R0.64 — — — NA 1962 0.16 R0.67 — — — NA 1963 0.16 R0.66 — — — NA 1964 0.15 R0.61 — — — NA 1965 0.16 R0.64 — — — NA 1966 0.16 R0.62 — — — NA 1967 0.16 R0.60 — — — NA 1968 0.16 R0.58 — — — NA 1969 0.17 R0.59 — — — NA 1970 0.17 R0.56 — — — NA 1971 0.18 R0.56 — — — NA 1972 0.19 R0.57 — — — 0.31 11973 0.22 R0.62 — — — 0.35 11974 0.30 R0.78 — — — 0.55 

(

1975 0.44 R1.04 — — — 1.21 0

1976 0.58 R1.30 — — — 1.73 01977 0.79 R1.67 — — — 1.99 01978 0.91 R1.78 — — — 2.19 11979 1.18 R2.13 — — — 2.61 21980 1.59 R2.63 — — — 4.32 31981 1.98 R3.00 1.22 2.89 6.58 4.83 51982 2.46 R3.51 1.34 3.19 7.31 4.97 51983 2.59 R3.54 1.40 3.43 6.25 4.49 61984 2.66 R3.50 1.45 3.65 5.35 4.01 41985 2.51 R3.20 1.47 3.62 4.71 3.17 41986 1.94 R2.41 1.39 3.11 3.48 2.42 R4

1987 1.67 R2.01 1.33 2.65 2.72 1.95 

(

1988 1.69 R1.96 1.49 2.41 2.61 1.83 2

1989 1.69 R1.88 1.68 2.46 2.53 1.81 21990 1.71 R1.83 1.83 2.35 2.47 1.91 21991 1.64 R1.69 1.84 2.28 2.58 1.81 21992 1.74 R1.74 1.91 2.29 2.10 1.84 21993 R2.04 R1.99 — — — R2.02 R2

1994 R1.88 R1.79 — — — R1.86 R21995E 1.59 1.48 — — — 1.42 2

1 Projected natural gas wellhead purchase prices by major interstate pipeline companies by Natural Gas

Policy Act of 1978 categories (see Note 2 at end of section). 2 See Glossary for definition of Natural Gas Wellhead Price. 3 Primarily liquefied natural gas from Algeria. 4 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. SeeAppendix E. 5 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominaldollars to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 6 Not applicable. All imports were by pipeline.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. — = Not applicable. Sources: Wellhead: • 1949-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual 1993

(October 1994), Table 99. • 1989 forward—EIA, Natural Gas Mo

1981-1986 and New Gas, 1981: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, Nov

New Gas, 1982-1986: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, January 1988 (M

• 1981-1983—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, December 198

• 1984-1986—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, December 1987 (Februa

and High-Cost Gas: • 1987-1992—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly 

• 1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Pipeline 

Imports and Exports of LNG. • 1974-1976—FPC, United State

annual. • 1977-1988—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (August 1994), T

Gas Monthly (March 1996), Table 5.
204 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Nominal dollars.

2 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered.3 Based on 70.3 percent of volume delivered.  Based on 21.3 percent of volume delivered.

 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a comb

greater.

Source: Table 6.9.

Figure 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector

Prices, 1995

Residential Commercial Industrial Electric Utilities

01234567

6.06

5.01

2.66

2.01

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet 2 3 4

Prices, 1967-1995

1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 19

01234567

Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet Residential Commerc

Industrial

Prices Indexed, 1967-1995

1970 1975 1980 

0.000.250.500.751.001.251.501.752.00

Index: 1980=1.00

Electric Utilities

ResidentialCommercialIndustrialElectric Utilities

4

5

5
Table 6.9 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-1995

 (Price: Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet; Share of Total Volume Delivered: Percentage)

Year

Residential Commercial 2 Industrial Vehicle Fuel 3 

Price 4 Price

Share

of TotalVolume

Delivered Price

Share

of TotalVolume

Delivered Price

Sh

of TVo

Deli

1967 1.04 0.74 NA 0.34 NA NA 1968 1.04 0.73 NA 0.34 NA NA 1969 1.05 0.74 NA 0.35 NA NA 1970 1.09 0.77 NA 0.37 NA NA 1971 1.15 0.82 NA 0.41 NA NA 1972 1.21 0.88 NA 0.45 NA NA 1973 1.29 0.94 NA 0.50 NA NA 1974 1.43 1.07 NA 0.67 NA NA 1975 1.71 1.35 NA 0.96 NA NA 1976 1.98 1.64 NA 1.24 NA NA 1977 2.35 2.04 NA 1.50 NA NA 1978 2.56 2.23 NA 1.70 NA NA 1979 2.98 2.73 NA 1.99 NA NA 1980 3.68 3.39 NA 2.56 NA NA 1981 4.29 4.00 NA 3.14 NA NA 1982 5.17 4.82 NA 3.87 85.1 NA 1983 6.06 5.59 NA 4.18 80.7 NA 1984 6.12 5.55 NA 4.22 74.7 NA 1985 6.12 5.50 NA 3.95 68.8 NA 1986 5.83 5.08 NA 3.23 59.8 NA 1987 5.54 4.77 93.1 2.94 47.4 NA 1988 5.47 4.63 90.7 2.95 42.6 NA 1989 5.64 4.74 89.1 2.96 R36.9 NA 

1990 5.80 4.83 86.6 2.93 35.2 3.39 1991 5.82 4.81 85.1 2.69 32.7 3.96 1992 5.89 4.88 83.2 2.84 R30.3 4.05 1993 6.16 5.22 R83.9 3.07 R29.7 4.27 81994 R6.41 R5.44 R79.3 R3.05 R25.5 R4.13 R8

1995P 6.06 5.01 70.3 2.66 21.3 NA 

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Includes deliveries to municipalities and public authorities for institutional heating and other purposes. 3 Much of the natural gas delivered for vehicle fuel represents deliveries to fueling stations that are used

primarily or exclusively by respondents’ fleet vehicles. Thus, the prices are often those associated with theoperation of fleet vehicles. 4 Based on 100 percent of volume delivered. 5 Based on all steam-electric utility plants with a combined capacity of 50 megawatts or greater.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. Notes: • Dry natural gas, including supplemental gaseous fuels. • Residential, commercial, and

industrial price data represent prices of natural gas sold and delivresidential, commercial, and industrial consumers, respectively. The transported for the account of others. • The average for each end

total value of the gas consumed by each sector by the total quasection.

Sources: Vehicle Fuel: • 1990-1994—EIA, Natural Gas Ann

All Other Data: • 1967-1989—EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1994 

forward—EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 1996), Table 4.
on statistics are compiled from surveys of

ansmission, and distribution companies and

Consumption by sector from these surveys

and individual State basis and then balanced

ual State supply data. Included in the data

rcial Sector—consumption by nonmanufac

municipalities for institutional heating and

d in agriculture, forestry, and fishing; Elec

mption by electric utilities for the generation

ial Sector—consumption by establishments

cessing unfinished materials into another

mining, petroleum refining, manufacturing,

and natural gas industry use for lease and plant fuel); Residential Sector—consumption by private households for space heating, cooking,and other household uses; Transportation Sector—natural gas transmission (pipeline) fuel.2. Natural Gas Prices by Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 (NGPA)Categories: Old Gas: Includes natural gas dedicated to interstatecommerce and natural gas purchased under existing interstate or rollover contracts (NGPA Sections 104, 105, and 106). New Gas:Includes new natural gas and certain natural gas produced from theOuter Continental Shelf, stripper well gas, and other new gas categories (NGPA Sections 102, 103, 108, and 109). High-Cost Gas:

Includes natural gas from deep wells and low permeability (tight) reservoirs and unregulated gas (NGPA Section 107).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
Coal Mining Productivity

The average productivity of all types of mines in the United Statesincreased each year from 1949 to 1969, when it reached 2.4 shorttons per miner hour (7.6). Productivity during the 1970’s and early1980’s was lower, due primarily to the coal industry’s compliancewith the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, as wellas to environmental and other factors.The growing importance of surface coal mining, where productivityis generally higher than for underground mining, and the closing ofnon-productive mines, led to increases in average productivity during the 1980’s and 1990’s. In 1994, average productivity in all typesof mines (excluding anthracite) reached an all-time high of 5.0 shorttons per miner hour. That year, productivity of underground mines(excluding anthracite) was 3.2 short tons per miner hour and productivity of surface mines (excluding anthracite) was 7.8 short tons perminer hour.

tterns of Coal Production

ion of all types of coal totaled 1,030 million

est total ever (7.1).* The 1995 total was 3.8

he 1994 record level of 1,034 million short

uminous and subbituminous coal accounted

(91 percent) in 1995 (7.2). Lignite and an

e remainder of coal produced. Anthracite,

stern Pennsylvania and is known for its su

ccounts for a diminishing share of total coal

acite accounted for 8.9 percent of the total;

unk to 0.4 percent.

of the Mississippi than in the West, but the

ction increased almost every year after 1965

n of western coal was 27 million short tons,

y 1995, western production had increased by

ion short tons (47 percent of the total). The

oduction was due in part to environmental

ased demand for low-sulfur coal, which is

In addition, surface mining, with its higher

uch more prevalent in the West.

h is generally made from bituminous coal,

the 1949-to-1995 period, particularly after

duction totaled 24 million short tons (7.7).

ction was due to a decline in the use of coke

industry, the principal consumer of coke.

s: Changes in Coal End Use

ominant consumers of coal (7.3). Their con

llion short tons, a 17-percent share, in 1949,

to 829 million short tons, an 88-percent share, in 1995. By contrast,consumption by all other economic sectors in 1995 was lower than it hadbeen in 1949. The most dramatic declines occurred in the transportationsector, where railroads switched to petroleum, and in the residential andcommercial sector. In 1949, those two sectors accounted for 187 millionshort tons, 39 percent of total coal consumption. By 1995, their consumption totaled 5.8 million short tons, less than 1 percent of U.S. coalconsumption.Consumption by the industrial sector, including coke plants, trendeddownward after the mid-1960’s. From 205 million short tons in 1966,industrial consumption fell to about 112 million short tons in 1986 and1987. In 1988, growth in manufacturing activity was accompanied bya modest increase in industrial consumption, which rose to 118 million short tons. In 1989, industrial consumption fell to 117 millionshort tons, and, through 1995, slow growth in the economy restrainedindustrial demand for coal. In 1995, industrial consumption totaled106 million short tons, down 1.0 percent from the 1994 level.

7. Coal

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 207
oreign Markets

as been the United States’ major energy ex

st of the 1960’s and 1970’s, U.S. exports of

113 million short tons in 1981 (7.4). In

Canada, Japan, and European markets

The level of U.S. coal exports fluctuated

ing as low as 78 million short tons in 1983

hort tons in 1988. That year, difficulties ex

ountries (particularly China, Australia, and

d States to recapture some export markets,

rose each year through 1991, when coal ex

hort tons. In 1992, coal exports fell to 103

1993, the continuing weakness of the Euro

ng subsidies for domestic European coal

matically to 75 million short tons. In 1994,

lion short tons, the lowest level in 15 years.

ports to almost all countries increased and

million short tons, up 24 percent from the

and Italy remained the three largest foreign

Prices

price1 of bituminous coal and lignite at the

per short ton, down for the sixteenth year in

e was less than half of the peak real price of

ed in 1975. The average real price of anthra

on was also well below the 1975 peak of

decline in coal prices was the result of gains

in productivity, the expanded use of longwall mining in undergroundmines, and the increased use of less-expensive western coal.From 1961 on, electric utilities were the primary consumers of coal(7.3). Throughout the 1960’s, the average real price of coal deliveredto electric utilities declined (7.8). However, when prices of other fossil fuels rose rapidly after 1973, coal prices at electric utilities alsoincreased, from $25.45 per short ton in 1973 to $40.16 per short tonthe following year. (Despite that increase, coal remained the least expensive fossil fuel, on a Btu basis.) The price of coal at electricutilities gradually rose after 1974, peaking at $49.80 per short ton in1982, and then declined each year through 1995, by which time theprice had fallen to $25.20 per short ton.

Stocks

Although there is little seasonal variation in demand, production ofcoal can vary considerably due to such factors as coal miners’ strikesand bad weather. To compensate for possible supply interruptions,coal producers and distributors, as well as such major consumers aselectric utilities and coke plants, generally maintain large stockpiles.For example, wildcat strikes in 1989 resulted in year-end stocks of 175million short tons, the lowest level since 1978 (7.5). Similarly, in1993, a series of strikes by the United Mine Workers of America ledto lower levels of coal production and stocks were drawn down tocompensate. At year end, coal stocks totaled 146 million short tons. In1994, a major stock build-up by electric utilities brought year-endstocks to 169 million short tons, and, in 1995, year-end stocks remained at that level.In 1995, electric utilities held three-fourths of the coal, and coal producers and distributors held most of the remainder. Stocks at cokeplants and other industrial sites were relatively small. 

es are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1.

210

Figure 7.1 Coal Overview

Overview, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

200400600800

1,0001,200

Million Short Tons

Overview, 1995

Production Imports Exports Consumption

0

200400600800

1,0001,200

1,030

7

89

941

Million Short Tons

Production as Share of Consumption by Type of 

1950 1960 1970 

0

255075

100125

Percent

Production

Consumption

Exports
Table 7.1 Coal Overview, 1949-1995

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports

Stock

Changes, Losses, and

Unaccounted for 1 

1949 480.6 0.3 32.8 35.1 1950 560.4 0.4 29.4 -37.3 1951 576.3 0.3 62.7 -8.1 1952 507.4 0.3 52.2 -1.4 1953 488.2 0.3 36.5 2.8 1954 420.8 0.2 33.9 2.8 1955 490.8 0.3 54.4 10.3 1956 529.8 0.4 73.8 0.5 1957 518.0 0.4 80.8 -3.2 1958 431.6 0.3 52.6 6.4 1959 432.7 0.4 39.0 -9.0 1960 434.3 0.3 38.0 1.5 1961 420.4 0.2 36.4 6.2 1962 439.0 0.2 40.2 3.2 1963 477.2 0.3 50.4 -3.6 1964 504.2 0.3 49.5 -9.3 1965 527.0 0.2 51.0 -4.1 1966 546.8 0.2 50.1 0.8 1967 564.9 0.2 50.1 -23.6 1968 556.7 0.2 51.2 4.1 1969 571.0 0.1 56.9 2.2 1970 612.7 (s) 71.7 -17.7 1971 560.9 0.1 57.3 -2.2 1972 602.5 (s) 56.7 -21.5 1973 598.6 0.1 53.6 17.5 1974 610.0 2.1 60.7 7.0 1975 654.6 0.9 66.3 -26.6 1976 684.9 1.2 60.0 -22.3 1977 697.2 1.6 54.3 -19.2 1978 670.2 3.0 40.7 -7.2 1979 781.1 2.1 66.0 -36.6 1980 829.7 1.2 91.7 -36.4 1981 823.8 1.0 112.5 20.3 1982 838.1 0.7 106.3 -25.7 1983 782.1 1.3 77.8 31.1 1984 895.9 1.3 81.5 -24.4 1985 883.6 2.0 92.7 25.1 1986 890.3 2.2 85.5 -2.8 1987 918.8 1.7 79.6 -4.0 1988 950.3 2.1 95.0 26.3 1989 980.7 2.9 100.8 6.9 1990 1,029.1 2.7 105.8 -30.5 1991 996.0 3.4 109.0 -2.8 1992 997.5 3.8 102.5 -6.4 1993 945.4 7.3 74.5 47.7 1994 R1,033.5 7.6 71.4 R-39.5 

1995 1,029.7 7.2 88.5 -7.6 

1 Includes changes in stocks at electric utilities, coke plants, other industries, retail dealers,

producers/distributors, and the balancing item of losses and unaccounted for.

R=Revised data. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons. Note: • Data do not include consumption by nonutilities in SIC 49, "Electric Services." • Totals may not

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsy

1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Bituminous Coal and Lignite 

1978 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979 and 1

Coal Report. • 1981-1994—EIA, Weekly Coal Production, Coal P

1995, (December 1994), and Quarterly Coal Report October-D

• 1995—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1996), Table 6.1.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1995

212

1 Included with bituminous coal prior to 1969.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.2.

Total

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

300600900

1,200

Million Short Tons

By Mining Method

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

100200300400500600700

Million Short Tons

Surface

Underground

By Rank

1950 1960 1970 

0

100200300400500600700

Million Short Tons

Bituminous

Coal

Anthracite

Sub

By Location

1950 1960 1970 

0

100200300400500600700

Million Short Tons

West of Mississippi

East of Mississipp

Peak production of

1.03 billion short tons

in 1994
Table 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-1995

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Rank Mining Method Location

Bituminous

Coal

Subbituminous

Coal Lignite Anthracite Underground Surface

West of the 

Mississippi

1949 437.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 358.9 121.7 36.4 

1950 516.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 44.1 421.0 139.4 36.0 1951 533.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 42.7 442.2 134.2 34.6 1952 466.8 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 40.6 381.2 126.3 32.7 1953 457.3 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 30.9 367.4 120.8 30.6 1954 391.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 29.1 306.0 114.8 25.4 1955 464.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 26.2 358.0 132.9 26.6 1956 500.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 28.9 380.8 148.9 25.8 1957 492.7 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 25.3 373.6 144.5 24.7 1958 410.4 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 21.2 297.6 134.0 20.3 1959 412.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 20.6 292.8 139.8 20.3 1960 415.5 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.8 292.6 141.7 21.3 1961 403.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.4 279.6 140.9 21.8 1962 422.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 16.9 287.9 151.1 21.4 1963 458.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 18.3 309.0 168.2 23.7 1964 487.0 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 17.2 327.7 176.5 25.7 1965 512.1 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 14.9 338.0 189.0 27.4 1966 533.9 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.9 342.6 204.2 28.0 1967 552.6 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 12.3 352.4 212.5 28.9 1968 545.2 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 11.5 346.6 210.1 29.7 1969 547.2 8.3 5.0 10.5 349.2 221.7 33.3 1970 578.5 16.4 8.0 9.7 340.5 272.1 44.9 1971 521.3 22.2 8.7 8.7 277.2 283.7 51.0 1972 556.8 27.5 11.0 7.1 305.0 297.4 64.3 1973 543.5 33.9 14.3 6.8 300.1 298.5 76.4 1974 545.7 42.2 15.5 6.6 278.0 332.1 91.9 1975 577.5 51.1 19.8 6.2 293.5 361.2 110.9 1976 588.4 64.8 25.5 6.2 295.5 389.4 136.1 1977 581.0 82.1 28.2 5.9 266.6 430.6 163.9 1978 534.0 96.8 34.4 5.0 242.8 427.4 183.0 1979 612.3 121.5 42.5 4.8 320.9 460.2 221.4 1980 628.8 147.7 47.2 6.1 337.5 492.2 251.0 1981 608.0 159.7 50.7 5.4 316.5 507.3 269.9 1982 620.2 160.9 52.4 4.6 339.2 499.0 273.9 1983 568.6 151.0 58.3 4.1 300.4 481.7 274.7 1984 649.5 179.2 63.1 4.2 352.1 543.9 308.3 1985 613.9 192.7 72.4 4.7 350.8 532.8 324.9 1986 620.1 189.6 76.4 4.3 360.4 529.9 325.9 1987 636.6 200.2 78.4 3.6 372.9 545.9 336.8 1988 638.1 223.5 85.1 3.6 382.2 568.1 370.7 1989 659.8 231.2 86.4 3.3 393.8 586.9 381.7 1990 693.2 244.3 88.1 3.5 424.5 604.5 398.9 1991 650.7 255.3 86.5 3.4 407.2 588.8 404.7 1992 651.9 252.1 90.1 3.5 407.2 590.3 409.0 1993 576.7 274.9 89.5 4.3 351.1 594.4 429.2 1994 R640.3 R300.5 R88.1 4.6 R399.1 R634.4 R467.2 

1995E 611.1 328.4 86.1 4.1 370.0 659.7 487.5 

1 Included in bituminous coal.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Prod

Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Coal Production (a

Data Report, Weekly Coal Report and Coal Production (annua

Production and Coal Production (annual). • 1994—EIA, Coal In

Tables 1, 3, and 9. • 1995—EIA estimates.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

* Small amounts of coal for transportation use are included in Industry and Miscellaneous.

214

Source: Table 7.3.

Figure 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector

Shares by Sector, 1949 and 1995

electric Industry

0

255075

100

17

44

24

88

11

Percent

1949 1995

By Sector, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

300600900

Million Short Tons Industry and Miscellaneous

Residential and Commercial

By Sector, 1995

Electric Coke Other Residential

0

300600900 829

33 73 6

Million Short Tons

ElectricUtilities

Coke 

Plants

Other

Industry

Residential 

and

Commercial Industry and Miscellaneous

ElectricUtilities

Industry

and

Miscellaneous

Reside

and

Comme

Electric Utilities
Table 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, 1949-1995

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Residential

and

Commercial

Industry and Miscellaneous

Transportation

ElectricUtilities 

Coke

Plants

Other Industry

and Miscellaneous Total

1949 116.5 91.4 121.2 212.6 70.2 84.0 1950 114.6 104.0 120.6 224.6 63.0 91.9 1951 101.5 113.7 128.7 242.4 56.2 105.8 1952 92.3 97.8 117.1 214.9 39.8 107.1 1953 79.2 113.1 117.0 230.1 29.6 115.9 1954 69.1 85.6 98.2 183.9 18.6 118.4 1955 68.4 107.7 110.1 217.8 17.0 143.8 1956 64.2 106.3 114.3 220.6 13.8 158.3 1957 49.0 108.4 106.5 214.9 9.8 160.8 1958 47.9 76.8 100.5 177.4 4.7 155.7 1959 40.8 79.6 92.7 172.3 3.6 168.4 1960 40.9 81.4 96.0 177.4 3.0 176.7 1961 37.3 74.2 95.9 170.1 0.8 182.2 1962 36.5 74.7 97.1 171.7 0.7 193.3 1963 31.5 78.1 101.9 180.0 0.7 211.3 1964 27.2 89.2 103.1 192.4 0.7 225.4 1965 25.7 95.3 105.6 200.8 0.7 244.8 1966 25.6 96.4 108.7 205.1 0.6 266.5 1967 22.1 92.8 101.8 194.6 0.5 274.2 1968 20.0 91.3 100.4 191.6 0.4 297.8 1969 18.9 93.4 93.1 186.6 0.3 310.6 1970 16.1 96.5 90.2 186.6 0.3 320.2 1971 15.2 83.2 75.6 158.9 0.2 327.3 1972 11.7 87.7 72.9 160.6 0.2 351.8 1973 11.1 94.1 68.0 162.1 0.1 389.2 1974 11.4 90.2 64.9 155.1 0.1 391.8 1975 9.4 83.6 63.6 147.2 (s) 406.0 1976 8.9 84.7 61.8 146.5 (s) 448.4 1977 9.0 77.7 61.5 139.2 (s) 477.1 1978 9.5 71.4 63.1 134.5 1 ( ) 481.2 

1979 8.4 77.4 67.7 145.1 1 ( ) 527.1 1980 6.5 66.7 60.3 127.0 1 ( ) 569.3 1981 7.4 61.0 67.4 128.4 1 ( ) 596.8 1982 8.2 40.9 64.1 105.0 1 ( ) 593.7 1983 8.4 37.0 66.0 103.0 1 ( ) 625.2 1984 9.1 44.0 73.7 117.8 1 ( ) 664.4 1985 7.8 41.1 75.4 116.4 1 ( ) 693.8 1986 7.7 35.9 75.6 111.5 1 ( ) 685.1 1987 6.9 37.0 75.2 112.1 1 ( ) 717.9 1988 7.1 41.9 76.3 118.1 1 ( ) 758.4 1989 6.2 40.5 76.1 116.6 1 ( ) 766.9 1990 6.7 38.9 76.3 115.2 1 ( ) 773.5 1991 6.1 33.9 75.4 109.3 1 ( ) 772.3 1992 6.2 32.4 74.0 106.4 1 ( ) 779.9 1993 6.2 31.3 74.9 106.2 1 ( ) 813.5 1994 R6.0 R31.7 R75.2 R106.9 1 ( ) R817.3 

1995 5.8 33.0 72.8 105.8 1 ( ) 829.2 

1 After 1977, small amounts of coal consumed by Transportation Sector are included in "Other Industry

and Miscellaneous."

R=Revised data. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Data do not include consumption by nonutilities in SIC 49,

"Electric Services." See Note 2 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due toindependent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 

• 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 1982—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1990 Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1991 (May 1992), Ta

Report October-December 1992 (May 1993), Table 45. • 

October-December 1993 (May 1994), Table 45. 1986—EIA, Qu

1994 (May 1995), Table 45. • 1987-1994—EIA, Quarterly Coa

1996), Table 45. • 1995—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 199
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination

216

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.4.

By Selected Country, 1995

Japan Canada Italy Netherlands 

05

1015

11.8

9.4 9.1

7.3

Million Short Tons

Total and Europe, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

255075

100125

Million Short Tons Total

Europe

By Selected Country, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

102030

Million Short Tons

Japan

Canada

Italy

Netherlands
Table 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-1995

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Canada Brazil

Europe

Belgium/

Luxembourg Denmark France Germany 1 Italy Netherlands Spain

United

Kingdom Other Total

1960 12.8 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.8 4.6 4.9 2.8 0.3 0.0 2.4 17.1 1961 12.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.7 4.3 4.8 2.6 0.2 0.0 2.0 15.7 1962 12.3 1.3 1.3 (s) 0.9 5.1 6.0 3.3 0.8 (s) 1.8 19.1 1963 14.6 1.2 2.7 (s) 2.7 5.6 7.9 5.0 1.5 0.0 2.4 27.7 1964 14.8 1.1 2.3 (s) 2.2 5.2 8.1 4.2 1.4 0.0 2.6 26.0 1965 16.3 1.2 2.2 (s) 2.1 4.7 9.0 3.4 1.4 (s) 2.3 25.1 1966 16.5 1.7 1.8 (s) 1.6 4.9 7.8 3.2 1.2 (s) 2.5 23.1 1967 15.8 1.7 1.4 0.0 2.1 4.7 5.9 2.2 1.0 0.0 2.1 19.4 1968 17.1 1.8 1.1 0.0 1.5 3.8 4.3 1.5 1.5 0.0 1.9 15.5 1969 17.3 1.8 0.9 0.0 2.3 3.5 3.7 1.6 1.8 0.0 1.3 15.2 1970 19.1 2.0 1.9 0.0 3.6 5.0 4.3 2.1 3.2 (s) 1.8 21.8 1971 18.0 1.9 0.8 0.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.6 1.7 1.1 16.6 1972 18.7 1.9 1.1 0.0 1.7 2.4 3.7 2.3 2.1 2.4 1.1 16.9 1973 16.7 1.6 1.2 0.0 2.0 1.6 3.3 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.3 14.4 1974 14.2 1.3 1.1 0.0 2.7 1.5 3.9 2.6 2.0 1.4 0.9 16.1 1975 17.3 2.0 0.6 0.0 3.6 2.0 4.5 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.6 19.0 1976 16.9 2.2 2.2 (s) 3.5 1.0 4.2 3.5 2.5 0.8 2.1 19.9 1977 17.7 2.3 1.5 0.1 2.1 0.9 4.1 2.0 1.6 0.6 2.1 15.0 1978 15.7 1.5 1.1 0.0 1.7 0.6 3.2 1.1 0.8 0.4 2.2 11.0 1979 19.5 2.8 3.2 0.2 3.9 2.6 5.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 4.4 23.9 1980 17.5 3.3 4.6 1.7 7.8 2.5 7.1 4.7 3.4 4.1 6.0 41.9 1981 18.2 2.7 4.3 3.9 9.7 4.3 10.5 6.8 6.4 2.3 8.8 57.0 1982 18.6 3.1 4.8 2.8 9.0 2.3 11.3 5.9 5.6 2.0 7.6 51.3 1983 17.2 3.6 2.5 1.7 4.2 1.5 8.1 4.2 3.3 1.2 6.4 33.1 1984 20.4 4.7 3.9 0.6 3.8 0.9 7.6 5.5 2.3 2.9 5.3 32.8 1985 16.4 5.9 4.4 2.2 4.5 1.1 10.3 6.3 3.5 2.7 10.3 45.1 1986 14.5 5.7 4.4 2.1 5.4 0.8 10.4 5.6 2.6 2.9 8.4 42.6 1987 16.2 5.8 4.6 0.9 2.9 0.5 9.5 4.1 2.5 2.6 6.6 34.2 1988 19.2 5.3 6.5 2.8 4.3 0.7 11.1 5.1 2.5 3.7 8.5 45.1 1989 16.8 5.7 7.1 3.2 6.5 0.7 11.2 6.1 3.3 4.5 8.9 51.6 1990 15.5 5.8 8.5 3.2 6.9 1.1 11.9 8.4 3.8 5.2 9.5 58.4 1991 11.2 7.1 7.5 4.7 9.5 1.7 11.3 9.6 4.7 6.2 10.4 65.5 1992 15.1 6.4 7.2 3.8 8.1 1.0 9.3 9.1 4.5 5.6 8.5 57.3 1993 8.9 5.2 5.2 0.3 4.0 0.5 6.9 5.6 4.1 4.1 6.9 37.6 1994 9.2 5.5 4.9 0.5 2.9 0.3 7.5 4.9 4.1 3.4 7.3 35.8 1995 9.4 6.4 4.5 2.1 3.7 2.0 9.1 7.3 4.7 4.7 10.7 48.6 

1 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning with 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany.

(s)=Less than 50,000 tons. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1960-1988—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bu

Schedule B Commodities, EM 522. • 1989 forward—U.S. De

Census, "Monthly Report EM 545."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year

218

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.5.

Total and Electric Utility Stocks, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

50

100150200250

Million Short Tons

Total

Electric

Utilities

By Holding Entity, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

50

100150200

Million Short Tons

Electric Utilities

Producer

and Distribu

Other Consumers

By Holding Entity, 1995

Electric Producers 

0

255075

100125150

127

34

Million Short Tons

Utilities and

Distributors
Table 7.5 Coal Stocks, End of Year 1949-1995

 (Million Short Tons)

Year

Consumer

Producers

and

Distributors 

Residential 1

and

Commercial

Coke

Plants

Other

Industry 2

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 1.4 10.0 16.1 22.1 49.5 NA 1950 2.5 16.8 26.2 31.8 77.3 NA 1951 1.8 15.3 26.2 38.5 81.8 NA 1952 1.7 14.5 24.7 41.5 82.4 NA 1953 1.5 16.6 22.8 45.6 86.6 NA 1954 0.8 12.4 16.4 46.1 75.7 NA 1955 1.0 13.4 15.9 41.4 71.7 NA 1956 1.1 14.0 17.4 48.8 81.3 NA 1957 0.9 14.2 15.5 53.1 83.7 NA 1958 0.9 13.1 13.7 51.0 78.7 NA 1959 1.0 11.6 13.6 52.1 78.4 NA 1960 0.7 11.1 11.6 51.7 75.2 NA 1961 0.5 10.5 11.9 50.1 73.0 NA 1962 0.5 8.4 12.0 50.4 71.3 NA 1963 0.5 8.1 12.3 50.6 71.5 NA 1964 0.4 10.2 12.2 53.9 76.7 NA 1965 0.4 10.6 13.1 54.5 78.6 NA 1966 0.2 9.3 12.2 53.9 75.6 NA 1967 0.2 11.1 12.3 71.0 94.6 NA 1968 0.2 9.7 11.7 65.5 87.0 NA 1969 0.2 9.1 10.8 61.9 81.9 NA 1970 0.3 9.0 11.8 71.9 93.0 NA 1971 0.3 7.3 5.6 77.8 91.0 NA 1972 0.3 9.1 7.6 99.7 116.8 NA 1973 0.3 7.0 10.4 87.0 104.6 12.5 1974 0.3 6.2 6.6 83.5 96.6 11.6 1975 0.2 8.8 8.5 110.7 128.3 12.1 1976 0.2 9.9 7.1 117.4 134.7 14.2 1977 0.2 12.8 11.1 133.2 157.3 14.2 1978 0.4 8.3 9.0 128.2 145.9 20.7 1979 0.3 10.2 11.8 159.7 182.0 20.8 1980 NA 9.1 12.0 183.0 204.0 24.4 1981 NA 6.5 9.9 168.9 185.3 24.1 1982 NA 4.6 9.5 181.1 195.3 36.8 1983 NA 4.3 8.7 155.6 168.7 33.9 1984 NA 6.2 11.3 179.7 197.2 34.1 1985 NA 3.4 10.4 156.4 170.2 33.1 1986 NA 3.0 10.4 161.8 175.2 32.1 1987 NA 3.9 10.8 170.8 185.5 28.3 1988 NA 3.1 8.8 146.5 158.4 30.4 1989 NA 2.9 7.4 135.9 146.1 29.0 1990 NA 3.3 8.7 156.2 168.2 33.4 1991 NA 2.8 7.1 157.9 167.7 33.0 1992 NA 2.6 7.0 154.1 163.7 34.0 1993 NA 2.4 6.7 111.3 120.5 25.3 1994 NA R2.7 R6.6 R126.9 R136.1 R33.2 

1995 NA 2.6 5.6 126.6 134.8 34.4 

1 Stocks at retail dealers, excluding anthracite.2 Includes transportation sector.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data

Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976. • 1977 and

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report.

• 1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly Coal Report. • 1982—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1990 Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1991 (May 1992), Table 

October-December 1992 (May 1993), Table 52. • 1985—EIA, Q

1993 (May 1994), Table 52. 1986—EIA, Quarterly Coal Repor

Table 52. • 1987-1994—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-Dec

1995—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1996), Table 6.3.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1994

220

1 Includes subbituminous coal.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.6.

Bituminous Coal1 and Lignite Mines, by Type

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

02468

Average Short Tons per Miner Hour Surface Underground

All Mines, by Coal Type

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0246

Average Short Tons per Miner Hour Bituminous Coal1 and Lignite Mines Anthracite Mines

All Mines, Average

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 

0246

Average Short Tons per Miner Hour 1.77 in 1978 
Table 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, 1949-1994

 (Short Tons per Miner Hour 1)

Year

Bituminous Coal 2 and Lignite Mines

Underground Surface Average Anthracite Mines 

1949 0.68 1.92 0.80 0.36 1950 0.72 1.96 0.85 0.35 1951 0.76 2.00 0.88 0.37 1952 0.80 2.10 0.93 0.38 1953 0.88 2.22 1.02 0.41 1954 1.00 2.48 1.18 0.50 1955 1.04 2.65 1.23 0.50 1956 1.08 2.67 1.29 0.53 1957 1.11 2.73 1.32 0.52 1958 1.17 2.73 1.42 0.55 1959 1.26 2.87 1.53 0.64 1960 1.33 2.91 1.60 0.70 1961 1.43 3.16 1.73 0.70 1962 1.50 3.40 1.84 0.74 1963 1.60 3.66 1.98 0.78 1964 1.72 3.76 2.11 0.76 1965 1.75 4.10 2.19 0.82 1966 1.83 4.28 2.32 0.86 1967 1.88 4.48 2.40 0.90 1968 1.93 4.33 2.42 0.95 1969 1.95 4.50 2.49 0.93 1970 1.72 4.53 2.36 0.89 1971 1.50 4.49 2.25 0.79 1972 1.49 4.54 2.22 0.86 1973 1.46 4.58 2.20 0.89 1974 1.41 4.74 2.35 0.98 1975 1.19 3.26 1.83 0.93 1976 1.14 3.25 1.80 0.90 1977 1.09 3.16 1.82 0.87 1978 1.04 3.03 1.79 0.81 1979 1.13 3.12 1.82 1.06 1980 1.21 3.27 1.94 1.11 1981 1.29 3.50 2.11 0.92 1982 1.37 3.48 2.14 0.59 1983 1.62 3.87 2.52 1.01 1984 1.72 4.10 2.65 1.02 1985 1.79 4.32 2.76 1.05 1986 2.00 4.69 3.04 1.03 1987 2.21 5.06 3.32 1.13 1988 2.38 5.41 3.58 1.21 1989 2.46 5.70 3.73 1.12 1990 2.54 6.07 3.86 1.03 1991 2.70 6.51 4.12 1.39 1992 2.95 6.73 4.41 1.33 1993 2.97 7.36 4.74 1.86 1994 3.20 7.82 5.02 1.94 

1 Data for bituminous coal and lignite mines 1949-1973 and anthracite mines 1949-1978 were originally

reported in short tons per miner-day. The data were converted to short-tons per miner-hour by assumingan eight-hour day. All remaining data were calculated by dividing total production by total labor hoursworked by all mine employees except office workers.

2 Includes subbituminous coal.

Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" and

"Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. • 1976—Energy InformReport, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976 and Coal-Pennsy

1978—EIA, Energy Data Report, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Prod

and Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 1979—EIA, Ene• 1980-1992—EIA, Coal Production (annual). • 1993—EIA, Coal 

• 1994—EIA, Coal Industry Annual 1994 (October 1995).
222 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 7.7.

Figure 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1995

Production and Consumption

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

20406080

Million Short Tons

Consumption

Production

Imports and Exports

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0246

Million Short Tons Exports

Imports
Table 7.7 Coke Overview, 1949-1995

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Production Imports Exports Stock Change 1 

1949 63.64 0.28 0.55 -0.18 1950 72.72 0.44 0.40 0.66 1951 79.33 0.16 1.03 -0.37 1952 68.25 0.31 0.79 -0.42 1953 78.84 0.16 0.52 -0.78 1954 59.66 0.12 0.39 -0.27 1955 75.30 0.13 0.53 1.25 1956 74.48 0.13 0.66 -0.63 1957 75.95 0.12 0.82 -0.81 1958 53.60 0.12 0.39 -0.68 1959 55.86 0.12 0.46 -0.86 1960 57.23 0.13 0.35 -0.06 1961 51.71 0.13 0.45 0.70 1962 51.91 0.14 0.36 0.14 1963 54.28 0.15 0.45 1.02 1964 62.15 0.10 0.52 0.91 1965 66.85 0.09 0.83 -0.73 1966 67.40 0.10 1.10 -0.38 1967 64.58 0.09 0.71 -2.39 1968 63.65 0.09 0.79 -0.52 1969 64.76 0.17 1.63 2.87 1970 66.53 0.15 2.48 -0.99 1971 57.44 0.17 1.51 0.59 1972 60.51 0.19 1.23 0.59 1973 64.33 1.09 1.40 1.74 1974 61.58 3.54 1.28 0.25 1975 57.21 1.82 1.27 -4.06 1976 58.33 1.31 1.32 -1.50 1977 53.51 1.83 1.24 0.05 1978 49.01 5.72 0.69 2.91 1979 52.94 3.97 1.44 -1.65 1980 46.13 0.66 2.07 -3.44 1981 42.79 0.53 1.17 1.90 1982 28.12 0.12 0.99 -1.47 1983 25.81 0.04 0.67 4.67 1984 30.40 0.58 1.05 -0.20 1985 28.44 0.58 1.12 1.16 1986 24.92 0.33 1.00 0.49 1987 26.30 0.92 0.57 1.00 1988 28.95 2.69 1.09 -0.52 1989 28.05 2.31 1.09 -0.34 1990 27.62 0.77 0.57 (s) 1991 24.05 1.10 0.74 -0.19 1992 23.41 1.74 0.64 0.22 1993 23.18 1.53 0.84 0.42 1994 E22.69 1.61 0.66 E0.53 

1995 23.75 1.82 0.75 -0.37 

1 Producer and distributor stocks at end of year. Negative numbers denote a net addition to stocks or a

reduction in supply. Positive numbers denote a net withdrawal from stocks or an addition to supply.

2 Consumption is the sum of production, imports, and stock change minus exports.

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 million short tons .Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coke and Coal Chemicals" chapter. 

• 1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Coke and Coal Chemicals,

annual. • 1981—EIA, Energy Data Report, Coke Plant Report, q

Report October-December 1990 (May 1991), Table A1. • 

October-December 1991 (May 1992), Table A1. • 1984—EIA, Q

1992 (May 1993), Table 2. • 1985—EIA, Quarterly Coal Repor

Table 2. • 1986—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-Dece

forward—EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1995 (May 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 7.8 Coal Prices, 1959-1995

224

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix E.

Notes: · Bituminous coal includes subbituminous coal. · CIF=Cost, Insurance, and 

Freight. · f.o.b.=Free on board. See Glossary. Becau

should not be compared.

Source: Table 7.8.

Nominal

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

204060

Dollars per Short Ton

Anthracite

At Plants and Min

Bituminous Coal and Lignite

f.o.b. Mines

Real1

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

20406080

Dollars per Short Ton

Anthracite

At Plants and Mines

Bituminous Coal and Lignite

f.o.b. Mines

All Coal,

CIF Electric Utility Power Plants

All Coal, 

CIF Electric Utility Power Plants

l

l l

l
Table 7.8 Coal Prices, 1949-1995

 (Dollars per Short Ton)

Year

Bituminous Coal 1 and Lignite Anthracite 

F.O.B. 2 Mines At Plants and Mines 3 CIF 4 Electric 

Nominal Real 5 Nominal Real 5 Nominal 

1949 4.88 6 ( ) 8.90 6 ( ) NA 

1950 4.84 6 ( ) 9.34 6 ( ) NA 1951 4.92 6 ( ) 9.94 6 ( ) NA 1952 4.90 6 ( ) 9.58 6 ( ) 6.61 

1953 4.92 6 ( ) 9.87 6 ( ) 6.61 1954 4.52 6 ( ) 8.76 6 ( ) 6.31 1955 4.50 6 ( ) 8.00 6 ( ) 6.07 1956 4.82 6 ( ) 8.33 6 ( ) 6.32 1957 5.08 6 ( ) 9.11 6 ( ) 6.64 1958 4.86 6 ( ) 9.14 6 ( ) 6.58 1959 4.77 R20.83 8.55 R37.34 6.37 

1960 4.69 R20.13 8.01 R34.38 6.26 1961 4.58 R19.41 8.26 R35.00 6.20 1962 4.48 R18.74 7.99 R33.43 6.02 1963 4.39 R18.14 8.64 R35.70 5.86 1964 4.45 R18.16 8.93 R36.45 5.74 1965 4.44 R17.76 8.51 R34.04 5.71 1966 4.54 R17.67 8.08 R31.44 5.76 1967 4.62 R17.43 8.15 R30.75 5.85 1968 4.67 R16.86 8.78 R31.70 5.93 1969 4.99 R17.21 9.91 R34.17 6.13 1970 6.26 R20.46 11.03 R36.05 7.13 1971 7.07 R21.96 12.08 R37.52 8.00 1972 7.66 R22.87 12.40 R37.01 8.44 1973 8.53 R24.10 13.65 R38.56 9.01 1974 15.75 R40.91 22.19 R57.64 15.46 1975 19.23 R45.57 32.26 R76.45 17.63 1976 19.43 R43.57 33.92 R76.05 18.38 1977 19.82 R41.81 34.86 R73.54 20.37 1978 21.78 R42.71 35.25 R69.12 23.75 1979 23.65 R42.77 41.06 R74.25 26.15 1980 24.52 R40.60 42.51 R70.38 28.76 1981 26.29 R39.89 44.28 R67.19 32.32 1982 27.14 R38.72 49.85 R71.11 34.91 1983 25.85 R35.36 52.29 R71.53 34.99 1984 25.51 R33.61 48.22 R63.53 35.12 1985 25.10 R32.02 45.80 R58.42 34.53 1986 23.70 R29.40 44.12 R54.74 33.30 1987 23.00 R27.68 43.65 R52.53 31.83 1988 22.00 R25.55 44.16 R51.29 30.64 1989 21.76 R24.26 42.93 R47.86 30.15 1990 21.71 R23.19 39.40 R42.09 30.45 1991 21.45 R22.05 36.34 R37.35 30.02 1992 20.98 R20.98 34.24 R34.24 29.36 1993 19.79 R19.29 32.90 R32.07 28.58 1994 R19.35 R18.43 R36.07 R34.35 R28.03 1995E 19.00 17.67 36.50 33.95 27.09 

1 Includes subbituminous coal.2 Free on board (see Glossary).3 For 1949-1978, prices are f.o.b. preparation plants. For 1979 forward, prices are f.o.b. mines.4 Cost, Insurance, and Freight (see Glossary).5 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See

Appendix E.

6 For 1949-1958, the gross domestic product implicit price deflators, which are used to convert nominal

dollars to real (inflation-adjusted) values, were not available in time to use in this report. 

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. Sources: Bituminous Coal and Lignite, F.O.B. Mines: • 1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Minerals

Yearbook, "Coal-Bituminous and Lignite" chapter. • 1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA),

Energy Data Report, Coal-Bituminous and Lignite in 1976. • 1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Report,

Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations-1

Production, (annual). • 1993—EIA, Coal Industry Annual 1993 

Industry Annual 1994 (December 1995). • 1995—EIA estimates. 

Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapte

Report, Coal-Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. • 19

Production-1979. • 1980-1993—EIA, Coal Production, (annual). • 

(December 1995). • 1995—EIA estimates. All Coal, CIF 

1949-1972—National Coal Association, Steam E

• 1973-1982—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-423, "Monfor Electric Plants." • 1983 forward—Federal Energy Regulatory Report of Cost and Quality of Fuel for Electric Utilities."
he consumption of bituminous coal (includ

, lignite, and anthracite are generated

on data reported in surveys. Included are

ic utility companies and coke plant compa

mption by all industrial and manufacturing

residential and commercial sector are based

ed quarterly from coal companies. Included

the following: Electric Utility Sector–con

publicly owned establishments engaged in

ibution of electric power primarily for sale

d Miscellaneous Sector–consumption at

manufacturing plants, large commercial establishments, coking plants,and by agriculture, mining (other than coal mining), and constructionindustries; Transportation Sector–sales to railroads and vessel bunkerfuel; Residential and Commercial Sector–retail dealer sales to households and small commercial establishments.2. Consumption data for 1995 exclude Energy Information Administration estimates of 4 million short tons per quarter that are consumedby independent power producers to generate electricity and by cogeneration plants not included in the other industrial, coke, andcommercial sectors. Those estimates, in thousand short tons, are asfollows: 1989, 219; 1990, 400; 1991, 1,500; 1992, 2,500; 1993, 3,086;and 1994, 3,785.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
ctric Power Industry

mary source of electricity in the United States;

Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 was

roducers supplied an ever-increasing amount

wer producers own electric generating capac

utilities, lack a designated service area.

producers, and independent power producers

ty power producers. In 1994, electric utilities

watthours of nonutility electricity generation

ctric utilities’ net generation in 1994 totaled

ummer Capability

common measure of generating capacity, is

rly output that generating equipment is ex

stem load, exclusive of auxiliary power, as

the time of summer peak demand. Although

ility at electric utilities have been collected

y Information Administration has estimated

). Estimates and collected data indicate that

ing the 1949-to-1995 period increased at an

percent, reaching 705 million kilowatts.

ntional steam plants fueled by fossil fuels,

onsible for most of the growth. In 1995, they

thirds of electric utility total net summer ca

plants accounted for 14 percent of the total in

mped storage hydroelectric facilities also ac

ternal combustion and gas turbine plants, as

emerging sources of energy, such as geother

ainder.

At nonutility power producers, net summer capability in 1994 increased 12 percent from the 1993 level to 62 million kilowatts, 8.1percent of the electric power industry total (8.2).

Electricity Generation

Net generation of electricity by electric utilities in 1995 totaled 3.0trillion kilowatthours, up 2.9 percent from the 1994 level (8.3). Coalcontinued to fuel most of the generation and accounted for 1.7 trillionkilowatthours. Natural gas accounted for 307 billion kilowatthours.Despite continuing low petroleum prices, petroleum-fired generationin 1995 fell to 61 billion kilowatthours. In contrast, nuclear-based generation rose 5.2 percent to 673 billion kilowatthours, an all-time high.Conventional hydroelectric generation totaled 296 billion kilowatt-hours,up 20 percent from generation in 1994. Hydroelectric pumped storagegeneration, however, was a negative 3 billion kilowatthours, because theenergy used for pumping exceeded energy generated. Geothermal andother renewable energy sources accounted for 6 billion kilowatthours.Nonutilities’ gross generation totaled 355 billion kilowatthours in1994, up 9.1 percent from the 1993 level (8.12). Over half of that totalwas sold to electric utilities (8.1 and 8.12). In 1994, by far the largestshare of nonutility power gross generation came from manufacturers(8.13). The transportation, public utilities, and mining industries alsogenerated significant amounts of electric power. The West South Central and Pacific Census Divisions led the Nation in nonutility powergross generation.

Energy Consumption

During the 1949-to-1995 period, consumption of coal at electric utilities grew at a faster rate than did consumption of natural gas andpetroleum (8.5). On a Btu basis, coal accounted for 67 percent of totalfossil fuel consumption in 1949 and 81 percent of the total in 1995.Seventeen quadrillion Btu of coal were consumed by electric utilitiesin 1995.

8. Electricity

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 227
on of both petroleum and natural gas in

e period, but growth in the use of both fuels

1970’s. During the first half of the 1980’s,

eased.

n of petroleum and natural gas at electric utili

988 illustrated the utilities’ fuel-switching

them to respond to fluctuations in fuel prices.

ctric utility consumption of petroleum fell

n 1989 to 0.7 quadrillion Btu in 1995. Elec

of clean-burning natural gas, on the other

988 level for 4 years and then increased in

to 3.3 quadrillion Btu, as electric utilities

vironmental regulations.

es rely most heavily on coal as an energy in

utilities’ 1994 gross generation came from

ent came from renewable energy sources

ectricity to Consumers

eriod, electricity sales increased at an average

8.6). Annual sales declined only two times, in

e decline in sales spanned all sectors, whereas

ndustrial sector alone accounted for the decline.

hrough 1990), sales of electricity to the in

sales to other sectors. In 1991, 1993, and

e residential sector accounted for the largest

residential sector rose 3.5 percent to the re

kilowatthours, while sales to the industrial

o 1,011 billion kilowatthours. Sales to the

billion kilowatthours were 4.0 percent above

Prices of Electricity

l price1 of electricity to all sectors in 1995

thour, 17 percent below the price in 1960

arent stability in electricity prices masked

fluctuations that occurred throughout the period and variations in pricespaid by consumers in different end-use sectors. And, because conversionlosses account for roughly two-thirds of the energy input for electricitygeneration, electricity remained by far the most expensive source of energy on a Btu basis. The average real price of electricity sold to theresidential sector, where prices have usually been the highest, was 7.8cents per kilowatthour in 1995, down 2.5 percent from the price in 1994.The commercial sector price of 7.2 cents per kilowatthour in 1995 wasdown 1.4 percent. Industrial customers continued to pay prices that compared favorably with prices in other sectors. In 1995, the real price ofelectricity sold to industrial users was 4.4 cents per kilowatthour, down4.3 percent from the price in 1994.

es are expressed in chained (1992) dollars.

Demand-Side Management at Electric Utilities

The planning, implementation, and monitoring of electric utility activitiesdesigned to encourage customers to modify their patterns of electricityusage, including the timing and level of electricity demand, is calleddemand-side management (DSM). Rebates to customers who installenergy-efficient appliances and reduced rates for non-peakload use ofelectricity are examples of DSM programs.DSM has both economic and environmental benefits. The economicbenefit to customers lies in its ability to provide the same level of energyservices at a lower cost. DSM is most advantageous when electricutilities can use it to eliminate the need for costly new capacity. Theenvironmental benefit of DSM occurs when it lowers fossil fuel use.Because electricity generation relies heavily on the burning of fossilfuels, it is responsible for emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide,and nitrogen oxides. To the extent that DSM reduces fossil fuel consumption, it contributes to improving the quality of the environment.In 1994, electric utilities spent $2.7 billion on DSM programs, $28 millionless than in 1993 (8.7). The actual peakload reduction, however, increased from 23,069 megawatts in 1993 to 25,001 megawatts in 1994,and the energy savings attributable to DSM programs rose from 45billion kilowatthours in 1993 to 52 billion kilowatthours in 1994.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Notes: The difference between net generation at electric utilities and retail sales is 

purchases by electric utilities from nonutility power producers and imports minus exports, transmission and distribution losses, data collection frame differences, and nonsampling error.

 Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be cSource: Table 8.1.

Figure 8.1 Electricity Overview

230

Net Generation by Electric Utilities and Retail Sales, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

Billion Kilowatthours

 Net Generation

by Electric Utilities

Retail Sales

International Electricity Trade, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

15304560

Billion Kilowatthours Imports

Exports

Purchases by Electric Utilities from Nonutility Pow

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 198

0

306090

120150180210

1 1 1 1 6 13 18 26

40 50

68

Billion Kilowatthours

l l
Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, 1949-1995

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year Net Generation by Electric Utilities 1

Purchases by

Electric Utilities from

Nonutility Power Producers 2 Imports 3 Exports 3

Losses and

Unaccounted for 4 

1949 291 NA 2 (s) 38 1950 329 NA 2 (s) 39 1951 371 NA 2 (s) 43 1952 399 NA 3 (s) 45 1953 443 NA 2 (s) 48 1954 472 NA 3 (s) 50 1955 547 NA 5 (s) 54 1956 601 NA 5 1 59 1957 632 NA 5 1 59 1958 645 NA 4 1 61 1959 710 NA 4 1 67 1960 756 NA 5 1 72 1961 794 NA 3 1 74 1962 855 NA 2 2 77 1963 917 NA 2 2 84 1964 984 NA 6 4 90 1965 1,055 NA 4 4 101 1966 1,144 NA 4 3 110 1967 1,214 NA 4 4 115 1968 1,329 NA 4 4 126 1969 1,442 NA 5 4 129 1970 1,532 NA 6 4 142 1971 1,613 NA 7 4 147 1972 1,750 NA 10 3 162 1973 1,861 NA 17 3 162 1974 1,867 NA 15 3 174 1975 1,918 NA 11 5 177 1976 2,038 NA 11 2 191 1977 2,124 NA 20 3 193 1978 2,206 1 21 1 209 1979 2,247 1 23 2 198 1980 2,286 1 25 4 214 1981 2,295 1 36 3 182 1982 2,241 6 33 4 190 1983 2,310 13 39 3 207 1984 2,416 18 42 3 188 1985 2,470 26 46 5 212 1986 2,487 40 41 5 194 1987 2,572 50 52 6 211 1988 2,704 68 39 7 226 1989 2,784 90 26 15 238 1990 2,808 116 23 21 214 1991 2,825 139 31 9 225 1992 2,797 166 37 9 229 1993 2,883 189 39 11 238 1994 R2,911 209 R52 R8 230 

1995P 2,995 NA 45 8 NA 

1 See Note 2 at end of section.2 See Glossary.3 Electricity transmitted across U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico.4 Transmission and distribution losses, data collection frame differences, and nonsampling error.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours. Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: Net Generation by Electric Utilities: See Table 8.3. Purchases by Electric Utilities from

Nonutility Power Producers: • 1978-1985—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FERC-1,"Annual Report of Major Electric Utilities, Licensees and Others." • 1986-1994—Energy Information

Administration (EIA), Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." • 1995—Form EIA-826, "Monthly

Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distrib1949-September 1977—unpublished Federal Power Co

1977-1980—unpublished Economic Regulatory Administration (EEmergency Operations, "Report on Electric Energy Exchanges wit1981," April 1982 (revised June 1982). • 1982 and 1983—ERA, E

Borders. • 1984-1986—ERA, Electricity Transactions Across 

1988—ERA, Form ERA-781R, "Annual Report of Internation• 1989-1993—Fossil Energy, Form FE-781R, "Annual Report Data." • 1994—EIA estimates based on preliminary data from the 

Department of Energy, Fossil Energy. Retail Sales: See Table 8.6
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation and Net Summer Capability, 1994

232

1 "Other" is petroleum, geothermal energy, wood, waste, solar, and wind.2 Shares do not add exactly to 100 percent due to rounding of components. 3 "Other" is petroleum, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, wind, solar, nuclear, 

hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, fish oil, and spent sulfite liquor.

 "Other" is petroleum, natural gas, geothermal energy, w "Other" is waste, hydroelectric power, petroleum, wind

nuclear, hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, fish oil, and s

 Source: Table 8.2.

Net Summer Capability Shares by Type of C

(Percent of Total)

Coal

Nuclear Petroleum

Hydro

Other

Net Generation

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

01234

2.9

0.3

Trillion Kilowatthours 89%of Total Industry

Net Summer Capability

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power

0

300600900

702

62

Million Kilowatthours 92%of Total Industry

 Producers

Net Generation Shares by Source of Po

(Percent of Total)

Coal

Nuclear

atural Gas

Hydro

Other

At Electric 

Utilities2 A

Pow

A

Pow

Coal

 56

Nuclear

 22

Natura

Gas

 51

Other1

 3

Natural

Gas

10

Hydroelectric

Power

8

Coal

 43

Nuclear

 14

Hydroelectric

Power

14

Other

 10

Petroleum

 and Natural Gas 

(Dual-Fired)

20

Natura

Gas

 38

O 

4

At Electric 

Utilities2

5

4

 Producers
Table 8.2 Electric Power Industry Net Generation and Net Summer Capability, 1992-1994

Item

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers 

1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 1994 1992 

Net Generation (billion kilowatthours) ..................... 2,797.2 2,882.5 2,910.7 286.1 314.4 343.1 3,083.4  Coal 1 .......................................................................... 1,575.9 1,639.2 1,635.5 45.2 50.9 56.2 1,621.1 

 Natural Gas 2 .............................................................. 263.9 258.9 291.1 154.4 169.5 174.8 418.3 

 Petroleum 3 ................................................................. 88.9 99.5 91.0 10.5 12.8 14.5 99.4 

 Hydroelectric Power 4 ................................................. 239.6 265.1 243.7 9.4 11.4 13.1 248.9 

 Geothermal Energy .................................................... 8.1 7.6 6.9 8.3 9.5 9.8 16.4  Wood 5 ........................................................................ 0.8 0.9 0.8 34.8 35.9 37.0 35.6 

 Waste 6 ....................................................................... 1.3 1.1 1.2 16.5 17.4 17.9 17.8 

 Solar ........................................................................... (s) (s) (s) 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7  Wind ........................................................................... (s) (s) (s) 2.9 3.0 3.4 2.9  Nuclear 7 ..................................................................... 618.8 610.3 640.4 0.1 0.1 0.5 618.8 

 Other 8 ........................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 3.1 15.5 3.4 

Net Summer Capability (million kilowatts) ............... 695.1 700.0 702.2 51.5 55.0 61.8 746.6  Coal 1 .......................................................................... 300.5 300.8 301.1 7.9 9.1 9.7 308.5 

 Natural Gas 2 .............................................................. 15.7 16.6 19.4 18.7 20.3 23.2 34.4 

 Petroleum 3 ................................................................. 50.6 48.3 45.9 1.6 1.9 2.1 52.2 

 Petroleum and Natural Gas (dual-fired) ...................... 133.6 137.2 138.4 7.5 7.5 8.6 141.1  Hydroelectric Power 4 ................................................. 93.4 95.9 96.0 2.6 2.6 3.3 96.0 

 Geothermal Energy .................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.3 2.9  Wood 5 ........................................................................ 0.2 0.2 0.3 6.4 6.7 7.0 6.7 

 Waste 6 ....................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.3 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 

 Solar ........................................................................... (s) (s) (s) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3  Wind ........................................................................... 0.0 (s) (s) 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8  Nuclear 7 ..................................................................... 99.0 99.0 99.1 (s) (s) 0.0 99.0 

 Other 8 ........................................................................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 1.6 0.6 

1 Includes coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 2 Includes natural gas, butane, ethane, propane, waste heat, and waste gases. 3 Includes petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, and petroleum sludge and tar. 4 In the nonutility sector, conventional hydroelectric power only; there are no pumped-storage projects. 5 Includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge. 6 Includes municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, and other waste. 7 Nuclear reactor and generator at Argonne National Laboratory used primarily for research and

development in testing reactor fuels as well as for training. The generation from the unit is used forinternal consumption. 8 Includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, fish oil, and spent sulfite liquor.

(s)=Less than 0.01 billion kilowatthours or less than 0.01 million kNotes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total 

greater. • For gross-to-net generation conversion methodology f

Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1

108. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independe

Sources: Electric Utilities Net Generation: EIA, Form EIA

Electric Utilities Net Summer Capability: EIA, Form EIA-860, Nonutility Power Producers: EIA estimated data using Form Producer Report."
234 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power. 2 "Other" is wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to generate 

electricity for distribution.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 8.3.

Figure 8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Energy Source

Total, 1949-1995

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

Billion Kilowatthours

2.99 trillion kilowatthours

in 1995

By Major Energy Source, 1995

Coal

0

450900

1,3501,800 1,653

673

307 2

Billion Kilowatthours

Coal 

Natural Gas Hy

ele

 Po

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Total, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

440880

1,3201,760

Billion Kilowatthours Coal Petroleum and Natural Gas Hydroelectric Power1 
Table 8.3 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Energy Source, 1949-1995

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Pumped

Storage 2

Renewable Energy

Coal 

Natural

Gas Petroleum 1 Total

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power

Geothermal

Energy

and

Other 3 

1949 135 37 29 201 0 4 ( ) 90 (s) 

1950 155 45 34 233 0 4 ( ) 96 (s) 1951 185 57 29 271 0 4 ( ) 100 (s) 1952 195 68 30 294 0 4 ( ) 105 (s) 1953 219 80 38 337 0 4 ( ) 105 (s) 1954 239 94 32 364 0 4 ( ) 107 (s) 1955 301 95 37 434 0 4 ( ) 113 (s) 1956 339 104 36 478 0 4 ( ) 122 (s) 1957 346 114 40 501 (s) 4 ( ) 130 (s) 1958 344 120 40 504 (s) 4 ( ) 140 (s) 1959 378 147 47 572 (s) 4 ( ) 138 (s) 1960 403 158 48 609 1 4 ( ) 146 (s) 1961 422 169 49 640 2 4 ( ) 152 (s) 1962 450 184 49 683 2 4 ( ) 169 (s) 1963 494 202 52 748 3 4 ( ) 166 (s) 1964 526 220 57 803 3 4 ( ) 177 (s) 1965 571 222 65 857 4 4 ( ) 194 (s) 1966 613 251 79 944 6 4 ( ) 195 1 1967 630 265 89 985 8 4 ( ) 222 1 1968 685 304 104 1,094 13 4 ( ) 222 1 1969 706 333 138 1,177 14 4 ( ) 250 1 1970 704 373 184 1,261 22 4 ( ) 248 1 1971 713 374 220 1,307 38 4 ( ) 266 1 1972 771 376 274 1,421 54 4 ( ) 273 2 1973 848 341 314 1,503 83 4 ( ) 272 2 1974 828 320 301 1,449 114 4 ( ) 301 3 1975 853 300 289 1,442 173 4 ( ) 300 3 1976 944 295 320 1,559 191 4 ( ) 284 4 1977 985 306 358 1,649 251 4 ( ) 220 4 1978 976 305 365 1,646 276 4 ( ) 280 3 1979 1,075 329 304 1,708 255 4 ( ) 280 4 1980 1,162 346 246 1,754 251 4 ( ) 276 6 1981 1,203 346 206 1,755 273 4 ( ) 261 6 1982 1,192 305 147 1,644 283 4 ( ) 309 5 1983 1,259 274 144 1,678 294 4 ( ) 332 6 1984 1,342 297 120 1,759 328 4 ( ) 321 9 1985 1,402 292 100 1,794 384 4 ( ) 281 11 1986 1,386 249 137 1,771 414 4 ( ) 291 R11 

1987 1,464 273 118 1,855 455 4 ( ) 250 12 

1988 1,541 253 149 1,942 527 4 ( ) 223 12 1989 1,554 267 158 1,979 529 4 ( ) 265 11 1990 1,560 264 117 1,941 577 -4 283 11 1991 1,551 264 111 1,927 613 -5 280 10 1992 1,576 264 89 1,929 619 -4 244 10 1993 1,639 259 100 1,998 610 -4 269 10 1994 1,635 291 91 R2,018 R640 -3 247 9 

1995P 1,653 307 61 2,021 673 -3 296 6 

1 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil (including crude oil burned as fuel), jet fuel, and petroleum coke. 2 Represents total pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. 3 "Other" is wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to generate electricity for

distribution. See Table 10.8 for components of this column. 4 Included in conventional hydroelectric power.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours. 

Notes: • See Notes 2 and 3 at end of section. • Totals ma

independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissi

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory ComPlant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information AdministratioReport."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.4 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Prime Mover

1 Conventional and pumped-storage hydroelectric power. 2 "Other" is geothermal, wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to 

generate electricity for distribution.

236

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 8.4.

Total, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

Billion Kilowatthours

Total

Fossil-Fired Steam

Hydroelectric Power1

N

Total by Prime Mover, 1995

Fossil

0

500

1,0001,5002,0002,500

1,977

673

294

42 2 6

Billion Kilowatthours

FossilFiredSteam

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

 Power1

Gas

Turbine

Internal

Combustion

Other2

Fossil-Fired Steam by Fuel, 1970-1995

1970 1975 1980 198

0

450900

1,3501,800

Billion Kilowatthours

Coal-Fired Ste

Gas

Petroleum-Fired Steam
Table 8.4 Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity by Prime Mover, 1949-1995

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year

Fossil-Fired Steam

Internal

Combustion

Gas

Turbine

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric Power

Coal-Fired Petroleum-Fired Gas-Fired Total Conventional 

Pumped

Storage Total

1949 135 NA NA 197 3 2 ( ) 0 90 3 ( ) 90 

1950 155 NA NA 229 4 2 ( ) 0 96 3 ( ) 96 1951 185 NA NA 267 4 2 ( ) 0 100 3 ( ) 100 1952 195 NA NA 290 4 2 ( ) 0 105 3 ( ) 105 1953 219 NA NA 333 4 2 ( ) 0 105 3 ( ) 105 1954 239 NA NA 361 4 2 ( ) 0 107 3 ( ) 107 1955 301 NA NA 430 4 2 ( ) 0 113 3 ( ) 113 1956 339 NA NA 474 4 2 ( ) 0 122 3 ( ) 122 1957 346 NA NA 497 4 2 ( ) (s) 130 3 ( ) 130 1958 344 NA NA 500 4 2 ( ) (s) 140 3 ( ) 140 1959 378 NA NA 567 4 2 ( ) (s) 138 3 ( ) 138 1960 403 NA NA 603 4 2 ( ) 1 146 3 ( ) 146 1961 422 NA NA 634 5 2 ( ) 2 152 3 ( ) 152 1962 450 NA NA 677 5 2 ( ) 2 169 3 ( ) 169 1963 494 NA NA 742 5 2 ( ) 3 166 3 ( ) 166 1964 526 NA NA 798 6 2 ( ) 3 177 3 ( ) 177 1965 571 NA NA 851 6 2 ( ) 4 194 3 ( ) 194 1966 613 NA NA 938 5 2 ( ) 6 195 3 ( ) 195 1967 630 NA NA 980 5 2 ( ) 8 222 3 ( ) 222 1968 685 NA NA 1,084 9 2 ( ) 13 222 3 ( ) 222 1969 706 NA NA 1,163 14 2 ( ) 14 250 3 ( ) 250 1970 704 174 361 1,240 6 16 22 248 3 ( ) 248 1971 713 206 360 1,279 6 22 38 266 3 ( ) 266 1972 771 253 361 1,385 7 29 54 273 3 ( ) 273 1973 848 296 323 1,467 7 30 83 272 3 ( ) 272 1974 828 279 304 1,411 6 32 114 301 3 ( ) 301 1975 853 273 288 1,414 6 22 173 300 3 ( ) 300 1976 944 302 284 1,530 5 24 191 284 3 ( ) 284 1977 985 338 292 1,615 5 29 251 220 3 ( ) 220 1978 976 345 290 1,610 5 31 276 280 3 ( ) 280 1979 1,075 290 311 1,676 4 28 255 280 3 ( ) 280 1980 1,162 238 326 1,726 4 24 251 276 3 ( ) 276 1981 1,203 202 325 1,730 3 22 273 261 3 ( ) 261 1982 1,192 144 291 1,628 2 14 283 309 3 ( ) 309 1983 1,259 141 261 1,661 2 14 294 332 3 ( ) 332 1984 1,342 117 284 1,742 2 15 328 321 3 ( ) 321 1985 1,402 97 279 1,778 2 14 384 281 3 ( ) 281 1986 1,386 133 236 1,756 2 14 414 291 3 ( ) 291 

1987 1,464 115 258 1,837 2 16 455 250 3 ( ) 250 

1988 1,541 144 236 1,921 2 20 527 223 3 ( ) 223 1989 1,554 151 245 1,950 2 27 529 265 3 ( ) 265 1990 1,560 113 246 1,919 2 12 577 283 -4 280 1991 1,551 108 246 1,905 2 20 613 280 -5 276 1992 1,576 86 246 1,908 2 19 619 244 -4 240 1993 1,639 96 229 1,964 2 23 610 269 -4 265 1994 1,635 86 R260 R1,982 2 R34 R640 247 -3 244 

1995P 1,653 56 268 1,977 2 42 673 296 -3 294 

1 "Other" is geothermal, wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy used to generate

electricity for distribution. 2 Included in internal combustion. 3 Included in conventional hydroelectric power.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours. Notes: • See Notes 2 and 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to

independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissi

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Com

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information AdministratioReport."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.5 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity

238

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 8.5

Total, 1949-1995

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

05

10152025

Quadrillion Btu

By Energy Source, 1995

Coal Natural Gas 

05

101520

17.00

3.26

Quadrillion Btu

By Energy Source, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

05

101520

Quadrillion BtuCoal

Natural Gas

Petroleum
Table 8.5 Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels To Generate Electricity, 1949-1995

Year

Coal Natural Gas Petroleum 1 

Million Short Tons Quadrillion Btu Billion Cubic Feet Quadrillion Btu Million Barrels Quadrillion Btu 

1949 84.0 2.00 550.1 0.57 66.3 0.41 1950 91.9 2.20 628.9 0.65 75.4 0.47 1951 105.8 2.51 763.9 0.79 63.9 0.40 1952 107.1 2.56 910.1 0.94 67.2 0.42 1953 115.9 2.78 1,034.3 1.07 82.2 0.51 1954 118.4 2.84 1,165.5 1.21 66.7 0.42 1955 143.8 3.46 1,153.3 1.19 75.3 0.47 1956 158.3 3.79 1,239.3 1.28 72.7 0.45 1957 160.8 3.86 1,336.1 1.38 79.7 0.50 1958 155.7 3.72 1,372.9 1.42 77.7 0.49 1959 168.4 4.03 1,628.5 1.69 88.3 0.55 1960 176.7 4.23 1,724.8 1.79 88.2 0.55 1961 182.2 4.35 1,825.1 1.89 88.9 0.56 1962 193.3 4.62 1,966.0 2.03 89.3 0.56 1963 211.3 5.05 2,144.5 2.21 93.3 0.58 1964 225.4 5.38 2,322.9 2.40 101.1 0.63 1965 244.8 5.82 2,321.1 2.40 115.2 0.72 1966 266.5 6.30 2,609.9 2.70 140.9 0.88 1967 274.2 6.44 2,746.4 2.83 161.3 1.01 1968 297.8 6.99 3,147.9 3.25 188.6 1.18 1969 310.6 7.22 3,487.6 3.60 251.0 1.57 1970 320.2 7.23 3,931.9 4.05 338.7 2.12 1971 327.3 7.30 3,976.0 4.10 399.5 2.49 1972 351.8 7.81 3,976.9 4.08 496.9 3.10 1973 389.2 8.66 3,660.2 3.75 562.8 3.51 1974 391.8 8.53 3,443.4 3.52 539.4 3.36 1975 406.0 8.79 3,157.7 3.24 506.5 3.17 1976 448.4 9.72 3,080.9 3.15 556.3 3.48 1977 477.1 10.26 3,191.2 3.28 624.2 3.90 1978 481.2 10.24 3,188.4 3.30 637.8 3.99 1979 527.1 11.26 3,490.5 3.61 524.6 3.28 1980 569.3 12.12 3,681.6 3.81 421.1 2.63 1981 596.8 12.58 3,640.2 3.77 351.8 2.20 1982 593.7 12.58 3,225.5 3.34 250.5 1.57 1983 625.2 13.21 2,910.8 3.00 246.8 1.54 1984 664.4 14.02 3,111.3 3.22 205.7 1.29 1985 693.8 14.54 3,044.1 3.16 174.6 1.09 1986 685.1 14.44 2,602.4 2.69 232.0 1.45 1987 717.9 15.17 2,844.1 2.94 201.1 1.26 1988 758.4 15.85 2,635.6 2.71 250.1 1.56 1989 766.9 15.99 2,787.0 2.87 270.0 1.69 1990 773.5 16.19 2,787.3 2.88 200.2 1.25 1991 772.3 16.03 2,789.0 2.86 188.5 1.18 1992 779.9 16.21 2,765.6 2.83 152.3 0.95 1993 813.5 16.79 2,682.4 2.74 168.6 1.05 1994 R817.3 R16.90 R2,987.1 3.05 R155.4 0.97 

1995P 829.2 17.00 3,194.5 3.26 106.0 0.66 

1 These data show petroleum consumed by electric utilities and do not equate to petroleum supplied to

(or delivered to) electric utilities. Included are residual fuel oil (including crude oil burned as fuel), distillatefuel oil, jet fuel, and petroleum coke. Petroleum coke is reported in short tons and has been converted tobarrels at a rate of 5 barrels per short ton.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissi

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Com

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information AdministratioReport."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.6 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity

240

1 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to 

railroads and railways, and interdepartmental sales.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 8.6.

Total, 1949-1995

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,500

Billion Kilowatthours

By End-Use Sector, 1995

Residential Commercial In

0

300600900

1,200

1,043

853

Billion Kilowatthours

By End-Use Sector, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

200400600800

1,0001,200

Billion Kilowatthours Industrial Residential Commercial

Other1

3 trillion kilowatthours

in 1995
Table 8.6 Electric Utility Retail Sales of Electricity by End-Use Sector, 1949-1995

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 

1949 67 45 123 20 1950 72 51 146 22 1951 83 57 166 24 1952 94 62 176 24 1953 104 67 199 26 1954 116 72 208 27 1955 128 79 260 29 1956 143 87 286 30 1957 157 94 294 31 1958 169 100 287 32 1959 185 112 315 36 1960 201 131 324 32 1961 214 138 337 32 1962 233 153 360 32 1963 251 171 377 34 1964 272 187 405 32 1965 291 200 429 34 1966 317 218 464 37 1967 340 234 485 40 1968 382 258 521 42 1969 427 282 559 46 1970 466 307 571 48 1971 500 329 589 51 1972 539 359 641 56 1973 579 388 686 59 1974 578 385 685 58 1975 588 403 688 68 1976 606 425 754 70 1977 645 447 786 71 1978 674 461 809 73 1979 683 473 842 73 1980 717 488 815 74 1981 722 514 826 85 1982 730 526 745 86 1983 751 544 776 80 1984 780 583 838 85 1985 794 606 837 87 1986 819 631 831 89 1987 850 660 858 88 1988 893 699 896 90 1989 906 726 926 90 1990 924 751 946 92 1991 955 766 947 94 1992 R936 R761 R973 R93 

1993 995 795 977 95 1994 R1,008 R820 R1,008 R98 1995P 1,043 853 1,011 97 

1 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and

railways, and interdepartmental sales.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • See Note 4 at end of section. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of

Electric Operating Revenue and Income." • October 1977-Febr

Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Elect• March 1980-1982—FERC, Form FPC-5, "Electric Utility CompanInformation Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Uti• 1984-1994—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." 

Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 8.7

Figure 8.7 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs

242

1 Nominal dollars.

Actual Peakload Reductions, Total of All Programs, 1989-1994

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

05

10152025

12.5 13.7

15.6

17.2

23.1

25.0

Thousand Megawatts

Energy Savings, 1989-1994

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

0

102030405060

14.7

20.5

24.8

35.6

45.3

52.5

Billion Kilowatthours

Costs, 1989-1994

1989 1990 1991 199

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

0.9

1.2

1.8

2.3

Billion Dollars1

Actual Peakload Reductions by P

Total: 25,001 Megawa

Interruptib

Load

(6,743)

Direct

Load Control

(4,179)

Energy Efficiency

and Other

(14,080)
Table 8.7 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs: Peakload Reductions, Energy Sav

 1989-1994

Year

Actual Peakload Reductions

(megawatts) Energy

Savings

(million

kilowatthours)

Direct Load

Control 1,2

Interruptible

Load 1,3

Energy Efficiency 4

and Other 5 Total

1989 NA NA NA 12,463 R14,672 

1990 3,692 4,219 R5,793 R13,704 R20,458 1991 5,093 3,674 R6,852 R15,619 R24,848 

1992 3,779 3,579 9,847 17,204 R35,563 1993 3,955 6,628 R12,486 R23,069 R45,294 1994 4,179 6,743 14,080 25,001 52,483 

1 The actual reduction in peak load reflects the change in demand for electricity that results from a utility

demand-side management program that is in effect at the time that the utility experiences its actual peakload as opposed to the potential installed peakload reduction capability. Differences between actual andpotential peak reduction result from changes in weather, economic activity, and other variable conditions. 2 Direct load control refers to program activities that can interrupt consumer load at the time of annualpeak load by direct control of the utility system operator by interrupting power supply to individualappliances or equipment on consumer premises. This type of control usually involves residentialconsumers. 3 Interruptible load refers to program activities that, in accordance with contractual arrangements, caninterrupt consumer load at times of seasonal peak load by direct control of the utility system operator or byaction of the consumer at the direct request of the system operator. It usually involves commercial andindustrial consumers. In some instances, the load reduction may be affected by direct action of the systemoperator (remote tripping) after notice to the consumer in accordance with contractual provisions. 4 Energy efficiency refers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific end-usedevices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. These programs reduce overallelectricity consumption, often without explicit consideration for the timing of program-induced savings. Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technically more advanced equipment to produce the

same level of end-use services (e.g., lighting, heating, motor drivehigh-efficiency appliances, efficient lighting programs, high-econditioning systems or control modifications, efficient building desheat recovery systems. 5 For example, programs that promote consumer’s substitution 

programs that limit or shift peak load from on-peak to off-peak timwater heating storage systems, cool storage systems, and load systems. 6 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Sources: Actual Peakload Reductions: • 1989—Energy In

Power Annual 1993 (December 1994), Table 65. • 1990 and 1

Volume II (November 1995), Table 44. • 1992—EIA, U.S. Electric 

(July 1995), Table 13. • 1993 and 1994—EIA, U.S. Electric (December 1995), Table 13. Energy Savings and Costs: • 1989

Management 1993 (July 1995), Table 1. • 1990-1994—E

Management 1994 (December 1995), Table 1. 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.8 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, End of Year

244

1 Includes fossil steam, wood waste, and nonwood waste.2 "Other" is internal combustion, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 8.8.

Total, 1949-1995

1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994

0

200400600800

Million Kilowatts

705.3 million kilowatts

in 1995

By Prime Mover, 1995

0

100200300400500

446

99 97

Million Kilowatts

Conventional

Steam1

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Power

By Prime Mover, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

0

100200300400500

Million Kilowatts

Conventional Ste

Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear Electric

Power

Gas T
Table 8.8 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability, End of Year 1949-1995

 (Million Kilowatts)

Year

Conventional

Steam 1

Internal

Combustion

Gas

Turbine

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric Power

Conventional 

Pumped

Storage Total

1949 43.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 18.5 3 ( ) 18.5 

1950 48.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 19.2 3 ( ) 19.2 1951 53.1 1.9 0.0 0.0 20.5 3 ( ) 20.5 1952 58.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 22.4 3 ( ) 22.4 1953 67.5 2.1 0.0 0.0 23.8 3 ( ) 23.8 1954 75.4 2.2 0.0 0.0 22.5 3 ( ) 22.5 1955 84.6 2.3 0.0 0.0 27.4 3 ( ) 27.4 1956 88.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 28.5 3 ( ) 28.5 1957 97.9 2.3 0.0 0.1 30.7 3 ( ) 30.7 1958 108.2 2.4 0.0 0.1 32.5 3 ( ) 32.5 1959 118.5 2.5 0.0 0.1 34.8 3 ( ) 34.8 1960 128.3 2.6 0.0 0.4 35.8 3 ( ) 35.8 1961 135.1 2.8 0.0 0.4 40.7 3 ( ) 40.7 1962 144.6 2.8 0.0 0.7 44.0 3 ( ) 44.0 1963 158.4 3.0 0.5 0.8 47.0 3 ( ) 47.0 1964 169.6 3.1 0.8 0.8 49.4 3 ( ) 49.4 1965 178.7 3.2 1.1 0.8 51.0 3 ( ) 51.0 1966 189.6 3.3 1.6 1.7 51.2 3 ( ) 51.2 1967 202.5 3.6 2.8 2.7 55.0 3 ( ) 55.0 1968 214.3 3.8 5.3 2.7 57.9 3 ( ) 57.9 1969 231.4 4.0 8.4 4.4 61.6 3 ( ) 61.6 1970 248.0 4.1 13.3 7.0 63.8 3 ( ) 63.8 1971 266.0 4.2 17.9 9.0 69.1 3 ( ) 69.1 1972 282.3 4.5 23.9 14.5 70.5 3 ( ) 70.5 1973 307.9 4.7 28.8 22.7 75.4 3 ( ) 75.4 1974 322.4 4.7 33.7 31.9 75.5 3 ( ) 75.5 1975 333.3 4.8 37.1 37.3 78.4 3 ( ) 78.4 1976 350.9 5.0 39.1 43.8 78.0 3 ( ) 78.0 1977 365.3 5.0 40.3 46.3 78.6 3 ( ) 78.6 1978 374.5 5.2 41.2 50.8 79.9 3 ( ) 79.9 1979 384.6 5.2 42.5 49.7 82.9 3 ( ) 82.9 1980 396.6 5.2 42.5 51.8 81.7 3 ( ) 81.7 1981 410.7 5.3 43.2 56.0 82.4 3 ( ) 82.4 1982 421.4 4.8 43.5 60.0 83.0 3 ( ) 83.0 1983 424.9 4.7 43.3 63.0 83.9 3 ( ) 83.9 1984 430.8 4.5 43.5 69.7 85.3 3 ( ) 85.3 1985 436.8 4.7 43.9 79.4 88.9 3 ( ) 88.9 1986 440.6 4.6 43.4 85.2 89.3 3 ( ) 89.3 1987 440.3 4.8 44.2 93.6 89.7 3 ( ) 89.7 1988 442.4 4.7 43.9 94.7 90.3 3 ( ) 90.3 1989 444.4 4.6 45.4 98.2 90.5 3 ( ) 90.5 1990 447.5 4.6 46.3 99.6 73.6 17.3 90.9 1991 447.0 4.5 48.3 99.6 73.6 18.4 92.0 1992 446.7 4.5 49.8 99.0 74.3 19.0 93.4 1993 446.8 4.8 51.7 99.0 74.8 21.1 95.9 1994 R445.8 4.7 54.9 R99.1 R74.8 21.2 R96.0 

1995P 446.2 4.7 56.9 99.1 74.9 21.8 96.6 

1 Includes fossil steam, wood, wood waste, and nonwood waste. 2 "Other" is wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy. Beginning with 1994, fuel cell units are also

included. 3 Included in conventional hydroelectric power. 4 Includes two fuel cell units, totalling less than 0.05 million kilowatts.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. (s)=Less than 0.05 million Notes: • See Glossary and Note 5 at end of section. • Totals m

independent rounding.

Sources: • 1949-1984—Energy Information Administration (E

Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.9 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load

246

Notes: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual 

systems that do not occur at the same time interval. See Glossary for information on North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.9.

In the Contiguous United States, 1986-1994

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

0

300600900

477 496 529 523 546 552 549 581 585

423 448 460

496 484 486 493 522 518

Gigawatts

Summer Winter

By NERC Regions, 1994

ASCC ECAR ERCOT MAAC MAIN MAPP NPCC SERC 

0

255075

100125150

1

87

44 46 43

27

48

133

1

76

36 41 34

23

43

133

Gigawatts

Summer Winter

l

l

(U.S.) (U.S.) 

North American Electric Reliability Council Map for 

MAPP (U.S.)

ASCC

WSCC (U.S.)

ERCOT

SPP

MAI

WI

IL

MO

AK

TX

OK

KS

AR

LA

MO

TX

NM

MS

TX

CA

OR

MT

WA

NV

UT

CO

AZ

WY

NM

ID

TX

ND

SD

NE

MN

IA

MT

WI
Table 8.9 Electric Utility Noncoincidental Peak Load by Region, 1986-1994

 (Megawatts)

Year

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

ECAR ERCOT MAAC MAIN MAPP

(U.S.)

NPCC

(U.S.)

SERC SPP WSCC

(U.S.)

Summer

1986 69,606 39,335 37,564 35,943 21,029 39,026 105,570 47,123 81,787 

1987 72,561 39,339 40,526 37,446 23,162 42,651 109,798 47,723 82,967 1988 79,149 40,843 43,110 41,139 24,899 45,245 115,168 49,356 90,551 1989 75,442 40,402 41,614 39,460 23,531 45,031 117,051 49,439 90,657 1990 79,258 42,737 42,613 40,740 24,994 44,116 121,149 52,541 97,389 1991 81,539 41,870 45,937 41,598 25,498 46,594 124,688 51,885 92,096 1992 78,550 42,619 43,658 38,819 22,638 43,658 128,236 51,324 99,205 1993 85,930 44,255 46,494 41,956 24,396 46,706 136,101 57,106 97,809 1994 87,165 44,162 46,019 42,562 27,000 47,581 132,584 56,035 102,212 

Winter

1986 64,561 28,730 32,807 28,036 18,850 37,976 101,849 33,877 76,171 

1987 68,118 31,399 35,775 30,606 19,335 41,902 105,476 34,472 81,182 1988 67,771 34,621 36,363 30,631 20,162 42,951 108,649 35,649 82,937 1989 73,080 38,388 38,161 33,770 20,699 42,588 121,995 42,268 84,768 1990 67,097 35,815 36,551 32,461 21,113 40,545 117,231 38,949 94,252 1991 71,181 35,448 37,983 33,420 21,432 41,786 119,575 38,759 86,097 1992 72,885 35,055 37,915 31,289 21,866 41,125 121,250 39,912 91,686 1993 81,846 35,407 41,406 34,966 21,955 42,063 133,635 41,644 88,811 1994 75,638 36,180 40,653 33,999 23,033 42,547 132,661 42,505 91,037 

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliablility Council (NERC). This table

includes the U.S. portion of NERC only and does not cover Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Trust Territories.See Figure 8.9 for an illustration of NERC regions. 2 Data submission for ASCC (Alaska) began in 1989.

Note: Noncoincidental peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual systems that do not

occur at the same time interval.

Sources: • 1986—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Ele

Table 53. • 1987—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1991 (February 

Power Annual 1992 (January 1994), Table 57. • 1989—EIA, 

1994), Table 57. • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1994
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.10 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year

Source: Table 8.10.

248

Coal and Petroleum, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 

01234

Quadrillion Btu Coal

Petroleum

Coal, 1995

**FIG8#10.DAT**

0

50

100150

122.3

4.3

Million Short Tons

Bituminous Coal

and Lignite

Anthracite

Petroleum, 1995

Heavy

0

15304560

35.1

15.5

Million Barrels

Heavy Oil Light Oil 
Table 8.10 Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum, End of Year 1949-1995

Year

Coal Petroleum

Anthracite 1

Bituminous

Coal 2

and Lignite Total

Heavy

Oil 3

Light

Oil 4

Total

Liquids

Petroleum

Coke 5 

Million Short Tons

Million

Short Tons

Trillion

Btu Million Barrels

1949 4.3 17.8 22.1 524 NA NA 8.6 NA 1950 4.7 27.1 31.8 762 NA NA 10.2 NA 1951 5.1 33.4 38.5 913 NA NA 12.8 NA 1952 5.6 35.9 41.5 991 NA NA 13.7 NA 1953 5.9 39.8 45.6 1,094 NA NA 15.0 NA 1954 6.4 39.7 46.1 1,106 NA NA 15.9 NA 1955 3.2 38.2 41.4 996 NA NA 13.7 NA 1956 2.8 46.0 48.8 1,168 NA NA 17.3 NA 1957 2.8 50.3 53.1 1,273 NA NA 20.1 NA 1958 2.2 48.8 51.0 1,218 NA NA 20.8 NA 1959 2.0 50.1 52.1 1,247 NA NA 18.5 NA 1960 1.8 49.9 51.7 1,238 NA NA 19.6 NA 1961 1.5 48.6 50.1 1,197 NA NA 22.0 NA 1962 1.4 49.0 50.4 1,205 NA NA 23.8 NA 1963 1.3 49.3 50.6 1,209 NA NA 24.9 NA 1964 1.2 52.7 53.9 1,286 NA NA 22.4 NA 1965 1.1 53.4 54.5 1,297 NA NA 25.6 NA 1966 1.0 52.9 53.9 1,274 NA NA 27.4 NA 1967 1.3 69.7 71.0 1,669 NA NA 26.7 NA 1968 1.3 64.2 65.5 1,538 NA NA 28.7 NA 1969 1.3 60.6 61.9 1,438 NA NA 35.3 NA 1970 1.1 70.8 71.9 1,623 NA NA 38.0 1.2 1971 1.1 76.7 77.8 1,735 NA NA 49.6 1.5 1972 0.9 98.8 99.7 2,214 NA NA 57.7 1.4 1973 1.1 85.9 87.0 1,935 NA NA 89.2 1.6 1974 0.9 82.6 83.5 1,819 NA NA 112.9 0.2 1975 1.0 109.7 110.7 2,396 NA NA 125.3 0.2 1976 1.0 116.4 117.4 2,546 NA NA 121.7 0.2 1977 2.3 130.9 133.2 2,865 NA NA 144.0 0.2 1978 2.2 126.0 128.2 2,728 NA NA 118.8 1.0 1979 3.3 156.4 159.7 3,412 NA NA 131.4 0.9 1980 4.7 178.3 183.0 3,897 105.4 30.0 135.4 0.3 1981 5.5 163.4 168.9 3,561 102.0 26.1 128.1 0.2 1982 6.1 175.1 181.1 3,839 95.5 23.4 118.9 0.2 1983 6.5 149.1 155.6 3,288 70.6 18.8 89.4 0.3 1984 6.7 173.0 179.7 3,792 68.5 19.1 87.6 0.3 1985 7.2 149.2 156.4 3,277 57.3 16.4 73.7 0.2 1986 7.1 154.7 161.8 3,412 56.8 16.3 73.1 0.2 1987 6.9 163.9 170.8 3,610 55.1 15.8 70.8 0.3 1988 6.6 139.9 146.5 3,062 54.2 15.1 69.3 0.4 1989 6.4 129.5 135.9 2,832 47.4 13.8 61.3 0.5 1990 6.5 149.7 156.2 3,268 67.0 16.5 83.5 0.5 1991 6.5 151.4 157.9 3,277 58.6 16.4 75.0 0.4 1992 6.2 147.9 154.1 3,204 56.1 15.7 71.8 0.3 1993 5.6 105.7 111.3 2,298 46.8 15.7 62.4 0.4 1994 4.9 R122.0 R126.9 R2,623 46.3 R16.6 R63.0 0.3 

1995P 4.3 122.3 126.6 2,596 35.1 15.5 50.6 0.3 

1 Includes anthracite silt stored off-site. 2 Includes subbituminous coal. 3 Includes Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oils. 4 Includes Grade No. 2 heating oil, kerosene, and jet fuel. 5 Petroleum coke, which is reported in short tons, has been converted to barrels at a rate of 5 barrels

per short ton.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. 

Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Totals may not equal 

rounding.

Sources: • 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commissi

Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Com

Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Information AdministratioReport."
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.11 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1995

250

1 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price 

deflators. See Appendix E.

2 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to

 railroads and railways, and interdepartmental sales.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 8.11. 

Nominal Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0123456789

Cents per Kilowatthour

Residential

Commercial

Total

Industrial

Other2

Real1 Prices

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

0123456789

10

11

12

Cents per Kilowatthour

Residential

Commercial

Total

Industrial

Other2
Table 8.11 Retail Prices of Electricity Sold by Electric Utilities, 1960-1995

 (Cents per Kilowatthour)

Year

Residential Commercial Industrial Other 1 

Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 Nominal Real 2 

1960 2.6 R11.2 2.4 R10.3 1.1 R4.7 1.9 R8.2 

1961 2.6 R11.0 2.4 R10.2 1.1 R4.7 1.8 R7.6 1962 2.6 R10.9 2.4 R10.0 1.1 R4.6 1.9 R7.9 1963 2.5 R10.3 2.3 R9.5 1.0 R4.1 1.8 R7.4 1964 2.5 R10.2 2.2 R9.0 1.0 R4.1 1.8 R7.3 1965 2.4 R9.6 2.2 R8.8 1.0 R4.0 1.8 R7.2 1966 2.3 R8.9 2.1 R8.2 1.0 R3.9 1.8 R7.0 1967 2.3 R8.7 2.1 R7.9 1.0 R3.8 1.8 R6.8 1968 2.3 R8.3 2.1 R7.6 1.0 R3.6 1.8 R6.5 1969 2.2 R7.6 2.1 R7.2 1.0 R3.4 1.7 R5.9 1970 2.2 R7.2 2.1 R6.9 1.0 R3.3 1.8 R5.9 1971 2.3 R7.1 2.2 R6.8 1.1 R3.4 1.9 R5.9 1972 2.4 R7.2 2.3 R6.9 1.2 R3.6 2.0 R6.0 1973 2.5 R7.1 2.4 R6.8 1.3 R3.7 2.1 R5.9 1974 3.1 R8.1 3.0 R7.8 1.7 R4.4 2.8 R7.3 1975 3.5 R8.3 3.5 R8.3 2.1 R5.0 3.1 R7.3 1976 3.7 R8.3 3.7 R8.3 2.2 R4.9 3.3 R7.4 1977 4.1 R8.6 4.1 R8.6 2.5 R5.3 3.5 R7.4 1978 4.3 R8.4 4.4 R8.6 2.8 R5.5 3.6 R7.1 1979 4.6 R8.3 4.7 R8.5 3.1 R5.6 4.0 R7.2 1980 5.4 R8.9 5.5 R9.1 3.7 R6.1 4.8 R7.9 1981 6.2 R9.4 6.3 R9.6 4.3 R6.5 5.3 R8.0 1982 6.9 R9.8 6.9 R9.8 5.0 R7.1 5.9 R8.4 1983 7.2 R9.8 7.0 R9.6 5.0 R6.8 6.4 R8.8 19843 7.2 R9.5 7.1 R9.4 4.8 R6.3 5.9 R7.8 19853 7.4 R9.4 7.3 R9.3 5.0 R6.4 6.1 R7.8 19863 7.4 R9.2 7.2 R8.9 4.9 R6.1 6.1 R7.6 19873 7.4 R8.9 7.1 R8.5 4.8 R5.8 6.2 R7.5 1988 7.5 R8.7 7.0 R8.1 4.7 R5.5 6.2 R7.2 1989 7.6 R8.5 7.2 R8.0 4.7 R5.2 6.2 R6.9 1990 7.8 R8.3 7.3 R7.8 4.7 R5.0 6.4 R6.8 1991 8.0 R8.2 7.5 R7.7 4.8 R4.9 6.5 R6.7 1992 8.2 R8.2 7.7 R7.7 4.8 R4.8 6.7 R6.7 1993 8.3 R8.1 7.7 R7.5 4.8 R4.7 6.9 R6.7 1994 8.4 R8.0 R7.7 R7.3 R4.8 R4.6 6.8 R6.5 1995P 8.4 7.8 7.7 7.2 4.7 4.4 6.7 6.2 

1 "Other" is public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities, sales to railroads and

railways, and interdepartmental sales. 2 In chained (1992) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. SeeAppendix E. 3 These data were taken from Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report," and differ from the FormEIA-826, "Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report with State Distributions," data published inprevious issues of this publication.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Data for 1979 and earlier data are for Classes A and B privately owned electric utilities only. Data

for 1980 forward are for selected Class A utilities whose electric omore during the previous year.

Sources: • 1960 through September 1977—Federal Powe

Statement of Electric Operating Revenues and Income." • Octobe

Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Stand Income." • March 1980 through 1982—FERC, Form FER

Statement." • 1983—Energy Information Administration (EIA), FMonthly Statement." • 1984-1994—EIA, Form EIA-861, "AnnuaForm EIA-826, "Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Report w
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.12 Nonutility Power Overview, 1989-1994

252

1 Conventional hydroelectric only; there are no pumped-storage projects in the nonutility 

sector.

2 "Other" includes hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, fish oil, and spent sulfite liquor.Notes: Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1

megawatt or greater. See Table 8.12 for description o

differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table: 8.12.

Supply and Disposition, 1994

Facility Use

0

100200300400

355

94

222 227

Billion Kilowatthours

Gross

Generation

Receipts Deliv- eries Facility Use

Gross Generation, 1989-1994

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

0

100200300400

192

223

254

296

325

355

Billion Kilowatthours

Installed Nameplate Cap

1989 1990 19

0

20406080

38

44

5

Gigawatts

Gross Generation by Major Sources, 1989-1994 

Natural Gas Coal Wood Waste Petroleum

0

306090

120150180

Billion Kilowatthours

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

Geothermal

Energy

Hydroelectr

Power1

l 

l
Table 8.12 Nonutility Power Overview, 1989-1994

Item 1989 1990 1991 1992 19

Supply and Disposition (million kilowatthours) Gross Generation ........................................................... 192,327 222,721 254,255 296,001 325,2 Receipts 1 ....................................................................... 63,249 70,154 73,583 83,421 85,3

 Deliveries to Utilities 2 ..................................................... NA NA NA NA 187,4

 Deliveries to Other End Users 3 ..................................... NA NA NA NA 15,5

 Facility Use ..................................................................... 152,354 163,946 183,698 204,261 207,5Consumption  Coal (thousand short tons) ............................................. NA NA NA NA 48,3 Petroleum 4 (thousand barrels) ...................................... NA NA NA NA 36,7

 Natural Gas (million cubic feet) ...................................... NA NA NA NA 2,013,7 Other Gas 5 (million cubic feet) ...................................... NA NA NA NA 1,678,1

Gross Generation (million kilowatthours) ........................ 192,327 222,721 254,255 296,001 325,2

 Coal 6 .............................................................................. 31,703 32,323 40,773 47,363 53,3

 Petroleum 7 ..................................................................... 5,972 7,584 8,083 10,963 13,3

 Natural Gas 8 .................................................................. 100,813 118,844 133,670 158,798 174,2

 Other Gas 5 .................................................................... NA NA NA NA 

 Hydroelectric Power 9 ..................................................... 7,504 7,960 8,007 9,446 11,5

 Geothermal Energy ........................................................ 5,091 6,916 7,695 8,578 9,7 Wood 10 .......................................................................... 28,051 31,038 34,011 36,255 37,4

 Waste 11 ......................................................................... 9,015 12,259 14,886 17,352 18,3

 Solar ............................................................................... 489 663 779 746 8 Wind ............................................................................... 1,877 2,295 2,650 2,916 3,0 Nuclear 12 ....................................................................... 49 116 80 67 

 Other 13 ........................................................................... 1,763 2,723 3,621 3,516 3,1

Installed Nameplate Capacity 14 (megawatts) ............... 37,984 44,352 49,736 56,814 60,7 Coal 6 .............................................................................. 6,284 6,768 7,349 8,503 9,7

 Petroleum 7 ..................................................................... 1,030 946 1,351 1,730 2,0

 Natural Gas 8 .................................................................. 14,349 17,063 20,669 21,542 23,4

 Other Gas 5 .................................................................... NA NA NA NA 

 Petroleum and Natural Gas (dual fired) .......................... 4,541 6,279 5,168 8,478 8,5 Hydroelectric Power 9 ..................................................... 1,848 1,991 2,118 2,684 2,7

 Geothermal Energy ........................................................ 956 1,043 1,060 1,254 1,3 Wood 10 .......................................................................... 5,321 5,854 6,648 6,805 7,0

 Waste 11 ......................................................................... 1,875 2,392 2,806 3,006 3,1

 Solar ............................................................................... 200 360 360 360 3 Wind ............................................................................... 1,376 1,441 1,688 1,822 1,8 Nuclear 12 ....................................................................... 20 20 20 20 

 Other 13 ........................................................................... 184 195 499 611 5

1 Purchases, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities and other nonutilities. 2 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with utilities. 3 Sales, interchanges, and exchanges of electric energy with other nonutilities. The disparity in these

data and data reported on other EIA surveys occurs due to differences in the respondent universe. TheForm EIA-867 is filed by nonutilities reporting the energy delivered, while other data sources are filed byelectric utilities reporting energy received. Differences in terminology and accounting procedurescontribute to the disparity. In addition, because the frame for the Form EIA-867 is derived from utilitysurveys, the Form EIA-867 universe lags 1 year. 4 Does not include petroleum coke consumption of 4,740 thousand short tons for 1994. 5 Butane, ethane, propane, and other gases. 6 Coal, anthracite culm, and coal waste. 7 Petroleum, petroleum coke, diesel, kerosene, petroleum sludge, and tar. 8 Natural gas, butane, ethane, propane, waste heat, and waste gases. 9 Conventional hydroelectric power only; there are no pumped-storage projects in the nonutility sector.

10 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge.11 Municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, straw, tires, landfill gases, and other waste.12 Nuclear reactor and generator at Argonne National Laboratory used primarily for research and

development in testing reactor fuels as well as for training. The genconsumption.

13 Hydrogen, sulfur, batteries, chemicals, fish oil, and spent sulfi

other energy sources in 1989 and 1990 have been reclassified and reflects their characteristics.

14 Installed nameplate capacity is the full-load continuous rating 

electrical equipment under specified conditions as designated by thon a nameplate attached physically to the equipment. Installed staor house units.

NA=Not available.Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total gene• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rSources: • 1989-1991—Estimated based on data collected f

Power Producer Report." See Note 6 at end of section for addInformation Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 1993 (De

1994—EIA, Electric Power Annual 1994, Volume II (November 199
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 8.13 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1994

254

Notes: Data are preliminary. See Appendix F for Census divisions. Because vertical 

scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 8.13.

By Producing Energy Group

Manufacturing Transportation and Mining Services Public Adminstration 

0

50

100150200250 247.8

69.0

21.0 9.9 3.2 

Billion Kilowatthours

By Census Divisions

New England Middle Atlantic East North West North South Atlantic East South West South Moun

0

20406080

100

29.9

56.5

29.0

5.1

52.2

12.8

82.0

11

Billion Kilowatthours

l l l

Public Utilities

Central Central Central Central
Table 8.13 Nonutility Power Gross Generation, 1994

 (Million Kilowatthours)

Division/Region Manufacturing

Transportation

and

Public Utilities Services Mining

Public

Administration

In

G

Census Divisions

New England ................................................ 13,641 15,743 W — — Middle Atlantic .............................................. 37,382 12,009 3,385 W 1,452 East North Central ........................................ 24,909 2,415 1,067 W W West North Central ....................................... 3,150 434 421 W W South Atlantic ............................................... 41,152 10,142 635 W W East South Central ....................................... 12,478 81 W 148 W West South Central ...................................... 78,974 2,013 539 464 — Mountain ....................................................... 5,096 3,173 954 563 — Pacific ........................................................... 31,053 22,971 2,406 17,757 1,523 Total ............................................................. 247,836 68,982 9,900 21,024 3,172 

North American Electric Reliability Council Regions 1

ECAR ............................................................ 24,612 3,499 1,219 0 15 ERCOT ......................................................... 46,980 587 405 232 0 MAAC ........................................................... 15,602 7,860 1,489 718 422 MAIN ............................................................. 7,014 470 440 315 18 MAPP (U.S.) ................................................. 2,931 416 270 1,055 17 NPCC (U.S.) ................................................. 34,349 20,126 2,382 0 1,044 SERC ............................................................ 47,276 8,442 174 153 132 SPP .............................................................. 32,850 1,439 144 180 0 WSCC (U.S.) ................................................ 32,366 25,484 3,322 17,838 1,347 Contiguous United States .......................... 243,980 68,323 9,845 20,491 2,995 ASCC (Alaska) ............................................. 480 4 55 533 177 Hawaii ........................................................... 3,376 655 0 0 0 Total ............................................................. 247,836 68,982 9,900 21,024 3,172 

1 See Glossary for information on the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). This table

includes the U.S. portion of NERC only and does not cover Puerto Rico and U.S. Trust Territories. SeeFigure 8.9 for an illustration of NERC regions.

— = Not applicable. W=Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.Notes: • Nonutility electric generating facilities with a total generator capacity of 1 megawatt or greater. 

• Data are based on facilities’ consumption. • Totals may 

independent rounding.

Sources: Census Divisions: Energy Information Administrat

Volume II, (December 1995), Table C2. NERC Regions: EIA, FProducer Report."
losses are estimated as the difference between

c utilities and the total energy content of elec

onsumers. Most of these losses occur at

(conventional and nuclear) in the conversion

nical energy to turn electric generators. This

necessary feature of the steam-electric cycle.

output losses is a result of imputing fossil en

hydroelectric and other energy sources, since

ed practice for measuring these thermal con

conversion losses, other losses include power

nsmission and distribution of electricity from

nsumers (also called “line-losses’’), and unac

l losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in

share of total electricity sales. Overall, ap

total energy input is lost in conversion; of

ximately 5 percent is lost in plant use and 9

ion and distribution. Calculated electrical en

be less than actual losses, because primary

ude the energy equivalent of utility purchases

tric utilities and from Canada and Mexico, al

n electricity sales.

f electricity in the United States represent net

utput of electricity (measured at the generator

nt use. Nuclear electricity generation data iden

s in Section 11 are gross output of electricity.

ility supply and distribution statistics included

(such as universities) and military facilities that

ly for their own use. Beginning in 1985, elec

a for these facilities and include data only for

nerate electricity primarily for public use. In

wer producers (cogenerators, small power pro

wer producers) are provided.

c utility electricity represent gross output of elec

nerator terminals) minus power plant use and

osses. Included in each end-use sector are the fol

—sales of electricity to businesses that generally

owatts of service; Industrial Sector—sales of

 generally require more than 1,000 kilowatts of

service; Residential Sector—sales of electricity to residences for household purposes; “Other’’ Sector—sales of electricity for public street andhighway lighting, to public authorities, railways, and railroads, andinterdepartmental sales.5. Net summer capabilities were first collected on Form EIA-860, “Annual Electric Generator Report,’’ for 1984. Units not assigned a netsummer capability rating by the utility were given an estimated rating byuse of a statistical relationship between installed nameplate capacity andnet summer capability for each prime mover. To estimate net summer capability for the years 1949 through 1984, two methods were used. Foreach prime mover except nuclear and “other,’’ net summer capability estimates were calculated in two steps. First, the unit capacity valuesreported on Form EIA-860 and the unit start dates contained in the 1984Generating Unit Reference File (GURF) were used to compute preliminary aggregate estimates of annual net summer capability and installednameplate capacity. These preliminary estimates were obtained by aggregating unit capacity values for all units in service during a given year.Next, the ratio of the preliminary capability to nameplate estimate wascomputed for each year and multiplied by the previously published installed nameplate capacity values to produce the final estimates of netsummer capability. The net summer capability data for nuclear and“other’’ units were used directly from the 1984 GURF for all years. Historical aggregates were then developed by using the unit start dates on theGURF.Historical capacity has also been modified to estimate capability basedupon the operable definition. This was accomplished by assuming thatnonnuclear generating units became operable between 1 and 4 monthsprior to their commercial operation dates, depending upon the primemover and time period. The actual operable dates for nuclear unitswere used. It should be noted that net summer capabilities are not currently collected for nonutilities.6. Year-to-year changes in data from the Form EIA-867, “Annual Nonutility Power Plant Report,’’ can result from correcting misreported dataand modifying the frame to account for new or retired facilities, among

other improvements. Data for 1989, 1990, and 1991 were collected forfacilities of 5 megawatts or more. In 1992, the threshold was loweredto include facilities with capacities of 1 megawatt or more. Estimatesof the 1-to-5-megawatt range for prior years were derived from historical data. The estimation did not include retirements that occurredprior to 1992 and included only the capacity of facilities that came online before 1992.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
The Uranium Industry

From 1949 through 1967, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) wasthe major purchaser of uranium. The AEC’s demand for uranium formilitary purposes was strong during the 1950’s and domestic production,spurred by AEC incentives, grew from 0.4 million pounds of uraniumoxide (U3O8) in 1949 to 35 million pounds in 1960 (9.3). As the AEC

began to accumulate stockpiles, its purchases declined and U.S. production fell to 21 million pounds in 1965. From 1966 through 1976,production fluctuated between 21 and 27 million pounds. Subsequently,orders for new nuclear plants led to strong growth, and productionpeaked at 44 million pounds in 1980.However, plant cancellations and postponements during the late 1970’sled to a decline in projected demand and, coupled with foreign competition and buildups of inventories at electric utilities, caused the secondmajor decline in domestic uranium production, which fell to 11 millionpounds in 1985. Many domestic uranium-producing facilities closedpermanently. In the early 1990’s, low uranium prices, excess worldsupply, and continuing low expectations for future uranium demandbrought domestic uranium production to a 40-year low of 3.1 millionpounds in 1993. In 1995, however, uranium production rose to 6.0 millionpounds, partly as a result of higher uranium prices and the need amongelectric utilities and fuel suppliers to bolster inventories.Historically, domestic producers have faced competition from low-costuranium imports. From 1949 through 1960, net imports actually exceeded domestic production (9.3). In 1966, the AEC effectively suspended imports by curtailing enrichment services for foreign uraniumintended for use in domestic facilities, and no uranium was imported from1967 through 1974. With the gradual removal of the AEC restrictionsduring the 1977-to-1983 period, foreign uranium deliveries to the UnitedStates began to increase. In 1990 through 1995, net imports of U3O8

once again exceeded domestic production. For example, in 1995, netimports totaled an estimated 32 million pounds, compared with domesticproduction of 6.0 million pounds. The price of purchased imports averaged $10.20 per pound of U3O8, and the price of purchased domestic

uranium averaged $11.11 per pound of U3O8.

uclear Generating Units

were 109 licensed operable nuclear generat

tts Bar 1) licensed for startup in the United

licensed units were located east of the Mis

n to the licensed units, six units possessed

ever, construction for all six units had been

stages of planning, construction, and opera

below the total of 226 in 1974. After 1974,

canceled; after 1977, no orders for new units

dent in 1979 greatly increased concerns about

plants. The regulatory reaction to those con

cline in the number of planned nuclear units.

ing and construction, coupled with higher fi

d the cost of nuclear power plants. In addition,

nd was slower than expected. The uncertain

inished electric utilities’ willingness to com

clear power to remain a viable option in the

hanges will be required.

o Electricity Net Generation

contribution to electricity net generation in

ed almost every year from the late 1950’s

ar electric power production in 1995 totaled

up 5.2 percent from the 1994 level. The nu

electricity net generation rose from 22.0

rcent in 1995, and the capacity factor1 rose

o 78 percent in 1995.

9. Nuclear Energy

en time period divided by the maximum possible generation

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 257
ID

MT

KS

NE

SD

ND

MO

IA

MN

IL

FL

GA

SC

NC

VA

DE

MD WV

MS TX

LA

OK AR

AL

TN

KY

WI

IN

OH

PA

NJ

CT

MA

VT ME

NH

RI

MI

AZ

NM

CO

UT

WY

NY

)

nits)

mits Granted

Generating Units, December 31, 1995

s, symbols do not represent actual locations.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, (October 1995),

Appendices C and D.

World Nuclear Outlook 1995
Table 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, End of Year 1973-1995

Year

Licensed for Operation Construction Permits

On Order Announced To

Operable1 

In Startup2 Granted Pending

Number of Units 

1973 39 2 57 52 49 9 201974 48 5 62 75 30 6 221975 54 2 69 69 14 5 211976 61 1 71 63 16 2 211977 65 2 78 49 13 2 201978 70 0 88 32 5 0 191979 68 0 90 24 3 0 181980 70 1 82 12 3 0 161981 74 0 76 11 2 0 161982 77 2 60 3 2 0 141983 80 3 53 0 2 0 131984 86 6 38 0 2 0 131985 95 3 30 0 2 0 131986 100 7 19 0 2 0 121987 107 4 14 0 2 0 121988 108 3 12 0 0 0 121989 110 1 10 0 0 0 121990 111 0 8 0 0 0 111991 111 0 8 0 0 0 111992 109 0 8 0 0 0 111993 109 0 7 0 0 0 111994 109 0 7 0 0 0 111995 109 1 6 0 0 0 11

1 Nuclear generating units that have been issued a full-power license by the Nuclear Regulatory

Commission (NRC). See Note 1 at end of section for exceptions. 2 The period of time between a nuclear generating unit’s initial fuel loading date and the issuance of itsfull-power license. During that period, the unit is undergoing low-power testing and the maximum level ofoperation is 5 percent of the unit’s design thermal rating. 3 Net design electrical rating (DER) is used because many of the units were canceled prior to beingassigned a net summer capability. Nuclear generating units may have more than one type of net capacityrating, including the following: Net Summer Capability - The steady hourly output that generatingequipment is expected to supply to system load, exclusive of auxiliary power, as demonstrated by test atthe time of summer peak demand. Auxiliary power of a typical nuclear power plant is about 5 percent ofgross generation. Net Design Capacity or DER - The nominal net electrical output of a unit, specified bythe utility and used for plant design.

Note: Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia.Sources: Licensed for Operation: • 1973-1982—U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Nuclear

Programs, "U.S. Central Station Nuclear Electric Generating Units: Significant Milestones." • 1983

forward—NRC, "Licensed Operating Reactors" (NUREG-0020). Announced: • 1973-1982—Compiled from various sources, pr

Programs, "U.S. Central Station Nuclear Electric Generating UInformation Administration (EIA), Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric Steam-Electric Units That Have Been in Operation as of 195Cancellations: Causes, Costs, and Consequences"; and Utility Statistics, 1987." • 1983 forward—NRC, "Summary Information ROperating Reactors" (NUREG-0020); and various journal

• 1973-1982—Compiled from various sources, primarily DOE, OfCentral Station Nuclear Electric Generating Units: SignificanSteam-Electric Units That Have Been in Operation as of 1957-1Electric Utilities-Power Generation"; EIA, CNEAF, "Nuclear PlanConsequences"; and Utility Data Institute, Inc., "U.S. Nuclea

forward—NRC, "Summary Information Report" (NUREG-0871); (NUREG-0020); and EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generato
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations

260

Sources: Tables 8.3 and 9.2.

Net Summer Capabilityof Operable Units, 1957-1995

1960 1970 1980 1990

0

306090

120

Million Kilowatthours

Nuclear and Total Net Generation of Electricity, 1

1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 

0123

 Trillion Kilowatthours (Cumulative)

Operable Units, 1957-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

20406080

100120

Number of Units

Peak: 111 unitsin 1990 and 1991

109 units in 1995

Nuclear Portion of DomesticElectricity Net Generation, 1984-1995

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

05

10152025

Percent

Capacity Factor, 1973

1975 198

0

255075

100

Percent
Table 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-1995

Year

Operable Units 1,2

Nuclear Electricity

Net Generation

Nuclear Portion of

Domestic Electricity

Net Generation

Net Summer Capability

of Operable Units 1,3 

Number Billion Kilowatthours Percent Million Kilowatts 

1957 1 (s) (s) 0.1 1958 1 0.2 (s) 0.1 1959 1 0.2 (s) 0.1 1960 3 0.5 0.1 0.4 1961 3 1.7 0.2 0.4 1962 5 2.3 0.3 0.7 1963 6 3.2 0.4 0.8 1964 6 3.3 0.3 0.8 1965 6 3.7 0.3 0.8 1966 8 5.5 0.5 1.7 1967 10 7.7 0.6 2.7 1968 11 12.5 0.9 2.7 1969 14 13.9 1.0 4.4 1970 18 21.8 1.4 7.0 1971 21 38.1 2.4 9.0 1972 229 54.1 3.1 214.5 

1973 239 83.5 4.5 222.7 1974 48 114.0 6.1 31.9 1975 54 172.5 9.0 37.3 1976 61 191.1 9.4 43.8 1977 65 250.9 11.8 46.3 1978 70 276.4 12.5 50.8 1979 68 255.2 11.4 49.7 1980 70 251.1 11.0 51.8 1981 74 272.7 11.9 56.0 1982 77 282.8 12.6 60.0 1983 80 293.7 12.7 63.0 1984 86 327.6 13.6 69.7 1985 95 383.7 15.5 79.4 1986 100 414.0 16.6 85.2 1987 107 455.3 17.7 93.6 1988 108 527.0 19.5 94.7 1989 110 529.4 19.0 98.2 1990 111 576.9 20.5 99.6 1991 111 612.6 21.7 99.6 1992 109 618.8 22.1 99.0 1993 109 610.3 21.2 99.0 1994 109 R640.4 22.0 R99.1 1995P 109 673.4 22.5 99.1 

1 At end of year. 2 See Note 2 at end of section. 3 See Note 3 at end of section.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours or less

than 0.05 percent. 

Sources: Operable Units: • 1957-1972—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Form FPC-4, "Monthly

Power Plant Report." • 1973 forward—Nuclear Regulatory Com

(NUREG-0020), monthly. Electricity Generation: 1957-SeptemPower Plant Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal Energy "Monthly Power Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy Informat"Monthly Power Plant Report." Net Summer Capability of Operab

end of section. • 1984 forward—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Elect
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 9.3 Uranium Overview

262

1 Nominal dollars.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 9.3.

Production and Trade, 1949-1995

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

153045

 Million Pounds U O 

Inventories, End of Year 1981-1995

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

50

100150200

 Million Pounds U O 

Average Prices, 1981-1995

1982 1984 1986 1988 

0

10203040

 Dollars1 per Pound U O 

Production and Trade, 1995

0

153045

6.0

41.3

 Million Pounds U O Domestic Concentrate Production Purchased Imports Export

 Sales

Of Electric Utilities

Of Domestic Suppliers

Total

 DomesticPurchases

Purchased Imports

 DomesticConcentrate Production

Purchased Imports

3 8

3 

8 3 8

3 

8
Table 9.3 Uranium Overview, 1949-1995

Year

Domestic

Concentrate

Production

Purchased

Imports 1

Export 1

Sales 

Utility

Purchases

from

Domestic

Suppliers

Loaded into

U.S. Nuclear

Reactors 2

Inventories 

Of

Domestic

Suppliers

Of

ElectricUtilities Total

Million Pounds U3O8 

1949 0.36 4.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1950 0.92 5.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1951 1.54 6.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1952 1.74 5.7 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1953 2.32 3.8 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1954 3.40 6.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1955 5.56 7.6 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1956 11.92 12.5 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1957 16.96 17.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1958 24.88 32.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1959 32.48 36.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1960 35.28 36.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1961 34.70 29.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1962 34.02 24.2 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1963 28.44 22.4 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1964 23.70 12.1 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1965 20.88 8.0 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1966 21.18 4.6 0.8 NA NA NA NA NA 1967 22.51 0.0 1.4 NA NA NA NA NA 1968 24.74 0.0 1.6 NA NA NA NA NA 1969 23.22 0.0 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1970 25.81 0.0 4.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1971 24.55 0.0 0.4 NA NA NA NA NA 1972 25.80 0.0 0.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1973 26.47 0.0 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1974 23.06 0.0 3.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1975 23.20 1.4 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1976 25.49 3.6 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1977 29.88 5.6 4.0 NA NA NA NA NA 1978 36.97 5.2 6.8 NA NA NA NA NA 1979 37.47 3.0 6.2 NA NA NA NA NA 1980 43.70 3.6 5.8 NA NA NA NA NA 1981 38.47 6.6 4.4 32.6 NA NA NA 159.2 1982 26.87 17.1 6.2 27.1 NA NA NA 174.8 1983 21.16 8.2 3.3 24.2 NA NA NA 191.8 1984 14.88 12.5 2.2 22.5 NA 25.0 160.2 185.2 1985 11.31 11.7 5.3 21.7 NA 23.7 R 153.2 176.9 

1986 13.51 13.5 1.6 18.9 NA 27.0 R 144.1 171.1 1987 12.99 15.1 1.0 20.8 NA 25.4 137.8 163.2 1988 13.13 15.8 3.3 17.6 NA 19.3 125.5 144.8 1989 13.84 13.1 2.1 18.4 NA 22.2 115.8 138.1 1990 8.89 23.7 2.0 20.5 NA 26.4 102.7 129.1 1991 7.95 16.3 3.5 26.8 34.6 20.7 98.0 118.7 1992 5.65 23.3 2.8 23.4 R 43.0 25.2 92.1 117.3 

1993 3.06 21.0 3.0 15.5 45.1 R 24.5 R 81.2 R 105.7 

1994 3.35 R 36.6 R 17.7 R 22.7 R 40.4 R 21.5 R 65.4 R 86.9 

1995P 6.04 41.3 9.8 22.3 51.1 13.9 56.2 70.1 

1 Import quantities through 1970 are reported for fiscal years. Prior to 1968, the Atomic Energy

Commission was the sole purchaser of all imported U3O8. Trade data prior to 1982 were for transactions

conducted by uranium suppliers only. For 1982 forward, transactions by uranium buyers (consumers) havebeen included. Buyer imports and exports prior to 1982 are believed to be small.

2 Does not include any fuel rods removed from reactors and late3 Nominal dollars.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. — = NSources: See Note 4 at end of section.
es

tired and therefore removed from the oper

are: Peach Bottom 1 (40 MW) and Indian

etired in 1974; Humboldt Bay (65 MW), of

esden 1 (200 MW), retired in October 1979;

d in May 1987; Fort Saint Vrain (217 MW),

Yankee Rowe 1 (185 MW), retired in Febru

436 MW), retired in December 1992; and

d in January 1993.

have been excluded from the operable cate

uld have been included (and, in one

was included that normally would have

information on those exceptions can be

on Administration, Monthly Energy Review

5(96/04) (Washington, DC, April 1996), p.

er of operable units included units that were

y December 31 of the stated year. Units de

tive for extended periods were generally

were two DOE-operated plants that supply

ial grid. A third DOE plant, which does not

grid, was excluded. For 1973 forward, the

units issued full-power or operating licenses

lude units in long-term shutdown status.

es were first collected on Form EIA-860,

or Report,’’ for 1984. Units not assigned a

ing by the utility were given an estimated

al relationship between installed nameplate

apability for each prime mover. To estimate

949-1984, two methods were used. For each

ar and “other,’’ net summer capability esti

two steps. First, the unit capacity values

0 and the unit start dates contained in the

erence File (GURF) were used to compute

timates of annual net summer capability

apacity. These preliminary estimates were

obtained by aggregating unit capacity values for all units in serviceduring a given year. Next, the ratio of the preliminary capability tonameplate estimate was computed for each year and multiplied by thepreviously published installed nameplate capacity values to producethe final estimates of net summer capability. The net summer capability data for nuclear and “other’’ units were used directly from the1984 GURF for all years. Historical aggregates were then developedby use of the unit start dates on the GURF.Historical capacity has also been modified to estimate capability basedupon the operable definition. This was accomplished by assuming thatnonnuclear generating units became operable between 1 and 4 monthsprior to their commercial operation dates, depending upon the primemover and time period. The actual operable dates for nuclear unitswere used.4. Table 9.3 Sources: ! 1949–1966: U.S. Department of Energy,

Grand Junction Office, Statistical Data of the Uranium Industry, Report No. GJO-100, annual. ! 1967–1995: Domestic Concentrate

Production: 1976–1984—Energy Information Administration, Uranium Industry Annual 1992 (UIA 1992) (October 1993), Table 17;

1985–1995—UIA 1995 (May 1996), Table 5. Purchased Imports and

Export Sales: 1967–1984—UIA 1992 (October 1993), Table 30;1985–1995—UIA 1995 (May 1996), Table H2. Utility Purchases

From Domestic Suppliers: 1981–1984—UIA 1992 (October 1993),Table ES1; 1985–1995—UIA 1995 (May 1996), Table 14. LoadedInto U.S. Nuclear Reactors: 1991—UIA 1992 (October 1993), p. 61;

1992—UIA 1993 (September 1994), p. 45; 1993—UIA 1994 (July

1995), p. 37; 1994 and 1995—UIA 1995 (May 1996), Table 27. Inventories: 1981–1983—UIA 1992 (October 1993), Table ES1;

1984—UIA 1985 (December 1986), Table 47; 1985—UIA 1986 (October 1987), Tables 45 and 47; 1986—UIA 1987 (October 1988), Tables

45 and 47; 1987—UIA 1988 (September 1989), Table 47; 1988—UIA1989 (September 1990), Table 48; 1989—UIA 1990 (September

1991), Table 44; 1990—UIA 1991 (October 1992), Table 40;1991—UIA 1992 (November 1993), Table 40; 1992—UIA 1993 (September 1994), Tables 39 and 40; 1993—UIA 1994 (July 1995), Table

39; 1994 and 1995—UIA 1995 (May 1996), Table 31. Average Price:1981–1984—UIA 1992 (October 1993), Table ES1; 1985–1995—UIA

1995 (May 1996), Tables 14 and 28.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
10. Renewable Energy

e Energy Consumption

consumed an estimated 6.9 quadrillion Btu

a).* Conventional hydroelectric power and

largest shares (50 percent and 43 percent,

solar, and wind energy accounted for the

1990 through 1995 (the only years for which

able energy consumption rose 12 percent.

ewable energy sources, wind energy showed

crease (71 percent).

renewable energy consumed varied by sec

ies and the industrial sector (the primary

tric power) were the biggest consumers

gh-1995 period.

ric Power. Almost all of the 3.5 quadrillion

electric power generation in 1995 occurred

and 10.1b). The industrial sector, which in

roducers (cogenerators, independent power

er producers), accounted for only 153 tril

wood, wood byproducts, waste wood, mu

acturing process waste, and alcohol fuels. In

n totaled an estimated 2.9 quadrillion Btu,

lion Btu) was wood energy (10.2). Some in

and lumber industries, have ready access to

s, and those rely heavily on wood as an en

of municipal solid waste and other wastes

totaled 486 trillion Btu in 1995, and consumption of alcohol fuels(ethanol) totaled 105 trillion Btu.

Geothermal Energy. The third biggest source of renewable energy in

1995 was geothermal energy, which can be used directly, for purposessuch as space heating, or converted to electricity. In 1960, The Geysers in California became the first U.S. power plant to generateelectricity from geothermal steam. In 1995, geothermal energy consumption reached 362 trillion Btu (10.1a), 118 trillion Btu at electricutilities and 244 trillion Btu by the industrial sector (which includesnonutilities) (10.1b).

Solar Energy. Of the 74 trillion Btu of solar energy supplied in 1995,

most (64 trillion Btu) was used in the residential and commercial sector (10.1b). The industrial sector accounted for 10 trillion Btu andelectric utilities accounted for less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Because it is difficult to measure solar energy use directly, producershipments of equipment are used as an indicator. Shipments of lowtemperature collectors, used primarily for heating swimming pools,totaled 6.8 million square feet in 1994 (10.4). Shipments of mediumtemperature collectors, used for pool heating and domestic hot water,peaked at 12 million square feet in 1983 and 1984 but, following theexpiration of the Federal energy tax credit in 1985, totaled only 0.8million square feet in 1994. Shipments of high-temperature collectors,used for electricity generation, reached 5.2 million square feet in 1990but fell to near zero in 1991 through 1994, when Luz InternationalLtd. ceased operating. In 1994, shipments of photovoltaic cells andmodules, which have a wide variety of applications, rose for the tenthconsecutive year, to 26 thousand peak kilowatts (10.6).

Wind Energy. An estimated 41 trillion Btu of wind energy was consumed in 1995, virtually all in the industrial sector (which includes

nonutilities) (10.1b). Very small amounts (less than 0.5 trillion Btu)were consumed at electric utilities.

cate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 265
266 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.

2 Fuelwood, wood byproducts, waste wood, municipal solid waste, manufacturing process 

waste, and alcohol fuels.

3 Geothermal, solar, and wind energy.Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Sources: Tables 1.3, 10.1a, and 10.1b.

Figure 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption Estimates

By Sources, 1995

Power

01234

3.462

2.941

0.362

Quadrillion Btu

Total, 1990-1995

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

02468

Quadrillion Btu (Cumulative)

By Sector, 1995

Residential

01234

0.705

2.625

0.

Quadrillion Btu

 Conventional Hydroelectric Power

Total

Other3

 Biofuels2

Industrial Transp

Residential andCommercial

ConventionalHydroelectric Power

Geothermal

 Energy

Biofuels2

As Share1 of Total Energy, 1995

25%

38%

8%

22%

8%

Total Energy

Renewable Energy

-Solar Energy 1%

-Geothermal Energy 5%

-Biofuels 43%

-Wind Energy 1%-Conventional Hydroelectric Power 50%

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear Electric

Petroleum

Renewable  Energy
Table 10.1a Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1990-1995

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Biofuels 1 Geothermal Energy2

Conventional

Hydroelectric

Power 3,4

Solar

Energy 5

Wind

Energy6 

1990 R2.632 R0.338 R3.102 R0.067 R0.024 

1991 R2.642 R0.347 R3.181 R0.068 R0.027 1992 R2.788 R0.367 R2.852 R0.068 R0.030 1993 R2.784 R0.381 R3.138 R0.069 R0.031 1994 R2.852 R0.381 R2.958 R0.068 R0.036 1995E 2.941 0.362 3.462 0.074 0.041 

1 Biofuels are fuelwood, wood byproducts, waste wood, municipal solid waste, manufacturing process

waste, and alcohol fuels. 2 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from geothermal energy. Includes onlygrid-connected electricity. Excludes shaft power and remote electrical power. 3 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy.

4 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived fr5 Includes photovoltaic energy. 6 Includes only grid-connected electricity. Excludes direct heat a

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. Source: Energy Information Administration, Renewable Energy A
Table 10.1b Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector, 1990-1995

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year

Residential

and Commercial Industrial 1

Transportation Electric Utility

Biofuels Solar 

2 Total Biofuels

Geothermal

Conventional

Hydroelectric3 Solar Wind Total Biofuels 4 Biofuels Geo- thermal5

Conventional

Hydroelectric 3,6

1990 0.581 0.060 0.641 R1.948 R0.146 R0.082 R0.007 R0.024 R2.206 0.082 0.021 0.192 R3.020 

1991 0.613 0.060 0.673 R1.943 R0.162 R0.083 R0.008 R0.027 R2.223 0.065 0.021 0.185 R3.098 1992 0.645 0.060 0.705 R2.042 R0.179 R0.097 R0.008 R0.030 R2.357 0.079 0.022 0.188 R2.755 1993 R0.592 0.060 R0.652 R2.084 R0.204 R0.118 R0.009 R0.031 R2.446 0.088 0.020 0.177 R3.019 1994 R0.582 0.060 R0.642 R2.152 R0.212 R0.136 R0.008 R0.036 R2.543 R0.098 0.020 0.170 R2.822 1995E 0.641 0.064 0.705 2.178 0.244 0.153 0.010 0.041 2.625 0.105 0.017 0.118 3.309 

1 Generation of electricity by cogenerators, independent power producers, and small power producers is

included in the industrial sector, not the electric utility sector. 2 The solar energy number of 0.06 quadrillion Btu for residential and commercial use is calculated bypresuming an overall efficiency of 50 percent for all three categories of solar thermal collectors (lowtemperature, medium temperature, and high temperature), a 1,500-Btu per square foot average dailyinsolation, and the potential thermal energy production from the 219 million square feet of solar thermalcollectors produced since 1974. This is a simplified approach since low-temperature and high-temperaturecollectors have been rated at more than 50 percent efficient and medium-temperature collectors are

generally less than 50 percent efficient. 3 Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included 

4 Ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 5 Includes electricity imports from Mexico that are derived from g6 Includes electricity net imports from Canada that are derived fr

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration, Renewable Energy A
268 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

 1 No data are available for 1985, 1986, and 1988. 2 Municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, refuse-derived fuel, and methane 

recovered from landfills.

Notes: See Appendix F for Census regions. Because 

should not be compared.

Source: Table 10.2.

Figure 10.2 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption

Wood Energy by Sector, 1995

Residential Commercial Industrial Electric

0.00.51.01.52.0

0.60

0.05

1.70

0.01

Quadrillion Btu

Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels by Census Regio

Northeast Midwest S

0

306090

120150180

157

88

134

3

74

Trillion Btu

Waste Energy 2 Alcohol 

Wood Energy by Census Region, 1995

Northeast Midwest S

0.00.51.01.52.0

0.35 0.28

1

Quadrillion Btu

Biofuel Total, 1981-1984, 1987, and 1989-19951

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

01234

Quadrillion Btu

Biofuel TotalWood Energy

Waste Energy 2 and Alcohol

 Utility

l l
Table 10.2 Wood and Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels Consumption by Sector and Census Region

 Selected Years, 1981-1995 (Trillion Btu)

Energy Source 1981 1982 1983 1984 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 

Wood Energy ...................................... 2,495 2,478 2,640 2,633 2,437 2,604 2,155 R2,151 2,249 R2

 Sector Residential ........................................ 869 937 925 923 852 918 581 613 645  Commercial ...................................... 21 22 22 22 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 

 Industrial ........................................... 1,602 1,516 1,690 1,679 1,576 1,673 1,562 1,528 1,593 1 Electric Utility .................................... 3 2 3 9 9 13 12 10 11  Census Region Northeast .......................................... 395 358 380 349 350 432 256 224 264 

 Midwest ............................................ 335 343 323 341 474 552 330 290 286  South ................................................ 1,349 1,392 1,526 1,482 1,147 1,161 1,064 1,167 1,234 R1

 West ................................................. 416 385 411 461 467 459 505 R469 466 

Waste Energy 2 ................................... 88 120 157 208 289 344 395 426 R460  Census Region Northeast .......................................... 16 20 36 39 60 84 119 R133 148 

 Midwest ............................................ 5 13 17 21 47 64 89 R98 84 

 South ................................................ 37 50 56 57 108 145 114 R108 128 

 West ................................................. 30 36 48 91 74 51 73 87 100 Alcohol Fuels (Ethanol) ..................... 7 19 35 43 69 71 82 65 79 

 Census Region Northeast .......................................... (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)  Midwest ............................................ 4 11 22 25 38 38 R55 R45 55  South ................................................ 1 4 8 13 26 26 R17 R11 13  West ................................................. 2 4 5 5 4 7 R10 R9 10 

Biofuel Total ........................................ 2,590 2,617 2,832 2,884 2,794 3,019 2,632 R2,642 R2,788 R2

1 Commercial wood energy use is not included because there are no accurate data sources to provide

reliable estimates. 2 Municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, refuse-derived fuel, and methane recovered from landfills.

R=Revised data. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Notes: • No data are available for years not shown. • See Appendix F for Census regions. • Totals

may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1981-1983, Wood Energy—EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption, 1980-1983

(November 1984), Tables ES1 and ES2. • 1981-1983 Waste Energy and Alcohol Fuels, and 1984

Data—EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, unpublished data. • 1987—EIA,

Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987, Tables ES1 and ES2. 

• 1989—Wood Energy, Industrial Sector: American Paper Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in

the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 31, 1991). All Other Data: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels

Consumption 1989 (April 1991), Table ES1. • 1990—Wood Energy, Industrial Sector: American Paper

Institute, Fact Sheet on 1990 Energy Use in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (July 1991). Wood Energy,

Residential Sector: EIA, 1990 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. Waste Energy: EIA, Estimates

of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990 (October 1991), Table ES1

Transportation, Monthly Motor Fuel Reported by States, FHWA-

Department of Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearm

Symbol 76 (June 1991) and Alcohol Fuels Report, internal quarter1992: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 

Energy, Residential Sector: EIA, Form EIA-457, "1993 Resideextrapolations from "1993 Residential Energy Consumption SurveEnergy, Commercial and Industrial Sectors: EIA, Office of Co(CNEAF), estimates derived from information from other governassociation reports, and Form EIA-846, "1991 Manufacturing EnergElectric Utility: EIA, Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power "Annual Electric Utility Report. Waste Energy: Government A

Yearbook, and Methane Recovery Yearbook, and CNEAF estim

"Monthly Oxygenate Telephone Report.
270 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Note: No data are available for 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, and 1992. Source: Table 10.3

Figure 10.3 Households That Burn Wood, Selected Years, 1980-1993

Number of Households

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

05

10152025

Million

Share of All Households

1980 1982 1984 1986 19

0

102030

Percent

Wood Energy Consumed

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

0

250500750

1,000

Trillion Btu

Average Burned per Household (Mean)

1980 1982 1984 1986 19

0246

Cords

Households That Burn WoodHouseholds That Burn Wood as Main Heating FuelHouseholds That Burn Wood as Secondary Heating Fuel and for Other Purposes
Table 10.3 Households That Burn Wood, Selected Years, 1980-1993

Household Characteristic 1980 1981 1982 1984 1987 

Households That Burn Wood Number of Households (millions) ....................................................... 21.6 22.8 21.4 22.9 22.5  Share of All U.S. Households (percent) .............................................. 26.4 27.4 25.6 26.6 24.8  Number of Cords Burned (millions) .................................................... 42.7 44.0 48.6 49.0 42.6  Average Number of Cords Burned per Household Mean ................................................................................................. 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.9  Median .............................................................................................. 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7  Wood Energy Consumed (trillion Btu) ................................................ 854 881 971 981 853 Households That Burn Wood as Main Heating Fuel Number of Households (millions) ....................................................... 4.7 5.3 5.6 6.4 5.0  Share of All U.S. Households (percent) .............................................. 5.8 6.4 6.7 7.5 5.6  Number of Cords Burned (millions) .................................................... 22.4 24.7 28.7 29.4 23.5  Average Number of Cords Burned per Household Mean ................................................................................................. 4.7 4.6 5.1 4.6 4.7  Median .............................................................................................. 3.3 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0  Wood Energy Consumed (trillion Btu) ................................................ 448 493 574 589 470 Households That Burn Wood as Secondary Heating Fueland for Other Purposes Number of Households (millions) ....................................................... 16.9 17.4 15.9 16.5 17.4  Share of All U.S. Households (percent) .............................................. 20.6 21.0 18.9 19.1 19.3  Number of Cords Burned (millions) .................................................... 20.3 19.4 19.9 19.6 19.2  Average Number of Cords Burned per Household Mean ................................................................................................. 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1  Median .............................................................................................. 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  Wood Energy Consumed (trillion Btu) ................................................ 406 388 397 392 383 

Notes: • Data are for the heating season beginning with the latter part of the previous year shown.

• Consumption estimates are based on respondent reports and may be subject to reporting biases.

• No data are available for years not shown.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-457, "Res
272 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 

180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

2 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

Notes: Data were not collected for 1985. Medium-te

special collectors. Because vertical scales differ, graphs sh

Source: Table 10.4.

Figure 10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments and Trade, 1974-1984 and 1986-1994

Total Shipments

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

05

10152025

Million Square Feet

Trade

1974 1978 1982 198

0

0.30.60.91.21.51.82.1

Million Square Feet

Number of U.S. Manufacturers

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

0

100200300

Number

Average Shipments per Manufacturer

1974 1978 1982 19

0

100200300400500

Thousand Square Feet

Medium-Temperature Collectors1

Low-Temperature Collectors2

Low-Temperature Collectors2

l l

l
Table 10.4 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type and Trade, 1974-1984 and 1986-1994

Year

Low-Temperature Collectors 1 Medium-Temperature Collectors 2

High-Temperature

Collector 3

Shipments

(million

square feet)

Total

Shipments 4 Number 

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

(million

square feet)

Average

Annual Shipments

per Manufacturer

(thousand

square feet)

Number

of U.S.

Manufacturers

Quantity

Shipped

(million

square feet)

Average

Annual Shipments

per Manufacturer

(thousand

square feet) T

1974 6 1.14 189.5 39 0.14 3.5 NA 1,274 1975 13 3.03 232.8 118 0.72 6.1 NA 3,743 1976 19 3.88 204.0 203 1.93 9.5 NA 5,801 1977 52 4.74 91.2 297 5.57 18.8 NA 10,312 1978 69 5.87 85.1 204 4.99 24.5 NA 10,860 1979 84 8.39 100.0 257 5.86 22.8 NA 14,251 1980 79 12.23 154.8 250 7.17 28.7 NA 19,398 1981 75 8.68 115.7 263 11.46 43.6 NA 20,133 1982 61 7.48 122.6 248 11.15 44.9 NA 18,621 1983 55 4.85 88.2 179 11.98 66.9 NA 16,828 1984 48 4.48 93.3 206 11.94 58.0 0.77 17,191 1986 22 3.75 170.5 87 1.11 12.8 4.50 9,360 1987 12 3.16 263.1 50 0.96 19.1 3.16 7,269 1988 8 3.33 415.8 45 0.73 16.2 4.12 8,174 1989 10 4.28 428.3 36 1.99 55.3 5.21 11,482 1990 12 3.65 303.8 41 2.53 61.6 5.24 11,409 1991 16 5.59 349.0 41 0.99 24.1 (s) 6,574 1992 16 6.19 386.7 34 0.90 26.4 (s) 7,086 1993 13 6.03 463.5 33 0.93 28.2 (s) 6,968 1994 16 6.82 426.0 31 0.80 26.0 (s) 7,627 

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperaturerange of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as lowas 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors areevacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature rangefrom just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degreesFahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above180 degrees Fahrenheit. 4 Total shipments as reported by respondents include all domestic and export shipments and mayinclude imports that subsequently were shipped to domestic or to foreign customers.

NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.005 million square feet. Notes: • Manufacturers producing more than one type of coll

• No data are available for 1985. • High-temperature collec

manufacturer.

Sources: Number of U.S. Manufacturers: Energy Informati

"Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey," and pThermal Collector and Photovoltaic Module Manufacturing S• 1974-1976—Federal Energy Administration, Solar Collecto

• 1977—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity, July through and 1979—EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity, annual. 

Manufacturing Activity 1993 (August 1994), Table 6. • 1986 fo

1995 (December 1995), Tables 12 and 13. 
274 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

2 Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 

180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

Source: Table 10.5.

Figure 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1994

Market Sector

Residential Commercial All Other

02468

7.026

0.583

0.018

Million Square Feet

Type of Collector

Low- 

02468

6.823

Million Square Feet

End Use

Pool Water All Other

02468

6.813

0.790

0.025

Million Square Feet

Heating Heating Temperature

End Use by Type

Pool Heating Water Heating

02468

6.802

0.011 0.007

0.783

Million Square Feet

Residential and Commercial Sectors by Type

Residential 

02468

6.268

0

0.757

Million Square Feet Low-Temperature Collectors1 Medium-Temperature Collectors2 Low-Te

Medium
Table 10.5 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 1994

 (Thousand Square Feet)

End Use

Low-Temperature

Collectors 1

Medium-Temperature

Collectors 2

High-Temperature

Collectors 3 

End-Use Total ..................................................... 6,823 803 2 

 Pool Heating ....................................................... 6,802 11 0  Water Heating ..................................................... 7 783 0  Space Heating .................................................... 14 5 0  Space Cooling .................................................... 0 0 0  Combined Space and Water Heating ................. 0 4 0  Process Heating ................................................. 0 0 0  Electricity Generation ......................................... 0 0 2  Other 4 ................................................................ 0 0 0 

Market Sector Total ............................................ 6,823 803 2 

 Residential .......................................................... 6,268 757 0  Commercial ........................................................ 547 37 0  Industrial ............................................................. 7 8 1  Electric Utility ...................................................... 0 1 1  Other 5 ................................................................ 0 0 0 

1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below

110 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperaturerange of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as lowas 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Special collectors are included in this category. Special collectors areevacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing) collectors. They operate in the temperature rangefrom just above ambient temperature (low concentration for pool heating) to several hundred degreesFahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and specialized industrial processes). 3 Parabolic dish/trough collectors used primarily by independent power producers to generate electricityfor the electric grid. High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at

temperatures above 180 degrees Fahrenheit. 4 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors for ot

pumping, water purification, desalinization, distilling, etc. 5 "Other" includes shipments of solar thermal collectors to othethe military but excluding space applications.

Notes: • Data represent shipments from U.S. manufacturers 

components due to independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Renewable Energy 

35.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

276

Source: Table 10.6

Figure 10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade

Number of U.S. Companies Reporting Shipments, 1982-1994

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

05

10152025

19 18

23

15

17 17

14

17

19

23

21

Number

Total Shipments, 1982-1994

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

05

1015202530

Peak Megawatts

Trade, 1983-1994

1984 1986 1988 19

0369

121518

Peak Megawatts Expo

Impo
Table 10.6 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments and Trade, 1982-1994

Year

Number

of U.S. Companies

Reporting Shipments

Total Shipments 1 Imports 

Peak Kilowatts

1982 19 6,897 NA 1983 18 12,620 NA 1984 23 9,912 NA 19852 15 5,769 285 

19862 17 6,333 678 19872 17 6,850 921 19882 14 9,676 1,453 19892 17 12,825 826 19902 319 313,837 1,398 

19912 23 14,939 2,059 

19922 21 15,583 1,602 19932 19 20,951 1,767 19942 22 26,077 1,960 

1 Total shipments include all types of photovoltaic cells and modules (single-crystal silicon, cast silicon,

ribbon silicon, thin-film silicon, and concentrator silicon) and internationally traded cells and modules. 2 Shipments of cells and modules for space and satellite applications are not included. 3 Data were imputed for one nonrespondent who exited the industry during 1990.

NA=Not available. Sources: • 1982-1984—Energy Information Administration (EIA

1993 (August 1994), Table 16. • 1985 forward—EIA, Renewable 

Table 15.
278 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

 1 Units designed for installations that are not grid-interactive. 2 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling. 

3 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty pSource: Table 10.7.

Figure 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1994

By End Use

Remote Electric Communications Consumer Goods Grid Interactive Transportation Original Equipment Water Pump

02468

10 9.3

5.6

3.2

2.3 2.1 1.8 1.4

Peak Megawatts

Generation1 Electric Generation Manufacturers

By Market Sector

Industrial Residential Commercial Electric Utility Transportation Government 

02468

10

6.9 6.6

5.4

2.4 2.2 2.1

Peak Megawatts
Table 10.7 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use, 1989-1994

End Use

Amount Shipped

(peak kilowatts) Percent of T

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1989 1990 1991 

End-Use Total ............................................. 12,825 13,837 14,939 15,583 20,951 26,077 100.0 100.0 100.0 

 Health ......................................................... 5 5 61 67 674 79 (s) (s) 0.4  Water Pumping ........................................... 711 1,014 729 809 2,294 1,410 5.5 7.3 4.9  Transportation ............................................ 1,196 1,069 1,523 1,602 4,238 2,128 9.3 7.7 10.2  Communications ......................................... 2,590 4,340 3,538 3,717 3,846 5,570 20.2 31.4 23.7  Consumer Goods ....................................... 2,788 2,484 3,312 2,566 946 3,239 21.7 18.0 22.2  Electric Generation Grid Interactive ....................................... 1,251 469 856 1,227 1,096 2,296 9.8 3.4 5.7  Remote 1 ................................................ 2,620 3,097 3,594 4,238 5,761 9,253 20.4 22.4 24.1 

 Original Equipment Manufacturers 2 .......... 3 1,595 4 1,119 4 1,315 828 2,023 1,849 12.4 8.1 8.8 

 Other 5 ........................................................ 6 69 240 13 530 74 254 0.5 1.7 0.1 

Market Sector Total .................................... 12,825 13,837 14,939 15,583 20,951 26,077 100.0 100.0 100.0 

 Residential .................................................. 1,439 1,701 3,624 4,154 5,237 6,632 11.2 12.3 24.3  Commercial ................................................ 3,850 6,086 3,345 2,386 4,115 5,429 30.0 44.0 22.4  Government ................................................ 1,077 1,002 815 1,063 1,325 2,114 8.4 7.2 5.5  Industrial ..................................................... 3,993 2,817 3,947 4,279 5,352 6,855 31.1 20.4 26.4  Transportation ............................................ 1,130 974 1,555 1,673 2,564 2,174 8.8 7.0 10.4  Electric Utility .............................................. 785 826 1,275 1,553 1,503 2,364 6.1 6.0 8.5  Other 7 ........................................................ 551 432 377 477 856 510 4.3 3.1 2.5 

1 Electric power generation photovoltaic units designed for installations that are not grid-interactive. 2 Original equipment manufacturers are non-photovoltaic manufacturers that combine photovoltaic

technology into existing or newly developed product lines. 3 Photovoltaic cells to original equipment manufacturers. 4 Photovoltaic cells and modules to original equipment manufacturers. 5 Represents such applications as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling. 6 Includes modules to original equipment manufacturers. 7 Shipments to foreign governments and for specialty purposes.

(s)=Less than 0.05 percent. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: 1989: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Sola

(March 1991), Tables 17 and 18. 1990: EIA, Solar Collector 

1992), Tables 22 and 23. 1991: EIA, Solar Collector Manufac

Tables 25 and 26. 1992: EIA, Solar Collector Manufacturing Act

24. 1993 and 1994: EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1995 (Decem
280 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Note: Conventional hydroelectric power is another impo

see Tables 8.2 and 8.3 for hydroelectric power data.

Source: Table 10.8.

(s)=Less than 500 thousand kilowatts.1 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge.2 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, and other waste.3 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas.

Figure 10.8 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability by Selected Renewable Energy Re

Electric Utilities and Nonutility Power Producers, 1995

Geothermal Energy Municipal Solid Wast Wood1 and Waste2 Wind Energy 

02468

1.7

0.5

0 

1.5

2.8

7.8

2.0

Million Kilowatts

(s) 

Electric Utilities, 1989-1995

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

02468

Million Kilowatts Geothermal Energy

Wood1 and Waste2

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers

Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-1995

1989 1990 1991 1992 1

02468

Million Kilowatts 

Wood1 and 

Wind Energy

Solar En

MSW and 

e

and Landfill Gas

0
Table 10.8 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capability by Selected Renewable Energy Resourc

 (Thousand Kilowatts)

Year

Geothermal Energy

Municipal Solid Waste

and Landfill Gas Wood1 and Waste2 Wind Energy 

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

1949 0 NA 0 NA 13 NA 0 NA 1950 0 NA 0 NA 13 NA 0 NA 1951 0 NA 0 NA 13 NA 0 NA 1952 0 NA 0 NA 37 NA 0 NA 1953 0 NA 0 NA 37 NA 0 NA 1954 0 NA 0 NA 37 NA 0 NA 1955 0 NA 0 NA 37 NA 0 NA 1956 0 NA 0 NA 37 NA 0 NA 1957 0 NA 0 NA 64 NA 0 NA 1958 0 NA 0 NA 64 NA 0 NA 1959 0 NA 0 NA 64 NA 0 NA 1960 11 NA 0 NA 64 NA NA NA 1961 11 NA 0 NA 64 NA NA NA 1962 11 NA 0 NA 64 NA NA NA 1963 24 NA 0 NA 64 NA NA NA 1964 24 NA 0 NA 64 NA NA NA 1965 24 NA 0 NA 64 NA NA NA 1966 24 NA 0 NA 72 NA NA NA 1967 51 NA 0 NA 72 NA NA NA 1968 78 NA 0 NA 72 NA NA NA 1969 78 NA 0 NA 72 NA NA NA 1970 78 NA 0 NA 72 NA NA NA 1971 184 NA 0 NA 72 NA NA NA 1972 290 NA 0 NA 77 NA NA NA 1973 396 NA 0 NA 77 NA NA NA 1974 396 NA 0 NA 77 NA NA NA 1975 502 NA 0 NA 77 NA NA NA 1976 502 NA 0 NA 77 NA NA NA 1977 502 NA 0 NA 77 NA NA NA 1978 502 NA 0 NA 77 NA NA NA 1979 667 NA 0 NA 78 NA NA NA 1980 909 NA 0 NA 78 NA NA NA 1981 909 NA 0 NA 78 NA (s) NA 1982 1,022 NA 0 NA 79 NA 6 NA 1983 1,207 NA 0 NA 212 NA 6 NA 1984 1,231 NA 0 NA 321 NA 17 NA 1985 1,580 NA 0 NA 350 NA 18 NA 1986 1,558 NA 0 NA 343 NA 19 NA 1987 1,549 NA 0 NA 401 NA 25 NA 1988 1,667 NA 0 NA 421 NA 7 NA 1989 1,606 885 0 4 ( ) 465 56,604 (s) 1,339 

1990 1,614 969 0 4 ( ) 464 57,558 (s) 1,405 1991 1,563 987 0 2,098 464 R6,569 (s) 1,652 1992 1,739 1,171 0 2,334 464 R6,903 (s) 1,822 1993 1,747 1,231 0 2,370 459 R7,216 1 1,813 1994 1,747 R1,259 0 2,550 516 R7,400 8 1,737 1995 1,747 1,450 0 2,823 516 7,829 8 1,968 

1 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge. 2 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, and other waste. 3 Cogenerators, independent power producers, and small power producers of 1 megawatt or greater

capacity. 4 Included in "Wood and Waste." 5 Includes "Municipal Solid Waste and Landfill Gas."

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 kilowatts. 

Notes: • Data are as of end of year. • For definition of n

• Conventional hydroelectric power is another source of renewahydroelectric power data. 

Sources: Electric Utilities: • 1960-1984—Energy Information 

forward—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator RepEstimated by EIA, based on Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Powe
282 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Note: Conventional hydroelectric power is another impo

see Tables 8.2 and 8.3 for hydroelectric power data.

Source: Table 10.9.

(s)=Less than 500 million kilowatthours.1 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge.2 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, and other waste.3 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas. 

Figure 10.9 Electric Power Industry Net Generation by Selected Renewable Energy Resources

Electric Utilities and Nonutility Power Producers, 1995

Geothermal Energy Municipal Solid Wast Wood1 and Waste2 Wind Energy 

0

1020304050

4.7

1.6 0 

11.3

17.2

41.6

3.9

Billion Kilowatthours

(s) 

Electric Utilities, 1989-1995

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

0

1020304050

Billion Kilowatthours Geothermal Energy

Wood1 and Waste2

Nonutility Power Producers, 1989-1995

1989 1990 1991 1992 

0

1020304050

Billion Kilowatthours Geothermal Energy

Woo

W

e

and Landfill Gas

Electric Utilities Nonutility Power Producers

M

0
Table 10.9 Electric Power Industry Net Generation by Selected Renewable Energy Resources, 194

 (Million Kilowatthours)

Year

Geothermal Energy

Municipal Solid Waste

and Landfill Gas Wood1 and Waste2 Wind Energy 

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

ElectricUtilities

Nonutility

Power Producers 3

1949 0 NA 0 NA 386 NA 0 NA 1950 0 NA 0 NA 390 NA 0 NA 1951 0 NA 0 NA 391 NA 0 NA 1952 0 NA 0 NA 482 NA 0 NA 1953 0 NA 0 NA 389 NA 0 NA 1954 0 NA 0 NA 263 NA 0 NA 1955 0 NA 0 NA 276 NA 0 NA 1956 0 NA 0 NA 152 NA 0 NA 1957 0 NA 0 NA 177 NA 0 NA 1958 0 NA 0 NA 175 NA 0 NA 1959 0 NA 0 NA 153 NA 0 NA 1960 33 NA 0 NA 140 NA NA NA 1961 94 NA 0 NA 126 NA NA NA 1962 100 NA 0 NA 128 NA NA NA 1963 168 NA 0 NA 128 NA NA NA 1964 204 NA 0 NA 148 NA NA NA 1965 189 NA 0 NA 269 NA NA NA 1966 188 NA 0 NA 334 NA NA NA 1967 316 NA 0 NA 316 NA NA NA 1968 436 NA 0 NA 375 NA NA NA 1969 615 NA 0 NA 320 NA NA NA 1970 525 NA 0 NA 356 NA NA NA 1971 548 NA 0 NA 311 NA NA NA 1972 1,453 NA 0 NA 331 NA NA NA 1973 1,966 NA 0 NA 328 NA NA NA 1974 2,453 NA 0 NA 251 NA NA NA 1975 3,246 NA 0 NA 191 NA NA NA 1976 3,616 NA 0 NA 266 NA NA NA 1977 3,582 NA 0 NA 481 NA NA NA 1978 2,978 NA 0 NA 338 NA NA NA 1979 3,889 NA 0 NA 498 NA NA NA 1980 5,073 NA 0 NA 433 NA NA NA 1981 5,686 NA 0 NA 368 NA NA NA 1982 4,843 NA 0 NA 321 NA NA NA 1983 6,075 NA 0 NA 379 NA 3 NA 1984 7,741 NA 0 NA 886 NA 12 NA 1985 9,325 NA 0 NA 1,383 NA 16 NA 1986 10,308 NA 0 NA 1,177 NA 18 NA 1987 10,775 NA 0 NA 1,477 NA 14 NA 1988 10,300 NA 0 NA 1,674 NA 10 NA 1989 9,342 4,895 0 4 ( ) 1,965 534,694 3 1,814 

1990 8,581 6,666 0 4 ( ) 2,067 540,494 (s) 2,228 1991 8,087 7,420 0 11,595 2,046 R34,130 (s) 2,579 1992 8,104 8,318 0 14,138 2,093 R37,125 (s) 2,887 1993 7,571 9,454 0 14,633 1,990 R38,685 (s) 3,022 1994 R6,941 R9,816 0 15,570 1,988 R39,328 (s) 3,447 1995 4,745 11,309 0 17,240 1,649 41,571 11 3,906 

1 Wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors, railroad ties, pitch, and wood sludge. 2 Agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, and other waste. 3 Cogenerators, independent power producers, and small power producers of 1 megawatt or greater

capacity. 4 Included in "Wood and Waste." 5 Includes "Municipal Solid Waste and Landfill Gas." 

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 thousand kilowatthours. 

Note: Conventional hydroelectric power is another source of re

for hydroelectric power data.

Sources: Electric Utilities: • 1949-September 1977—Fed

"Monthly Power Plant Report." • October 1977-1981—Federal FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report." • 1982 forward—Energy 

EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report." Nonutility Power Produc

EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." 
11. International Energy

ers in Energy Production

tion of 355 quadrillion Btu in 1994 was 51

n in 1985 (11.1).* The relative contributions

producers changed markedly over the 10-

s was the leading producer of energy and

adrillion Btu accounted for 21.3 percent of

r U.S.S.R., the second leading producer, ac

n Btu, a 20.7 percent share. In 1986, the

ion surpassed U.S. production for the first

han U.S. production through 1989. In 1990,

production of 69 quadrillion Btu was lower

1 quadrillion Btu.

, the U.S.S.R. ceased to exist as a political

R.’s constituent republics (Russia, Ukraine,

produced 47 quadrillion Btu of energy in

d States produced 71 quadrillion Btu.

na, the third largest producer of energy in

ut the 10-year period. In 1985, China pro

f energy, much of which was coal. By 1994,

ached 34 quadrillion Btu.

udi Arabia was the sixth largest producer of

marked a low point in Saudi Arabian pro

utback in petroleum production intended to

ain control of world oil markets. During the

period, however, Saudi Arabian energy pro

test growth, in absolute terms. By 1994, it

Btu, making Saudi Arabia the fourth largest

Crude Oil Production in 1995

World production of crude oil totaled 62.23 million barrels per day in1995, up 2.2 percent from the 1994 level (11.5). The most noticeableproduction increases occurred in Venezuela and the United Kingdom.Small production declines occurred in the United States, where production fell from 6.66 million barrels per day in 1994 to 6.53 millionbarrels per day in 1995, and in Mexico, where production declinedfrom 2.69 million barrels per day to 2.62 million barrels per day. InSaudi Arabia, the largest producer of crude oil in 1995, productionrose slightly to 8.23 million barrels per day. Crude oil production byall members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countriescombined rose to 26.48 million barrels per day and accounted for 43percent of the world total in 1995.

Natural Gas Production in 1994

World production of dry natural gas totaled 77 trillion cubic feet(11.11) and, on a Btu basis, equaled 22 percent of world energy production in 1994 (11.2). Natural gas production in 1994 was 1.1 percentabove the 1993 level (11.11). Russia was the major producer of naturalgas in 1994 and accounted for 21 trillion cubic feet, a 28-percent shareof the world total. The United States was the second largest producerand accounted for 19 trillion cubic feet, a 24-percent share.

Coal Production in 1994

World production of coal totaled 5.0 billion short tons (11.15) and, ona Btu basis, equaled 25 percent of world energy production in 1994(11.2). That level of coal production was 1.8 percent above the 1993level (11.15). China, the leading producer, accounted for 1.4 billionshort tons in 1994. Coal production in the United States, the secondleading producer, totaled 1.0 billion short tons, a record level. Germany and India each accounted for 295 million short tons, and Russiaaccounted for 294 million short tons.

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 285
ty and Electricity Generation

orld electricity installed capacity at all sites

er producers) totaled 2.8 billion kilowatts

acity (66 percent) was fossil fuel-fired. Hy

acity accounted for 21 percent and nuclear

ty accounted for 12 percent. Renewable

and geothermal, solar, and wind energy, ac

rcent of the world total.

generation totaled 7.6 trillion kilowatthours

ted States, with 2.4 trillion kilowatthours,

oducer of fossil fuel-fired net generation.

aled 645 billion kilowatthours and Russia’s

tthours. World hydroelectric power net gen

3 trillion kilowatthours, down slightly from

nada, the United States, Brazil, Russia, and

ders in hydroelectric power net generation

r 50 percent of the world total. In 1995, nu

gross generation totaled 2.3 trillion

e U.S. share of the world total was 31 per

r 17 percent and Japan for 13 percent of the

Petroleum Prices and Demand

ost-World War II petroleum market reached

(11.9). At that point, oil-producing nations

time, to exploit the relative inelasticity of

hort term by raising prices substantially. In

umption dipped for 2 years before resuming

rrels per day in 1979.

9 and 1980, combined with the longer-term

nd increased efficiency, began to curb con

higher prices stimulated new sources of

m consumption had fallen to 59 million barrels per day in 1983 when lowered demand and excess production be- gan to erode the price of oil (11.9). In 1986, the price of crude oil plunged 46 percent to $14.55 per barrel (5.19). Prices stayed low in the second half of the 1980’s and petroleum consumption reached 66 mil- lion barrels per day, a record level at the time, in 1989. Following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, the average price of crude oil rose to $22.22 per barrel, the highest in 5 years (5.19), and year-to-year growth in world petroleum consumption of only 0.2 percent was the lowest in those years (11.9). In 1991, follow- ing the resolution of the war in the Persian Gulf, the average price of crude oil fell to $19.06 per barrel. World consumption of petroleum rose 0.8 percent to 67 million barrels per day. In 1992 through 1994, the average price of crude oil fell further, reaching $15.59 per barrel. In real terms, the 1994 price was the lowest in 21 years. Reflecting the price decline, world consumption of petroleum rose to 68 million barrels per day. From 1960 through 1994, the United States consumed more petroleum by far than any other country (11.9). In 1994, U.S. consumption ac- counted for 42 percent of the 42 million barrels per day consumed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Japan consumed 5.7 million barrels per day. Of the non- OECD countries, Russia and China were the biggest consumers, accounting for 3.3 million barrels per day and 3.2 million barrels per day, respectively. 

e 1994 average price of crude oil 

econd lowest in 21 years. Petroleum Stocks in OECD Countries Following the oil supply disruptions in the mid-1970’s, petroleum stocks held by members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) trended upward (11.10). In 1973, OECD petro- leum stocks totaled 2.6 billion barrels. At the end of 1994, stocks were 3.7 billion barrels. Throughout the 22-year period, the United States held the largest share of total OECD stocks. U.S. petroleum stocks in 1973 totaled 1.0 billion barrels, a 39-percent share. In 1994, U.S. petroleum stocks of 1.7 billion barrels equaled a 44-percent share. Japan more than doubled its petroleum stocks over the same period, from 303 million barrels in 1973 to 645 million barrels in 1994.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
2World Energy Council data, with the exception of U.S. data, which are estimated by

the Energy Information Administration. Data for the former U.S.S.R. and China are as ofDecember 31, 1993, the most recent period for which they are available. 3U.S. data are more current; they represent recoverable reserves as of December 31, 1994.

Gas Consumption in 1994

be transported across borders in pipelines

hipped as liquefied natural gas, in general,

nsumed closer to its site of production than

singly, the two top producers of dry natural

top consumers (11.11 and 11.13). U.S. con

s totaled 21 trillion cubic feet, equal to 111

Russia consumed 15 trillion cubic feet, an

ent of its production of dry natural gas.

consumer of natural gas, consumed 3.1 tril

ny consumed 3.0 trillion cubic feet.

onsumption in 1994

in 1994 totaled 5.0 billion short tons, up

consumption in 1993 (11.16). China, the

ny, three of the world’s leading producers of

ing consumers. China consumed 1.4 billion

ates consumed 930 million short tons, and

million short tons of coal in 1994.

nergy Reserves

ld crude oil reserves were estimated to equal

(11.3).1 Almost two-thirds of the reserves

were located in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia, whereabout 40 percent of the region’s reserves were estimated to be. Iraq,the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Iran each were estimated tohave more crude oil reserves than entire regions in the rest of theworld. Outside of the Middle East, three countries were estimated tohave very large reserves: the former U.S.S.R., 57 billion barrels; Venezuela, 65 billion barrels; and Mexico, 51 billion barrels. The UnitedStates, at 23 billion barrels, ranked eleventh in the world in amount ofcrude oil reserves.The distribution of the world’s 5.0 quadrillion cubic feet of natural gasreserves was different from the distribution of crude oil reserves(11.3). Former U.S.S.R. reserves of 2.0 quadrillion cubic feet madethe Eastern Europe and former U.S.S.R. region first in the world inamount of natural gas reserves. The Middle East was estimated tohave reserves of 1.6 quadrillion cubic feet, primarily in Iran, as well asin Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. TheUnited States, at 164 trillion cubic feet, ranked sixth in the world inamount of natural gas reserves.As of the end of 1993, recoverable reserves of coal were estimated tobe 1.1 trillion short tons (11.14).2 The three countries with the most

plentiful coal reserves were the United States, with 268 billion shorttons3; the former U.S.S.R., with 265 billion short tons; and China, with

126 billion short tons.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 287
288 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.1.

Figure 11.1 World Primary Energy Production

World and Leading Producers, 1985-1994

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

60

120180240300360

Quadrillion Btu

Top Producing Countries, 1994

United States Russia China Saudi Arabia Canada United Kingdom Iran Mexico India 

0

255075 70.62

40.44

34.09

20.05

16.32

10.15 9.25 8.17 7.73 

Quadrillion Btu

World Areas, 1985-1994

1986 1988 1990 

0

255075

100125

Quadrillion Btu

World

Former U.S.S.R.

China

N., Central, and S. America

E. Europe and Former U.S.S.R.

Far East and Oceania

W. Europe 

Africa

United States

Russia
Table 11.1 World Primary Energy Production, 1985-1994

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Region and Country 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

North, Central, and South America .......... R98.15 R97.85 R99.21 R102.16 R102.76 R108.70 R110.14 R110.60 

 Brazil ........................................................... 3.45 3.55 3.57 3.67 3.84 3.87 4.03 4.10  Canada ....................................................... 11.97 11.91 12.54 13.41 13.36 R13.35 R13.89 14.42 

 Mexico ........................................................ R7.73 R7.11 R7.32 R7.37 R7.44 R7.89 R8.16 R8.17 

 United States 1 ........................................... 64.87 64.35 64.95 66.10 66.13 R,170.75 R70.41 R69.96 

 Venezuela ................................................... 4.78 5.18 5.14 5.55 5.73 R6.31 6.97 R6.96 

 Other ........................................................... R5.34 R5.74 R5.69 R6.05 R6.27 R6.54 R6.69 R7.00 Western Europe .......................................... R37.30 R38.11 R38.54 R38.75 R38.40 R38.14 R38.54 R38.80 

 France ........................................................ R3.60 R3.85 R4.02 4.07 R4.05 R4.22 R4.43 R4.59 

 Germany 2 .................................................. 8.13 7.92 7.94 7.98 7.77 R7.16 R6.30 6.11  Netherlands ................................................ 2.92 2.74 2.73 2.42 2.60 R2.62 2.94 2.92 

 Norway ....................................................... 3.77 R3.94 4.40 4.77 5.71 5.94 6.23 7.08 

 United Kingdom .......................................... 10.20 10.64 10.32 R9.99 9.02 8.96 9.26 R9.03  Other ........................................................... R8.68 R9.01 R9.13 R9.51 R9.25 R9.23 R9.39 R9.07 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... R74.96 R77.63 R79.67 R82.02 R80.83 R78.93 R72.53 R68.25 

 Kazakstan ................................................... — — — — — — — 3.76 

 Poland ........................................................ R4.93 R4.98 R5.04 R5.04 R4.67 R3.89 R3.75 R3.69  Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — — R46.19 

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — — — R4.27 

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 62.94 65.41 67.33 R69.72 69.25 R69.15 R63.54 — 

 Other ........................................................... R7.09 R7.25 R7.30 R7.26 R6.91 R5.89 R5.24 R10.34 

Middle East .................................................. 25.77 30.75 32.21 36.12 39.72 R41.04 R40.33 R43.59  Iran ............................................................. 5.59 5.06 5.67 5.71 R7.02 R7.68 R8.28 R8.54 

 Iraq ............................................................. 3.09 3.66 4.58 5.97 6.47 4.54 0.69 1.02  Kuwait ......................................................... 2.44 3.36 3.77 3.63 4.32 2.83 0.43 2.44  Saudi Arabia ............................................... 8.64 12.04 10.84 R12.85 12.81 15.92 19.75 20.39 

 United Arab Emirates ................................. 3.29 3.68 4.21 4.22 4.99 5.51 R6.24 6.11 

 Other ........................................................... 2.72 2.95 3.14 3.74 R4.12 R4.56 R4.95 R5.09 Africa ........................................................... 19.29 R19.08 19.45 R20.57 R21.41 R22.42 R23.41 R23.50 

 Algeria ........................................................ 3.77 3.55 4.01 4.07 4.28 4.52 4.81 4.82 

 Libya ........................................................... 2.46 2.43 2.29 2.73 2.70 3.18 R3.43 3.34  Nigeria ........................................................ 3.36 3.31 3.05 3.29 3.89 4.06 4.27 4.40  South Africa ................................................ 5.01 R5.14 R5.11 R5.31 R5.17 5.08 R5.19 R5.08  Other ........................................................... R4.69 R4.64 4.99 5.15 R5.37 R5.58 5.72 R5.86 Far East and Oceania ................................. R48.69 R50.79 R52.62 R54.37 R57.17 R59.45 R61.11 R62.39 

 Australia ...................................................... R4.87 R5.15 5.60 R5.33 R5.58 R6.14 R6.28 R6.56 

 China .......................................................... R24.25 R24.99 R25.89 27.10 28.72 R29.33 29.63 R30.31 

 India ............................................................ R5.26 R5.65 R5.60 R5.90 R6.20 R6.53 R6.80 R6.97 

 Indonesia .................................................... R4.26 R4.35 R4.39 R4.49 R4.88 R5.19 R5.75 R5.87  Japan .......................................................... 2.99 2.98 3.22 3.21 3.19 R3.17 3.42 3.31  Other ........................................................... R7.07 R7.67 R7.92 R8.34 R8.59 R9.09 R9.23 R9.38 World .......................................................... R304.16 R314.21 R321.71 R333.99 R340.29 R348.68 R346.08 R347.15 

1 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of

non-electric utility use of renewable energy beginning in 1990. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • World primary energy production includes crude oil and lease

condensate, natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, and power, geothermal, solar, and wind electric power. Data for thgenerated from biofuels. • Totals may not equal sum of compone

Sources: United States: Table 1.2. All Other Data: Ener

Energy Markets and End Use, International Database, June 1996. 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source

290

Notes: · Crude oil includes lease condensate. · NGPL is natural gas plant liquids.· Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.2.

Total and Crude Oil and NGPL, 1973-1994

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

0

60

120180240300360

Quadrillion Btu

Total

Crude Oil and NGPL

By Source, 1973-1994

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 

0

255075

100125150

Quadrillion Btu

Crude Oil and NGPL

Coal

Natural Gas

Hydroelectric Power

Nuclear Power

By Source, 1994

Crude Oil Coal Natural Gas 

0

255075

100125150 139

90

76

Quadrillion Btu

and NGPL 

l

l l
Table 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1973-1994

 (Quadrillion Btu)

Year Coal

Natural

Gas 1 Crude Oil 2

Natural Gas

Plant Liquids

Nuclear

Power 3

Hydroelectric

Power 3

Geotherm

and O

1973 63.87 45.00 R117.88 4.23 2.15 13.52 0

1974 63.79 45.82 R117.82 4.22 2.87 14.84 01975 66.20 46.17 R113.09 4.12 3.85 15.04 01976 67.33 48.14 R122.92 4.24 4.52 15.08 01977 68.47 49.35 R127.75 4.40 5.41 15.56 01978 69.55 50.79 R128.51 4.55 6.43 16.80 01979 73.80 54.44 R133.87 4.87 6.69 17.69 01980 R73.82 52.65 128.12 R5.09 7.58 R18.04 01981 R74.07 53.87 120.16 5.36 8.53 18.34 01982 R76.60 53.48 114.51 5.34 9.51 18.82 01983 R76.93 53.76 113.97 5.34 10.72 R19.73 01984 R81.15 58.79 116.86 R5.70 13.00 R20.34 01985 R85.04 61.38 115.40 5.82 15.37 R20.55 01986 R87.20 R62.62 120.24 6.12 16.34 20.96 01987 R89.04 65.61 121.16 6.32 17.80 21.03 01988 R90.75 R68.79 125.93 R6.62 19.30 R21.84 R01989 R92.21 R71.21 127.98 6.68 19.82 R21.72 R11990 R93.35 R72.57 129.50 6.85 R20.27 R22.60 R11991 R89.04 R73.33 128.77 R7.13 21.27 R22.96 R11992 R88.78 R73.84 R129.13 R7.35 R21.29 R22.98 R11993 R88.23 R74.99 R128.87 R7.65 R22.00 R24.36 R11994P 89.75 76.02 131.24 7.85 22.53 24.30 1

1 Dry production. 2 Includes lease condensate. 3 Net generation, i.e., gross generation less plant use. 4 Includes biomass, wind, wood, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy; excludes electricity generated

from biofuels in the United States. 5 Excludes electricity generated from biofuels in the United States. Totals, particularly for recent years,

may differ from world totals presented on Table 11.1, which include 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • See Note 1 at end of section. • Totals may not equal 

rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energ

Database, June 1996. 
292 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 11.3.

Figure 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1995

Oil Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

150300450600750

157

17

59

723

45

Billion Barrels

Oil and Gas Journal

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern Middle East Far East

0

700

1,4002,100

502

194

1,999 1,936

351

Trillion Cubic Feet

Oil and Gas Journal

Oil Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern 

0

150300450600750

160

36

192

Billion Barrels

World Oil

Natural Gas Reserves:

North, Central, Western Eastern 

0

700

1,4002,100

517

272

1,952

Trillion Cubic Feet

World Oil

and

South America Europe Europe and Former U.S.S.R. and Africa and Oceania

and

South America

Europe Europe and

Former U.S.S.R.

and Africa and Oceania

and

South America Europe Europe and Former U.S.S.R

and

South America Europe Europe and Former U.S.S.
Table 11.3 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1995

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Natural Gas

(trillion cubic feet)

Region and Country

Crude Oil

(billion barrels)

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal World Oil

Oil and

Gas

Journal Worl

North America ........................................... 78.3 78.1 312.7 312.4 Middle East ............................................... 660.3 59

 Canada ..................................................... 5.0 5.8 79.2 80.1 Bahrain .................................................... 0.2  Mexico ...................................................... 50.8 49.8 69.7 68.4 Iran .......................................................... 89.3 5 United States ............................................ 22.5 22.5 163.8 163.8 Iraq .......................................................... 100.0 9 Kuwait ..................................................... 96.5 9Central and South America ..................... 78.3 82.0 189.1 204.4 Oman ...................................................... 4.8 

 Argentina .................................................. 2.2 2.2 18.2 19.6 Qatar ....................................................... 3.7  Bolivia ....................................................... 0.1 0.1 4.5 3.8 Saudi Arabia ........................................... 261.2 26 Brazil ......................................................... 3.8 4.2 4.9 5.5 Syria ....................................................... 2.5  Colombia .................................................. 3.4 5.0 7.9 10.0 United Arab Emirates ............................. 98.1 6 Ecuador .................................................... 2.0 3.0 3.8 3.9 Yemen .................................................... 4.0  Peru .......................................................... 0.8 1.2 7.0 7.1 Other ...................................................... 0.0  Trinidad and Tobago ................................ 0.5 0.6 8.5 10.8  Venezuela ................................................. 64.5 64.9 130.4 140.0 Africa ........................................................ 62.2 7 Other ......................................................... 1.0 0.8 4.0 3.7 Algeria ..................................................... 9.2 1 Angola ..................................................... 5.4 Western Europe ........................................ 16.8 35.5 194.3 271.9 Cameroon ............................................... 0.4 

 Denmark ................................................... 0.7 0.8 4.3 4.9 Congo ...................................................... 0.8  Germany ................................................... 0.4 0.3 10.7 12.5 Egypt ....................................................... 3.3  Italy ........................................................... 0.6 0.7 13.2 11.1 Libya ........................................................ 22.8 3 Netherlands .............................................. 0.1 0.4 66.2 70.5 Nigeria ..................................................... 17.9 1 Norway ..................................................... 9.4 17.0 70.9 101.2 Tunisia ..................................................... 0.4  United Kingdom ........................................ 4.5 15.5 22.2 67.6 Other ....................................................... 2.0  Other ......................................................... 1.0 0.8 6.7 4.2 

Far East and Oceania .............................. 44.5 5

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ..... 59.0 192.4 1,999.0 1,951.8 Australia ................................................... 1.6 

 Hungary .................................................... 0.1 0.1 3.5 3.5 Brunei ...................................................... 1.4  Romania ................................................... 1.6 1.0 12.3 4.6 China ....................................................... 24.0 3 Former U.S.S.R. ....................................... 57.0 191.1 1,977.0 1,937.0 India ......................................................... 5.8  Other 1 ...................................................... 0.2 0.2 6.3 6.7 Indonesia ................................................. 5.8 

 Malaysia .................................................. 4.3  New Zealand ........................................... 0.1  Pakistan .................................................. 0.2  Papua New Guinea ................................. 0.2  Thailand .................................................. 0.2  Other ...................................................... 0.8 

World ..................................................... 999.3 1,11

1 Albania, Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, and Poland.

Notes: • Data for Kuwait and Saudi Arabia include one-half of the reserves in the Neutral Zone between

Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. • All reserve figures except those for the former U.S.S.R. and natural gasreserves in Canada are proved reserves recoverable with present technology and prices. Former U.S.S.R.figures are "explored reserves," which include proved, probable, and some partially possible. TheCanadian natural gas figure includes proved and some probable. The latest Energy Information

Administration data for the United States are for December 31, 19

equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administration (

Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, 1994 Annual Report (October 1995

Company, Oil and Gas Journal, December 26, 1994. Gulf Publishin
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.4 World Rotary Rigs in Operation

294

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.4.

World Total, 1982-1994

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0246

4.8

3.7 3.9 3.6

2.2 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8

Thousands of Rigs

World Areas, 1982-1994

1982 1984 1986 1988 

012345

Thousands of Rigs North America

All Other

Selected Countries, 1994

United States Canada India Argentina Venezuela Indonesia Algeria Mexico 

0

200400600800

1,000

775

261

82 71 69 38 28 28 

Number of Rigs
Table 11.4 World Rotary Rigs in Operation, 1982-1994

Region and Country 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 

North America ........................................... 3,506 2,620 2,883 2,487 1,305 1,260 1,287 1,102 1,238 1,090 

 Canada ..................................................... 199 201 259 311 178 181 196 130 138 121 

 Mexico ...................................................... 202 187 196 196 163 143 155 103 90 109  United States ............................................ 3,105 2,232 2,428 1,980 964 936 936 869 1,010 860 Central and South America ..................... 320 264 243 247 208 195 180 158 158 167  Argentina .................................................. 67 73 82 81 47 61 63 55 64 60  Bolivia ....................................................... 11 8 6 5 4 6 5 6 6 10  Brazil ......................................................... 94 83 70 76 77 60 39 28 23 21  Colombia .................................................. 23 18 16 21 17 14 19 15 11 9  Venezuela ................................................. 69 41 30 33 29 18 25 28 32 45  Other ......................................................... R56 R41 R39 R31 R34 R36 R29 R26 R22 R22 

Western Europe ........................................ 271 211 227 258 211 181 190 167 162 142  Italy ........................................................... 38 26 26 40 33 26 24 22 21 25  Norway ..................................................... 13 10 10 13 12 12 15 12 12 16  Turkey ....................................................... 34 26 24 25 27 26 21 20 17 19  United Kingdom ........................................ 58 42 60 63 43 44 57 46 48 39  Other ......................................................... R128 R107 R107 R117 R96 R73 R73 R67 R64 R43 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ..... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 26  Poland ...................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22  Russia ....................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA  Other ........................................................ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA R4 

Middle East .............................................. 130 142 136 139 118 90 102 110 108 92 

 Iran ......................................................... 3 13 20 20 18 18 18 20 19 21  Iraq .......................................................... 11 23 19 28 21 10 23 26 123 NA 

 Oman ........................................................ 12 11 12 13 13 10 9 13 17 14  Saudi Arabia ............................................. 29 26 16 11 6 5 4 5 10 16  Syria ........................................................ 15 15 23 26 27 22 24 24 17 14  United Arab Emirates ............................... 50 45 36 26 18 11 10 9 12 16  Other .................................................... R10 R9 R10 R15 R15 R14 R14 R13 R10 R11 

Africa ........................................................ 242 181 140 155 130 113 112 101 107 106 

 Algeria ...................................................... 81 54 27 35 41 40 32 24 35 31  Egypt ........................................................ 36 35 36 37 33 23 21 18 15 17  Libya ........................................................ 31 24 26 30 20 12 16 17 15 15  Nigeria ..................................................... 27 17 11 10 10 11 13 14 18 21  Other ........................................................ 67 51 40 43 26 27 30 28 24 22 Far East and Oceania ............................... 311 303 295 298 254 259 287 286 284 273 

 Australia .................................................... 33 25 34 31 15 16 19 14 14 12  Burma ....................................................... 32 36 33 33 33 29 26 23 19 22 

 India .......................................................... 50 56 57 62 70 116 131 135 137 136 

 Indonesia .................................................. 92 88 82 80 62 37 44 46 52 53 

 Malaysia ................................................... 13 10 9 8 8 8 9 12 13 13  Pakistan .................................................... 17 17 17 18 17 14 13 13 11 10  Philippines ................................................ 14 8 3 2 1 2 4 7 6 5  Other ........................................................ R60 R63 R60 R64 R48 R37 R41 R36 R32 R22 World ....................................................... 4,780 3,721 3,924 3,584 2,226 2,098 2,158 1,924 2,057 1,896 

1 Average rigs January through August.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. 

Source: Baker Hughes, Inc., Houston, Texas.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.5 World Crude Oil Production

296

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.5.

World and OPEC, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

0

10203040506070

Million Barrels per Day

World

OPEC

Leading Producers, 1960-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

02468

1012

Million Barrels per Day

United States

Selected Producing Countries, 1995

Saudi United Russia Iran China Venezuela Mexico United Nigeria Canada 

048

12

8.23

6.53

5.77

3.64

3.02 2.75 2.62 2.49 2.03 1.81 

Million Barrels per Day

Arabia States Kingdom
Table 11.5 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-1995

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

OPEC 1 Non-OPEC

Indonesia Iran Iraq Nigeria 

Saudi

Arabia 2 Venezuela Other Total Canada China Mexico Russia

United

Kingdom

United

States

1960 0.41 1.07 0.97 0.02 1.31 2.85 2.06 8.69 0.52 0.10 0.27 — (s) 7.04 1961 0.42 1.20 1.01 0.05 1.48 2.92 2.28 9.36 0.61 0.11 0.29 — (s) 7.18 1962 0.45 1.34 1.01 0.07 1.64 3.20 2.79 10.50 0.67 0.12 0.31 — (s) 7.33 1963 0.44 1.49 1.16 0.08 1.79 3.25 3.30 11.51 0.71 0.13 0.32 — (s) 7.54 1964 0.46 1.71 1.26 0.12 1.90 3.39 4.14 12.98 0.75 0.18 0.32 — (s) 7.61 1965 0.48 1.91 1.31 0.27 2.21 3.47 4.68 14.33 0.81 0.23 0.32 — (s) 7.80 1966 0.47 2.13 1.39 0.42 2.60 3.37 5.38 15.76 0.88 0.29 0.33 — (s) 8.30 1967 0.51 2.60 1.23 0.32 2.81 3.54 5.84 16.84 0.96 0.28 0.37 — (s) 8.81 1968 0.60 2.84 1.50 0.14 3.04 3.61 7.05 18.78 1.19 0.30 0.39 — (s) 9.10 1969 0.74 3.38 1.52 0.54 3.22 3.59 7.91 20.90 1.13 0.48 0.46 — (s) 9.24 1970 0.85 3.83 1.55 1.08 3.80 3.71 8.59 23.41 1.26 0.60 0.49 — (s) 9.64 1971 0.89 4.54 1.69 1.53 4.77 3.55 8.35 25.32 1.35 0.78 0.49 — (s) 9.46 1972 1.08 5.02 1.47 1.82 6.02 3.22 8.39 27.02 1.53 0.90 0.51 — (s) 9.44 1973 1.34 5.86 2.02 2.05 7.60 3.37 8.55 30.78 1.80 1.09 0.47 — (s) 9.21 1974 1.38 6.02 1.97 2.26 8.48 2.98 7.47 30.55 1.55 1.32 0.57 — (s) 8.77 1975 1.31 5.35 2.26 1.78 7.08 2.35 6.87 26.99 1.43 1.49 0.71 — 0.01 8.37 1976 1.50 5.88 2.42 2.07 8.58 2.29 7.81 30.55 1.31 1.67 0.83 — 0.25 8.13 1977 1.69 5.66 2.35 2.09 9.25 2.24 7.85 31.12 1.32 1.87 0.98 — 0.77 8.24 1978 1.64 5.24 2.56 1.90 8.30 2.17 7.87 29.67 1.32 2.08 1.21 — 1.08 8.71 1979 1.59 3.17 3.48 2.30 9.53 2.36 8.36 30.78 1.50 2.12 1.46 — 1.57 8.55 1980 1.58 1.66 2.51 2.06 9.90 2.17 6.91 26.78 1.44 2.11 1.94 — 1.62 8.60 1981 1.61 1.38 1.00 1.43 9.82 2.10 5.30 22.63 1.29 2.01 2.31 — 1.81 8.57 1982 1.34 2.21 1.01 1.30 6.48 1.90 4.70 18.93 1.27 2.05 2.75 — 2.07 8.65 1983 1.34 2.44 1.01 1.24 5.09 1.80 4.74 17.65 1.36 2.12 2.69 — 2.29 8.69 1984 1.41 2.17 1.21 1.39 4.66 1.80 4.96 17.60 1.44 2.30 2.78 — 2.48 8.88 1985 1.33 2.25 1.43 1.50 3.39 1.68 4.79 16.35 1.47 2.51 2.75 — 2.53 8.97 1986 1.39 2.04 1.69 1.47 4.87 1.79 5.20 18.44 1.47 2.62 2.44 — 2.54 8.68 1987 1.34 2.30 2.08 1.34 4.27 1.75 5.59 18.67 1.54 2.69 2.55 — 2.41 8.35 

1988 1.34 2.24 2.69 1.45 5.09 1.90 5.78 20.48 1.62 2.73 2.51 — 2.23 8.14 1989 1.41 2.81 2.90 1.72 5.06 1.91 6.48 22.28 1.56 2.76 2.52 — 1.80 7.61 1990 1.46 3.09 2.04 1.81 6.41 2.14 6.52 23.47 1.55 2.77 2.55 — 1.82 7.36 1991 1.59 3.31 0.31 1.89 8.12 2.38 5.98 23.57 1.55 2.84 2.68 — 1.80 7.42 1992 R1.50 3.43 R0.43 R1.94 R8.33 R2.37 R6.69 R24.70 R1.61 R2.85 2.67 R7.63 1.83 7.17 1993 R1.53 3.65 0.51 2.05 8.20 R2.45 R7.36 R25.75 1.68 2.91 2.67 R6.89 R1.92 6.85 1994 1.51 R3.64 0.55 R2.04 8.15 2.51 R7.62 R26.02 R1.74 2.94 2.69 R5.82 2.37 R6.66 1995P 1.52 3.64 0.56 2.03 8.23 2.75 7.75 26.48 1.81 3.02 2.62 5.77 2.49 6.53 

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included in "Non-OPEC" for all years

shown in this table.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 5,000 barrels per day. Notes: • Includes lease condensate, excludes natural gas plant liquids. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: China: • 1960-1972—Central Intelligence Agency, unpublished data. • 1973-1979—Energy

Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual 1983, Table 8. • 1980-1994—EIA, Office of

Energy Markets and End Use, International Database, March 1996. • 1995—EIA, Monthly Energy Review

(March 1996), Table 10.1. United States: • 1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual. • 1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual. 

• 1981-1994—EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual. • 1995—EIA, Mon

10.1. Former U.S.S.R.: • 1960-1969—U.S.S.R. Central Statistica

(National Economy USSR). • 1970-1991—EIA, International Petr

Table 4.1c. Russia: • 1992 forward—EIA, Office of Energy MarkeMarch 1996. OPEC Nations: • 1960-1972—Organization of 

Statistical Bulletin 1979. • 1973-1979—EIA, Internation

• 1980-1994—EIA, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, • 1995—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1996), Ta

• 1960-1969—Bureau of Mines, International Petroleum Annual, 

Petroleum Annual, 1978. • 1973-1979—EIA, Internation

• 1980-1994—EIA, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, • 1995—EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 1996), Table 10.1.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

298

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Sources: Tables 11.5 and 11.6.

Crude Oil and NGPL Production, 1973-1994

1973 1978 1983 1988 1993

0

10203040506070

Million Barrels per DayCrude Oil

NGPL

World and OPEC NGPL Production, 1973-1994

1973 1978 1983 

0246

Million Barrels per Day World OPEC

Top NGPL Producing Countries, 1994

United Saudi Canada Mexico United Russia United Arab Venezuela 

0

300600900

1,2001,5001,800 1,727

698

539 461

218 200 150 146 

Thousand Barrels per Day

States Arabia Kingdom Emirates
Table 11.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-1994

 (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Year

OPEC 1 Non-OPEC

Algeria Indonesia Kuwait 2 

Saudi

Arabia 2

United

Arab

Emirates Venezuela Other Total Canada Kazakstan Mexico Norway Russia

United

Kingdom

Uni

Sta

1973 9 (s) 60 90 (s) 89 76 324 314 — 75 (s) — 5 1,71974 12 (s) 50 130 (s) 84 71 347 314 — 80 (s) — 5 1,61975 20 (s) 50 140 (s) 76 86 372 309 — 80 5 — 15 1,6

1976 24 10 50 185 (s) 77 R96 442 289 — 95 20 — 15 1,61977 19 10 55 215 15 78 R90 482 290 — 105 20 — 30 1,61978 25 30 75 250 30 61 R95 566 281 — 115 35 — 40 1,51979 30 40 95 303 30 69 R70 637 331 — 150 40 — 45 1,51980 36 70 95 369 35 60 R67 732 331 — 193 40 — 45 1,51981 49 95 60 433 60 55 R73 825 330 — 241 31 — 50 1,61982 58 80 40 430 90 60 R84 842 318 — 255 33 — 78 1,51983 56 94 55 330 120 57 R68 780 309 — 265 38 — 111 1,51984 105 75 67 355 130 57 R80 869 336 — 257 36 — 136 1,61985 120 44 54 375 160 63 R76 892 337 — 271 41 — 145 1,61986 120 30 75 385 185 97 R77 969 328 — 352 53 — 152 1,51987 140 30 95 418 145 94 R84 1,006 367 — 338 55 — 162 1,51988 120 30 100 499 130 98 R100 1,077 381 — 370 75 — 159 1,61989 130 72 105 503 130 108 R140 1,188 410 — 384 74 — 140 1,5

1990 130 77 65 620 135 114 R140 1,281 426 — 428 78 — 108 1,51991 140 76 0 680 R146 117 R140 R1,299 431 — 457 94 — 141 1,61992 140 75 34 713 144 113 R145 1,364 460 86 454 95 230 160 1,61993 145 78 53 704 R146 R143 R166 R1,435 R506 82 R459 100 220 169 1,71994P 140 80 90 698 150 146 171 1,475 539 63 461 103 200 218 1,7

1 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership. 2 Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 3 Ecuador, which withdrew from OPEC on December 31, 1992, is included in "Non-OPEC" for all years

shown in this table.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. (s)=LNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energ

Database, June 1996. 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.7 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type

300

1 Nominal dollars.

Notes: · Prices are as of the first Friday in January, except in 1987, when prices are as of 

the first Friday in February. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

 Source: Table 11.7.

Selected Types, 1970-1996

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 19

09

18273645

Dollars1 per Barrel

Nigerian Bonny

Indonesian Minas

Saudi Arabian Light

Selected Types, 1996

Saudi Arabian Light Iranian Light Libyan Es Sider Nigerian Bonny Indonesian Minas Venezuelan Mexico Ma

05

10152025

18.20 17.73 19.20 19.70 20.05 18.81

15.79

Dollars per Barrel

34°API 34°API 37°API 37°API 34°API Tia Juana 22°API 

l

l
Table 11.7 World Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-1996

 (Dollars1 per Barrel)

Year

Saudi Arabian

Light-34 ̊ API

Iranian

Light-34 ̊ API

Libyan 2

Es Sider-37 ̊ API

Nigerian 3

Bonny-37 ̊ API

Indonesian

Minas-34 ̊ API

Venezuelan

Tia Juana 4

Mex

Maya-2

1970 1.35 1.36 2.09 2.10 1.67 2.05 N1971 1.75 1.76 2.80 2.65 2.18 2.45 N1972 1.90 1.91 2.80 2.80 2.96 2.45 N1973 2.10 2.11 3.10 3.10 2.96 2.60 N1974 9.60 10.63 14.30 12.60 10.80 9.30 N1975 10.46 10.67 11.98 11.80 12.60 11.00 N1976 11.51 11.62 12.21 12.84 12.80 11.12 N1977 12.09 12.81 13.74 14.33 13.55 12.72 N1978 12.70 12.81 13.80 14.33 13.55 12.82 N1979 13.34 13.45 14.52 14.80 13.90 13.36 15.1980 26.00 530.37 34.50 29.97 27.50 25.20 28.

1981 32.00 37.00 40.78 40.00 35.00 32.88 34.1982 34.00 34.20 36.50 36.50 35.00 32.88 26.1983 34.00 31.20 35.10 35.50 34.53 32.88 25.1984 29.00 28.00 30.15 30.00 29.53 27.88 25.1985 29.00 28.00 30.15 28.00 29.53 27.88 25.1986 28.00 28.05 30.15 28.65 28.53 27.10 21.1987 16.15 16.14 16.95 17.13 16.28 15.10 14.1988 17.52 15.55 18.52 18.92 17.56 17.62 11.1989 13.15 12.75 15.40 15.05 15.50 12.27 10.1990 18.40 18.20 20.40 21.20 18.55 24.69 17.1991 24.00 23.65 26.90 27.80 26.50 28.62 20.1992 15.90 15.50 17.20 18.20 18.65 19.67 10.1993 16.80 16.70 17.55 18.50 19.10 17.97 12.1994 12.40 12.40 12.55 13.50 14.15 12.97 9.1995 16.48 16.03 16.00 16.10 16.70 17.10 13.1996 18.20 17.73 19.20 19.70 20.05 18.81 15.

1 Nominal dollars. 2 Prices for 1974 and 1975 are for crude oil with 40 degrees API gravity. Prices for 1980 include $4.72

in retroactive charges and market premiums. 3 Prices from 1977 forward include 2 cents per barrel harbor dues. 4 1970-1985—26 ̊ API; 1986 forward—31 ̊ API. 5 Price for 1980 includes $1.87 market premiums and credit charges.

NA=Not available. Notes: • Prices are usually f.o.b. at the foreign port of lading

January, except in 1987, when prices are as of the first Friday in Fe

Sources: • 1970-1978—Petroleum and Energy Intelligence 

Weekly. • 1979 forward—Energy Information Administration, Wee
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity

302

Notes: · Capacity is as of January 1. · Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not 

be compared.

Source: Table 11.8.

World and OECD, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

20406080

100

 Million Barrels per Calendar Day World OECD

Capacity in Leading Countries, 1970-1994

1970 1975 1980 

05

101520

 Million Barrels per Calendar Day 

OECD Crude Oil Refining Capacity by Country, 1994

United States Japan Germany Italy Canada United Kingdom France Mexico 

05

101520

15.03

4.81

2.27 2.26 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.52 

 Million Barrels per Calendar Day

l l
Table 11.8 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-1994

 (Million Barrels per Calendar Day)

Year

OECD 1 Non-OECD

Canada France Germany2 Italy Japan Mexico3 Spain 

United

Kingdom

United

States Other Total Brazil China Russia

Saudi

Arabia 

1970 1.40 2.32 2.36 2.96 3.14 0.50 0.69 2.30 12.02 R4.32 R32.00 0.50 0.30 — 0.38 

1971 1.45 2.53 2.54 3.24 3.70 0.57 0.85 2.39 12.86 R4.79 R34.93 0.51 0.42 — 0.91 1972 1.45 2.69 2.56 3.68 3.82 0.59 0.87 2.59 13.29 R5.46 R37.00 0.56 0.48 — 0.51 

1973 1.73 2.95 2.70 3.59 4.53 0.63 1.03 2.47 13.64 R5.80 R39.05 0.72 0.50 — 0.43 1974 1.79 3.14 2.83 3.88 5.15 0.63 1.16 2.76 14.36 R6.29 R41.99 0.79 0.60 — 0.43 1975 1.88 3.34 2.99 3.95 5.35 0.76 1.17 2.78 14.96 R6.47 R43.65 0.96 0.85 — 0.61 1976 2.02 3.31 3.10 4.08 5.63 0.76 1.32 2.89 15.24 R7.37 R45.73 0.99 1.01 — 0.54 1977 2.10 3.52 3.08 4.26 5.76 0.94 1.28 3.01 16.40 R7.58 R47.92 1.12 1.40 — 0.60 1978 2.17 3.46 3.08 4.23 5.67 1.38 1.27 2.91 17.05 R7.68 R48.89 1.16 1.46 — 0.59 1979 2.23 3.47 3.10 4.20 5.68 1.24 1.43 2.53 17.44 R7.46 R48.77 1.21 1.58 — 0.49 1980 2.22 3.40 2.99 4.13 5.71 1.39 1.46 2.53 17.99 R7.66 R49.47 1.21 1.60 — 0.49 1981 2.17 3.34 3.02 4.09 5.66 1.39 1.46 2.63 18.62 R7.57 R49.96 1.40 1.81 — 0.49 1982 2.20 3.29 2.94 4.00 5.81 1.47 1.52 2.48 17.89 R7.35 R48.95 1.41 1.81 — 0.49 1983 2.02 2.87 2.47 3.28 5.73 1.29 1.52 2.26 16.86 R6.73 R45.03 1.22 2.00 — 0.71 1984 1.81 2.67 2.39 3.05 5.17 1.27 1.49 2.09 16.14 R6.56 R42.64 1.30 2.05 — 0.86 1985 1.87 2.39 2.17 3.10 4.97 1.27 1.49 2.01 15.66 R6.41 R41.32 1.31 2.15 — 0.84 1986 1.86 1.95 1.93 2.74 4.72 1.27 1.37 1.79 15.46 R6.14 R39.22 1.31 2.15 — 1.12 1987 1.76 1.83 1.72 2.68 4.79 1.35 1.31 1.78 15.57 R6.00 R38.78 1.32 2.20 — 1.13 1988 1.87 1.94 1.65 2.56 4.57 1.35 1.31 1.80 15.92 R6.24 R39.21 1.41 2.20 — 1.38 1989 1.86 1.88 1.52 2.45 4.36 1.35 1.29 1.80 15.65 R6.31 R38.47 1.41 2.20 — 1.38 1990 1.85 1.82 1.51 2.80 4.20 1.51 1.29 1.83 15.57 R6.40 R38.79 1.40 2.20 — 1.48 1991 1.88 1.82 2.07 2.39 4.38 1.68 1.32 1.87 15.68 R6.22 R39.30 1.41 2.20 — 1.86 1992 1.91 1.82 2.06 2.39 4.61 1.57 1.32 1.86 15.70 R6.23 R39.46 1.41 2.20 — 1.86 1993 1.87 1.85 2.23 2.42 4.74 1.52 1.30 1.84 15.12 R6.19 R39.09 1.40 2.20 6.46 1.86 1994 1.88 1.86 2.27 2.26 4.81 1.52 1.28 1.87 15.03 6.16 38.94 1.25 2.20 6.46 1.61 

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. "Other OECD"

includes the United States territories of Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and Hawaiian Free Trade Zone. As of January 1, 1987, Hawaiian Free Trade Zone data are included in U.S. 50 States data. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, is included in the OECD for all years shown in this table.

Notes: • Capacity is as of January 1. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding.

Sources: United States: • 1970-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mi

Annual. • 1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), E

the United States and U.S. Territories. • 1982 forward—EIA, Petro

1970-1976—Ballinger Publishing Company, The Energy Dec

Chronicle. • 1977-forward—PennWell Publishing Company, O

PennWell Publishing Company, Oil and Gas Journal.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption

304

Notes: · OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See 

Glossary for membership. · Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Source: Table 11.9.

Leading Consumers, 1960-1994

1960 1965 1970 1975 198

05

101520

Million Barrels per Day

World and OECD, 1960-1994

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

0

10203040506070

Million Barrels per Day

World

OECD

United St

Former U.S

Japan

OECD Consumers, 1994

United States Japan Germany Mexico Italy United Kingdom France C

05

101520

17.72

5.67

2.88

1.87 1.84 1.84 1.83 

Million Barrels per Day

l

l
Table 11.9 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-1994

 (Million Barrels per Day)

Year

OECD 1 Non-OECD

Canada France Germany2 Italy Japan Mexico3 

United

Kingdom

United

States Other Total Brazil China India Russia 

1960 0.84 0.56 0.63 0.44 0.66 0.30 0.94 9.80 R1.60 R15.77 0.27 0.17 0.16 — 

1961 0.87 0.63 0.79 0.54 0.82 0.29 1.04 9.98 R1.80 R16.75 0.28 0.17 0.17 — 1962 0.92 0.73 1.00 0.67 0.93 0.30 1.12 10.40 R1.99 R18.04 0.31 0.14 0.18 — 1963 0.99 0.86 1.17 0.77 1.21 0.31 1.27 10.74 R2.26 R19.57 0.34 0.17 0.21 — 1964 1.05 0.98 1.36 0.90 1.48 0.33 1.36 11.02 R2.55 R21.03 0.35 0.20 0.22 — 1965 1.14 1.09 1.61 0.98 1.74 0.34 1.49 11.51 R2.88 R22.78 0.33 0.23 0.25 — 1966 1.21 1.19 1.80 1.08 1.98 0.36 1.58 12.08 R3.29 R24.56 0.38 0.30 0.28 — 1967 1.25 1.34 1.86 1.19 2.14 0.39 1.64 12.56 R3.49 R25.87 0.38 0.28 0.26 — 1968 1.34 1.46 1.99 1.40 2.66 0.41 1.82 13.39 R3.99 R28.46 0.46 0.31 0.31 — 1969 1.42 1.66 2.33 1.69 3.25 0.45 1.98 14.14 R4.47 R31.39 0.48 0.44 0.34 — 1970 1.52 1.94 2.83 1.71 3.82 0.50 2.10 14.70 R4.89 R33.99 0.53 0.62 0.40 — 1971 1.56 2.12 2.94 1.84 4.14 0.52 2.14 15.21 R5.04 R35.51 0.58 0.79 0.42 — 1972 1.66 2.32 3.13 1.95 4.36 0.59 2.28 16.37 R5.47 R38.14 0.66 0.91 0.46 — 1973 1.73 2.60 3.34 2.07 4.95 0.67 2.34 17.31 R5.85 R40.85 0.78 1.12 0.49 — 1974 1.78 2.45 3.06 2.00 4.86 0.71 2.21 16.65 R5.68 R39.40 0.86 1.19 0.47 — 1975 1.78 2.25 2.96 1.86 4.62 0.75 1.91 16.32 R5.59 R38.04 0.92 1.36 0.50 — 1976 1.82 2.42 3.21 1.97 4.84 0.83 1.89 17.46 R6.08 R40.52 1.00 1.53 0.51 — 1977 1.85 2.29 3.21 1.90 4.88 0.88 1.91 18.43 R6.11 R41.46 1.02 1.64 0.55 — 1978 1.90 2.41 3.29 1.95 4.95 0.99 1.94 18.85 R6.27 R42.54 1.11 1.79 0.62 — 1979 1.97 2.46 3.37 2.04 5.05 1.10 1.97 18.51 R6.36 R42.85 1.18 1.84 0.66 — 1980 1.87 2.26 3.08 1.93 4.96 1.27 1.73 17.06 R6.08 R40.24 1.15 1.77 0.64 — 1981 1.77 2.02 2.80 1.87 4.85 1.40 1.59 16.06 R5.65 R38.02 1.09 1.71 0.73 — 1982 1.58 1.88 2.74 1.78 4.58 1.48 1.59 15.30 R5.44 R36.37 1.06 1.66 0.74 — 1983 1.45 1.84 2.66 1.75 4.40 1.35 1.53 15.23 R5.27 R35.48 0.98 1.73 0.77 — 1984 1.47 1.75 2.66 1.65 4.58 1.45 1.85 15.73 R5.15 R36.29 1.03 1.74 0.82 — 1985 1.50 1.78 2.70 1.72 4.38 1.47 1.63 15.73 R5.20 R36.10 1.08 1.89 0.90 — 1986 1.51 1.77 2.86 1.74 4.44 1.49 1.65 16.28 R5.41 R37.13 1.24 2.00 0.95 — 1987 1.55 1.79 2.77 1.86 4.48 1.52 1.60 16.67 R5.54 R37.77 1.26 2.12 0.99 — 1988 1.69 1.80 2.74 1.84 4.75 1.55 1.70 17.28 R5.61 R38.97 1.30 2.28 1.08 — 1989 1.73 1.86 2.58 1.93 4.98 1.66 1.74 17.33 R5.73 R39.53 1.32 2.38 1.15 — 1990 1.69 1.82 2.66 1.87 5.14 1.73 1.75 16.99 R5.84 R39.49 1.34 2.30 1.17 — 1991 1.62 1.94 2.83 1.86 5.28 1.80 1.80 16.71 R6.03 R39.87 1.35 2.50 1.19 — 1992 1.64 1.93 2.84 1.94 5.45 1.83 1.80 17.03 R6.14 R40.60 1.37 2.66 1.28 4.42 1993 R1.69 R1.88 2.90 R1.85 R5.40 1.84 R1.82 17.24 R6.17 R40.78 R1.40 R2.96 1.31 R3.65 

1994P 1.73 1.83 2.88 1.84 5.67 1.87 1.84 17.72 6.37 41.75 1.43 3.18 1.34 3.33 

1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. "Other

OECD" includes the United States territories of Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and Hawaiian FreeTrade Zone. As of January 1, 1987, Hawaiian Free Trade Zone data are included in U.S. 50 States data. 2 Through 1969, the data for Germany and Total OECD are for the former West Germany only. For1970 through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany. 3 Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, is included in the OECD for all years shown in this

table.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energ

Database, June 1996. 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.10 Petroleum Stocks in OECD Countries, End of Year

306

Note: OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary 

for membership. Data for Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, are not available.

Source: Table 11.10.

Total, 1973-1994

1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 

01234

Billion Barrels

OECD

United States

OECD Europe

Japan

Canada

By Country, 1994

United States Japan Germany Italy France Canada United King

0

600

1,2001,800 1,653

645

312

164 158 119 115

Million Barrels 
Table 11.10 Petroleum Stocks in OECD Countries, End of Year 1973-1994

 (Million Barrels)

Year France Germany 1 Italy

United

Kingdom

Other

OECD2

Europe

OECD

Europe Canada Japan

United

States

1973 201 181 152 156 380 1,070 140 303 1,008 1974 249 213 167 191 437 1,227 145 370 1,074 1975 225 187 143 165 434 1,154 174 375 1,133 1976 234 208 143 165 455 1,205 153 380 1,112 1977 239 225 161 148 495 1,268 167 409 1,312 1978 201 238 154 157 469 1,219 144 413 1,278 1979 226 272 163 169 523 1,353 150 460 1,341 1980 243 319 170 168 564 1,464 164 495 1,392 1981 214 297 167 143 516 1,337 161 482 1,484 1982 193 272 179 125 489 1,258 136 484 1,430 1983 153 249 149 118 473 1,142 121 470 1,454 1984 152 239 159 112 468 1,130 128 479 1,556 1985 139 233 157 123 440 1,092 113 494 1,519 1986 127 252 155 124 475 1,133 111 509 1,593 1987 127 259 169 121 454 1,130 126 540 1,607 1988 140 266 155 112 445 1,118 116 538 1,597 1989 138 271 164 118 442 1,133 114 577 1,581 1990 140 265 172 112 474 1,163 121 590 1,621 1991 153 288 160 119 461 1,181 119 606 1,617 1992 146 310 174 113 476 1,219 107 603 1,592 1993 158 R309 R163 118 R475 R1,221 R105 R618 1,647 

1994 158 312 164 115 490 1,240 119 645 1,653 

1 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany. 2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). See Glossary for membership. 3 Australia, New Zealand, and United States Territories. Data for Mexico, which joined the OECD onMay 18, 1994, are not available.

R=Revised data. 

Notes: • Includes crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas pl

petroleum products. See Note 2 at end of section. • Organ

Development (OECD). See Glossary for membership. • Totals m

independent rounding.

Sources: United States: Table 5.14. All Other Data: OECD, 

Statistics Database.
308 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.11.

Figure 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Production

World and Leading Producers, 1985-1994

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

20406080

Trillion Cubic Feet

World

Former U.S.S.R.

Russia

United States

World Areas, 1985-1994

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

0

10203040

Trillion Cubic Feet

Eastern Europe

and Former U.S.S.R.

North, Central, and

South America

Western Europe

Far East and Ocean

Middle East and Africa

World Areas, 1994

North, E. Europe W. Europe 

0

10203040

27.37 26.44

8.44 

Trillion Cubic Feet

and 

Former 

U.S.S.R.

Central,

and 

So. America
Table 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1985-1994

 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

Region and Country 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

North, Central, and South America ........... 22.21 21.62 22.33 23.47 24.16 R24.62 R24.84 R25.42 

 Argentina .................................................... 0.50 0.55 0.53 0.63 0.72 0.63 R0.70 R0.71 

 Canada ....................................................... 3.04 2.86 3.10 3.57 3.80 R3.85 R4.06 R4.52  Mexico ........................................................ 0.95 0.92 0.86 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.92  United States .............................................. 16.45 16.06 16.62 17.10 17.31 17.81 17.70 17.84 

 Venezuela ................................................... 0.62 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.77 R0.76 R0.79 0.76 

 Other ........................................................... 0.65 0.56 0.55 0.59 0.64 R0.62 0.65 R0.66 Western Europe .......................................... 7.22 7.07 7.32 6.91 7.16 7.19 7.83 7.89  Germany 1 .................................................. 0.77 0.71 0.79 0.74 0.71 R0.66 0.67 0.68  Italy ............................................................. 0.50 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.64  Netherlands ................................................ 3.01 2.76 2.77 2.45 2.67 2.69 3.04 3.06  Norway ....................................................... 0.94 0.99 1.06 1.05 1.09 0.98 0.97 1.04  United Kingdom .......................................... 1.52 1.60 1.68 1.62 1.58 1.75 2.01 1.93  Other ........................................................... 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.46 0.51 R0.50 R0.53 R0.54 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 24.50 26.03 27.14 28.95 29.70 30.13 29.85 R28.68 

 Romania ..................................................... 1.27 1.34 1.32 1.28 1.13 1.00 0.88 0.78  Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — — 22.62  Turkmenistan .............................................. — — — — — — — R2.12 

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — — — R0.74  Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 22.71 24.19 25.36 27.19 28.11 28.78 28.62 —  Uzbekistan .................................................. — — — — — — — R1.51  Other ........................................................... 0.53 0.51 0.46 0.47 0.46 0.35 0.35 R0.91 Middle East and Africa ............................... 4.24 4.51 5.13 5.55 6.08 6.17 6.52 R6.91  Algeria ........................................................ 1.36 1.33 1.52 1.63 1.71 1.79 1.93 1.97  Egypt .......................................................... 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.35  Iran ............................................................. 0.60 0.54 0.56 0.71 0.78 0.84 0.92 0.88  Qatar ........................................................... 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.40  Saudi Arabia ............................................... 0.72 0.89 0.95 1.03 1.05 1.08 1.13 1.20  United Arab Emirates ................................. 0.48 0.54 0.68 0.66 0.81 0.78 0.92 1.02  Other ........................................................... R0.71 R0.82 R1.00 R1.07 R1.24 R1.13 R0.98 R1.08 Far East and Oceania ................................. 4.00 4.21 4.50 4.78 4.98 5.44 5.76 R6.07  Australia ...................................................... 0.46 0.52 0.53 0.56 0.57 0.72 0.75 0.82  China .......................................................... 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.53  India ............................................................ 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.31 0.32 0.40 0.45 0.48  Indonesia .................................................... 1.23 1.18 1.29 1.34 1.42 1.53 1.72 1.79  Malaysia ..................................................... 0.44 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.65 0.75 0.80  Pakistan ...................................................... 0.37 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.48 0.53 0.55  Other ........................................................... 0.93 0.93 0.98 1.05 1.08 1.15 R1.03 R1.10 World ........................................................... 62.17 63.45 66.41 69.65 72.09 R73.56 R74.81 R74.97 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Energ

Energy Markets and End Use, International Database, June 1996.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.12 World Dry Natural Gas Supply and Disposition, 1993

310

Source: Table 11.12.

0 6 12 

0123456789

10

11

121314151617181920212223242526272829303132

Trillion Cubic Fee

24 18 12 6 0

01234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132

Trillion Cubic Feet

E. Europe & Former U.S.S.R.

................Romania.................

..................Russia..................

............Turkmenistan.............

.................Ukraine..................

..............Uzbekistan...............

Middle East & Africa

..................Algeria...................

....................Iran......................

..............Saudi Arabia.............

.......United Arab Emirates......

Far East & Oceania

.................Australia.................

................Indonesia................

...................Japan...................

.................Malaysia.................

North America

.................Canada..................

..................Mexico..................

.............United States.............

Western Europe

..................France.................

................Germany................

....................Italy.....................

..............Netherlands.............

.................Norway..................

..........United Kingdom...........

Selected Countries

4.9

0.9

18.1

0.1

0.7

0.7

3.1

1.0

2.3

0.7

21.5

2.3

0.7

1.6

1.9

1.0

1.3

0.9

0.9

2.0

0.1

0.9

2.7

0.9

1.2

3.0

1.8

1.7

0.1

2.4

0.9

0.3

3.5

1.5

0.7

0.9

1.3

0.8

0.6

0.9

1.9

0.5

Production Consumption
Table 11.12 World Dry Natural Gas Supply and Disposition, 1993

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Region and Country

Supply Dis

Dry Natural

Gas Production Imports 1 Exports 1

North, Central, and South America ................................................... 26,204 2,492 2,441  Argentina ............................................................................................ 760 73 0  Canada ............................................................................................... 4,910 29 2,226  Mexico ................................................................................................ 898 40 2  United States ...................................................................................... 18,095 2,350 140  Venezuela ........................................................................................... 815 0 0  Other ................................................................................................... 726 0 73 Western Europe .................................................................................. 8,321 6,170 2,594  Belgium and Luxembourg ................................................................... (s) 416 0  France ................................................................................................ 115 1,047 20  Germany ............................................................................................. 678 2,399 65  Italy ..................................................................................................... 688 1,135 1  Netherlands ........................................................................................ 3,112 137 1,552  Norway ............................................................................................... 967 0 877  United Kingdom .................................................................................. 2,313 149 22  Other ................................................................................................... 448 887 57 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ............................................... 27,684 6,080 8,148  Czech Republic .................................................................................. 8 249 (s)  Hungary .............................................................................................. 189 187 0  Kazakstan ........................................................................................... 237 251 0  Poland ................................................................................................ 175 208 0  Romania ............................................................................................. 746 162 0  Russia ................................................................................................. 21,489 370 5,919  Turkmenistan ...................................................................................... 2,303 0 1,967  Ukraine ............................................................................................... 678 2,835 7  Uzbekistan .......................................................................................... 1,591 206 256  Other ................................................................................................... 269 1,612 (s) Middle East and Africa ....................................................................... 7,237 40 1,460 

 Algeria ................................................................................................ 1,902 0 1,247  Egypt .................................................................................................. 399 0 0  Iran ..................................................................................................... 956 0 18  Qatar ................................................................................................... 477 0 0  Saudi Arabia ....................................................................................... 1,268 0 0  United Arab Emirates ......................................................................... 937 0 139  Other ................................................................................................... 1,299 40 57 Far East and Oceania ......................................................................... 6,551 2,212 2,043  Australia .............................................................................................. 864 0 234  China .................................................................................................. 558 0 0  India .................................................................................................... 532 0 0  Indonesia ............................................................................................ 1,973 0 1,123  Japan .................................................................................................. 77 1,873 0  Malaysia ............................................................................................. 880 0 423  Pakistan .............................................................................................. 583 0 0  Other ................................................................................................... 1,084 340 264 World ................................................................................................... 75,995 16,994 16,686 

1 Includes liquefied natural gas. 2 Includes stock changes.

(s)=Less than 500 million cubic feet.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Ener

Energy Markets and End Use, International Database, June 1996.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.13 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption

312

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.13.

Top Consuming Countries, 1994

United States Russia Ukraine Germany Canada United Kingdom Japan Italy Neth

0

102030

20.8

15.0

3.1 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.8 

Trillion Cubic Feet

World and Leading Consumers, 1980-1994

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 

0

20406080

Trillion Cubic Feet

World

Former U.S.S.R.

United States 
Table 11.13 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-1994

 (Billion Cubic Feet)

Year Canada France Germany1 Italy Iran Japan Mexico

Netherlands Russia Saudi Arabia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Former U.S.S.R

1980 1,883 1,006 2,465 973 232 903 908 1,493 — 517 — 1,702 19,877 13,328 

1981 1,708 996 2,359 983 155 886 930 1,421 — 460 — 1,671 19,404 14,440 1982 1,664 913 2,189 989 200 919 1,016 1,511 — 201 — 1,570 18,001 15,522 1983 1,807 1,049 2,274 1,009 310 1,008 1,078 1,371 — 200 — 1,774 16,835 16,822 1984 1,855 1,029 2,372 1,171 476 1,367 990 1,395 — 253 — 1,900 17,951 18,512 1985 2,165 1,120 2,369 1,156 600 1,468 955 1,613 — 716 — 1,991 17,281 20,302 

1986 2,131 1,127 2,408 1,238 536 1,494 923 1,620 — 890 — 2,020 16,221 21,522 1987 2,112 1,057 2,592 1,371 565 1,543 865 1,672 — 946 — 2,079 17,211 22,462 1988 2,331 961 2,519 1,460 706 1,618 926 1,513 — 1,028 — 1,972 18,030 24,092 1989 2,498 991 2,635 1,578 784 1,731 943 1,550 — 1,052 — 1,951 18,801 24,529 1990 R2,378 1,022 2,624 1,672 837 1,851 946 1,538 — 1,077 — 2,059 18,716 24,961 

1991 R2,400 1,143 2,883 1,773 811 1,976 994 1,715 — 1,130 — 2,218 19,035 25,014 1992 R2,596 1,139 2,858 1,757 883 2,023 1,015 1,669 15,967 1,201 R3,920 2,127 19,544 — 1993 R2,713 R1,172 R3,042 1,801 938 R1,949 R936 R1,696 R15,940 1,268 R3,507 R2,440 R20,279 — 1994P 2,785 1,226 2,965 1,777 1,123 2,083 943 1,667 14,988 1,331 3,083 2,547 20,755 — 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding and the inclusion of more

recent U.S. data from an alternative source.

Sources: United States: Table 6.1. All Other Data: Ener

Energy Markets and End Use, International Database, June 1996. 
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.14 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

314

Notes: · Recoverable reserves are as of December 31, 1993, except for U. S. recoverable 

reserves, which are as of December 31, 1994. Because vertical scales differ, graphs should 

not be compared.Source: Table 11.14.

By Type

Anthracite Subbituminous

0

200400600800

573 566

Billion Short Tons

and Bituminous

Coal

Coal and

Lignite

By Region

North Central Western Eastern 

0

100200300400

280

11

109

328

Billion Short Tons

America and South

America

Europe Europe and U.S.S.R. 

By Selected Country

United States Former U.S.S.R. China Australia India Germany South Africa P

0

100200300

268 265

126

100

77 74 61

Billion Short Tons

l

l
Table 11.14 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal and Lignite 

North America ............................................................. 124,091 155,411 

 Canada ....................................................................... 4,970 4,535  Mexico ........................................................................ 948 387  United States 1 ........................................................... 118,173 150,287 

 Other ........................................................................... 0 202 Central and South America ....................................... 6,227 5,013 

 Brazil ........................................................................... 0 3,136  Chile ........................................................................... 34 1,268  Colombia .................................................................... 4,674 330  Peru ............................................................................ 1,058 110  Other ........................................................................... 461 170 Western Europe .......................................................... 30,544 78,281 

 Germany ..................................................................... 26,455 47,730  Greece ........................................................................ 0 3,307  Spain .......................................................................... 937 661  Turkey ......................................................................... 179 7,701  United Kingdom .......................................................... 2,205 551  Former Yugoslavia ..................................................... 70 18,152  Other ........................................................................... 698 179 Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. ..................................... 149,200 179,232 

 Bulgaria ...................................................................... 14 2,974  Former Czechoslovakia .............................................. 1,810 3,858  Hungary ...................................................................... 657 4,260  Poland ........................................................................ 32,077 14,330  Romania ..................................................................... 1 3,436  Slovakia ...................................................................... 0 251  Former U.S.S.R. ......................................................... 114,640 150,122 Africa ........................................................................... 66,585 1,397 

 Botswana .................................................................... 3,858 0  South Africa ................................................................ 60,994 0  Swaziland ................................................................... 128 1,101  Zimbabwe ................................................................... 809 0  Other ........................................................................... 796 295 Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......................... 196,630 146,941 

 Australia ...................................................................... 49,979 50,265  China .......................................................................... 68,564 57,651  India ............................................................................ 75,009 2,094  Indonesia .................................................................... 1,060 34,283  Japan .......................................................................... 886 19  Pakistan ...................................................................... 0 809  Thailand ...................................................................... 0 1,101  Other ........................................................................... 1,132 718 World ........................................................................... 573,277 566,274 

1 U.S. data are more current than other data on this table. They represent recoverable reserves as of

December 31, 1994; data for the other countries are as of December 31, 1993, the most recent period forwhich they are available. U.S. reserves represent both measured and indicated tonnage. The U.S. term"measured" approximates the term "proved," which is used by the World Energy Council. The U.S."measured and indicated" data have been combined prior to depletion adjustments and cannot berecaptured as "measured alone."

Notes: • World Energy Council definition of "Proved Recoverable Reserves" is the tonnage of Proved

Amount in Place that can be recovered (extracted from the earth ilocal economic conditions with existing technology. • The EIA do

data but reproduces the information as a matter of convenience for of components due to independent rounding.

Sources: United States: Energy Information Administratio

Reserves Database, (October 1995). All Other Data: World E

Resources. World Energy Conference (1995).
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.15 World Coal Production

316

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.15.

Top Producing Countries, 1994

China United States Germany India Russia Australia Poland South Africa 

0

300600900

1,2001,500 1,410

1,034

295 295 294 250 224 216

Million Short Tons

World and Leading Producers, 1985-1994

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0246

Billion Short Tons

World

China

United States

World Areas, 1985-1994

1986 1988 199

0

550

1,1001,6502,200

Million Short Tons

Middle an

Oc

Easter

and Form

N., Central, and

S. America

Western Europe

Africa
Table 11.15 World Coal Production, 1985-1994

 (Million Short Tons)

Region and Country 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

North, Central, and South America ........... R978 R984 R1,021 R1,065 R1,100 R1,146 R1,120 R1,113 

 Canada ....................................................... 67 64 67 78 78 75 78 72  Colombia .................................................... R10 12 16 17 21 23 26 26 

 Mexico ........................................................ 7 7 9 8 8 9 8 7  United States .............................................. 884 890 919 950 981 1,029 996 998  Other ........................................................... R11 R11 R10 R12 R13 R10 R11 R10 

Western Europe .......................................... R939 R951 R935 R917 R926 R850 R753 R676 

 France ........................................................ R21 R20 R21 R16 R16 R14 R13 R12 

 Germany1 ................................................... 578 568 554 552 540 479 R389 346 

 Greece ........................................................ 40 42 49 R53 57 57 58 61 

 Serbia and Montenegro .............................. — — — — — — — 47  Spain .......................................................... R53 R52 R47 R45 R48 R48 R44 R44  Turkey ......................................................... R49 R57 R57 R48 R64 R57 R61 57  United Kingdom .......................................... 104 119 115 115 111 104 105 94  Former Yugoslavia ..................................... 77 77 79 80 82 84 R78 — 

 Other ........................................................... R18 R15 R12 R8 R765 R15 

Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,331 1,374 1,397 1,411 R1,353 R1,335 R1,129 R1,104 

 Bulgaria ...................................................... 34 39 41 38 38 35 R31 33 

 Czech Republic .......................................... — — — — — — — — 

 Estonia ........................................................ — — — — — — — 21  Hungary ...................................................... 27 R25 25 23 R22 R19 19 R18  Kazakstan ................................................... — — — — — — — R141 

 Poland ........................................................ 275 286 293 294 275 237 231 219  Romania ..................................................... 51 52 57 65 68 42 R36 R43 

 Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — — R372 

 Ukraine ....................................................... — — — — — — — 147  Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 801 828 838 851 816 R882 R702 — 

 Other ........................................................... R144 R143 R143 R141 R134 R120 R111 R111 

Africa ........................................................... 197 202 203 208 R202 201 R205 R201 

 South Africa ................................................ 191 195 195 200 194 193 R196 R192 

 Other ........................................................... 6 7 8 8 8 R899 

Middle East, Far East, and Oceania .......... R1,461 R1,519 R1,583 R1,637 R1,747 R1,805 R1,844 R1,902 

 Australia ...................................................... 172 187 209 196 216 226 236 248 

 China .......................................................... 962 986 1,023 1,080 1,162 1,190 1,199 R1,231 

 India ............................................................ R191 R207 R209 R211 R220 R235 R252 R262 

 Indonesia .................................................... 2 3 4 5 9 12 R15 R23 

 Japan .......................................................... 19 15 15 14 13 11 10 9  Mongolia ..................................................... 8 9 9 10 10 10 9 8  North Korea ................................................ R61 R62 R64 R68 R71 R74 R75 R74 

 South Korea ................................................ 25 27 27 27 23 19 17 13  Thailand ...................................................... 6 6 8 8 10 14 16 17  Other ........................................................... R16 R17 R17 R18 R14 R15 R15 R16 World ........................................................... R4,906 R5,029 R5,139 R5,238 R5,329 R5,337 R5,052 4,996 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Notes: • Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and

brown coal. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to ind

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energ

Database, June 1996.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.16 World Coal Consumption

318

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.16.

Top Consuming Countries, 1994

China United States Germany Russia India Poland South Africa Jap

0.00.51.01.5 1.38

0.93

0.32 0.31 0.30

0.20 0.16 0.1

Billion Short Tons

World Total, 1980-1994

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 199

0123456

4.151 4.208 4.308 4.465 4.699

4.995 5.022 5.101 5.215 5.364 5.360 5.023 4.96

Billion Short Tons

Expansion

Peak

Year
Table 11.16 World Coal Consumption, 1980-1994

 (Million Short Tons)

Year Australia China

Czech

Republic Germany 1 India Japan

Kazakstan North Korea Poland Russia South Africa Ukraine United Kingdom United States 

1980 74 677 — 535 130 98 — 53 221 — 105 — 133 703 1981 75 669 — 544 139 106 — 53 200 — 117 — 130 733 1982 80 733 — 548 147 105 — 54 208 — 123 — 122 707 1983 78 797 — 549 161 100 — 58 213 — 127 — 123 737 1984 80 884 — 562 180 113 — 62 227 — 137 — 88 791 1985 86 999 — 585 194 119 — 64 238 — 142 — 116 818 1986 85 994 — 576 208 109 — 65 247 — 145 — 123 804 1987 93 996 — 565 206 111 — 67 258 — 148 — 129 837 1988 96 1,034 — 561 212 123 — 71 254 — 153 — 123 884 1989 104 1,188 — 553 224 123 — 74 242 — 143 — 126 890 1990 116 1,235 — 492 243 122 — 76 202 — 138 — 116 895 1991 113 1,165 — 402 252 130 — 78 202 — 143 — 118 888 1992 111 1,213 — 359 266 126 99 76 192 366 139 153 111 892 1993 101 1,303 88 340 295 128 94 80 194 344 144 132 97 926 1994P 105 1,380 84 316 303 133 87 81 195 305 156 104 71 930 

1 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Notes: • Most data in this table are revised, because the methodology to calculate apparent

consumption of coal was modified. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent

rounding and the inclusion of more recent U.S. data from an alterna

Sources: United States: Table 7.1. All Other Data: Ener

Energy Markets and End Use, International Database, June 1996. 
320 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

1 Geothermal, biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal generation.

Notes: · Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources.

· Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be cSource: Table 11.17.

Figure 11.17 World Net Generation of Electricity, 1993

Middle East and Africa 

Net Generation by Type

Fossil Hydroelectric Nuclear Electric Other1

0

2,0004,0006,0008,000 7,553

2,346 2,071

108

Billion Kilowatthours

Net Generation in Leading Countries

United Russia Japan China Canada Germany

0

1,0002,0003,0004,000

3,387

909 846 796

513 493

Billion Kilowatthours

l

l

Net Generation by Type by Region(Percent of Regional Total)

North America Cen

Western Europe 

States

Fuel Power Power

65

17

18

47

32 21

87 

12

1

F
Table 11.17 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1993

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country

Fossil

Fuel

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Power Other 1 

North America ............................................. 2,615.0 703.7 634.3 81.4  Canada ....................................................... 103.6 88.6 320.3 (s)  Mexico ........................................................ 97.5 4.7 26.0 5.6  United States ............................................. 2,413.2 610.4 287.9 75.8  Other ........................................................... 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central and South America ....................... 129.9 7.7 420.4 7.9 

 Argentina .................................................... 29.3 7.3 23.9 0.0  Brazil ........................................................... 8.3 (s) 232.4 7.0  Colombia .................................................... 11.6 0.0 27.7 0.0  Venezuela ................................................... 22.5 0.0 47.0 0.0  Other ........................................................... 58.3 0.0 89.4 0.9 Western Europe .......................................... 1,140.5 777.4 499.0 7.5 

 Belgium ....................................................... 26.2 39.5 (s) (s)  Finland ........................................................ 26.0 18.9 13.5 0.0  France ........................................................ 33.2 350.2 63.1 0.5  Germany ..................................................... 329.5 145.8 17.5 (s)  Italy ............................................................. 164.2 0.0 41.0 3.8  Netherlands ................................................ 68.4 3.8 (s) (s)  Norway ....................................................... 0.5 0.0 117.8 (s)  Spain .......................................................... 70.2 53.7 24.1 0.0  Sweden ....................................................... 8.6 58.7 73.9 (s)  Switzerland ................................................. 1.0 22.2 35.4 (s)  Turkey ......................................................... 37.4 0.0 33.6 (s)  United Kingdom .......................................... 216.1 81.0 4.2 1.5  Other ........................................................... 159.1 3.8 74.5 1.3 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 1,202.5 246.0 266.7 (s)  Czech Republic .......................................... 42.0 12.5 1.6 0.0  Kazakstan ................................................... 65.6 (s) 7.6 0.0  Poland ........................................................ 122.5 0.0 3.5 0.0  Russia ......................................................... 622.5 113.2 173.4 (s)  Ukraine ....................................................... 134.8 70.2 11.1 0.0  Other ........................................................... 215.2 49.6 69.5 0.0 Middle East .................................................. 232.5 0.0 18.5 (s) 

 Iran ............................................................. 57.3 0.0 10.9 0.0  Saudi Arabia ............................................... 59.5 0.0 0.0 0.0  Other ........................................................... 115.7 0.0 7.6 (s) Africa ........................................................... 253.7 7.3 49.7 (s) 

 Egypt .......................................................... 36.6 0.0 8.4 0.0  South Africa ................................................ 145.5 7.3 (s) 0.0  Other ........................................................... 71.6 0.0 41.1 (s) Far East and Oceania ................................. 1,978.6 329.3 456.9 10.9 

 Australia ...................................................... 138.4 0.0 16.0 0.0  China .......................................................... 644.6 2.5 149.2 0.0  India ............................................................ 262.3 5.9 70.0 (s)  Indonesia .................................................... 43.0 0.0 12.0 1.0  Japan .......................................................... 513.8 234.0 96.8 1.7  South Korea ................................................ 75.5 55.2 5.9 0.0  Taiwan ........................................................ 70.1 31.3 6.8 0.0  Thailand ...................................................... 58.8 0.0 3.7 0.0  Other ........................................................... 172.1 (s) 96.6 8.1 World ........................................................... 7,552.8 2,071.4 2,345.5 108.1 

1 Geothermal, biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal generation.

(s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours. Notes: • Data include both electric utility and non-electric utility sources. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energ

Database, June 1996.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.18 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1994

322

1 Geothermal, biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources.2 Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.

Note: Data include both electric utility and non-electric Sources: Tables 11.17 and 11.18.

Comparison of Installed Capacity and Net Generation Shares2 by Type

Fossil Fuels Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric 

0

20406080

67

22

12

63

19 17

Percent of Total

By Type

Fossil Fuel Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric 

0

500

1,0001,5002,000 1,866

611

341

Million Kilowatts

Power

Power

Net Generation, 1993Installed Capacity, January 1, 1994
Table 11.18 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, January 1, 1994

 (Million Kilowatts)

Region and Country

Fossil

Fuel

Nuclear

Electric

Power

Hydroelectric

Power1 Other 2 

North America ............................................. 599.0 115.2 146.8 16.4  Canada ....................................................... 33.0 15.5 61.2 (s)  Mexico ........................................................ 23.8 0.7 8.2 0.7  United States ............................................. 3 541.6 3 99.0 3 77.4 3 15.6 

 Other ........................................................... 0.7 0.0 0.0 (s) Central and South America ....................... 43.4 1.7 92.3 4.8 

 Argentina .................................................... 10.0 1.0 7.0 0.0  Brazil ........................................................... 2.1 0.7 48.6 4.7  Colombia .................................................... 2.6 0.0 7.7 0.0  Venezuela ................................................... 8.1 0.0 10.7 0.0  Other ........................................................... 20.6 0.0 18.3 (s) Western Europe .......................................... 319.1 122.6 140.8 1.7 

 Austria ........................................................ 6.1 0.0 11.2 0.0  Finland ........................................................ 9.0 2.4 2.7 0.0  France ........................................................ 23.5 59.0 20.6 (s)  Germany ..................................................... 82.8 22.7 3.0 (s)  Italy ............................................................. 43.3 0.0 12.8 0.5  Netherlands ................................................ 16.9 0.5 (s) (s)  Norway ....................................................... (s) 0.0 26.0 0.0  Spain .......................................................... 20.4 7.0 11.5 (s)  Sweden ....................................................... 8.8 10.0 16.0 (s)  Switzerland ................................................. 0.8 3.0 10.0 (s)  Turkey ......................................................... 10.6 0.0 9.7 (s)  United Kingdom .......................................... 52.3 11.9 1.4 (s)  Other ........................................................... 44.2 6.1 15.8 0.6 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 313.0 45.4 83.1 (s)  Czech Republic .......................................... 11.1 1.8 1.4 0.0  Kazakstan ................................................... 12.4 (s) 3.5 0.0  Poland ........................................................ 27.1 0.0 2.0 0.0  Romania ..................................................... 16.4 0.0 5.9 (s)  Russia ......................................................... 148.7 21.2 43.4 (s)  Ukraine ....................................................... 36.7 12.9 4.7 0.0  Other ........................................................... 60.5 9.1 22.2 (s) Middle East .................................................. 70.1 0.0 4.0 (s) 

 Iran ............................................................. 18.9 0.0 2.0 0.0  Saudi Arabia ............................................... 18.4 0.0 0.0 0.0  Other ........................................................... 32.8 0.0 2.1 (s) Africa ........................................................... 56.1 1.9 19.0 (s) 

 Egypt .......................................................... 9.0 0.0 2.8 0.0  South Africa ................................................ 24.0 1.9 0.6 0.0  Other ........................................................... 23.1 0.0 15.7 (s) Far East and Oceania ................................. 465.7 54.7 124.6 1.7 

 Australia ...................................................... 29.8 0.0 6.9 (s)  China .......................................................... 137.1 1.2 44.6 0.0  India ............................................................ 62.3 2.1 19.6 (s)  Indonesia .................................................... 12.5 0.0 3.3 (s)  Japan .......................................................... 134.1 38.6 21.0 (s)  South Korea ................................................ 20.4 7.6 2.5 0.0  Taiwan ........................................................ 13.9 5.1 2.6 0.0  Thailand ...................................................... 11.4 0.0 2.5 0.0  Other ........................................................... 44.2 (s) 21.7 1.2 World ........................................................... 1,866.4 341.4 610.7 24.7 

1 Excludes pumped storage. 2 Geothermal, biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal capacity. 3 Net summer capability.

(s)=Less than 0.5 million kilowatts. Notes: • Data include both electric utility and nonutility sources. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Ene

Database, June 1996, except U.S. capacity, which is net summe

Electric Power Annual 1994, Volume II (November 1995), Table 1, 

report.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.19 World Hydroelectric Power Net Generation

324

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 11.19.

Top Generating Countries, 1994

Canada United States Brazil Russia China Norway France Japan India 

0

50

100150200250300350 326

270

240

175 161

111

77 75 71 

Billion Kilowatthours

World and Leading Producers, 1985-1994

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

Trillion Kilowatthours

World

Canada

United States

World Areas, 1985-1994

1986 1988 199

0

200400600800

1,0001,200

Billion Kilowatthours

Nort

So

We

Far East

and Oceania

E. Europe 

Middle 
Table 11.19 World Hydroelectric Power Net Generation, 1985-1994

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region and Country 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

North, Central, and South America ........... 897 931 907 887 R932 R975 R1,001 R988 

 Argentina .................................................... 20 21 22 16 13 18 16 19 

 Brazil ........................................................... 177 181 184 197 203 205 216 221 

 Canada ....................................................... 301 308 313 303 288 293 304 R313  Chile ........................................................... 10 11 12 11 10 12 13 R17 

 Colombia .................................................... 22 25 21 24 26 27 27 22  Mexico ........................................................ 26 20 18 21 24 24 22 R26  Paraguay .................................................... 4 12 18 20 24 27 29 27  Peru ............................................................ 9 10 11 10 10 10 11 10  United States1 ............................................ 284 294 253 226 R276 R296 R291 R258 

 Venezuela ................................................... 22 25 31 34 34 37 44 47 

 Other ........................................................... R22 R24 R24 R24 R24 R27 R26 R28 Western Europe .......................................... 453 437 467 508 440 453 450 R484 

 Austria ........................................................ 30 30 25 35 35 31 31 34 

 Finland ........................................................ 12 12 14 13 13 11 13 15  France ........................................................ 60 61 69 74 46 53 56 67  Germany 2 .................................................. 17 18 20 20 18 17 15 17 

 Italy ............................................................. 41 41 39 40 34 31 42 42  Norway ....................................................... 101 95 102 108 117 120 109 116  Serbia and Montenegro .............................. — — — — — — — 11  Spain .......................................................... 31 26 27 35 19 25 27 19  Sweden ....................................................... 70 60 71 69 71 72 R63 74 

 Switzerland ................................................. 32 33 34 35 29 30 32 32  Turkey ......................................................... 12 12 18 28 18 23 22 26  Other ........................................................... R47 R49 R47 R50 R41 R41 R41 R30 Eastern Europe and Former U.S.S.R. ....... 231 238 244 257 248 254 259 R256 

 Romania ..................................................... 12 11 11 13 12 11 14 12  Russia ......................................................... — — — — — — — R171 

 Former U.S.S.R. ......................................... 205 213 217 229 221 231 233 —  Other .......................................................... 14 14 16 15 15 12 13 R73 

Middle East and Africa ............................... 56 R58 R58 R63 R63 66 R67 R70 

 Egypt .......................................................... 8 8 8 8 8 10 R9 R8 

 Zambia ........................................................ 10 10 8 8 7 8 8 8  Other ........................................................... 38 R40 R41 R46 R48 R49 R51 R53 

Far East and Oceania ................................. 336 R349 R343 384 404 R425 R431 R415 

 Australia ...................................................... 14 14 13 13 14 14 16 15  China .......................................................... R91 94 R99 108 117 125 124 R130  India ............................................................ 51 53 47 57 62 71 72 69 

 Indonesia .................................................... 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 13  Japan .......................................................... 82 80 74 90 91 88 97 82  Korea, North ............................................... 28 29 29 31 31 31 31 R24  New Zealand .............................................. 20 22 22 23 22 23 23 20  Pakistan ...................................................... 12 14 15 17 17 17 18 20  Other ........................................................... R32 R36 R36 R36 R42 R45 R41 R42 World ........................................................... R1,972 2,012 2,019 R2,099 R2,088 R2,173 R2,209 R2,212 

1 Electric utility and industrial hydroelectric power. 2 Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Notes: • See Note 3 at end of section. • Generation data consist of both utility and non-utility sources. 

 • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rou

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of EnergDatabase, June 1996.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 11.20 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation

326

1 "Other countries" are Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Netherlands, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, 

India, Pakistan, and South Africa.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 11.20.

By Country, 1995

United France Japan Germany Canada Russia United Ukraine Sweden South Spain Belgium Taiwan Switzerland Finlan

0

150300450600750 708

378

286

154

100 98 86 70 70 64 55 41 35 25 19 

Billion Kilowatthours

By Region, 1995

North, Central, Western Eastern Far East

0

300600900 826 831

214

406

Billion Kilowatthours

and South

America Europe Europe and Africa

By Major Producers, 1982-1995

1982 1984 1986 1988 

0

150300450600750

Billion Kilowatthours

Fran

Japa

Germ

States Kingdom Korea 
Table 11.20 World Nuclear Electricity Gross Generation, 1982-1995

 (Billion Kilowatthours)

Region

and Country 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 19

North, Central, andSouth America ........ 343.1 370.2 404.1 474.8 514.6 566.3 645.2 646.9 690.7 742.6 744.0 7

 Argentina ................ 1.9 3.4 4.5 5.8 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.0 7.4 7.7 7.1  Brazil ....................... 0.1 0.2 2.1 3.4 0.1 1.0 0.3 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.8  Canada ................... 42.6 53.0 53.8 62.9 74.6 80.6 85.6 83.2 75.8 86.1 81.3  Mexico .................... — — — — — — — — — 4.2 3.9  United States 1 ....... 298.6 313.6 343.8 402.7 434.1 479.5 554.1 557.0 603.4 643.0 650.0 64

Western Europe ...... 321.8 377.2 485.4 582.8 631.5 648.3 688.1 732.0 738.6 769.7 783.9 8

 Belgium ................... 15.6 24.1 27.7 34.5 38.6 41.9 43.1 41.2 42.7 42.9 43.5 4 Finland .................... 16.5 17.4 18.5 18.8 18.8 19.4 19.3 18.8 18.9 19.2 19.0  France .................... 108.9 144.2 191.2 224.0 254.3 265.5 274.9 302.5 314.1 331.4 337.6 3 Germany 2 .............. 63.4 65.8 92.6 125.8 118.9 130.2 145.2 149.5 147.2 147.3 158.8 1

 Italy3 ....................... 6.8 5.8 6.9 7.0 8.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  Netherlands ............ 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.8  Spain ...................... 8.8 10.7 23.1 28.0 37.5 41.3 50.4 56.1 54.3 55.6 55.8  Sweden ................... 38.8 40.4 51.3 58.6 69.9 67.2 69.4 65.6 68.2 76.8 63.5  Switzerland ............. 15.0 15.5 16.3 22.4 22.5 23.0 22.7 22.8 23.6 22.9 23.4 2 United Kingdom ...... 44.1 49.6 54.1 59.7 58.2 56.2 59.4 71.6 66.1 70.4 78.5 Eastern Europe 4 .... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 271.5 2

 Bulgaria .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 12.2 

 Czech Republic ...... — — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA 12.9  Hungary .................. — — NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 13.8  Kazakstan ............... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.5 

 Lithuania ................. — — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA 16.4 

 Romania 6 ............... — — — — — — — — — — — 

 Russia ..................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 125.6 1 Slovakia .................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 11.7 

 Slovenia .................. — — NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.0  Ukraine ................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 74.6 Far East andAfrica ....................... 123.6 140.1 171.9 207.9 232.9 266.1 259.6 275.2 293.2 313.0 325.1 3

 China ...................... — — — — — — — — — — — 

 India ........................ 2.2 2.9 4.1 4.5 5.1 5.5 6.1 4.0 6.3 5.4 6.3  Japan ...................... 104.5 109.1 127.2 152.0 164.8 182.8 173.6 183.7 191.9 205.8 218.0 24 Pakistan .................. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6  South Africa ............ — — — 5.9 9.3 6.6 11.1 11.7 8.9 9.7 9.9  South Korea ............ 3.8 9.0 11.8 16.5 26.1 37.8 38.7 47.4 52.8 56.3 56.4  Taiwan .................... 13.1 18.9 24.3 28.7 26.9 33.1 29.9 28.3 32.9 35.3 33.8 World 7 ..................... 788.5 887.5 1,061.5 1,265.4 1,378.9 1,480.8 1,592.8 1,654.2 1,722.5 1,825.2 2,124.5 2,1

1 See Note 3 at end of section. 2 Through 1990, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, the

data for Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany. 3 In 1987, Italy’s citizens voted for a nuclear power moratorium, which shut down their nuclear powerplants indefinitely. 4 The gross generation estimates for 1992 through 1995 for Eastern European countries are calculatedas 5 percent more than the annual net nuclear generation reported by the International Atomic EnergyAgency and published annually in Nuclear Power Reactors in the World.

5 Covers March through December only. 6 Romania has one nuclear generating unit, which is undergo

projected to begin in 1996. 7 Eastern European countries are included in the total figure beg

R=Revised data. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. — = Not applNote: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independSource: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., Nucleonics Week.
Notes

production comprises crude oil (including

gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, coal, net

tric power and nuclear electric power, and

or distribution from geothermal, wind, and

ude oil production is measured at the well

condensate. Natural gas plant liquids are

ocessing natural gas at natural gas process

atural gas plants, cycling plants, and

gas production is that amount of natural gas

to be marketed and consumed as a gas. Pro

te, subanthracite, lignite, bituminous coal,

brown coal) is the sum of sales, mine con

rs, and issues to coking, briquetting, and

mines. Coal production data include quanti

e and underground workings and normally

at mines or associated preparation plants.

f electricity from hydroelectric power, nu

electricity generated for distribution from

ar thermal energy include data on both elec

production reported on a net basis, thus

s generally used by the electric power plant

for its own operating purposes or electricity losses in the transformersthat are considered integral parts of the station.2. Petroleum stocks reported by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) include those held at (or in) thefollowing locations or facilities: leases, refineries, natural gas processing plants, bulk terminals, tanks associated with pipelines, barges,intercoastal tankers, ocean tankers in port, inland ship bunkers, majorfinal consumers, and the strategic storage reserve. For an individualcountry, stocks include those held for the account of that country butlocated in another country. U.S. stocks include those held in the 50States and the District of Columbia. “Other OECD’’ includes stocksheld in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The OECD definition ofpetroleum stocks excludes petroleum in pipelines, rail tank cars, tanktrucks, oceangoing ship bunkers, service stations, retail stores, andtankers at sea. An exception is U.S. stocks, which include petroleumin pipelines.3. Data on the generation of electricity in the United States representnet generation, which is gross output of electricity (measured at thegenerator terminals) minus power plant use. Nuclear electricity generation data identified by individual countries in Table 11.20 are grossoutput of electricity.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
12. Environmental Indicators

s of Greenhouse Gases

n dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon

s—are those which block infrared radiation

radiate the captured heat to the atmosphere.

wn as the greenhouse effect, keeps Earth’s

animal, and human life. But some scientists

c (human-caused) additions to greenhouse

erage temperatures and produce deleterious

mate.

ogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which

are by far of all anthropogenic emissions of

5.2 billion metric tons of gas in 1994, up

s in 1985 (12.1).* Energy-related carbon di

roduced by the burning of fossil fuels—

ons of carbon in 1994 (12.2). (There is one

ery 3.667 metric tons of carbon dioxide gas.)

m, particularly motor gasoline, by the trans

burning at electric utilities were the biggest

emissions in 1994 (12.3).

tivities also accounted for a big share of meth

metric tons of methane) in 1993 (12.4). But

metric tons and agricultural sources (such as di

nt animals and the anaerobic decomposition of

waste and rice paddies) emitted 8.7 million met

.

of nitrous oxide, which, molecule for mole

ial greater than that of either carbon dioxide

illion metric tons of gas in 1993 (12.1).

Clean Air Act of 1970 requires that air qual

ed for pollutants that harm public health.

such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,

and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (VOC’s), also influenceatmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. In 1993, carbon monoxide and nonmethane VOC emissions were higher than in theprevious year but lower than in 1985 (12.1). Emissions of nitrogen oxides were fairly stable over the 9-year period.

Emissions and Environmental Equipment

at Electric Utilities

In general, changes in electric utility consumption of fossil fuels are accompanied by concomitant changes in the emission of carbon dioxide. In1985 (the first year of the Energy Information Administration’s electricutility emissions data series), consumption of fossil fuels to generate electricity totaled 19 quadrillion Btu (8.5). Emissions of carbon dioxide fromfossil-fueled steam-electric generating units totaled 1.7 billion short tons(12.5). In 1994, consumption of fossil fuels to generate electricity rose to21 quadrillion Btu, 11 percent higher than in 1985 (8.5), and carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fueled steam-electric generating units were 13percent higher than in 1985 (12.5).By contrast, emissions of sulfur dioxide were actually lower in 1994than they were in 1985. As is true of carbon dioxide emissions, mostemissions of sulfur dioxide were attributable to coal combustion. However, such sulfur dioxide emissions can be controlled through the use ofcoal with a lower sulfur content and the use of scrubbers. From 1985through 1994, the amount of coal-fired capacity equipped with scrubbers increased 42 percent to 81 million kilowatts (12.6). Although theamount of electricity generated by burning coal at electric utilitiesrose 17 percent during the 1985-to-1994 period (8.3), coal-relatedsulfur dioxide emissions declined 15 percent (12.5).

ate related tables. Annual data are the most recent

reliminary and may be revised in future publications.

ext are calculated by using data in the tables.

Some scientists believe that anthropogenic

(human-caused) additions to greenhouse

gases will produce deleterious changes in the

global climate.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 329
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

330

1 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of 

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

2 Nonmethane volatile organic compounds.Source: Table 12.1.

Other Greenhouse Gases, 1985-1993

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1

0

102030405060708090

100

110

Million Metric Tons of Gas

Carbon Dioxide, 1985-1994

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

0123456

4.68 4.67

4.82

5.05 5.08 5.04 4.99 5.06 5.16 5.24

Billion Metric Tons of Gas1

Carbon Mon

Methane

NM VOCs2

Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrous Oxid
Table 12.1 Estimated Emissions of Greenhouse Gases by Gas, 1985-1994

 (Million Metric Tons of Gas)

Gas 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 

Carbon Dioxide1 ................................. R4,677.5 R4,674.0 R4,820.6 R5,046.1 R5,080.7 R5,035.5 R4,988.1 R5,062.9 

Methane ............................................... R26.9 R26.3 R27.0 R27.6 R27.6 R27.9 R27.9 R28.0 

Nitrous Oxide ...................................... 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 

Halocarbons and Minor Gases CFC2-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 ............. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 

 HCFC3-22 .......................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1  HFC4-23 and PFCs5 .......................... 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 

 Methyl Chloroform ............................. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 

Criteria Pollutants Carbon Monoxide .............................. R101.6 R98.0 R95.3 R96.2 R91.4 R94.1 R90.6 R87.4 

 Nitrogen Oxides ................................. R20.7 R20.3 R20.3 R21.1 R21.1 R21.0 R20.8 R20.8  Nonmethane VOCs 7 ......................... R23.0 R22.5 R22.1 R22.6 R21.5 R22.0 R21.3 R20.9 

1 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon =

3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Chlorofluorocarbons. 3 Chlorodifluoromethane. 4 Hydrofluorocarbons. 5 Perfluorocarbons. 6 Estimated HFC-23 and perfluorocarbon emissions combined totaled 5.5 thousand metric tons in 1985,

and 6.4 thousand metric tons in 1994. 7 Volatile organic compounds.

R=Revised data. NA=Not available. Sources: • 1985 and 1986—Energy Information Administration 

Forecasting estimates. • 1987 forward—EIA, Emissions of G

1987-1994, October 1995, Table ES1.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Sources: Tables 8.1 and 12.2.

Figure 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Fossil Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1994

332

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. 

One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

End-Use Total

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

0.40.81.21.6

Billion Metric Tons of Carbon1

Electric Utility Net Generation of Electricity and C

1980 1982 1984 1986 198

90

100

110

120130

Index 1980=100

0

Net Generation 

//

By End-Use Sector

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 

0

100200300400500

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1 Transportation Industrial Residential Commercial
Table 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Fossil Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-1994

 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

)

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

1980 248.4 178.3 R480.5 R378.1 R1,285.2 

1981 R239.8 178.3 R456.9 R374.1 R1,249.1 1982 237.6 R178.1 R403.7 R365.6 R1,185.0 1983 R236.1 180.0 R396.2 R366.9 R1,179.3 1984 R241.1 188.8 R434.4 R379.0 R1,243.4 1985 245.8 189.6 R424.1 R384.4 R1,243.9 1986 244.0 190.4 R409.0 R399.1 R1,242.5 1987 251.0 197.2 R422.7 R411.1 R1,282.0 1988 R264.8 207.6 R444.1 R427.5 R1,344.0 1989 267.5 210.0 R445.6 R432.7 R1,355.8 1990 R253.0 206.7 R452.4 R432.1 R1,344.2 1991 R257.1 206.4 R436.6 R424.5 R1,324.6 1992 255.9 205.5 R453.6 R431.4 R1,346.3 1993 271.6 212.1 454.0 436.7 1,372.5 1994P 271.6 216.9 461.4 446.3 1,396.2 

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Notes: • Includes energy from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. • Totals may not equal sum of

components due to independent rounding.

Sources: • 1980 and 1981—Energy Information Administration 

Forecasting (OIAF) estimates. • 1982 forward—EIA, Emissions of 

1987-1994, October 1995, Tables 5 and C1-C5, except 1980 to 198
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Use by Sector, 1994

334

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. 

One ton of carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

2 Liquefied petroleum gases.3 "Other" includes aviation gasoline, kerosene, and other products.

* Included in the industrial sector.

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not Source: Table 12.3.

0 50 

Millio

By End-Use Sector

Resi- Com- Indus- Trans0

100200300400500

272

217

461 446

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

dential mercial trial portation

By Fuel

Petro- Natural Coal

0

100200300400500600700

597

303

497

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

leum Gas

By End-Use Sector and Source

Residential Commercial Industrial Tr

0

100200300400500

28 15

97

436

72

44

134

2 2 

63

170 156 168

Million Metric Tons of Carbon1 Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Electricity 

By Petroleum Product

Motor Gasoline

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

LPG2

Lubricants

Other 3

6

50

19

54

4
Table 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Use by Sector, 1994

 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon1

)

Energy Source Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

End-Use

Total

E

Ut

Petroleum .................................................... 27.6 15.4 96.9 436.2 576.1 

 Aviation Gasoline ....................................... — — — 0.7 0.7  Distillate Fuel ............................................. 18.8 9.5 22.3 80.3 130.9 3 

 Jet Fuel ...................................................... — — — 60.4 60.4  Kerosene ................................................... 1.5 0.3 0.3 — 2.0  Liquefied Petroleum Gases ....................... 7.4 1.3 9.8 0.4 18.8  Lubricants .................................................. — — 1.8 1.7 3.5  Motor Gasoline .......................................... — 0.6 3.5 273.5 277.6  Residual Fuel ............................................. — 3.8 8.9 19.2 31.8 4  Other .......................................................... — — 50.4 — 50.4 5 Natural Gas .................................................. 72.1 43.6 133.5 9.4 258.7 Coal .............................................................. 1.5 2.2 62.8 6 ( ) 66.4 

Electricity ...................................................... 170.4 155.7 168.2 0.7 494.9 Total .............................................................. 271.6 216.9 461.4 446.3 1,396.2 

1 Tons of carbon can be converted to tons of carbon dioxide gas by multiplying by 3.667. One ton of

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas. 2 Electric utility emissions are distributed across end-use sectors. Electric utilities include independentpower producers but exclude cogeneration facilities. 3 Light fuel oil. 4 Heavy fuel oil.

5 Petroleum coke. 6 Included in the industrial sector.

— = Not applicable. Note: • Data are preliminary. • Totals may not equal sum of coSource: Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Gr

1987-1994, October 1995, Tables 4 and C1-C5 and unpublished es
336 Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Source: Table 12.4.

Figure 12.4 Methane Emissions From Anthropogenic Sources

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared.

Total, 1985-1993

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

0

10203040

26.9 26.3 27.0 27.6 27.6 28.0 27.9 28.0 26.6

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Energy Sources by Type, 1985-1993

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

0

1.5

3

4.5

6

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Agricultural Sources by Type, 1985-1994

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 

02468

Million Metric Tons of Methane

By Source, 1993

Energy Area Sources Agri

0369

12

7.4

10.4

Million Metric Tons of Methane

Coal Mining

Oil and Gas

Transportation Stationary Combustion

Ruminant Anima

Animal Waste

Rice Paddies

Sources (Landfills) So
Table 12.4 Methane Emissions From Anthropogenic Sources, 1985-1994

 (Million Metric Tons of Methane)

Year

Energy Sources

Area

Sources Agricultural Sources

Oil

and Gas

Coal

Mining Transportation

Stationary

Combustion Total Landfills

Ruminant

Animals

Animal

Waste

Rice

Paddies

Crop Residue

Burning To

1985 R3.15 R3.89 0.32 0.66 R8.02 R10.31 R5.27 2.64 0.36 0.14 R8.

1986 R3.11 R3.75 0.31 0.66 R7.82 R10.34 5.14 R2.44 0.34 0.13 R8.1987 R3.25 R4.03 0.30 0.65 R8.23 R10.53 R5.08 R2.63 0.33 0.12 R8.1988 R3.34 R4.25 0.29 0.66 R8.54 R10.64 R5.10 R2.65 0.41 0.10 R8.1989 R3.34 R4.33 0.28 0.69 R8.64 R10.65 R5.08 R2.61 0.38 0.12 R8.1990 R3.37 R4.64 0.27 0.46 R8.73 R10.81 R5.13 R2.62 0.40 0.13 R8.1991 R3.44 R4.40 0.25 0.48 R8.57 R10.72 R5.31 R2.72 0.39 0.12 R8.1992 R3.48 R4.31 R0.25 0.51 R8.55 R10.60 R5.39 R2.73 0.44 0.14 8.1993 R3.18 R3.51 R0.24 R0.44 R7.37 R10.43 R5.46 R2.73 R0.40 0.11 R8.1994 3.26 NA NA 0.43 NA NA 5.67 2.72 0.46 0.15 9.

R=Revised data. Notes: • Most data on this table are revised, and the units are million metric tons versus thousand

metric tons used last year. • Estimates of methane emissions are, in general, highly uncertain. The level

of precision is probably on the order of 30 to 50 percent. For additional information, see "UncertaintiesAssociated with Methane Emissions" in the source report, page 100. • Anthropogenic, in the context of

emissions, means "produced as the result of human activities." • Ruminant animals, such as cattle,

buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, emit methane as a product of the digestive process. • Under certain

conditions, methane may be produced naturally via anaerobic landfills, animal wastes, and rice paddies. • Totals may not equal rounding.

Sources: • 1985 and 1986—Energy Information Administration 

Forecasting estimates. • 1987 forward—EIA, Emissions of G

1987-1994, October 1995, Table 15.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 12.5 Emissions From Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generating Units at Electric Utilities

338

1 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of 

carbon = 3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.

Note: Because horizontal and vertical scales differ, graSource: Table 12.5.

Carbon Dioxide

FiredFiredFired

0 600 1,200 1,800

1,675

76

156

Million Short Tons of Gas1

Emissions by Generating Unit Type, 1994

Sulfur Dioxide

Fired

0 4 8 12 16

12.6

0.5

0

Million Short Tons of Gas

(s)

Nitr

Fired

0 2 

0.1

0.5

Million 

Petroleum

Coal

Gas

Carbon Dioxide

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

0.00.51.01.52.0

Billion Short Tons of Gas1

Total Emissions, 1985-1994

Sulfur Dioxide

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993

05

101520

Million Short Tons of Gas

Nitro

1985 1987 

02468

10

Million Short Tons of Gas
Table 12.5 Emissions From Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generating Units at Electric Utilities, 198

 (Thousand Short Tons of Gas)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum Fired Gas Fired 

Carbon

Dioxide2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide2

Sulfur

Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxides

Carbon

Dioxide2

1985 1,430,704 14,871 6,439 81,401 552 185 173,710 1 666 1,686,381986 1,422,436 14,654 6,380 110,655 762 260 150,581 1 572 1,685,801987 1,509,662 14,883 6,613 94,278 630 219 165,227 1 629 1,771,411988 1,623,317 15,202 6,963 114,303 716 272 149,834 1 580 1,891,041989 1,623,130 15,297 7,045 120,688 760 284 158,666 1 605 1,917,601990 1,613,100 15,038 7,076 91,978 623 219 157,091 1 588 1,874,151991 1,621,926 14,695 7,078 87,697 637 209 159,562 1 602 1,878,831992 1,625,788 14,445 7,113 69,803 531 167 159,221 1 601 1,863,361993 1,711,673 13,844 5,288 84,129 583 136 146,584 1 424 1,946,261994 1,675,006 12,590 5,148 75,523 510 118 156,222 1 450 1,909,51

1 Total also includes plants fired by light oil, methane, coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas,

wood, and refuse. 2 Carbon dioxide gas can be converted to units of carbon by dividing by 3.667. One ton of carbon =3.667 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

Notes: • Historical data are revised to reflect changed emission factors for the calculation of carbon

dioxide and sulfur dioxide and reductions from nitrogen oxides control technologies. See Technical Notesin the Electric Power Annual 1992 for additional information. • Emissions are based on fuel consumption

data reported on Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report," for steam-electricgenerating units of 10 megawatts or larger. Total carbon dioxide emissions based on fuel consumption

data reported on Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," are 

Gases in the United States 1985-1990. • All data are prel

publications. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to ind

Sources: Coal Fired, Petroleum Fired, and Gas Fired: 

Administration (EIA), Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant OperatElectric Power Annual 1993 (December 1994), Table 47. • 19

Volume II (November 1995), Table 25. Total: • 1985-1989—EI

Operation and Design Report." • 1990 forward—EIA, Electric Po

1995), Table 22.
Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

Figure 12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generators for Electric Utility Plants With Environmental Equipment

340

Note: Because vertical scales differ, graphs should not be compared. Source: Table 12.6.

Petroleum- and Gas-Fireby Equipment Type, 198

1986 1988 

0

255075

100

Thousand Megawatts

By Fuel and Equipment Type, 1994

Particulate Cooling Towers Scrubbers Particulate Cooling Towers 

0

100200300400

319.3

137.3

80.6

31.7 28.2

Thousand Megawatts

Collectors Collectors

Coal Fired Petroleum and Gas Fired

Total Equipment by Type, 1985-1994

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

100200300400

Thousand Megawatts

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

Coal-Fired Units by Equipment Type, 1985-1994

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

0

100200300400

Thousand Megawatts

Particulate Collectors

Cooling Towers

Scrubbers

Particu

Coo
Table 12.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Generators for Electric U

 Environmental Equipment, 1985-1994 (Megawatts)

Year

Coal Fired Petroleum and Gas Fired 

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers Scrubbers Total 1

Particulate

Collectors

Cooling

Towers 

1985 302,056 120,591 56,955 304,706 36,054 28,895 65 62,371 338,110 149,486 1986 308,566 126,731 63,735 311,217 34,258 27,919 65 59,618 342,825 154,650 1987 311,043 127,875 65,688 312,885 33,431 27,912 65 58,783 344,474 155,786 1988 311,776 129,366 67,156 313,618 34,063 27,434 65 58,937 345,839 156,800 1989 313,708 131,697 67,506 315,549 33,975 28,386 65 59,736 347,655 160,087 1990 315,681 134,199 69,057 317,522 33,639 28,359 65 59,372 349,319 162,557 1991 319,127 136,270 70,294 319,189 33,864 29,067 260 59,773 352,990 165,337 1992 320,016 136,542 71,157 320,078 33,509 28,764 195 59,116 353,525 165,306 1993 318,830 136,028 70,890 318,893 32,620 28,922 0 58,580 351,451 164,951 1994 319,309 137,266 80,617 319,600 31,695 28,186 0 57,123 351,004 165,452 

1 Components are not additive because some generators are included in more than one category.

Notes: • Historical data are revised to include emissions from other fuels (including light oil, methane,

coal-oil mixture, propane gas, blast furnace gas, wood, and refuse); to incorporate reevaluation andresubmission of data by respondents to The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990; and to reflect revisions tothe methodology used to estimate emissions. • All data are preliminary and may be revised in futurepublications. • Coverage is plants with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100 megawatts or greater.

Sources: Coal Fired and Petroleum and Gas Fired: • 1985-1

(EIA), Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design 

Annual 1994, Volume II (November 1995), Tables 26 and 27. 

EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report." 

Annual 1994, Volume II (November 1995), Table 23.
Appendix A

Thermal Conversion Factors

Energy Source Heat ContentAsphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.636Aviation Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.048Butane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.326Butane-Propane Mixture (60 percent-40 percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.130Distillate Fuel Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.825Ethane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.082Ethane-Propane Mixture (70 percent-30 percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.308Isobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.974Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.670Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.355Kerosene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.670Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.065Motor Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.253Natural Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.620Pentanes Plus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.620Petrochemical Feedstocks

Naphtha less than 401° F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.248Other Oils equal to or greater than 401° F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.825

Still Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.000

Petroleum Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.024Plant Condensate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.418Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.836Residual Fuel Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.287Road Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.636Special Naphthas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.248Still Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.000Unfinished Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.825Unfractionated Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.418Waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.537Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.796

Table A1. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products

(Million Btu per Barrel) 

mal Conversion Factors

ctors presented in the following seven tables

e heat content in British thermal units (Btu)

gy measured in physical units, such as bar

mple, 10 barrels of asphalt has a heat content

million Btu (10 barrels x 6.636 million

Btu).

rmal conversion factors presented in Tables

ted from final annual data. However, if the

e not available in time for publication, ther

the current year are computed from the best

led “preliminary.” The source of each factor

entitled “Thermal Conversion Factor Source

llows Table A7 in this appendix.

s for hydrocarbon mixes are weighted aver

rsion factors for each hydrocarbon included

n calculating the thermal conversion factor

e mixture, the thermal conversion factor for

es more heavily than the thermal conversion

ritish thermal units (the standardized unit of

be found in Appendix D, “Energy Units in

lossary.

Source: See “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which follows Table A7.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 343
Table A2. Approximate Heat Content of Crude Oil, Crude Oil and Products, and Natural Gas Plant 

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Crude Oil Only Crude Oil and Products 

Production Imports Exports Imports Exports 

1949 5.800 5.952 5.800 6.059 5.692 1950 5.800 5.943 5.800 6.080 5.766 1951 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.075 5.762 1952 5.800 5.938 5.800 6.067 5.774 1953 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.052 5.742 1954 5.800 5.931 5.800 6.052 5.745 1955 5.800 5.924 5.800 6.040 5.768 1956 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.024 5.754 1957 5.800 5.918 5.800 6.023 5.780 1958 5.800 5.916 5.800 5.993 5.779 1959 5.800 5.916 5.800 6.020 5.829 1960 5.800 5.911 5.800 6.021 5.834 1961 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.991 5.832 1962 5.800 5.890 5.800 6.004 5.841 1963 5.800 5.894 5.800 6.002 5.840 1964 5.800 5.882 5.800 5.998 5.844 1965 5.800 5.872 5.800 5.997 5.743 1966 5.800 5.863 5.800 5.993 5.729 1967 5.800 5.838 5.800 5.999 5.777 1968 5.800 5.836 5.800 5.977 5.763 1969 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.974 5.714 1970 5.800 5.822 5.800 5.985 5.810 1971 5.800 5.824 5.800 5.961 5.775 1972 5.800 5.809 5.800 5.935 5.741 1973 5.800 5.817 5.800 5.897 5.752 1974 5.800 5.827 5.800 5.884 5.774 1975 5.800 5.821 5.800 5.858 5.748 1976 5.800 5.808 5.800 5.856 5.745 1977 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.834 5.797 1978 5.800 5.802 5.800 5.839 5.808 1979 5.800 5.810 5.800 5.810 5.832 1980 5.800 5.812 5.800 5.796 5.820 1981 5.800 5.818 5.800 5.775 5.821 1982 5.800 5.826 5.800 5.775 5.820 1983 5.800 5.825 5.800 5.774 5.800 1984 5.800 5.823 5.800 5.745 5.850 1985 5.800 5.832 5.800 5.736 5.814 1986 5.800 5.903 5.800 5.808 5.832 1987 5.800 5.901 5.800 5.820 5.858 1988 5.800 5.900 5.800 5.820 5.840 1989 5.800 5.906 5.800 5.833 5.857 1990 5.800 5.934 5.800 5.849 5.833 1991 5.800 5.948 5.800 5.873 5.823 1992 5.800 5.953 5.800 5.877 5.777 1993 5.800 5.954 5.800 5.883 5.779 1994 5.800 R5.950 5.800 R5.861 5.781 

1995P 5.800 5.956 5.800 5.875 5.751 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Includes lease condensate.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Product Weighted Averages, 1949-1995

 (Million Btu per Barrel)

Year

Consumption

Imports 

Residential

and Commercial Industrial Transportation

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 5.631 5.947 5.465 6.254 5.649 6.261 1950 5.626 5.940 5.461 6.254 5.649 6.263 1951 5.626 5.913 5.458 6.254 5.634 6.265 1952 5.621 5.905 5.442 6.254 5.621 6.261 1953 5.606 5.897 5.426 6.254 5.608 6.268 1954 5.603 5.883 5.412 6.254 5.595 6.252 1955 5.607 5.866 5.408 6.254 5.591 6.234 1956 5.601 5.856 5.406 6.254 5.585 6.225 1957 5.587 5.842 5.405 6.254 5.577 6.219 1958 5.582 5.832 5.393 6.254 5.567 6.091 1959 5.549 5.811 5.389 6.254 5.557 6.142 1960 5.570 5.800 5.388 6.267 5.555 6.161 1961 5.570 5.795 5.386 6.268 5.552 6.102 1962 5.555 5.784 5.386 6.267 5.545 6.138 1963 5.532 5.759 5.384 6.266 5.534 6.126 1964 5.517 5.728 5.388 6.267 5.528 6.129 1965 5.535 5.728 5.387 6.267 5.532 6.123 1966 5.523 5.722 5.388 6.266 5.532 6.112 1967 5.473 5.682 5.391 6.266 5.515 6.128 1968 5.450 5.646 5.394 6.263 5.504 6.095 1969 5.399 5.603 5.394 6.259 5.492 6.093 1970 5.404 5.604 5.393 6.252 5.503 6.088 1971 5.392 5.600 5.389 6.245 5.504 6.062 1972 5.368 5.564 5.388 6.233 5.500 6.045 1973 5.387 5.568 5.395 6.245 5.515 5.983 1974 5.377 5.538 5.394 6.238 5.504 5.959 1975 5.358 5.528 5.392 6.250 5.494 5.935 1976 5.383 5.538 5.395 6.251 5.504 5.980 1977 5.389 5.555 5.400 6.249 5.518 5.908 1978 5.382 5.553 5.404 6.251 5.519 5.955 1979 5.471 5.418 5.428 6.258 5.494 5.811 1980 5.468 5.376 5.440 6.254 5.479 5.748 1981 5.409 5.313 5.432 6.258 5.448 5.659 1982 5.392 5.263 5.422 6.258 5.415 5.664 1983 5.286 5.273 5.415 6.255 5.406 5.677 1984 5.384 5.223 5.422 6.251 5.395 5.613 1985 5.326 5.221 5.423 6.247 5.387 5.572 1986 5.357 5.286 5.427 6.257 5.418 5.624 1987 5.316 5.253 5.430 6.249 5.403 5.599 1988 5.320 5.248 5.434 6.250 5.410 5.618 1989 5.257 5.233 5.440 6.241 5.410 5.641 1990 5.208 5.272 5.445 6.247 5.411 5.614 1991 5.163 5.192 5.442 6.248 5.384 5.636 1992 5.169 5.188 5.445 6.243 5.378 5.623 1993 5.148 5.200 5.438 6.241 5.379 5.620 1994 R5.154 R5.171 R5.442 6.231 R5.371 5.538 

1995P 5.150 5.150 5.439 6.210 5.358 5.510 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Note: Weighted averages of the products included in each category are calculated by using heat content

values shown in Table A1.

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, 1949-1995

 (Btu per Cubic Foot)

Year

Production Consumption

Dry Imports 

Marketed

(Wet)

Sectors Other Than

Electric Utilities

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1950 1,035 1,119 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1951 1,035 1,114 1,035 1,035 1,035 — 1952 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1953 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1954 1,035 1,115 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1955 1,035 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1956 1,035 1,116 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1957 1,035 1,113 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1958 1,035 1,110 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1959 1,035 1,109 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1960 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1961 1,035 1,108 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1962 1,035 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1963 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1964 1,032 1,102 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1965 1,032 1,101 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1966 1,033 1,103 1,033 1,033 1,033 1,033 1967 1,032 1,105 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1968 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1969 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1970 1,031 1,102 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1971 1,031 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1972 1,027 1,100 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027 1973 1,021 1,093 1,020 1,024 1,021 1,026 1974 1,024 1,097 1,024 1,022 1,024 1,027 1975 1,021 1,095 1,020 1,026 1,021 1,026 1976 1,020 1,093 1,019 1,023 1,020 1,025 1977 1,021 1,093 1,019 1,029 1,021 1,026 1978 1,019 1,088 1,016 1,034 1,019 1,030 1979 1,021 1,092 1,018 1,035 1,021 1,037 1980 1,026 1,098 1,024 1,035 1,026 1,022 1981 1,027 1,103 1,025 1,035 1,027 1,014 1982 1,028 1,107 1,026 1,036 1,028 1,018 1983 1,031 1,115 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,024 1984 1,031 1,109 1,030 1,035 1,031 1,005 1985 1,032 1,112 1,031 1,038 1,032 1,002 1986 1,030 1,110 1,029 1,034 1,030 997 1987 1,031 1,112 1,031 1,032 1,031 999 1988 1,029 1,109 1,029 1,028 1,029 1,002 1989 1,031 1,107 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,004 1990 1,031 1,106 1,030 1,034 1,031 1,012 1991 1,030 1,108 1,031 1,024 1,030 1,014 1992 1,030 1,110 1,031 1,022 1,030 1,011 1993 1,027 1,106 1,028 1,022 1,027 1,020 1994 R1,028 R1,105 R1,029 1,022 R1,028 R1,022 

1995P 1,028 1,105 1,029 1,022 1,028 1,022 

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, 1949-1995

 (Million Btu per Short Ton)

Year

Coal 

Production

Consumption

Imports 

Residential

and

Commercial

Coke

Plants

Other

Industries 1

ElectricUtilities Total

1949 24.916 24.263 26.797 24.612 23.761 24.793 25.000 1950 25.090 24.461 26.798 24.820 23.937 24.989 25.020 1951 25.019 24.281 26.796 24.521 23.701 24.813 25.034 1952 25.096 24.371 26.796 24.724 23.885 24.901 25.040 1953 25.147 24.383 26.796 24.785 23.964 25.006 25.048 1954 25.054 24.362 26.795 24.788 23.996 24.913 25.012 1955 25.201 24.373 26.794 24.821 24.056 24.982 25.000 1956 25.117 24.195 26.792 24.664 23.943 24.843 25.000 1957 25.213 24.238 26.792 24.707 23.980 24.905 25.001 1958 24.983 24.287 26.794 24.606 23.897 24.716 25.005 1959 24.910 24.224 26.790 24.609 23.924 24.719 25.003 1960 24.906 24.226 26.791 24.609 23.927 24.713 25.003 1961 24.849 24.248 26.792 24.580 23.904 24.653 25.002 1962 24.828 24.173 26.788 24.562 23.911 24.627 25.013 1963 24.831 24.033 26.784 24.509 23.897 24.588 25.007 1964 24.840 24.037 26.785 24.477 23.864 24.602 25.000 1965 24.775 24.028 26.787 24.385 23.780 24.537 25.000 1966 24.629 23.915 26.786 24.226 23.648 24.396 25.000 1967 24.475 23.685 26.781 24.040 23.506 24.243 25.000 1968 24.445 23.621 26.780 24.014 23.486 24.186 25.000 1969 24.280 23.474 26.779 23.724 23.240 23.976 25.000 1970 23.842 23.203 26.784 22.983 22.573 23.440 25.000 1971 23.507 23.090 26.784 22.670 22.301 23.124 25.000 1972 23.389 22.998 26.782 22.550 22.204 23.036 25.000 1973 23.376 22.831 26.780 22.586 22.246 23.057 25.000 1974 23.072 22.479 26.778 22.419 21.781 22.677 25.000 1975 22.897 22.261 26.782 22.436 21.642 22.506 25.000 1976 22.855 22.774 26.781 22.530 21.679 22.498 25.000 1977 22.597 22.919 26.787 22.322 21.508 22.265 25.000 1978 22.248 22.466 26.789 22.207 21.275 22.017 25.000 1979 22.454 22.242 26.788 22.452 21.364 22.100 25.000 1980 22.415 22.543 26.790 22.690 21.295 21.947 25.000 1981 22.308 22.474 26.794 22.585 21.085 21.713 25.000 1982 22.239 22.695 26.797 22.712 21.194 21.674 25.000 1983 22.052 22.775 26.798 22.691 21.133 21.576 25.000 1984 22.010 22.844 26.799 22.543 21.101 21.573 25.000 1985 21.870 22.646 26.798 22.020 20.959 21.366 25.000 1986 21.913 22.947 26.798 22.198 21.084 21.462 25.000 1987 21.922 23.404 26.799 22.381 21.136 21.517 25.000 1988 21.823 23.571 26.799 22.360 20.900 21.328 25.000 1989 21.765 23.650 26.800 22.347 20.848 21.272 25.000 1990 21.822 23.137 26.799 22.457 20.929 21.331 25.000 1991 21.681 23.114 26.799 22.460 20.755 21.146 25.000 1992 21.646 23.105 26.799 22.250 20.787 21.143 25.000 1993 21.388 22.994 26.800 22.123 20.639 20.983 25.000 1994 21.352 R23.112 26.800 R22.068 R20.673 R21.010 25.000 

1995P 21.278 23.165 26.800 21.909 20.502 20.852 25.000 

1 Includes transportation.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. 

Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A6. Approximate Heat Content of Coal by Type, 1949-1995

 (Million Btu per Short Ton)

Year

Bituminous Coal 1 and Lignite Anthra

Production

Consumption

Imports Exports Production

Consu

Residential

and

Commercial

Coke

Plants

Other

Industry 2

ElectricUtilities Total

Sectors Other

Than Electric

Utilities

EleUt

1949 24.965 24.044 26.800 24.601 24.022 24.836 25.000 27.000 24.421 24.954 171950 25.126 24.162 26.800 24.804 24.200 25.024 25.000 27.000 24.667 25.297 171951 25.065 23.988 26.800 24.503 23.936 24.854 25.000 27.000 24.439 25.082 171952 25.157 24.108 26.800 24.711 24.118 24.955 25.000 27.000 24.400 25.063 171953 25.207 24.143 26.800 24.773 24.172 25.062 25.000 27.000 24.264 25.132 171954 25.115 24.144 26.800 24.775 24.174 24.971 25.000 27.000 24.234 25.015 171955 25.258 24.166 26.800 24.811 24.206 25.034 25.000 27.000 24.194 25.084 171956 25.187 24.082 26.800 24.668 24.080 24.913 25.000 27.000 23.899 24.548 171957 25.286 24.108 26.800 24.711 24.118 24.979 25.000 27.000 23.785 24.587 171958 25.031 24.039 26.800 24.592 24.014 24.758 25.000 27.000 24.059 25.003 171959 24.965 24.047 26.800 24.606 24.026 24.773 25.000 27.000 23.817 24.666 171960 24.960 24.054 26.800 24.604 24.029 24.765 25.000 27.000 23.717 24.721 171961 24.892 24.034 26.800 24.569 23.993 24.693 25.000 27.000 23.854 24.870 171962 24.869 24.027 26.800 24.558 23.988 24.668 25.000 27.000 23.811 24.666 171963 24.879 24.007 26.800 24.524 23.962 24.639 25.000 27.000 23.633 24.110 171964 24.887 23.988 26.800 24.490 23.928 24.652 25.000 27.000 23.507 24.164 171965 24.813 23.928 26.800 24.387 23.836 24.575 25.000 27.000 23.471 24.316 171966 24.664 23.836 26.800 24.227 23.699 24.431 25.000 27.000 23.202 24.193 171967 24.516 23.737 26.800 24.056 23.554 24.287 25.000 27.000 22.655 23.506 171968 24.487 23.724 26.800 24.034 23.531 24.229 25.000 27.000 22.426 23.293 171969 24.313 23.553 26.800 23.737 23.274 24.011 25.000 27.000 22.543 23.200 171970 23.862 23.111 26.800 22.973 22.603 23.461 25.000 27.000 22.603 23.476 171971 23.519 22.927 26.800 22.653 22.325 23.138 25.000 27.000 22.718 23.572 171972 23.400 22.861 26.800 22.539 22.225 23.050 25.000 27.000 22.422 23.403 171973 23.391 22.887 26.800 22.585 22.262 23.073 25.000 26.612 22.132 22.674 171974 23.087 22.523 26.800 22.420 21.799 22.694 25.000 26.716 21.711 22.330 171975 22.910 22.258 26.800 22.439 21.659 22.522 25.000 26.573 21.582 22.272 171976 22.863 22.819 26.800 22.528 21.692 22.509 25.000 26.613 22.045 22.618 171977 22.597 22.594 26.800 22.290 21.521 22.266 25.000 26.561 22.661 24.101 171978 22.242 22.078 26.800 22.175 21.284 22.014 25.000 26.501 23.079 24.388 171979 22.449 21.884 26.800 22.436 21.372 22.100 25.000 26.570 23.170 24.272 171980 22.411 22.488 26.800 22.690 21.301 21.950 25.000 26.404 22.869 22.719 171981 22.301 22.010 26.800 22.572 21.091 21.710 25.000 26.176 23.291 23.749 181982 22.233 22.226 26.800 22.695 21.200 21.670 25.000 26.231 23.289 24.578 181983 22.048 22.438 26.800 22.680 21.141 21.576 25.000 26.300 22.734 24.536 161984 22.005 22.406 26.800 22.525 21.108 21.570 25.000 26.410 23.107 25.128 171985 21.867 22.568 26.800 22.013 20.965 21.368 25.000 26.320 22.428 23.031 161986 21.908 22.669 26.800 22.185 21.091 21.462 25.000 26.308 23.084 24.399 151987 21.918 22.800 26.800 22.360 21.143 21.514 25.000 26.304 23.108 26.293 151988 21.817 23.135 26.800 22.341 20.905 21.324 25.000 26.308 23.266 26.021 171989 21.759 22.917 26.800 22.324 20.854 21.268 25.000 26.166 23.385 27.196 161990 21.819 22.678 26.800 22.444 20.935 21.330 25.000 26.207 22.574 25.199 161991 21.678 22.635 26.800 22.448 20.761 21.146 25.000 26.192 22.573 25.268 151992 21.643 22.768 26.800 22.242 20.792 21.142 25.000 26.165 22.572 24.617 161993 21.383 22.749 26.800 22.111 20.644 20.983 25.000 26.341 22.573 24.096 161994 R21.347 R22.683 26.800 R22.046 R20.681 R21.011 25.000 26.335 R22.572 R25.037 R14

1995P 21.272 22.785 26.800 21.887 20.509 20.852 25.000 26.212 22.573 24.872 14

1 Includes subbituminous coal. 2 Includes transportation. R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Table A7. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, 1949-1995

 (Btu per Kilowatthour)

Year

Electricity Generation

Fossil-Fueled

Steam-Electric Plants 1

Nuclear

Steam-Electric Plants

Geothermal Energy

Plants

1949 15,033 — — 1950 14,030 — — 1951 13,641 — — 1952 13,361 — — 1953 12,889 — — 1954 12,180 — — 1955 11,699 — — 1956 11,456 — — 1957 11,365 11,629 — 1958 11,085 11,629 — 1959 10,970 11,629 — 1960 10,760 11,629 23,200 1961 10,650 11,629 23,200 1962 10,558 11,629 23,200 1963 10,482 11,877 22,182 1964 10,462 11,912 22,182 1965 10,453 11,804 22,182 1966 10,415 11,623 22,182 1967 10,432 11,555 21,770 1968 10,398 11,297 21,606 1969 10,447 11,037 21,606 1970 10,494 10,977 21,606 1971 10,478 10,837 21,655 1972 10,379 10,792 21,668 1973 10,389 10,903 21,674 1974 10,442 11,161 21,674 1975 10,406 11,013 21,611 1976 10,373 11,047 21,611 1977 10,435 10,769 21,611 1978 10,361 10,941 21,611 1979 10,353 10,879 21,545 1980 10,388 10,908 21,639 1981 10,453 11,030 21,639 1982 10,454 11,073 21,629 1983 10,520 10,905 21,290 1984 10,440 10,843 21,303 1985 10,447 10,813 21,263 1986 10,446 10,799 21,263 1987 10,419 10,776 21,263 1988 10,324 10,743 21,096 1989 10,317 10,724 21,096 1990 10,335 10,680 21,096 1991 10,352 10,740 20,997 1992 10,302 10,678 20,914 1993 10,280 10,682 20,914 1994 R10,272 R10,676 20,914 

1995P 10,272 10,676 20,914 

1 Used as the thermal conversion factor for hydroelectric power generation and for wood and waste,

wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy consumed at electric utilities.

R=Revised data. P=Preliminary data. — = Not applicable. Source: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentatio
Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation

Heat Content of Petroleum

ral Gas Plant Liquids

ormation Administration (EIA) adopted the

of 6.636 million British thermal units (Btu)

the Bureau of Mines and first published in

Annual, 1956.

adopted the thermal conversion factor of

el as adopted by the Bureau of Mines from

ission Corporation publication Competition

Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release

statistics.

Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor

barrel as published in the California Oil

ustry, First Issue, April 1942.

. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines calcu

per barrel based on an assumed mixture of

percent propane. See Butane and Propane.

sumed by EIA to be 5.800 million Btu per

rmal conversion factor for crude oil pro

s. See Crude Oil and Lease Condensate,

culated annually by EIA by weighting the

of each type of crude oil imported by the

l conversion factors for each type were cal

untry basis, by determining the average

tute (API) gravity of crude imported from

Form ERA-60 in 1977 and converting av

ge Btu content by using National Bureau of

Publication No. 97, Thermal Properties of

ondensate, Production. EIA adopted the

of 5.800 million Btu per barrel as reported

nal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Stand

ues of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3,

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Exports. Calculated annuallyby EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product exported and crude oil exported weighted by thequantity of each petroleum product and crude oil exported. See Petroleum Products, Exports and Crude Oil, Exports.

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Imports. Calculated annuallyby EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product and each crude oil imported weighted by the quantityof each petroleum product and each type of crude oil imported. SeeCrude Oil, Imports and Petroleum Products, Imports.

Distillate Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.825 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau

of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard AverageHeating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.’’Ethane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factorof 3.082 million Btu per barrel as published in the California OilWorld and Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.Ethane-Propane Mixture. EIA calculation of 3.308 million Btu perbarrel based on an assumed mixture of 70 percent ethane and 30 percent propane. See Ethane and Propane.Isobutane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 3.974 million Btu per barrel as published in the California OilWorld and Petroleum Industry, First Issue, April 1942.Jet Fuel, Kerosene Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermalconversion factor of 5.670 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Commercial’’ as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporationin the report Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.Jet Fuel, Naphtha Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermalconversion factor of 5.355 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Military’’ as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation inthe report Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.Kerosene. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.670 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
ureau of Mines Standard Average Heating

Adopted January 3, 1950.’’

the thermal conversion factor of 6.065 mil

timated by the Bureau of Mines and first

m Statement, Annual, 1956.

EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor

barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines

Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

opted the Bureau of Mines thermal conver

n Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel’’

Eastern Transmission Corporation in the re

wth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985,

al and projected statistics.

ids, Production. Calculated annually by

thermal conversion factors of each natural

weighted by the quantity of each natural gas

adopted the thermal conversion factor of

el as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and

oleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

umed the thermal conversion factor to be

al to that for natural gasoline. See Natural

s, Naphtha less than 401° F. Assumed by

Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conver

htha. See Special Naphthas.

ks, Other Oils equal to or greater than

to be 5.825 million Btu per barrel, equal to

tor for distillate fuel oil. See Distillate Fuel

s, Still Gas. Assumed by EIA to be 6.000

ual to the thermal conversion factor for still

opted the thermal conversion factor of 6.024

reported in Btu per short ton in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Av- erage Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.’’ The Bureau of Mines calculated this factor by dividing 30,120,000 Btu per short ton, as given in the referenced Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, by 5.0 barrels per short ton, as given in the Bureau of Mines Form 6-1300-M and successor EIA forms. Petroleum Products, Total Consumption. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed, weighted by the quantity of each petroleum prod- uct consumed. Petroleum Products, Consumption by Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed at electric utilities, weighted by the quantity of each petroleum product consumed at electric utilities. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State En- ergy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report. Petroleum Products, Consumption by Industrial Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed in the industrial sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the in- dustrial sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report. Petroleum Products, Consumption by Residential and Commer- cial Users. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed by the resi- dential and commercial sector, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the residential and commercial sector. The quantity of petroleum products consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report. Petroleum Products, Consumption by Transportation Users. Cal- culated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed in the transportation sec- tor, weighted by the estimated quantity of each petroleum product consumed in the transportation sector. The quantity of petroleum prod- ucts consumed is estimated in the State Energy Data System as documented in EIA’s State Energy Data Report.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 351
ports. Calculated annually by EIA as the

nversion factors for each petroleum product,

of each petroleum product exported.

ports. Calculated annually by EIA as the av

version factors for each petroleum product

quantity of each petroleum product imported.

ted to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel by EIA

Clanahan Consultants, Inc., Houston, Texas.

e Bureau of Mines thermal conversion fac

er barrel as published in the California Oil

ustry, First Issue, April 1942.

adopted the thermal conversion factor of

el as reported in the Bureau of Mines inter

of Mines Standard Average Heating Values

January 3, 1950.’’

he Bureau of Mines thermal conversion fac

er barrel, which was assumed to be equal to

lt) and was first published by the Bureau of

atement, Annual, 1970.

dopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conver

n Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be

asoline (aviation and motor) factor and was

oleum Statement, Annual, 1970.

he Bureau of Mines estimated thermal con

illion Btu per barrel, first published in the

ual, 1970.

umed the thermal conversion factor to be

el or equal to that for distillate fuel oil (see

irst published it in EIA’s Annual Report to

.

EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor

r barrel or equal to that for plant condensate

nd first published it in EIA’s Annual Report

81.

Wax. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.537 million Btuper barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published inthe Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas

Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1949-1962: EIA adopted the

thermal conversion factor of 1,035 Btu per cubic foot as estimated bythe Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement,Annual, 1956. • 1963-1979: EIA adopted the thermal conversion

factor calculated annually by the American Gas Association (AGA)and published in Gas Facts, an AGA annual publication. • 1980-

1992: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content ofnatural gas consumed by the total quantity of natural gas consumed.The heat content and quantity consumed are from Form EIA-176. Published sources are: • 1980-1989: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1992,Volume 2, Table 15. • 1990-1992: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 1992,

Volume 2, Table 16. • 1993: 1992 value used as an estimate.

Natural Gas, Exports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal tothe thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas.See Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1973 forward: Calculated

annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of exported naturalgas by the quantity of natural gas exported, both reported on FormFPC-14.Natural Gas, Imports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal tothe thermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas.See Natural Gas, Total Consumption. • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of imported natural gas by the

quantity of natural gas imported, both reported on Form FPC-14.Natural Gas, Production (Dry). Assumed by EIA to be equal to thethermal conversion factor for the consumption of dry natural gas. SeeNatural Gas, Total Consumption.Natural Gas, Production (Wet). Calculated annually by EIA by adding the heat content of natural gas, dry production, and the total heatcontent of natural gas plant liquids production and dividing this sumby the total quantity of marketed (wet) natural gas production.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
Content of Coal and Coal Coke

mption. Calculated annually by EIA by di

content of anthracite consumed by electric

rs combined by the total quantity of anthra

n by Electric Utilities. • 1949-1972: As

thracite consumed at electric utilities was

s and river dredging and estimated to have

f 17.500 million Btu per short ton. • 1973

lly by EIA by dividing the heat content of

ctric utilities by the quantity of anthracite

ies, as reported on Form FERC-423 and

n by Sectors Other Than Electric Utilities.

A by dividing the heat content of anthracite

ontent of the anthracite consumed at electric

hipments to U.S. Armed Forces overseas by

onsumed by sectors other than electric utili

f anthracite stock changes, losses, and

Exports. EIA assumed the anthracite im

eshly mined anthracite having an estimated

llion Btu per short ton.

Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the

freshly mined anthracite (estimated to have

f 25.400 million Btu per short ton) and the

recovered from culm banks and river dredg

average heat content of 17.500 million Btu

quantity of anthracite produced.

gnite, Total Consumption. Calculated an

the sum of the heat content of bituminous

by electric utilities, coal coke plants, other

e residential and commercial sector and the

e sum of their respective tonnages.

gnite, Consumption by Coke Plants. Esti

800 million Btu per short ton based on

oal carbonization.

Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Electric Utilities.• 1949-1972: EIA adopted the average thermal conversion factor ofthe Bureau of Mines, which used the National Coal Association average thermal conversion factor for electric utilities calculated fromForm FPC-1 and published in Steam Electric Plant Factors, a National Coal Association annual report. • 1973 forward: Calculated

annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content of bituminous coaland lignite received at electric utilities by the total quantity received atelectric utilities. Heat contents and receipts are from Form FERC423 and predecessor forms.Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Other IndustrialUsers. • 1949-1973: Calculated annually by EIA through regression

analysis measuring the difference between the average Btu value ofcoal consumed by other industrial users and that of coal consumed atelectric utilities in the 1974-1983 period. • 1974 forward: Calculated

annually by EIA by assuming that the bituminous coal and lignite delivered to other industrial users from each coal-producing area(reported on Form EIA-6 and predecessor Bureau of Mines Form 6-1419-Q) contained a heat value equal to that of bituminous coal andlignite received at electric utilities from each of the same coal-producing areas (reported on Form FERC-423). The average Btu value ofcoal by coal-producing area was applied to the volume of deliveries toother industrial users from each coal-producing area, and the sum totalof the heat content was divided by the total volume of deliveries.Coal-producing areas are the Bureau of Mines coal-producing districtsfor 1974 through 1989 and coal-producing States for 1990 forward.Bituminous Coal and Lignite, Consumption by Residential andCommercial Users. • 1949-1973: Calculated annually by EIA through

regression analysis measuring the difference between the average Btuvalue of coal consumed by residental and commercial users and that ofcoal consumed by electric utilities in the 1974-1983 period. • 1974 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by assuming that the bituminous

coal and lignite delivered to residential and commercial users fromeach coal-producing area (reported on Form EIA-6 and predecessorBureau of Mines Form 6-1419-Q) contained a heat value equal to thatof bituminous coal and lignite received at electric utilities from eachof the same coal-producing areas (reported on Form FERC-423). Theaverage Btu value of coal by coal-producing area was applied to thevolume of deliveries to residential and commercial users from eachcoal-producing area, and the sum total of the heat value was dividedby the total volume of deliveries. Coal-producing areas are the Bureau

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 353
stricts for 1974 through 1989 and coal-produc

.

ite, Consumption by Transportation Users.

al to the Btu conversion factor for Bituminous

mption by Other Industrial Users.

gnite, Exports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by

l coal and to have an average thermal con

u per short ton. • 1973 forward: Calculated

ng the sum of the heat content of exported

ed to average 27.000 million Btu per short

f exported steam coal (estimated to have an

25.000 million Btu per short ton) by the to

coal and lignite exported.

gnite, Imports. EIA estimated the average

to be 25.000 million Btu per short ton.

gnite, Production. Calculated annually by

of the heat content of bituminous coal and

exports, stock changes, and unaccounted

respective tonnages. Consumers’ stock

assumed to have the same conversion fac

ption sector. Producers’ stock changes and

umed to have the same conversion factor

by all users.

n. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing

t of bituminous coal and lignite and anthra

um of their respective tonnages.

Electric Utilities. Calculated annually by

of the heat content of bituminous coal and

ived at electric utilities by the sum of their

ed.

ectors Other Than Electric Utilities. Cal

by dividing the sum of the heat content of

e and anthracite consumed by sectors other

e sum of their respective tonnages.

d annually by EIA by dividing the sum of

nous coal and lignite and anthracite exported

tive tonnages.

Coal, Imports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sum ofthe heat content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthracite importedby the sum of their respective tonnages.Coal, Production. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the sumof the total heat content of bituminous coal and lignite and anthraciteproduced by the sum of their respective tonnages.Coal Coke, Imports and Exports. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines

estimate of 24.800 million Btu per short ton.

Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity

Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Plant Generation. There is no generally accepted practice for measuring the thermal conversion rates forpower plants that generate electricity from hydroelectric, wood andwaste, wind, photovoltaic, or solar thermal energy sources. Therefore,EIA used data from Form EIA-767, “Steam-Electric Power Operationand Design Report,” to calculate a rate factor that is equal to the prevailing annual average heat rate factor for fossil-fueled steam-electricpower plants in the United States. By using that factor, it is possible toevaluate fossil fuel requirements for replacing those sources duringperiods of interruption, such as droughts. The heat content of akilowatthour of electricity produced, regardless of the generation process, is 3,412 Btu. • 1949-1955: The weighted annual average heat

rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the United States,as published by EIA in Thermal-Electric Plant Construction Cost andAnnual Production Expenses

−1981 and Steam-Electric Plant Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses

−1978. • 1956-1991:

The weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electricpower plants in the United States, as published in EIA, Electric PlantCost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 9. • 1992 forward:Unpublished factors calculated on the basis of data from Form EIA676, “Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report.”Geothermal Energy Plant Generation. • 1960-1981: Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the annual average heat rates of operating

geothermal units by the installed nameplate capacities as reported onForm FPC-12, “Power System Statement.” • 1982 forward: Estimated

annually by EIA on the basis of an informal survey of relevant plants.Nuclear Steam-Electric Plant Generation. • 1957-1991: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content consumed in

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
y the total (net) electricity generated by nu

e heat content and electricity generation are

“Annual Report of Major Electric Utilities,

Form EIA-412, “Annual Report of Public

decessor forms. The factors, beginning with

the following EIA reports—1982: Historical

duction Expenses for Selected Electric Plants

: Electric Plant Cost and Power Production

Expenses 1991, Table 13. 1992 forward: Calculated annually by EIA bydividing the total heat content of the steam leaving the nuclear generatingunits to generate electricity by the total (net) electricity generated by nuclear generating units. The heat content and electricity generation data arereported in Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Licensed Operating Reactors—Status Summary Report.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 355
Appendix B

tric and Other Physical Conversion Factors

ual Energy Review and in other Energy In

publications are expressed predominately in

ve been used in the United States, such as

els, cubic feet, and short tons. However, be

lves other nations, most of which use metric

Government is committed to the transition

ated in the Metric Conversion Act of 1975

ended by the Omnibus Trade and Competi

blic Law 100–418), and Executive Order

ctors presented in Table B1 can be used to

quivalents of values expressed in U.S. cus

e, 500 short tons is the equivalent of 453.6

metric tons (500 short tons x 0.9071847 metric tons/short ton = 453.6metric tons).In the metric system of weights and measures, the names of multiplesand subdivisions of any unit may be derived by combining the name ofthe unit with prefixes, such as deka, hecto, and kilo, meaning, respectively, 10, 100, 1,000, and deci, centi, and milli, meaning, respectively,one-tenth, one-hundredth, and one-thousandth. Common metric prefixes can be found in Table B2.The conversion factors presented in Table B3 can be used to calculateequivalents in various physical units commonly used in energy analyses. For example, 10 barrels is the equivalent of 420 U.S. gallons (10barrels x 42 gallons/barrel = 420 gallons).

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 357
Metric Unit U.S. Unit Metric Unit

Volume

x 0.907 184 7 = metric tons (t) barrels of oil (bbl) x 0.158 987 3 = cubic meters (m3)

x 1.016 047 = metric tons (t) cubic yards (yd3) x 0.764 555 = cubic meters (m3)x 0.453 592 37a = kilograms (kg) cubic feet (ft3) x 0.028 316 85 = cubic meters (m3)

x 0.384 647b = kilograms uranium (kgU) U.S. gallons (gal) x 3.785 412 = liters (L)

ounces, fluid (fl oz) x 29.573 53 = milliliters (mL)

x 28.349 52 = grams (g) cubic inches (in3) x 16.387 06 = milliliters (mL)

Area

acres x 0.404 69 = hectares (ha)

x 1.609 344a = kilometers (km) square miles (mi2) x 2.589 988 = square kilometers (km2)

x 0.914 4a = meters (m) square yards (yd2) x 0.836 127 4 = square meters (m2)

x 0.304 8a = meters (m) square feet (ft2) x 0.092 903 04a = square meters (m2)

x 2.54a = centimeters (cm) square inches (in2) x 6.451 6a = square centimeters (cm2)

Temperature

x 1,055.056c = joules (J) degrees Fahrenheit x = degrees Celsius (°C)

x 4.186 8a = joules (J) (°F)

x 3.6a = megajoules (MJ)

multiplied

by

multiplied

by equals equals

Conversion

Factor

Conversion

Factor

5/9 (after subtracting

32)a,d

ion Factors

on Administration.

rnational Table Btu adopted by the Fifth International Conference

degrees Fahrenheit (°F) exactly, multiply by 9/5, then add 32.

fter every third digit to the right of the decimal for ease of reading.

tional System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare, and metric ton

For more information about the SI units, contact Dr. Barry Taylor

at Building 245, Room C229, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,or on telephone number 301–975–4220.

Sources: ! General Services Administration, Federal Standard 376B, Preferred Metric Units for

General Use by the Federal Government (Washington, DC, January 27, 1993), pp. 9–11, 13, and 16.

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publications 330, 811, and 814. ! American

National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANSI/IEEE Std.268–1992, pp. 28 and 29.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
bol

UnitMultiple Prefix Symbol

a 10-1 deci d

10-2 centi c

10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ

10-9 nano n

10-12 pico p

10-15 femto f

10-18 atto a

10-21 zepto z

10-24 yocto y

Energy Source Original Unit Final Unit

Petroleum barrels (bbl) x 42a = U.S. gallons (gal)

Coal short tons x 2,000a = pounds (lb)

long tons x 2,240a = pounds (lb)metric tons (t) x 1,000a = kilograms (kg)

Wood cords (cd) x 1.25b = short tons

cords (cd) x 128a = cubic feet (ft3)

equals Conversion Factor multiplied by

Table B3. Other Physical Conversion Factors

aExact conversion. bCalculated by the Energy Information Administration.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, NIST

Handbook 44, 1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), pp. B-10, C-17, and C-21.

merce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The

Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 359
mates of carbon dioxide emissions produced

oal has led the Energy Information Administra

ic emission factors. Basic emission factors

content ratio of coal, a ratio which measures

er unit of energy (pounds per million Btu), as

on. These basic factors are derived from 5,426

d in EIA’s Coal Analysis File. Variations in the

os of different coals were observed to follow

origin, leading EIA to develop basic emission

and the State of origin of the coal.

and State-specific basic emission factors for

ed emission factors by sector. These sectoral

e coal consumed in a given sector by its rank

C1 presents the U.S. average carbon dioxide

by sector. Emission factors differ among sec

ctor over time for a number of reasons:

• A higher average emission factor in the residential and commercial

sector can be attributed to the steady consumption of bituminous coaland anthracite (presumably for home heating).

• Virtually all of the coal consumed by coke plants comes from only a few

States in the Appalachian Coal Basin (West Virginia, Virginia, andeastern Kentucky). Hence, the emission factors for this sector haveremained fairly constant.

• Other industrial users of coal (not coke plants) increased consumption

of low-rank, high-emission western coals, which has contributed to arise in their average emission factor.

• Electric utilities, which account for most U.S. coal consumption, have

shifted over time away from high-rank, low-emission bituminous coalto low-rank, high-emission subbituminous coal and lignite as reflectedin a gradually rising weighted-average carbon dioxide emission factor.

Industrial

Residential and

Commercial Coke Plantsa Other Coal Electric Utilities U.S. Averageb

. . . 210.6 205.8 205.9 206.7 206.5. . . 212.0 205.8 205.9 206.9 206.7. . . 210.4 205.7 206.0 207.0 206.9. . . 209.2 205.5 205.9 207.1 207.0. . . 209.5 205.6 206.2 207.1 207.0. . . 209.3 205.6 206.4 207.3 207.1. . . 209.2 205.4 206.5 207.3 207.1. . . 209.4 205.2 206.4 207.3 207.2. . . 209.1 205.3 206.4 207.6 207.3. . . 209.7 205.3 206.6 207.5 207.3. . . 209.5 206.2 206.8 207.6 207.4. . . 210.2 206.2 206.9 207.7 207.5. . . 211.2 206.2 207.1 207.7 207.6. . . 209.9 206.2 207.0 207.8 207.7. . . 209.8 206.3 207.2 207.9 207.8

Appendix C

Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal

n Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal by Coal-Consuming Sector, 1980-1994

on Dioxide per Million Btu)

r carbon retained in non-energy coal chemical byproducts from

bWeighted average. The weights used are consumption values by sector.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 361
1975- 1985-

Type of Energy Type of Unit 1975 1985 1995 1985 1995Petroleum Products gallons 3.2 2.8 2.8 -12.9 2.2Motor Gasoline gallons 1.3 1.2 1.2 -7.7 3.3Natural Gas (dry) cubic feet 248 198 225 -20.2 13.6Coal pounds 14.3 18.8 19.6 31.2 4.5Hydroelectricity kilowatthours 3.8 3.2 3.1 -15.4 -5.3Nuclear Electricity kilowatthours 2.2 4.4 7.0 100.5 59.2Total Electricity kilowatthours 24.4 28.3 31.2 16.3 10.1Total Energy thousand Btu 897 849 945 -5.3 11.3

Percent Change

Table D1. U.S. Daily Per Capita Consumption of Energy by Type,

1975, 1985, and 1995

Note: Percent change is calculated from data prior to rounding.Sources: Tables 1.5, 2.1, 5.1, 5.11, 6.1, 7.1, 8.3, and B3.

ng Appendix D

pendix are intended to help the nontech

he value of the various energy units used

view. The values shown here (especially

D2) are approximations intended to con

e magnitude of energy units. The tables

amiliar measure of energy, such as gal

s used in this report. For example, using

D1, the reader can calculate that 8 gallons

on average, about a six-and-a-half-day

95. Table D2 indicates that 8 gallons of

out 10 therms of natural gas or approxi

thermal units (see Glossary).

Appendix D

Energy Units in Perspective

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 363
000,000,000. 

osses associated with the generation of electricity, about three

generate 1,000 kilowatthours: 1.8 barrels of crude oil, 0.47 short

tural gas.

s burned at electric utilities can generate about 100 kilowatthours

owatthours of electricity generated at electric utilities to produce

based on 1995 data, where applicable.

8.1, A1, and D1.

Energy Equivalenta

1 match tip

250 calories (International Steam Table)

0.25 kilocalories (food calories)

90 pounds of coal

8 gallons of motor gasoline

10 therms of dry natural gas11 gallons of propane

1.1 days of U.S. energy consumption per

capita

45 million short tons of coal60 million short tons of oven-dried hardwood

1 trillion cubic feet of dry natural gas

170 million barrels of crude oil470 thousand barrels of crude oil per day for

1 year

19 days of U.S. petroleum imports24 days of U.S. motor gasoline use15 days of U.S. petroleum

consumption per capita

5.6 thousand cubic feet of dry natural gas

0.26 short tons (520 pounds) of coal

1.7 thousand kilowatthours of electricityc

102 days of U.S. coal consumption per capita

3.8 barrels of crude oil

21 thousand cubic feet of dry natural gas

6.5 thousand kilowatthours of electricity4.4 days of U.S. natural gas

consumption per capita

300 kilowatthours of electricityc

32 days of U.S. electricity use per capita

ents

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
Appendix E

s Domestic Product and Implicit Price Deflators

Gross Domestic

Product (billion

chained (1992) dollars)

Implicit

Price Deflator

(1992=100)

Years

1973–1995

Gross Domestic

Product (billion

chained (1992) dollars)

(a) (a) 1973 R3,902.3 R35.4(a) (a) 1974 R3,888.2 R38.5(a) (a) 1975 R3,865.1 R42.2(a) (a) 1976 R4,081.1 R44.6(a) (a) 1977 R4,279.3 R47.4(a) (a) 1978 R4,493.7 R51.0(a) (a) 1979 R4,624.0 R55.3(a) (a) 1980 R4,611.9 R60.4(a) (a) 1981 R4,724.9 R65.9(a) (a) 1982 R4,623.6 R70.1

R2,212.3 R22.9 1983 R4,810.0 R73.1R2,261.7 R23.3 1984 R5,138.2 R75.9R2,309.8 R23.6 1985 R5,329.5 R78.4R2,449.1 R23.9 1986 R5,489.9 R80.6R2,554.0 R24.2 1987 R5,648.4 R83.1R2,702.9 R24.5 1988 R5,862.9 R86.1R2,874.8 R25.0 1989 R6,060.4 R89.7R3,060.2 R25.7 1990 R6,138.7 R93.6R3,140.2 R26.5 1991 R6,079.0 R97.3R3,288.6 R27.7 1992 R6,244.4 R100.0R3,388.0 R29.0 1993 R6,383.8 R102.6R3,388.2 R30.6 1994 R6,604.2 R105.0R3,500.1 R32.2 1995 06,739.0 107.5R3,690.3 R33.5

Implicit

Price Deflator

(1992=100)

c Product and Implicit Price Deflators, 1949–1995

able in time for publication in this report.

ct: 1959–1994—U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC), Bureau

of Current Business, January/February 1996, “Summary National

(Washington, DC, February 1996), Table 2. ! 1995—DOC, BEA,

United States Department of Commerce News (Washington, DC, April 2, 1996), Table 2. Implicit Price

Deflators: ! 1959–1994—DOC, BEA, Survey of Current Business, January/February 1996, “Summary

National Income and Product Series, 1959–94” (Washington, DC, February 1996), Table 3.

! 1995—DOC, BEA, United States Department of Commerce News (Washington, DC, April 2, 1996),

Table 3.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 365
Midwest

South

West

Northeast

KS

NE

SD

ND

MO

IA

MN

IL

FL

GA

VA

DE MD

WV

MS

TX

LA

AR OK

AL

TN

KY

WI

IN

OH

PA NJ

MI

NY

Appendix F

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995

OR

CA

WA

U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

367

n

South

Atlantic

Division

West North

Central

Division

New

England

Division

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,

(Washington, DC, September 1995), Figure 1.

Statistical Abstract

of the United States 1995

sus Regions and Divisions

MA

RI

West South

Central

Division

Middle

Atlantic

Division

East

South

Central

Division

CT

VT

ME

NH East North

Central

Division

ID

MT

AZ NM

UT CO

NV

WY

Mountain

Division

NC

SC

DC
Glossary

ral gas): Natural gas deliveries for the ac

ies to customers by transporters that do not

deliver it for others for a fee. Included are

g-term contracts and quantities involved in

sales.

The current year’s expenditures on property,

e amount is predicated upon each reporting

ices. That is, accounting practices with regard

tems may differ across companies, and, there

on of each reporting company’s policy.

e of a group of organic chemical compounds

ogen, and oxygen. The series of molecules

are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hy

-OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary

k, lustrous coal containing a high percentage

percentage of volatile matter. Often referred

ms to ASTM Specification D388-84 for an

and semianthracite.

oleum Institute, a trade association.

y scale expressing the gravity or density of

The measuring scale is calibrated in terms

less dense product has a higher API gravity.

Natural Gas (international): The total of

rketed natural gas production plus imports

Petroleum (international): Consumption

consumption, refinery fuel and loss, and

n the Organization for Economic Coopera

CD), apparent consumption is derived from

us refined product imports minus refined

ed product stock changes plus other oil con

use of crude oil). For countries outside the

tion is either a reported figure or is derived

from refined product output plus refined product imports minus refined product exports, with stock levels assumed to remain the same.Apparent consumption also includes, where available, liquefied petroleum gases sold directly from natural gas processing plants, for fuel orchemical uses.Asphalt: A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituents. It is obtained by petroleumprocessing. The definition includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content ofemulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended withasphalt to make cutback asphalts.ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials.Aviation Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that are used

for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g.,straight-run gasoline, alkylate, and reformate). Excluded are oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus.Aviation Gasoline, Finished: All special grades of gasoline for usein aviation reciprocating engines, as given in ASTM SpecificationD910 and Military Specification MIL-G-5572. Excludes blendingcomponents that will be used in blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline.Barrel (petroleum): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons.Barrels per Calendar Day (operable refinery capacity): The maximum number of barrels of input that can be processed during a 24-hourperiod after making allowances for the following limitations: the capability of downstream facilities to absorb the output of crude oilprocessing facilities of a given refinery (no reduction is made when aplanned distribution of intermediate streams through other than downstream facilities is part of a refinery’s normal operation); the types andgrades of inputs to be processed; the types and grades of products to bemanufactured; the environmental constraints associated with refineryoperations; the reduction of capacity for scheduled downtime, such asroutine inspection, mechanical problems, maintenance, repairs, and

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 369
tion of capacity for unscheduled downtime,

ms, repairs, and slowdowns.

e volume of gas needed as a permanent in

ate underground storage reservoir pressures

oughout the withdrawal season. All native

e gas volume.

d byproducts, waste wood, municipal solid

ess waste, and alcohol fuels.

e black coal, often with well-defined bands

with a moisture content usually less than 20

as soft coal. It is the most common coal and

erating electricity, making coke, and space

STM Specification D388-84 for bituminous

nous coal includes subbituminous coal.

u): The quantity of heat needed to raise the

water by 1° F at or near 39.2° F. (See Heat

Fuel, Gross, and Heat Content of a Quan

ous straight-chain or branched-chain hydro

racted from natural gas or refinery gas

ane and normal butane and is designated in

35 and Gas Processors Association Specifi

butane. Isobutane: A normally gaseous

on. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils

. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery

ne: A normally gaseous straight-chain hy

ss paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature

from natural gas or refinery gas streams.

ydrocarbon (C4H8) recovered from refinery

tio of the electrical energy produced by a

period of time to the electrical energy that

at continuous full-power operation during

Chained Dollars: A measure used to express real prices. Real pricesare those that have been adjusted to remove the effect of changes inthe purchasing power of the dollar; they usually reflect buying powerrelative to a reference year. Prior to 1996, real prices were expressedin constant dollars, a measure based on the weights of goods and services in a single year, usually a recent year. In 1996, the U.S.Department of Commerce introduced the chained-dollar measure.The new measure is based on the average weights of goods and services in successive pairs of years. It is “chained” because the secondyear in each pair, with its weights, becomes the first year of the nextpair. The advantage of using the chained-dollar measure is that it ismore closely related to any given period covered and is therefore subject to less distortion over time.CIF: See Cost, Insurance, Freight.City Gate: A point or measuring station at which a distribution gasutility receives gas from a natural gas pipeline company or transmission system.Class A Electric Utility: An electric utility having annual electricoperating revenues of $2.5 million or more. (Use of this term ceasedon December 31, 1983.)Class B Electric Utility: An electric utility having annual electricoperating revenues of $1.0 million or more but less than $2.5 million.(Use of this term ceased on December 31, 1983.)Coal: A black or brownish-black solid, combustible substance formedby the partial decomposition of vegetable matter without access to air.The rank of coal, which includes anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite, is based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, andheating value. Coal rank indicates the progressive alteration, or coalification, from lignite to anthracite. Lignite contains approximately 9 to17 million Btu per ton. The heat contents of subbituminous and bituminous coal range from 16 to 24 million Btu per ton, and from 19 to30 million Btu per ton, respectively. Anthracite contains approximately 22 to 28 million Btu per ton.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
hane that is produced from coalbeds in the

s produced from other strata. Methane is the

tural gas.

ous product made from baking bituminous

res as high as 2,000° F. It is used both as a

ent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.

ng facility that produces electricity and an

mal energy (such as heat or steam) used for

ating, and cooling purposes. See Nonutility

A building with more than 50 percent of its

ercial activities. Commercial buildings in

ed to, stores, offices, schools, churches,

useums, hospitals, clinics, warehouses, and

gs are included, except buildings on military

e commercial sector, as defined economi

ss establishments that are not engaged in

acturing or other types of industrial activity

onstruction). Commercial establishments in

urants, wholesale businesses, retail stores,

ce enterprises; religious and nonprofit or

, and educational institutions; and Federal,

nts. Street lights, pumps, bridges, and public

if the establishment operating them is con

dard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes

hment as commercial are 50 through 87, 89,

ion of permanent equipment for the produc

is equipped to produce only oil or gas from

definition of a well (classified as an oil well

tion of a completion are identical. However,

roduce oil and/or gas separately from more

is not synonymous with a completion.

Constant Dollars: See Chained Dollars.

Conversion Factor: A number that translates units of one systeminto corresponding values of another system. Conversion factors canbe used to translate physical units of measure for various fuels intoBtu equivalents.Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF): A type of sale in which the buyer ofthe product agrees to pay a unit price that includes the f.o.b. value of theproduct at the point of origin, plus all costs of insurance and transportation. This type of transaction differs from a “delivered” purchase in thatthe buyer accepts the quantity as determined at the loading port (as certified by the Bill of Loading and Quality Report) rather than pay on thebasis of the quantity and quality ascertained at the unloading port. It issimilar to the terms of an f.o.b. sale, except that the seller, as a service forwhich he is compensated, arranges for transportation and insurance.Crude Oil f.o.b. Price: The crude oil price actually charged at theoil-producing country’s port of loading. Includes deductions for anyrebates and discounts or additions of premiums, where applicable. It isthe actual price paid with no adjustment for credit terms.Crude Oil (Including Lease Condensate): A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in underground reservoirs and remainsliquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separatingfacilities. Included are lease condensate and liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite, and oil shale. Drip gases are alsoincluded, but topped crude oil (residual oil) and other unfinished oils areexcluded. Where identifiable, liquids produced at natural gas processingplants and mixed with crude oil are likewise excluded.Crude Oil Landed Cost: The price of crude oil at the port of discharge, including charges associated with the purchase, transporting,and insuring of a cargo from the purchase point to the port of discharge. The cost does not include charges incurred at the dischargeport (e.g., import tariffs or fees, wharfage charges, and demurrage).Crude Oil Refinery Input: The total crude oil put into processingunits at refineries.

Glossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 371
s of crude oil and lease condensate held at

pipeline terminals, and on leases.

: Crude oil consumed as fuel by crude oil

leases.

: A unit of volume equal to 1 cubic foot at

ounds standard per square inch absolute and

F.

ominal Dollars.

DD): The number of degrees per day that

ure is above 65° F. The daily average tem

e maximum and minimum temperatures for

DD): The number of degrees per day that

ure is below 65° F. The daily average tem

e maximum and minimum temperatures for

-Weighted: Heating or cooling degree

ulation of the area in which the degree-days

State population-weighted degree-days, each

one to nine climatically homogeneous divi

weights based on the ratio of the population

l population of the State. Degree-day read

multiplied by the corresponding population

nd those products are then summed to arrive

eighted degree-day figure. To compute na

ed degree-days, the Nation is divided into

h comprising from three to eight States,

s based on the ratio of the population of the

ion of the Nation. Degree-day readings for

by the corresponding population weight for

ducts are then summed to arrive at the na

d degree-day figure.

ase (coal): A collective term for the sum of

indicated resource categories of reliability,

representing 100 percent of the in-place coal in those categories as ofa certain date. Includes beds of bituminous coal and anthracite 28 ormore inches thick and beds of subbituminous coal 60 or more inchesthick that can occur at depths of up to 1,000 feet. Includes beds of lignite 60 or more inches thick that can be surface mined. Includes alsothinner and/or deeper beds that currently are being mined or for whichthere is evidence that they could be mined commercially at a giventime. Represents that portion of the identified coal resource fromwhich reserves are calculated.Design Electrical Rating, Net: The nominal net electrical output ofa nuclear unit as specified by the electric utility for the purpose ofplant design.Development Well: A well drilled within the proved area of an oilor gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to beproductive.Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for one of the petroleumfractions produced in conventional distillation operations. Included areproducts known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils and No. 1, No. 2,and No. 4 diesel fuels. It is used primarily for space heating, on-andoff-highway diesel engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel and fuelfor agricultural machinery), and electric power generation.Distillation Unit (atmospheric): The primary distillation unit thatprocesses crude oil (including mixtures of other hydrocarbons) at approximately atmospheric conditions. It includes a pipe still forvaporizing the crude oil and a fractionation tower for separating thevaporized hydrocarbon components in the crude oil into fractions withdifferent boiling ranges. This is done by continuously vaporizing andcondensing the components to separate higher boiling point material.The selected boiling ranges are set by the processing scheme, theproperties of the crude oil, and the product specifications.District Heat: Steam or hot water from an outside source used as anenergy source in a building. The steam or hot water is produced in acentral plant and piped into the building. The district heat may be purchased from a utility or provided by a physical plant in a separate

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
same facility (for example, a hospital com

y or development well found to be incapable

gas in sufficient quantities to justify comple

tion (as a decrement from gas reserves):

withdrawn from reservoirs during the report

turned to such reservoirs in cycling, repres

nd conservation operations; (2) shrinkage

l of lease condensate and plant liquids; and

, where they occur in sufficient quantity to

le. Volumes of gas withdrawn from gas stor

gas that has been transferred to the storage

d in production. This is not the same as mar

e latter also excludes vented and flared gas

uction (as an increment to gas supply):

roduction reservoirs less gas used in reser

nts vented and flared, nonhydrocarbons

ural gas constituents, such as ethane, pro

ed at natural gas processing plants. The

nt are 60° F and 14.73 pounds standard per

Losses: The amount of energy lost during

and distribution of electricity, including

uses.

The process of producing electric energy or

of energy into electric energy. Also, the

produced or expressed in watthours (Wh).

Gross: The total amount of electric energy

acility, as measured at the generator terminals.

et: Gross generation minus plant use from

lants. The energy required for pumping at a

pumped-storage hydroelectric plant is regarded as plant use and mustbe deducted from the gross generation.Electricity Production: Net electricity (gross electricity outputmeasured at generator terminals minus power plant use) generated bypublicly and privately owned electric utilities. Excludes industrialelectricity generation (except autogeneration of hydroelectric power).Electricity Sales: The amount of kilowatthours sold in a given period

of time; usually grouped by classes of service, such as residential,commercial, industrial, and other. “Other” sales include sales for public street and highway lighting and other sales to public authorities andrailways, and interdepartmental sales.Electric Power Plant: A station containing prime movers, electricgenerators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or fission energy into electric energy.Electric Utilities: All privately owned companies and all publiclyowned agencies engaged in the generation, transmission, or distributionof electric power for public use. Publicly owned agencies include municipal electric utilities; Federal power projects, such as the TennesseeValley Authority (TVA); rural electrification cooperatives; power districts; and State power projects.Electric Utility: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality that owns and/or operates facilities withinthe United States, its territories, or Puerto Rico for the generation,transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy, primarily for useby the public, and that files forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part 141. Facilities that qualify as cogenerators orsmall power producers under the Public Utility Regulatory PoliciesAct are not considered electric utilities.Electric Utility Sector: The electric utility sector consists of privately and publicly owned establishments that generate, transmit,distribute, or sell electricity primarily for use by the public and thatmeet the definition of an electric utility. Nonutility power producersare not included in the electric utility sector.

Glossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 373
and expenses resulting from transactions

lidated company accounts do not include in

expenses. Therefore, such intersegment

nated.

sidential, commercial, industrial, and trans

onomy.

r doing work as measured by the capability

nergy) or the conversion of this capability to

nergy has several forms, some of which are

be changed to another form useful for work.

ertible energy comes from fossil fuels that

t that is then used as a transfer medium to

ns in order to accomplish tasks. Electrical

d in kilowatthours, while heat energy is usu

hermal units.

The use of energy as a source of heat or

he manufacturing process.

d-Use: The sum of fossil fuel consumption

rs (residential, commercial, industrial, and

ic utility sales to those sectors and genera

wer by nonelectric utilities. Net end-use

udes electrical system energy losses. Total

on includes electrical system energy losses.

otal: The sum of fossil fuel consumed by

al, commercial, industrial, transportation,

ydroelectric power, nuclear electric power,

and electricity generated for distribution

rmal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal

The money directly spent by consumers to

itures equal the amount of energy used by

ice per unit paid by the consumer.

nce, such as petroleum, natural gas, or coal,

er. In Energy Information Administration

(EIA) reports, electricity and renewable forms of energy, such asbiomass, geothermal, wind, and solar, are considered to be energysources.Energy-Weighted Industrial Output: The weighted sum of real output for all two-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)

manufacturing industries, plus agriculture, construction, and mining.The weight for each industry is the ratio of the quantity of end-use energy consumption to the value of real output. The base year for thoseweights is either 1981 or 1982, depending on data availability.Ethane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C2H6). It is

a colorless, paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -127.48° F. Itis extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams.Ethylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C2H4) recovered from refinery

processes or petrochemical processes.Exploratory Well: A well drilled to find and produce oil or gas in anunproved area, to find a new reservoir in a field previously found to beproductive of oil or gas in another reservoir, or to extend the limit ofa known oil or gas reservoir.Exports: Shipments of goods from the 50 States and the District ofColumbia to foreign countries and to Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,and other U.S. possessions and territories.Extraction Loss: The reduction in volume of natural gas due to theremoval of natural gas constituents, such as ethane, propane, and butane, at natural gas processing plants.f.a.s.: See Free Alongside Ship.Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): The Federalagency with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesaleelectric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipelinerates, and gas pipeline certification. FERC is an independent regulatory agency within the Department of Energy and is the successor tothe Federal Power Commission.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
ion (FPC): The predecessor agency of the

ry Commission. The Federal Power Com

n Act of Congress under the Federal Water

20. It was charged originally with regulating

tural gas industries. It was abolished on

en the Department of Energy was created.

d between the Department of Energy and the

y Commission, an independent regulatory

he marketed first sales price of domestic

the removal price defined by the provisions

x on Domestic Crude Oil (Public Law 96-

overnment’s fiscal year runs from October 1

he fiscal year is designated by the calendar

fiscal year 1992 begins on October 1, 1991,

0, 1992.

ural gas burned in flares on the base site or

nclosed by the exterior walls of a building, in

ities, basements, hallways, lobbies, stairways,

ggregate floorspace statistics, square footage

d over all buildings in a category (such as all

ited States).

d.

.S.S.R.

otage for wells in various categories, as re

period, includes (1) the deepest total depth

l wells drilled from the surface, (2) the total

illed in connection with reported wells, and

for directional sidetrack wells. Footage re

track wells does not include footage in the

ported as footage for the original well. In

the case of old wells drilled deeper, the reported footage is that whichwas drilled below the total depth of the old well.Forward Costs: The operating and capital costs still to be incurred inthe production of uranium from estimated reserves; such costs areused in assigning the uranium reserves to cost categories. Those costsinclude labor, materials, power and fuel, royalties, payroll and production taxes, insurance, and applicable general and administrative costs.They exclude expenditures prior to reserve estimates, for example, forproperty acquisition, exploration, mine development, and mill construction from the forward cost determinations, as well as incometaxes, profit, and the cost of money. Forward costs are neither the fullcosts of production nor the market price at which the uranium will besold.Fossil Fuel: Any naturally occurring organic fuel formed in theEarth’s crust, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.Fossil Fuel Steam-Electric Power Plant: An electricity generation

plant in which the prime mover is a turbine rotated by high-pressuresteam produced in a boiler by heat from burning fossil fuels.Free Alongside Ship (f.a.s.): The value of a commodity at the port ofexportation, generally including the purchase price, plus all chargesincurred in placing the commodity alongside the carrier at the port ofexportation.Free on Board (f.o.b.): A transaction whereby the seller makes theproduct available within an agreed-on period at a given port at a givenprice. It is the responsibility of the buyer to arrange for the transportation and insurance.Fuel Ethanol: An anhydrous, denatured aliphatic alcohol (C2H5OH)

intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.Fuel-Switching Capability: The short-term capability of a manufacturing establishment to have used substitute energy sources in placeof those actually consumed. Capability to use substitute energysources means that the establishment’s combustors (for example,boilers, furnaces, ovens, and blast furnaces) had the machineryor equipment either in place or available for installation so that subGlossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 375
ave been introduced within 30 days without

uel-switching capability does not depend on

gy sources; it depends only on the charac

and certain legal constraints.

Operation of a nuclear generating unit at 100

ity. Full-power operation precedes commer

ished motor gasoline (leaded or unleaded)

anol but sometimes methanol) limited to 10

hol. Gasohol is included in finished leaded

ne.

ower Plant: A plant in which the prime

gas turbine typically consists of an axial

one or more combustion chambers where

burned. The hot gases expand to drive the

ed to run the compressor.

eted for the production of natural gas from

reservoirs. (Wells producing both crude oil

ied as oil wells.)

Derived annually by dividing gross natural

wells by the number of producing gas wells

dividing the quotient by the number of days

ergy from the internal heat of the Earth,

t, friction heat, or a result of radioactive de

ocks and fluids at various depths and can be

r pumping.

used at electric utilities): Hot water or

thermal reservoirs in the Earth’s crust, and

at electric utilities that drive generators to

(GDP): The total value of goods and serv

d property located in the United States. As

long as the labor and property are located in the United States, the supplier (that is, the workers and, for property, the owners) may be eitherU.S. residents or residents of foreign countries.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Implicit Price Deflator: A measure used to convert nominal prices to real prices. See Chained

Dollars.Gross Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Gross.Gross Input to Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Units: Total input to atmospheric crude oil distillation units. Includes all crude oil,lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, liquefiedrefinery gases, slop oils, and other liquid hydrocarbons produced fromtar sands, gilsonite, and oil shale.Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Gross: The total amount ofheat released when a fuel is burned. Coal, crude oil, and natural gasall include chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. When thosefuels are burned, the carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen in theair to produce carbon dioxide and water. Some of the energy released in burning goes into transforming the water into steam and isusually lost. The amount of heat spent in transforming the water intosteam is counted as part of gross heat content but is not counted aspart of net content. Also referred to as the higher heating value. Btuconversion factors typically used by EIA represent gross heat content.Heat Content of a Quantity of Fuel, Net: The amount of usable heatenergy released when a fuel is burned under conditions similar tothose in which it is normally used. Also referred to as the lower heating value. Btu conversion factors typically used by EIA representgross heat content.Heavy Oil: The fuel oils remaining after the lighter oils have beendistilled off during the refining process. Except for start-up and flamestabilization, virtually all petroleum used in steam-electric powerplants is heavy oil.Household: A family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated persons occupying the same housing unit. Occupy means thehousing unit was the person’s usual or permanent place of residence.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
abies, lodgers, boarders, employed persons

unit, and persons who usually live in the

aveling or in a hospital. The household does

re normally members of the household but

as college students or members of the armed

es not include persons temporarily visiting

y have a place of residence elsewhere, per

s with the household but usually lodge or

c employees or other persons employed by

sleep in the same housing unit, or persons

of the household, but have since become in

enal institutions, mental institutions, homes

mes or hospitals for the chronically ill or

es, convents or monasteries, or other places

main for long periods of time. By defini

holds is the same as the number of occupied

re or part of a structure where a household

he outside of the building either directly or

Housing units do not include group quarters,

homes where 10 or more unrelated persons

ms are considered housing units if occupied

place of residence.

nic chemical compound of hydrogen and

uid, or solid phase. The molecular structure

s varies from the simplest (methane, a con

the very heavy and very complex.

he production of electricity from the kinetic

nt: A plant in which the turbine generators

r.

See Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Im

Imports: Receipts of goods into the 50 States and the District of Columbia from foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the VirginIslands, and other U.S. possessions and territories.Independent Power Producer: Wholesale electricity producers(other than qualifying facilities under the Public Utilities RegulatoryPolicies Act of 1978) that are unaffiliated with franchised utilities inthe area in which the independent power producers are selling powerand that lack significant marketing power. Unlike traditional electricutilities, independent power producers do not possess transmission facilities that are essential to their customers and do not sell power inany retail service territory where they have a franchise. See NonutilityPower Producer.Indicated Resources, Coal: Coal for which estimates of the rank,quality, and quantity are based partly on sample analyses and measurements and partly on reasonable geologic projections. Indicatedresources are computed partly from specified measurements andpartly from projection of visible data for a reasonable distance on thebasis of geologic evidence. The points of observation are 1/2 to 1-1/2miles apart. Indicated coal is projected to extend as a 1/2-mile-widebelt that lies more than 1/4 mile from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement.Industrial Sector: The industrial sector comprises manufacturing industries which make up the largest part of the sector along withmining, construction, agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. Establishments in this sector range from steel mills, to small farms, tocompanies assembling electronic components. The SIC codes used toclassify establishments as industrial are 1 through 39.Internal Combustion Electric Power Plant: A power plant in whichthe prime mover is an internal combustion engine. Diesel or gas-firedengines are the principal types used in electric power plants. The plantis usually operated during periods of high demand for electricity.International Bunkers: Storage compartments, found on vessels andaircraft engaged in international commerce, where fuel to be used bythe vessel or aircraft is stored.

Glossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 377
des kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type

fuel is a kerosene-quality product used pri

urbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.

fuel in the heavy naphthas range used pri

t and turboprop aircraft engines.

distillate that has a maximum distillation

he 10-percent recovery point, a final boiling

mum flash point of 100° F. Included are the

ASTM D3699 (No. 1-K and No. 2-K) and all

ange or stove oil. Kerosene is used in space

water heaters; it is suitable for use as an il

wick lamps.

atural gas used in well, field, and lease op

in drilling operations, heaters, dehydrators,

d as fuel in natural gas processing plants.

tural gas liquid recovered from gas well gas

ated) in lease separators or natural gas field

te consists primarily of pentanes and heav

ils distilled off during the refining process.

d in internal combustion and gas-turbine en

ck coal of low rank with a high content of

er. Often referred to as brown coal. It is used

lectric power generation. It conforms to

8-84 for lignite.

xploration: The distance along the Earth’s

seismic surveying.

LNG): Natural gas (primarily methane) that

ucing its temperature to -260° F at atmos

es (LPG): Ethane, ethylene, propane, pro

tylene, and isobutane produced at refineries

or natural gas processing plants, including plants that fractionate newnatural gas plant liquids.Liquefied Refinery Gases (LRG): Liquefied petroleum gases fractionated from refinery or still gases. Through compression and/orrefrigeration, they are retained in the liquid state. The reported categories are ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, normalbutane/butylene, and isobutane. Excludes still gas.Low-Power Testing: The period of time between a nuclear generating

unit’s initial fuel loading date and the issuance of its operating (fullpower) license. The maximum level of operation during that period is5 percent of the unit’s design thermal rating.Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces or as process materials either incorporated into other materialsused as processing aids in the manufacturing of other products or ascarriers of other materials. Petroleum lubricants may be producedeither from distillates or residues. Other substances may be added toimpart or improve certain required properties. Excluded are byproducts of lubricating oil refining, such as aromatic extracts derivedfrom solvent extraction or tars derived from deasphalting. Lubricantsinclude all grades of lubricating oils from spindle oil to cylinder oiland those used in greases. Lubricant categories include paraffinic andnaphthenic.Main Cooking Fuel: Fuel most often used for cooking.Main Heating Equipment: Equipment used primarily for heatingambient air in a housing unit.Main Heating Fuel: Fuel that powers the main heating equipment.Major Electric Utility: A utility that, in the last 3 consecutive calendar years, had sales or transmission services exceeding one of thefollowing: (1) 1 million megawatthours of total annual sales; (2) 100megawatthours of annual sales for resale; (3) 500 megawatthours ofannual gross interchange out; or (4) 500 megawatthours of wheeling(deliveries plus losses) for others.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
y sources or fuels for which consumption

collected on the 1986 Nonresidential Build

urvey. Those fuels or energy sources are as

oil, liquefied petroleum gases, natural gas,

water, and district chilled water.

ment: An economic unit at a single physi

mechanical or chemical transformation of

o new products is performed. Those opera

ducted in facilities described as plants,

aracteristically use power-driven machines

ipment. In addition, the assembly of com

products is considered manufacturing, as is

such as lubricating oil, plastics, resins, or

stablishments are covered by SIC codes 20

The universe of manufacturing estab

ates and the District of Columbia.

al: Coal resources for which estimates of

tity have been computed, within a margin of

nt, from sample analyses and measurements

eologically well known sample sites. Meas

ted from dimensions revealed in outcrops,

and drill holes. The points of observation

osely spaced and the thickness and extent of

that the tonnage is judged to be accurate

ugh the spacing of the point of observation

continuity of the coal differs from region to

aracter of the coalbeds, the points of obser

1/2 mile apart. Measured coal is projected

e wide from the outcrop or points of obser

al that meets the requirements for making

h and sulfur and form a coke that is capable

f iron ore and limestone in a blast furnace.

ituminous coals is usually required to make

Methanol: A light, volatile alcohol (CH3OH) eligible for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Metropolitan: Refers to buildings located within Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA’s) as defined in the 1980 Census. Except in NewEngland, an MSA is a county or a group of contiguous counties thatcontains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more, or twin citieswith a combined population of 50,000 or more. The contiguous counties are included in an MSA if they are essentially metropolitan incharacter and are socially and economically integrated with the centralcity. In New England, MSA’s consist of towns and cities rather thancounties.Miscellaneous Petroleum Products: All finished petroleum productsnot classified elsewhere, for example, petrolatum, lube refiningbyproducts (aromatic extracts and tars), absorption oils, ram-jet fuel,petroleum rocket fuels, synthetic natural gas feedstocks, and specialtyoils.Motor Gasoline: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives, obtained byblending appropriate refinery streams to form a fuel suitable for usein spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline includes both leaded andunleaded grades of finished motor gasoline, blending components, andgasohol.Motor Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that will be usedfor blending or compounding into finished motor gasoline (e.g.,straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, andxylene). Excluded are oxygenates (alcohols and ethers), butane, andpentanes plus.Motor Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatilehydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives, that hasbeen blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline, as given in ASTM Specification D439 orFederal Specification VV-G-1690B, includes a range in distillationtemperatures from 122° to 158° F at the 10-percent recovery pointand from 365° to 374° F at the 90-percent recovery point. Motorgasoline includes reformulated motor gasoline, oxygenated motor

Glossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 379
Protection Agency [EPA] approved), and

ine. Blendstock is excluded until blending

Gasoline: Motor gasoline, formulated for use

composition and properties of which are certi

motor gasoline” by the EPA.

soline (EPA Approved): Motor gasoline, for

otor vehicles, that is intended for use in the

e nonattainment program. Reformulated mo

ed.

or gasoline that is not included in the refor

d categories.

Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline

alcohol (generally ethanol, but sometimes

cent or more of the product is alcohol.

d Leaded: Motor gasoline that contains

ead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of

emium and regular grades are included, de

ng. Includes leaded gasohol. Blendstock is

has been completed. Alcohol that is to be

sohol is also excluded.

d Leaded Premium: Motor gasoline hav

alculated as (R+M)/2, greater than 90 and

gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005

allon.

d Leaded Regular: Motor gasoline having

ated as (R+M)/2 greater than or equal to 87

90 and containing more than 0.05 gram of

sphorus per gallon.

d Unleaded: Motor gasoline containing not

ad per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram

Premium and regular grades are included,

ne rating. Includes unleaded gasohol.

ntil blending has been completed. Alcohol

lending of gasohol is also excluded.

Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded Midgrade: Motor gasoline

having an antiknock index calculated as (R+M)/2, greater than orequal to 88 and less than or equal to 90 and containing not more than0.05 gram of phosphorus per gallon.Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded Premium: Motor gasoline having an antiknock index calculated as (R+M)/2, greater than 90 andcontaining not more than 0.05 gram of lead or 0.005 gram of phosphorusper gallon.Motor Gasoline, Finished Unleaded Regular: Motor gasoline having an antiknock index, calculated as (R+M)/2, of 87 and containingnot more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005gram of phosphorus per gallon.Motor Gasoline, Leaded: Motor gasoline that contains more than0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of phosphorusper gallon. Premium and regular grades are included.Motor Gasoline Retail Prices: Motor gasoline prices calculated eachmonth by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in conjunction with theconstruction of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Those prices are collected in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers—about80 percent of the total U.S. population. The service stations are selectedinitially, and on a replacement basis, in such a way that they represent thepurchasing habits of the CPI population. Service stations in the currentsample include those providing all types of service (i.e., full-, mini-, andself-service).Motor Gasoline, Total: Includes finished leaded motor gasoline(premium and regular), finished unleaded motor gasoline (premium,midgrade, and regular), motor gasoline blending components, andgasohol.Motor Gasoline, Unleaded: Gasoline that contains not more than 0.05gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus pergallon. Premium and regular grades are included, depending on the octane rating.MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether): An ether, (CH3)3COCH3, intended for motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
m applied to a petroleum fraction with an

e between 122° and 400° F.ume of natural gas indigenous to the storage

torage started.

of hydrocarbons (principally methane) and

s nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous

crude oil in underground reservoirs.

marketable portion of natural gas production,

acting extraction losses, including natural gas

gas processing plants, from total production.

drawals: Full well stream volume of pro

ng condensate separated at the lease.

GL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that

m the gas. Natural gas liquids include natu

rimarily ethane, propane, butane, and

densate (primarily pentanes produced from

tors and field facilities.)

Production: Gross withdrawals of natural

voirs, less gas used for reservoir repressur

ses removed in treating and processing

vented and flared.

ds (NGPL): Natural gas liquids recovered

ssing plants and, in some situations, from

as well as those extracted by fractionators.

re defined according to the published speci

ssors Association and the American Society

as follows: ethane, propane, normal butane,

nd other products from natural gas process

meeting the standards for finished petroleum

ral gas processing plants, such as finished

viation gasoline, special naphthas, kerosene,

cellaneous products).

Natural Gas Wellhead Price: The wellhead price of natural gas is

calculated by dividing the total reported value at the wellhead by thetotal quantity produced as reported by the appropriate agencies of individual producing States and the U.S. Minerals Management Service.The price includes all costs prior to shipment from the lease, includinggathering and compression costs, in addition to State production, severance, and similar charges.Natural Gas, Wet: Natural gas prior to the extraction of liquids andother miscellaneous products.NERC: See North American Electric Reliability Council.Net Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Net.Net Income: Operating income plus earnings from unconsolidated affiliates; gains from disposition of property, plant, and equipment;minority interest income; and foreign currency translation effects lessincome taxes, extraordinary items, and the cumulative effect of accounting changes.Net Ownership Interest: The sum of net working interest and royalty interest. Net ownership interest applies to both production andreserves.Net Property Investment: The original cost of property, plant, andequipment (PP&E), less accumulated depreciation.Net Summer Capability: The steady hourly output that generatingequipment is expected to supply to system load, exclusive of auxiliarypower, as demonstrated by testing at the time of summer peakdemand.Net Working Interest: A company’s working interest, not includingany basic royalty or overriding royalty interests.Nominal Dollars: A measure used to express nominal prices.Nominal Price: The price paid for goods or services at the time ofthe transaction. Nominal prices are those that have not been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of

Glossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 381
ying power in the year in which the trans

Typical nonhydrocarbon gases that may be

l gas are carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen

s to buildings not located within Metropoli

fined in the 1980 Census.

evenues, costs, assays, and liabilities that

ed to a type of business by use of a reason

eveloped on the basis of operating-level

er: A corporation, person, agency, author

y or instrumentality that owns electric

not an electric utility. Nonutility power pro

g cogenerators, qualifying small power

utility generators (including independent

a designated, franchised service area that do

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part

ndependent Power Producer; and Small

c Reliability Council (NERC): A council

ctric utility industry to promote the reliabil

power supply in the electric utility systems

NERC consists of nine regional reliability

s essentially all the power systems of the

and Canada. The NERC regions are as fol

rea Reliability Coordination Agreement

ability Council of Texas (ERCOT); (3) Mid

k (MAIN); (4) Mid-Atlantic Area Council

nt Area Power Pool (MAPP); (6) Northeast

cil (NPCC); (7) Southeastern Electric Reli

(8) Southwest Power Pool (SPP); and (9)

ating Council (WSCC).

Nuclear Electric Power: Electricity generated by an electric powerplant whose turbines are driven by steam generated in a reactor byheat from the fissioning of nuclear fuel.Nuclear Electric Power Plant: A single-unit or multi-unit facility inwhich heat produced in one or more reactors by the fissioning of nuclear fuel is used to drive one or more steam turbines.Nuclear Reactor: An apparatus in which the nuclear fission chaincan be initiated, maintained, and controlled so that energy is releasedat a specific rate. The reactor includes fissionable material (fuel), suchas uranium or plutonium; fertile material; moderating material (unlessit is a fast reactor); a heavy-walled pressure vessel; shielding to protect personnel; provision for heat removal; and control elements andinstrumentation.Offshore: That geographic area that lies seaward of the coastline. Ingeneral, the coastline is the line of ordinary low water along with thatportion of the coast that is in direct contact with the open sea or theline marking the seaward limit of inland water.Oil: See Crude Oil (Including Lease Condensate).Oil Well: A well completed for the production of crude oil from oneor more oil zones or reservoirs. Wells producing both crude oil andnatural gas are classified as oil wells.Operable (nuclear): A U.S. nuclear generating unit is consideredoperable after it completes low-power testing and is issued a fullpower operating license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Aforeign nuclear generating unit is considered operable once it has generated electricity to the grid.Operable Refineries: Refineries that were in one of the followingthree categories at the beginning of a given year: in operation; not inoperation and not under active repair, but capable of being placed intooperation within 30 days; or not in operation, but under active repairthat could be completed within 90 days.Operating Income: Operating revenues less operating expenses. Excludes items of other revenue and expense, such as equity in earnings of

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
vidends, interest income and expense, income

and cumulative effect of accounting changes.

ic Cooperation and Development (OECD):

tralia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Lux

therlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal,

nd, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the

ories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Is

m Exporting Countries (OPEC): Countries

purpose of negotiating with oil companies on

prices, and future concession rights. Current

n, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nige

e United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

troleum): Other materials processed at re

derivatives, hydrogen, gilsonite, and natural

ry for reforming into hydrogen.

line: See Motor Gasoline, Finished.

nce which, when added to motor gasoline,

f oxygen in that motor gasoline blend.

vers and interpretive rules, the Environ

cy (EPA) has determined the allowable

nleaded gasoline. The “Substantially Simi

6 FR [February 11, 1991]) allows blends

r than methanol and aliphatic ethers, pro

t does not exceed 2.7 percent by weight.

lar” Interpretive Rules also provide for

0.3 percent by volume exclusive of other

or alcohols of a higher molecular weight

ight. Individual waivers pertaining to the

eaded motor gasoline have been issued by

e following:

of up to 10 percent by volume anhydrous

• Methanol: Blends of methanol and gasoline-grade tertiary butyl

alcohol (GTBA) such that the total oxygen content does not exceed 3.5 percent by weight and the ratio of methanol to GTBA isless than or equal to 1. It is also specified that this blended fuelmust meet ASTM volatility specifications. Blends of up to 5.0 percent by volume methanol with a minimum of 2.5 percent byvolume cosolvent alcohols having carbon number of 4 or less (i.e.,ethanol, propanol, butanol, and/or GTBA). The total oxygenmust not exceed 3.7 percent by weight, and the blend must meetASTM volatility specfications as well as phase separation andalcohol purity specifications.

• MTBE (Methyl tertiary butyl ether): Blends up to 15.0 percent by

volume MTBE that must meet the ASTM D4814 specifications.Blenders must take precautions that the blends are not used as basegasolines for other oxygenated blends.

Pentanes Plus: A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes andheavier, extracted from natural gas. Includes isopentane, natural gasoline, and plant condensate.Petrochemical Feedstocks: Chemical feedstocks derived from petroleum principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber,and a variety of plastics. The categories reported are naphthas lessthan 401° F endpoint and other oils equal to or greater than 401° Fendpoint.Petroleum: A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms,such as crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, petroleum products,natural gas plant liquids, and nonhydrocarbon compounds blended intofinished petroleum products.Petroleum Coke: A residue that is the final product of the condensation process in cracking. The product is either marketable petroleumcoke or catalyst petroleum coke.Petroleum Coke, Catalyst: The carbonaceous residue that is deposited on and deactivates the catalyst used in many catalytic operations(e.g., catalytic cracking). Carbon is deposited on the catalyst, thus deactivating the catalyst. The catalyst is reactivated by burning off the

Glossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 383
fuel in the refining process. That carbon or

a concentrated form.

able: Those grades of coke produced in de

may be recovered as relatively pure carbon.

ke may be sold as is or further purified by

The sum of all refined petroleum products

d petroleum product, the amount supplied is

uction and imports, then subtracting changes

hdrawals are a plus quantity and net addi

) and exports.

orts of petroleum into the 50 States and the

foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the

U.S. territories and possessions. Included

ic Petroleum Reserve and withdrawals from

nshore consumption, offshore bunker use,

ded are receipts of foreign petroleum into

nto U.S. territories and U.S. Foreign Trade

ducts obtained from the processing of crude

nsate), natural gas, and other hydrocarbon

oducts include unfinished oils, liquefied pe

plus, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline,

osene-type jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel

chemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubri

m coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and

plied: See Petroleum Consumption.

ry: For individual products, quantities that

pelines, and at bulk terminals that have a ca

more, or that are in transit thereto. Stocks

nd resellers, as well as tertiary stocks held at

are excluded. Stocks of individual products

held at gas processing plants are excluded from individual product estimates but are included in other oil estimates and total.Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Energy (as used at electric utilities): Energy radiated by the sun as electromagnetic waves(electromagnetic radiation) that is converted at electric utilities intoelectricity by means of solar (photovoltaic) cells or concentrating (focusing) collectors.Photovoltaic Module: A group of photovoltaic cells. (Cells aresolid-state devices that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight.)The electricity is used primarily in applications requiring remotepower, such as radio communication, cathodic protection, and navigational aids.Pipeline, Natural Gas: A continuous pipe conduit, complete with

such equipment as valves, compressor stations, communications systems, and meters, for transporting natural gas and/or supplementalgaseous fuels from one point to another, usually from a point in or beyond the producing field or processing plant to another pipeline or topoints of utilization. Also refers to a company operating such facilities.Pipeline, Petroleum: Crude oil and product pipelines (including interstate, intrastate, and intracompany pipelines) used to transport crudeoil and petroleum products, respectively, within the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia.Plant Condensate: One of the natural gas liquids, mostly pentanesand heavier hydrocarbons, recovered and separated as liquids at gasinlet separators or scrubbers in processing plants.Primary Energy Consumption Expenditures: Expenditures for energy consumed in each of the four major end-use sectors, excludingenergy in the form of electricity, plus expenditures by the electricutilities sector for energy used to generate electricity. There are nofuel-associated expenditures for hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, photovoltaic and solar energy, or wind energy. Also excludedare the quantifiable consumption expenditures that are an integralpart of process fuel consumption.

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
y consumed in the acquisition, processing,

gy. Quantifiable process fuel includes three

se and plant operations, natural gas pipeline

y operations.

ount by which total volume of refinery out

ume of input for a given period of time. The

hen crude oil and other hydrocarbons are

at are, on average, less dense than the input.

ount by which total volume of refinery out

a given period of time. The processing loss

other hydrocarbons are processed into prod

more dense than the input.

al gas): A surface installation designed to

ral gas liquids from a stream of produced

ocesses of condensation, absorption, refrig

, and to control the quality of natural gas

or gas reservoirs for pressure maintenance,

seous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C3H8). It

s that boils at a temperature of -43.67° F. It

gas or refinery gas streams. It includes all

TM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors

for commercial propane and HD-5 propane.

ydrocarbon (C3H6) recovered from refinery

s.

Oil: The estimated quantities of all liquids

eological and engineering data demonstrate

o be recoverable in future years from known

economic and operating conditions.

Condensate: The volumes of lease condensate

future years in conjunction with the production

l gas based on the recovery efficiency of lease

ities installed.

Proved Reserves, Natural Gas: The estimated quantities of naturalgas that analysis of geological and engineering data demonstrate withreasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids: Those volumes of naturalgas liquids (including lease condensate) demonstrated with reasonablecertainty to be separable in the future from proved natural gas reserves, under existing economic and operating conditions.Real Price: A price that has been adjusted to remove the effect ofchanges in the purchasing power of the dollar. Real prices, which areexpressed in chained dollars in this report, reflect buying power relative to a reference year. See Chained Dollars.Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil: The cost of crude oil to therefiner, including transportation and fees. The composite cost is theweighted average of domestic and imported crude oil costs.Refinery Input: The raw materials and intermediate materials processed at refineries to produce finished petroleum products. They includecrude oil, products of natural gas processing plants, unfinished oils, otherhydrocarbons and alcohol, motor gasoline and aviation gasoline blendingcomponents, and finished petroleum products.Refinery Output: The total amount of petroleum products producedat a refinery. Includes petroleum consumed by the refinery.Refinery (petroleum): An installation that manufactures finishedpetroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids,other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.Renewable Energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example, the fossil fuels, of whichthere is a finite supply). Renewable sources of energy include wood,waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy.Reservoir Repressuring: The injection of a pressurized fluid (suchas air, gas, or water) into oil and gas reservoir formations to effectgreater ultimate recovery.

Glossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 385
structure used primarily as a dwelling for

esidential sector is considered to consist of

ether occupied or vacant, owned or rented,

mes, multifamily housing units, and mobile

such as summer homes, are also included.

as school dormitories, hospitals, and mili

e not included in the residential sector; they

rcial sector. The Standard Industrial Classi

o classify an establishment as residential is

orized vehicles used by U.S. households for

Excluded are motorcycles, mopeds, large

d are automobiles, station wagons, passenger

mes, pickup trucks, and jeeps or similar ve

cluded, vehicles must be: (1) owned by

, or (2) company cars not owned by house

y available to household members for their

y kept at home, or (3) rented or leased for 1

heavier oils that remain after the distillate

carbons are distilled away in refinery opera

o ASTM Specifications D396 and D975.

ual fuel oil of medium viscosity; Navy Spe

wered vessels in government service and in

o. 6, which includes Bunker C fuel oil and

d industrial heating, electricity generation,

s of residual fuel oil include imported crude

troleum oil, including residual asphaltic oil,

nd surface treatment on roads and highways.

six grades, from 0, the most liquid, to 5, the

used for drilling wells that employs a rotat

for boring holes through rock.

Royalty Interest: An interest in a mineral property provided througha royalty contract.Rural Area: A place that had a population of less than 2,500 as of the1980 U.S. Census.Short Ton (coal): A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.SIC: See Standard Industrial Classification.Small Power Producer: Under the Public Utility Regulatory PoliciesAct, a small power production facility (small power producer) generateselectricity by using waste or renewable energy (biomass, conventionalhydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal) as a primary energy source.Fossil fuels can be used, but renewable resources must provide at least75 percent of the total energy input. See Nonutility Power Producer.Solar Collector: Equipment that actively concentrates thermal energyfrom the sun. The energy is usually used for space heating, for waterheating, or for heating swimming pools. Either air or liquid is theworking fluid.Solar Energy: The radiant energy of the sun that can be convertedinto other forms of energy, such as heat or electricity.Solar Thermal Collector: A device designed to receive solar radiation and convert it into thermal energy. Normally, a solar thermalcollector includes a frame, glazing, and an absorber, together with appropriate insulation. The heat collected by the solar thermal collectormay be used immediately or stored for later use.Solar Thermal Collector, High-Temperature: A collector that generally operates at temperatures above 180° F.

Solar Thermal Collector, Low-Temperature: A collector that generally operates at temperatures below 110° F. Typically, it has no glazingor insulation and is made of plastic or rubber, although some are madeof metal.Solar Thermal Collector, Medium-Temperature: A collector thatgenerally operates at temperatures of 140° to 180° F but can also operate

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
10° F. Typically, it has one or two glazings,

orption panel with integral flow channels or

llector) or with integral ducting (air collec

sides and back of the panel.

Special: An evacuated tube collector or a

collector. Special collectors operate in the

ust above ambient temperature (low con

ng) to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit

ir conditioning and specialized industrial

of mechanical equipment (including wood

ating devices) to heat all, or part, of a build

inished products within the naphtha boiling

t thinners, cleaners, or solvents. Those prod

fied flash point. Special naphthas include all

aning solvents conforming to ASTM Specifi

, respectively. Naphthas to be blended or

or aviation gasoline, or that are to be used as

c natural gas (SNG) feedstocks, are excluded.

nsaction price concluded “on the spot,” that

basis; usually the transaction involves only

roduct. This contrasts with a term contract

the seller to deliver a product at an agreed

an extended period.

sification (SIC): A set of codes developed

ent and Budget which categorizes industries

similar economic activities.

uclear Power Plant: A nuclear power plant

e Nuclear Regulatory Commission to operate

ng phase, during which the production of elec

ous. In general, when the electric utility is

rformance, it formally accepts the plant from

s it in commercial operation status. A request

is then submitted to the appropriate utility rate commission to includethe power plant in the rate base calculation.Steam-Electric Power Plant: A plant in which the prime mover is a

steam turbine. The steam used to drive the turbine is produced in aboiler where fossil fuels are burned.Still Gas (refinery gas): Any form or mixture of gas produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. Theprincipal constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane,butylene, propane, and propylene. It is used primarily as refinery fueland petrochemical feedstock.Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): Petroleum stocks maintainedby the Federal Government for use during periods of major supplyinterruption.Stripper Well (natural gas): A well that produces 60 thousand cubicfeet per day or less of gas-well gas, for a period of 3 consecutivemonths while producing at its maximum rate flow. In determiningabandonments, a stripper well is one that produced less than 22.5 million cubic feet in its last 12 months of production.Stripper Well Property (petroleum): A property whose averagedaily production of crude oil per well (excluding condensate recoveredin nonassociated natural gas production) did not exceed an average of10 barrels per day during any preceding consecutive 12-month periodbeginning after December 31, 1972.Subbituminous Coal: A dull, black coal of rank intermediate between lignite and bituminous coal. It conforms to ASTM SpecificationD388-84 for subbituminous coal. In this report, subbituminous coal isincluded in bituminous coal.Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: Any gaseous substance that, introduced into or commingled with natural gas, increases the volumeavailable for disposition. Such substances include, but are not limitedto, propane-air, refinery gas, coke oven gas, still gas, manufacturedgas, biomass gas, or air or inert gases added for Btu stabilization.

Glossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 387
SNG): A manufactured product chemically

o natural gas, resulting from the conversion

hydrocarbons. It may easily be substituted

pipeline quality natural gas. Also referred to

The transportation sector consists of private

move people and commodities. Included are

s, motorcycles, railroads, and railways (in

ft, ships, barges, and natural gas pipelines.

assify establishments as belonging to the

0 through 49.

Oil: Represents the arithmetic difference be

y and the calculated disposition of crude oil.

he sum of crude oil production and imports,

stocks. The calculated disposition of crude

input to refineries, crude oil exports, crude

ude oil losses.

Gas: Quantities lost, the net result of flow

mperature and pressure conditions and con

mperature and pressure base; metering

etween the billing cycle and calendar period

ariations in company accounting and billing

from the merger of data reporting systems

at, definitions, and type of respondents.

The storage of natural gas in underground

er than those from which it was produced.

le Reserves (crude oil and natural gas):

of crude oil and natural gas, yet undiscov

exist in favorable geologic settings.

s requiring further refinery processing, ex

mechanical blending. Includes naphthas and

ight gas oils, heavy gas oils, and residuum.

Unfractionated Streams: Mixtures of unsegregated natural gas liquid components, excluding those in plant condensate. This product isextracted from natural gas.United States: Unless otherwise noted, United States in this publication means the 50 States and the District of Columbia. U.S. exportsinclude shipments to U.S. territories, and imports include receiptsfrom U.S. territories.Uranium: A heavy, naturally radioactive, metallic element (atomicnumber 92). Its two principally occurring isotopes are uranium-235and uranium-238. Uranium-235 is indispensable to the nuclear industry, because it is the only isotope existing in nature to any appreciableextent that is fissionable by thermal neutrons. Uranium-238 is also important, because it absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isotopethat subsequently decays to plutonium-239, an isotope that also is fissionable by thermal neutrons.Uranium Ore: Rock containing uranium mineralization (typically 1to 4 pounds of U3O8 per ton or 0.05 percent to 0.2 percent U3O8) that

can be mined economically.Uranium Oxide: Uranium concentrate or yellowcake.

Uranium Resources: Uranium resource estimates are divided intothree separate categories reflecting different levels of confidence in thequantities estimated: reasonable assured resources, estimated additionalresources, and speculative resources. Reasonably assured resources refers to uranium in known mineral deposits of such size, grade, andconfiguration that it could be recovered within the given cost rangeswith currently proven mining and processing technology. Estimated additional resources refers to uranium in addition to reasonably assuredresources that is expected, mostly on the basis of direct geological evidence, to occur in extensions of well-explored deposits and in depositsin which geological continuity has been well established, as well as indeposits believed to exist in well-defined geologic trends or areas ofmineralization with known deposits. Deposits in this category can bediscovered and delineated and the uranium subsequently recovered, allwithin the given cost range. Speculative resources refers to uranium in

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995
itional resources that are thought to exist,

rect evidence and geological extrapolations.

had a population of 2,500 or more as of the

Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of 15

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia,

gyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova,

menistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. As a

S.R. ceased to exist as of December 31,

s released into the air on the base site or at

ransport crude oil and petroleum products.

llows: Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC),

(VLCC), Other Tanker, and Specialty Ships

d materials derived from petroleum distil

are light-colored, more or less translucent

y greasy to the touch, consisting of a mix

rbons in which the paraffin series

are all marketable waxes, whether crude

axes are used primarily as industrial coat

.

e Earth for the purpose of finding or produc

gas; or providing services related to the

or natural gas. Wells are classified as oil

s, stratigraphic test wells, or service wells.

ells are counted for Federal Reporting Sys

ells, gas wells, and dry holes are classified

velopment wells. Exploratory wells are sub

dcats, deeper-pool tests, shallow-pool tests,

sts. Well classifications reflect the status of

en completed.

Wellhead Price: The value of crude oil or natural gas at the mouth ofthe well.Well Servicing Unit: Truck-mounted equipment generally used for

downhole services after a well is drilled. Services include well completions and recompletions, maintenance, repairs, workovers, and wellplugging and abandonments. Jobs range from minor operations, suchas pulling the rods and rod pumps out of an oil well, to major workovers, such as milling out and repairing collapsed casing. Well depthand characteristics determine the type of equipment used.Wind Energy (as used at electric utilities): The kinetic energy ofwind converted at electric utilities into mechanical energy by wind turbines (i.e., blades rotating from a hub) that drive generators to produceelectricity for distribution.Wood and Waste (as used at electric utilities): Wood energy, garbage, bagasse, sewerage gas, and other industrial, agricultural, andurban refuse used to generate electricity for distribution.Wood Energy: Wood and wood products used as fuel, includinground wood (cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues, charcoal, pulp waste, and spent pulping liquor.Working Gas: The gas in a reservoir that is in addition to the base(cushion) gas. It may or may not be completely withdrawn during anyparticular withdrawal season. Conditions permitting, the total workingcapacity could be used more than once during any given season.Working Interest: An interest in a mineral property that entitles theowner to explore, develop, and operate a property. The working interest owner bears the costs of exploration, development, and operationof the property and, in return, is entitled to a share of the mineral production from the property or to a share of the proceeds.Yellowcake: A uranium oxide concentrate that results from milling(concentrated) uranium ore. It is the final precipitate formed in themilling process. U3O8, a common form of triuranium oxide, is the

powder obtained by evaporating an ammonia solution of the oxide.Yellowcake typically contains 80 percent to 90 percent U3O8.

Glossary

Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review 1995 389